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18
SLAVICA TERGESTINA
European Slavic Studies Journal VOLUME 18 (2017/I)
Event
cLABIKATER
18
SLAVICA TERGESTINA
European Slavic Studies Journal VOLUME 18 (2017/I)
Event
MA TEp
SLAVICA TERGESTINA
European Slavic Studies Journal
1592-0291 (print) & 2283-5482 (online)
WEB EMAIL
PUBLISHED BY
EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
www.slavica-ter.org editors@slavica-ter.org
Universita degli Studi di Trieste
Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche, del Linguaggio, dell'Interpretazione e della Traduzione
Universität Konstanz
Fachbereich Literaturwissenschaft
Univerza v Ljubljani
Filozofska fakulteta, Oddelek za slavistiko
Roman Bobryk (Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities)
Margherita De Michiel (University of Trieste)
Tomaš Glane (University of Zurich)
Vladimir Feshchenko (Institute of Linguistics,
Russian Academy of Sciences)
Kornelija Ičin (University of Belgrade)
Miha Javornik (University of Ljubljana)
Jurij Murašov (University of Konstanz)
Blaž Podlesnik (University of Ljubljana, technical editor)
Ivan Verč (University of Trieste)
Antonella D'Amelia (University of Salerno) Patrizia Deotto (University of Trieste) Nikolaj Jež (University of Ljubljana)
Alenka Koron (Institute of Slovenian Literature and Literary Studies) Durda Strsoglavec (University of Ljubljana) Tomo Virk (University of Ljubljana)
DESIGN & LAYOUT
Aljaž Vesel & Anja Delbello / AA
Copyright by Authors
Contents
event in philosophy
10 „Ca". rpyna Kao gora^aj m Kao nopeKno gora^aja.
O caocehaay Kao KoHCTMTyTMBHoM eneMeHTy rpyne
With. The Group as Event and Origin of Event. On Empathy as the Constitutive Element of the Group $ nETAP EOJAHH-K
30 $h.oco$hh coömtmh m repMeHeBTMKa naMHTM: cBwgeTenbCTBa yTBep^geHWH
Philosophy of an event and hermeneutics of memory: certificates of the statement
$ A—EKCEH A. rPHKA—OB
58 Ha^H KaK coÖMrwe: BoMHa, repMaHMH, $paH^H b «fleKapTe» fflap.H nerw
The nation as an event: war, Germany, France in the Descartes of Charles Peguy $ CEPrEH JEOHHgOBHH $OKHH
90 repMeHeBTMKa ^o^TMHecKoro coömtmh
Hermeneutics of poetic event $ gAHHD^b YHTOBHH OP—OB
event in poetry and art
122 ^o^3MH KaK coÖMTMe: onMT HwKo.an ryMW—eBa
Poetry as an Event: the Experience of Nikolay Gumilev $ O—brA BO—HEK
144 Hto TaKoe coÖMrwe y A.eKcaHgpa BBegeHCKoro
What is an Event in the Poetry of Alexander Vvedensky?
$ KOPHE—HS HHHH
164 Kohb BaegHMM E. CaBMHKoBa (B. PonmwHa) m wgewHoe yöwwcTBo: ot coömtmh MCTopwHecKow peanbHocTH k coömtmm b .MTepaTypHoM npou3BegeHMM
The Pale Horse by Boris Savinkov (V. Ropshin) and Ideological Assassination: from Real Historic Events to Events in Literary Work
$ EOEAH HYPHH
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
186 npOeKT «flAn» KaK HH^HfleHT
The "DAP project" incident
$ MMAH BHHHM
200 Co6brrwe ^OTorpa^ww b ^^oxy MegHanbHoro noBopoTa
Event in Photography in the Era of Medial Turn $ BAAEPHH B. CAB1YK
varia
226 CaMo3BaHCTBo KaK HBneHwe b xygo^ecTBeHHoM Mwpe ToranH
"Samozvanstvo" as a phenomenon in Gogol's creation $ AA3APB MH.AEHTHEBHH
256 Bcrpena c co6ow. 3aMeTKM o «Mowx Bcrpenax c BnagMMMpoM Ra3aKoBbiM»
Meeting with yourself. Notes on "My meetings with Vladimir Kazakov" $ BACHAHCA m^HBAP
reviews
28 2 Circus fantasticus EyperawHe-neTpoBe
Circus fantasticus by Burenina-Petrova
$ TAMAPA MEaCKH
290 Manupaae HoBe peanHocTM
Mapping the New Reality $ MMAH BUEUE
304 «B Hanane 6bino chobo», a b KoHu;e - ^ecT
"In the beginning was the Word", and in the end was a gesture
$ HHKOiA MHiBKOBHM
7
Event in Philosophy
„Ca". rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeKno gora^aja. O caoceharay Kao KoHCTUTyTUBHoM
e^eMeHTy rpyne
$ netap eojahh'k ► bojanicp@gmail.com
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
The complementarity of the terms "group" and "event" is not accomplished in the title Group as Event and Origin of Event. My intention is to describe this very relation, which vacillates between interaction and equivalency, and appears in the encounter of the event and the group. This relation could therefore represent a preamble to a theory of institution or even an introduction to institutional action. In order to show that without a group there is no event, or that the group is the condition of something being named the event, and vice versa, that the event implies the existence of a group, I reconstruct the notion of "event", drawing on my native language as well as the meaning of the word event in Russian (sobytie). At the same time, I would like to thematize empathy as the basic field of constituting a group and event, and as the beginning of the institution, that is, the institutional condition.
GROUP, EVENT, INSTITUTION, COMPASSION, EMPATHY
KoMnaeMeHTapHocr nojMOBa „rpyna u „gora^aj" Huje nocrurHyra y Hac-aoBy „rpyna Kao florafjaj u (rpyna) Kao nopeKflo flora^aja". HaMepa mm je fla onameM ynpaBo oBy pe.fla^Mjy (oHa Bapupa u3Mefjy uHTepa^uje u eKBMBafleH^Mje) Koja HacTaje y cycpe-Ty flora^aja u rpyne u Koja 6m crora Moraa fla npeflcraR^a npeaM6yay Teopuje MHCTMTy^Mje uflu naK yBofl y MHCTMTy^M0Ha^H0 fleaoBaae. ^a 6ux noKa3ao fla 6e3 rpyne HeMa flora^aja uflu fla je rpyna ycfloB fla HemTo uMe-HyjeMo Kao flora^aj, o^hocho fla 3a-npaBo flora^aj MM^flM^Mpa nocrojaH>e rpyne, peKoHcrpyucao 6ux nojaM „gora^aj", ocaaaajyhu ce Ha oBaj je3MK u 3Hane»e flora^aja Ha pycKoM je3MKy (co6umue). CuMyrraHo HaMepa mm je fla TeMaTM3yjeM „caocehaae" Kao eaeMeHTapHo noae KoHcTUTyuca»a rpyne u flora^aja u Kao „noneTaK MHCTMTy^Mje" MflM Kao „MHCTMTy^M0-HaflHu ycfloB".
rpynA; gorATjAj; HHCTHTy^HJA; CAOCE^AKE; EMnATHJA
11
nETAP EOJAHM^ ► „Ca", rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeK^o gora^aja
nopegaK penu u3 Kojux ce cacToje HacnoB u nogHacnoB 0B0ra TeKCTa Morao 6u ga 6yge u3Men>eH u ogMax gonyaeH, Be3HUK u.u noHeKag npegnor „Ca", Morao 6u ga yBeK HecMeTaHo npe.a3u y penu „3a" u.u „y". Ako caocehaMo ca gpyruMa („ca" MM^^M^Mpa gpyre) oHga ce 3ajeg-ho 3a^a^eMo 3a jegHo ocehan>e (3a-jegHo) u.u 3a cehan>e Koje he cBaKa-ko 6mtm caMo Harne u 3ajegHUHKo, H.u cmo mm yHyTap („y") jegHor Te ucTor npoToKona, y KoMe Hac je Moryhe u36pojaTu u y KoMe je Moryhe gogaTu u y6pojaTu HeKor HoBor caynecHUKa u cBegoKa (coöumnuK, Ha pycKoM je3UKy), ^Be ocHoBHe penu, „rpyna" u „gora^aj", Moryhe je cacBUM gpyranuje pa3MecTUTu y HajaBu oBora TeKcra. „^ora^aj" (coöumue, Ha pycKoM) 4>yHKu,uoHume cacBUM pa3.uHUTo Ha pa3.u-hutum je3un,uMa, Ha obom je3UKy gogao 6ux jom HUTaB hu3 penu Koje ce TUHy gora^aja u Koje 6u yBeK noMano y3gpMa.e a.u, ucToBpeMeHo, u gogaTHo onpaBgaBane Mojy HaMepy, Penu „ygec" (ygecuTu, ygecaH, nogecuTu) u.u „3roga" (goroguTu ce, norogaK, yroga, yroguTu, roga-tu) u.u „ycyg" (cyg6uHa) u.u „36uTaK" (36u.no, 36uBaTu) gonyayjy npoToKo. Koju uMaMo Ha pycKoM je3UKy u KoMe oBaj TeKcT gaje npeg-hoct Hag gpyruM je3u^uMa u apxeo.orujaMa oBor nojMa, Oho mTo ce „gorama" (caga, y npe3emy u y HecBpmeHoM o6.uKy, a He ogMax u Harao; ynpKoc ToMe mTo ce gora^aj TUHe npom.ocru u oHora mTo je Beh „npou3am.no" Te ce Hecro uMeHyje Kao HeKaKaB perfect nominans) ogHocu ce HeyMUTHo Ha rpyny £>ygu Koja ce KoHcTUTyume, Koja ce Meaa u Koja ®ubm 3ajegHo, rpyna npaBu „gora^aj" (Koju ucToBpeMeHo oHga npaBu rpyny u.u rpynHocT rpyne) u.u rpyna ce gemaBa, TaKo mTo ce genoBu unu HnaHoBu rpyne jegHu gpyruMa npu6.u^aBajy, 36ujajy, npe6uBajy 3ajegHo u 36uBajy,
KoMn^eMeHTapHocT u.u KopenaTUBHocr penu „rpyna u „gora^aj" Ha^a^ocT Hucy nocTurHyTe y HacnoBy „rpyna Kao gora^aj u (rpyna) Kao nopeK.no gora^aja", OBa Henpeu,u3HocT jecre 3anpaBo r.aBHu no-
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
xpeTan paga Ha obo) gecKpu^^uju o,hocho Ha obom TeKCTy. HaMepa mm je ga onumeM ynpaBO OBy pe.nau.ujy (oHa Bapupa u3Me^y uHTe-paKu,uje u eKBUBa.^eH^uje) Koja HacTaje y cycpeTy gora^aja u rpyne u Koja 6u CTora Mor.a ga npegcTaB^a npeaMÔy.y Teopuje uHCTUTy^uje u.u naK yBog y uHCTUTy^uoHa.^Ho ge.oBaH>e. ^a 6ux noKa3ao ga 6e3 rpyne HeMa gora^aja u.u ga je rpyna yc.oB ga HemTo uMeHyjeMo Kao gora^aj, o,hocho ga 3anpaBo gora^aj uMn.un.upa nocTojarae rpyne u ca-6uBaH>e (ca6uparae), peKoHCTpyucao 6ux nojaM „gora^aj", oc.aH>ajyhu ce Ha oBaj je3uK u 3HaneH>e gora^aja Ha pycKoM je3uKy (coôumue y pa3.un,u cnpaM event, evento, événement u.u Ereignis). CuMy.TaHo HaMepa mu je ga TeMaTu3yjeM „caoceharae" (conyBCTBue, empathy, compassion, Einfühlung) Kao e.eMeHTapHo no^e KoHCTuTy-ucan>a rpyne u gora^aja (gora^aja nyTeM rpyne u rpyne nyTeM go-ra^aja) u Kao „uHuu,ujau,ujy" u.u „noneTax uHCTuTyu,uje" u.u Kao „uHCTUTy^uoHa.Hu yc.oB" u.u „MuHuMyM".
Moja npeTnocTaBKa, Kojy u3BoguM Ha obom je3uKy ucToBpeMeHo panyHajyhu u gajyhu npegHocT pa3yMeBan>y gora^aja Ha pycKoM je-3uKy u pa3.u^u y ogHocy Ha HeKe gpyre je3uKe, jecTe ga ce gora^aj CTBapa u npunpeMa (ygemaBa), ga je npegBug^uB u yBeK oneKMBaH u Moryh a He Harao u Hy^Ho u3HeHa^yjyhu u HeMoryh, ga gora^aj jecTe uMe 3a npoMeHy u.u HenpeKugHu npon.ec Meraaraa u c.ega npoMeHa,1 ga ce gemaBa y xapMoHuju MecTa u BpeMeHa, u ga gora^aj uMa yBeK ayTopa - to je rpyna (gora^aj ce Hy^Ho ogHocu Ha CBe u Tune ce cbux) a He nojeguHa^
Ebo Hexo.uKo KpaTKux npuMeg6u u o6jamtteH>a Koje 6u Mor.e ga oBy npeTnocTaBKy gogaTHo ^pe^u3upajy: • OBa npeTnocTaBKa ce npe CBera gupeKTHo cynpoTCTaB^a Teo-aomKoM u MecujaHCKoM npoToxo.y Koju nogpa3yMeBa Hexo.u-ko KapaKTepucTuKa u pa3.unuTux Bapujan,uja ynucaHux y .a-
Pa3yMeBaae gora^aja Kao npoMeHe je yperucTpy ^aBHgCOHOBHX pa3MaTpaaa. EBO jegHe og hobmx ge^MHM^Mja KupKa ^ygBHra: „Events are changes. If something shrinks or expands, rotates or grows warmer, moves a foot or a mile. A change has occured - of size, orientation, temperature or position. Something's shrinking, or rotating, or growing warmer, or moving is in turn an event" (Ludwig 17).
13
nETAP EOJAHM^ ► „Ca", rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeK^o gora^aja
Ca MaBMM unu BehuM pa3nuKaMa oBa koh-^e^^uja je npucyTHa u BapupaHa y cbmm Be-AMKMM TeMaTU3a^uja-Ma nojMa „gora^aj" y nocnegauM ge^-HujaMa, HaponuTo y ^paH^cKoj $uno3o-^uju (A. BeprocH (H. Bergson), .flanes (G. Deleuze), A. Bagjy (A. Badiou), M. 3apagep (M. Zarader), K. PoMaHo (C. Romano), uTg.). Ha oBaj unu oHaj HanuH u ^aK ^epuga (Jacques Derrida) u ^aH-^MK MapuoH (Jean-Luc Marion) cMaTpajy ga je gora^aj yBeK cynpoTaH o6jeKTy unu HUfteHu^u, ga je yBeK u3HeHa^yjyhu, ga enuMUHume xopu3oHT 6uno KaKBor oneKUBaaa, ga je paguKanaH u ga ra je HeMoryhe npuxBaTU-Tu (inanticipable), ga je KaTacTpo^unaH u oBaKo unu oHaKo Tpa-yMaTunaH u ga ce yBeK ogHocu Ha ucKycTBo HeMoryher (oho mTo je Moryhe je npegBug^u-bo u, 3anpaBo, He go-na3U unu He cTM^e). y HegaBHoM uHTepBjyy peBuju Philosophie ^aH-^UK MapuoH gaje HeKonuKo hobux u no-TnyHo U3HeHa^yjyhux KapaKTepucTuKa gora^aja. Ocum mTo ce gora^aj He Mo^e opraHU3oBaTU, mTo je HenoHoB-fcMB u mTo He Mo^e 6utu ugeHTU-naH ca gora^ajeM Koju My npeTxogu, gora^aj ce mcto TaKo cynpoT-cTaB^a nonui^u npegBU^aaa u MeTa-^U3UHKoj Tpagu^uju no Kojoj cBe UMa cBoj ♦
TUHcKoj penu eventus u Koje cy 3aTUM yKnon^eHe y BOKa6ynapy HajBa^Hujux 3anagHux je3UKa. Eventus ce ogHocu Ha gona3aK, Ha gemaBaae Koje uMnnunupa HeKaKaB hobm gona3aK u3 6ygyh-hoctm (a-venir), Ha oneKUBaae - oneKyjeM(o) HemTo mTo ogHeKyg cru^e a ga to mTo gona3u, gora^aj, 3anpaBo HeMa HUKaKBe Be3e ca MojuM (HamuM) oneKUBaraeM u ca neKaraeM (to mTo gona3u unu to mTo he ce gecuTu - gecuhe ce „ynpKoc" oBe cnpeMHocTM Ha „npuxBaTaae" gora^aja). To mTo Hauna3u u mTo Tpe6a ga go^e 3anpaBo gona3u HMOTKyga, HennaHupaHO, HenpegBug^uBO m Huje HMKaKo y nopeTKy Moryher.2
• ^ora^aj ce Tune rpyne - npou3Bogu ra rpyna u caneKyje ra u npuxBaTa rpyna. y tom cMucny mm OHeKyjeMO unu mm npunpe-MaMo gora^aj, goK Hac ucToBpeMeHo oh ^opMupa u ogpe^yje.3 H3HeHa^eae (u3HeHaHgHu aKT Koju He Mo^e ga 6yge uMnnu-Kau,uja HeKor npeTxogHor aKTa) He Mo^e ga 6yge rnaBHa oco-6uHa gora^aja 3aTo mTo je nyKa nocnegun,a npuHuunujenHor He3Haaa, KorHUTUBHe Hecnoco6HocTu u nuMUTupaHocru HeKe rpyne ga npegBugu oho mTo HeKa gpyra rpyna Beh cnpoBogu y geno unu „cnpoBogu y gora^aj". JegHa rpyna 3Ha oho mTo HeKa gpyra rpyna He 3Ha u 3a Kojy „gora^aj" Koju joj OBa npBa npunpeMa MMa cTaTyc noTnyHor u3HeHa^eaa.4 Obo jom yBeK He 3Hanu ga gora^aj, nomTO ce „gecuo" Huje ucTOBpeMeHO „u3HeHaguo" cBe aKTepe u pa3nunuTe rpyne na u OHe Koju cy ra 6pu^^uBO npu-npeManu. HHTeH3UTeT „u3HeHagHor" gora^aja npou3Bogu, npe cBera, 3ajegHUHKa ^OKycupaHocr cbmx ynecHUKa (KoneKTUBHa MHTeH^OHanHocr) - u ohmx Koju cy ra npunpeMunu u ohmx Koju ra caMO npuxBaTajy Kao nuraeHu^ (Koju ra eBugeHTupajy u KojuMa je nocTao oneBugaH). H jegHu u gpyru ra npucBajajy 3ajegHO Kao cBoj BnacTUTu u TeK Kao BnacHumTBO ygpy^eHe u
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SLAVICA TERG ESTINA 18 (2017/I) «- Event
KOHCTMTyucaHe rpyne, gora^aj goôuja craTyc ga ce 3aucTa u goroguo.5
•	Aora^aj je Heycneo y Mepu y Kojoj ce ogHocu u^u He ogHocu Ha 3ajegHH^ cbux u Ha ca-^u-bot cbux 3ajegHo. OBaj pery^aTuBHu ^puH^u^ e^uMMHume cnynajHe uHn,ugeHTe u pa3BpcraBa pa3^unuTe ^oKa^He u npuBpeMeHe npoMeHe Koje ce ogHoce Ha Ma^e rpyne, Ma^u 6poj ^ygu u^u Ha nojeguH^.6
•	Cn^a u,nu Hacu^e, Kao u pa3,nuHuTu ^eHoMeHu Koju ux npaTe (pan^ocr, noBpega, 6o^, cMpT, uTg.) cy BepoBaTHo HajBa^Huju noKpeTanu u cagp^aju HeMupa u npoMeHa Koju noTeHu,uja,n-ho Mory ga 6ygy uMeHoBaHu penjy „gora^aj". Ako oHaj Koju 6o^yje u^u aKo rpyna ^ygu Koja je y HeBo^u MaHH^ecryjy cBoj npo6^eM u 3oBy y noMoh, cuMy^TaHo ca MojuM ogroBopoM, ca y^uB^aBaaeM u caoceharaeM ca bmxobom naTaoM, ja noHaB^aM 3ajegHo ca rauMa kuxob no3uB y noMoh, or^amaBaM ra u nojanaBaM, Te 3oBeM (cBe) ocTa^e ga ce aHra^yjy u noMorHy. Kaga gajeM u^u npy^aM noMoh, ucToBpeMeHo npu3uBaM rpyny u TuMe noTBp^yjeM ga je Moja noMoh cacBuM HegoBo^Ha ga 6u ce npo6^eM HeKe uHguBugye u^u rpyne pemuo. OBa Moja cBecT u noTpe6a 3a ygpy^uBaaeM u^u rpynoM u^u uHcTuTyu.ujoM, Moja cno3Haja ga caMo cbu ygpy^eHu Mo^eMo ga cMaaMMo u^u cacBuM yKuHeMo npo6^eM „Koju je npega mhom", none-
♦ ge^MHMTMBHM y3poK u rge yHyTap BpeMeHa He Mory nocrojaTH HMKaKBM H3HeHagHH npeKMgu uHeno-hob^mbm noTpecu (Marion 66-70).
CynpoTHO og MapuoHa (u He caMo MapuoHa) Koj nume: „Ce n'est pas moi qui fais l'evenement (...) c'est l'événement qui me fait."
noHoBo cynpoTHo og MapuoHa Koju cMaTpa ga je H3HeHa^eH>e, Koje noKa3yjeMo noHeKag, Ha npuMep „11 cenTeMÔpa 2011", M3roBapajyhM „C'est impossible", goBo^aH goKa3 ga ce gecuo gora^aj. 3a jegHy gpyry rpyny ^ygw Koja je npunpeMa^a OBO M3HeHa^eae 3a cBe ocTa^e, Huje 6u.no HMHera HeMoryher.
JegHa og HeMan-kmx penu KojoM ce o6e^e^aBa gora^aj je Ereignis u oHa y ce6u cagp^M onepanujy npMcBajafta, cBojcTBa, B^acHMmTBa a^M u oneBugHocTH.
6
Be^unaHcTBeHu npojeKaT OjogopoBa (Be^HKH u y3BumeH ucToBpeMeHo) o $H.no3o$HjH onmTer nocna junu ge^oBaaa nogpa3yMeBa HemnH-KO 3agaTaKa u aKnuja: HgeHTH^HKanujy npo6^eMa Koju ce Tune cBaKor nojeguHaHHo (cMpT); ngeHTH^HKa-nujy npo6^eMa Koju ce Tune cbux u 3ajeg-hhhkh je npo6^eM (cMpT); KoonepaTuBHo ge^oBaae Hy^Ho cbux y oTK^aaaay npo6^eMa Koju norata cBe 3ajegHo u cBaKora nojegHHaHHo. CMpT je gora^aj caMo yrnnwKo ce ogHocu Ha cBe u ymnHKo oTBapa MoryhHocT KoHcTpyKnuje 3ajeg-HHHKor rpagH.nHmTa u 3ajegHHHKor paga Ha fteHoM yKHgaay.
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nETAP EOJAHM^ ► „Ca", rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeK^o gora^aja
Agir avec compassion, penser un soin (en) commun je HacnoB ge-cKpu^^uje ceMuHapa Koju Boge gBe Mnage
no^HH Eere (Pauline Bégué) u 3oHa 3apuh u Koju ce ogp^aBa 2016-2017 y Hotel-Dieu y napu3y. KoHCTpy^uja oBe cuHTarMe „agir avec compassion" („geno-BaTu caocehajyhu") nogpa3yMeBa ga je caoceharae HeKaKaB gogaTaK ge.oBaray u ga HeMa ge.o-Baraa (penuMa u.u recToBuMa) Koje je ayreHTMHHo „ucnyrae-ho" ucK^ynuBo ca „caoceharaeM" u.u ga HeMa genoBaraa Koje ucK^ynyje cBe oho mTo Huje „caoceharae".
TaK je KOHCTpyucaraa gora^aja Koju Hac CBe yjegurayje npeg npo-6neMoM (npo6neM je caga „npeg HaMa"). 06aBe3a ga je Moj npo6neM caga Ham npo6neM, npo6neM cbux Hac, uM^nu^upa 3ajegHuHKo genoBarae rpyne unu MHCTMTyn,Mje ogHocHo KoHcTMTyMcarae ugeH-TMTeTa rpyne Ha ocHoBy noneraor y^uB^aBaraa u caoceharaa.
Anu mTa je to nonerao, npBo unu Mo^ga npanuMMHapHo (ca)oceharae u Ha Koju je HanMH oho KoHcTMTyTMBHM eneMeHT rpyne? ^a nu nog-HacnoB oBora TeKcTa oTKpuBa jegaH hob u cKopo HeMoryh 3agaTaK? „KoHcTuTyTuBHu eneMeHT" uMnnuu,upa ga ce 6e3 „caoceharaa" (unu y^uB^aBaraa, ca^a^eaa, eMnaTuje, compassion; oBe penu unu obu npoToKonu Hucy HapaBHo y cuhohumuj'u anu ux je yBeK go caga 6uno BeoMa TemKo pa3nuKoBaTu) rpyna He Mo®e ^opMuparu u He Mo^e TpajaTu. Kaga Ka^eMo ga je caoceharae „KoHcTuTyTuBHu eneMeHT rpyne" to 3Hanu ga ce y npaBunuMa no KojuMa rpyna ^yHKn,uoHu-me Hy^Ho Hana3u eneMeHT „caoceharaa". CBaKaKo mu Mo^eMo ga 3aMucnuMo nocrojarae jegHor oBaKBor ygpy^eraa Koje „genyje caocehajyhu",7 anu huhu mu ce ga nocToje u HeKe gpyre rpyne, Ha npu-Mep Mana rpyna HaBujana ^BeHe 3Be3ge Koja Kpehe Ha yTaKMuny cBora TuMa (TaKo^e rpyne) Huje genoBarae u3rnega Huje unu yonmTe Hehe 6utu y xapMoHuju ca „caoceharaeM" u „y^uB^aBaraeM". yKo-nuKo cy Me^yTuM HnaHoBu oBe rpyne HegaBHo noceTunu y 6onHu^u gBa cBoja HnaHa, Koje je npeTyKna y Mockbu jegHa gpyra rpyna Ha-Bujana, yKonuKo HeKu og raux cKyn^ajy HoBau, u noMa^y rauxoBuM nopogun,aMa (noMoh Kojy oBe nopogun,e go6ujajy og con,ujanHux uHcruTyu,uja Huje goBo^Ha 3a ^ubot), ga nu Mo^eMo ga roBopuMo o genoBaray rpyne unu caMo o genoBaray HeKux HnaHoBa Te rpyne? napagoKcanHa MoryhHocT ga jegHa rpyna Mo®e ga ce ^opMupa y
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SLAVICA TERG ESTINA 18 (2017/I) «- Event
mcto BpeMe goK ^pe^M3HO yHMmTaBa HeKy gpyry rpyny (^eHO^M-ga,rae MHTeH^Mje m^m ^eHO^Mga^HM arcru ce Ha OBaj HaHUH necro u yBep^MBO o6jamraaBajy), gonymTa ga 3a Hac y cacBUM gpyroM n^aHy 6yge rpyna KOja „genyje caocehajyhu" caMO npeMa cBOjuM b^ctutum H^aHOBMMa m^m ge^OBMMa. HnaK, yKO^MKO rpyna m^m geO rpyne nOcegyje cnocoÔHocr ga „genyje caOcehajyhu" npeMa cBOjuM B^acru-tmm H^aHOBUMa 3ap OHa OHga He nocegyje jegHaKy cnoco6HocT ga „ge^yje caocehajyhu" npeMa crpaH^ u^u HeKoj cTpaHoj rpynu, Ha npuMep Be^uKoj rpynu u36ernun1a? 3ap OBaj eBeHTya^Hu Kanan,uTeT u^u noTeHn,Mja,fl „go6pux aKaTa" Koju rpyna nocegyje Kao TaKBa Huje goBO^aH pa3^or ga MO^eMO ga 3aMucnuMO ga OHa ge^yje Ha mctm HaHUH „npeMa cno^a"?8
^a 6u caoceharae 3aucTa 6uo „KOHcTMTyTMBHM e^eMeHT rpyne" Hy^HO je ga ce jegHa rpyna He MO^e KOHcTUTyucaTu Kao agent 6e3 caoceharaa (Ha eHrnecKOM ce OBaj npo6^eM MO^e pegyKOBaTu Ha oho mTO 3OBeMO „the problem of collective agency"); 3aTUM ga rpyna uMa o6aBe3y ga „ge^yje caocehajyhu" (gaK^e, yBeK u Hy^HO Mopa ga ge^yje y cK^agy ca obom o6aBe3OM a He caMO noHeKag); u ga OBaKBy o6aBe3y ga ce TaKO ge^yje MM^,^M^Mpa ynpaBO OBaj npoTOKO^ Koju cacBUM He^pe^M3HO 3OBeMO „caoceharae" m™ „y^MB^aBarae" u^u „eMnaTuja". Ocmm npo6^eMa ga npoHa^eMO ^pe^M3Hy Kaparcrepu-cTMKy „ge^OBaraa caoceharaeM" (pagu ce o TOMe ga caoceharae m^m eMnaTuja He 6ygy caMO goga^u ge^OBaray [„ge^OBaTu ca"] Hero yBeK npeno3HamMBe $opMe ge^OBaraa), Ham HajBa^Huju 3agaTaK 6u ce cacTojao y npoHa^a^eray npoTOKO^a Koju o6aBe3yje u Hac u gpyre a OHga u „cBe gpyre" (Mm) ga „ge^yjeMO caocehajyhu". Moja npeTno-cTaBKa 6u 6u^a ga cmo cbm mm nojeguHaHHO o6aBe3Hu ga „ge^yjeMO caocehajyhu", a^u u ga „cHara o6aBe3e" MM^^M^Mpa ga Hame ge,no-
„Caocehaae" u.nu „eMnaTuja" cy ceKyHgapHu aKTu (oK^eBaM ga ux Ha30BeM eMo^ujaMa, a.nu oK^eBaM u ga ux Ha30BeM aKTuMa; EguT fflTajH (Edith Stein) Ha HernnuKo Mecra Einfühlung Ha3uBa Akte) u npegcraB-fcajy HeKy BpcTy „ogroBo-pa" Ha a^ujy u^u ucno^aBaae HeKor gpyror („La primauté de l'autre", N. Depraz). OBor gpyror Xycep^ (Husserl) u fflTajH, Ha noneTKy 20. BeKa, yBeK uMeHyjy Kao cTpaHa^ (Fremde), ynpaBo 36or HeMoryhHocTu ga ce ca eum Hanpa-bu HeKa cTaöu^Ha pe.^a^uja. npujaTe^, Kora Ha jegHoM MecTy noMuae fflTajH TaKo^e oHTÜ^ornKH uMa cTaTyc crpaH^. y naparpa^y 2. npBora ge^a „Deskription der Einfühlung im Vergleich zu anderen Akten" Kaure Zum Problem der Einfühlung, fflTajH nume: „npuja-Te^ mu je npumao u ucnpunao ga je u3ry6uo cBor npuja-Te^a u 3ana3uo caM (gewahre) aeroBy 6o^ (seinen Schmerz). KaKBa BpcTa pa3yMeBaaa ce Ty gecu^a (Was ist das für ein Gewahren)?" (Stein 1917: I, §2).
17
nETAP EOJAHM^ ► „Ca", rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeK^o gora^aja
16
y c.egeheM og.OMKy TeKCTa „Compassion: The Basic Social Emotion" MapTa Hyc6ayM o6jamaaBa npo6.eMaTMHHOcr CTa-Tyca caocehaaa u.u ca-®a®eaa: „EpaHMTe^u KaO M ^pOTMBHM^M
caocehaaa y npaBHoj
Teopuju, OBOj eMO^MjM
npunucyjy „Mpa^M-OHa.HOcr". HeKM je 3Öor Tor pa3.ora naK u MCK^ynyjy M3 npaBHor npocy^MBaaa, goK HeKu gpyru, o6parao, gonymTajyhu je Kao Mpa^MOHa^HM a.u unaK BpegaH gogaTaK pa3yMy, oc.a6rt>yjy aeroBy ^O3M^Mjy omo-ryhaBajyhu npoTMB-HM^MMa .aKe Hanage" (Nussbaum 29, caga TaKO^e y M. Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: A Theory of the Emotions).
10
CMHTarMa „co^Mja^Ha OHTO.oruja" je gaHac y nOTnyHOCTM aHr.ocaK-COHCKa gu^un.MHa d>u.O3O^uje (Cep. (Searle), ru.6epT (Gilbert), TyoMe.a (Tuomela), MTg.), a.u je aeHO nopeK.o y Xycep-.OBMM TeKCTOBMMa O MHTepcy6jeKTMBHOCTM. Oko 1910. y noraaBrt>y Soziale Ontologie und deskriptive Soziologie Xycep.fi gaje npBy ckm^ jegHe 6ygyhe gu^un.MHe.
11
C.egMM y noTnyHOcTM Hyc6ayM. „Caocehaae, y ^M.O3O^CKOj Tpagu-^MjM, jecTe cpegumau
MOCT M3Me^y MHgMBM-
gya.Hor u 3ajegHM^ (a central bridge between 4
Baae KOHCTMTyume hobm eHTMTeT m.m „group agency Koju „ge.yje caocehajyhu". ^a .m je to Moryhe m.m 3amTO to Huje Moryhe?9
y KOHTeKcry cou.Mja.He OHTO.oruje10 m y OKBupy Teopuja mhctm-Ty^MOHa.HO^ ge.OBaaa (m.m K.acM$MKa^MjM penepToapa pa3.MHM-tmx cou.Mja.HMx aKaTa), mmc.mm ga 6m npoTOKO.u Kao mTO cy „caocehaae" m.m „eMnaTuja" 6m.m onpaBgaHuju (m.m 6m MMa.u MHoro npeu,M3HMje ogpe^erae) yKO.MKO 6m mx MCTpa^MBanu Ha npe.a3y M3Me^y MHguBugya.Hor m KO.eKTMBHor (Ha OBaj m.m OHaj HanuH cy-npoTHO og Xycep.a m.m EguT fflTajH, Te cTora BepoBaTHO y KOHTeKcTy HeKux cacBMM Hepa3BMjeHMx m HegoBO^HO TeMaTM3OBaHux ugeja Teogopa ^unca (Theodor Lipps) u MaKca ffle.epa (Max Scheler).11 H Xycep.OBa CKuu,a npojeKTa o eMnaTuju Kojy TeMaTM3yje y cBojuM MHTepcy6jeKTMBHMM cnucuMa m npojeKaT EguT fflTajH o eMnaTuju (aeHa Te3a Zum Problem der Einfühlungje odöpa^ena 1916), ymeMe^e-hu cy na cmpuKmnoM anmazonu3My u xpumuvu y odnocy na jedan noeu npomoKon Koju u flunc, a Kacnuje u fflenep, uMenyjy ca Einsfühlung (ca jegHMM "s"; „y^MB^aBarae y jegHOM").12 HauMe, MoryhHocT ga „cao-cehaMo", ga HernTO 3ajegHO u ucTOBpeMeHO ocehaMO u o^MB^yjeMO ca HeKMM gpyruM (Mitfühlen; mitfülender Akt uru Akt des Mitgefühl; Ha eHr.ecKM je Mitfühlen npeeeöeno Kao „Fellow Feeling"), goBogu go Tora ga „ja" m „tm" KOHcTpyumeMO m.m pea.M3yjeMO 3ajegHO jegaH aKT. TaKO je o6e36e^eH yc.OB 3a eBeHTyarao ocTBapuBaae HOBora cy6jeKTa „Mm". Einsfühlung, y^MB^aBarae y jegHOM m.m yjeguaeae, MgeHTM^MKa^Mja (Ha MTa.MjaHCKOM unipatia; Ha eHr.ecKOM „Feeling of Oneness") npegcraB^a 3a Lippsa ucTMHcKy, pea.M3OBaHy m ycne.y eMnaTujy.13 Edith Stein, noTnyHO c.egehu cBora ynuTe^a, ogpune mo-ryhHocT OBor npe.a3a ca „ncuxo$u3MHKe KOHCTMTy^Mje MHguBugye" Ha HeKO Burne jeguHCTBO m.m Ha KOHCTMTy^Mjy „jegHor HOBor cy6jeK-Ta Bumera pega". Me^yTMM Xycep., oko 1910, y CBojuM pyKonucuMa
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SLAVICA TERG ESTINA 18 (2017/I) «- Event
Koju cy oöjaB^eHM 3HaTHO KacHuje, Ha OBaj HanuH onMcyje OBaj TpeHyTaK HeM3BecHOOTM u npe^a3a:
flßxne, nompeßno je pa3Mampamu cnedehy cmeap: 6pax, npujame^cmeo, cee cy mo xonexmuene jedunuu,e (kollektive Einheiten) xoje ce „pafyajy" (erwachsen) y „ncuxunxuM" odnocuMa pa3nunu-mux R>ydu u ee3e Mefyy wuMa 3anocedajy uajeumu uueo epcme (zu einer höheren Einheit verbinden). nocmoje oco6e noee3aue jedne c dpyeuMa; nocmoju wuxoea ee3a u ma ee3a „cadpwu" (besteht) pa3-nunume ducno3umuee (pa3nunumo ce Mauufie-cmyje) u odaoeapajyhe (canpunadne) nuuoee (in Dispositionen und zugehörigen Akten), xada ce oco6a A odnocu nunoeuMa npeMa oco6u E, u xada je wuxoea ee3a y uexoM odnocy npeMa dpyeuM odaoeapajyhuM nunoeuMa (entsprechenden Akten), u mo na maxae nanun, da, ucmunu 3a eoxy, oöoje nocmajy ceecuu peu,unponnocmu, unu Mozyhuocmu peu,unpou,umema wuxoee ee3e (Husserl 101):14
H3raega ga cy pa3^MHMTe BapujaHTe npuö^M-^aBaraa „oco6e A" - „oco6u E" u rauxoBe pa3Me-He aKaTa („ocehaTu ce [Kao] jegHo [3ajegHo] ca gpyruM" [sich Eins fühlen mit] m^m „ocehaTu ce 3ajegHo" Kao „6mtm 3ajegHo" m^m „6mtm jegHo" m^m „6mtm y jegHoM"), o KojuMa roBopu oBaj Xy-cep^oB ^parMeHT, Kao u HeKo,nuKo Ma^ux u peT-kmx og^oMaKa ^unca u ffle^epa, ocTa^e cacBUM
4 the individual and the community)" (28). Mhcahm ga 6u OBa CO^Mja^Ha UflU MHCTM-Ty^uoH&aHa guMeH-3uja „caocehaaa" m^m „eMnaTuje" Tpe6aaa ga gonyHu noflUTUHKy m^M co-augapHy M^M KOCMOnO^MTCKy u^u Megu^uHCKy guMeH-3ujy Kojy pa3Bujajy 3oHa 3apuh u no^uH Eere. y noraaB^y E. Public institutions Hyc6ayM nume: „(...) TaKO^e, M3raega MCTUHUTa TBpgaa ga
KOHcrpy^uja OBMX uHCTUTy^uja yTune Ha pa3Boj caocehaaa Kog nojeguHa^. nocTO caocehaae 3axTeBa c^MHHa-ocehaaa (fellow-feeling), H>eHo HacTajaae je noTno-MorHyTo uHCTUTy^uja-Ma Koje ^>yge CMemTajy y cnuHHe yc^oBe/oKo^-HOCTM, oc^a6^>yjyhu u^u yK^aaajyhu xujepapxuje 6oraTCBa, poga u K^ace" (57).
y npBoM ge^y Kraure Zum Problem der Einfühlung (noraaB^e Einfühlung und Einsfühlung) fflTajH 6e3 onpaBgaraa og6a^yje ^uncoBy ugejy m MoryhHocr cTBaparaa „Mm" m „jegHor hoboü cy6jeKTa Bumer pega". „3a BpeMe cBora Kypca npupoda u dyx, Xycep.fi je peKao ga cno.ft>Hn o6jeKTMBHM cBeT Mo^e ga 6yge cxBaheH uc-K^ynuBo MHTepcy6jeK-tmbho, to jecT nyTeM MHomTBa cno3HajHux uHguBugya Koje KOMyHM^Mpajy jegHe ca gpyruMa. HcKycTBo gpyrux nojeguHa^ je gaKne, yHanpeg
creneHo. Xycep.fi je
TO UCKyCTBO Ha3UBao
Einfühlung (y^MB^a-Baae) noBe3yjyhu ra c pagoBUMa Teogopa ^nnca, uaKO Huje oôjamaaBao y neMy ce oho cacTojano. noTpeö-Ho je cTora npeBa3uhu Taj nponycT: ^e^e^a caM ucTpa3MTM mTa jecTe Einfühlung. To ce Huje gon&fio yHMTe^y. na unaK, y caMoM Tpe-HyTKy Kaga je Tpeöa^o ga nporyTaM jom jegHy nu^yny, og MeHe je 3axTeBao ga cBoj pag BoguM gupeKTHo ce cynpoTcTaB^ajyhu Teogopy ^nncy" (Stein 2008: 351).
13
ffle^ep KacHuje ynoTpeö^aBa cuH-TarMy Einfühlung qua Einsfühlung Kojy ¿enpa3 Ha ^paH^ycKn npeBogu ca „empathie émotionnelle" (Depraz 195). y cBojoj KftM3M Wesen und Formen der Sympathie iz 1923. ffle^ep npoHa^a3n ga ce Ha npuMep y paTy uc-nyayje obo Einsgefühl.
Pen „Ko^eKTMBn" n^n „Ko^eKTMB" Xycep.fi Kac-Huje Meaa cuHTarMOM „HOBU OÔjeKTMTeTM
Burner cTeneHa" (neue Objektitäten höherer Stufe). „Tu oöjeKTM-TeTu Burner CTeneHa Hucy yTeMe^eHu caMO Ha gogaTHu HanuH y npupogHuM oöjeKTuMa oêgapeHuM cBecHOM Te.ecHomhy, Beh mu je, mTO ce u nogpa3yMeBa, HOBeK Kao eroTuHHO 6uhe, MeHu Koju caM onpege^eH y HayKaMa gyxa, Beh u caM o6jeKT cBoje cpeguHe".
19
nETAP EOJAHM^ ► „Ca", rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeK^o gora^aja
noTMCHyTe y ucTopuju pa3yMeBan>a rpyne y KOHTeKCTy eMnaTuje caoce^raa.
^Ba npuMepa : Ha no^TKy TeKCTa „Individuum und Gemeinschaft" U3 1922 (pag je oöjaB^eH y Xycep.OBMM Jahrbuch) EgMT fflTajH ce noHOBO Bpaha „CTpyjaray 3ajegHMu,e" u „CTpyKTypu 3ajegHMH-Kor go3MB^aja" (Der Erlebnisstrom der Gemeinschaft. Die Struktur des Gemeinschaftserlebnisses). OHa nwme u noHoBo puropo3Ho og6uja ga ce 6aBu ohum mTo je 3a Hac u.u 3a MeHe gaHac HajBa^Huje:
Kpajme je uydecHo (wunderbar) KaKO oeo Ja (Ich), He3aeucno od ceoje jeduHemeeHoemu u ycaMMHocmu (Einzigkeit und Einsamkeit), Mowe da yfye y Hexy wueomHy 3ajedHuuy (Lebensgemeinschaft) ca dpyzuM cySjexmuMa, xaxo nojeduHawu cySjexm nocmaje unaH HeKO^ Ha^uH^ueu^yanHO^ cySjexma, me xaxo ce y axmyenHoM wueomy jedHe maxee 3ajedHuu,e cySjexama (Subjektgemeinschaft) unu 3ajed-Hu^KO^ cySjexma (Gemeinschaftssubjekt) maxofye KOHcmumyume rnduHdueudyanw cmpyjame dowue^aja (Erlebnisstrom). Kaxo cy 3a jedaH cySjexm damu dpyzu. cySjexmu, me do Koje Mepe maxea damocm npedcmaen>a npemnocmaexy wueoma 3ajedHuu,e - mo oede He wenuMo da ucmpawyjeMo.
3aTUM HacTaB^a:
[... Teamapcxa] mpyna, uuju caM unaH, y wanocmu (Trauer) je 36o^ zySumxa ceo^a ynpaßHuxa (Führers). ynopeduMo c muMe wanocm xojy ocehaM npu zySumxy nu^HO^ npujame^a (eines persönlichen Freundes fühle). 1. cySjexm dowue^aea^a je pa3nuuum, 2. cmpyxmypa dowuenaja je ^py^a^uja; 3. cmpyjame dowue^aja y Koje yna3u damu dowuenaj ^py^a^ujeje oSnuxoeam. (...)
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
15
y npeBogy Konpu-bm^ oBaj TeKCT ce Ha-^a3H y 36opHHKy KaKO wueemu 3ajedno, yp. n. BojaHuh & B. ^oKwh, Beorpag, ApxMTeK-tohcku ^aKy^TeT, 2017. (y npunpeMu).
CBa OBa OK^eBa^a noKa3yjy HeBepoBaTHu OTnop npeMa KOHCrpyKn,MjM rpyne u^u 3ajegHu^. HeKO^MKO i^aTa^Hux o^epa^Mja EguT fflTajH „yTe-Me^yjy" HeMoryhHOCT u HeonpaBgaHOCT MgeHTMTeTa rpyne mmm rpyne Kao areHTa (gaHac 6m to Ha OBaj HanuH peKnu) Koju MMa cnocoÖHOCT ga npo-u3Bogu rpynHe aKTe u^u MCTMHCKy ^a^ocT: a) nojeguHaHHu go^uB^aju uMajy npegHOCT Hag HeKaKBMM nceygo go^uB^ajeM 3ajegHUD,e Kao TaKBe; 6) nojeguHaHHu go^uB^aju Cy CBegeHu Ha uMaruHapHa pa3yMeBaaa m^m nepooHa^Hy KOHTeM^^a^Mjy OHora mTO Ce gemaBa gpyroMe - yraaBHOM
H3eecno je da caM, Kao nojedunauHO Ja, ucnywena wanowhy. (...) Mu Koju ocehaMo wanocm mo huhumo y uMe u,enoxynHe zpyne u ceux Koju joj npunadajy. Manocm je cyöjexm 3ajeÖHuMKoz dowue^aja Koju wueu y HaMa, nojedumuHuM rndueudyamuM cySjexmuMa Koju joj npuna-daMo. Ako ynecmeyjeMo y HeKoM 3ajedHuMHoM öowue^ajy ocehaMo da je Hawa cyöjexmueHocm nozofyeHa. WanuM Kao MnaH mpyne, a mpyna Manu y MeHu (Dieses Subjekt fühlen wir in uns getroffen, wenn wir ein Gemeinschaftserlebnis haben. Ich trauere als Glied der Truppe, und die Truppe trauert in mir).
[...] 3a.jedHm.Ku cyöjexm (Gemeinschafssubjekt) o KoMe zoeopuMo, yKonuKo ce nocMampa Kao „Mucmo Ja" (reines Ich), He mpe6a cxea-mumu Kao Hewmo nojedumuHo. flowue^aj 3ajeÖHuv,e He Hacmaje u3 3ajeÖHuHKoz cyöjexma Ha ucmu mhuh Kao nojeduHamu dowue^aj u3 nojeduHauHoz Ja. (...) flowue^aju 3ajeÖHuv,e, Kao u nojedumn-hu dowue^aju, Ha Kpajy xpajeea, Hacmajy u3 nojeduwuHux Ja Koja npunadajy 3ajeÖHuvi,u. Anu HeMozyhHocm HacmaHKa HeKoz „nucmoz ja 3ajeÖHuv,e" (reinen Gemeinschafts-Ich) Huje y cynpomHocmu ca HawuM u3ßofyeKuMa o 3a.jedHuM.HoM cyöjexmy. M3pa3u „ja" u „cyöjexm' cy euwe3HaM.Hu. (...) 3a.jedHuM.Ku cyöjexm He nocmoju Kao amnozoH nucmoM Ja (Stein 1922:119-120).15
21
nETAP EOJAHM^ ► „Ca", rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeK^o gora^aja
16
Koju œe.nu ga u3ynaBa Mu Tpe6a.no 6u ga 6yge 6yge u3y3eTHO na^^uB u ga 3Ha o neMy roBopu. fflTa Burne, He nocToju caMo jegaH Mu-cy6jeKT: rpaMaTUKa Hac ynu ga nocToju u Mu-gogaTaK (Nous-complément) Kao u Mu-o6jeKT. (...) JegHo Mu „Mu ux rnegaMo" (le Nous de „Nous les regardons") He 6m Morao 6mtm Ha mctom ohto^ookom nnaHy Kao u Mu „ohm Hac rnegajy" (le Nous de „ils nous regardent"). (...) y peHeHu^u: „ohm Me raegajy" (Ils me regardent) œe^HM ga yKaœeM ga caMor ce6e goœuB^aBaM Kao o6jeKTa 3a gpyrora, Kao Ce6e oTy^eHor (Moi aliéné), Kao TpaH^e-geH^ujy-oHo^a Koju je TpaHc^HgupaH. ymnuKo peneHu^ „Ohm Hac raegajy" (Ils nous regardent) Tpe6a ga o3Hanu cTBapHo ucKycTBo, noTpe6Ho je ga y tom ucKycTBy ucKycuM to ga caM aHraœoBaH c gpyruMa y jegHoj 3ajegHu^u TpaHc^H-geH^uje-oHux Koju cy TpaHc^HgupaHu unu oTy^eHux „Ja" (il faut que dans cette expérience j'éprouve que je suis engagé avec d'autres dans une communauté de transcendances-transcendées de „Moi" aliénés)" (Sartre 486).
je to 60^; ^ nojeguHa^HM go^MB^ajM ce HMKaga He caöupajy, He Memajy, He 3aMeH»yjy MecTa, He 6poje u He roMM^ajy Beh cy n0TnyH0 ancTpaKTHO „cacraB^eHu" y OHOMe mTO 3anpaB0 He nocToju - y 3ajegHu^u u,nu rpy-nu; 3anpaBo cy ogBojeHu jegHu og gpyrux; g) nojeguHa^Hu go^uB^aj je cKpuBeH og gpyrux, HMKaga jaBaH m MaHM^ecTüBaH; e) cycpeT ca gpyruM, a^eKTMBHocT, cuMnaTuja HeMa cBoj M3pa3 m MaHM$ecTa^Mjy Te crora npunaga TaKo3BaHUM HeraTUBHUM co^uja^HUM aKTUMa.
^pyru npuMep je HacTao 1943, y TpeheM ge^y KH>ure L'Etre et le néant, hobm $eH0MeH0,n0r CapTp (Sartre) Ha HeKo^uKo cTpaHa y no-r^aB^y „L' 'etre-avec' (Mitsein) et le 'nous'" noKymaBa ga KoHcTMTyume „Mm". rpaMaTMKa ^paHuycKor je3UKa My gonymTa, cacBUM opuruHa^-ho m ,naKo, ga koh cTpyKu,ujy „Mm" cnpoBege nyTeM „Le „Nous"-objet" m „Le nous-sujet" (MM-o6jeKT m Mu-cy6jeKT). CapTp je BeoMa yBep^MB Kaga noKa3yje 3HaneH»e u guc^H^^'y Hac Koju BpmuMo HeKy pagn»y (r^egaMo gpyre) m gpyrux Koju Hac r^egajy m o6jeKTMBM3yjy.16 Ebo H>eroBor npuMepa Koju Te6a ga o6e36egu nocTojaH>e rpyne m Ko^eK-TMBHe MHTeH^M0Ha^H0CTM:
CeduM ua mepacujeduoe xafyea: nocMampaM dpyee KOU3yMenme u caM caM nocMampan. Ty cmo y HajôauanuujeM cyxoöy c dpyeuMa (6uhe-o6jexam 3a dpyzoza xoju HucaM ja, Moje 6uhe-o6jexm 3a dpyeoea) (l'être-objet de l'autre pour moi, mon être-objet pour l'autre). Anu eeo HajedHOM (tout à coup) ce y cycedmj ynuv,u u3HeHada doaodu-na Hecpeha (incident): naxu cydap, Ha npuMep, u3Mefyy KaMuoHema u maxcuja (entre un triporteur et un taxi). y mpeHymxy Kada u caM nocmajeM nocMampan me Hecpehe (spectateur de l'incident), ocehaM da caM He-memunKu amawoeaH y jedHOM mu (je m'éprouve non-thétiquement comme engagé dans un nous). TaKMmeua, naKu npedxodHu cyKoöu (légers conflits antérieurs) Hecmajy u ceecmu Koje
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
o6e3Ôefyyjy Mamepujy oeoz mu (la matière du nous) ynpaeo cy ucmu Kod ceux KOU3yMenama: mu nocMampaMO dozafyaj u y meMy yHecmeyje-mo (nous regardons l'événement, nous prenons parti). (...) To mu ce doMue^aea Kpo3 cneu,u$uHny ceecm, nuje nyMno da ceu KOH3yMeHmu na mepacu 6ydy ceecnu da nocmajy mo mu da 6ux ce u ja caM ocemuo anzaMoean y moM mu 3ajedno c muMa (il n'est pas nécessaire que tous les consommateurs de la terrasse soient conscients d'être nous pour que je m'éprouve comme étant engagé dans un nous avec eux) (Sartre 485).
y obom meampy Hajeeha zpewxa ce nana3u y CapmpoeoM 3aKn>yHKy: da 6u zpyna ôuna 3aucma KoMnaKmHa u npeu,usno KoHcmumyucaHa nuje do-eo^no da caMo HeKo (ôuno ko; Ha npuMep Capmp) 6yde jeduHu ceecman da je men deo u da joj npunada. fia 6u zpyna ôuna zpyna nompeôna je 3ajed-nuHKa ceecm ceux nojeduHaHHo da joj npunadajy u Konexmuena naMma u unmeHU,uomnnocm ceux nojeduHaHHo u ucmoepeMeno (M. runôepm), Koja y obom CapmpoeoM npuMepy naManocm Huje nocmuzuyma. rpyna ce pacnana y ohom mpeHymxy Kada je KoHcmumyucaHa, ucKmynueo 3amo wmo Capmp ne noMume ucmuncKo anzawoeame oko pewaeama npoôneMa Koju je ma3eao uHU,udenm u eeenmyanny noMoh noepefyenuMa. Capmpoeo yMamueame eaMnocmu unu,udenma Koju ce decuo (on KaMe da je mo ôuo „une collision légère"), de facto oneMozyhyje Koncmumyucame zpyne Kpo3 3ajednuHKy Moôunu3au,ujy ceux Koju 6u maKo uManu o6aee3y da noMozny yzpoMenuMa. nowmo je unu,udenm neôuman u nowmo je wmema eeoMa Mana, zpyna jednocmaeno neMa epeMena da ce caMo-meMamu3yje. MaKo Capmp ynompeô^aea peH „dozafyaj" - dozafyaja yonwme neMa.
Hacynpom, 3aMucnuMo cada da je unu,udenm Koju ce decuo na ynuu,u 6uo cmpawan, da je wmema ôuna eenuKa, anu da od oKonnux npona3nuKa u „les consommateurs" unaK Huje xmtho (oBa pen je Ba^Ha) KOHCTUTy-
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nETAP EOJAHM^ ► „Ca". rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeK^o gora^aja
ucaHa jeguHcTBeHa rpyna ^ygu Koja 6u Mor.a ga ge.yje, ga „ge.yje caocehajyhu". noMoh je Ha Taj HanuH KacHu.a m Hacu^e Ha Kpajy Huje 6u.o Ha BpeMe npeRMHyTO m goBO^HO y6.a^eHO. 3amTO je to TaKO m ga .m je OBa c^Ha yonmTe Moryha? ^a .m je „Be.MHMHa gora^aja" m.m „CHara gora^aja" acuMeTpuHHa y ogHoey Ha KOHCTMTy^Mjy rpyne?
nor.egajMO H.aH 223-6 ^paHuycKor KpMBMHHor 3aKOHa Koju je goHeceH npe HeKO.MKO roguHa m to H>eroB npBM geo. Pagu ce o „nojMy ogcycTBa npy^araa pyKe oco6u y onacHocTu m M3ocTaHKy npuTM^H>a y noMoh yrpo^eHoj oco6u" (la notion de non assistance à personne en danger et l'omission de porte secours à personne en peril):
Euhe mMteen ceaKO ko naMepuo ne noMawe ocoôu Koja je y neeo^u npumoM ne doeodehu y onacnocm ceoj unu Mueom mpehe ocoôe, a da je y npun^u da n0M0^He ëuno Kpo3 nrnnu nun unu ma3ueajyhu noMoh dpyzux (Sera puni des mêmes peines quiconque s'abstient volontairement de porter à une personne en péril l'assistance que, sans risque pour lui ou pour les tiers, il pouvait lui prêter soit par son action personnelle, soit en provoquant un secours).
HaKo je 3aKOHogaBan, TaKO apaH^upao OBaj H.aH ga ce ogHocu uc-K^ynuBO Ha nojeguH^ Koju je y HeBO^u u Ha nojeguH^ Koju a6cru-Hupa m He noMa^e My (oBaKBu „npecTynu He-ge.OBaH>a" [infractions d'abstention] sy o6mhho BeoMa peTKM y kpmbmhhmm 3aKOHMMa; ynpKoc TOMe ga uHguBugya X uMa uHTeHuujy ga HemTO ynuHu m npoMe-hm - OHa unaK Ha Kpajy He hmhm HumTa - ynpaBO to je ge$MHM^Mja HeraTMBHe aKuuje), raeroBa HaMepa jecTe ga Ka3Hu cBe nojeguHue Koju 3anpaBO Hucy y cTaray ga ce yjeguHe u KOHcTUTyumy Kao rpyna. HcK^ynuBO KOHcTMTyucarae rpyne ^ygu (yjeguH>eH>e noBehaBa Moh m cHary) MO^e yKMHyra cTpax m TaKO cnpenMTu jom Behy onacHocT. ^a
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
6u obo 6m.o Moryhe hmhm mm ce ga je npBo Hy^Ho ogMax HanycTu-TM crape poMaHTUHHe npegcTaBe o eMnaTuju (m.m caocehaay) Kao nopuBy M.M cnoco6HocTM ga ce 6yge Ha „MecTy" »pTBe, Ha „MecTy" omTeheHor m.m oHora Kora 6o.m m koj'm Tpnu (ohmx Koje 6o.m m koj'm Tpne). Pagu ce o HeneMy cacBUM gpyroM. Mmcjmm ga rpyna, C0^Mja.H0 m gucu^nnuHoBaHo ge.oBaH>e Mo®e ga npu6.M»u uHguBugye jeg-He gpyruMa (oBaKBo ge.oBaH>e je a priori eMnamujcKO u y^ue^eno) u maKo CMamu nacu^e u 6on. OeaKeo denoeaue ceamKo nodpa3yMeea noeo pa3yMesame ^o^afyaja. $
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nETAP EOJAHM^ ► „Ca". rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeK^o gora^aja
^MTepaTypa
DEPRAz, Natalie, 2014: Empathie et compassion // Berthoz, A.;
Jorland, G. (red.). L'Empathie. Paris: Odile Jacob. Husserl, Edmund, 1973: Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität.
Band II. Dordrecht: Marinus Nijhoff. ludwig, kirk, 2016: From Individual to Plural Agency: Collective Action.
London - New York, Oxford University Press. marion, j.-l., 2017: L'événement, c'est l'impossible qui se réalise //
Philosophie 108 (avril 2017). nussbaum, martha, 1996: Compassion: The Basic Social Emotion //
Social Philosophy and Policy Foundation. New York. sartre, jean-paul, 1943: L'Etre et le néant. Paris: Gallimard. stein, edith, 2008: Vie d'une famille juive. Paris/Toulouse/ Genève: Cerf.
stein, edith, 1922: Individuum und Gemeinschaft // Jahrbuch für
Philosophie und phenomenologische Forschung. Band 5 (1922). stein, edith, 1917: Zum Problem der Einfühlung. Teil II-IV der unter dem Titel: Das Einfühlungsproblem in seiner historischen Entwicklung und in phänomenologischer Betrachtung vorgelegten Dissertation. <http://www.edith-stein-archiv.de/wp-content/ uploads/2014/10/05_EdithSteinGesamtausgabe_ ZumProblemDerEinfuehlung_Teil_II_IV.pdf> 10. 10. 2016.
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
Pe3MMe
B gaHHOM craTte npegnpuHaTa nonwiTKa onucaTt B3auMooTHome-Hue noHaTMM «rpynna» u «co6wrrue», c ycraHOBKOM Ha «rpynny KaK co6wiTue» u «rpynny KaK npunuHy co6wiTua». H xoTe. noKa3aTt Ba-pbMpywm.ee Me^gy uHTepa^ueM u To^gecTBoM B3aMMooTHomeHMe, KoTopoe 3apo^gaeTca b cTo.KHoBeHuu co6wrrua u rpynnwi, u KoTopoe no ^TOM npunuHe Mor.o 6wi npegcTaB.aTt co6om npeaMÖyny k Teopuu uHCTUTy^uu u.u ga^e BBegeHue b uHCTUTy^uoHa.^bHoe gencraue. hto6bi npogeMoHcTpupoBaTt, hto 6e3 rpynnw HeT co6wiTua, u.u ®e - hto rpynna aB.aeTca npegnocwi.KoM, hto6wi hto-.u6o Ha3BaTt co6wTueM, t. e. hto caMo co6wTue nogpa3yMeBaeT cymecTBoBaHue rpynnw, a BoccraHoBu. noHaTue «co6wTue», onupaact Ha cep6cKuM 33hk (^o^afyaj) u Ha 3HaHeHue c.oBa «co6wTue» b pyccKoM a3WKe. OgHoBpeMeHHo a o6o3HaHu. «coHyBcTBue» KaK ocHoBono.ararom.ee no.e yHpe^geHua rpynnw u co6wTua, u KaK «HaHa.o uHCTUTy^uu» u.u ®e «uHCTUTy^uoHa.bHyro npegnocwi.Ky».
Petar Bojanic
Petar Bojanic studied philosophy at the University of Belgrade and at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (Paris), where he received his D.E.A. for a work on La figure de la paix chez Levinas et Kant (supervised by Jacques Derrida) in 1997. In 2003, he received his Doctorat de 3e cycle from the University of Paris X (Nanterre) for his dissertation La guerre (dernière) et l'institution de la philosophie (Dissertation committee: Etienne Balibar, Gérard Bensussan, Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Nancy). Since 2009, he is director of the Centre for Ethics, Law and Applied Philosophy (CELAP) in Belgrade. Since 2010, he also serves as director of the Institute for Philosophy and
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nETAP EOJAHM^ ► „Ca". rpyna Kao gora^aj u Kao nopeK^o gora^aja
Social Theory (IFDT). Moreover, he is the director of the Center for Advanced Studies - South East Europe (CAS) at the University of Rijeka since its founding in 2013. He has held numerous fellowships and visiting professorships, inter alia at the Society for Humanities at Cornell University (USA), at the Centre for Modern Thought at the University of Aberdeen (Great Britain), at the Institute of Advanced Studies at the University of Bologna (Italy), and at KWIEssen (Germany). Last books: Violence et Messianisme, Paris-Milano, Librerie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2015; Institucionalno delovanje, Novi sad, Akademska kjiga, 2016; Violence and Messianism, London, Routledge, 2017 (in preparation).
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
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OU^OCO^UA COÖblTUA
u repMeHeBTUKa naMATu: CBugeTe^bCTBa yTBepmgeHUH
$ a.ekceh a. rpflkaaob ► alexalgr@mail.ru
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
The article deals with the definition of the event in term of topological twist of modern philosophy. It is shown that the actual state of the reflection event is characterized by a common attraction background and its uncertainty. Uncertain presents as the vital energy of the event. War checks the validity of reflection, transforming uncertainty and the extraordinary. Political calls as question the present with its manifold manifestations and the extreme complexity of defining a single largely — constant characteristics of existence, without understanding that the life of society is deprived of the actual event meaning.
THE EVENT, TOPOS, SUBJECTIVITY, HERMENEUTICS, REFLECTION, WAR, TERROR, MEMORY, LANGUAGE
B craTte paccMoTpeHM onpegeaeHua co6litma b nepcneKTMBe Tonoao-TMHecKoro noBopoTa coBpeMeHHoM ^uaoco^uu. noKa3aHo, hto aKTyaat-Hoe cocroaHue pe^aeKCMM co6mtma xapaKTepM3yeTca o6m;uM arrpaKTu-pyw^MM ^ohom — ^TO neonpedenen-nocmh. HeonpegeaeHHoe npucyrcTBy-eT KaK ^M3HeHHaa ^Hepma co6htms. Bouna npoBepaeT geMcTBeHHocTB pe^aeKCMM, TpaHc^opMupya neonpe-denennocmh u HpeseunaunyK HopMy. noaMTMHecKoe cTaBMT nog Bonpoc na-cmoaw,ee c ero MHoroo6pa3ueM npoaB-aeHMM M Hpe3BHHaMHoM cao^HocTBM onpegeaeHua eguHoro bo MHoroM — KoHcTaHTHMX xapaKTepucTMK cym;e-cTBoBaHua, 6e3 noHMMaHua KoToptix «M3HB co^MyMa aumaeTca geMcTBu-TeatHoro co6MTuMHoro cMHcaa.
COBHTHE, TOnOC, CYBMKTHBHOCTb, rEPMEHEBTHKA, PEMEKCHfl, BOHHA, TEPPOP, nAMATB, 33HK
31
AflEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB ► $u^oco$ua coöbiTun u repMeHeBTUKa naMATu
«Te eguHCTBa u.u n,e-.octhoctu, K0T0pwe A Ha3BiBaro cö6htuamu, ecTb aKTya.u3an,uA T0r0, HT0 B03HuKaeT. KaK c.egyeT xapaK-
Tepu30BaTb T0, HT0 TaKuM 06pa30M B03-HuKaeT? Hma «co6bi-Tue», gaHHoe TaKoro poga n,e.nocTHocTAMu, npuB.eKaeT BHuMa-Hue k uMMaHeHTHo npoucxogAm,e My BMecTe c aKTya.BHHM eguHCTB0M. ...Mbi go^ÄHH HanaTB c co6bitua, npuHAB ero 3a KoHeHHyw eguHuny npupogHoro AB.eHuA. Co6biTue go.^Ho uMeTb oTHomeHue ko BceMy cym,e-cTByrom,eMy, b tom nucne ko BceM gpyruM co6wtuam» (yaMTxeg 152-153, 163).
Cp.: «HcTopuA MeHTa.bHocTu ecTb uCTopuA .w6bu, CeK-cya.bHocTu, cTpaxa cMepTu u TaK ga.ee (to ecTb Tex acneKT0B ne.oBenecKoro cy^ecTB0BaHuA, ko-Topbie, KaK cnuTa.ocb, 06.aga.nu oTHocuTe.b-HMM uMMyHuTeT0M K uCTopuneCKuM
u3MeHeHuAM u KBa3u-eCTeCTBeHHWM iioctoahctbom)» (Ah-KepcMuT 200y: 380).
TeMa co6mtua o6pam,aeT ko BceMy MHoroo6pa3uro noHuMaHuA — ot Dasein fiyHdaMeHmanbHoû oHmonoauu MapmuHa Xaûdezzepa, «fiunoco-$uu nocmynKa» M.M.Eaxmurn, «uucmoeo coôbimrn» KaK 6e3nuuHoû do-uHdueudyanbHoû cumynzpHocmu (Munb flene3) u c0e03M0MH0a0 xa-paKmepa npoy,edyp noHuMaHW («eduHcmeo MoMeHmoe ucmuH») Anern Badbw do «Haywozo KoHV^enma» e mpydax AH.yaûmxeda.1 C.o^u.acb u npogo.^aeT $opMupoBaTCA MH0^ecTBeHH0CTb B3auMogeMCTByrom,ux ^03u^uM u K0Hu,enT0B — mo^ho roBopuTb 0 co6mtumhom noBopoTe B C0BpeMeHH0M ^u.0C0^uu. H x0TA noHATue C0BpeMeHH0CTu cpa3y ^e Tpe6yeT yT0HHeHuA BpeMeHHbx u npo6.eMHbx xapaKTepucTuK, caM $arcr Toro, hto TeMa co6wtua CTaBuT Bonpocb o cmbic.obom Kap-Torpa^uu u CTpaTeruAx pe^eKcuu, roBopuT o 3HanuM0CTu. nepBaA no.oBuHa XX BeKa Haxogu.acb nog o6aAHueM udeû epeMeHu u epeMeH-Hocmu («xp0H0-n0¿uKa») — bo BTopoM no.oBuHe npom.oro CT0.eTuA u Hana.e H0B0r0 BeKa arcrya.u3upoBaHa TeMa CTpyKTypa^uu, pac-no.o^eHHocTu u npocTpaHCTBa (MecTo, Tonoc, pacno.o^eHHocTb, .aHgma^T, rpaHuu,a, T0HKa-MecT0). n0Ka3aTe.bH0M CTaH0BuTCA ^CTeTUHecKaA Tonorpa^uA co6bitua.
C00TBeTCTBeHH0 npegcTaB.eHue co6wtua Mo^eT BbicrynuTb KaK aKTya.bHaA op^aHU3a^uu cy6^eKTuBH0CTu — b o6m,eM K0HTeKCTe (nocT)coBpeMeHHoro C03HaHuA mo^ho roBopuTb o c^e^u$uHecK0M ycu.uu noHuMaHuA KaK «npou3BogcTBe npucyTCTBuA». Co6brrue MMC.u u Cy^eCTB0BaHuA B^uBaeTCA B npoCTpaHCTBo noHuMaHuA: gypHaA 6ecK0HenH0CTb «BpeMeHu-noc.e-BpeMeHu» 0K0panuBaeTCA C0np0TuB.AK^uMCA MecT0M. Oco6yro 3HanuM0CTb uMeeT ^CTeTu-necKaA pe^.eKcuA — c0BpeMeHH0CTb npegcTaeT KaK oco6oro poga npou3BegeHue, b K0T0p0M HyBCTBeHH0-Te.ecHbie umyuuuu coot-HeceHb c pe^.eKcuen u ucropuen MeHTa.bHoereM.2 TaK coBpeMeH-HocTb Ha CB0M .ag pea.u3yeT npu3bB paHHero rere.A k co3gaHuro
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) «- Event
oó'BegMHHrom.eM ugeu KpacoTti b bbicokom n-aroHOBCKOM CMwe^e — pea-u3yeT c ucKa^eHUHMu ugeu u $opM, ho coxpaHHH r-aBHtiM CMHC^ ^CTeTMHecK0^0: «paBHoe pa3BUTue Bcex cu-, KaK eguHUHHO-ro, TaK m Bcex uHguBugoB».3 Bo-ee Toro, coBpeMeHHOCTb He Mor-a O^OpMUTbCH 6e3 COOTBeTCTByK^eM MM^O-OrUM $0pMBI.4 ^CTeTMHe-CKoe no-araeTCH b ocHOBaHue «pa3yMH0M MM^o-oruM», 6e3 KOTopoM HeB03M0^HBi co3HaHue m pe^-eKCUH. Ho cerogHH «CoBpeMeHHOCTb KaK npou3BegeHue» npegcraeT 3aBepmeHH0M — npom-oe KaK 6m noMe^aeTCH b paMKy, xoth Ha nepexoge k HOBOMy TtiCHHe-eTuro npogo-^aroT aKTUBHO geMCTBOBaTb ugeu, nyBCTBa, naMHTb u boo6-pa^eHue MogepHa.
Co6MTue po^gaeTCH Ha nepeceneHuu o6m,ero u HenoBTopuMoro KaK oco6oro poga «CMHry-HpHOCTb». «BpeMH noc-e opruu» (^aH Bo-gpuMHp) n0-pa3H0My nepe^uBaeTCH b pa3HMx MecTax — noHUMaHue UgeHTMHHOCTM npOgyKTMBHO TO-bKO B TOnOipa^MHeCKOM TeMaTM3a-^uu.5 KnmeBbie üohhtuh nepeopueHTupoBaHbi: BpeMeHHOM OTTeHOK ycTynaeT MecTO OTTeHKy cooTHeceHHOCTu. EcTb OcHOBaHUH roBopuTb o Tono-rpa^unecKOM u Tono-^orunecKOM u3Boge pe$-eKCuu, hto COOTBeTCTByeT $U-0C0$UU c06mtuh. MeHHKTCH Ky^bTypHO-UCTO-punecKue pa3MeTKM («rpa^bi npocrpaHCTBa»): MO^eT Ka3aTbCH, hto npocTpaHCTBO («6bi-o Bame — cra-o Hame») ga^e 6o-ee He3am,um,e-HO, neM BpeMH. Ho Ha caMOM ge-e ^T0 He TaK. MecTO npegno-araeT OcHOBaHUH cym,ecTB0BaHUH: Ha MecTO nepcoHa^a b CTpyKType MO^eT 6biTb nocraB-eH gpyroM nepcoHa^. Cym,ecTByeT 06paTUM0CTb coBpe-MeHHMx noBecTBOBaHUM — -oruKa MecTa cra-KUBaeTCH c -oruKOM (-oruKaMu) gpyroro MecTa. KoH^-uKTyroT, coTpygHuna^T u Bpa^-gy^T gpyr c gpyroM He BpeMeHa, a MecTa. Bokkt 3a MecTa o6uTaHUH: c6uBmuecH Mecra npeBpa^a^T BpeMH b 6eccMbic-Mn,y BHeBpeMeH-Horo Bcepa3pymuTe^bHoro Teppopa («Postmodern Terrorism»). Ocnoeu
«Ou-oco^ no3Ty go-^eH o6^a-gaTb 3CTeTUHecKUM gapoM. ^wgu, ^umeH-Hwe 3CTeTUHecKoro nyBCTBa, a TaKOB&i Hamu ^uaoco^w, -6yKBoegw. om-oco^mh gyxa - 3T0 screTM-HeCKaH ^M-OCO^MH» (rere^b 212).
«ßo rex nop noKa mm He npegagMM MgeHM 3CTeTMHeCKMM, TO eCTb MM^O^OrM-necKMM xapaKTep, Hapog He npoHBMT K HMM MHTepeca, C gpyroM cTopoH&i, noKa MM^o^orMH He CTaHeT pa3yMH0M, ^M^OCO^ 6ygeT ee cT&igMTtCH» (fere-b 213).
ncMXo^orMHecKM 3HaHMMW ^OpMBI pe^pe3eHTa^MM npOCTpaHCTBeHHHX 3HaHMM B C03HaHMM -MHHOCTM. C0^M0--OrMM M ^M-OCO^MM B3ÄHH TeKCTya-bHO ^MKCMpOBaHHWe npegcTaB-eHMH Bcero o6^ecTBa o npocTpaH-CTBe — M3yneHMe Ha^M0Ha-BH0^0 Mupa 06pa30B M CMMBO-OB KaK KO—eKTMBHWX «MeHTa-bHEIX KapT» aKTya-bHO TeMaTM-3MpyeT B00Ópa^eHMe M pe^pe3eHTa^MM, CBH3aHHWe C MgeHTMH-hoctbw m npegHa-3HaneHMeM 3TH0ca m ocy^ecTB-eHMeM B-acTM (ffleHK 43-44).
33
AAEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB ^u^oco^ua coöbiTua u repMeHeBTHKa naMSTu
6
«B ^TGM - MCT0K coBpeMeHHocTM: 0Ha npMHoCMT C Co6on pa3BopaHMBaHMe «cy6teKTMBHoro» b oTHocMTenbHo o6teK-TMBHoe, pa3B0paHM-BaHMe Toro, hto 6bmo 3bi6kmm m He gaBano 0CH0BBi M onopBi, B 3agaromee ce6e caMo-My onopy m 0CH0By; npeBpameHMe guKoro MMpa b cgenaHHoe m npugyMaHHoe HaMM» (CnoTepganK 570).
cy^ecmeoeaHua. 63opeaHbi rnmeHcueHbiM cmpeMneHueM npedcmaeneHuü — 3a3opbi mewdy humu 3anonwem «du$$y3hbiü u,uhu3m».b
HMeHH0 B 0TH0meHMM k Co6wTMro C03HaHMe C0BpeMeHH0CTM 0K0-panuBaeTca hobbim stocom, hto Hpe3BBinaMH0 Ba»H0 gna onpegene-HMM u^hhocthbix acneKT0B pe^neKCMM m cymecTBoBaHua. Co6wTue K0HCTpyupyeTca, ho oho ®e m K0HCTpyupyeT — B3aMM0CTpeMneHue onwTa m pe^neKCMM 0gH0BpeMeHH0 pa3nuneHBi m o6^eguHeHw. OTKptiBaeTca napagoKcanbHwrn onwiT co6wTua: noBopoT C03HaHua «B0Kpyr co6wTua» b npegene cnoco6eH o6Hapy»uTb He ucxogHyw 3agaHH0CTb a6conOTHoro CMBicna, a numb gpyroe co6wTMe, B03HMKa-rom.ee 3gecb m Tenepb. Tohho TaK 3HaHUMBiM gna noHUMaHua co6wTMa 3CTeTMHecKMM onwiT 0gH0BpeMeHH0 MHgMBugyaneH m 3aK0H0MepeH: b HeM xaoc npocBenuBaeT CKB03b noruKy K0M^03M^MM KaK pa^M0-HanbHoro nocrpoeHua (B.M. ^upMyHCKun). Co6wTue 0Ka3WBaeTca yxogam,MM m3 ceTen MCT0nK0BaHua m He cxBaTWBaeMo hm nepe3 o6pa-meHue k CTpyKrype 03HaHMBaHua, hm nepe3 o6pam,eHMe k «Knaccu-necK0M» 0HTonorMM. Pe^neKCua, MMea geno c screTunecKUM 0nwT0M, npegcraeT b n0CT0aHH0M KoppeKTupoBKe co6cTBeHHwx ^03M^MM. Begb KaK T0nbK0 B03HUKaeT onwT, roBopuT ^aK ^eppuga, B03HUKa-eT m 0TCwnKa k neMy-T0 uH0My, KaK-To: cnegy, TeKCTy, a hto6bi cneg ocTaBun cneg, Tpe6yeTca noMemeHue ero b npocTpaHCTBo Mwcnu («onpocrpaHCTnuBaHue»).
Pe^neKCua, TaKUM 06pa30M, 0Ka3WBaeTca TononorunecKM CBa-3aHH0M c 0nwT0M co6wTua.
B3aMMogeMCTBue «MeTa^op MecTa» co3gaeT oco6oro poga «Tonono-runecKyro MeTa$M3MKy» — b 3tom CMwcne TeMa co6wTMa cooTHocuMa c TeM0M «repMeHeBTMKM Poccuu». OneBugHon Ka»eTca paguKanbHaa HenpMcn0C06neHH0CTb Poccuu He T0nbK0 gna TpaHcn,eHgeHTanbHoro m repMeHeBTMHecKoro onwTa, ho m gna nogBegeHua nog nuHeMHWM
34
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
OntlT K^aCCMHeCKGM pa^MGHa^BHGCTM. npu He3HaHMTe^BHGM pagu-Ka^M3auuu cyTB ge.a BBicrynuT c.egyrom,uM o6pa3OM: ycBoeHue PoccueM repMeHeBTuKu 0Ka3a.GCB 6bi ogHOBpeMeHHO ocBoeHueM repMeHeBTuKGM Poccuu. To ecTB — GCBoeHue Poccuu peHBro, .orocoM, CMMCAGM, uCTOpueM, CG^Ma^BHGCTBro (Ha ^GHe geBa^BBa^MM — KaK ^u^GCG^CKGM, TaK u BnG.He «pea^BHGM» — ^TMX o6pa3GBaHuM Ha 3anage). BegB ^u^gcg^ckum o6pa3 («Poccua») cggthgcum uMeHHG c 3GHaMu repMeHeBTunecKOM HeycnemHGCTu, 3GHaMu HeTeKCTya-^u3upyeMGrG b TeKCTe, b tg BpeMa KaK Poccua (b Xygo^ecTBeHHoM npaKTuKe u b nonwTKaX ^u^oco^CKoro u napa-^u^oco^CKoro caMOO-CMHC^eHua) HacTOMHuBO uHTepnpeTupyeT ce6a KaK ^pMH^M^Ma^BHG «a-TeKCTya^BHoe» u.u ga^e «aHTu-TeKCTya^BHoe» o6pa3OBaHue.7 3oHaMu HecXoguMGCTu MGTuBupoBaHa, bg3mg^hg, nony.apHGCTB mupoKG noHuMaeMoro nocTCTpyKTypa.ucTCKoro npoeKTa b Poccuu, uMerom,ero co6cTBeHHwM ^CTeTMKG-MeTa^M3MHecKMM uctgk b ugeaX pyccKoro <£opMa.u3Ma.8 ^Ta ^G3M^Ma, pa3BuTaa ga.ee b c.aBaHCKOM CTpyKTypa.u3Me, npegcTaB.aeT npogyrcruBHyro caMGCToaTe.BHyro .uHuro b scTeTuKe u ^.oco^u CG6HTMa (cm. rpaKa.0B 2004a). Opu-eHTa^Ma ^G3M^MM KaK pa3 u cocToaT b yTBep^geHuu C06BiTMMH0CTM — CMwc.a, npou3BegeHua u TBopnecTBa.
A b TOM .uhuu, K0T0pyro npegcTaB.aroT ^yHgaMeHTa.BHaa gh-TG.orua u repMeHeBTuKa, b nepByro OHepegB 6bi.o aKTya.u3upoBa-HG 6wTue: «noHuMaHue, onucaHHoe XaMgerrepoM KaK nogBu^Haa ocHGBa He.0BenecKoro 6wTua, — ^TG He aKm cyô^exmueHocmu, a caM cnocoô ëumw. npuMeHumenbHo k xoHxpemHoMy cnynaw — noHuMaHuw mpaduu,uu — a noxa3an, umo noHuMaHue ecezda ecmb coôumue. [...] ^enoe caMozo ocy^ecmeneHua noHuMaHua eoeneneHo e coôumue, um oepeMe-HeHo u um npoHu3aHo. Ceo6oöa perfrnexcuu, ^mo MHuMoe y-ceôa-ôumue, e noHuMaHuu eooöw,e He uMeem Mecma — Hacmonbxo ecaxuû ezo axm
«Korga Bce npeBpaTH-.OCB B TeKCT, MOfflHO
em;e BepHyTBca K c.0By-co6&ITMro?» (BM6MXMH 93).
«OopMa.K3M, MO^eT 6MTB, Heo^ngaHHO g.a caMoro ce6a 0Ka3a.ca Bgpyr b racma^n CKa3aTB To, HTO y^e He Mor CKa-3aTB BecB geBaTHag^-TBIM BeK, HTO b HaHa.e 6&i.0 C.OBO» (BH6H-XKH l0l). Cm. TaK^e: rpaKa.0B 2002; XaH-3eH-^eBe; Broekman).
35
AflEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB ► $M^OCO$MA coöbiTMA M repMeHeBTMKa naMATM
onpečenen ucmopunnocmbw nameû ^K3ucmeH^uu» (radaMep 22-23). H Mwm.eHue Bcerga gBu^eTca b «KO.ee», npeg.araeMOM 33hkom. Co3HaHue «Bn.eTeHO b 33hk», xoTopwM HUKorga He ecTB to.bko 33HK roBoparn,ero, ho Bcerga a3wix 6ecegwi, xoTopyro BegyT c HaMu Bem,u. h3wk npegcraB.aeT co6om tot ^u.oco^ckum npegMeT, rge npoucxoguT Bcrpena Hayxu u onwiTa He.OBenecKOM ®:u3hu. ^a^e npoBa. b penu, Bwmy^eHHoe MO.HaHue, yTpaTa gapa penu 3Ha-humbi g.a o6m,eHua: «...ec.u kto-to .umaeTca gapa peHu, ^T0 3Ha-hut, hto oh xoHeT cxa3aTB Tax MHoro, hto He 3HaeT, c nero HaHaTB... caMa yTpaTa gapa peHu ecTB y^e HexoTopwrn Bug peHu; ^Ta yTpaTa He to.bko He K.ageT K0He^ roBopeHuro, ho, HanpoTUB, n03B0.a-eT eMy ocyrn,ecTBUTBca» (ragaMep 44). K cym,ecTBy ucropuHecxoro ragaMep nogxoguT c uMeHHO ïïomo^bk xaTeropuu co6wTua: HeT nporpecca hu b ^u.oco^uu, hu b ucxyccTBe — b o6oux c.ynaax Ba^Ho «o6pecTu npuHacTHocTB».
B co6bituu Bcrpenarorca He to.bko npom.oe u 6ygym.ee: co-6wTUMcTByroT npegMeTHoe u cuMBO.unecxoe, npuHeM pe3y.BTaT go.^eH 6bitb MapxupoBaH xax B03BwimeHH0e, npege., caMOBUToe c.OBO, npe6wBaHue Ha rpaHuu,e, 3K3ucTeHu.ua.BHa nog.uHHocTB. COOTBeTcTBeHHO, BcTaeT UcxOgHWM Bonpoc 0 6wTUMH0M U3MepeHUU co6trrua. ^o^TUHecKUM a3tix MO^eT 6bitb npegcraB.eH xax cumbo-.uHecxoe, uMerom.ee OHeBugHtie cBOMCTBa 6wtumhoctu: TyT pa3B0-paHUBaeTca ^CTe3uc xax nepBUHHoe nouMeHOBaHue. Co6wTue He cbo-guTca k uHTepaKu,uaM u He MO^eT 6wtb no.HocTBro OTO»gecTB.eHO c axTaMu KOMMyHuxauuu. a3bik ^o^TUHecKUM a3wix — ^T0 noTOK. Bceo6m.ee npeguu,upoBaHue, TexynecTB u craHOB.eHue, rge «guc-xpeTHwe» a3HK0Bwe gaHHocTu xax 6w pacTBoparoTca b KOHTUHya.B-hoctu (^oceB 1982: 475-476). Ho UMeHHO K0HTUHya.BH0cTB npegcTaB-.aeT to uHoe, b OTHomeHuu k HeMy a3wx HenpepwBHO cTaHOBUTca.
36
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
B KOHKpeTHOM Co6mTUU ^O^TUHeCKO^O MaKCUMa.bHO 3HaHUM UH-TeHCu<£un,upyrom,uM <£arcr noBTopa — sto KaK 6m geMCTBue «BeHHoro BO3Bpam,eHua», yTBep^geHue, c.eg: SHeprua co3ugaHua CMBic.a ny.bcupyeT b cmbic.obom npocrpaHCTBe-Me^gy. ^uHHOCTHoe Heo6-xOgUMO COOTHeCeHO C BHe-.UHHBIM U Hag-.UHHWM KaK TpaHCu,eH-geHu,ueM. nosTunecKUM a3BiK BBoguT b co6wTue noHUMaHua TaKMM uMeHHO o6pa3OM, hto Te.o u cmbic. KaK 6bi B3auMHO nepe-onpege-.aroTca b 3K3ucTeHu.ua.BHOM aKTe BugeHua — 3to o6pam,aeT k TeMe aKTya.u3au.uu Mupa, npeBOcxogam,eM KOHKpeTHyro ucTopuHHOCTb.9 Bo3HUKarom,ue cmmc.m 3aTeM MoryT cym,ecTBOBaTB caMOCToaTe.bHO Hapagy c gpyruMu. H npu stom o6.agaroT CTaTycoM Ha ypoBHe mu-^o.oruHecKOM u ampono^orunecKOM cyrrecTUBHOCTu — co3gaHue u cooTBeTCTByrom.ee BOcnpuaTue-pa3ragwBaHue cmbic.ob co3gaeT conpa^eHue onpege.eHHoro u Heonpege.eHHoro — 3TUMO.orune-CKyro Maruro, o6.agarom,yro aTTpaKTUBHMM 3<£<£eKTOM (Ba3M.eB 133). noBTopeHue b co6mtuu — He gBu^eHue no Kpyry, a co3gaHue uHTeH-CUBHOCTU. repMeHeBTunecKoe BHUMaHue BOcxoguT ot KOHKpeTHoro BMCKa3MBaHua go co6MTua nosTunecKoro a3MKa, TOHHee, Toro Mupa, KOTopwM Bwpa^eH u npegcTaB.eH nosTunecKUM a3MKOM: co3HaHue BBoguTca b oco6oe cocToaHue BugeHua. ^Hep^ua cym,ecTBOBaHua BCTpenaeTca b co6bituu c aKTya.bHMM yTBep^garom,uM nouMeHO-BaHueM, nogpwBaa npegmecTByromyro onpegeneHHOCTB. TaK Bonpoc o6 ucTUHe ucKyccTBa nopo^gaeT cooTBeTCTByromyro MMC.b o 6mtuu uctuhm b Mupe. Begb ^o^TUHecKoe HUHero He roBopuT OKOHHaTe.bHO — oho roBopuT. roBopuT, coxpaHaa Mup. H sto «He-»e.aHue-Hune-ro-CKa3aTb» Ma.o noxo^e Ha 6e3o6ugHoe ynpa^HeHue (geppuga 27-28). HcKyccTBO Bce BpeMa CTaHOBUTca uhbim g.a caMoro ce6a, u3MeHaeT cnoco6w co6cTBeHHoro npegcraB.eHua, yxoguT, ocTaB.aa c.egM, ho c.egM CBMgeTe.bCTByroT o bo3moähoctm conpuKOCHOBeHua
9
«To coÓMTMe co6m-TMM, HTO eCTb MMp, HTO eCTb He.OBeK, c.yHM.ocb paHbme, HeM mm Mor.M ero Ha6.rogaTb. Mm ero BMgMM npoMsomeg-muM. H Tenepb y^e He TaK BaffiHO, pemuM .m mm, HanpuMep, hto Bce 3TO coTBopw. Bor, M.M HTO BCe BOSHUK^O C.yHaHHO M.M HTO MM CaMU BO CHe Bce co3ga.M - Bce 3TO TO^KOBaHwe no c.egaM COÓMTKa, KOTOpOe co-BepmM.ocb cumKOM paHO, hto6m He.OBeK ycne. npw HeM npw-CyTCTBOBaTb. [...] Om-.oco^Ma BcnoMMHaeT O paHHeM CO6MTHH. B 3TOM CMMC.e, a He B CMMC.e nOBTOpOB Bce ^H^OCO^M rOBOpaT ogHO» (bh6hxhh 19).
37
AflEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB ► $M^OCO$MA coöbiTMA M repMeHeBTMKa naMATM
1G
Cp.: «npegenBHaH Bepa B pogoBBie mctmhbi
[...] B0T HT0 go^^Ho
6htb HamuM hobhm bhmhcaom. Mh, oneBugHo, go^ÄHH co3gaTB peanBHyro B03-mo^hoctb Hamero bh-MHcaa, K0T0pHM 6ygeT pogoBHM bhmhcaom B H0B0M 4>0pMe. H0BaH noKanM3an,MH, 6e3 C0MHeHMH, HBnHeTCH BonpocoM o hoboM no-nMTMHeCK0M CMenoCTM. noucK BHMHcaa - ^T0 Bonpoc cnpaBegnu-boctu u Hage^gti» (BagBro 106).
11
«HcropuHecKuM nep-coHa^ m reonorune-cKaH nuHHocrB, ropu-gMHecKMM npoo,ecc u ^cxarono^MHecKMM Kpu3uc HaKnag&iBa-rorcH oguH Ha gpyroM,
U T0nBK0 B ^T0M Hano^eHUu, ronBKo b ux "coBMem,eHHo-cTm", 0HU 0TKpHBaroT ucTUHy» (AraM6eH 55).
c ^u3Htro. KaK pa3 onHTH, CBH3aHHtie c nosTunecKUM h3hkom, no-cny^unu ogHUM U3 gBu^ym,ux Hanan ^unoco^uu co6htuh, 0c06eHH0 b K0HTeKcTe cnaBHHCKoro cTpyKTypanu3Ma.
HMeHHo b 0TH0meHuu k TeMe co6htuh Mo^eT 6htb nocraBneH Bonpoc: cy^ecTByeT nu npocrpaHCTBo oóuTaHun «$unoco$CKoM gymu», rge ecTB pogcTBo u cooTHeceHHocTB pa3HHx noHUMaHUM? npocTpaHcTBo noBepx pa3geneHuM, rge no3uu,uu Mornu 6h cxoguTBCH b p0g0B0M yTBep^garom,eM eguHcTBe CBoeBpeMeHHoM MHcnu?10 omeema nywno nornmh sKonoMuKy Mhicnu He monhKo e ôonee unu MeHee ycmoûnueux u «y3aKonennhix» monocax, zde pefineKcrn, He npeHe6pe^aa noecedneenocmhw, cnocoôna coxpammh npo^cnueaw^ee npucymcmeue, ho e npocmpaHcmee stato di essecione (ß. A^aM6eH) — ucKnwnumenhnoû unu Hpe36hiwûHoû nopMhi. B 3tom cnynae yTBep^garornue crpaTeruu pe$-neKCuu cooTHeceHH c arcryanBHHM caMoco3HaHueM 3K3ucTupyrom,ero cym,ecTBa. Bonee Toro, cxo^geHue ucropuHecKoM HanuHHocru, nycTB n0-pa3H0My uHTepnpeTupyeM0M, u Toro, hto Mo^eT 6htb Ha3BaH0 mctmhom, 0Ka3HBaeTcH ycnoBueM npogyrcruBHoM repMeHeBTUKu co-6HTUM.11 BegB cerogHH «^parMeHTti» ^m3hu Hau6onee aKTUBHo geMcTByroT — TaK mo^ho cKa3aTB 06 oTgenBHHx co^uanBHHx uhctu-Ty^uHx (6aHK, opraHH Bnacru, npecca). Hto ^e KacaeTCH uHCTUTy^uu ^unoco^uu m $un0C0$0B, to Heo6xoguM0 ucxogHoe BonpomaHue 0 C00TBeTCTByro^ux MHCTMTy^M0HanfcHHx 0CH0BaHMHx (cm. bohhmh). ^noe pacram,eH0 Ha Hacru unu nogBepraeTCH nocroHHHoM yrpo3e 6htb ge-^opMupoBaHHHM u pac-^opMupoBaHHHM.
Ho MecTopa3BMTue MHcnu npegnonaraeT pacnono^eHHocTB: MHCnB MMeeT CBoro 0KpeCTH0CTB. H x0TH HM 0gH0 M3 MeCT, rge noco^MH geMcTByeT, He o6nagaeT M0HonontHHM npaB0M Ha o6naga-Hue, 0Ha pacnonaraeTCH b onpegeneHHHx ^u3HeHH0-CMHcn0BHx Tonocax. TaK, aKTyanBHo oócy^gaeMtiM go HacroHm,ero BpeMeHu
38
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
pyccKMM kocmm3m, npuB.neKaTe.neH KaK o6pa3, yTonuneH KaK npoeKT u KOHcrpyKTMBeH KaK npegeflBHoe ycu.nue — co6wTMe — mmcsh (rpaK&noB 20046). Bo^ee Toro, Mwc^B-co6wTMe coBnagaeT c ^K3u-CTeH^Ma^BHWMM Hage»gaMu u o^ugaHMaMM: ugea BocKpemeHua cogep^MT b ce6e HuKorga He yipanuBaeMoe b naMaiu ^ro6oBHoe »e-^aHMe BoccTaHoB^eHMa pogoBon 6^m3octm.
B ue^oM aKTya^BHoe cocioaHue pe$.neKcuu co6Bnua xaparcie-pu3yeica o6m,uM aTTpaKTupyrom,uM ^ohom — ^TO Heonpege^eH-hoctb. B3r^aHyTB Ha TaKOM $oh pe$.neKcuu Heo6xoguMO He to^bko rHoceo^orMnecKM — c^egyeT noHaTB Heonpege.neHHocTB KaK to, hto Hano^HaeT ^Hep^MeM arciyanBHBie cipaTeruM noHHMaHHa. B co6bithh ocBo6o»gaeT ce6a Heo6xoguMoe HeBuguMoe: TaKoe ocBo6o»geHHoe HeBuguMoe — u.nu HeBuguMoe, Koiopoe ocBo6o»gaeT BuguMoe ot caMoro ce6a, — paguKa^BHo oinunaeica ot bcskom pea^BHon nycio-th, huctom HexBaTKu u nycTHHu Bem,eM (MapBoH 14). Heonpege^eH-Hoe npucyicTByeT KaK 3HepruMHoe b co6htuu. TaKoB TeHeBOM $oh b KapiuHax PeM6paHgia.
K^accunecKoM ^O3M^MM Heonpege.neHHocTB HenocpegcTBeH-ho oneBugHa, paBHO KaK u Heo6xoguMocTB en npoTuBogeMcTBOBaTB. Bo^ee Toro, u3BecieH cmbich u xog ugea^uu, cnoco6Hon Heonpege-•neHHocTu npoTuBocToaTB. B TaKOM KOHTeKcie OHa BHciynaeT ogHon u3 MHorux xapaKTepuciuK cMyTHoro cym,ecTBOBaHua b Heynopago-neHHOM Mupe. «HeT acHociu, KpacoTH, HeT Kpucia^BHociu. HeT b 6htuu Hunero noHaTHoro u neTKoro [...] KaK »u3hb 6ecne^OBenHa, KaK »u3hb 6ecne^OBenHO HenoHaTHa. rge Hana.no u KOHeu,, rge ce-peguHa 6BiTua? [...] ^utb b yc^OBuax BHyipeHHero Hepa3^uneHua, BHyipeHHeM 6e3pa3^uHHociu, 6e3pa3nunua »u3Hu, ee BenHOM og-HOTunHociu, ogHOo6pa3ua, mohotohhoctu, cKyHHOM HeBBipa^eH-hoctu, HeBHpa3uie^BHocTu »u3Hu — npu Bcen ee 6e3goHHociu u
39
AAEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB öM-noco^ufl coöbiTUA m repMeHeBTMKa naMSTU
12
«Mto6bi npo6ygMTB Hac 0T CHa, 3aMemaH-Horo Ha gManeKTMKe m aHTpononorMM, noTpe-6oBanMCB HMO,meBCKMe o6pa3&i TparMHecKoro M ¿MoHMCa, CMepTM Bora m ^Mnoco^CKoro MonoTa, CBepxneno-BeKa, MgyrnuMM k HaM B0po6BHHHMM ma^KaMU, m Bo3Bpa-^eHua. [...] PeHB MgeT o Tom, hto6bi Mcxoga u3 Hux, gaTB HaKo-Heu, Bonro HameMy a3&iKy» (OyKo 120).
pa3H0mepcTH0CTM. [...] H Hunero He noHUMan» (^oceB 1993: 298-299). OgHaKo caM co6oM nogpa3yMeBanca 0TBeT: acHocTB, KpacoTa m kocmm-necKaa onpegeneHHocTB ecTB, ho He Bcerga MoryT 6bitb gocTurHyTw B no3HaHuu u cyrn,ecTB0BaHMM. H HeonpegeneHHoe c no3uu,uM Knac-CMHecK0M pe^neKCMM BBicrynaeT KaK 3HaK pa3pwBa Me^gy kocmocom u cym,ecTB0BaHueM — sto 30Ha gecTpy^uu, CMem,eHua, oTcyTCTBua rapM0Huu — 3K3ucTeHu,uanBHoe nopa^eHue.
,fl,na C0BpeMeHH0M MBicnu 0 co6bituu 3HanuM gpyroM xog: HeonpegeneHHocTB He Mo^eT 6bitb noHaTa nepe3 hto-to gpyroe — koc-M0C, noHaTue, h^hhocthbim yHUBepcyM. H b nepB0M npu6nu»eHuu acH0 TonBKo ogHo: HeonpegeneHHocTB He npocTo «3aHMMaeT MecTo» KaK0M-nM6o onpegeneHHocTM, HanpoTMB — HeonpegeneHHocTB onon-naeTca Ha nro6oe onpegeneHHoe, craH0Bam,eeca paguKanBHo Hego-craT0HHBiM. H 3T0 HaKnagwiBaeTca Ha npegenBHyro reTeporeHHocTB coBpeMeHHoro Mupa, rge no MHoruM no3uu,uaM CMe^eHH Knaccu-necKue MecTa pe^neKCuu u 3HaHua.
napagoKcanBHBiM 06pa30M HeacHoM u 6onee Hecnoco6HoM k no-po^geHuro nepe^uBaHUM u CMBicnoB 0Ka3WBaeTca Haxogarn,aaca Ha nepegHeM nnaHe oneBugHaa ^arcruHHocTB onpegeneHHocTu, He ygoBneTBoparom,eM hu cym,ecTB0BaHue, hu MBicnB: Heg0CTaT0HHWM npegcTaeT n0UMeH0BaHH0e BuguMoe. B TaK0M noHUMaHuu HeonpegeneHHocTB 6onee He BBiCTynaeT aHanoroM gpyrux xaparcrepMCTMK — BwaBnaeTca ee co6cTBeHHaa 3K3ucreHu,uanBHaa u snucTeMonorune-CKaa 3HanuM0CTB.12 KaKoe uMeHHo cym,ecTB0BaHue u KaKyro uMeHHo CTpaTeruro Mwcnu HeonpegeneHHocTB npu3BaHa MaHu^ecTupoBaTB u noggep^uBaTB?
HeonpegeneHHocTB C00TH0CUMa c noHUMaHueM npegenoB b KynBType, TenecHocTu, a3WKe, screranecKoM onwTe u caM0M pac-nono^eHHocTu — yMecTHocTu — Mwcnu. BegB co6wTue npu BceM
40
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
HenpegcKa3yeM0CTM Bcerga o6.agaeT yMecTHOCTbw. H b «o6m,eM n.aHe» pe^.eKCua He0npege.eHH0CTu 6ygeT npegcTaB.aTbca OgHOM U3 ^opm bwxoga m3 cmtya^mm, kotopyw MO»HO 6Bi.O 6Bi o6o3hanmtb kak «nocTMogepHMCTCKUM pe.aTUBU3M». BuguMO, b 3tom HanpaB.eHuu 6ygyT ^opMupoBarbca paanuHHBie B3r.agti Ha He0npege.eHH0CTb b 6.u»aMmee BpeMa.
^.a Hana.a uMeeT cmbic. n0Ka3aTb geMcTBue He0npege.eHH0CTu, CTapaacb OTBiCKaTb 3a ee pa3HBiMu npoaB.eHuaMu HenTO o6m.ee, ho npu 3T0M Hepegy^upyeMoe k cyMMe ^03u^uM. A c.egyrom,uM mar COCTOMT b TOM, hto6bi noHaTb He0npege.eHH0CTb b ee HecBoguMOCTM k o6o6meHuaM SMnupunecKOM ^aKTUHHOCTu. To.bKO 6ygynu 0Tpe<£-.ekcupobahhom he0npege.ehh0ctb kak 6Bi 3aghmm HMC.OM nonagaet b »M3HeHH0e npocTpaHCTBO Hana.a, xaoca u.u a6cypga — BnponeM, pe^.eKCua, KaK u3BecTH0, Bcerga 3ana3gwBaeT. C.egyrom,uM Bonpoc o Tonoce He0npege.eHH0CTu: aB.aeTca OHa .0Ka.u30BaHH0M b OgHOM «MecTe CMemeHua» — nepexog, c.om, TpaHcrpeccua, moB — u.u »e M0»eT 6wTb OTHOCUMa K pe^.eKCUBH0M U.U 3K3UCTeHH.Ua.bH0M n03MH,MM B H,e.0M?
Cy6^eKTUBH0CTb aB.aeTca He TO.bKO oco6oro poga «nocpegHu-KOM» Me»gy 0npege.eHH0CTbw u He0npege.eHH0CTbw, ho u Heno-cpegcTBeHHOM c^epoM cymecTBOBaHua u pe^.eKCuu co6wTua. Begb MMeHHO «yTpaTa cy6^eKTa» — ero cMemeHue, pacceaHue, ge^H-Tpan.ua KaK pa3 u npuBe.u k aKTya.u3au.uu He0npege.eHH0CTu. Ho MMeHHO cy6^eKTUBH0CTbro He0npege.eHH0CTb HenocpegcTBeHHO ^MKCupyeTca. ^Ta pe^.eKCua, KaK u .w6aa gpyraa «npoTeKaeT bo BpeMeHM» (KaHT), ho b oco6om BpeMeHHOM cuMy.bTaHHOCTu geM-CTBua, rge gonycTUMO ynTeH cynaM u Hpe3BwnaMH0CTb. HMeHHO TaK — nepe3 ynacrue b c03gaHuu co6wTua mo»ho n0Ka3aTb npogyK-TUBHwe n03uu,uu aKTya.u3au.uu He0npege.eHH0CTu.
41
AflEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB ► $u^oco$ua coöbiTun u repMeHeBTUKa naMATU
13
«HcKyccTBo pearu-pyeT Ha np0B0Kan,uw cnynaa, aKTuBu3upya cbow 3HaKOByw npu-pogy, oTBenaa cuHTaK-cucoM npogyMaHHOM $opMBi» (^axMaH 78).
14
«HMeHHo cnynaM y ffla^aMOBa pacKpMBa-10T He^enocTB BceM cu-cTeMM, KaK ^arepHOM, TaK u OÖ^ecTBeHHOM. Me^oBeK Mor 6bitb ocy^geH no npunuHe, Mor 6mtb HanpaB^eH 0T6MBaTB HaKa3aHue b ^w6om ^arepB, b ^w6oe MecTo, Mor 6mtb Ha3HaneH Ha ^w6yw pa6oTy, Bcrpe-tutb go6poro 3eKa unu ^ecTOKoro npecryn-HuKa. HuKaKoro 06^-HcHeHuH u noHuMa-huh npoucxogamero, ga^e Korga cMOTpumB Ha3ag, 3gecB HeT. Ta-KaH curyanua noxo^a Ha n,apcTB0 poKa b aHTuHHOM Tpareguu» (Cumhuh 207, 2ll).
15
Cp.: «Mon,apT y üymKuHa Ka-npu3Ho-npou3Bo^eH u BMecTe MeguyMuneH (nogcnyma.n "paMcKue necHu"); Ca^Bepu - pan,uoHa.nBHo-oc-HOBaTe^eH, a n0T0My u He "^o^TUHeH" b cBoeM TBopnecTBe» (BBimecnaBD,eB l0l).
Ho npeÓMBaeM ^u mm b HeonpegeneHHocru Bcerga b	BpeMH?
H HacKO^BKO KoppeKTHO TaKOBoe npe6MBaHue MO^eT 6mtb anu-creMO,noruHecKu o^opM^eHO? Bgo6aBOK k 3TOMy: HeonpegeneHHocrb, BcTpoeHHaa b npocTpaHcTBO BepM, 6yHTa u^u conpoTuB^eHua He go^^Ha 6mtb ncuxo^oru3upoBaHHoM unu ampono^mpunecKoM. Heo6xoguM OHTO^orunecKuM ^ecr b noHuMaHua Heonpege^eHHO-ctu — BHe geMcTBua 0HT0,n0ruHecK0r0 ^ecra anucreMO^orunecKue u aHTpono^orunecKue K0HH0Ta^uu OKa3MBa^uct 6m ^umt ee un-^K3opHMM u BpeMeHHMM npupyneHueM Ha $OHe HenepeBoguMO-ctu pe^uruo3Horo ontrra, H3MKa, Hacunua unu Teppopa. TyT BcTaeT Bonpoc 06 OHTO^orunecKOM ^ecre KaK co6mtuu mmc^u, cnoco6HoM aKTya^BHO npegcroHTB Heonpege^eHHocru.
Heonpege^eHHocTB HeHTO óo^Bmee, HeM mmc^b 0 HeM — Heo-npege^eHHocTB He cBoguTca k «MMm^eHuro Heonpege^eHHocru». Heonpege^eHHOM cnynaMHocTBro He^B3H «ynpaB^HTB» — ee mo^ho TO^BKO o6^hchhtb Bcneg. Ho caM c^ynaM MO^eT 6mtb BK^roneH b pe^eKcuœ: cnymùHocmh npuoôpemaem KoHV,enmyanhHbiù cMucn, cma-Hoe&ch npozeneHueM dopefyneKcueHoù SHepauu cy^ecmeoeaHM. Cnynaù daem eo3MoMHocmh cocmoxmhcn, npou3eeöeHuw unu cydhôe.13 ^mo He poMaHmunecKaa «uzpa c deùcmeumenhHocmhw» — cnyuaù eucmyna-em KaK mourn côoa «cucmeMu onpedeneHHocmu»: «3dech aôconwmHaa mpazeduft, aôcypd 6bimm».14 HacroHm.ee nogopBaHo: npoucxogam.ee HeB03M0^H0 npoKOMMeHTupoBaTB, nogBoga nog onpege^eHHMe npom^Me cmmc^m unu coothoch c 6ygym,uM. C^ynaM npoucxoguT b KOHKpeTHOM MecTe geMcrBua, ho OTpu^eT nopagoK b o6tHcHeHuu, hb^hhcb 3HaK0M HeonpegeneHHocru. HMeHHO cnynaM n03B0^aeT pac-KpMTB, xotb u HacTuHHo, Hacroamee ne^OBeKa, Knacca, o6m,e-cTBa, Ky^BTypM, ga^e reHua.15 «CHuMaeTca» ^u Heonpege^eHHocTB cnegyœmeM bo BpeMeHu onpege^eHHocTBK u^u npegcraB^aeT co6oM
42
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
3UaHUe, npOBa.fi, ^aKTUHHoCTB? B KaKOM CTeneHM «BHyTpeHHUM gyx co6BiTua», ec.u npuMeHUTB k cuTya^uu c.OBa rere.a, Hy»gaeTca b Heonpege.eHHocru?
nepBaa no3uu.ua KoHcruTyupoBaHua co6biTua CBa3aHa c coo6m,e-CTBaMu. BegB ny6.MHHaa c^epa $m.oco$mm noggep»MBaeTca cerogHa npeMMym,ecTBeHHo Ha ypoBHe uHCTUTyn,uM. Bno.He bo3mo»ho npu-3HaHue Heo6xoguMocTu gua.oruHecKoM urpBi Me»gy no3un,uaMu. Cogep»aHue ux Mo»eT 6bitb onpege.eHo nocpegcTBoM cooTBeTCTBy-b^hx 0^^03u^uM. PenB He o co3gaHuu abomhukob, — HanpoTUB: penB ugeT o noToKax co3gaHua u pacnpege.eHua uH$opMa^uu no oTge.BHBiM .oKajbHHM o6pa3oBaHUaM, B KoTopBIX Ha.MHeCTByBT U go.»HBi 6BiTB npMHATBi bo BHMMaHMe He To.BKo KorHMTMBHBie U MeHTa.BHwe xapaKTepMCTMKM mbic.m, ho TaK»e KoH^eccuoHa.BHwe u npupogHo-.aHgma^THwe KoHCTaHTBi cymecTBoBaHua — onpege-.eHHaa, xoTa go KoHn,a u npoacHaeMaa Tono-.oruKa co6wTua. npo-TMBonocTaB.eHue KoHTUHeHTa.BHoM u aHa.uTUHecKoM <£u.oco<£uu, k npuMepy, noxo»e nycTB u Ha Bee 6o.ee ycTapeBaram.ee, ho Bee »e Ha.MHecTByram.ee npoTUBonocraB.eHue BocToKa u 3anaga ^ct 18). npu ^T0M go.»Ha 6bitb noHaTa eooTBeTCTByramaa no.uTunecKaa KoMnoHeHTa mbic.u, CTpeMameMea e^opMupoBaTB to u.u uHoe cum-Bo.uHecKoe npocTpaHCTBo. BoMHa npoBepaeT geMcTBeHeHocTB pe$-.eKCuu, aKTya.u3upya Heonpege.eHHocTB u Hpe3BwnaMHyra HopMy.
B ocMBiceHMM onwTa bomhbi npoaB.aeTca <£eHoMeHo.oruHecKaa noc.egoBaTe.BHocTB KoHCTpyupoBaHua co6wTua: TeMa BoeHHo-no.u-TMHecKoro npoTMBocToaHua u aHa.u3 reono.uTunecKMx npuHUH eo BpeMeHeM ycTynaeT MecTo CTpeM.eHura noHaTB BoMHy KaK oeo6oro poga ^eHoMeH mctopmm u cymecTBoBaHua. C npege.BHoM »ecTKocTBra mhc.b Bwpa3u. b 1933 rogy OcBa.Bg fflneHr.ep: «Hcropua ne.oBene-CTBa ecTB ucTopua bomh» (fflneHr.ep 23). OgHaKo no Mepe oTga.eHua
43
AAEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB öM-noco^ufl coöbiTUA m repMeHeBTMKa naMSTU
OT HenocpegcTBeHHtix geßCTBuß Bce 6o^ee ycuneHBi u,eHHOCTHtie m HpaBCTBeHHwe oueHKM, Korga BoßHa paccMOTpeHa b npege^BHO 06^eMH0M KOHTeKCTe He TO^BKO ne^OBenecKOH, ho m caKpanBHoß MCTopuu (napcaMOB 100-101). Hhbimm c^OBaMM, Ka^gaa BoßHa BCTpo-eHa b u^hhocthbiM onwiT ne^OBenecTBa: Ba»HO He toabko BBiacHaTB ucTopunecKue npunuHw koh^^mktob, ho Heo6xoguMO noHaTB BOßHy KaK paguKa^BHoe npoTUBOCToaHue MupHoß ®m3hm. B npocTpaHCTBe naM3TM ugeT np0TMB060pcTB0 no3uu,uß: «He^OBenecKuß Mup ^op-MupyeT CMCTeMa geHaTypaTOB — aHTponoreHHBix "MamuH naMaTu", K0T0pwe He garoT nponacTB tom TpeBore, hto 6w^a BHepa» (H. rpaKa-noB 2006: 15). npu ^T0M M3BecTHO, hto nepeHMMaHue opy^ua npo-
TMBHMKa aB^aeTCa ^yHgaMeHTa^BHWM MHHOBaU,MOHHBiM ^aKTOpOM
BoeHHwx geßcTBMM (He^egoB 31-31). CooTBeTCTBeHHO, b HacToam.ee BpeMa aKTMBHO geßcTByeT nepeHMMaHue MH$0pMa^M0HH0^0 opy^ua — np0TMB060pcTB0 b c^epe ucTopunecKoß naMaTM. üpogo^^aeTca geßcTBue «repounecKoro gyxa bomhbi» ^pHCT föHrep): TOTanBHaa Mo6u^M3auua 3axBarwiBaeT He toabko npomnoe u HacToam.ee, ho cnoco6Ha geßCTBOBaTB b 6ygymeM ga^e nocne OKOHHaHua BoeHHBix geßCTBuß (föHrep 446). CopaTHUKu u coro3HUKM MoryT 6bitb Haxo-guMw ga^e b BoßCKax npoTUBHUKa: npoTMBo6opcTByrom,ue CTopoHw nogcTpauBaroT nog ce6a npaBgy MCTopuu. TeM 6onee 3ro 3HanuM0 b cuTyau,MM ru6pugHwx bomh, Ba^HeßmuM KOMnoHeHTOM K0T0pwx aB^aeTca MH^opMau,uoHHoe npoTMBOCToaHue, Korga co6wTue koh-CTpyupyeTca b ceTax Macc-Megua.
06tacHeHMH npucyTCTBua BeHHoß Bpa^gwi BHyrpu nenoBenecKoro poga gocTaTOHHO MHoro, ohm MoryT 6bitb CBegeHw k ochobhbim no-3un,uaM, Ka^gaa u3 K0T0pwx npeTeHgyeT Ha ynacTue b noHUMaHuu co6wTua boMhw. CoraacHO nepBoß no3Mu,uu boMhbi o6a3aHw cbomm npoucxo^geHueM nenoBenecKoß npupoge. npoTUBOCToaTB Heo6y-
44
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
3gaHH0CTM MO^HO nocpegcTBOM o6pam,eHMa ne^OBenecKOM gymu ot BOMHBi K Mupy — TaKOBBi 3aflaHM 06pa30BaHUa, BepM, TO.epaHTHOCTM m gua.ora Ky.BTyp. BTopoe o6tacHeHue bgmhh o6pam,aeT k Bonpocy o npupoge rocygapcTB, pa3.uHuro ^TH0C0B m cou,ua.BHBix rpynn, CTpeM.eHuro k B.acTu. A.BTepHaTMBa TaKOMy B3r.agy b npoTUBono-CTaB.eHMM BOeHHBiM o6^eCTBaM MHgyCTpua.BHWX M KOMMyHMKa-TMBHHX MHCTMTy^MM, BBICTpaUBaHMM iyMaHMCTMHeCKOM SKO.OrMM M
npeTBopeHMM b geMcTBue 3tmkm ne^OBenecKoro Buga (K>.Xa6epMac). TpeTBe o6tacHeHue bomhbi ^MKCupyeT pea.BHyro MHO^ecTBeHHOCTB coBpeMeHHoro Mupa, rge OTcyTCTByeT BepxoBHBiM B.acTHBiM opraH, cnoco6HWM BwcTynaTB He to.bko b KanecTBe cygBM m npMMMpuTe.a KOH^.MKTOB, ho m o6.aHeHHBiM goBepueM b c^epe HpaBCTBeHHOrO noBegeHua m ^K3MCTeH^Ma.BH0^0 cym,ecTB0BaHMa (AcHep 22-23). Heo6xogMM0, c.eg0BaTe.BH0, C03gaHue ycTOMHMBoro co6wTua mmcjm, hto coeguHaeT He Hepe3 o6m.ee nepe^MBaHue CTpaxa, a geMcTByeT b pe^MMe yTBep^geHua CMBic.a.
^T0 bo MHoroM coBnagaeT c mhmbm A.eHa BagBro o tom, hto 3^-^eKTMBHaa no.uTUKa go.^Ha ocBo6oguTBca ot no.MTUHecKoro c ero TeMaMM naMaTM, HacnegoBaHua m xpaHeHua: «no.MTMKa geMcTByeT b pe^MMe pa3pBiBa, a He b pe^uMe co6upaHua. [... j no.uTUKa aB-.aeTca aKTUBHOM MHTepnpeTMpyrom,eM mhcjbk, a He npuHaTueM KaK0M-.u6o B.acTM» (BagBro ii, i6). Ho c.egyeT uMeTB b Bugy, hto MMeHHO aKTya.M3upyeMwe b c^epe no.MTMHecKoM pea.BH0CTM ugeu m nepe^MBaHua cym,ecTBeHH0 bjmswt Ha opueHTupw no.uTMKu, geMcTBya TeM caMBiM Ha npuHaTue pemeHMM.
CerogHa ucTopunecKaa naMaTB Bce 60.ee o6pam,eHa k TeMaM ne.o-BenecKoro ^aKTopa Ha BOMHe, .mhhoctm BOMHa, yrpaTBi m o6peTeHua yTpaneHHoro b CMMB0.ax Hac.egoBaHua. n. XaTTOH, roBopa 0 co^M-a.BHOM naMaTM, o6pam,aeT BHMMaHue Ha KnroneBBie MOMeHTBi noHM-
45
AAEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB öM-noco^ufl coöbiTUA m repMeHeBTMKa naMSTU
MaHua, rge penb ugeT 06 3K3MCTe^ua.BH0M onwiTe äm3hm. HMeHHo B CBa3U C 3TMM MMeeT CMWC. o6paTMTb BHUMaHUe Ha <£eH0MeH B0MHBi B K0HTeKCTe repMeHeBTMKM ucTopuu m <£m.oco<£mm co6htm3. Hy^H0 noHHTb B0MHy KaK <£eH0MeH, K0T0pwM Bcerga 6ygeT xapaKTepu30BaH HenpegcTaBMMocTbw — TaKoM onwiT He.B3a «BBiroBopuTb» go koh^. OnwT bomhbi, 6.0KaflBi u.u K0H^narepa HeB03M0»H0 npegcTaBUTB bo «BHemHux» c.0Bax: CBugeTe.BCTB0BaHue HeB03M0»H0 u.u npe-ge.BH0 orpaHuneHo. nyTu u ^opMBi B03HUKH0BeHua u npoTeKa-Hua bomh TpygHo npegcKa3yeMw, xoTa no.uTUHecKue TexHo.oruu BwcTpauBaroT BecBMa s^ercruBHBie cxeMBi K0HCTpyKH,uu bomhw. Ü03T0My aKTya.BHoe BHUMaHue k ne.0BenecKUM u caKpa.u30BaH-HBiM o6pa3aM BMCTynaeT KaK CTpeM.eHue noHaTB TpygH0y.0BUM0e, go koh^ He yK.aflBiBarom.eeca b ne.0BenecK0e pa3yMeHue geMcTBo bomhw. Oho cnoco6H0 6wtb nacruHHo onpaBgwBaeMWM to.bko b tom c.ynae, Korga ucTopunecKUM B3r.agoM CM0TpaT KaK 6w ckbo3b B0MHy, gonycKaa np0U3B0gcTB0 ugeM ocBo6o®geHua, ycTaH0B.eHua cnpaBeg.uB0CTu u.u pe.uruo3HoM CBo6ogw.
HMeHHo TeMnopa.BHwe xapaKTepMCTMKM C03HaHua C03gaBa.u npegcTaB.eHue 0 eguHCTBe ne.0BenecK0M ucTopuu (XaTT0H 375). Ho cerogHa npoucxoguT nepeopueHTanua: u3o6pa^eHua bomhw Bce 60.ee npuo6peTaroT xapaKTep «goKyMeHTupoBaHHoM xygo^ecraeH-H0CTU», xoTa BoeHHwe apxuBw oTKpwBaroT gocTyn k 3aKpwTWM paHee goKyMeHTaM. Xygo^ecTBeHHo-ucTopunecKoe u3o6pa»eHue bomhw, CTaH0BacB Bce 60.ee oTcponeHHWM ot HenocpegcTBeHHwx geMcTBuM, CTaH0BUTca «ocoBpeMeHeHHWM»: yTpanuBaroTca o6pa3w, .un,a u ga^e Te.ecHocTB npom.oro BpeMeHu, Ha.unHaa ^arcruHHocrb bomhw, Hen0BT0puM0CTB »ecTa. n0C.eB0eHH0CTB Bce 6o.Bme ocBauBaeT bo-MHy nepe3 .u^ MogHwx aKTepoB, aKTya.BHwe .ro6oBHwe CMTya^MM, «3HaK0Bwe c.0Ba» u o6pa3w BpeMeHu. BpeMa npucBauBaeT B0MHy,
46
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
TeM caMBiM OTgaBaa ee 3a6BeHuro, nepeBoga BOMHy b oó^acHaeMoe CMticoBoe no,e. YrpaHUBaeTca co6wtumhwm oïïht bomhbi, oh pac-TBopaeTca b cuMBCunecROM.
BocnoMUHaHue o BOMHe — Bcerga nocTTpaBMaTUHecKUM ontiT. H3BecTH0 Bwpa^eHue o tom, hto hukto HUKorga He npuxoguT c bo-hhm KUBHM. BpeMa bomhbi npogo,»aeT g,uTBca b MupHtix gHax u Honax: «Mti nepe^uBaeM hmhê, - numeT A,eMga AccMaH, - "no-CTTpaBMaTunecKyro ^^oxy", b KOTopoM MeMopuanBHtie npaKTUKu TecHO nepen,eTeHM c MeMopua,BHWMu TeopuaMu» (AccMaH 12). Ho ga,eK0 He Bcerga sto MO^eT 6bitb aBHO npegcTaB,eH0 — 6o,ee Toro, BoeHHwe nepe^uBaHua ckhohhbi TauTBca, KaK 6bi coxpaHaa bo3mo^-HOCTB g,a c03gaHua co6wTua b hobbix OTKpwTuax. KoHeHHO, caMaa bo3mo»hoctb roBopuTB OT uMeHu Mti, Tpe6yeT cooTBeTCTByro^eM repMeHeBTUKu: to,bko nepMaHeHTHoe u cor,acoBaHHoe npuHaTue caM0CT0aTe,BHwx pemeHUM MO^eT aB,aTBca 3HaK0M npeuMym,ecTBa K0,,eKTUBa u K0,,eKTUBH0M pe^neKCuu nepeg 6tiCTptiM u cnoH-TaHHHM pemeHueM uHguBugyyMa. B koh^ koh^b noc,egHuM 3,e-MeHT npuHUMarom,eM pemeHua uHCTuryau^mauMu npegno,araeT TpaHCu,eHgeHTa,BHyro onTUKy u caMopery,au,uro rpynnti (EoaHun). H KTO-TO 6epeT Ha ce6a OTBeTCTBeHHOCTB 3a ynpe^geHue CMticna co6wTua b poMaHe u,u <£m,oco<£ckom npou3BegeHuu. npu stom Hau-6o,ee TpygHtM, KaK 3to hm noKa^eTca CTpaHHtiM, aB,aeTca Bonpoc 0 HacT0arn,eM — uMeHHO oho gaeTca TpygHee Bcero.
Pa3pymeHue u ucKa^eHue Tpafluu,uM, OTHy^geHue, pa3o6m,eH-HOCTB n0K0,eHUM, OTcyTCTBue pau,u0Ha,BH0 npogyMaHHwx cn,a-HUBaro^ux Hana,, HeBHaTHoe npegcraB,eHue 0 npoucxogarn,eM, Koppynu.ua no,uTUHecKux u Hau,uoHa,BHBix mut, 3TH0u,eHTpu3M, OTcyTCTBue go,roBpeMeHHwx c0H,ua,BHBix CTpaTeruM, npuHu,unu-a,BHaa ya3B,eHH0CTB npoucxogam,uM u nepenuctiBaHue ucTopuu
47
AAEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB öM-noco^ufl coöbiTUA m repMeHeBTMKa naMSTU
— Ha.MHHtie gaHHOCTu oneBugHBi. KaK g0.»H0 6wiTb BBicrpoe-HO MaccoBoe u uHguBugya.bHoe C03HaHue, hto6bi Tparu3M npo-megmeM bomhbi arcrya.bH0 npucyTCTBOBa. b HeM, npegynpe»gaa npoTUB noBTopeHua?
nogo6HwM ^opMaT Bonpoca noggaeTca He to.bko reono.uTune-CKOM, ho u $u.oco^ckom ^KC^.MKa^MM. Begb c .wgbMu npoucxoguT goBO.bHO Ma.0 TaKoro, hto 6w ohm He MHTepnpeTupoBa.M b TepMMHax M0ge.eM, y»e MMewmuxca y hux b yMe. CxeMw naMaTM onpege.awT K0H^mya.bHyro op^aHU3a^uro onwTa, OTHomeHue .wgeM k HeMy, CBa3aHHwe c 0nwT0M 0»ugaHua, a TaK»e to, KaK 06 stom onwTe 6ygeT paccKa3aH0 b 6ygymeM. flB.aacB b OTHomeHuu k 0Tge.bHWM BwcKa3WBaHuaM 06pa3H0-.0runecKUM 0nwT0M npegmecTBOBaHua, uguoMaTunecKaa CTpaTerua 3agaeT CTpyKTypy pa3Mwm.eHUM. Ho KaK 6w hu 0T.una.ucb bomhw npom.oro ot «ru6pugHwx bomh» coBpeMeHHOCTu u He npu3Harom,ero ^paHu^ «nocTMogepHucTCKoro Teppopu3Ma», Ba»H0 noHUMaHue remTa.bT0B naMaTu g.a ocmbic-.eHua npupogw bomh. Cmbic. coctout b ^.eHanpaB.eHH0M Bwpa-6oTKe reono.uTunecKoro 06'BacHeHua bomhw u ee ^K3ucTeH^ua.b-Horo nepe»uBaHua. H xoTa BenHwM Mup HeB03M0»eH, 0 neM nuca. HMMaHyu. KaHT, He06x0guM0 nocTpoeHue TaKux cxeM c03HaHua, b K0T0pwx BOMHa 6w.a npege.bH0 MUHUMU3upoBaHa. ^T0 TeM 60.ee aKTya.bH0, hto cerogHa c03gaeTca yHUTapHoe («r.o6a.bHoe») npo-CTpaHCTBO BoeHHoro npucyTCTBua cu.bHwx gep»aB CoBpeMeHHOCTu u ^rnpoB cu.w: ec.u 6ygyT ycTpaHeHw u.u OTTecHeHw b CTopoHy naMaTb m TpagM^MM, onacHOCTb bomhw B03pacTaeT. Begb b CMTya^MM nocTMogepHa b em,e 6o.bmeM CTeneHu, neM b 3noxy BOUHCTBeHHoro MogepHa, no MHoruM ^03u^uaM OTMeHeHa K.accunecKaa CTpaTerua Meg.eHHoro HaK0n.eHua 6oraTCTB m n,eHH0creM. Penb ugeT 0 Heu3Me-puMO B03p0cmux B03M0»H0CTax MrHOBeHHoro o6oram,eHua MMeHHO
48
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
nocpegcTBOM bomhbi. BoMHa npegcTaeT oco6bim cnoco6oM npou3Bog-CTBa 6oraTCTBa, b geMcTBuu xoToporo go npege.a CHu^eHw 3HaHu-MOCTB ne.OBenecKOM ^u3hu. npu^un MrHOBeHHO ocym,ecTB.eHHoM BOeHHOM SKCnaHCMM CTaHOBMTCa COOTBeTCTByrom,MM C0^Ma.BH0CTM, B KOTopoM o6eccMHC.uBaeTca Tpyg xax ocHOBa CTpaTeruu Haxon.eHua u ucTopuu (cm. PwK.uH 35). rocnogcTBO u Hacu.ue ocym,ecTB.a-eT urpa 6e3 npaBu.: peHB ugeT He o nocToaHHoM CMeHe nopagxa b npo^cce BoeHHwx geMcTBuM, a 06 OTcyTCTBuu npaBu. co CTopoHw ee opraHU3aTopoB. ^e.o ^u.oco^uu u ^u.oco^uu ucTopuu, c.ego-BaTe.BHO, 3ax.ronaeTca b tom, hto6bi npoTUBOCToaTB npou3BogcTBy bomhbi nocToaHHWM o6pam,eHueM k ^HHOcraM ®m3hu.
AxTya.BHaa repMeHeBTuxa bomhbi go.^Ha 6bitb BwcTpoeHa c Heo6xoguMWM BHUMaHueM, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTBro u gua.0ruHH0CTBro. C.eg0BaTe.BH0, g.a noHUMaHua bomhw ecTB o6a3are.BHoe yc.OBue — npu3HaHue gyxoBHoro onwTa. H xoTa nepe^uBaHue bomhw Bcerga uHguBugya.BHO, b HeM BOcnpou3BoguTca u xax 6w bhobb po^gaeTca nepBopogHaa «apxeTunuHecxaa» o6m,HOCTB He.OBeHecxoro poga. PeHB go.»Ha ugTu o cooTHeceHHOCTM ucTopuorpa^uu bomhw m npeg-CTaB.eHUM ^M3HeHHOM naMaTu. ^T0 gBe CTopoHw ogHoro u,e.oro noHUMaHua, HecBoguMoro k ncuxoaHa.uTUHecKOM uHTep^peTa^uu U.U HeBwpa3UMOMy nepe^uBaHuro. naMaTB xpaHUT ^ubom onwT Mwc.eM u HyBCTBOBaHUM. ^eMCTByrom,aa 3gecB u TenepB ^K0H0MUKa naMaTu co3gaeT cooTBeTCTByrom,ero cy6iBercra ucTopuu, xoTopwM cnoco6eH .uhhoctho ce6a npegcTaBUTB u ugeHTu^uu,upoBaTB Ha ^OHe TparuHecKoro onwTa bomhw.
EcTecTBeHHoe cTpeM.eHue u36erHyTB 6o.u, oguHOHecTBa u He-noHUMaHua CBoMcTBeHHO He.OBexy. H npe6wBaHue b axTya.BHoM naMaTu bomhw npege.BHO uHTeHCu^u^upyeT cy6teKTUBHOCTB, bw-Boga ee b npocTpaHCTBO no.uTUHecKoro co3HaHua u geMcTBua. B
49
AAEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB $u.noco4>ufl coöbiTufl u repMeHeBTHKa naMflTu
ucTopunecKOM naMSTM pa3BopaHUBaeTca ocMwcneHue HenpepwBHOM TeMaTM3an,uu nepe^uBaHun — CBoeo6pa3Haa B0cx0gam,aa repMeHeB-TMKa, B KOTopon nenoBeK CTpeMMTca HanTM CMBicn cym,ecTBOBaHua.
y»e 6wno OTMeneHO, hto repMeHeBTUKa bomhbi npuHn,unuantHBiM 06pa30M 3aBucuT OT nonuTunecKoro u KyntTypHoro KOHTeKCTa snoxu, CTpaHw unu coo6m,ecTB. CooTBeTCTBeHHO, «McropunecKaa ^arcrun-HOCTB» bomhh b ee aKTyanBHOM ocMHcneHMM Heo6xoguMo CBa3aHa c npo6neMon MgeHTM^MKan,MM cy6teKTOB: «[...] 6HTue, b KOTopoe mh 6pomeHH m Ha KOTopoe mh OTBenaeM u3HyTpu, xapaKTepu3yeTca b MCTopunecKux TepMMHax» (BaTTUMO 120). H 0C06eHH0 ocTpo npo-6neMa MgeHTM^MKan,MM BCTaeT b CMTyan,MM rno6anBHoro m nocTrno-6anBHoro Mupa, Korga ugyT uH^opMa^uoHHHe bomhh u npoaBneHBi MaccMeguanBHHe s^^eKTH BO3gencTBua Ha ucTopuHecKoe C03HaHue. Ho ecnu rnaBHHM npoBogHUKOM no 6ecKOHeHHOMy na6upuHTy noHu-MaHua bomhh BHCTynaeT 33hk ucTopuHecKux coHMHeHun, to 3a ero npegenaMu MO»eT OKa3aTtca HenocpegcTBeHHHM onHT BOcnpuaTua npomnoro. BegB CMHcn ucTopuu He TontKO pa^uoHaneH, ho, npe»ge Bcero, ^K3MCTeH^ManeH. nogo6HHM onHT nocTM^eHua coxpaHaeTca b KynBTypHon naMaTM. Oh aKTMBHO gencTByeT b n,eHH0CTH0-0pueH-Tan,MOHHBix m MgeHTM^MKan,MOHHBix npon,eccax caMOonpegeneHMa MCTopuHecKoro cy6teKTa. ^pyroe geno, hto peKOHcrpyKn,Ma, TeM 60-nee, »uBaa MaHu^ecran,ua onHTa c TpygoM MO»eT 6htb gucKypcuBHO o^opMneHa: noHMMaHue m xpaHarn.ee naMaTB nepe^MBaHue BOMHa npucyTCTByeT b ®mbom onHTe noKoneHMM.
KoHCTaTauua 3Toro ^aKTa BnonHe 3acny»MBaeT Toro, hto6h CHMTaTBca noBopoTHHM MOMeHTOM b pa3BMTMM repMeHeBTMKM na-MaTM. Pea6MnMTau.ua onHTa npoucxoguT, KaK OTMeTun OpaHKnuH AHKepcMMT, c aTaKM Ha ero caMoro rpo3Horo npoTMBHMKa - nuHrBM-CTMHecKMM TpaHCu,eHgeHTanu3M. HecoBMecTMMOCTt a3HKa m onHTa
50
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
goBoguTca noHTu go npege.a, Korga 3aaB.eH0, htg Me^gy a3WK0M u onwTGM HeBG3MG^eH HuKaKGM KOMnpoMucc, u6o no6ega ogHoro G6GpaHuBaeTca Heu36e»HBiM nopa^eHueM gpyroro. «TaM, rge ecTB a3BiK, GïïMTa HeT, u Hao6opoT. mm B.ageeM a3WK0M, htg6m y Hac He ôuno onuma, umoôu ocmepezambca onacHocmeû u cmpaxoe, oôuuno 6bi3bieaeMbix onumoM; a3ux — ^mo wum, ozpaMÔawtyuû nac om ywacoe npaMo^o xonmaxma c MupoM, xomopuû npoucxodum e onume. faux daem naM oôpa3 Mupa, no xax maxoeoû on Mowem npednowumb numb menb mex ywacoe, xomopue nanonnawm Mup, u mex onacnocmeû, xomopue ^mom Mup Mowem npoeov,upoeamb. faux, cuMeonmecxuû nopadox, no3eonaem naM rnôezamb 3ampydneHuû, eu3ueaeM^ix npaMuM cmonxnoeenueM c MupoM, xomopuû daemca naM e onume» (cm.: AnxepcMum 2007). Taxoû 63znoà na zepMeneemuxy eoûnu axmyanmupyem 3nauuMocmb ucmopu-uecxozo onuma e moM nnane, umo ona cmanoeumca fiopMoû öeuwenua x co3danuw ôonee unu Menee ^enocmHo^o — coôumuûHo^o — npedcmaenenua oô ucmopuuecxoM npou,ecce.
HMeHHO OTcyTCTBue yneTa orniTa	cnoco6cTByeT npeBpam,e-
Huro o6'BacHarom1Mx KOMMyHuKaTuBHBiX CXeM b HeKOHCTpyKTuBHBie u a6cTpaKTHBie Moge.u o6m,ecTBa, Korga BOMHa «cumbg.gb ycneXa» CTaHGBuTca HenogKOHTpo.BHOM MupoBGMy CGo6m,ecTBy u cnoco6Ha BM3BaTB pea.BHwe BoeHHwe geMcTBua. Ho c.egyeT uMeTB b Bugy, htg MaTepua. bgmhm o6.agaeT ucTopuorpa^unecKOM ^aKTuHHOCTBro, OH TaK^e 3am,um,eH ryMaHucTuHecKuMu ugea.aMu, Ba^HeMmuM u3 KGTopMX aB.aeTca ugea. uctuhm. HcTopua npu BceM cg^hoctu noHuMaHua b pa3HMX nogXogaX Bce-TaKu nepe^uBaeTca KaK npe6w-BaHue b gua^GrunecKOM BpeMeHu. HyBCTBG ucTopunecKoro BpeMeHu onpege.aeT pa3MepH0CTB aKTya.BHoro npocTpaHCTBa ucTopunecKoM naMaTu: HyBCTBG HuKorga He 6wBaeT 0K0HHaTe.BH0 BHHeceHHHM 3a ckg6ku pa^MGHa.BHG^G gucKypca bgmhm.
51
AAEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB $u.noco4>ua coöbiTua u repMeHeBTuKa naMaTu
16
Cp.: «BcaKoe o6^-eKTMBHoe npaBMno roBopMT, HT0 gon»Ho npoM3onrM, xora 6w oho HMKorga He npoMcxogM.no. Cy6t-eKTMBHoe »e npaBuno roBopur, hto gencrBM-renbHo npoMcxogur; m6o m y nopoHHwx nrogen ecrb npaBMna, no KoropwM ohm gencrByror» (KaHT 39).
B co6wTuax naMaTM screTunecKoe m nonuTunecKoe cooTHece-Hw c noHMMaHueM nenoBeKa Ha BonHe m b MupHon »m3hm — TaK npoM3BoguTca co6wTUMHaa cy6teKTUBH0CTb (rpaKanoB 2013: 54-56). Mo»ho BcnoMHMTb cnoBa KaHTa 0 tom, hto uMeHHo «ampononorua 3aHMMaeTca cy6teKTMBHWMu nparcranecKUMM npaBunaMM, 0Ha pac-CMaTpuBaeT gencTBUTenbHoe noBegeHue nenoBeKa».16 ^unb ^ene3 nognepKMBaeT, hto MMeHHo «o6mee scTeTunecKoe nyBCTBo Ha caM0M gene He 3aBepmaeT gBa gpyrux (norunecKoe m MopanbHoe o6mee nyB-CTBo) — oho gaeT mm 0CH0BaHue m genaeT ux bo3mo»hbimm» (^ene3 61). O6pa3W naMaTM B 3CTeTMHeCK0M M 3TMHeCK0M C03HaHMM gawT B03M0»H0CTb 0TBeTCTBeHH0r0 0TH0meHMa k ^HHoCTaM Mupa M neno-BenecKon »m3hm. HMeHHo nonuTunecKon 06pameHH0CTu He xBaTaeT cerogHamHen ^unoco^CKon Mwcnu. ^eno b tom, hto nonuTunecKoe CTaBMT nog Bonpoc HacToamee c ero MHoroo6pa3ueM npoaBneHun u Hpe3BHHaMH0M cn0»H0CTbw onpegeneHua eguHoro bo MHoroM - koh-CTaHTHwx xapaKTepucTMK cymecTB0BaHua, 6e3 noHUMaHua K0T0pwx »M3Hb co^MyMa numaeTca gencTBUTenbHoro co6wTMMHoro CMwcna. $
52
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
^MTepaTypa
ahkepcmht, $.p., 2009: Hcmopm u mponono^m: 63mm u nadenue Mema^opu. nep. c am.. M. KyKap^Bon u gp. M.: nporpecc-Tpagu^ua.
ahkepcmht, p., 2007: Bo36biwennbiü ucmopmecKuü onum. M.: EBpona.
accmah, a., 2014: flnunuaa meub npomno^o. MeMopuanbnaa. xynbmypa u ucmopunecxaa. nonumum. nep. c HeM. E. X.e6HMK0Ba. M.: H£O.
achep, n., 1999: Hacunue u Mup. Om amoMHoü 6om6u do ^mHu^ecKoü uucmxu. nep. c $p. Cn6.: BceMupHoe c.obo.
ArAMBEH, g®., 2014: nu.aT u Hucyc. nep. c uTa.. M. ^enM.OBOM. M.: Grundrisse.
BAflbro, a., 2013: 3azadoHHoe omHomeHue fyunocofyuu u nonumuKu. nep. c g. Kpa^enKUHa. M.: Hh-t o6m,eryMaHMT. uccegoBaHufi.
BAflbro, a., 2005: Kpamxuü Kypc Memanonumuxu. nep. c $p. M.: .floroc.
ba3w.eb, b.h., 1998: CuHep^emuKa Mbixa: oeHewueHue e ^a^amenbHux npaxmuxax. M.: gua.or-Mry.
bhbhxhh, b.b., 2001: Cnoeo u coöumue. M.: PyccKMM ^OHg cogencTBua o6pa3OBaHuro u HayKe.
boshhh, n., 2016: Hto TaKoe u.u kto TaKue «Mm»? Xangerrep u peKoHcTpy^ua noHaTua «Hapog» (Volk) // Bonpocbi fyunocofyuu 2016, Ne 6.
batthmo, g., 2008: ^^oxu uHTep^peTa^uu // Eo^oc. 0unoco^cxo-numepamypHuü wyprnn 2008, N 4 (67).
BbimEC.AB^B, B.n., 1994: ^muKa npeo6paMeHHo^o ^poca. M.: Pecny6.uKa.
53
AflEKCEM A. rPflKAflOB ► ^M^oco^Mfl coöbiTMfl m repMeHeBTMKa naMATM
rAflAMEP, r.r., l99l: Ounoco^CKue 0CH0BaHua XX BeKa II
AKmyanhHocmh npeKpacH0^0. M.: HcKyccTBo. rErE^b, r.B.®., l970: nepBaa nporpaMMa cucTeMw HeMeu,Koro ugeanu3Ma Il Paôombi pa3HUXnem. T. l. M.: Hhctutyt ^unoco^uu AH CCCP. rPHKA^OB, A.A., 20l3: ^CTeTUHecKoe u nonuTunecKoe b K0HTeKCTe n0CT-C0BpeMeHH0CTu: Tonoc HOMO AESTHETICUS II Bonpocb fyunocofyuu 20l3, Ne l. rPHKA^OB, A.A., 2004a: nuchMO u co6bimue. ^cmemu^ecKañ mono^pafyM coepeMemocmu. Cn6: HayKa.
rPHKA.OB, A.A., 20046: PyCCKMM K0CMU3M B npocTpaHCTBe uHTepnpeTau,uM: o6pa3 — npoeKT — co6wTue II &unoco$w KocMu3Ma u pyccrna Kynhmypa. Otb. peg. K. Hhmh. Benrpag. rPHKA^OB, A.A., 2002: ^cme3uc uno^oc. New York:
The Edwin Mellen Press. rPHKA^OB, h.a., 2006: &^ypbi meppopa. Cn6.: H3g. Cn6ry. flE^E3, k., 2000: Kpumunecxaa. fyunocofyw KaHma. Eep^coHU3M.
CnuHO3a. nep. c <£p. H. H. CBupcKoro. M.:nEP C^. AEPPHflA, K., l996: HMnnuKau,uu II no3uv,uu. KueB: kaht, h., 2000: ñexu,uu no^muKe. M.: Pecny6nuKa. îaxmah, p., 2009: np0B0Kau.ua cnynaa II flucKypcu
$aHmacmu^ecK0^0. nep. c HeM. r. noTanoBoM. M..: H^O. .oceb, a.®., l993: TeaTpan IIMu3Hh. noeecmu. Paccrn3bi. nuchMa.
Cn6.: AO «KoMnneKT». .oceb, a.®., l982: n0T0K C03HaHua u a3WK II 3HaK. CuMeon. Mu$.
M: H3gaTenBCTB0 M0CK0BCK0r0 yHUBepcuTeTa. MAPbOH, k.-.., 20l0: nepeKpecTBa BuguMoro. nep. c $p. H. CocHa. M.: nporpecc-Tpaguu.ua.
54
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
HEfEflOB, c.a., 2008: Borna u o6w,ecmeo. OaKmopHbiü arnnrn
ucmopunecKozo npou,ecca. M.: TeppuTopua 6ygym,ero. nAPCAMOB, b., 2006: Bu6^eMCKMM HappaTMB bomhbi 1812-1814
rogoB // Hcmopm u noeecmeoeaHue. M: H^O. phkbhh, m., 1995: PyccKaa py.eTKa // Wiener Slawistischer
Almanach 1995, Bd. 35. chmhhh, o., 2006: "B3pwB" b Ky.BType m C.ynaM b .MTepaType // Cnynaü u cnynaümcmb e numepamype u wu3Hu. Cn6.: nymKMHCKMM npoeKT. c^OTEPflAHK, n., 2001: KpumuKa uu-HunecKozo pa3yMa. nep. C HeM. A.
nepu,eBa. EKaTepuH6ypr: y-Oarcropua. yAHTXEfl, a.h., 1990: HayKa m coBpeMeHHBrn Mup // HsöpaHHue
paßombi no fyunocofyuu. M.: nporpeCC. y^CT, g., 2015: KoHmuHeHmanbHaa fyunocofyua. BeeöeHue. nep. C am..
g.K>. Kpa.enKMHa. M.: ge.o. $yKO, m., 1994: O TpaHCrpeCCMu // Tammozpafim ^poca. Coct.,
nepeBog, KOMMeHT. C.g. OoKMHa. Cn6.: Mo^pu.. xah3eh-^ebe, o.a., 2001: Pyccxuü $opManu3M. M.:
A3BIKM pyccKOM Ky.BTypw. xattoh, n., 2003: Hcmopm KaK ucxyccmeo naMamu. nep. c aHr.. B.
K>. BwcTpoBa. Cn6.: B.aguMup ga.B. mEHK, $.b., 2001: MeHTa.BHwe KapTBi: KOHCTpyupoBaHMe reorpa^unecKoro npocTpaHCTBa b EBpone ot ^^oxM npocBemeHua go Hamux gHen // HE0 2001, Ne 6 (52). mnEHr^EP, o., 2006: rodbi peweHuü. M.: CKHMEHB. whtep, ^., 2000: rocnoöcmeo u zewmanbm; TomanbHaa Mo6unu3au,m;
0 6onu. Cn6.:HayKa broekman, j.m., 1971: Strukturalismus. Moskau — Prag — Paris. Freiburg, München: Alber.
55
AflEKCEM A. rPAKAflOB ►	co6biTMfl u repMeHeBTMKa naMATM
Summary
The article deals with the definition of the event in term of topological twist of modern philosophy. It is shown that the actual state of the reflection event is characterized by a common attraction background and its uncertainty. Uncertain presents as the vital energy of the event. War checks the validity of reflection, transforming uncertainty and the extraordinary. Political calls as question the present with its manifold manifestations and the extreme complexity of defining a single largely — constant characteristics of existence, without understanding that the life of society is deprived of the actual event meaning.
AneKceu AneKceeeun rpwanoe
AneKceu AneKceeeun rpnmnoe, doKmop fyunocofycKux HayK, npofieccop xatyedpbi tyunocotycKou aHmponono^uu u oS^ecmeemux K0MMynuKau,uu Poccuuckozo zocydapcmeeHHozo nedazozunecKozo yHueepcumema um. A.M. repu,eHa (CaHKm-nemep6ypz). nporfieccop CaHKm-^emep6yp^CK0u ^ocy-dapcmeeHHou KoHcepeamopuu um. H.A.PuMCK0^o-KopcaKoea. PyKoeodu-menb Hay^H0-06pa30eamenbH0^0 u,enmpa «&unoco$w coepeMemocmu u cmpamezuu zyMaHumapwu ^Kcnepmu3u». Aemop mhozux ny6nuxav,uu no coepeMeHHou fiunocofiuu, ^cmemuKe, fiunocofiuu numepamypu, ucmopuu pyccKou fyunocofyuu. Mccnedoeamenb ^cmemuKu u Memodonozuu cnaem-CK0^0 cmpyKmypanu3Ma. M0H0^parf)uu «CmpyKmypanu3M e ^cmemuKe» (R., 1978); <Ocme3uc u no^oc» (Hbw-HopK, 2002); «nucbMo u coSumue» (Cn6., 2004). Coaemop KonnexmueHux M0H0^pa$uu «Cuna npocmux ee-w,eu» (cn6,2013), «Heonpedenemocmb KaK eu3oe. Medua. AHmpononozm. ^cmemuKa» (2013), «Teopnecmeo u cyS^exmueHocmb» (Cn6., 2016). Pad pa6om AASpwanoea nepeeedHu Ha aHznuucxuu, Kumaucxuu, Kopeucxuu,
56
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
cepôcKuû %3UKU. Hnen Coma nucameneû Poccuu. Aemop poManoe «Pane-nuû amen», «Haûdenuw e maôaKe, unu Cnacmnueuû xoxon», noeecmeû u paccKa3oe. Knmu U3Ôpannoû npo3u «nocnednuû ceamoû» (BoponeM, 2002), «newnbnaa meapb oKpaunu» (CaHKm-^emep6yp^, 2013), «3decb nuKmo ne npaeum» (CaHKm-^emep6yp^, 2016).
57
Hau,MH KaK eoÖMTMe: BOMHa, repMaHMH, OpaHu,MH b «fleKapTe» fflap^H nerui
$ cepreh íeohhflobhh $okhh ► serge.fokine@yandex.ru
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
The essay analyzes a peculiar vision of the essence of French and German nations as represented by Charles Peguy in his late work Note conjointe sur M. Descartes et la philosophie cartésienne. It gives a brief outline of the thinker's life and career with a focus on the major paradox of his literary nationalism: Peguy's conception formulated in the wake of the Great War somewhat mystically anticipated both the character of the impending military conflict and the subsequent course of European history that resulted in a new slaughter in 1939.
LITERARY NATIONALISM, CHARLES PEGUY, WAR AND LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY AND POLITICS
B pa6oTe aHaau3upyeTca opuruHaaB-HOe u ucKaWHuTeaBHO paguKaaBHOe BugeHue cym;ecTBa $paH^3CKOM u HeMe^KOM Ha^uM, npegcraBaeHHoe OapaeM neru (1873-1914) b npe-gcMepTHOM Tpyge «ConyrcTBywm;afl 3aMeTKa o r-He ^eKapTe u geKap-TOBcKOM ^uaoco^uu». npu ^TOM gaeTca c^aTHM onepK ^u3HeHHoro u TBopnecKoro nyTu MBicauTeaa; ynop cgeaaH Ha tom, hto oflUH u3 raaBHBix napagoKcoB auTepaTypHoro Ha^uoHaau3Ma neru 3aKaK>HaeTca b tom, hto, BHMflfl u3 nog nepa MBicau-Teaa 6yKBaaBHO HaKaHyHe BeauKoM bomhbi, ero KOH^e^^ufl MucrunecKuM 0Ôpa30M npegBocxuTuaa u xapaKTep npegcroflm;ero BoeHHoro KOH^auKTa, u nocaegywmuM xog eBponeMcKoM ucTopuu, BHauBmuMca b 1939 rogy b HOByw 6omhm.
■flUTEPATYPHBIH HA^UOHAaU3M,
mAPat nEru, bohha u ^htepatypa, nOJHTHKA $uaoco$uu.
B OcHOBe cTaTBH ae^MT pacmHpeHHHM BapuaHT goKaaga, npoHHTaHHoro Ha Me^gyHapogHoM koh-^epeHO,HH «PyccKaa MBicaB o co6bithh: ^Haoco^cKHM u KyaB-TypHHM acneKTH», OpraHH3OBaHHOM u npoBegeHHoM hhcth-TyTOM ^Haoco^HH u conuaaBHoM Teopuu u OwaoaorHHecKHM ^aKyaBTeTOM Eea-rpagcKoro yHHBepcw-TeTa (Cep6na) 27-28 uwHa 2016 r. Pa6oTa BHnoaHeHa b paMKax npoeKTa «reHeaaorwa, Tonoaorwa u Kawne-BHe ^wrypH auTepa-TypHoro Han,HOHaaH3-Ma bo OpaHD,HH XX-ro BeKa: fflapaB Moppac, Mopuc Eappec, fflapaB neru, noaB Baaepu, nBep .fl.pHë ^a PomeaB, ^aH noaaH, ^yu-OepgHHaHg CeauH, Mopuc EaaH-mo», noggep^aHHoro PrH®, »15-04-00478.
59
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH «OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6uT«e
BBEflEHHE
3agaBaacB BonpocoM «Hto TaKoe coöwiTue?», TpygHo oöomtm Moa-HaHueM Bonpoc o a3BiKe, Ha kotopom BCTaeT ^T0T Bonpoc: oHeBug-ho, hto «coÖBrrue» Ha pyccKoM a3BiKe orarogB He to ®e caMoe, hto «l'evenement» Ha $paH^3cKoM Mau «das Ereignis» Ha HeMe^K0M. KoMMeHTMpya «Ouaoco^uw nocTynKa» M.M. EaxTMHa, B.B. Emömxmh 3aMeHaa: «Hto6bi öwiao «coöwiTue Mupa», goa^Ho cöwtbcs to, hto ecTB» (Emömxmh 71), nogHMHaa, TaKMM oöpa3oM, coöwTue BHyTpeHHeM ^opMe pyccKoro raaroaa «cöwiTBca» m, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, ocHoBonoaa-rawm,eMy raaroay BceM 3anagHoM ^uaoco^uu «6bitb». ^TO caoBecHoe nogHMHeHMe «coöwiTua» «6bitmw» MHaHe om.ym.aeT B.A. nogopora, kotophm b cTaTBe, HanucaHHoM gaa «Hobom ^m.oco^ckom ^H^MKao-neguu», nogHepKUBaeT: «B coBpeMeHHwx u HoBeMmux ^uaoco^cKux oHToaoruax «0p^aHM^MCTCK0^0» (nocTÖeprcoHMaHcKoro), ^eHoMe-Ho.orMHecKoro m nocrpyKTypaaucTcKoro ToaKa noHaTue coÖBrrua (aHaaor craHoBaeHua) npoTMBonocraBaaeTca noHaTMW öwTMa» m goöaBaaeT, xaparcrepu3ya nocaegHue: «CoöwTMe - ho He co-6wTMe (He co-npoBo^geHue öwTua — cm. nogopora). H3 npuBegeHHwx caoBoynoTpeöaeHMM caegyeT, hto pyccKoe coöwTMe caumKoM TecHo npuBa3aHo k 6bitmw, bot noHeMy ogMH pyccKMM <£uaoco<£ He craBMT nog coMHeHue mx conpuHacTHocTM, Torga KaK gpyrorä, ämbo omymaa pa3auHue, geaaeT ynop Ha npoTMBonocraBaeHMM. TaK Mau MHaHe, ho m gaa nepBoro m gaa BToporo nogxogoB xaparcrepHBi Hepa3auHeHue, cMemeHue KaTeropuM MwmaeHua m KaTeropuM a3WKa: 3gecB MwcaB paöoTaeT TaK, öygTo He xoHeT co3HaBaTB, hto Bca npoöaeMaTMKa TaK Ha3WBaeMoro öwTua BocxoguT k cooTBeTcTBywmeMy rpeHecKoMy raaroay, hto Bca rpeHecKaa MeTa^M3MKa oöycaoBaeHa KoHKpeTHoM «aMHrBMcTMHecKoM CMTya^MeM», orarogB He ucHepnBiBarom,eM Bce
60
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
bo3mo^hoctu o6o3HaneHua, unu cooTHomeHua, cnoB u BemeM: «Oh (ApucToTenB - C.0.) gyMan, hto onpegenaeT CBOMCTBa o6iBercroB; a no-naran MœnroHMTenBHo a3BiK0BBie cympocru; mmêhho a3wiK, b cuny co6cTBeHHwx KaTeropuM, no3BonaeT ux pacno3HaBaTB u xapaKTepu30-BaTB» (Benveniste 70). Hhmmm cnoBaMu, tot unu uhom Ha^uoHanBHMM 33HK He TonBKo xpaHUT, He TonBKo nuTaeT, ho u aKTUBHo ^opMupyeT Han,uoHanBHBiM o6pa3 Mwicnu.
B CBeTe ^T0^0 nono^eHua craH0BuTca oneBugHo, hto pyccKoe co6w-Tue HenpeogonuMo conpunacrHo 6mtum, npuKpenneHo k HeMy ^nMM pagoM a3BiKoBBix u npocTpaHcTBeHHo-BpeMeHHwx oTHomeHMM, hto, pa3ymeetca, heckonbko ymanaet camy co6bitmmhoctb co6bitm3, to ecTB n,enbiM Ha6op B03M0»H0creM u HeB03M0»H0creM, o^ugaHuM u Heo^ugaHHocreM, oco6eHHocTeM u cxogcTB, kotopbim nponuTBiBaeTca b HeMen,K0M «das Ereignis» unu <£paHny3cK0M «l'évenement», nuHr-BucTunecKu pa3BegeHHwx c «das Sein» unu l'être (Cassin).
BMecre c TeM, KaK ^T0 hu napagoKcanBHo, ecTB ogHa cruxua, b ko-TopoM cTonB n0-pa3H0My M0TMBMp0BaHHBie noHaTMa BcTpenaroTca: peHB ugeT 06 mctopmhhoctm unu, T0HHee roBopa, 06 onpegeneHHoM nogBep^eHHocTu co6wiTua ucTopuu, b pa3nuHHBix 3HaneHuax SToro cnoBa. Co6wTue TaK unu uHane craH0BuTca gocroaHueM ucTopuu, to ecTB, b nepByro onepegB, HeKoero paccKa3a, noBecTBoBaHua, HappaTuBa, cn0B0M, a3HK0B0M ctuxuu. KaK nucan ^ene3 b «.oruKe cMBicna»: «He 6ygeM 3agaBaTBca BonpocoM, KaK0B cMBicn co6wTua: co6wTue u ecTB co6cTBeHH0 cMwcn. Co6brrue b cymHocTu cBoeM npuHagne^uT a3MKy, noggepœuBaeT c a3WK0M cympocTHMe oTHomeHua» (Deleuze 34).
^Ta MwcnB ^ene3a Mo^eT npoacHMTB cMwcn, T0HHee roBopa, mho-rocMwcneHHocTB Ha3BaHua HacroameM pa6oTw: Bo-nepBwx, peHB ugeT 0 Ha^uu KaK cBoero poga aBneHuu, b tom Hucne b caM0M cunBH0M 3Ha-HeHuu ^T0^0 cnoBa - npumecTBue Ha^uu, KaK roBopaT, 0 npumecTBuu
61
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH «OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6uT«e
Xpucra; bo-btophx, uMeHHo b 3tom CMHC^e npumecTBua Ha^ua KaK coôtiTMe oÔHapy^MBaeT cbom 6onee mam MeHee HeonpegeneHHBrn, Heo6a3aTe^BHMM xapaKTep: b stom CMHCje no-pyccKu roBopaT «:«gaTB go BToporo npumecTBua», to ecTB co6wiTue Ha^uu Mo^eT cnyHuTBca, a Mo^eT u He cnyHuTBca; B-TpeTBux, Ha^ua KaK co6wrrue - 3ro ucto-pua, paccKa3, HappaTMB o npMmecTBMM Ha^MM; B-HeTBepTBix, u sto caMMH nena^BHHM cmwcj gaHHoro BBipa^eHua, Ha^ua KaK co6wiTue 3aKnmaeT b ce6e cmwcj yxoga Ha^MM b Mcropuro, b npomnoe, b ucto-punecKoe He6wrrue.
Pa3yMeeTca, npegno^eHHaa TpaKToBKa noHaTua Ha^uu KaK co-6wiTua uMeeT ucKnroHuTenBHo HacTHBiM, Heo6a3aTenBHBiM xapaKTep. Co6cTBeHHo roBopa, oHa cno^unacB b xoge pa6oTe c TeKcTaMu fflapna neru (1873-1914) Bwgawm,eroca $paHu,y3cKoro MBicnuTena, nucaTena, no^ra, ^y6.^u^ucTa, o kotopom BugHeMmuM <£paH^y3CKUM <£u,noco<£ ÂHpu EeprcoH (1859-1941) oT3BiBanca HaKaHyHe BTopoM MupoBoM bo-mhbi cnegyrom,uM o6pa3oM: «BenuKaa u BocxuTuTenBHaa ^urypa! OHa 6wi.na BWKpoeHa M3 tom TKaHM, KoTopyro 3ageMcTByeT rocnogB gna co3gaHMa repoeB u cBaTBix. HMeHHo repoeB, m6o c paHHeM mhoctm y neru He 6bmo uhom 3a6oTBi, KpoMe tom, hto6bi ^utb repounecKu. A TaK^e cBaTwx, xoTa 6bi noToMy, hto oh pa3genan c humu y6e^ge-HMe b tom, hto He 6wBaeT He3HaHMTenBHBix nocTynKoB, hto BcaKoe nenoBenecKoe geaHue Ba^Ho caMo no ce6e u pa3gaeTca no BceMy mo-pa^BHoMy Mupy (Bergson 857). HecMoTpa Ha to, hto TeKcT, b kotopom npo3ByHanu stu rpoMKue cnoBa, npuHagne^uT k KoMMeMopaTuBHoMy ^aHpy u 6bm HanucaH b o3HaMeHoBaHue gBag^TMnaTMneTMa co gHa cMepTM neru, Heo6xoguMo npM3HaTB, hto 3a BHemHeM npunogHa-toctbm MHTOHa^MM œpwiBaeTca ogHa M3 caMwx BepHwx u tohhbix o^hok »M3HeHHoro nogBMra MBicnMTena, b kotopom aBTop «,fl,Byx uctohhukob Mopanu u penuruu» (1932) Bugen, npe^ge Bcero, opuru-
62
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Ha.BHoro $M.oco$a, Bon.OTUBmero ugea.Bi r.y6uHH0M, «KpecTBaH-CKOM», «peMec.eHHMHecK0M» OpaH^MM, KaKOBBiM oh cyMe. npugaTB CBoeo6pa3Hoe «6.aropogcTB0 m apucTOKpaTMHHOCTB» (Bergson 858). Pa3yMeeTca, OTHomeHua BeprcoHa m neru 3ac.y^MBaror 0Tge.BH0r0 paccMOTpeHua, hto mh HageeMca cge.aTB b ga.BHeMmeM, a ceMHac npocTO HaMeTMM nyTB, no KOTopoMy HaM npegcTOMT npoMTM, hto6bi npu6.M3MTBca k Hag.e^am,eMy noHMMaHuw K0H^e^^MM <|paH^y3-CKOM Ha^MM, npegcTaB.eHH0M neru b CBoeM He3aBepmeHH0M cohm-HeHMM «ConyTCTByrom,aa 3aMeTKa o r-He geKapTe m geKapTOBCKOM |m.oco$mm», o6opBaBmeMca Ha n0.yc.0Be b caMOM HaHa.e aBrycTa i914 r., Korga aBTop 6bi. npu3BaH b geMcTByromyro apMuro, hto6bi Me-can, cnycTa nacTB CMepTBW xpa6pHx b 6ow nog Bu.Bpya b npeggBepuu 3HaMeHMT0M 6mtbbi Ha MapHe.
geñcTBMTe.BH0, HaM Ba^HO, B0-nepBHx, gaTB KpaTKMM, c®a-THM OHepK »M3HeHHoro m TBopHecKoro nyTM neru, nocKO.BKy oh He npuHafl.e»MT k Huc.y caMHx 3HaMeHUTBix b Cep6uu m Poccmm
^paH^y3CKMX MHC.MTe.eM; BO-BTOpBIX, TaK KaK peHB o npaKTMHecKM Heu3BecTH0M b Poccmm coHMHeHMM, npegcTaB.aeTca Heo6xoguMBiM npuBecTM pyccKMM nepeBog HecKO.BKux IparMeHTOB m3 npegcMepT-Horo Tpyga |M.oco|a; b TpeTBux, HaM npegcTOMT ocTaHOBMTBca Ha xapaKTepucTMKe «ConyTCTByrom,eM 3aMeTKu o r-He geKapTe m ge-KapTOBCKOM |m.oco$mm», KOTopaa, HaHMHaa c 3ar.aBua, Tpe6yeT ge-Ta.BHOrO MCT0pMK0-|M.0.0rMHeCK0r0 KOMMeHTapua; B-HeTBepTBiX, HaKOHen,, HaM c.egyeT pa3o6paTBca b MCK.roHMTe.BH0 0pMrMHa.BH0M BugeHMM cym,ecTBa |paH^y3CK0M Ha^MM, BBipa^eHHOM neru b 3tom coHMHeHMM. npegBapaa noc.egyrom.ee M3.o^eHue, mo®ho CKa3aTB, hto oguH M3 r.aBHHx napagoKCOB 3tom K0H^e^^MM 3aK.roHaeTca b TOM, hto, BHMga M3 nog nepa MHC.uTe.a 6yKBa.BH0 HaKaHyHe bomhh, OHa MucTMHecKMM o6pa30M npeg,B0CXMTM.a m xapaKTep npegcToamero
63
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH «OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6uT«e
BoeHHoro KoH^.MKTa, m nocnegyromun xog eBponencKon ucropuM, BMiHBmwHca b 1939 rogy b HOByro KpoBaByro 6onHro.
BMecTe c TeM, Heo6xoguMO cpa3y nogHepKHyTB, hto caMa KOH^n-n,ua $paHn,y3CKOM Han,uu, npegcraB,neHHaa neru b ^TOM pa6oTe, oxnu-HaeTca CBoeo6pa3HBiM MHTceKrya.BHHM ^KCTpeMU3M0M u, KaK ^T0 hm napagoKca.BHo, Moraa on,eHUBaTBca KaK «Han.uoHa.-con.ua.œM» avant lettre: bo bcskom c.yHae, oHa BocnpMHMMa.acB TaKOBon ^paH-^y3CKMMM nucaTe^aMu npaBoro TO.Ka, BK.roHaa 3HaMeHUToro neB^ «Hau,MOHa.nBHOM SHepruu» Mopuca Bappeca (1862-1923), KOTopBiM no.o^u. Hana.o .ereHgw «neru-narpuoTa», m KOHHaa cbihom nu-caTe.a Mapce.eM neru (1898-1972), KOTopBin b CBoen KHure o6 o^e, ony6.MKOBaHHOM b 1941 rogy b OKKynupoBaHHOM HeM^MM napu^e, He ocraHOBuaca nepeg TeM, hto6bi o6ib3butb aBTopa «ConyTCTByromeM 3aMeTKu o r-He geKapTe u geKapTOBCKOM ^u.oco^uu» npegTeHen He-Men,Koro Han,MOHa.-con,Ma.M3Ma (Péguy 1941). napagoKca^BHOCTB m.m ga^e a6cypgHocTB nocegHen o^hku MO^eT noKa3aTBca KpuHamen, ec.u npuHaTB bo BHMMaHue To o6cToaTe.BcTBo, hto npegcMepTHBin Tpyg $M.oco$a 3aK.ronaeT b ce6e pegKoe no CBoen paguKa^BHocTM BugeHue HeMe^Kon Ha^MM KaK «pacBi rocnog».
y^e m3 npuBegeHHwx o^hok mokho noHaTB, hto HaHMHaa roBO-puTB o neru, mh npucrynaeM k paccMOTpeHuro TpygoB m gHen ogHoro m3 caMBix npoTMBopenuBHx, caMo6HTHHx m CTpacTHBix ucKaTeneM mctmhh, kotophx Korga .u6o nopo^ga^a <£paH^y3CKaa 3eM.a. npu ^T0M b Poccuu TBopnecTBO neru HaxoguTca cKopee Ha nepu^epuu uc-c.egoBaTe.BcKux uHTepecoB, TaK hto Bc.eg 3a <£paH^y3CKUM .uTepa-TypoBegoM Ou.unnoM PeHBe mh BnpaBe 3agaTBca BonpocoM: «„HeM, KaK He ufleo.orueM (ugenruHHoCTB u eguHCTBo noc.flepeBo.flron.uoHHOM OpaH^MM), o6tacHaeTca to, hto b KaHecTBe ".MTepaTypHHx" M3yHa-roTca r.aBHHM o6pa3OM TeKCTBi MoHTeHa, Boccros, "O6m,ecTBeHHBin
64
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
goroBop", "HcnoBegB" u.u "HoBaa ^.ou3a" Pycco, ho nonra He u3yna-WTca hm opaTopw PeBo.^uu, hm .aMeHHe, hm Oypte, hm npygoH, hm ^opec u TaK Ma.o neru?» (PeHbe). H ecu bo OpaH^uu cuTya^ua c 2003 r. cym,ecTBeHHo u3MeHu.acB, oco6eHHo b cBa3u co cTo.eTueM CMepTu nucaTe.a, o3HaMeHoBaHHBiM b 2014-2015 rogax ny6.MKan,ueM ^.oro paga Ko..ercruBHBix TpygoB u hobbix 6uorpa$uM nucare.a (cm. Europe; Leroy; Riquier; Teyssier; Worms), to b oTenecraeHHoM .uTepaTypoBegeHuu neru ocTaeTca, no cym,ecrBy, HenponuTaHHBiM nucaTe.eM u HeocMBic.eHHBiM <£m.oco<£om, bo BcaKoM c.ynae, b no-cBam,eHHwx eMy Tpygax poccuMcKux ucc.egoBaTe.eM caMBie ocrpBie yr.Bi ^03u^uu nucaTe.a ocTarnca, KaK npaBu.o, 6e3 Hag.e^am,ero BHuMaHua (cm. TaMMaHoBa; KapTameB).
HaM TaK^e Ba^Ho cpa3y nognepKHyTB, hto OpaH^ua HaxoguTca b camom cepg^ 6ecnokomhom, 6eckomnpomucchom, 6e3ygep»hom mbic.m neru: o neM 6bi oh hm nuca. - o .ereHgapHoM ^aHHe g'ApK u.u aKTya.BHoM ge.e KanuTaHa ^peM^yca, o meBa.Be ^,eKapTe u.u npo^eccope Ko..e®: ge OpaHc EeprcoHe, o con,ua.McTUHecKoM peBo.ro-u,mm m.m o gyxe rocygapcTBeHHoro nopagKa, o My3e ucTopuu K.uo u.u rocnogcTBe geHer b coBpeMeHHoM Mupe, - u3 nog ero nepa Heu3MeHHo BBixogu.u ropanue, o6^urarom,ue cko.ku MHoroo6pa3HoM, MHoro-cTopoHHeM, MHoro3HanuTe.BHoM ugeu cBo6ogo.ro6uBoM OpaH^uu, KoTopaa b noc.egHeM conuHeHuu <£u.oco<£a 6w.a KaK He.B3a 6o.ee pe3Ko npoTUBonocTaB.eHa repMaHuu u HeMe^K0My o6pa3y mbic.m:
... e repManuu HUKo^^a He Mo^na podumbcn ucmunnaa fiunoco-fyrn ceo6odu, nu dame ucmunno ceo6odnoe Mumnenue. Ceo6odou hsmvui na3ueawm mo, nmo mu na3ueaeM doSpoeonbnuM pa6-cmeoM. To, nmo onu na3ueawm cou,uanu3MOM, mu na3ueaeM manKuM neeou,enmpu3MOM.
65
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH «OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6uT«e
A umo neMUfri Ha3bieawm peeonwv,ueü, mu Ha3ueaeM 3aKomeHHbiM K0Hcepeamu3M0M.
B ^moM maKMe npmum, umo mama fyunocofyua, KaK fyunocofyua Eep^coHa, e cy^Hocmu ceoeü nuóepanbHaa u nuóepmapma, npmeM He monbKO no cucmeMe, ho u no cepdvy), no pody, Mo^na noaeumbca monb-ko Ha $paHU,y3CKoM a3UKe, Ha $paHy,y3CKoü 3eMne, eo $paHy,y3CKoü Kynbmype. TonbKo $paHU,y3CKaa ceoóoda Mo^na eunumbca e maKoü KoHKpemHuü cnynaü, KaK 6ep^coHoecKaa ceoóoda. MMeHHo no^moMy $moco$m Eep^coHa KaK Henb3ñ 6onee npomueononoMHa HeMev,KoMy MbiwneHuw» (Péguy 1997:1347).
EbITb nPOPOKOM B CBOEM OTEHECTBE
B ^p0^MTMp0BaHH0M Bbime 3aMeTKe EeprcoH c0BepmeHH0 cnpaBegnu-bo aKu,eHTMpoBa. CTpeM.eHMe neru k repounecKOMy o6pa3y »m3hm. ^Ty ugero He06x0guM0 nyTB pa3BepHyTB u yTOHHMTB, yKa3aB, npe-»ge Bcero, Ha to, hto rep0M3au,ua cym,ecTB0BaHua c0np0B0»ga.acB b eo3HaHMM nucare.na CBoero poga Mu^o.norM3aH1MeM co6cTBeHHoro npoucxo»geHua, TOHHee roBopa, coTBopeHueM nepcoHa.BHoro MM^a, B CTMXMM KOTOpOrO üerM, C OgHOM CTOpOHH, BCaneCKM yCM.MBa. MOTMB npocrohapoghoro hana.a b cboem mhte..ektya.bh0m ctahob.ehuu, Torga KaK c gpyron BceMepHO npoTMBonocTaB.a. ce6a «napTuu mh-Te..eKTya.0B», rocnogcTBO kotopom b .MTeparypHOM u no.MTune-ckom »m3hm OpaH^MM npegcraB.na.nocB eMy cto.b »e nary6HBiM, KaK u B.acTB geHer b c0BpeMeHH0M (KanuTa^ucrunecKOM) Mupe: u nepBoe u BTopaa OTAunarorca, coraacHO ero mbicm, OTopBaHHocTBro ot gencTBMTe.BHwx Hy»g c0u,ua.nBH0M »m3hm m pea^BHBix n0Tpe6-Hocren ne^OBeKa, a TaK»e xapaKTepu3yroTca ycTOMHMBOM TeHgeH-^MeM k Bocnpou3BogcTBy (Ka^MTa.M3a^MM) co6cTBeHHBix crpyK-
66
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Typ, KOTopaa pea,u3yeTca b yrn,ep6 uHTepecoB cou,uyMa. B ctuxuu 3Toro repouHecKoro Mu^a caMOMy neru HepegKO c,yna,ocB TepaTB CBa3u c TeKyrn,eM geMcTBUTe,BH0CTBro, kmbhmm ,rogBMu, 6hjmmu gpy3BaMu, npe»HUMu eguH0MBim,eHHUKaMu u BxoguTB b o6pa3 npopoKa, r,ac0M Bonurom,ero b nycrtme u3peKarom,ero nepBtie u noc,egHue uctuhbi, go KOToptix HeT ge,a cooTenecTBeHHUKaM: b 3T0M ycTpeM,eHuu bo hto 6bi to hu CTa,0 gocTynaTBca go cepgeu, oh pa3pa6aTMBa, KaK co6cTBeHHBiM ,uTepaTypHBiM ctu,b, ocHOBaHHtrn Ha Ky,BTe noBTopa, b KOTopoM CKa3tiBaeTca He to ®e caMoe, a um,eTca npuHuunua,BHoe pa3,uHue, TaK u co6cTBeHHwM o6pa3 »u3hu, b KOTopoM ugea, cpe6p0HeHaBucTHUKa Bce BpeMa n0Bepa,ca 6opB6oM c Hy^goM, go,raMu, »a»goM o6ecneHUTB gocTOMHoe cym,ecTB0BaHue 6,m3kmm. B 3,0n0,yHH0M pa30pBaHH0CTu c03HaHua neru geMcTBu-Te,BH0 cxogu,ca co CBaTtiMu, KOToptiMu, Hanogo6ue 6oroTBopuMoM um ^aHHOM g' ApK, gBu»eT y6e»geHue, hto BcaKoe He,0BeHecK0e geaHue o6,agaeT HeucnepnaeMBiM 3HaHeHueM, hto BcaKUM nocTynoK ucno,HeH r,y6oKoro CMMcaa, KOToptiM M0»eT pacKptiBaTBca c Tene-HueM BpeMeHu, ho Bcerga npucyTCTByeT b HacT0am,eM, 3gecB u ceMnac. B gaHHOM OTHomeHuu KaK He,B3a 6o,ee KpacHopenuBtiMu, n0Ka3a-T6JBHHMU, TporaTe,BHHMu aB,aroTca MeMyapHwe CBugeTe,BCTBa, b KOTopwx 3anenaT,eHw npom,a,BHwe bm3mtbi, KOToptie HaHOCu, neru nepeg OTnpaBKOM Ha ^poHT: KaK 6ygT0 b npegom,ym,eHuu CMepTu, MHC,uTe,B npom,a,ca He to,bko c 6,u3kumu, ho ucKa, npom,eHua y Tex, KTO co BpeMeHeM, a TaK»e b cu,y npom,Bix uHTe,,eKTya,B-hbix pacnpeM, CTa,u ga,BHUMu, y npe»Hux eguH0Mwm,eHHUK0B, 6tiBmux gpy3eM (Leroy 338). C,obom, Bce stu naTeTUHecKue cu,eHti BM3HBaKT b MBic,u CKopee He ucno,HeHue rpa^gaHCKoro go,ra u nogHUHeHue npuKa3y 0 Bceo6m,eM Mo6u,u3aH,uu, a My»ecTBeH-Hoe npegyr0T0B,eHue k »epTBonpuHomeHuro, k CMepTHOM Ka3Hu, k
67
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH «OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6uT«e
KpecTy, Ha kotopom oguH b OTBeTe 3a Bcex. CaMa ru6e.B neMTeHaHTa neru onucMBaeTca c&mbim aBTopuTeTHBiM 6uorpa^oM nucaTena b KBa3M-XpMCTO^OrMHeCKMX TOHax:
Ebin omdan npuKa3 omóumb mmuKoeoü amaKoü eucomy Moumuou, omKyda neMUfri Konmponupoeanu ecw paenuny. tynb naxodunacb e mpex KunoMempax, ozpawdennañ nununMu mpaHueü u 3a^u^ennañ nyneMemnbiMu zne3daM.u. Cnycmacb no cKnony, poma nonana nod nueenb nynb. Condamu cnpamanucb Ha Mznoeenue 3a ckwhom Ha euxode u3 depeeHu. 3ameM poma cHoea 6pocaemcñ e amaKy; Kanu-maH fcpeH y6um, neümeHaHma de na KopHunbepa nocmuzaem ma Me ynacmb; c mpydoM npoóewae HecKonbKo decamKoe no oecmoMy nonw, nezu, ocmaeuuücñ eduHcmeeHHUM o$uu,epoM e pome, npuKa3ueaem condamaM 3anenb, nmo6bi ohu Mo^nu yKpbimbca. om nyneMemHo^o UKeana. CaM oh Hanpaenaem omeemnuü o^oHb u ynopHo cmoum nod nynñMu. OdHa u3 hux nonadaem eMy npaMo e no6, oh nadaem huu„ nae Mepmsoü, no eceü euduMocmu, o^Ho^o u3 ^mux ^numHux cmpenKoe, ocna^eHHbix euHmoernMu c onmunecKuM npuu,enoM, Komopbrnu HeM-u,bi yKpenunu ceou nacmu. MeHee neM 3a nac 19 poma nomepana mpu nemeepmu nu^Ho^o cocmaea u ecex mpex ofyuqepoe (Leroy 296-297).
EeprcoH, kotopbim, pa3yMeeTca, He Mor 3HaTB Bcex ^Tux nogpo6Ho-creM, KponoxnMBO Bocco3gaHHBix no3gHee 6uorpa^aMu no cBuge-TeflBcTBaM oneBMOTeB u BoeHHBiM apxMBaM, He Mor omu6uTBca b raaBHOM: <£m.oco<£ neru »un, TBopu. u norM6 KaK HacroamMM repon.
Ka3a.ocB, hmhto He npeflBema.no ^T0^0 MyneHunecKoro HUM6a b caMoM Hanane nyTu 6yaymero ^o^Ta u MwcnuTena: oh noaBunca Ha cBeT b 1873 rogy bo $paHu,y3cKoM r.y6uHKe, b 6ypryHgcKoM npegMe-cTBe Op.eaHa, b ceMBe n.oTHUKa u n.eTe.Bm,Mu,Bi cTynBeB. no3gHee,
68
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
B nwny »apKux uHTenneKTyanBHwx noneMUK, eMy HeogH0KpaTH0 goBogunocB 6paBupoBaTB cbomm npocTonapognwM npoMcxo^genueM u Ha3WBaTB ce6a to «gp0B0ceK0M opneaHCKoro neca», to «nyapcKUM KpecTBaHUHoM», to «BUHogenoM c npu6pe^uM u necK0B ^yapw» . TaK unu uHane, ho ocTpoe nyBCTBo npuHagne^Hocru k rny6uHHoM OpaHu,MM geMcTBUTenBHo npugaBano C03HaHuro MwcnuTena Heo6w-naMHyro CBo6ogy KpuTunecKoro cy^geHua, K0T0paa Morna moKupo-BaTB uHwx napu^CKux Konner no nucaTenBCK0My n,exy. Ho b ^T0M CBo6oge KpuTunecKoro cy^geHua 6wno TaK^e HenTo uHoe: noucK Bwxoga k HeKoeM aH0HUMH0CTu nenoBenecKoro ronoca, He cgep^u-BaeMoro paMKaMu onpegenennoM gucKypcuBnoM uncTUTy^uu - aKa-geMunecK0M, np0^eccu0HanBH0M, penuruo3HoM, yHUBepcuTeTCKoM u T.n. B «ConyTCTByro^eM 3aMeTKe o r-He ^eKapTe u geKapT0BCK0M ^unoco^uu» KynBTypa aH0HUMH0r0 cy^geHua npaMo CBa3WBanacB c noucK0M bo3moähoctu roBopuTB 6e3 uMenu 0T uMeHu oTenecTBa: «noneMy He CKa3aTB npaMo: oh c ropgocTBM norpy^aeTca b ^Ty aH0-HUMH0CTB. Ahohum - bot ero naTpoHUM. AH0HUMH0CTB - bot ero Heo6taTHaa naTp0HUMH0CTB» (Péguy l992: i298-i299).
BMecTe c TeM, b caM0M nanane SToro noucKa ronoca othm3hbi naxo-gunucB TaK^e gBe gBM^ymue cunw, K0T0pwe, ne 6ygynu coBepmenno BHenono^HWMu, Tpe6oBanu oco6wx ycunuM no cy6'BeKTUBU3au1uu, to ecTB BHyTpeHHeM pa6oTw Monogoro nenoBeKa no npeo6pa30Ba-HMB ce6a b TBopnecKyro nuHHocTB. nepBaa U3 hux - ^T0 yHacnego-BaHHwM, BnuTâHHMM c M0n0K0M MaTepu u CHUTaHHWM c Bmpa^eM OpneaHCKoro co6opa KaTonM^M3M. HecM0Tpa Ha nepuog MHomecKoro oxna^geHua Bepw, 3penoMy neru goBenocB nepe^uTB ucTUHHoe B03p0^geHue unu ga^e BocnnaMeHeHue KaTonunecKoro nyBCTBo-BaHua BHyTpu TBopnecKoro C03HaHua: TaK unu uHane, KaTonuu,u3M npe6wBan kubhm mctohhmkom uHTenneKTyanBHoro CTaH0BneHua
69
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH «OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6uT«e
MHCflHTeaa, HuKorga He npueM.a npu ^T0M gorMaTunecKux ^opM KaTO.uHeCKOM ^pKBu. rO.OC nerM-KaTO.MKa - 3T0 rO.OC ®aHHH g'ApK, co^^eHHOM 3a epecB u,epK0BHuKaMu.
BTopaa - 3to 6.aronpuo6peTeHHaa repMaH0^06ua, TecHO CBa-3aHHaa c yrpaTOM om,a, ymegmero u3 »u3Hu b rog po»geHua neru: Bc.egcraue .umeHun u TaroT, BBmaBmMx Ha ero go.ro b xoge ^paH-KO-npyccKOM bohhh 1870-1871 rogoB, Korga oh 3arn,um,a. oca»geH-hbim napu», ^e3upe neru no B03Bpam,eHuu g0M0M Ta»e.o 3a6o.e., c.er b nocre.B u tuxo npuMupu.ca co cMepTBro, Tep3aa u y6uBaa ce6a MBic.Bro 0 CBoen 6ecn0.e3H0cru b ge.e o6ecneneHua ceMBu. Co BpeMeHeM repMaHua cra.a Hacroarn,uM HaBa»geHueM neru, koto-pwM, n0g06H0 cBoeMy coBpeMeHHMKy no.ro Ba.epu (1871- 1945), y»e c K0Hn,a XIX BeKa BOcnpuHuMa. no.uTunecKyro 3B0.ron.uro HeMen,Koro rocygapcTBa b cBeTe bo.u k ycTaHOB.eHuro repMaHcKoro rocnogcTBa no Bcen EBpone (Ookuh).
TaKuM 06pa30M, ec.u nopa»eHue 1871 roga u aHHeKcua ^.B3a-ca-^OTapuHruu, BocnpuHuMa.ucB MO.ogwM neru ucK.ronuTe.BH0 b noHaTuax .mhhbix yTpaT, to TaH^epcKMM Kpu3MC 1905 roga, b kotopom OpaHn.ua bhobb 0TCTynu.a nepeg MeTogunHBiM ycu.eHueM no.MTM-necKux aM6uu,uM u n03uu,uM repMaHuu, cTa. g.a Hero HacT0arn,uM 0TKp0BeHueM: b stot MOMeHT Mwc.MTe.B npume. k y6e»geHuro, hto ro.oc OTenecTBa go.»eH nepeKpunaTB ro.oca Tex, kto, npuKpBiBaacB C0^Ma.MCTMHecK0M pMTopuKOM, nBiTa.ca cBecTu cyTB npoMcxogam,ero k K.acc0B0M 6opB6e u rpagym,eMy MHTepHan,M0Ha.BH0-C0n,Ma.Mcra-necKOMy 6paTCTBy, rge «HeT hu ^..uHa, hu Hygea». Torga, b OTBeT Ha KHury co^ua.ucTa u n.aMeHHoro aHTuMu.uTapucTa rrocTaBa ^pBe (1871-1944) «Hx OTenecTBO» (1905), rge pa3BeHnuBa.acB BcaKaa ugea poguHBi, K0T0paa, c tohku 3peHua aBTopa, 6w.a .umB opygu-eM rocnogcTBa npuBu.erupoBaHHoro MeHBmuHCTBa Hag TO.naMu
70
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
o6e3go,eHHBix, neru Hanuca, «Hame OTeHecTBO» (1905), ogHy u3 r^aBHwx cboux KHur, CTaBmyw Kpaeyro,BHBiM KaMHeM ero goKTpuHBi $paH^3CK0M Ha^MM.
Hau,u0Ha,u3M neru CK,agBiBa,ca He cto,bko Ha ugee npeBOC-xogeraa ^paH^y3CKOM Ha^uu, cko,bko Ha Bepe b yHuBepca,BH0CTB $paHn,y3CKOM Ky,BTypBi, KOTOpyro oh BOcnpuHMMa, KaK K0,Bi6e,B eB-poneMCKOM n,MBM,M3an,MM. He hto uHoe, KaK nonpaHue ucTopunecKon MMCCMM OpaH^MM, nOHaTOe BO ^paHKO-npyCCKOM BOMHe, BW3WBaeT rHeB u apocTB <£u,oco<£a, BBicrynarom,ero 3a ucropuHecKyro cnpaBeg-,uboctb u,u, no KpaMHeM Mepe, 3a to, bo hto oh BepyeT TepTy,,ua-hobom BepoM: «HeM ga,Bme a Bocxo^y bo BpeMeHu, TeM B,acTHee, cu,BHee BnenaT,eHue r,y6oKoro 0CK0p6,eHua; c ray6oHaMmeM gpeB-hoctu, no npaBy po^geHua, no 60^ecTBeHH0My npaBy OpaHn.ua 6w,a Kopo,eBoM Ha^uM; [...] Torga mbi npuBBiKnu roBopuTB KaK rocnoga u,u, no MeHBmeM Mepe, KaK 3aK0H0gaTe,u, r0T0BBie o6cy^gaTB ge,a HapogoB; mbi r0B0pu,u Ha ecTecTBeHHO yHuBepca,BH0M, no »e,a-huk, npo^eTunecKOM a3BiKe, npaBga, Bcerga 3BynaBmeM b 6o,BmoM u 6,ar0HpaBH0M coo6m,ecTBe; [...] Korga y gpyrux HapogoB 6w,a CBoa no,uTuKa, uHguBugya,BHaa no,uTuKa npocTBix 6egHBix Hapog^B, y Hac He 6bi,o CBoeM no,uTuKu, HameM uHguBugya,BH0M üo,utuku; b cym,H0CTu, Hama no,uTuKa Bcerga 6w,a üo,utukom ne,0BenecTBa, ,ynme CKa3aTB - 6o»ecTBeHHoM ho,utukom (Péguy 1988: 142-143).
OneBugHO, hto b TaKux MBic,uTe,BHBix nocTpoeHuax cnoco6-hoctb KpuTunecKoro cy^geHua, 0CH0BaHHaa Ha y6e»geHuu b tom, hto roBopumB ot uMeHu aHOHuMHoro Hapoga, ot uMeHu Tex, kto ,umeH ro,oca b CTuxuax uHTe,,eKTya,BHBix 6aTa,uM, nogKpen,a-,acB u,u ga^e nogcreruBanacB r,y60K0M BepoM b ucTopunecKyro Muccuro OpaH^uu. OneBugHO u to, hto, 0T0^gecTB,aa cbom ro,oc C ro,ocoM OpaH^uu, mbic,b neru HepegKO CK,0Ha,acB k TOMy, hto6bi
71
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH »OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6blTne
repMaHuro TO^e BGcnpuHuMaTB b noHaTuax ucTopunecKoM .uhhg-ctu, KGTopaa nepc0Ha.BH0 HeceT OTBeT 3a HapymeHua co^uBmeroca eBponeMcKoro CTpoa, CBa3aHHBie c no.uTuKOM naHrepMaHu3Ma. Bgt noHeMy y^e b pa6oTax Hana.a BeKa u3 nog nepa ^e^M-^y6.M^MeTa Mor.u BBixoguTB goBG.BHG CMe.we u.u ga^e pe3Kue nofluTuHecKue ^opMy.w, coraacHO KGTopwM BceM repMaHuu 6w.a «CBGMCTBeHHa ncuxG.Grua BenunaMmux npecTynHuKGB», a aHHeKcua ^.B3aca-^G-TapuHruu aB.a.acB «caMBiM raycHBiM npecTyn.eHueM, KGTopwe Korga .u6o CGBepma.ucB npoTuB cnpaBeg.uB0CTu u npaB HapogoB» (Péguy i988: io9-iii). B CBeTe ^TMx $opMy. OHeBugHO TaK^e, htg b MMC.u neru Ha^Ma npegcTaBa.a uMeHHO co6MTueM, b tgm CMBicne, htg ogHa^gBi aBuBmucB b o6pa3e yHuBepca.BHMx no CBoeMy CTporo Ky.BTypM, no^uTuKu, a3MKa, Ha^Ma Bce BpeMa Tpe6yeT aKTuBHoro caMoyTBep^geHua b hobmx ucTopunecKux yc.0Buax. C.gbgm, He htg uHoe, KaK ucTopua po^gaeT ^TG eguHCTBO ^uBoro HyBCTBOBa-Hua OTHeM 3eM.u, CBa3WBarom,ero .rogeM ogHoM Ha^MM, HecMOTpa Ha Ky.BTypHBie, MeHTa.BHwe, 06pa30BaTe.BHwe, ^pG^eccMGHa.BHHe u CG^Ma.BHMe pa3.uHua.
TpygHO 6m.g 6m noHaTB CTaH0B.eHue goKTpuHM Ha^MM b co3Ha-huu neru, ec.u He ocTaHOBuTBca, xoTa 6m BKpa^e, Ha 0C06eHH0CTax ero o6pa3GBaTe.BHoro MapmpyTa. ,^eMCTBMTe.BH0, neru 6m. He tg.b-kg n.OTB GT n.GTu $paHH,y3CK0M r.y6uHKu, hg u 3aMeHare.BHBiM nopo^geHueM cucTeMBi o6pa3GBaHua III Pee^y6.MKM, MepuTOKpa-TuHecKoe HaHa.0 KOTopoM («Ot Ka^goro no cn0C06H0CTaM, Ka^go-My no 3ac.yraM») napag,GKca.BHBiM 06pa30M o6ecneHuBa.G KaK $opMa.BHoe co6.rogeHue pecny6.uKaHCKGrG ^pMH^M^a paBeHCTBa maHCGB, TaK u pea.BHoe ^opMupoBaHue gunnoMupoBaHHoM uHTe.-.eKTya.BHGM s.utm. noc.egHaa, b cu.y 3HaHMTe.BHGM g^uTe^BHOCTu K^accunecKoro yHuBepcuTCKoro MapmpyTa, 0Ka3WBa.acB gocTaTOHHO
72
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
yganeHHOM ot Hu3mux unu ga^e cpegHux conuantHtix KpyroB. B 3T0M OTHomeHuu CBoeo6pa3ue uHTenneKTyanBHOM no3uu,uu neru onpegenanocB TeM, hto 6narogapa cboum ucKnmuTenBHMM yMCTBeH-HMM cn0C06H0CTHM, Tpygonro6uro, ynopcTBy u HecoMHeHHMM gocro-uHCTBaM pecny6nuKaHCKoM cucreMM 06pa30BaHua oh cyMen npoMTu Bce CTyneHu uHTenneKTyanBHOM flecTHun,ti, nogHHBmucB go Toro OnuMna $paHn,y3CKoro BMcmero 06pa30BaHua, KOTopMM 6bina u ocTa-eTCH ^K0^B HopMant Cwneptep, Ky3Hu^ KagpoB «pecny6nuKu npo-^eccopoB», KaK onpegenan no^uTunecKyw cucTeMy OpaH^uu b i927 r. 3HaMeHUTMM KpuTUK AnB6ep Tu6oge (i874-i936), cgenaB ynop Ha tom, hto BMcmee 3BeHO pyK0B0gcTBa crpaHM cocraBMflM BwnycKHUKu 3Ha-MeHUTOM mKonM Ha pw g'fönBM (Thibaudet). gpyruMu cnoBaMu, neru, BMxoge^ U3 $paH^3CKOM rny6uHKu, cyMen gocTUHB CBHTaa cbhtmx uHTe^^eKTya^BHOM sautbi Opa^uu, OTKyga, npaBga, oh BMmea, He OKOHHUB nonHoro Kypca, TOHHee, TaK u He HanucaB guccepTa^uu u He cgaB 3K3aMeHa Ha 3aBerayro CTeneHB arpe^e, OTKpMBaBmue gocTyn k npo^eccopcKOM KapBepe. ynuTHBaa 3Ty He3aBepmeHHOCTB HayHHoro MapmpyTa neru, cnegyeT tohho npegcraBnaTB ce6e, hto ronoc, hto 3ByHUT b ero TeKCTax, HUKorga He CBoguTca k ronocy aKageMUHecKoro ^unoco^a unu yHUBepcuTeTCKoro ucTopuKa, ecnu b3htb HayHHMe gu^unnuHti, KOTopMMu oh npeuMymecTBeHHO 3aHUMa^ca b ^K0.^B HopMant Cwneptep. BMecTe c TeM, He npuxoguTCH coMHeBaTBca, hto sto ronoc ^unoco^uu, ecnu noHUMaTB nog HeM He MeTa^u3unecKoe npegnpuHTue, Ha^neHHoe Ha onpegeneHue ycnoBUM bo3mo»hoctu OTnpaB^eHua HucToro pa3yMa, a TaKoe ynpa^HeHue b noucKe uctuhm, b KOTopoM cy6teKT paccy^geHua 6epeT Ha ce6a rpy3 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTu roBopuTB ot uMeHu Tex, KTO He uMeeT npaBa ronoca b ^unoco^uu: KpecTBHH u pa6oHux, 6egHMx u Humux, BeHHMx CTygeHTOB u ropog-CKux ropnonaHOB. B ogHoM U3 caMMx aHTu^unoco^CKux cboux KHur
73
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH «OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6uT«e
«Bura^p-Mapu, rpa<£ rroro» (1910) neru-MBicauTeaB, noaeMu3upya c ,^aHM^aeM raaeBu (1872-1962), cbomm 6au»aMmuM eguHOMBimaeH-HMROM, pa^MHMpOBaHHWM napM^CRMM uHTeaaeKTyaaOM, OflHMM
M3 caMMx o6pa3OBaHHwx arogeM tom ^^oxM, 3anaaBnuB0 3aMenaa: «H paccHMTWBaro, raaeBu, hto Bbi He CTaHeTe yaa^uBaTB ^TM ge6a-TH KaHTOBcKMMM MeTOflaMM, KaHTOBcKOM ^uaOcO^ueM, KaHTOBcKOM MopaaBro. y KaHTU3Ma nucrBie pyKu. nPAB^A, PyK y HErO HET. hto go Hac, to HaM caynaeTca - pyKaMM M030aucTBiMu, pyKaMM y3a0Ba-tbimm, pyKaMM rpemHHMH - nepnaTB noaHBrnu npuropmHaMu» (Péguy 1992: 331- 332). TaKMM 06pa30M, roaoc neru-$uaoco$a - ^T0 roaoc aHTM^uaoco^uu, He b cMBicae OTpu^Hua ^uaoco^uu KaK TaKOBOM, xoth, pa3yMeeTca, caegyeT npM3HaTB, hto Ham ^uaoco^ Ha gyx He nepeHocua HeMeu,K0M ^uaoco^uu, ho b cMBicae OTpuu.aHuH npO^eccOpcKOH, HMHOBHMHBeM, yHMBepcMTeTcKOM ^uaoco^uu cBOerO
BpeMeHM, n0MemaHH0M Ha KaHTM3Me u ^opMaau3Me. roaoc neru -^T0 He roaoc Hurn,eTBi <^paHuy3cK0M ^uaoco^uu, ^T0 roaoc Hurn,ero u... rpemHoro ot $paHuy3cK0M ^uaoco^uu.
nErH — KPHTHK COBPEMEHHOrO MHFA
KaK y^e roBopuaocB, ^uaoco^ua neru hukoum 06pa30M He yKaagw-BaeTca b paMKu aKageMunecKoro, gMC^M^aMHapH0^0, yHuBepcuTeT-cKoro o6pa3a MBicau. Boaee Toro, OHa Bcerga o6parn,eHa k arcryaaB-hoctu, coBpeMeHHocTu, xoth cTuxua ucTopuu ocTaeTca ogHuM u3 uHTeaaeKTyaaBHHx ocHOBaHuM ero MHmaeHua. npu 3tom $uaoco$ HuKorga He ygoBaeTBopaeTca npoTuBonocTaBaeHueM ce6a uau cbo-ux ugeaaoB «coBpeMeHHocTu», oh crpeMuTca B03geMcTB0BaTB Ha Te 6oaeBBie tohku cBoero BpeMeHu, KOTopwe npegcTaBaaroTca eMy cuMnTOMaMu noBceMecTHoro u 6ecnoBopoTHoro ynagKa OpaHu.uu.
74
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
«neru He aHa.u3upyeT con.Ma.BHwe, SKOHOMunecxue, no.MTMHecKue npon,eccBi, numeT T.C. TaMMaHOBa, - oh KOHCTaTupyeT cumïïtomw 06m,ecTBeHH0M 6o.e3Hu, gaBaa xa^goMy U3 hmx CBoe Ha3BaHue. Tax B TexcTax ^y6.u^ucTUKu neru noaB.aroTca K.roneBwe c.OBa, cumbo-.u3upyrom,ue to u.u uHoe o6m,ecTBeHHoe aB.eHue... 3tu K.roHeBwe c.OBa - «geHBru», «HMm,eTa», «aHTMceMMTM3M», « napTua MHTe..ex-Tya.OB» - nocToaHHO HaxogaTca b ^rnpe BHMMaHua nucaTe.a, KOHy-roT u3 cTaTBu b craTBro...» (TaMMaHOBa 89-90). Cko.b a6cTpaxTHWMu hu xa3a.ucB 6w pa6oHue noHaTua neru-aHa.uTuxa «coBpeMeHHoro Mupa», nog ero 6ecnoKoMHWM nepoM Ka^goe U3 hmx CTaHOBUTca CBoero poga «mo.otom», nocpegcTBOM KOToporo nucare.B-^u.o-co$ coxpymaeT coBpeMeHHwe, c.umxoM coBpeMeHHwe u,eHHOcru. CaM CTU.B neru - c ero nocToaHHWMu noBTopaMu, pa3BepHyTWMu nepuogaMu, HenpecTaHHWMu B03Bparn,eHuaMu Ha3ag - oxa3WBa-eTca r.aBHWM gBuraTe.BHWM HepBOM 3Toro «^u.oco^CTBOBaHua mo.otom», k KOTopoMy npu3WBa. b CBoe BpeMa Huu,me. He MeHee Ba^HO U TO, HTO «COBpeMeHHWM MUp» üerU KpUTUKyeT He CTO.B-KO bo MMa BHeBpeMeHHwx ^eHH0CTeM, CKO.BKO ucxoga U3 noHaTua BeHHO coBpeMeHHOM «MUCTUKU», KOTopaa npoTUBonocTaB.aeTca BceB.acTuro b TeKyrn,eM geMcTBUTe.BHOCTu 6e3gyxoBHoM no.uTu-Ku, KOTopoe pacnpocTpaHaeTca xax Ha geaTe.BHOCTB no.uTUHecxux gBu^eHUM, Tax u Ha HanpaB.eHHOCTB rocygapcTBeHHwx ycTaHOB.e-huM. «CoBpeMeHHaa MucTuxa» He ecTB 6ecn.0THaa a6crpa^ua - sto CBoero poga yMCTBeHHoe nogBu^HUHecTBO, HanpaB.eHHoe npoTUB rocnogcTBa no.uTUKu, 6ecn,epeM0HH0 3aHaBmeM b coBpeMeHHOM Mupe MecTO pe.uruu.
AKTMBHaa no.MTMHecKaa ^03M^Ma üeru, ero nocToaHHoe npucyT-CTBue b coBpeMeHHOCTM nogxpen.a.ucB nocToaHHWM BHUMaHueM k ucTopuu, TOHHee, k npo6.eMe ucTopuu xax Hayxu. HcTopua 6w.a
75
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH »OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6blTne
MCTMHH0M CTMxueM BCeM MWCnM neru, TeM 3neMeHT0M, B K0T0p0M nucaTenb n0CT0aHH0 nepnan 3Hepruro gna cbomx pa3MwmneHun. HanuHaa c TaK m He HanucaHHon guccepTanuM Ha TeMy «O CMTyanuu, b K0T0pyw 6wna nocTaBneHa Mcropua b o6men ^unoco^MM coBpeMeH-Horo Mupa», Heo6biHaMHo bwcoko 0n,eHeHH0H b o6cToaTenbHon pa6o-Te 3HaMeHMToro 6enbrMMCKoro ^unoco^a H. CreHrepc (Stengers 31-67) m 3aKaHHMBaa pa6oTaMu o My3e ucTopuu Knuo, BeprcoHe m ^eKapTe, neru BH0Bb m BH0Bb o6pamaeTca k McropunecKon HayKe, nocTeneHHo pa3pa6aTWBaa CBon MeTog nocTM»eHua npomnoro. KaKon 6w TeKCT neru Mw hm 3aTparuBanu, ugeT nu penb o npo3e unu ^o^3MM, b HeM Bcerga ecTb noBopoT k ucTopuu. noBwmeHHoe BHUMaHue neru k ucTopuu 6wno He npunygon 0guH0HKM, npoTMBonocTaBnaBmero ce6a yHMBepcMTeTCKon McropunecKon HayKe, a 0TBeTCTBeHHWM Bw6opoM nucaTena m MwcnuTena, K0T0pwM ocrpo nyBCTB0Ban Heg0CTaT0HH0CTb n03MTMBMCTCK0-MHTenneKTyanMCTK0r0 MeToga McropuHecKoro no-BecTB0BaHua. Ba»H0 m to, hto ^T0T Bw6op ocymecTBnanca b o6m,eM pycne ^opMupoBaHua H0B0r0 noHMMaHua BpeMeHM, Kyga BnuBanucb MCKaHua A. BeprcoHa, n. Banepu, M. npycra. no cymecTBy, neru-u-CTopuK CTaBMT nog Bonpoc MeTogw «6onbmon ucTopuu» - ucTopuu C06wTMMH0M, nonuTunecKon, B0eHH0M, gunnoMaTunecKon, 6uorpa-^MHecK0M - BwaBnaa Heu36e»H0CTb Toro MeTogonorunecKoro n0B0-poTa b MCTopuHecKon HayKe, K0T0pwn 6wn BCKope cgenaH mKonon «AHHanoB». Ho ecnu «AHHanw» b np0TMB0Bec McropuM KaK eguHon m HegenuMon ucTMHe cgenanu CTaBKy Ha «ucropuro Manwx mctmh», to neru CMemaeT MeTog ucTopuu b o6nacTb penMrM03H0-MMCTMHecKyro m ^o^TMHecKyro.
B anpene 1914 roga neru numer ogHy m3 Ba»Henmux cbomx <£uno-co^CKux pa6oT - «3aMeTKy 0 r-He BeprcoHe m 6eprc0H0BCK0M ^unoco-$mm», K0T0paa 6wna Heo6wHanH0 Tenno npuHaTa aBTopoM «TBopne-
76
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
ckom ^Bonro^uu», nucaBmeM CBoeMy 6wiBmeMy yneHuKy u KpuTuKy 4 Maa 1914 roga noce Toro KaK nacTB pa6oTBi 6wina 0ny6nuK0BaHa b »ypHane «Grande Revue» : «H TonBKo hto nonynun Bamy CTaTBro M3 «Grande Revue» u cpa3y ^e xony CKa3aTB, KaKoe BenuKoe, BenMHaMmee ygoBonBCTBue a ucntrran, ee nponmaB. OHa cnumK0M go6po^ena-TenBHa; Bw yBugenu TBopnecTBo ckbo3b npu3My cuMnaTuu, KoTopyro nMTaeTe k aBTopy; ho Bw 3aMenarenBH0 ynoBunu u nepeganu ecnu u He to, hto a cgenan, to, MeHBmeM Mepe, to hto MHe oneHB xoTenocB 6w cgenaTB» (Bergson 853). B cnegyrom,eM nucBMe, KoTopoe npegcraB-nano C060M otkhuk Ha Bwxog b cBeT nonHoro TeKcTa «3aMeTKu o r-He BeprcoHe u 6eprc0H0BCK0M ^unoco^uu», MwcnuTenB nognepKuBan: «H oco6eHHo oTMeTun gna ce6a Bamu pa3MwmneHua o ^eKapTe, a TaK^e Haxo^y rny6oKMMu Bamu 3aKnronuTenBHtie pa3MwmneHua o »ecTKocTu u ru6KocTu, oco6eHHo o »ecTKocra u ru6KocTu b Mopa-nu». (Bergson 854). KaK 6ygro oTKnuKaacB Ha 3aMenaHue BeprcoHa, b urone 1914 r. neru npuHuMaeTca 3a H0Byro pa6oTy, KoTopyro numeT cnoBHo b naHgaH k nepBoM: «ConyrcTByrom,aa 3aMeTKa o r-He ,fl,e-KapTy u geKapT0BCK0M ^unoco^uu». HecMoTpa Ha HayKoo6pa3HocTB gByx 3arnaBuM, K0T0ptie KaK 6w napogupyroT gpyr gpyra, napogu-pya TaK^e cTunB yHuBepcuTeTœoM ^unoco^uu, b ^Tux pa6oTax He HaMTu cTporux paccy^geHuM, nocBarn,eHHtix gByM BaœHeâmuM gna neru $paH^3CKuM ^unoco^aM. PenB ugeT, HanpoTuB, o CBoe-ro poga MeTa^u3UHecK0-^0^TUHecKux coo6pa»eHuax o 3>paHn,uu, ^paH^y3CK0M ygene, <£paH^3CK0M KynBType, <£paH^y3CK0M McropMM. KaK y^e roBopunocB, «ConyrcTByrom,aa 3aMeTKa 0 r-He ^eKapTe u geKapT0BCK0M ^unoco^uu» o6opBanacB Ha nonycnoBe; ogHaKo to conocTaBneHue $paH^y3CK0M u HeMe^K0M Ha^uM, KoTopoe cocraB-naeT oguH u3 uHTennercryanBHtix HepB0B 3Toro Tpyga, 0Ka3an0CB CBoeo6pa3HWM MucrunecKuM npegB0cxurn,eHueM gByx rpagyrn,ux
77
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH »OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6blTne
CTO-KHOBeHMM OpaH^MM m repMaHuu B MupoBMx BOMHax. Bot none-My b 3aK-roHeHMe HameM pa6oTti npegcTaB-HeTCH ^e-ecoo6pasHWM npuBecTu pyccKUM nepeBog HecKO-bKux Hau6o-ee xaparcrepHBix ^parMeHTOB npegcMepTHoro Tpyga neru, gono-HUB ero KpaTKUM MCTOpMKO-^M-O-OrUHeCKMM KOMMeHTapueM.
mAPJIb nErU O BOHHE, rEPMAHHH H $PAH^HH ($PArMEHTM «3AMETKH O r-HE flEKAPTE H flEKAPTOBCKOH $H^OCO$HH»)
«Hacmo ^oeopam o eoûHe xax o ^p0Ma^H0û ^y^nu, ^y^nu Mewdy HapodaMu u - 63auMoo6pa3Ho - nacmo ^oeopam o ^y^nu xax o, max cxa3amb, pedyu,upoeannoû, cxeMamu3upoeaHHoû, eoûHe Mewdy dey-Mñ undueudaMu. roeopam o eoûHe xax o ^y^nu ôonbwo^o Macmmaôa u o ^y^nu xax eoûHe Mano^o Macmmaôa. ^mo - eenuxoe 3aônywdenue. Bo3mowho, MHowecmeo 3nanumenbnux ucmopunecxux neacnocmeû M0WH0 ôuno ôu pacceamb, MHowecmeo 3ampydHeHuû pa3pemumb, ecnu ôu mu b monnocmu pa3nunanu, nmo ecmb dea euda, poda boûhu u nmo onu, eo3Mowno, ne uMewm Mewdy coôoû Hune^o oôw¡e^o. R dawe ne cxawy, nmo dpeenaa ôopbôa 3a wu3Hb pa3denunacb na dea poda: ôopbôa 3a necmb u ôopbôa 3a enacmb. R ne cxawy maxwe, nmo ^mu dea poda eoûnu uMewm oô^ee npoucxowdenue. R cxawy: ecmb dea poda eoûnu, xomopue, eo3Mowno, ne uMewm Mewdy coôoû Hune^o oô^e^o u xomopue, meM ne Menee, nocmoanno cMewueanucb u nepeMewueanucb e ucmopuu. fleûcmeumenbno, odna npoucxodum om ^y^nu, a ^py^aa om nee eoece ne npoucxodum. Odna eoûna - ^mo pacmupenue ^y^nu, ôyxeanbno: ^y^nb Mewdy napodaMu. Ecmb pod eoûnu, xomopaa aenaemca eoûnoû 3a necmb, u ecmb coeepmenno dpy-^oû pod eoûnu, xomopaa aenaemca ôopbôoû 3a ^ocno^cmeo. nepeaa npoucxodum om dysnu. npedcmaenaem coôoû dysnb. Bmopaa ne
78
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) ► Event
uMeem nuuezo oô^ezo c ^muM nauanoM. Bonee mozo, 0Ha KaK Henh3a 6onee uywda ^y^nu, KodeKcy uecmu. Xoma He uywda zepou3Ma. Ecmh pod eoûnU, Komopaa aenaach eoûnoû 3a uecmh, npedcmae-naem co6oû eoûny 3a eeunocmh. M ecmh pod eoûnU, Komopaa aenaach eoûnoû 3a zocnodcmeo, npedcmaenaem co6oû eoûny 3a npexoda^ee, epeMennoe.
Ecmh pod eoûnbi, e KomopoM znaenoe - cpawenue, u ecmh pod boûhu, zde znaenoe - no6eda.
Ecmh pod boûhu, dna Komopoû ôecuecmnaa noôeda (npu noMo^u npedamenhcmea, nanpuMep) naMnozo xywe (caMa MUcnh o neû neeU-nocuMa), ueM nouemnoe nopawenue (mo ecmh, nopawenue eUnyMden-noe, sacnywennoe e uecmnoû cxeamKe).
M ecmh pod eoûnU, dna Komopoû ycnex onpaedUeaem ece, pod eoûHU, dna Komopoû uywda caMa MUcnh, umo Mowem ÔUmh KaKaa-mo ôecuecmnaa eoûna: eedh eawno noôedumh, pod eoûnU, dna Komopoû uywda caMa MUcnh, umo Mowem ÔUmh ôecuecmnaa noôeda. Ecmh pod eoûnU, zde ece ycmpeMneno k Kpacome cpawenua, u ecmh pod eoûnU, zde ece ycmpeMneno k npoeo3znamenuw noôedU. Ecmh pod eoûnU, zde ece ycmpeMneno k eUcKa3Ueanuw, u ecmh dpyzoû pod eoûnU, zde ece ycmpeMneno k npoeo3znamenuw. Ecmh maKoû pod eoûnU, zde ece ycmpeMneno k nocmanoeKe npoôneMU u dpyzoû, zde ece ycmpeMneno k pa3pemenuw npoôneM. Ecmh eoûna, Komopaa cmpeMumca k nocmanoeKe npoôneM u ecmh dpyzaa, Komopaa cmpeMumca nocKopee ux pa3pewumh. Ecmh eoûna, umo ycmpeMnena k pUU,apcmey, u ecmh dpyzaa, umo ycmpeMneHa K uMnepuu.
^mu dea poda eoûnU nocmoanno ôonee unu Menee cea3anU Mewdy co-ôoû e eoennoû u nonumuuecKoû ucmopuu: onu nepennemawmca MeMdy coôoû, peym noaeuewueca cea3u, cMewueawmca u pa3nmawmca.
79
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH »OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6blTne
no eceû ucmopuu nenoeexa u Mupa ohu nocmoamo ecmynawm e cow-3u, Me3anhmcu, pa3eodamca. Mwwecmeo HeacHocmeû momho 6uno 6bi npoacHumh, MHowecmeo mpydHocmeû pa3pewumh, ecnu 6u He npodonManu ux nymamh [...]
Momho cKa3amh, umo e HuHemHeM, ModepHoM Mupe $paHU,y3bi ece ew,e aenawmca npeeocxodHUMu u, bo3momho, eduHcmeeHHbiMu nped-cmaeumenaMu puu,apcKoû pacu (cmpo^o onpedenemoû sume), mo^^a KaK HeMU,bi aenawmca caMUMu HenpeMeHHUMu u, bo3momho, eduH-cmeeHHbiMu npedcmaeumenaMu ^0cn0^CK0û pacu. HMeHHo no^moMy mu Huuymh He npeyeenmueaeM, KO^^a eepuM, nmo eech Mup 3auHme-pecoeaH e conpomueneHuu &paHU,uu HeMev,KUM nocrnamenhcmeaM. H nmo BMecme c HaMu czmem eech Mup. H ^mo ôydem Mup ceo6odu. H maKUM oôpa3oM - Mup 6na^o^amu.
repMaHuu HUKO^^a He nepexpoumh &paHU,uu. ^mo eonpoc pacu, poda. HuKO^^a eû He nepexpoumh ceo6odu, 6na^o^amu. repMaHuu HUKO^^a Hunezo He nepexpoumh xpoMe ceoeû uMnepuu u ceoezo ^ocno^cmea. ^da $paHU,y3bi ^oeopam, nmo ohu xpoam xonoHuanhHyw uMnepuw, He HyMHo um eepumh. &paHU,y3bi pacnpocmparnwm ceo6odu. ^da HanoneoH nona^an, umo ornoeuean Heoô^amHyw uMnepuw, He HyMHo eMy eepumh. Oh pacnpocmpaHan ceo6odu[...]. ^ma «uMnepua» 6una cucmeMoû ceoôod. Ceûrnc ^mo oueeudw. Bce Hapodu, xomopue eu-mecHunu «uMnepuw», nonoMunu cmo namhdecam nem Ha mo, umoôu daMe He npeycnemh omeoeeamh ceôe Hexomopue U3 ceoôod, xomopue «uMnepua» Hecna um, Huuymh ^mo^o He ocmepe^aach, e xoôypax um-nepcxux yname, e noxodHux cyHdyxax uMnepcxux MapxumaHmox. Hacmoa^ee uydo e moM, nmo co eceM ceouM uMnepcxuM annapamoM HeMU,u doôunuch He ôonhme ueM mu, co eceM HamuM nnaueeHbiM ôec-nopadxoM e ceoôode. Haeeprnxa ecmh e ^moû nnaueewû ceoôode
80
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
KaKoû-mo ôonbwoû cexpem. p,o6podemenb. Ena^o^amb. HydecHaa cuna. nopadoK (^py^oû).
H He xouy cKa3amb, umo mu cmouM ôonbwe, ueM ^py^ue. Mu - ^mo pod, paca. HeMV,u ^py^o^o poda, ^py^oû pacu. (Mu - zpewHuKu). Mu He ecezda ôueaeM xopowuMu yuumenaMu. 3amo ecezda - dypHUMu npaeumenaMu.
Mu npemepneeaeM ecex decnomoe, oco6emo ecnu ohu nonynapHU, mu u3 pacu nwdeû ceo6odu. Ceo6oda - yHuKanbHoe 6nazo, ^pa^o^eHHoe do yHuKanbHocmu. HeMV,u eeKaMu He M0^nu ocrneamb ceoeû uMnepuu, a K0^^a HaKoHeu, nepeocrneanu, mo ucKnwuumenbHo Ha Hawux pyuHax, copoK uemupe ^o^a Ha3ad, ohu u3 pacu nwdeû uMnepuu u ecezda ma-kumu 6unu. Cea^eHHaa ^epMaH0-puMCKaa uMnepua. B ^moM maKMe npmma mo^o, umo e repMaHuu HUK0^^a He M0^na podumbca ucmuHHaa $unoco$ua ceoôodu, hu darne ucmuHHo ceoôod-Hoe MbiwneHue. Ceo6odoû HeMvui Ha3ueawm mo, umo mu Ha3ueaeM doôpoeonbHUM paôcmeoM. To, umo ohu m3ueawm cou,uanu3M0M, mu Ha3ueaeM ManKuM neeou,eHmpu3M0M.
A umo HeMvui m3ueawm peeonwv,ueû, mu Ha3ueaeM 3aKomemuM K0Hcepeamu3M0M.
B ^moM maKMe npmma, umo maKaa $unoco$ua, KaK $unoco$ua Eep^coHa, e cy^Hocmu ceoeû nuôepanbHaa u nuôepmapma, npuueM He monbKo no cucmeMe, ho u no cepdvy), no pody, M0^na noaeumbca monb-Ko Ha $paHU,y3cK0M a3UKe, Ha $paHy,y3cKoû 3eMne, eo $paHy,y3cKoû Kynbmype. TonbKo $paHU,y3cma ceoôoda M0^na eunumbca e maKoû KoHKpemHuû cnyuaû, KaK 6ep^coHoecKaa ceo6oda. HMemo no^moMy $unoco$ua Eep^coHa KaK Henb3a ôonee npomueononowrn HeMev,K0My MUwneHuw. (H uMew e eudy 6ep^coHoecKoe MbiwneHue u 6ep^coHoe-cKyw ceo6ody) (Péguy 1992:1342-1347).
81
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH «OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6uT«e
HCTOPHKO-$H^O.nOrHHECKHH KOMMEHTAFHH
npe^ge Bcero HecKo.BKo c.ob b o6tacHeHue Ha3BaHua. Cor.acHo u3BiCKaHuaM $paH^3CKux TeKCTo.oroB, u «ConyrcTByrom,aa 3a-MeTKa o r-He geRapTe u geRapToBCRoM $m.oco^mm», m «3aMeTKa o r-He EeprcoHe u 6eprcoHOBCKOM $m.oco^mm» BocxogaT k 3aMBic.y guccepTaauu «0 cuTyaauu, b KOTopyro 6w.a nocTaB.eHa ucTopua b o6m,eM $m.oco^mm coBpeMeHHoro Mupa» (Péguy 1992: 1764). ^aHp 3aMeTKu (la note) oTCBi.aeT b nepByro oHepegB k TaKoMy Bugy yneHoM m.m yHMBepcuTeTCKoM pa6oTBi, KaK pa6oHue «3aMeTKu Ha no.ax» KaKoM-Hu6ygB KHuru, CTaTBu u.u pyKonucu; BMecTe c TeM oh co-oTHocuTca c pa6oneM, HepHoBoM 3anucBro, cge.aHHoM b CBa3u c 3a-mhcíom KaRoro-.u6o coHMHeHMa; TaK m.m uHane, b HaHa.e XX BeRa, Korga neru pa6oTaeT Hag cbommm ^cce, ®:aHp 3aMeTKu oraocuTca k aKageMunecKoM ^opMe nucBMa, uMerom,eM nogroTOBMTe.BHBiM, npegBapuTe.nBHWM xapaKTep, hto npegonpege.aeT HeRyro «Henog-cygHocTB» CTu.a ero ^u.oco^CTBoBaHua, ero He3aBucuMocTB ot yHu-BepCMTeTCKoM MHCTMTyH,MM.
napagoKca.BHocTB ^u.oco^CRoro BBiCRa3BiBaHua ycu.uBaeTca Hepe3 6M0^pa^M3a^Mro MeToga paccy^geHua, Korga b BBipa^eHuu «3aMeTKa o T-He...» ^aHp yneHoM 3aMeTKu HanpaB.aeTca Ha .mh-hoctb, nepcoHa® ^u.oco^a. geMCTBMTe.BHo, ec.u npuHaTB, hto 3ar.aBua gByx scce neru npaMo oTCBi.aroT k caMoM M3BecTHoM 6uo-rpa^uu geKapTa, npuHag.e»am,eM nepy A. EaMe (1649-1706) «^m3hb r-Ha geKapTa (1691), to npuxoguTca npu3HaTB, hto neru y6e^geH, hto tot, kto mbic.mt, npegBocxum,aeT caMo MwmaeHue: Ha MecTo cogito ergo sum BBigBuraeTca sum ergo cogito. B stom n.aHe noKa-3aTe.BHo, hto uMeHHo b «ConyrcTByrom,eM 3aMeTKe o r-He geRapTe u geKapToBCRoM ^m.oco^mm» noaB.aeTca egBa .u He caMoe 3HaMe-
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
HMTOe BBICKa3BIBaHMe neru 06 OcHOBOnOAO^HuKe KapTe3MHCTBa, KOTopoe n0BceMecTH0 ^MTMpyeTca bo $paH^3œux KapTe3MaHCRMx pa3Mwm.eHMax: «B mctopmm ^m.oco^mm ^eKapT Bcerga 6ygeT ^TMM $paH^3cKWM meBa.Be, kotopwm TpoHy,ca Bnepeg TaKMM go6pBiM a,,K>poM» (Péguy 1992: 1280).
npoTMBonocraB,neHMe HeMe^K0M u <£pa^y3cK0M Ha^MM, KOTopoe npoxoguT KpacHOM hmtbw no BceMy ^parMemy, 0cH0BBiBaeTca Ha KOH^^MM flByX BMflOB BOMHBi, KaK 6ygT0 g,a nerM MMeHHO BOMHa
KaK co6wTue, ,0Marom,ee xog ucTopuu, aB,aeTca cBoero poga Mepu-,om cym,ecTBa, co6wTua, npumecTBua Ha^MM. npu 3tom caM ctm,b ^u,oco^cKoro paccy^geHua npuHMMaeT ^opMH KaTacrpo^HnecKoro co6wTua: HecMOTpa Ha to, hto BoeHHBie geMcTBua em,e He Hana,ucB, mbic,b neru »uBeT cTuxueM bomhbi u,u, no MeHBmeM Mepe, gyanu, K0T0paa g,a Hero aB,aeTca ^Ta,0H0M 6opb6bi 3a aoctouhctbo, HecTB u BenHocTB, b OT^unue ot uMnepcKoro 3aB0eBaHua TeppuTopuM, He-u3MeHH0 npeBaToro BpeMeHHocTBro, ho He ucKnroHarom,ero repou3Ma nogo6H0 MHoruM coBpeMeHHuKaM Hana,a BeKa, neru cn0K0MH0 onepupyeT noHaTueM «paca», KOTopoe b ero mbic,u cooTHocuTca He c 6uo,orueM, ho c Ha^MeM KaK HeKuM gyxoBHBiM ^pMH^M^0M, cbo-ero poga ^K3MCTeH^Ma,BHWM bbi6opom, 0cH0BaHHBiM Ha noHaTuu cBo6ogw. Hau.ua b mbic,u neru HuKorga He cBoguTca k BonpocaM poga, TeppuTopuu, a3BiKa, K0T0pwe Heu3MeHH0 urparor y Hero bto-pocreneHHyro po,B, Torga KaK noc,egHee c,obo Bcerga ocTaeTca 3a cBo6ogoM, bot noneMy b gyanBHOM 3ana,e eMy cynaeTca neperu6aTB na,Ky u npegcTaB,aTB uMnepcKue aM6M^MM Hano,eoHa 6opb6om 3a ycTaH0B,eHue b EBpone cucreMBi cBo6og, KaK ec,u 6bi caM oh npega-Ba, 3a6BeHuro Ty npocTyro mbic,b, hto cBo6oga Hapoga, HaBa3aHHaa u3BHe, rpaHunuT, c ogHoM cropoHBi, c gecn0Tu3M0M, Torga KaK c gpy-roM - c np0u3B0,0M, bo BcaKOM c,ynae, c Hacu,ueM, MM^epMa,M3M0M.
83
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH »OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6blTne
To »e caMoe npoucxoguT c ^M.oco^MeM CBo6ogw BeprcoHa, KOTopaa c TeM »e gyanBHBiM a3apTOM npoTUBonocTaB.a.acB gyx0BH0My CTporo HeMen,KOM mbic.m, o.Mn,eTBopeHMeM KOTopoM aB.a.ca g.a neru KaHT.
B 3aK.roneHue Heo6xoguMO eme pa3 noBTopuTB, hto Hau,uoHa-.M3M neru HMKOMM 06pa30M He npUHMMaeT ^OpM paCMCTCKOß M.M Ha^M0Ha.MCTMHecK0ß goKTpuHw, paca g.a Hero ecTB He uHoe, KaK eguHCTBeHHoe, MCK.roHMTe.BHoe b CBoeM poge co6wTue, Hanogo6ue npumecTBua, 6.arogaru - la race=la grâce - u »epTBonpuHomeHua. TaK M.M MHaHe, ho c.egyeT no.araTB, hto uMeHHO BOMHCTBeHHwß HacTpoß Mwc.M C0geßCTB0Ba. Heo6wHaßHOMy ycu.eHuro cnoco6-HOCTM KpMTMHeCKOrO Cy»geHMa ^U.OCO^a, MUCTUHeCKUM 06pa30M npegBOcxMTMBmero m xog Be.MKOM bomhbi, m ucxog TpeTBero peßxa. $
84
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
^MTepaTypa
bhbhxhh, b.b., 2010: Cnoeo u co6bimue. nucamenb unumepamypa. M.: PyccKMM OoHg CogencTBMa 06pa30BaHMro u HayKe.
KAPTAmEB, n.B., 2009: Hapnb nezu o numepamype, $unoco$uu, xpucmuaHcmee. M.: O.MHTa, HayKa.
nogoporA, b.a., 2010: Co6wTMe // Hoean $unoco$cmn ^H^UKnone^m: e 4 m. M.: Mweai, <http://iphlib.ru/ greenstone3/library/collection/newphilenc/document/ HASH0i39acd568bdd24f76i99339> 23. 10. 2016.
PEHbE, $., 2003: Te3MCW K gM^Mn.MHe, MMeHyeMOM
«.MTepaTypa» (nep. c C. OoKMHa nog peg. C. 3eHKMHa) // HÏÏO 2003, Ne 59. <http://magazines.russ.ru/nlo/2003/59/ren. html> 23.10.2016.
TAHMAHOBA, t. c., 2006: fflapnb nezu: $unoco$m ucmopuu u
numepamypa. Cn6.: OM.o.orMnecKMM ^aKy.BTeT Cn6ry; H3g-B0 C.-neTep6. yH-Ta,.
$okhh, c.^., 2003: PoccMa b reono.MTMKe no.a Ba.epu // H^O 2003, Ne 2 (60). 106-124.
BENVENiSTE, e., 1966: Problèmes de linguistique générale. I. Paris: Gallimard.
Bergson, a., 2011: Écrits philosophiques/Sous la direction de F. Worms. Paris: PUF.
CASSiN, b. (Sous la direction), 2004: Vocabulaire Européen des
philosophies, dictionnaire des intraduisibles. Paris: Seuil/Le Robert.
DELEuzE, g., 1969: Logique du sens. Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit.
EUROPE, 2014: Charles Péguy // Europe, ^1024-1025 (août-septembre 2014).
85
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH »OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6blTne
leroy, g., 2014: Charles Péguy, l'inclassable. Paris:
Éditions Armand Colin. péguy, m., 1941: Le destin de Charles Péguy. Paris: Librairie
académique Perrin. péguy, ch., 1988: Œuvres en prose complètes. II. Paris: Gallimard. péguy, ch., 1992: Œuvres en prose complètes. III. Paris: Gallimard. stengers, i., 2014: La thèse que Péguy n'a jamais écrite // Europe,
Nfi1024-1025 (août-septembre 2014). 31-67. teyssier, a., 2014: Charles Péguy. Paris: Perrin. thibaudet, a., 1927: La République des Professeurs. Paris: Grasset. worms, f., riquier, c., chantre, b. (Sous la direction), 2015. Pensée de Péguy. Paris: DDB.
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
Pe3MMe
Hcxoga u3 Mwcau ^uaa ^eae3a, coraacHO kotopom co6wTue ecTB, npe^ge Bcero, cMBica, onpegeaarorca raaBHwe 3aganu Hacroam,eM pa6oTw: BO-nepBHx, peHB ugeT 0 Hau.uu KaK cBoero poga aBaeHuu, b tom Hucae b caMOM cuaBHOM 3HaneHuu ^T0^0 caoBa - npumecTBue Hau.uu, KaK roBopaT, 0 npumecTBuu Xpucra; bo-btophx, uMeHHO b ^T0M cMwcae npumecTBua Hau.ua KaK co6wTue o6Hapy»uBaeT cbom 6oaee uau MeHee HeonpegeaeHHBiM, Heo6a3aTeaBHBiM xapaKTep: b ^T0M cMwcae no-pyccKu roBopaT «®gaTB go BToporo npumecTBua», to ecTB co6wTue Hau.uu MO^eT caynuTBca, a MO^eT u He caynuTBca; B-TpeTBux, Hau.ua KaK co6wTue - ^T0 ucTopua, paccKa3, HappaTuB 0 npumecTBuu Hau,uu; B-neTBepTBix, u ^T0 caMBiM nenaaBHBiM cMBica gaHHoro BBipa^eHua, Hau.ua KaK co6wTue 3aKaronaeT b ce6e cMBica yxoga Hau.uu b ucTopuro, b npomaoe, b ucTopunecKoe He6wTue.
Pa3yMeeTca, npegao^eHHaa TpaKTOBKa noHaTua Hau,uu KaK co-6htuh uMeeT ucKaronuTeaBHO HacTHHM, Heo6a3aTeaBHBiM xapaKTep: OHa cao^uaacB b xoge pa6oTH c TeKcTaMu fflapaa neru (1873-1914) BBigarom,eroca ^paHu,y3cKoro MBicauTeaa, nucaTeaa, ^o^Ta, ny6au-u,ucTa. ^0^T0My 3agaHu pa6oTH MoryT 6htb BBipa^eHBi 6oaee tohho caegyrom,uM 06pa30M: HaM Ba^HO ocTaHOBuTBca Ha xapaKTepucTuKe nocMepTHoro conuHeHua ^uaoco^a, KOTopoe uMeeT gauHHoe u He-npocToe 3araaBue: «ConyTcTByrom,aa 3aMeTKa 0 r-He ,fl,eKapTe u geKap-tobckom ^uaoco^uu» u npegcraBuTB MCKamMTeaBH0 opuruHaaBHoe BugeHue cym,ecTBa $paHu,y3cK0M Hau,uu, BBipa^eHHOM neru b ^T0M pa6oTe. OguH u3 raaBHBix napagoKcoB 3tom KOHu.enu.uu 3aKaronaeT-ca b tom, hto, BHMga u3 nog nepa MBicauTeaa 6yKBaaBH0 HaKaHyHe BeauKOM bomhh (1914), OHa MucTuHecKuM 06pa30M npegBocxuTuaa u xapaKTep npegcToarn,ero BoeHHoro KOH^auKra, u nocaegyrom,uM xog
87
CEPrEM flEOHHflOBHH »OKHH - Hamflfl KaK co6blTne
eBponeMcKoM ucTopuu, BHjMBmMMca b 1939 rogy b HOByro KpoBaByro 6omhm. 06pam,aeTca BHMMaHMe TaR^e, hto KOH^e^^Ma $paH^3-ckom Ha^MM, npegcTaB^eHHaa $m.hoco$om b cBoeM «^eKapTe» ot-^MnaeTca cBoeo6pa3HBiM HTe^^eRTya^tHWM ^KCTpeMM3MOM M, KaK ^TO HM napagoKca^BHO, Moraa ou,eHMBarBca KaK «HauMOHa^-coaua-^M3M» avant lettre: bo BcaKOM c^ynae, OHa BocnpuHMMa^acB TaROBoM $paH^3cRMMu nucare-naMu npaBoro TO^Ra. B xoge aHanu3a ^TOM KOHu,enu,MM Hau,Mu B cTaTBe ycraHaB.nMBaeTca, hto Hau.ua b mhcjm neru HUKorga He cBoguTca k BonpocaM poga, TeppuTopuu, a3BiKa, KOTopwe Heu3MeHHO urparoT y Hero BTopocreneHHyro po^B, Torga KaK nocnegHee chobo Bcerga ocTaeTca 3a cBo6ogoM. Bot noneMy eMy c^ynaeTca neperu6aTB na^Ky m npegcTaB^aTB uMnepcRue aM6uu,MM Hano^eoHa 6opb6om 3a ycTaHOB^eHue b EBpone cucTeMBi cBo6og. To »e caMoe npoucxoguT c ^u^oco^ueM cBo6ogw BeprcoHa, ROTopaa ^ecTKO npoTMBonocTaB^a^acB gyxoBHOMy cTporo HeMeuROM mmc^M, o^uu^TBopeHueM KOTopoM aB.na.nca g^a neru KaHT.
Cep^eü fieoHudoôun &OKUH
Cep^eü Meonudoeuu &okuh — doKmop fyunono^u^ecKux HayK, dou,enm, 3aeedyww,uü Ka^edpoü HeMe^K0^0, poMancxux u cxandunaecxux n3UKoe u nepeeoda CaHKm-^emep6yp^cK0^0 ^0cy^apcmeeHH0^0 ^K0H0Mu^ecK0^0 ynueepcumema; npofieccop Kafyeôpu Mewducu,unnunapHbix uccnedoea-nuü e oônacmu a3biK06 u numepamypu Cnôry. Cfyepa nayunux u meop-necxux unmepecoe: ucmoprn udeü, $panu,y3cKaa numepamypa, pyccKan numepamypa u $unoco$ua, pyccK0-fypanu,y3cKue unmenneKmyanbnue ce%3u, neMeu,Ko-^panuy3cKue Kynbmypnue 63auMoceñ3u, no^muKa meK-cma, ucmopua, meoprn, fyunocofyua. nepeeoda. Aemop MH0^ux cmameü no yKa3annoü meMamuKe u paôa M0H0^pa$uü: «Anbôep KaMW. PoMan.
88
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
&unoco$m. Mu3Hb», Cn6,1999; «KopM Eamaû: &unoco$-ßHe-ce6a», Cn6, 2002, «naccaMu: ^mK^bl o Eodnepe». Cn6,2011, «&rnypbi fiocmoeecKo^o eo $paHy,y3CKoû numepamype XX eem». Cn6,2013.
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repMeHeBTMKa no3TMHecKoro coöbitmh
$ AAHH3^b YHTOBHH OP^OB ► dan_orlov@mail.ru
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
The article contains two parts. The first part - «Philosophy vs. poetry» - is considered to the long-time historic controversy between philosophy and poetry, which formerly has begun by Plato, about the question of superiority and difference of poetic utterance and philosophical judgment. It is briefly described the positions of A. Badiou, J. Baudrillard and M. Heidegger concerning the function of poetry in the contemporary philosophical discourse. The second part - «"Drinking the wine of archaisms...": on the poetry of Victor Kryvulin» - is devoted to the remarkable poet, important representative of Leningrad's «second culture». It offers an attempt of «immanent reading» of several thematic lines in Victor Kryvulin's poetic creativity, a kind of reconstruction of his «poetic myth».
PHILOSOPHY, HERMENEUTICS, POETRY, ANCIENT POETICS, SUTURE, EVENT, «IMMANENT INTERPRETATION», LENINGRAD'S «SECOND CULTURE», POETIC CREATIVITY OF VICTOR KRIVULIN
CTaTBa cogep^uT gBe Hacru. nepBaa HacTB - <«5u.oco$ua vs. ^o^3ua» - nocBam;eHa g.uTe.BH0M ucropu-necKoM Ta^6e Me^gy ^u.oco^ueM u ^o^3ueM, Hana.o KoTopoM no.o^u. n.aToH, no Bonpocy o nepBeHcTBe u pa3.uHuu ^0^TUHecK0^0 BBicKa3Bi-BaHua u ^u.oco^cKoro cy^geHua. KpaTKo o6o3HaneHH no3uu;uu A. EagBM, EogpuMapa u M. XaMgerre-pa oTHocuTe.BHo $yHKu;uu ^o^3uu b paMKax coBpeMeHHoro ^u.oco^cKoro gucKypca. BTopaa nacTB - «"Hbm bmho apxau3M0B.": o ^o^3uu BuKTopa Kpu-By.uHa» - npegcTaB.aeT co6oM no-nwTKy «uMMaHeHTHoro npoiTeHua» HecK0.BKUx TeMaTUHecKUx .UHUM ^0^TUHecK0^0 TBopnecTBa 3HanuMoro npegcTaBUTe.a .eHUHrpagcKoM «bto-poM Ky.BTypw» BuKTopa KpuBy.uHa, cBoero poga peK0HcrpyKu;uw ero «^0^TUHecK0^0 Mu^a».
$H^OCO$H3, rEPMEHEBTHKA, ^o^3Ha, ahth^has ^o^THKA, mOB, COEHTHE, «HMMAHEHTHOE nPO^TEHHE», ^EHHHrPAflCKAa «BTOPA3 KYHbTYPA», TBOP^ECTBO BHKTOPA KPHBYJIHHA
91
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTUKa ^c^TH4ecKc^o coöbiTUfl
®H^OCO®Hfl vs. ^0^3Hfl
1. OnwT, npeg'BaB.aeMwm coBpeMeHHwMu ^opMaMu ^U.OCO^CKO-ro gucKypca, xapaKTepu3yeTca, no npu3HaHuro paga aBTopoB, KaK nepuog yTpaTw ^u.oco^ueM CBoero cyBepeHUTeTa, gocTurmero Hau60.ee no.Horo Bwpa^eHua b rere.eBCK0M yneHuu, - b HacTHO-CTu, b noHaTMM «a6co.roTHoro gyxa». Ou.oco^ua, KOTopaa uMeeT ocHOBaHue b caMOM ce6e, ycrynu.a MecTO TaKOMy cnoco6y $u.o-co^CTBOBaHua, rge ^T0 OcHOBaHue paguKa.bH0 CMem,eH0, 3epKa.b-HO pa3gB0eH0, a .ro6oe cy^geHue Hy^gaeTca b g0n0.HUTe.bH0M BcrpeHHOM apryMeHTe, hto6w o6pecTu gocraroHHyro CTeneHb go-CTOBepHOCTM. A. Baflbw b «MaHM^ecre ^m.oco^mm» yKa3wBaeT neTtipe npocTpaHCTBa, kotopwm ^u.oco^ua ge.erupoBa.a cbom cyBepeHUTeT: MaTeMa, u.u o6.acTb HayHHoro 3HaHua, ^o^Ma, u.u c^epa xygo^ecTBeHHoro onwTa, no.uTUKa u .ro6oBb. K. MeMacy go6aB.aeT em,e oguH HeManoBa^Hwrn apryMeHT - pe.uru03HwM: «K0He^ MeTa$M3MKM b noucKax ocHOBaHua CBOux npuTa3aHMM Ha a6co.WT npuHa. ^opMy B03Bpam,eHua k KpaMHen pe.uru03H0CTu. H.U TaK: KOHeu, ugeo.oruM npuHa. ^opMy 6e3pa3ge.bH0M no6egw pe.uruo3Horo» (MeMacy 62). ^.a onucaHua c.o»uBmeMca cuTy-a^uu Bagbro ucno.b3yeT noHaTue «moB» (la suture), roBopa 0 tom, hto $M.oco$ua HeK0T0pwM 06pa30M «nogmuTa» (suturer) k ^TUM npocTpaHCTBaM, u.u, bo3mo^ho, TOHHee 6w.o 6w cKa3aTb - cmuTa c HUMU. npu 3tom MMeHHO ^o^3ua - bo BcaKOM c.yHae, b Tpafluu,uu, CBa3aHH0M c uMeHeM XaMgerrepa, - 0Ka3wBaeTca MecTOM Hau60.ee n.OTHwx m 3HaHMTe.bHwx mBOB: «B nepuog, KOTopwm OTKpwBaeTca, b o6rn,eM u ^.om, cpa3y noc.e Tere.a, b nepuog, Korga $u.oco$ua 3anacTyro nogmuTa .u6o k HayHHOMy, .u6o k no.uTunecKOMy yc-.OBuaM, ^o^3ua B3a.a HeK0T0pwe U3 ee ^yHKu,uM Ha ce6a. K TOMy
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
BcaKMM cornacuTca, hto penB 3gecB ugeT o nepuoge gna ^T0^0 ucKyccTBa MCKnronMTenBHOM. TeM He MeHee tom ^o^3ueM u uMe-HaMu, o kotopwx mw roBopuM, Bca no33ua u Bce no3Tw ganeKo He MCHepnwBaroToa. PenB ugeT o Tex, HBe TBopnecTBO HenocpegcTBeHHo pacn03HaBaeM0 KaK paöoTa Mwcnu, gna Koro nosMa, KaK pa3 TaM, rge npoöyKcoBWBaeT ^unoco^ua, oKa3WBaeTca b a3WKe MecToM, rge CBepmaeTca cy^geHue o 6wtmm u o BpeMeHu» (BagBro 43); «C Toro MoMeHTa KaK ^unoco^ua nwTaeTca nogmuTBca k nosranecKuM ycnoBuaM, KaHoHunecKue npegcraBuTenu BeKa nosTOB craHoBaT-ca npegMeToM ^unoco^cKoro u36paHHunecTBa» (45). Ourypa nos-Ta-u36paHHuKa, B3aBmero Ha ce6a pa6oTy Mwcnu, cTaBuT Bonpoc o nepBeHcTBe u ckpwtom 6opB6e, KoTopaa c hobom cunoM bo3o6hob-naeTca Ha nonBe coBpeMeHHoM ^unoco^uu: kto coBepmaeT ot6op u BMeHaeT no3Ty cTaTyc u36paHHuKa? ^Ta npuBunerua ocTaeTca 3a ^unoco^oM - b onpegeneHHoM cMwcne mw Mo^eM roBopuTB o tom, hto, nognuHaa no BuguMocTu ^unoco^cKyro penB nosTunecKoMy cnoBy, ^unoco^ ogHoBpeMeHHo o6xogHBiM MaHeBpoM ocym.ecTB.naeT pea6unm^uro cboux cyBepeHHwx npuTa3aHuM. Oh coxpaHaeT 3a co6oM BnageHue uHCTaH^ueM Bnacru, npaBo nocnegHero, pemaro-m,ero cnoBa. TaK, M. XaMgerrep, npoBo3rnacuB u o6ocHoBaB ugero «npeogoneHua MeTa^u3uKu», 3aTeM - Ha cnegyrom,eM mare - Haxo-guT bo3mo^hoctb ee 6onee ^yHgaMeHTanBHoro (gründender) ynpe^-geHua 3aHoBo b cboux nogpo6HeMmux nponTeHuax renBgepnuHa, b co3gaHuu u peanu3a^uu npoeKTa «no3Tu3upyrom,ero MwmneHua» (Dichtung und Denken, Dichtung-philosophie).
2. Co BpeMeH nnaToHa ^unoco^ ugeHTu^uu,upyeT ce6a He uHane, KaK nepe3 npoTuBonocraBneHue ^urype no3Ta. nnaToH TaK^e cran nepBwM, kto Bwpa6oTan KpuTepuu gna oT6opa ^0^T0B, BBen caM ^puH^u^ u36paHHunecTBa. B 6onee paHHux guanorax nnaroHoB-
93
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPAOB repMeHeBTUKa ^o^TH4ecKo^o co6^tua
1
^rarbi M3 gMajoroB njaroHa npMBo-garca no M3gaHMK, yKa3aHHOMy b cnucKe AMreparypbi.
ckmm CoKpaT BwgBMraeT ugeK MM^oreHHOM npupogwi ^o^TMHe-CKoro cjoBa u BHeHaxoguMocru ucroKa nosTMHecKoro TBopeHua. «üost - eciH tojbko oh xoneT 6bitb HacroamuM nosTOM - goj^eH tbopmtb mm^bi, a He paccy^geHua» (OegoH 61b)1. MecTo pa3Me^e-
BaHua o6o3HaneHo npegejiHo KoHKpeTHo - nosT aBjaeTca nosTOM b tom Mepe, b KaKoM He npeTeHgyeT 6bitb ^mjoco^om. Ho m b 3tom cjyHae oh Mo^eT oKa3aTBca KaK xopomuM, TaK u njoxMM nosTOM. B ogHoM M3 pa3roBopoB CoKpaT ynoMMHaeT nosTa TuHHuxa, koto-pwM cohmhmj oguH-eguHCTBeHHWM npeKpacHWM neaH, b gpyrux cbomx npou3BegeHuax 6bij 6e3gapeH. CoKpaT o6^acHaeT, hto jumi ogHa^gwi ero noceTMjo to, hto no3^e Ha3oByT «BgoxHoBe-HueM», - eguHo^gwi ero KocHyjoci 6o»ecrBo, u b stot MoMeHT oh npeBpaTMjca b ero ycTa, cgejajca ogep^MMWM, a «kto nogxogMT k nopory TBopHecrBa b yBepeHHocTM, hto oh 6jarogapa ogHoMy jumi ucKyccTBy cTaHeT M3pagHWM nosTOM, tot eme gajeK ot co-BepmeHcTBa: TBopeHua 3gpaBoMBicjam,ux 3aTMaTca TBopeHuaMM HeucToBwx» (Oegp 245a). HacroamuM nosT b 6yKBajiHoM cMwcje He BegaeT, hto tbopmt, nocKojiKy, Korga oh co3gaeT ctmxm, tobo-puT He oh, ho Hepe3 Hero roBopuT 6o»ecrBo. «üost - sto cymecrBo jerKoe, KpwjaToe u cBameHHoe; u oh mo^t tbopmtb jumi Torga, Korga cgejaeTca BgoxHoBeHHWM u uccrynjeHHBiM u He 6ygeT b HeM 6ojee paccygKa» (Hoh 534b). B gpyroM pa3roBope, Bo3Bpa-maaci b oHepegHoM pa3 k KpuTMKe roMepoBcKoro MM^a, CoKpaT b KaHecTBe ajiTepHaTUBw npuBoguT npuMep nosTa CTecuxopa. no jereHge, CTecuxop co3gaj nosMy, b kotopom Bo3Bej xyjy Ha EjeHy npeKpacHyK. 3a npoaBjeHHoe HeHecTue oh 6wj jumeH 6oraMM 3peHua. OgHaKo, roBopuT CoKpaT, «oh He 6wj TaK HegoragjMB, KaK roMep, ho noHaj npuHMHy» (Oegp 243a). B KaHecTBe oHucTMTeji-Horo puTyaja CTecuxop Hanucaj «najuHoguK» (o6paTHyK mjm
94
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
B03BpaTHyro necHt), rge B3an Ha3ag cbom npe»Hue cnoBa. 3aBepmuB nanuHoguro, CTecuxop npo3pen. ^Bu»eHue b CTpoe onTunecKux Me-Ta^op cnenoTa/npo3peHue npuxoguT Ha CMeHy nape paccy»geHue/ MCCTynneHue paHHux guanoroB nnaTOHa m 3HaMeHyeT nepexog k 060CH0BaHuro ugeu MMMeTMHecKon ^yH^uu ucKyccTBa, KOTopaa b Hau6onee pa3pa60TaHH0M Buge cogep»uTca b 3-m KHure «rocy-gapcTBa». Yhmhmb pacnpro ^unoco^a m ^o^Ta Ha noHBe mx 6nu3OCTM k MCTMHe, nnaTOH b KOHeHHOM CHeTe npu6eraeT k nonuTMHecKOMy apryMeHTy: ^o^T 6ontme He paccMaTpuBaeTca KaK urpymKa 6oroB unu MHCTpyMeHT mx BHCKa3HBaHMa, - Tenept ^unoco^ onpegenaeT M36paHHHM cTaTyc ^o^Ta m ero MecTo b 6htmm. Hto ^T0 3a MecTo? nnaTOH M3roHaeT ^o^Ta b MecTO, Hau6onee yganeHHoe ot mctmhh: «3Haemt nu th KaKon-nu6o 6onee ucKycHHn unu 6onee npuaTHBin Bug myTKM, HeM nogpa»aHue?» (Co^mct 234b); «3HaHUT, TaKUM 6ygeT m TBope^ Tparegun: pa3 oh nogpa»aTent, oh, ecTecTBeHHO, CTOMT Ha TpeTteM MecTe ot ^pa m ot mctmhh; tohho TaK »e m Bce ocTantHHe nogpa»aTenu» (rocygapcTBO 597e). Ka3anoct 6h, mm$ ^o^3MM nogBeprca pa3o6naneHuro m paccHnanca. OgHaKO Ha gene nnaTOH co3gan npen,egeHT, nermun b 0CH0By gnuTentHoro MCTopu-HecKoro paccnegoBaHua nognuHHon CBa3M ^o^3MM m ^unoco^CKoro MHmneHua - paccnegoBaHua, nepuogaMu BO3po»gaBmero b nonHyro cuny mh^ ^o^3MM m npMBogMBmero k npaMO 06paTH0My nopagKy cy»geHun: «[...] nocKontKy ^unoco^ua, a BMecTe c ^unoco^uen m Bce HayKM, cnegyromue 3a Hen no nyTM coBepmeHCTBOBaHua, 6Hnu po»geHH m nMTaeMH ^o^3MeM, to mo»ho o»ugaTt, hto, gocTurHyB CBoero 3aBepmeHua, ohm BepHyTca OTgentHHMu noTOKaMM b tot Bceo6m,MH OKeaH ^o^3MM, m3 KOToporo ohm BHmnu» (fflennuHr 4S5).
3. napagoKcantHHM 06pa30M ^unoco^ua 0Ka3HBaeTca Hau6onee nnoTHO «nogmuTa» k no33uu KaK CBoeMy MCTUHHOCTHOMy ycno-
95
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTUKa ^c^TH4ecKc^o coöbitufl
bmw He Torga, Korga ux oTHomeHMa pa3BMBaroTca KoMoneMenrapHo, Korga ohm B3aMMHO npoacHaroT m^m gono.raaroT gpyr gpyra, a Korga nocraB^eHM b cMTya^Mro ocTporo B3auMHoro no^eMoca (pa3Me»eBa-Hua, Auseinandersetzung, - ecnu ucn0.nB30BaTB TepMMH XaMgerrepa). PyguMeHToM poMaHTMHecKoro Mu^a ocraeTca npegcTaB^eHue o ^maoco^ckom ^o^3MM m^m ^0^TMHecK0M ^maoco^mm KaK HeKoM KeHTaBpe, b kotopom y»MBaroTca gBe npupogti m^m cpam,eHti gBe crapuHHtie ^opMw «no33uca». XoTa no33uro u ^u^oco^uro cö^u-»aeT npegMeTHocTB ux coöcraeHHBix peHeM (ohm roBopaT oö ogHoM m tom »e), ho 3to cö^u^eHue ocym,ecTB.naeTca, HanpoTMB, Hepe3 HapacTaHue B3auMHoro 0Tga.neHua, npoucxoguT b ^opMe pa3ptiBa. ^Be no3Mu,MM, BoB^eneHHwe bo B3auMHyro urpy, noMoraroT npoac-hmtb cym,ecTBo 3Toro pa3pwBa. OgHa onepneHa XaMgerrepoM, BTopaa - EogpuMapoM. no3Mn.ua XaMgerrepa b stom Bonpoce cBoguTca k ToMy, hto ^u^oco^cKoe ucr0.nK0BaHMe no33uu 0öa3aH0 ycrpaHaTB, cHMMaTB ceöa no Mepe coöcTBeHHoro pa3BepTtiBaHua, hto «pa3tac-Harom,aa peHB BcaKMM pa3 go^»Ha pa3ÖMBaTB ceöa u cBoro nonwTKy» (XaMgerrep 2003: 9). HgeanBHtiM pe3y.nBTaT0M ucrnnKoBaHMa aB-^aeTca ero noc^egoBaTe^BHoe caMoyHMHTo»eHue, u3o6^uHaro^ee ero BHHy»geHHyro m3Öhtohhoctb: «nocnegHutö - ho m caMBitö Tpyg-hbim - mar BcaKoro ucr0.nK0BaHMa coctomt b tom, htoöbi ucHe3HyTB BMecTe co cbommm pa3^acHeHuaMu nepeg hmctbim npegcToaHueM cTuxoTBopeHua» (TaM »e). Ho gaTB ucHe3HyTB ucTo^KoBaHuro - sto BoBce He ecTB aHHuru^anua aKTa noHMMaHMa c TeM, htoöw npe-KpaTMTB gBM»eHue pe^neKcuu m 3aMepeTB nepeg oöHa»MBmuMca cym,ecrB0M ^o^3MM. ^T0 3HaHMT c^egoBaTB b no^e ^0^TMHecK0^0 onwTa 3a BHyTpeHHeM paöoToM a3WKa, KoTopaa npou3BoguT BHe-3anHwM cgBur, - yHMHT0»aeT He to^bko ucranKoBaHue b npou,ecce ero pa3pacTaHua, ho m npegMeT 3Toro ucT0^K0BaHua b cnegoBaHuu
96
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
xogy ^0^TMHecK0^0 TBopeHua. HTaK, ucT0,K0BaHue ucHe3aeT He 0Tge,BH0, a BMecre co cboum npegMeTOM. no mmc,u Bogpuñapa, ^o^TUHecKaa peHB CTpeMUTca k MUHUMyMy a3MKa, ,0MaeT, npu-BoguT B HerogHOCTB MamuHM HenpepMBHoro ,uHrBucTUHecKoro nopo^geHua: «B caMOM ge,e, 3aK0H n033uu - nyTeM CTporo paccHu-TaHHoro npo^cca cge,aTB TaK, hto6m He 0CTa,0CB HUHero. <...> no-33ua - 3T0 BOCCTaHUe a3MKa npOTUB CBOUx C06cTBeHHMx 3aK0H0B» (BogpuMap 33l). To, HeMy n033ua gaeT Hana,0, OHa no,araeT u KOHe^ OHa o6pam,aeTca c a3MK0M TaK, hto «goM 6tiTua» 0Ka3MBaeTca no-MeqeHHMM Ha ^OHe CBoero poga neM3a»a c 0TcyTCTByrom,uMu u,u ycK0,B3arom,MMM ^urypaMu, KOToptie roBopaT o nogHepKHyToñ 6,u3octu k «ucTOHHUKaM ^MaHa^uu» (fons emanationis) hmhto. OTHomeHue n033uu u <£u,oco<£cKoro ucT0,K0BaHua BMCTpauBaeTca KaK B3auM0geMCTBue gByx Bem,eñ, 0praHU30BaHHMx pa3pMB0M, OTcyTCTBueM, hmhto. B TepMUHax, npeg,o»eHHMx XañgerrepoM, ux npuBoguT k 6,u30Ctu u cym,H0CTH0ñ B3auM0npuHafl,e»H0CTu «MCTUHHoe roBopeHue o hmhto»2. gonycTUM, hto n0C,eg0BaTe,BH0 pea,u30BaHM o6e onucaHHtie ^03u^uu, to ecTB ohm c0BMecTu,ucB b ^urype, n0g06H0M gBOMHOMy CHaTuro. Ha stom Bce 3aKaHHUBaeTca? HuHero nogo6Horo - Ha ^T0M Bce to,bko HaHUHaeTca. HaM Mor,o n0Ka3aTBca, hto mm gBura,ucB Bnepeg k K0H^y. Mm gBura,ucB Bnepeg k HaHa,y, n0CK0,BKy 6m,u ucn0gB0,B 06yc,0B,eHM npaBu-,aMu MHBepcuBHOM ,oruKu HeB03Bpa^eHua. C0r,acH0 npaBu,aM 3T0M ,oruKu, HeM ga,Bme yxogumB ot KaK0r0-T0 ^uKCupoBaHHoro MecTa, TeM c 6o,Bmeñ HeoTBpaTUMOCTBro k HeMy npu6,u»aemBca, - ho Korga, Ka3a,0CB 6m, 0Ka3MBaemBca y»e coBceM 6,u3ko, tm b geMCTBUTe,BH0CTM gaatme Bcero. B pe3y,BTaTe, mm BCTpeHaeMca c ^urypoM hmhto MMeHHO TaM, rge go,»eH HaxoguTBca uctok nos-TUHecKoro npou3BegeHua.
Cm. nogpo6Hee § 6 «BBegeHMa b MeTa^M-3MKy» M. Xañgerrepa, ocHOBaHHoro Ha ,eK0,H0HH0M Kypce l935 roga: «Bonpoc o 6mtmm m ",orMKa". HcTMHHoe roBopeHMe O HMHTO B MMm,e-HUM M n033MM».
97
flAHM^^b yHTOBMH OPflOB ► repMeHeBTMKa ^0^TM4ecK0^0 co6biTMA
CruxorBopeHMH Bmk-ropa KpMBynMHa npu-BogarcH no M3gaHuro, yKa3aHH0My b cnucKe nureparypH.
PeHB uger o neHMH-rpagcK0M KyntrypHoM $eH0MeHe no3gHeco-BercKoro nepuoga, ko-ropHM o^opMnaercH b 70-S0-e rogH XX BeKa. «BropaH Kyntrypa» He MMena HerKux rpaHMO, unu MgeonorMHecKoro HanonHeHMH, -eguH-CTBeHHHM oó^MM 3HaMeHaTeneM gnH npegcraBureneM ^ro^o KynBrypHoro «nogno-nBH» HBnHnocB He^e-naHMe, HecnocoóHocrB nuóo HeB03M0^H0CTB
BnMCHBarBCH b paMKM rocnogcrByrorn,ero 0$MD,M03a, a raK^e npMHD,MnManBHHM 0TKa3 or 3aMKHyT0CTM, gymHoM npoBMHn,M-anBHocru (b KoropoM KaK pa3 M M0^H0 ó&ino ynpeKHyTB rorgamHMM o^md,mo3 c ero MHCTMTyn,MHMM). nonurMHecKoe guccu-geHTcTBo unu 6opB6a c cym,ecTByrom,MM cTpoeM 3gecB He uMe-na nepBooHepegHoro 3HaHeHMH. TBopHecKue ycunMH óbiam HanpaB-neHH npe^ge Bcero Ha ocBoeHue Ta6yupo-BaHHHx C0BerCK0M D,eH3ypoM nureparyp-HHx, ^Mnoco^CKMx M óorocnoBCKMx reKcroB, Ha pacmupeHMe ropu-
30HT0BBocnpMHTMH,
Ha cHHrue penpec-CUBHHx MexaHM3M0B co c^epH npoM3-BogcTBa CMHCnoB.
«nb^ BUHO ÂPXÂH3MOB^»: O ^O^3HH BHKTOPA KPHBY^HHA3
^antHeMmuM pa3óop HBnHeTCH nonHTKoM «uMMaHeHTHoro npoHTe-HMH» HecKontKux TeMaTMHecKux nuHMM no33MM neHMHrpagcKo-ne-TepóyprcKoro no3Ta, 3HaHUMoro npegcTaBUTenH TaK Ha3HBaeM0M «BT0p0M KyntTypH»4 BuKTopa KpuBynuHa (1944-2001). Ka^gbiM no3T - TB0pe^ coócTBeHHoro MM^a, m BuKTop KpuBynuH He ucKnroneHue. Oh 3Han, hto nyTt, Ha K0T0p0M no3T cnocoóeH oópecTM nognuHHyro TBopnecKyro CBoóogy, u nyTt, Begy^uM k ucT0Ky, oguH u tot ^e (mo-tmb, nepeceKaro^MMCH c 0ópa30M «nogBu^HoM necTHu^i» u3 ctm-xoTBopeHMH «^aMapK» MaHgentmTaMa).
Ecnu meKcm, 603epatyaach na3ad,
ne naûdem nu cwwema, nu n06K0^0 xoda,
mo caMa nee03M0MH0cmh pa3eumrn u noeopoma
ecmh cwwem, nanpaenawtyuû 63^n%^
om Kopneû - no Kope, no Mop^unaM cocnu,
no np%M0My cmeony - do nacMemnueoû Kponu...
Ho mo^^a - eo3epa^enhe k nauany - KaK 6e^cmeo u3 nnena!
(TaKue npeKpacHHe kmctm!)
Mu nponuKnu cmeKno, mu eepnynuch e oßnuuhe peöenKa, mu, cmapeft, domnu do 3apoduma - eeepx, do ^0MyHKyna e Kon6e, do Mucnu e tyapeeoM Mo-^^y, do nw6Ku-36e3du, umo npunhnyna k eucKy. (rpag AnTeHHHM)
HTaK, 0TnpaBnHHCt no Kpyry Bnepeg, k n03TunecK0My ucT0Ky, b03-HMKaeT HecK0ntK0 motmbob, 3HaHUMHx gnH no33uu KpuBynuHa. H
98
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
nepBBiM - o6pa3 pTa, npu.unmero k BemaM. 3to He o6tinHBiM poT, a poT, K0T0pwM cogep»MT B ce6e HenTo HecB0MCTBeHH0e, uHopogHoe. A MMeHHo, oh 3aK.ronaeT b ce6e r.a3, pacnenaTBiBaeT onTunecKyro MeTa^opy. He npocTo poT, a 3panue ycTa (^o^TMnecKM u30M0p^HBie, CKa»eM, «3panuM na.bn.aM» y MaHge.bmTaMa), K0T0pwe nbroT «B.a-ry npo3panHyro B3r.aga». KpuBy.uH u3roTaB.uBaeT rpeMynue CMecu, ^.eMeHTw K0T0pwx 0TH0caTca k pa3.unHBiM nyBCTBeHHBiM peru-CTpaM. Pot cnoco6eH nuTB B3r.ag, to ecTB npucBauBaTB ce6e 6o.ee BBIC0KMM ypoBeHB nyBCTBeHH0CTM (o6paTHaa CMTyau,ua, urparomaa Ha CHu»eHue, 3a^uKCupoBaHa b o6opoTe «no^upaTB r.a3aMu»). One-BugHo, mbi nona.M Ha nup, - He n.aT0H0BCKUM, ho KpuBy.MHCKMM.
MupHbix y,eemoe apKo-KpacHue pmu enazy npo3pamyw 63znada MadHO npuzyôunu - He omcmpaHumb.
Hmo Me mu, 3peHbe, He pado, umo Me He cnacmnueo mu caMoü e03M0MH0cmbw Mumb?
R He cMompw, u ony^eHu eexu. Eazpoeue meHu MenbKawm xu^humu ecnurnxaMu mbMu.
fiaMe u e naMamu He omnycmwm xpoeococy^ue zyôu! Haeexu Mepmeu y,eemoe rneeena^uxca - mu.
99
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTuKa ^o^TUHecKo^o coöbiTua
npeoôpaMenue e KpacHozonoeux, e omawenaw^ux cmeônu ceou 6onbw u Mu3Hbw uywoü -
CaMaa uucmaa $opMa nw6eu, oceoöowdemoü om wecma u cnoea, mena 3eMuozo, dyrnu He3eMHoü.
Heueuy cnumbca u He c ueM cnueambca! Ecmb o6paw,eHue eudenba e ceem, cydopoza nepexoda,
o6opomneü ôecKOHeunoe ôpamcmeo, eeuHoe cecmpuncmeo - CMepmb u Ceo6oda. nup uenoeeKo^emoe.
(nup)
üepBoe MecTo, b kotopom Mw 0Ka3WBaeMca Ha nyTM repMeHeBTMHecKoro npoHTeHua no33MM KpuBynuHa, - 3to MecTo nupa. 3gecb 3paHue ycTa ntroT Bnary B3rnaga KaK Bwgep»aHHoe b norpe6ax «^oroca-6paTa» «bmho ap-xau3M0B». Ba30Baa ^urypa, K0T0pyro ^poe^MpyeT MamuHa nosTunecKoro 3peHMa, 3anycKaeMaa KpMBynMHHM, onwcbiBaeTca mm KaK «o6pam,eHMe BugeHba b CBeT» (b ^T0M CBa3M mo»ho ynoMaHyTb aHTMHHoe yneHue o CMHaBruu). MamuHa nosTunecKoro 3peHua ^yH^uoHupyeT b pe»MMe nepeKnroneHua 3puTenbHwx nepcneKTUB, hto C03gaeT B03M0»H0CTb nepecTaBnaTb MecTaMu 3peHue m 3puMoe, BMgeHue m caM Bug Bemen. TaKaa nepecTaH0BKa ^aHTacMaropuHHa m numeHa nnaBHocTu, 0Ha C0np0B0»gaeTca «cygoporon nepexoga», nopo»garomen M0HCTp0B, - «6paTCTB0 o6opoTHen», «nup Hen0BeK0^eT0B». Mw nonanu He
100
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
npocTO Ha nup, a Ha KaKyro-T0 opruro ucne3H0BeHua, b ^^u^eHTpe KOTopoü onpege.eHHocTB K0HTyp0B Bem,en BHe3anHO OTaHOBMTca npo6.eMaruHH0M, a ux ycroMHUBtie ^opMBi HanuHaroT pacnagaTBca u CTpyuTBca. Korga «o6pam,eHMe BugeHBa b CBeT» ocymecrB.aeTca Ha BwcoHaMmux cKopocrax, oho c0np0B0»gaeTca 3<£<£eKT0M KpaTKoBpe-MeHHoM oTMeHBi HeycTpaHuMon, Ka3a.ocB 6bi, gucTaHu,uu ctuxob u ctuxum, Bemux c.ob u Bem,en, Buga u BMgeHua. HeBecoMBie c.0Ba KaK 6bi o6pacraroT cy6craHu,ueM raothwx Te., npuneM He 6e3 yna-cTua MamHHH ^0^TUHecK0^0 3peHua (cTporo roBopa, mu He BuguM Toro, HBero uMeHu He BegaeM). CBeT, b kotopbim o6pam,aeTca BMge-Hue, oTBopaeT ogHoBpeMeHHo gBe ctbopku npocTpaHcTBa nupa - u ^o^TUHecKoe 3peHue, u ^o^TUHecKyro penB, KoTopBie He MoryT cy-m,ecTB0BaTB gpyr 6e3 gpyra. y KpuBy.uHa 3ra cnaMKa BBipa®:aeTca b coBMemeHuu r.a3a u pTa, TonHee, bo BHegpeHuu r.a3a b poT. 3panue ycTa - He gBa caMocroaTe.BHBix, a oguH cgBoeHHBrn opraH, KoTopoMy cooTBeTcTByeT flBoncTBeHHoe BocnpuaTue, nopo»garom,ee gBoaKux cym,ecTB («He.0BeK0n,BeT0B»). no33uu Bcerga conyTcTByeT ygBoeHue, pa3BeTB.arom.ee to, hto «ecTB», b a.BTepHaTuBHBie nopagKu Toro, hto «Mor.o 6bi 6bitb» (ApucT0Te.B. nosTuKa 1451a). OgHaKo 3to ygBoeHue npou3BoguTca He o^epa^ueM pa3.uneHua, pa3HeceHua, pa3ge.e-Hua Ha nacTu, a onepau,ueM c.o»eHua (cTuxoc.o»eHua), c.uaHua, coeguHeHua b o6bihhom n.aHe HecoeguHuMoro. ^o^3ua, cTpeMacB k MuHuMyMy cpegcTB a3BiKa u.u, cor.acHo 06pa3H0My pagy KpuBy-.uHa, k «Bece.0M, KpBi.aT0M» ru6e.u Ka^goro c.0Ba, noBuHyeTca He uHTeHu,uu pa3.aga, a cK.aguBaHuro, npou3BogcTBy cK.agoK, ko-Topoe 3anycKaeTca B03BpameHueM k ucxogHo co6uparomeMy Hana.y, - B03BpameHueM «b 06'Baraa .Horoca-6paTa». Mu npuxoguM k TpeM K0Hn,enTaM, pa3MMKarom,MM npocTpaHcTBo ^0^TMHecK0^0 c.0Ba. ^T0 ygBoeHue, B03Bpam,eHue u cK.agKa.
101
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTUKa ^c^TH4ecKc^o coöbitufl
B T0HKe cxo^geHua ^TMx motmbob mw BnagaeM b «crapnecTBo peöeHKa / Ha Abgy peKM ^AaMaHgcKoro nucbMa», o6pam,aeMca b «m3-6opo^geHHoe He^HenmuMM KorTbMM / am^», craH0BMMca ceMeHeM, b kotopom «y^e 6ymyeT Aec, y^e MepTBeeT oceHb» («npu6AM»eHMe Aun,a»). .umb no33ua cnoco6Ha geAaTb M3 Toro, hto em,e He HanaAocb, to, hto y«e 3aK0HHMA0cb. ToAbKo oHa HaxoguT Ha stom cBepx6wcrpoM, M0AHueH0cH0M crwKe Bem,eM cBoe nogAMHHoe co6wTue. Oco6eHHocTb ayTeHTMHHoro ^0^TMHecK0^0 co6wTua 3aKAroHaeTca b tom, hto oho He o6AagaeT gAMTeAbHocTbro, ogHaKo o6pa3yeT cKAagKy co BceM, hto gAMTca, HanuHaeTca, 3aKaHHMBaeTca mam MeHaeT cbom o6amk. Oho crpaHHMM o6pa3oM pacnoAaraeTca b HegocrynHoM, npeBwmarom,eM npegeA pa3pemuMocTM aw6om bo3moähom oütmkm npoMe^yme, pa3-pwBe Me^gy kohu,om m HaHaA0M, KoTopwe, b oTAMHue ot gAMTeAbHo-ctm Me^gy HaHaA0M u kohu,om, He pa3geAaeT HMHero, KpoMe ogHoro hmhto. 3gecb mw KacaeMca tcmw ucT0Ka, nocKoAbKy MMeHHo mctok aBAaeTca, b cym,HocTM, TeM, hto ygep^MBaeT cbom KoHen, no3agu, a HanaAo - Bnepegu. C ogHon ctopohw, oh y^e Bcerga u HaBcerga yrpa-HeH, ocTaBAeH no Ty cTopoHy tohkm HeB03BpaTa, c gpyron ctopohw, no3TMHecKoe co6wTue o6peneHo Ha Bxo^geHue b ropu30HT BeHHoro B03Bpam,eHua k 3T0My HeB03BpaTH0My ucT0Ky. MecTo SToro co6wTua, pacnoAoÄeHHoe Me^gy koh^m, B03Bpam,eHueM u HaHaA0M gBM^eHua nosTMHecKoro onwTa, M0^eT 6wTb MgeHTM<£un,Mp0BaH0 b TepMMHax nyTemecTBua Op<£ea b Aug, - npe^ge Bcero Op<£ea coHeToB PuAbKe c ux ckbo3hwm motmbom «Sei allem Abschied voran», «Eygb Bnepegu Bcex pa3AyK» («CoHeTw k Op^ero», II, 13). B ^eH0MeH0A0ruHecK0M cMwcAe ecTb Bem,u, KoTopwe Bcerga ocraroTca y Hac nepeg rAa3aMM, KaK 6w mw hm BepTeAucb m hm xmtpmam. tohho TaK ®e ecTb Bem,u, KoTopwe Bcerga 6ygyT ocTaBaTbca y Hac 3a cnuHon. Korga mw orAa-gwBaeMca, to c tohkm 3peHua ycTponcTBa npaMwx 3puTeAbHwx nep-
102
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
cneKTMB MW, OHeBMgHO, CMOTpuM Ha3ag, - Tyga, rge HaxoguTca to, hto mW ocTaBM.M 3a C060M. Mw He MO»eM or.aHyTBca, hto6w nocMOTpeTB Bnepeg. OgHaxo B3r.ag Op^ea, 6pomeHHwM um Ha3ag b ABepHCKux go.uHax, Bce BuguT n0-uH0My. Op^eM - gyma no33uu, KOTopaa npo-m.a Aug HacKBO3B u Bwm.a c o6paTHoM ero CTopoHw. A g.a Hamero Mupa Aug - Taxoe npocTpaHCTBO cpegoTOHua Bcex pa3.yx, xoTopoe npu .ro6oM pa3BopoTe TpaHC^HgeHTa.BHoro Te.a C03ep^Hua u b .ro6wx o6cToaTe.BCTBax gymeBHoM »u3hu HaxoguTca Bnepegu, ne-peg HamuM B3opoM. no.ynaeTca, hto Korga Op^eM o6epHy.ca, hto6w nocMOTpeTB Ha ugymyro no3agu Hero ^BpuguKy, oh - b paMKax 3tom Heo6wHHoM nepeBepHyTOM onTUKu - nocMOTpe. He Ha3ag, a Bnepeg, to ecTB oxa3a.ca b tom »e caMOM cuTya^uu, b xoTopoM Haxogu.ca npe»ge Toro, xax cnycTu.ca b Aug. ^BpuguKa, OTCTynuB 06paTH0 b CMepTHyro TeHB, 3acBugeTe.BCTBOBa.a ucTUHy Toro o6cToaTe.BCTBa, hto Op^eM .umB Ha KpaTKMM cpoK CTa. Bnepegu Bcex pa3.yx, xoTopwe noBopoTOM ero »e B3r.aga bhobb ero onepegu.u.
Bce Mueoe noxoMe u npucmanbHo crnmo, cmonb omuemnueo cKnadmMu pa3deneHo, umo necoK nod cmynHeû ôecmenecmû u eonHeHue npocmbiHu cMnmoû -dee KocMuuecxux cunu, œedemux e odHo ene cnbimme: mecHo!
EnuMe, 6nuwe - ennomHyw! Op$eû nozpanuueH
c rnwdbiM mazoM, e nwôoû npoMeMymoK, e ocee^eHbu cnoeecHocmu Huw,eM...
103
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTUKa ^c^TH4ecKc^o coöbiTUfl
Tuxo. Cnumumh, KaK muxo? pueKya
6umh nuKeM ne yenurnannuM epeMeneM cymoK,
zynoM, zynoM ennownuM nodeo3Hanha u ena... H nad aenuM nuupM, KaK 3amMenhe, nponnueaem pyrn - ^6pu^uKa, empana, emonh uywaa ^nna^a, e KaKuM-mo ôonmuM omnornenheM uemonnuKa e menhw. (Eme Op$eß)
CymecTByroT nosTw, m KpMBy.MH MMeeT k hmm OTHomeHue, BHyTpeH-HMM HacTpoM KOTopwx nogHMHeH gBM»eHMro 6ecKOHeHHOM tockm no yTpaHeHHOM poguHe gymu. BaHec.aB HBaHGB npMHMC.a. TaKMx ügstgb k pogy «BeprM.MeBCKMx .rogeM», «HenpecTaHHO tommmbix He»HWMM CHGBMgHWMM BGCnGMMHaHMaMM G geBCTBeHHGM paMCKGM 3eM.e» (HBaHGB 647). nosTMHecKGe 3gecB He neHTpMpGBaHG b pe^.eKCupyromeM «a», CToameM Ha TBepgoM noHBe geMCTBMTe.BH0CTM. HanpoTMB, oho 6e30C-HOBHO, nogBemeHO b CKB03ameM me.M gBoeMMpBa, Ha 3bi6kom KpoMKe KGTGporG Bemu HMKorga He npegcTaroT TaKMMM, KaKMe ghm ecTB, - mx BMg He npegonpege.eH. Mw nonagaeM bg BTopoe MecTG Ha nyTM Hamero ny-TemecTBua: noKMHyB MecTG nupa, mw nepexoguM b MecTG CHGBugeHua.
Bnwônennue 3aKnwnenu
e nonynpo3pannue wapu ozpoMnux eunozpadun,
nonapno e Kawdoü azode... Beeaden
ux Madnuü pom, u pyKu ennemenu.
Ho e zopode euna eeezo nhanee enu -
ennemenhe padywnux xpyzoe, nepemeKanhe namen.
104
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Cfyepunecxue eenepa. B cmeKnapycnux wunuw,ax ceemomoKa ycnym nwôoenuKu, oônaemucb odunoKo, oôeumue nnw^0M om meu do ôedpa... Ho e ^opo^e - eo cne ycHyeme^o nempa 3Mea enueaemca e pacmupennoe oko.
HeM 3penue ne euH0^pa^? ^da 3Meunoe pa3deoennoe wano enympu 3enenux Mod 3adpowano, K0^^a eoenympb ceôa eepnynca e3^na^ -on monbKo u 3acmun, nmo ^opo^-eempo^pa^ pacmonmannoû nwôeu, Konuma u Kanana.
numb ocmoeu na ocmpoeax! Mx peôpa Kpacnue nodoônu cna^uM no3aM, ux nuv,a, yenawnennue napK030M, ux azodu ônawennue e ycmax pa3daenenu. Texym na Mycopnyw 3eMnw. Ho ceemen map HeôecH0^0 cmeKna, u epeMenu npo3pannaa 3Mea enwônennux oônezna Konbv,oM neôumua. (BuHorpag)
«HeM 3peHue He BUHorpag?». ßeMcTBUTe-bHO, neM? Acco^uaTUBHHM xog nogcKa3MBaeT, hto BMHorpag, - Bwpa3MTe-bHaH MeTa^opa r-a3, ho b to ^e BpeMH ero mo®ho nonpo6oBaTb, noMecTUTb b poT, a npu c-ynae u3r0T0BUTb BMHo: cy6cTaH^uro, onocpegyromyro BO^ge-eHue r-a3a u BO^ge-eHue pTa. BuHorpag, - sto He npocTO 3peHue, sto 3peHue no3Ta.
105
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTUKa ^c^TH4ecKc^o coöbitufl
0 ^0^TMHecK0M peMecne KpuBynuH HanumeT: «HeBecoMO, no^roMy HeBHHOCUMO / BO3gaaHte gyme no TpygaM» («nocnecnoBue»). nosTu-HecKoe npou3Begenue pa3BopaHUBaeTca b npocTpancTBe, rge B3auMO-gencTByroT Ta»ecTt m nerKOCTt, - b CKnagKe neTynux cnoB, KOTopHe »a»gyT o6pecTM Bec, m Bemen, KOTopHe cTpeMaTca c6pocuTt c ce6a TarocTHoe 6peMa BemecTBeHHOCTM, TpyguTca ^o^T (MaHgentmTaM npoHepTMn nuHMM 3roro BCTpeHHoro gBM»eHua b cbomx CTpoKax: «H npu3paKu Tpe6yroT Tena, / H nnoTu npuHacTHH cnoBa»). 06pa3yroTca BecBMa cnenu^unecKMe co6HTua, MeguaTopoM kotophx onaTB »e BHCTynaeT nroMeHantHoe «bmho apxau3MOB» m nopo»gaeMHe mm chh. Mh ocTaeMca b pe»MMe nepeKnroneHua 3puTentHHx nepcneK-TMB, b KOTopoM o6pam,eHMe BugeHta b CBeT coBnagaeT c nepexogoM M3 MecTa nupa b MecTO CHOBugeHua. B CTuxoTBopeHMM «BuHorpag» CHOBugeHue ga»e ygB0eH0 - ropog npegcTaeT chom bo CHe, oh He TontKO ntaHMT m HaBeBaeT chh, ho m caM aBnaeTca BonnoTMBmMMca pe3yntTaTOM ontanenua, - cnoM «ycnyBmero neTpa». TeM caMHM 3a-nycKaeTca b o6opoT o6o6m,ennaa BU3yantnaa MeTa^opa CTanoBnenua B3rnaga ropogoM m ropoga - B3rnagoM, pa3BepHyTHM BHyTpt ce6a.
Hto KpoeTca 3a MeTaMop^o3aMM, conpoBo»g,arom,uMu pa6oTy ^0^TMHecK0^0 3peHua? Ecnu npu3HaTt, hto b onpegeneHHOM TeMa-TMHecKOM ropu3OHTe 3peHue MMeeT npMHu,MnMantHoe oTHomeHue k CBeTy, cnoco6HO CTaHOBMTtca CBeTOM, to yBugeTt - 3HaHUT cge-naTBca uctohhukom, nponuBaromuM CBeT na Bemu, kotophx npe»ge Bce paBHo, hto He cymecTBOBano. npo6neMa b tom, b KaKyro CTopoHy HanpaBMTB m KaK pacn,eHMBaTt MCTonKOBaHue ^T0^0 CBeTa, - b cTopo-Hy nycToro 6necKa m BHemHen BuguMOCTM, unu b CTopoHy cuaHua caMux Bemen m BHCBeTneHua cymnocTM 6htmmhofo ^o^3Mca. Xan-gerrep b noneMUKe c ^MuneM fflTanrepoM no noBogy noHUMaHua cnoBa «scheint» U3 CTuxoTBopeHua ^. MepuKe «K naMne» o6o3HaHun
106
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) ► Event
gBe ^TM bo3mo»hoctm TepMMHaMM «$aHT0M» m <onu^aHua»: «Xy-go»ecTBeHHoe co3gaHue nog-nuHHoro cBoMcTBa ecTB caM0 no ce6e ^^M^aHMa Mupa, npoHU3aHHoro ero cBeT0M m mm xpaHUMoro b ero McTMHe» (XaMgerrep 1993: 255). ^o^TMHecKoe BwcKa3WBaHue m36m-paeTca ^m^oco^om b KanecTBe nogTBep»garom,ero ycnoBua cbomx cy»geHUM, - oho BBicrynaeT MecT0M, rge nporoBapuBaeT ce6a ucTUHa Bem,eM, BBicBeT^aeTca mx cym,H0CTB: ^aMna cBeTUT, ho He to^bko, b HeM KaK b npou3BegeHuu cBeTUTca hto-to 6o^tmee, neM 0Ha caMa, -aB^eHHaa KpacoTa Mupa. Ha tot ®e npo^eTunecKuM ^ag HacTpoeHo m no3TunecKoe 3peHue KpuBy^uHa, noHUMarom,ero ^^M$aHMro KaK npucyTcTBue «cnymaTe.na He3puMoro», k K0T0p0My o6pam,eH Ka»-gwM ctmx. TpeTBe MecTo, Kyga mh TeM caMBiM nonagaeM, mo»ho MfleHTM^M^Mp0BaTB KaK MecT0 BcTpeHU.
O ueM, neeawno, zoeopumh, no zoeopenhe cmuxoe - nuwh k odnoMy oôpa^eno, Kmo cepdvp ecmh ee^eû, u oko, u okho, Kmo, cnoeno 3epKano, ceoôoden e npoaenenhu... On u dUxanhe npuMem, KaK namno. (06pam,eHue)
06pam,eHue BugeHBa b cBeT Ha hobom BUTKe npogo^»aeTca o6pam,e-HueM k T0My, KT0 6pocaeT cbom B3raag Ha Bem,u c tom mx cropoHBi, kto cKpbiBaeTca bo BHe3anHHx crBiKax Bem,eM, kto ecTB «ogHo »uBoe yxo nycTOTBi» («06pam,eHue»). Mh npuxoguM k M0TUBy ^0^TMHecK0M aHHM^M^a^MM, o K0T0p0M roBopu^u BHme, ho TenepB M0»eM pac-cMaTpuBaTB ero KaK Heo6xoguMoe ycnoBue ^^M^aHMM, cnoco6HoM npou3BoguTB no^runecKoe co6HTue Ha nyTu B03Bpam,eHua ^o^3MM k ee ucT0Ky. hctok 3tot He HaxoguTca hm b a3BiKe, hm b Bem,ax, hm b cy-
107
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTUKa ^c^TH4ecKc^o coöbiTUfl
meM KaK TaKOBOM, HO OH n03B0.aeT BWiCTaBMTb Han0Ka3, BWiCBeT.MTb u a3WK, u Bemu, u Bce cym.ee b u,e.0M. ^o^3ua c03gaeT B0.me6HWM nopagoK c.ob, to ecTb BwcTpauBaeT «.ynmue c.0Ba b .ynmeM nopag-Ke» (C. Ko.bpug»). Bonpoc b tom, KaKMM cnoco6oM eM ^T0 ygaeTca? Bo3mo»ho, 6.arogapa TOMy, hto ^o^TUHecKMM onwT He uMeeT Bwpa-»eHHOM Te.e0.0ruu. ^o^3ua - ^opMa 6ecu,e.bHoro cymecTBOBaHua, n0CK0.bKy .w6aa ^.b, .w6oe OKOHHaHue, .w6aa 3aBepmeHH0CTb y ^o^Ta Bcerga 3a cnuHOM. B ^T0M CMwc.e ^o^3ua B.ageeT yguBu-Te.bH0M cn0C06H0CTbro 0c.a6.aTb to, hto ä. BaTaM Ha3WBaeT «ho-CTa.brueM no yrpaneHHOM HenpepwBHOCTu». Te.eo.orueM o6.agarn TO.bKO npepwBHwe u.u, gpyruMu c.0BaMu, u.e.eHanpaB.eHHwie u n.e.eycTpeM.eHHwie cymecTBa. BogpuMap no STOMy noBogy 3aMenaeT: <^e.eHanpaB.eHH0CTb CBa3aHa c nopagKOM npepwBHoro, mmêhho npepwBHwe cymecTBa Bwge.awT m3 ce6a n,e.eHanpaB.eHH0CTb, Bce-B03M0»Hwe u.e.eBwie ycTaHOBKM, K0T0pwe Bce CBogaTca k ogHOM - k ux co6cTBeHH0M CMepTu» (BogpuMap 278). BogpuMap B0cnpou3BoguT u3BecTHWM ^peñgoBCKUM nacca», cor.acHO K0T0p0My He.0BeK - 3to cymecTBO, KOTopoe xoneT yMepeTb Ha cbom .ag. Ho ^o^T, n0g06H0 Op^ew, »MBeT TaK, KaK ec.M 6w oh 0Ka3a.ca «Bnepegu Bcex pa3.yK» (Pu.bKe), u Bce, k HeMy oh Mor CTpeMUTbca, 0CTa.0Cb n03agu Hero. Ero MecTO - sto MecTO 6e3 eguHoro «noneMy», 6e3 Ma.eMmero npepw-Ba. HanpoTUB, ^o^T B0CCTaHaB.uBaeT b ce6e HenpepwBHOCTb Mupa. no3TunecKoe co6wTue .umeHO g.uTe.bH0CTu, ogHaKO Hage.eH0 HenpepwBHOCTbw. ^^^eKTw, npou3BoguMwe pa60T0M ^0^TUHecK0-ro 3peHua, OTnycKawT Hac b ^Tu MrHOBeHHwe npoMe»yTKu Henpe-pwBHOCTu 6e3 g.uTe.bH0CTu. «ConpuKacawTca Benep u Benep». Hto CKB03MT B 3T0M COnpMKOCHOBeHMM, KpOMe MMMeTMHeCKOrO gBOMHMKa
caMoro Benepa? hto6w yBMgeTb ^T0, He06x0guM0 B3r.aHyTb Ha Bemu B30p0M ^o^Ta.
108
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
TouKa. npoKon. nonHoma ôumua. u noKoa. Beuep. Hwnh. Hsnympu ocmma nucmea. Bu, pacKpumue oKHa! Cnoea fionemenu. CMewanuch c nucmeow.
Ho e pacKpumocmu zonoc wueem, oôpa^eH e mo, o ueM zoeopumcñ -e mouKy.
CHOBa BMpucoBMBaeTCH u3nro6neHHaH KpuBynuHMM nosTUHecKaa cu,eHa o6pameHua, TontKO Tenept Ha HeM ^urypupyeT He 3peHue, a ronoc. «B pacKpMTOCTu ronoc »uBeT». ^utb b pacKptiTOCTu gna ronoca O3HaHaeT 6mtb o6pam,eHHtiM b npegMeT co6cTBeHHMx peneM. A 3T0 HeBO3MO»HO 6e3 MOMeHTanBHoro TOHeHHoro npoKona b nnoTHO C0MKHyT0M CTpoe cymero, 6e3 Toro, hto6m 06pa30Banca «npo6en I unu npo6necK u Bxog b u3MepeHBe uHoe» («ToHKa. npoKon. nonHOTa 6mtuh u noKoa»). y KpuBynuHa nocTOHHHMM 06pa30M npoMe»yTKa BMCTynaeT okho, ero pacnaxHyTOCTB. no33MH npo6uBaeT OKHa, C03gaeT npoeMM b CTeHax, KOTopMMu mm TonBKO u yMeeM, HTO OTropa»u-BaTBCH OT Mupa. KpuBynuH ecnu Hero u 6e»an, TaK sto CTart nosTOM 3anepTMx okoh u rnyxux CTeH. KaK nucan CeH-^OH nepc: «OnacHa TontKO uHep^uH. Ü03T - sto tot, KTO pa3ptiBaeT gnH Hac nyTM npu-BMHKU. TaK nO3T nOMUMO CBOeM Bonu OKa3MBaeTCa CBH3aHHBiM C ucTopuHecKUMu co6mtuhmu. H b gpaMe ero BpeMeHu huhto eMy He Hy»go. nycTB BMCKa»eT oh b nonHMM ronoc BKyc k »U3HU b KpynHoe BpeMa! H6o orpoMeH u hob Hac o6peTeHBH ce6a. H KOMy mm ycTynuM HecTB »UTB b Hame BpeMH?» (nepc 253). He»enaHue ycrynart HecTB »UTB b co6cTBeHHoe BpeMH - to, 6e3 Hero no33ua He Mo»eT o6omtucb. ^UTB b CBoe BpeMH - He CTonBKO cuTya^uH, CKontKO cygt6a. gpyroe
109
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTUKa ^c^TH4ecKc^o coöbiTUfl
ge.o, hto pacc.MmaTb b CMTya^MM cygb6MnecKMM 30b He npocTO. ro.oc ^ubet b packpwtoctu, ho packpwtoctb npuhafl.e^ut he 0gh0my ro.ocy, a npe^ge Bcero gyme u Bem,aM, HaBcrpeny KOTopMM OHa ce6a pacnaxHy.a. Hto npoucxoguT c Bem,aMM b o6cToaTe.bCTBax 3anepToro OKHa, 3aKynopeHHoro u3HyTpu gymu? gonycTUM, hto no3T OTKa3M-BaeTca ot ugeu npoMe^yma u He gyMaeT gapoBaTb Bem,aM HacTuuy co6cTBeHHoro CBeTa. OcTaeTca am Bce no-npe^HeMy Ha cbomx Mecrax? h.u ocy^ectb.arotca kakue-to heo^ugahhbie myta^uu b bem,ax, pa36uBaro^ue nosTunecKyB auhub HenpepwBHOCTu?
Ecmb Hoeoe u Hoeoe cmpawHeû
nw6o^o nepeMumo^o KowMapa
caMoû He3aeepweHHocmbw ceoeû
K0^^a U3 ^0ee^ecmeeHH0^0 napa
U3 monKomHu Mamy^uxca meHeû
3aceemumca adpo Heeu^UM0^0 wapa
K0^^a 60Kpy^ coñumba czyw^eHU
do cocmoaHba nna3MU do nomyueû
HuueM He 3aznywuMoû muwuHU -
daû coeepwumbca um He cnywaû Hac He Myuaû!
ecmb oMudaHbe - u oho noxpyue peanbHoû zu6enu mwpbMU unu boûhu umo 6 hu cnyuunocb - ^mo Haunyuwuû ucxod!
ho ecnu He eonbHU
mu omdanumb u hu npu6nu3umb eeuHocmb -eom nodnuHHuû dyxoeHuû nneH K0^^a ^na^uwb Ha ceem, pacuenoeeuacb,
110
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
KaK nunbHoe okho c Heoceew^eHHux cmen, -^m^uw.b He mu ho cMompam cK603b me6a. u nnaeumca. cmeKno u deuwemcñ, cnenñ,
RomocoeudHuü ouepK no cmeKny u mu ^nñ^uwb Ha conHv^e KaK eo M^ny. (Ectb H0B0e)
Korga «tbi raagumB Ha co.H^ KaK bo Mray», tm ^Ty Mray o6Hapy-^MBaemB He rge-Hu6ygB, a b caMOM ce6e, u npeBpamaemBca ecnu He b 0HT0.0rMHecKyro HeBMgMMKy, to b KaKyro-To HegoTWKOMKy, He Ha K0T0pyro cmotp^t, a cmotp^t ckbo3b KOTopyro. AnBTepHaruBa, npeg^o^eHHaa KpuBynuHBiM, He orpaHUHUBaeTca nepuneraaMu OTHomeHMM cy6i&ercra u o6'&eKTa, b no.e kotopbix pa3BepTBiBaeTca naHonTMHecKaa MeTa^opa eBponeMcKOM MeTa^muKu. CuTya^ua He cBoguTca k bo3mo»hoctm 6pocuTB B3r.ag, u.u 6bitb cxBaneHHBiM B3r.agoM, m.m nepexBaTMTB B3r.ag Toro, kto Ha Te6a ero 6pocu., BcrynuB c hmm b guanor. ropa3go cTpamHee, ecnu Hen-To B3raag, 6pomeHHHM Ha Te6a, BHe3anHo npoxoguT HacKBo3B. Bbitb bhahmhm HacKBo3B - He 3HaHUT 6BITB npo3paHHWM KaK KpucTa.. u.u HUcToe cTeK^o. ^TO 3HaHUT .umuTBca o6paTHon, HeBuguMon cropoHBi. Korga tm cMoTpumB Ha Bemu Hepe3 pacnaxHyToe okho, gapya mm nacTu^ co6cTBeHHoro cBeTa, tm He BuguM HacKBo3B. Hao6opoT, tm BuguM HacKBo3B, Korga npeBpamaemBca b «nw.BHoe okho c HeocBemeHHBix cTeH». KpuBy.uH co3gaeT ^o^TUHecKue c^hbi o6pam,eHua BugeHBa b cBeT, a ro.oca - b to, o HeM roBopurca, He pagu Toro, hto6bi pacTBo-puTB 3peHue u ro.oc b 3puMoM u tobopmmom, a pagu Toro, hto6bi KpucTa..u3oBaTB TaKue Bemu b Mupe, KoTopwe He no3Bo.aT HaM
cMoTpeTB cKBo3B HUX.
111
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTUKa ^c^TH4ecKc^o coöbiTUfl
06MKHGBeHHoe noHuMaHue accG^MMpyeT ugero ucTOKa c ugeeM Hana.a. B mupoKOM CMMC.e TaK u ecTB. XGTa 6m.g 6m TGHHee roBopuTB o MHO^ecTBe HaHa. u.u, coBceM tghhg, g MHO^ecTBeHHOCTu HaHa.a, KGTopoe CKpwBaeT b ce6e HeKyro no.ocTB, nycTOTHwM 3a3op, gwpy b 6BITMM, gonycKaromyro 6ecK0HeHH0e KO.uHecTBO ucxogoB, npo6HBix gt.ubgk ^opM TBopeHua. npoKG. u.u gwpa b 6bituu - ^T0 MecTO 6e3 KOOpguHaT, B KOTOpOM BG3MG»HG a6cG.roTHG BCe. B HaCTHGCTu, B HeM BG3MG»HG TG, HTG aB.aeTCa npegMeTGM HeBG3MG»HGrG GnMTa C tghku 3peHua nopagKa Bem,eM, ocym,ecTB.eHHoro b ^pe6HBarom1Mx ^opMax. To, HTO ecTB, HTO npe6&iBaeT b ycroMHuBBix ^opMax, u tg, htg «Mor.o 6m 6bitb», htg GTcyTCTByeT, 3gecB cym.ecTByroT Ha paBHBix npaBax. ^o^T o6.agaeT caH^ueM a3MKa Ha MC^G.B3GBaHMe nogo6HMx npaB, hg .umB nocTG.BKy, nocKG.BKy OTgaeT ce6a b 6e3pa3ge.BHoe no.B-3GBaHue caMGMy a3MKy. Korga M. ^eTaeBa npu3HaeTca, htg nosTa ga.eKG 3aBGguT peHB (H. BpogcKuM noBTopaeT 3Ty »e mmc.b, Ha3MBaa nosTa «HacTBro peHu»), OHa CBugeTe.BCTByeT He o BceB.acTuu a3MKa, a o BMxoge no nyTu u npu noMomu a3MKa 3a ero npege.M. CTpaHHMM o6pa3GM HacTB penu o6pam,eHa npoTuB CBoero ^e.G^G, goBoguT ero go KpaMHOCTu. no3T npuHag^eÄuT k pogy tg^hgb, RpuroTaB^uBaro^ux u3 BHyTpua3MKGBMx uHrpegueHrGB u Hacrun, guKyro agoBuTyro CMecB, GTpaB.arom.yro TKaHB a3MKa, ero cuMBO^uHecKoe Te.o c TeM, htg6m BMge.uTB HucTMe 6ecTe.ecHMe co6MTua. CoBepmaa »epTBonpuHG-meHue a3MKa c npuMeHeHueM tg.bkg caMux »e a3MK0BMx opyguM, gh
3aHMMaeTCa TeypruKHMM KpGBGCMeCMTeflBCTBGM C.GBeCHMX SHepruM. He no3r »epTByeT, a a3MK »epTByeT co6oM b ^G^Te. ^G^Ta ga.eK0 3a-BoguT peHB. ,a.eKG - 3ro Kyga? CaMoe yga.eHHoe npuHaTO Ha3MBaTB 3anpege.BHBiM. Ho CBoe 3anpege.BHoe g.a n03TuHecK0M peHu ecTB M3HaHa.BHGe, gMpa, uctgk. ,a.B ucTOKa He CTaHOBuTca 6.u3Bro ga»e Ha nyTu ckg.b yrogHG go.roro B03Bpam,eHua, nocKG.BKy ^TG BcaKuM
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
pa3 B03Bpam,eHue HeB03BpaTUM0r0. yTpaHeHHaa poguHa gymu yTpa-HeHa 6e3B03BpaTH0. HgTu eñ HaBCTpeHy - 3HaHUT ntiTaTBca HacTur-HyTB c,eg ucHe3arom,ero gucnoKaTUBHoro o6teKTa, ocTaB,arom,ero 3a C060M HenpecTaHHO CMem,arom,ueca TonocM. Btixcg 3a npege,M a3MKa ocTaeTca ^e,Bro, k KOTopoñ n033ua CTpeMUTca, ho KOTopaa ocTaeTca ee npu3paHH0M yTonueñ.
Hem He euxoda u3 peuu MOMem 6umh ew,e Kopoue Hewenu npocmoe «Hem»
eupueaemca Hapywy eo3dyx coxpaHuemuû dymy u 36ywHue u ceem
«He BBixoga U3 peHu» - npege,bH0 tohhmm nosTUHecKUM caMOOTHeT. ^T0 He K0HCTaTa^ua <£arcra, sto OTBeT Ha »e,aHue TaKoro Btixcga, Ha ero cu,bHeñmuM co6,a3H. OTcroga pemuTe,BHoe u 6e30r0B0p0HH0e «HeT» B HaHa,e CTpCKM. BCMTM B 6,M3CCTB K MCTOKy - TC »e CaMCe, HTC BCTaTb Ha ncHBy, KCTcpaa Ha r,a3ax yxcguT y Te6a u3-ncg Hcr. Kcrga TM pemaemb, hto ncgcme, ccBceM 6,m3kc, tm Ha caMOM ge,e ga,bme Bcerc. O HeM CBugeTe,bCTByeT MHC»ecTBeHHCCTb HaHa,a, npucym,aa ncsTUHecKOMy cntiTy? OHa CBugeTe,bCTByeT c bo3mo»hoctm ncnaTHO-rc mara k He3aBepmeHHCCTu Bem,eñ. flaa Tcrc htc6m ee c6Hapy»uTb, Hec6xcgMMC ane,,MpcBaTB He k ncpagKy Bem,eñ, m ga»e He k ncpagKy ugeñ, a k nopagKy cob, KOToptm 0praHU30BaH c0r,acH0 ^o^TUHe-CKCMy ,agy, HacrpoeHHOMy BHe cccTBeTCTBua KaKUM 6m tc hu 6m,c ^,aM. üC33Ma - Btcmaa ^cpMa 6e^e,bHCCTM. OcTaHCBMTb Bem,b Ha 3TCM ypcBHe - 3HaHMT 3a^uKcupcBaTB ee b MCMeHT cBc6cgHcrc nc,eTa,
113
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB - repMeHeBTUKa ^c^TH4ecKc^o coöbiTUfl
KGrga 0K0HHaTe.bHbM pacK.ag em,e He npegpemeH, u kgctu MoryT BbnacTb caMbM HenpegcKa3yeMbM 06pa30M. Pemarom,wM 6pocoK kg-CTew npucBauBaeT Bem,w ^.eHanpaB.eHHOCTb. Hg no33UA conpoTUB-.AeTCA pemarom,eMy 6pocKy. CTaBA b kgh^ TonKy, GHa nog,pa3yMeBaeT MHGrGTGnue, npuHUMaA b KanecTBe uctuhm nepBunHoro 6mtumhgfg nG33uca gonym,eHue, htg KO.unecrBG noBTopHbix 6p0CK0B He orpa-HuneHG. B OT.wHwe, CKa»eM, ot a.bTepHaTWBHoro BapuaHTa no33uca, KGTGpbM pea.u3yeTCA b c^epe MaTepua.bHoro npou3BogcTBa Bem,ew b ux Bem.ecTBeHHOCTu, rge 6pocoK Bcerga ogHOKpaTeH u npegpemeH KpyroBGM nopyKGw npunuHHG-c.egcTBeHHbx CBH3ew. ÜG33UH npo-gy^upyeT cba3u coBceM uHoro poga, - cba3u, KOTopbe npunuHAroTCA Bem,aM eguHCTBeHHO BA3bro CTuxa. KpuBy.uH numeT: «Boru cxogAT Ha 3eM.ro - ho 3eM.ro uHyro: I 6epera u A3bKa, cBeTOTeHu u KpaA» («Em,e Op^ew»). H3mk ^urypupyeT HapAgy c 6eperoM, KpaeM u CBeTOTeHbro cpegu npu3HaKGB «3eM.u uhgW». BMecTe ghu o6pa3yroT MeTa^opy, cuMB0.u3upyrom.yro CTaguro nepexoga, gBoWHoe 6bTue rpaHun,b, HHonpHcyTCTBue ctwxwm b CTuxax, Bem,eW b Bem,wx c.OBax, ^rocuca b .oroce. Korga 6orw cxogAT Ha 3eM.ro, 3eM.A craHOBwrcA 6eperoM He6a, a He6o CTaHGBUTCA cBeTGM, KGTGpbw .beTCA Ha Hac u3 cepg^ necHu Op^eA. noKa Mb c.bmuM ^Ty necHro, mm T0»e - Kpaw ^TG^G CBeTa. $
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
^MTepaTypa
BAflbro, a., 20l2: MaHU^ecm fyunocofyuu. Cn6: Machina. BOflPHHHP, k., 2000: CuMeonmecxuû oÔMeH u cMepmh. M.: ^o6pocBeT.
HBAHOB, B., l979: ^xo (u3 nucBMa k Kapny MyTy) I CoôpaHue couuHeHuû: e 4 m. T. III. EproccenB: Foyer Oriental Crétien. KPHBy.HH, b., l988: Cmuxu: e 2-x moMax. ^eHUHrpag-napu»: Becega.
MEHHcy, k., 20l5: nocne xoHeuHocmu. ^cce o HeoôxoduMocmu
KoHmu^eHmHocmu. Ek6.-m.: Ka6uHeTHtiM yneHWM. nEPC, c.-k., l996: ^o^3ua. PeHB Ha 6aHKeTe no cnynaro BpyneHua
Ho6eneBCKoM npeMuu I H3ÔpaHHoe. M.: PyccKuM nyTB. n.ATOH, l968-l972: CouuHeHua e3 m. (4 kh.). M.: MticnB. mEi.HHr, ®. B. h., l987: CucTeMa TpaH^eHgeHTanBHoro
ugeanu3Ma I CouuHeHua: e 2 m. T. l. M.: MticnB. XAHflErrEP, m., l993: no noBogy ogHoro CTuxa MepuKe I Paôomu u
pa3MumneHua pa3Huxnem. M.: Tho3mc. xAHflErrEP, m., 2003: Pa3wcHeHua k n0^3uu renhdepnuHa. Cn6.: AKageMUHecKUM npoeKT.
115
flAHM^^b yHTOBMH OPflOB ► repMeHeBTUKa ^0^TM4ecK0^0 co6biTMA
Pe3MMe
1.	CoBpeMeHHWM ^M.oco^CKMM gucKypc B .uu,e ero apnaMmux npeg-CTaBMTe.eM ot XaMgerrepa u ragaMepa go ^aKy-^a6apTa u Bagbro geM0HCTpupyeT ycToMnuBoe TaroTeHue k ^0^TMnecK0M ^opMe bm-CKa3WBaHua, - 6o.ee Toro, npu3HaeTca cymecTB0BaHue HeK0T0pwix «M36paHHBix» n03T0B, K0T0pwie 6epyT Ha ce6a pa6oTy mbic.m, to ecTB o6Hapy»MBaroT no^runecKoe MHo6wTue ^u.oco^CKoro .oroca. ^T0T npo^cc «gecyBepeHM3a^MM» $m.oco^mm, ee npuKpen.eHua k CMe^-hmm o6.acTaM gyxoBHoro onwrra, Korga 0Ka3BiBaeTca bo3mo®hhm He T0.BK0 MBiC.MTB nocpegcTB0M ^u.oco^CKoro cy^geHua, ho m MMC.MTB CTuxoTBopeHueM, nepe3 Hero, B0306H0B.aeT Bonpoc o gpeB-HeM no.eMMKe ^m.oco^ob c ^o^TaMM m mx nonwiTKax HaMTM neTKue KpuTepuu g.a BHyTpeHHero B3auMHoro pa3Me»eBaHua.
2.	K.roneBoM b gpeBHeM cnope $m.oco^ob c ^o^TaMM aB.aeTca ^urypa n.aT0Ha, K0T0pwM ^T0T cnop MHM^MMpoBa. m ycTaMM pa3.unHwx ynacTHMK0B gua.oroB o6o3Hanu. 0CH0BHBie B03M0»HBie no3Mu,MM. XoTa ^u.0C0^CKue apryMeHTBi ynacTHUK0B gua.oroB m He CBogaTca k CKB03H0M eguHoM .MHMM, c.egyeT oTMeTMTB y^ecToneHue otho-meHua n.aT0Ha k ^o^TaM ot paHHux gua.oroB k no3gHeMmuM. B K0Hu,e kohh,ob, ^o^T noMemaeTca b «rocygapcTBe» Ha TpeTBe MecTo no yga.eHH0CTM ot «u,apa m mctmhbi», cpa3y c.egoM 3a M3r0T0BMTe-.aMM ropmK0B u KpoBaTeM, a Ha ero geaTe.BH0CTB pacnpocTpaHaroTca penpeccMBHwe MexaHM3MBi Ky.BTypH0M ce.eKu,Mu. Ou.oco$ no bm-guMocTM ogep^MBaeT Bepx Hag ^0^T0M. Me^gy TeM, 6o.ee paHHue gua.oru .umeHBi TaKoM 0gH03HanH0CTM. OTHomeHue k ^o^3MM b hmx aM6uBa.eHTH0, - oho CTpouTca Ha c.o®hom B3auMogeMcTBMM cu. c6.M^eHua m 0TTa.KUBaHua, 0T0»gecTB.eHua m uHaK0BeHua. B cymnocTM, penb ugeT o nonwiTKax <£m.oco<£mm onpege.uTBca Ha <^0He
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
co6craeHHoro McroKa, pa3opBaTB CBa3B c mctokom, hto6bi o6pecTM ^opMy aBT0H0MH0r0 cyrn,ecTB0BaHua b none nucroro MBimneHua, ho u ygep^aTB ^Ty cb33b b Buge 6ecK0HeHH0 otkpbitom gna ce6a bo3-mo^hoctm (o neM roBopuTca b «^o^TUKe» ApucTOTena).
3. B KanecTBe ogHoro u3 npuMepoB ^o^3uu, 6epym,eM Ha ce6a pa6oTy MBicnu, mo^ho paccMaTpMBaTB TBopnecTBO BuKTopa KpuBynuHa, ogHoro M3 BBigarom,uxca npegcraBuTeneM neHuHrpagcKoro KynB-TypHoro aHgerpayHga, nonyHMBmero Ha3BaHue «BTopoM KynBTypwi». repMeHeBTunecKoe npoHTeHue nosTunecKoro onwiTa KpuBynuHa 1970 - n. n. 1980-x rogoB no3BonaeT pacKpwTB cuMBonunecKyro TonuKy ero ^0^TMHecK0^0 naHgma^ra, - guHaMunecKu nepexogarn,ue gpyr b gpyra MecTO nupa, MecTO CHOBugeHua, MecTO Bcrpenu. Ka^goe u3 hux aBnaeTca He T0nbK0 MecTOM, b kotopom KOHcrpyupyeTca cooTBeT-CTByrom,uM 3neMeHT aBTopcKoro noaranecKoro MK^a u reHepupyeTca ero o6pa3Haa TKaHB, ho TaK^e u MecTOM, rge c03garorca npegBapu-TenBHwe ycnoBua co6wiTua MBicnu, Toro, hto6bi ^o^3ua ocTaBanacB b none ^unoco^uu caMOM otkpbitom gna Hee bo3mo»hoctbm.
fl,aHU3Rb Opnoe
flan^nb Opnoe — 3aMecmumenb ^naeHo^o pedaKmopa anbManaxa «Pyc-cxuu M.ip'b. npocmpancmeo u epeMa pyccxou Kynbmypu», nayunuu co-mpydnuK Hay^Ho-o6pa3oeamenbHo^o u,enmpa npo6neM fyunocofyuu, pe-nuzuu u Kynbmypbi ^ocy^apcmeeHHo^o ynueepcumema a^poKocMu^ecKo^o npu6opocmpoenua (C.-^emep6yp^), eedy^uupedaxmop Mypnana «Einai: fyunocofyua, penuzua, Kynbmypa». 3axouHun Mncmumym 6o^ocnoeua u fyunocofyuu no cneu,uanbnocmu «meonozua», 3ameM - ^unoco^cKuu $a-xynbmem CaHKm-^emep6yp^cKo^o ^ocy^apcmeeHHo^o ynueepcumema u acnupanmypy mo^o Me fyaKynbmema no cneu,uanbnocmu «cou,uanbnaa
117
AAHI^Ab yHTOBMH OPflOB repMeHeBTUKa ^o^TUHecKo^o coöbiTUfl
tyunocotym». Aemop MHo^o^ucneHHUx ny6nuxav,uû e poccuûcKux u 3apy-ôeMHUx U3danmx no fyunocofycxoû ^epMeHeemuKe, no^muKe, fanoMeno-nozmecxoû fyunocofyuu, ^yndaMenmanhHoû onmonozuu M. Xaûdezzepa, a maxMe cou,uanhHoû ananumuxe coepeMennocmu. Aemop khuz «Om ^^una k Hapu,uccy» (2001) u «yxac peanhno^o» (2003), co3dannux coeMecm-no c npaeocnaenuM 6o^ocnoeoM Tamhrnoû ropuneeoû u nemep6yp^cxuM fyunocofyoM AnexcandpoM Cexau,xuM. Raypeam npeMuu «Bmopaa naeu-^a^uñ» CaHxm-^emep6yp^cKo^o $unoco$cKo^o o6w,ecmea e HoMunau,uu «&moco$cxaa uH6ecmuu,uñ e xynhmypnyw MU3Hh ^emep6yp^a» (2003). npunuMaem yuacmue e uccnedoeamenhcxux npoexmax U3damenhcmea «Pyccxaa. xynhmypa», nanpaenennux na ny6nuxav,uw e Poccuu panee nedocmynnux unu Manou3ynennux mexcmoe 3naHUMux npedcmaeumeneû pyccKo^o 3apy6ewha.
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Event in Poetry and Art
Ü033MH KaK coÖMTMe: onMT HMKO^an fyMuneBa
$ c^brA bc^hek ► ovoltchek@hotmail.fr
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
The article attempts to consider poetry as an event through the experience of Nikolai Gumilyov, one of the founders of "Acmeism" - a new literary school of the early 20th century that replaced Symbolism, which in itself can be regarded as an event. The eventful nature of Gumilyov's poetry and his theoretical work on the creation of an integrated poetics is studied in the light of the philosophical category "Age of Poets" developed by the French philosopher Alain Badiou. We focuse on Gumilyov's article "Baudelaire's poetry", where, speaking of the poetry written by the author of "Les Fleurs du mal", Gumilyov formulates his own understanding of modern poetry as an event. The emphasis placed on the explosive nature of poetry and its readiness to become a catastrophe, such as the event of the revolution. The poet turns into an organ of speech for all that exists and acquires the ability to perceive revolutionary events, which allows him to foresee his own fatal destiny.
GUMILYOV, BADIOU, POETRY, AGE OF POETS, EVENT
B CTarte npegnpMHATa nonBiTKa paccMOTpeTB ^o^3MW KaK coötrme Ha npMMepe omrra HMKoaaa ryMMaeBa, ogHoro M3 ocHOBaTeaeM «aKMeM3-Ma» - HOBoro HanpaBaeHMa ^o^3MM Hanaaa XX BeKa, npumegmero Ha CMeHy CMMBo^M3My, hto caMo no ce6e mo»ho paccMaTpMBaTB KaK co6tiTMe. Co6HTMMHaa npupoga ^o^3MM ryMM-aeBa m ero TeopeTMnecKMe pa6oTBi no C03flaHMM MHTerpa^BHOM ^0^TMKM paccMaTpMBaeTca b cBeTe <^Maoco<|-ckom KaTeropMM «BeKa ^0^T0B» ^paH-^3CKoro MBicaMTeaa AaeHa BagBW. BHMMaHMe cocpeflOTOHeHO Ha cTaTBe ryMM^eBa «^o^3Ma Bogaepa», rge, paccy^gaa 0 ^o^3MM aBTopa ^eTOB 3aa, ryMM^eB ^opMyaMpyeT co6cTBeH-Hoe noHMMaHMe HOieHmeM ^o^3MM KaK co6htma. ak^ht craBMTBca Ha B3pHBnaT0M xapaKTepe ^o^3MM, ee rOTOBHOCTM o6paTMTBCa KaTaCTpO^OM, KaKOBOM aBaaeTca co6Brme peBoaw-^MM. ^o^T o6pam;aeT ce6a 0praH0M penM Bcero cym;ecTBywm;ero m npu-o6peTaeT cn0C06H0CTB BOcnpMaTMa peB0.íW^M0HH0^0 co6htma, b cuay KOToporo eMy gaHO npegBMgeTB cbom co6cTBeHHHM rM6e.BHHM ygea.
rYMH^EB, EAflbK, ^O^3Ha, BEK ^O^TOB, COEHTHE
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OflbTA BOflHEK - no33Hfl KaK coöbiTue: onuï HwKo^aa ryMM^eBa
Ec-u c-egoBaTb mbic-u A-eHa Bagbro o tom, hto «no33ua Mowem b33tb Ha ce6a Te onepau,uu mbic-u, KOToptie ^u-oco^ua, napa-u30BaH-Haa u-u 3aKynopeHHaa cboumu mBaMu, ocraB-aeT He3ageMCTB0-BaHHBiMu», BwcKa3aHH0M B pa6oTe «BeK n03T0B» (Bagbro 2003a), mbi MO^eM nocTaBMTb HuKO-aa ryMM-eBa (i886-i92i) b oguH pag c
n03TaMM, KOTOptlX ^paHH,y3CKMM ^M-OCO^ npUHMC-aeT K ^M-OCO^-
CKOM KaTeropuM «BeKa ^0^T0B» (Me^gy i860 m i960 rr.). ^T0 PeM6o, Ma--apMe, TpaK-b, neccoa, MaHge-bmTaM, ^-aH, xoTa, KaK oh caM 3aMenaeT b Manufiecme fiunocofiuu, îtmmm MMeHaMu «Bca ^o^SMa m Bce ^o^TBi ga-eKO He ucnepntiBaroTca» (Bagbro 20036: 40). Ana Bagbro ^o^3ua Bcerga ocTaeTca MecTOM mmc-m <...> npou,egypoM uc-tmhbi, m-m nopo^garorn.eM npou,egypoM» (Bagbro 2003a). C gpyroM CTopoHM, b OHTO-oruM Bagbro K0Hu,enT mctmhbi HanpaMyro CBa3aH c co6wTueM. Co6wTue — ^T0 paguKa-bHO cnynaMHaa «BCTpena», bm-ptiBaromaa cy6BeKTa U3 npuBtiHHoro cnoco6a 6wTua u BHOcamaa MMMaHeHTHMH pa3ptiB b Ha-MHHoe no-o^eHue BemeM, no6y^gaa ero pemuTbca Ha 6wTue uhbim. TaKUM 06pa30M, ec-u paccMaTpuBaTb KaTeropuro «BeKa ^0^T0B» KaK y3e- ^o^SMM m ^m-oco^mm b «6ecxo3-Hoe M3-3a samMT0CTM ^M-OCO^OB BpeMa <...> Korga CTuxoTBopeHue pacKpti.no m ygep^a-o ^0K0ne6neHHWM cmbic- ^T0^0 BpeMeHM, <...> caMyro u3ompeHHyro ^opMy-upoBKy ontrra coBpeMeHHoro ne-OBeKa» (Bagbro 20036: 40-4l), ^urypa ryMu-eBa, ymegmero U3 ^u3hu Ha caMOM nogBeMe CBoeM ^0^TMHecK0M mmc-m m He nonaBmaa b no-e 3peHua ^paHuy3CKoro ^u-oco^a, MO^eT 6bitb BnucaHa Hapagy c MaHge-bmTaMOM b napagurMy K0Hu,enu,MM Bagbro, coeguHaromyro ^o^SMro m co6wTue.
B caMOM ge-e, cpegu pyccKux ^0^T0B cepe6paHoro BeKa ryMu--eB CHMTaeTca cucTeMHO Mtic-amuM ^0^T0M. KaK hmkto gpyroM oh 6m- ogep^MM C03gaHueM o6m,eM Teopuu no33uu, uHTerpa-bHoM
124
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
no3TMKM, t. e. ugeeM pa3pa6oTKu MeToga no33uu, KOTopwM cor.acHO BagbB «ycTaHaB.uBaeT gupeKTUBM g.a mbicau, npeg.araeT mbicau eguHCTBeHHMe b CBoeM poge onepan,uu». «BMTue He gaeTca b mmcau 6MTMa, m6o BcaKaa MMC.b 6MTua b geMCTBMTenbHOCTM aB.aeTca mmc-.bB MMC.U. BwTue gaeTca b HenocpegcTBeHHOCTu ucnwTaHua, oho ecTb to, hto a ucnMTMBaB b Tpe6yBm,eM nogTBep^geHua He-pe^.eK-CUBHOCTU ucnwTaHua» (BagbB 2003a). roBopa o no33uu KaK 06 stom He-pe^.eKCUBHOM ucnwTaHuu ee mo^ho npupaBHaTb k co6bitub. Co6MTue MrHOBeHHO, KaK BcnMmKa mo.hmm. noMMaTb 3tot Bcno.ox m 3aK.BHUTb b HeKyB nosTunecKyB ^opMy u cocTaB.aeT 3agany nosTa. no33ua caMa KaK Bcno.ox, ucTopunecKoe npo3peHue. B. nogopora b CBoeM TpaKTOBKe co6wTua yTOHHaeT, hto co6wTue «cxBaTBiBaeT-ca», npucBauBaeTca u.u «oco6cTB.aeTca» mbicabb, n0CK0.BKy oho 6wcTpee mbic.u (o HeM), Ta ona3gwBaeT. Co6wTue Bcerga ecTb aKT npucBoeHua 6wTua (nogopora).
TeopuB aKMeu3Ma ryMu.eBa, ero nonwTKy co3gaHua eguHOM aKMeucTUHecKOM nosTUKM MO^HO paccMOTpeTb b cBeTe KOHH,enu,uu co6bitumhoctu nosTunecKoro aKTa. Hana.no 3T0My .uTepaTypHOMy HanpaB.eHUB, caMO po^geHue KOToporo mokho paccMaTpuBaTb KaK co6wTue, no.o^M.o C03gaHue <^exa n03T0B» (1911 r.). EnaBHBiMu ugeo.oraMu 6bi.m ryMu.eB u ^opoge^KUM, a ogHUM U3 aKTUBHBix H.eHOB MaHge.BmTaM, KOToporo b 0npege.eHH0M CMBicne mo^ho CHMTaTb yneHUKOM u noc.egoBaTe.eM ryMu.eBa-TeopeTUKa. h3bi-CKaHua aKMeucTOB b o6.acTu ^opMBi, ux ycTaHOBKu Ha skohomub b yKpameHuax u c.OBecHOM y6paHCTBe mo®ho paccMaTpuBaTb KaK CBoero poga K0HTpp0MaHTU3M, ogHy U3 onepau,uM mbicau, Hapagy c geTOTaflU3au,ueM u guaroHa.bB, o K0T0pwx roBopuT BagbB (2003a). B ocHOBe HOBoro B3r.aga Ha no33UB ryMu.eBa aeœaa OTKa3 ot mm-CTUHeCKOM CTUxUU, KOTOpyB npUBHeC.U B nO33MB CUMBO.UCTBi U
125
OflbTA BOflHEK - no33Hfl KaK coöbiTue: onuï HwKo^aa ryMM^eBa
npu3HaHue «caMogoB.erom.eM ^hhoctu Mupa — npocTpaHCTBa, BpeMeHM, BemecTBa - Mupa «o6ecu,eHeHHoro» cuMBo.ucraMu b no-ucxe uHwx MupoB» (runnuyc 83). Cor.acHO ^0p0ge^K0My, aBTopy ogHoro M3 MaHM^ecTOB aKMeu3Ma, 6opB6a HOBeMmeM pyccKOM ^o^3MM HaHa.a BToporo gecaTu.eTua HOBoro XX Bexa, B.uBmero b Hee HOByro xpoBB, — 3T0 6opB6a He npoTUB, a «3a» — «3a 3tot Mup, 3Bynam,uM, KpacoHHwM, uMeromuM ^opMw, Bec u BpeMa, 3a Hamy n.aHeTy 3eM-.ro» (^opoge^KuM 17), npuHeM b OT.uHue ot ^aHTOMa, b xoTopwM npeBpaTu. 3tot Mup cumbo.u3m, Hano.HUB ero cooTBeTCTBuaMu, axMeu3M npueM.eT ero «bo BceM coBOxynHOCTu xpacoT u 6e3o6pa-3UM» (17), axMeucTw «6epyT b ucxyccTBe Te MrHOBeHua, xoTopwe MoryT 6wtb bchhhmm» (20).
B CBoeM nporpaMMHOM CTaTBe «Hac.egue cuMB0.u3Ma u axMe-U3M» ogHMM U3 ^puH^u^0B HOBoro HanpaB.eHua ryMu.eB npo-B03r.amaeT CTpeM.eHue «Bcerga ugTu no .uhuu Hau6o.Bmero co-npoTMB.eHua» (ryMu.eB 2006: 148), npuHu,una, xoToporo oh 6ygeT npugep»uBaTBca u b »u3hu, u b TBopHecTBe. KpoMe Toro ryMu.eB 3aaB.aeT, hto HanpaB.eHue, ugym.ee Ha CMeHy cuMB0.u3My, Tpe6yeT «6o.Bmero paBHOBecua cu. u 60.ee TOHHoro 3HaHua OTHomeHuM Me»gy cy6BexT0M u 06BexT0M, HeM to 6w.o b cuMB0.u3Me» (147), C.OBHO nwTaacB HamynaTB 0CH0BHyro .uHuro Ha «OTCTpaHeHue xa-Teropuu o6Bercra» (EagBro 20036: 42), xoTopoM npugep»MBaroTca nosTw «Bexa nosTOB» u nepecMOTpeTB b 3tom hobom onwTe xaTero-puro cy6'BexTa.
npoMga Hepe3 ^.bim pag »u3HeHHwx ucnwTaHuM — nyTeme-CTBua, BOMHa, peBO.rou.ua — ryMu.eB Bn.OTHyro nogxoguT k pa3pa-6oTxe CBoero MeToga no33uu. Ero noHUMaHue no33uu xax co6wTua HaxoguT HauBwcmee Bwpa»eHue b ogHoM U3 noc.egHux TeopeTu-HecKux pa6oT «Ü033ua Eog.epa» (ryMu.eB 2006: 230-235). ^,eMcTBu-
126
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) ► Event
Te^BHO, Ha $0He peB0.^ro^u0HHBix co6bitum 1918-1920 rr., Korga oh roTOBMT g.na M3gaTe^BCTBa «BceMupHaa ^urepaTypa» HOBBie nepeBo-gwi ^emoe 3na, Eognep CTaHOBMTca g.na Hero ogHUM u3 Be^uHaMmux ^0^T0B XIX BeKa, a caMa ^o^3ua ^emoe 3na — ogHUM m3 Tex 3HaMe-hum coBpeMeHHoM MupoBoM KaTacTpo^w, b ctuxusx rotopom 6unacB b to BpeMa B3BuxpeHHaa Poccua. npu ^T0M, ^o^3ua He ecTB to^bro «3HaMeHue», m^m 3HaK, KaracTpo^Bi, ^o^3ua — b cunBHeMmux cbo-mx TBopeHuax — ecTB caMa Karacrpo^a. To ecTB, ec^u B3aTB ogHo u3 cmhohmmmhhbix 3HaHeHMM 3Toro noHSTua, co6wTMe b ero ot^mhmm ot 6bitus, to ecTB ycrpoeHHoro, ycToaBmeroca Mupa, HacraeT BHe3anHo, Bgpyr — 3ro MrHoBeHue, mo^hms, Tpem,uHa, paHa.
Bo bcskom cnynae, uMeHHo b TaKoM KaTacrpo^MnecKoM u pe-B0.nron,u0HH0M gyxe pucoBa.n ryMu^eB b cBoeM cTaTBe nopTpeT Bog^epa-^o^Ta-3aBoeBaTe^a, xapaKTepHo npegcraBUB ero Ha $0He Bwpa3MTe^BHoM KapTMHw «repounecKoro» XIX cro.neTus, rge um-npeccuoHucTUHecRMM o6pa3 aBTopa ^emoe 3na oTTeHa^ca npaMWM conocTaB^eHueM ero c Kap^oM MapKcoM u ynoMUHaHueM «B3pwB-HaroM cu^w» npo^eTapuaTa KaK ogHoM u3 raaBHBix gBu»yrn,ux cu^ coBpeMeHHoM ucTopuu: «geBSTHagnaTBiM BeK, TaK ycepgHo yHu-KaBmuMcs u yHu^aeMwM, 6bm no npeuMyrn,ecrBy repounecKUM BeKoM. 3a6wBmuM Bora u 3a6wTwM BoroM ne^oBeK npuBS3anca k eguHcTBeHHoMy, hto eMy ocra.nocB, k 3eMne, u oHa noTpe6oBa.na ot Hero He to^bro ^m6bu, ho u geMcrBua. Bo Bcex o6^acTax TBopnecraa HacTynu^ Heo6wKHoBeHHwM nogteM. [...] noaBu^ca ^.awim pag ho-bwx HayK, npe^Hue no.nyHu.nu Heo^ugaHHoe HanpaB^eHue. .fleca u nycTWHu A^puKu, A3mm u AMepuKu otrpbMu cbou BeKoBwe TaMHw nyTemecTBeHHUKaM, u KynKu cMe^BnaKoB, KaK b mecrHagn,aT0M BeKe, 3axBaTWBa^u orpoMHwe ^R30TUHecRue ^pcTBa. B Hegpax eBponeM-cKoro o6m,ecrBa ^acca^eM u MapKcoM 6w^a oTKpwTa H0Baa Mom,Haa
127
OflbTA BOflHEK - no33Hfl KaK coöbiTue: onuï HwKo^aa ryMM^eBa
B3pwBnaTaa cuna — nponeTapuaT. B nuTepaType Tpu BenuKue Tene-HBa, poMaHTM3M, peanu3M u cuMBonu3M, 3aHanu MecTO Hapagy c BeKaMM ^puBmuM KnaCCU^U3M0M.
Eognep k ^o^3uu oraecca, KaK uccnegoBaTenB, Bomen b Hee, KaK 3aBoeBaTenB. CaMBiM Monogon u3 poMaHTUKOB, aBuBmunca, Korga mKona y^e HaMeTuna cbou Bexu, oh coBepmeHHo co3HaTenBHo HaMe-Tun ce6e em,e He ucnonB30BaHHyro noHBy u npuHanca 3a ee o6pa6oTKy, co3gaB gna 3roro c^e^uanBHBIe MHcTpyMeHTw» (231-232).
3aMeTMM cpa3y, hto nocnegHue crpoKM u TaKue cnoBa, KaK «no-HBa», «o6pa6oTKa», «uHcrpyMeHTBi», paBHo KaK u «repounecKun BeK», «3eMna», «gencTBue», «nogteM», «B3pBiBHaraa cuna», «3aB0-eBaTenB», «uccnegoBaTenB», co BceM oneBugHocTBro cooTHocunucB He TonBKo u ga^e He cTonBKo c ^Mrypon Eognepa-no3Ta cnnuHa napu^a, KoTopoMy EagBro 0TKa3BiBan b npuHagne^Hocru k «BeKy ^0^T0B», cKonBKo c aBTo6uorpa^unecKuM o6pa3oM caMoro «n03Ta-K0HKBucra-gopa», kotophm ocBauBan H0BBie TeppMTopuM gna nosTunecKon mbic-nu, hto6bi MwcnuTB cbom ^^oxy.
B cyrn,Hocru, caMo cBoeo6pa3ue Eognepa ryMuneB Bwpa3un b Ta-kux cnoBax, K0T0ptie BnonHe cooTBeTcTBoBanu ero co6cTBeHHoMy no-HuMaHMW ^o^3uu KaK co6wTua, KaK nogBu^HunecTBa u npu3BaHua roBopuTB ot uMeHu Bcex u Ka^goro, hto, pa3yMeeTca, 6bmo KpaMHe ganeKo ot Hap^uccuHecK0^0 ^CTeTU3Ma «ucKyccTBa gna ucKyccTBa» pyccKoro cuMBonu3Ma: «BeKaMu n0gr0T0BnaBmunca nepexog nupu-necK0M ^o^3uu b gpaMaranecKyro b geBaTHagu,aT0M BeKe HaKoHeu, ocym,ecTBunca. no3T n0HyBcTB0Ban ce6a Bcenen0BeK0M, Mupo3gaHBeM ga^e, opraHoM penu Bcero cym,ecTByrom,ero u cTan roBopuTB He cTonBKo ot cBoero co6cTBeHHoro nu^, cKonBKo ot nu^ Boo6pa»aeMoro, cym,ecTByrom,ero numB b bo3mo»hoctu, HyBcTB u MHeHun KoToporo oh HacTo He pa3genan. K ucKyccTBy tboputb ctuxu npu6aBunocB uc-
128
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
KyCCTBO TBopuTB CBOM no^TuHeCKuM o6^MK, C^araWm,MMCa U3 CyMMBi HageBaBmuxca ^0^T0M MacoK. Hx huc,o u pa3Hoo6pa3ue yKa3BiBaeT Ha 3HaHMTenBHOCTB no3Ta, ux nogo6paHHOCTB - Ha ero coBepmeHCTBO. Bog,ep aB,aeTca nepeg HaMu u 3HanuTe,BHBiM u coBepmeHHBiM. Oh BepuT HacTo^BKo ropano, hto He Mo^eT ygep^uBaTBca ot 6oroxy,B-CTBa, uctuhhbim apucToKpaT gyxa, oh BuguT ce6e paBHBix bo Bcex o6u»eHHwx »M3HBW, g,a Hero, 3Harom,ero oc,enMTe,BHwe BcnwmKM KpacoTw, y^e He oTBpaTuTe,BHo HuKaKoe 6e3o6pa3Be, BecB no3op noBcegHeBHwx ropogcKux nema^en y Hero o3apeH BocnoMMHaHBaMM o uhhx, CKa3onHwx CTpaHax» (233-234).
^TOT yguBuTe,BHWM no npo3op,uBocTu b oTHomeHuu Bog,epa nacca^ Tpe6yeT HecKo,BKux KoMMeHTapueB b oTHomeHuu caMoro ryMu,eBa. Bo-nepBBix, pyccKun no3T roBopuT o cuHTe3e ^upunecKoro u gpaMaTunecKoro b HoBenmen ^o^3uu, hto b ^puH^u^e BBiBoguT nosTunecKoe TBopnecTBo b co6bitumhbim n,aH: orawme nosTune-CKoe c,obo He npocTo c,obo, ho oTBeTCTBeHHoe geaHue. Bo-BTopwix, ^TOT hobbim cuHTe3 ocymecTB,aeTca He uHane, KaK Ha ocHoBe HoBoro oTHomeHua ^o^Ta u a3BiKa: ec,u g,a KnaccunecKux $opM ^o^3uu a3HK ocTaBa,ca cpegcTBoM Bwpa^eHua npeKpacHoro, to b HoBeümeM ^o^3MM ^o^T o6pam,aeT ce6a opraHoM penu Bcero 6wTua, a3BiKoBBiM Mupo3gaHBeM Bcene^oBenecTBa, hto o3HanaeT KaK c,egcTBue oTpu-^Hue poManranecKoM ^urypw ^o^Ta KaK He,oBeKa He ot Mupa cero, u3roa, oTBep^eHHoro. B-TpeTBux, HoBaa ^urypa nosTa onpege,aeTca He to,bko yMeHueM TBopuTB ce6e MacKu, ho CTpeM,eHueM bbimtu 3a paMKu ^CTeTUHecK0^0, roBopuTB He to,bko o npeKpacHoM, ho u o 6e3o6pa3HoM, TBopuTB c «co3HaHueM 3,a», ec,u bctomhutb 3Ha-MeHuTyro ^opMyny Bog,epa. Hhbimu cnoBaMu, ^o^3ua orawme He npocTo HeoTBeMneMa ot co3HaHua 3,a, oHa caMa roToBa o6paTuTBca 3,om, KaTacTpo^on u,u, ec,u BepHyTBca k KoHTeKCTy, b kotopom
129
OflbTA BOflHEK - no33Hfl KaK coöbiTue: onuï HwKo^aa ryMM^eBa
ryMuneB numeT cbom CTaTBro o Bognepe, TaKuM co6brrueM, KaK Pe-Bon^ua. Oratme ^o^3ua u PeBonro^ua BcrynaroT b CBoeo6pa3Htie KpoBocMecuTenBHtie OTHomeHua: peBon^ua KaK ucKnroHuTenBHo KpoBaBoe eo6wTMe Mo^eT ucTonaTB CBoeo6pa3Hyro nosTuHHocTB. Korga HeKHcr-scep fl.r. bjwmkhh, kotophm 26 urona 1918 r. 3acTpenun repMaHCKoro nocna Mup6axa, geKnaMupyeT Hau3ycTB cthxh ryMune-Ba (ffly6MHCKMM 622-623) — sto y^e napogua Ha no33uro peBon^uu, Torga KaK caMa no33ua BegeT ce6a TaK, 6ygTo 6epeMeHHa peBonronuen.
Mbi He 6ygeM 3gect 3agaBaTBca BonpocoM o geMCTBuTenBH0M, cy6^eKTMBHoM oTHomeHMM ryMuneBa k PeBonrou,uu: Ba^Ho numt nognepKHyTB, hto oh He Mor He nonyBCTB0BaTB Toro, hto PeBon^ua — 3to no-HacToam,eMy snoxanBHoe co6wTue, 3to cnoM, nepenoM, pa3-noM npuBBiHHoro xoga Bemen, pacnag ucTopunecKoro BpeMeHu, Korga oTKpwBawTca HoBwe bo3mo»hoctu ^m3hm, o6Hapy^uBaOTca HoBHe ropM3oHTM 6mtm3. Pa3yMeeTca, ryMuneB BoBce He gyMan nocTaBMTB no33uw Ha cny^6y peBon^uu, KaK sto cgenanu gecaTuneTue cnycra $paH^3CKMe croppeanucTBi, ho oh oTHeTnuBo noHan, hto ^o^3ua, oco6eHHo no33ua B3ptiBHaTaa, 3aBoeBaTenBHaa, ^a^gymaa cunBHBix omymeHMM, He Mo^eT ocrarbca 6e3ynacTH0M b oTHomeHMM TaKoro KaTacTpo^unecKoro co6brrua, KaK PeBon^ua.
BMecTe c TeM, b ^0^TUHecK0M npoeKTe ryMuneBa 6tino HeHTo no-nuTunecKoe unu ga^e cropnonuTunecKoe, hto, b o6m,eM, o6tacHano ero 6onee unu MeHee noantHoe oTHomeHue k 6ontmeBuKaM. B ^T0M CBa3u gocTaToHHo 6ygeT BcnoMHuTB, KaKoe BnenaTneHue npou3Ben ryMuneB Ha 3HaMeHuToro aHrnuMCKoro nucaTena runb6epTa KuTa HecTepToHa (1874-1936), Korga BCTpenanca c hum b ,HoHgoHe b uroHe 1917 r. ^T0T ^parMeHT BocnoMuHaHun KnaccuKa aHrnuMCK0M nuTe-paTypti xopomo u3BecTeH, ^0^T0My gaguM u3 Hero TonbKo caMtie xapaKTepHtie Btigep^Ku:
130
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
«MaWop Mopuc BepuHr... npuBe. KaKoro-TO pyccKoro b BoeHHoW ^GpMe. ÜGcegHuw roBopu. 6e3 yMG.Ky [...] B ero penax 6m.g KanecTBG, npucym.ee erG Ha^uu, [...] KGTopoe, nonpocry roBopa, cgctgut b tgm, htg pyccKue o6.agaroT BceMu bo3mo»hmmu ne.0BenecKUMu Ta.aHTaMu, KpoMe 3gpaBoro CMbc.a. Oh 6m. apucTOKpaTOM, 3eM.eB.age.b^M, o$un,epoM ogHoro U3 6.ecram,ux no.KOB n,apcKoW apMuu — ne.0Be-KOM, npuHag.e»aBmuM bo Bcex OTHomeHuax k CTapoMy pe»uMy. Ho 6b.o b HeM HenTO, 6e3 nero He.b3a CTaTb 6o.bmeBUK0M, — HenTO, hto a 3aMena. bg Bcex pyccKux, KaKux MHe npuxGgu.GCb BCTpenaTb. CKa»y TO.bKO, hto, Korga oh Bbme. b gBepb, MHe noKa3a.ocb, hto oh Bno.He Mor yga.uTbca u nepe3 okho. Oh He KOMMyHucT, ho yTonucT, npuneM yTGnua ero HaMHGrG 6e3yMHee .ro6oro KGMMyHU3Ma. Ero npaKTunecKGe npeg.o»eHue coctoa.o b tom, hto to.bko üostob c.egyeT gonycKaTb k ynpaB.eHuro MupoM. Oh T0p»ecTBeHH0 o6,babu. HaM, hto u caM oh no3T. H 6b. no.bm.eH ero .ro6e3H0CTbro, Korga oh Ha3Hanu. MeHA KaK co6paTa-no3Ta a6co.roTHbM u caMogep»aBHbM npaBUTe.eM AHr.uu. nogo6HbM 06pa30M ,^ÄHHyH^uo 6b. B03BegeH Ha uTa.bAHCKuW, a OpaHC — Ha $paHn,y3CKUH npecTO.» (ffly6uHCKuw 484-485).
Pa3yMeeTca, b stom MeMyapHOw 3apucoBKe MHoroe mgkhg cnucaTB Ha cho6u3m aHr.uWcKoro .uTepaTopa, roTOBoro b Ka^goM pyccKOM yBugeTb ne.0BeKa, .umeHHoro 3gpaBoro CMbc.a. BMecTe c TeM 3gecb o6pamaeT Ha ce6a BHUMaHue abhmW aHaxpoHU3M: b uroHe 1917 r. He to hto b EBpone, b Pocchh Ma.o kto 3Ha., hto npegcTaB.a.u co6om pyccKue 6o.bmeBMKM. BMecTe c TeM, oneBugHMM 06pa30M mm cra.-KUBaeMca 3gecb c oco6om TeMoW no.uTunecKoro npu3BaHua no33uu, KOTopaa AB.aeTca CBoero poga nacTHbM npe.0M.eHueM TeMb no33ua KaK co6bTue. Xopomo u3BecTH0, hto b 1921 r., Korga y no3Ta He Mor.o 6mtb u..ro3uw GTHGCUTe.bHG 6G.bmeBucTCKGrG pe»uMa, gh npone. Ha 3acegaHuu neTporpagcKoro coro3a nosTOB goK.ag «rocygapcTBeHHaa
131
OflbTA BOflHEK - no33Hfl KaK coöbiTue: onuï HwKo^aa ryMM^eBa
BaacTB goa^Ha npuHagae^aTB nosTaM». B HacTHBix 6ecegax eMy To^e caynaaocB yTBep^gaTB, hto «ecau cennac, b peBoaron,uoHHoe BpeMa, b Poccuu oTgaTB BaacTB nosTaM, Bce cpa3y npugeT b nopagoK u Poccua cpa3y cTaHeT nepBon b Mupe gep^aBoü» (OgoeB^Ba 153). gpyruMu caoBaMu, ugeu ^0^T0KpaTuu, npu BceM ux yTonu3Me, Heo6xoguMo npuHMMaTB BcepBe3 u noMecruTB, HanpuMep, b Ty nepcnercruBy, b paM-Kax KoTopon Opugpux reaBgepauH, eme oguH nosT, noMemaBmunca Ha peBoaron,uu, rpe3ua o «KoMMyHU3Me MBicau», gyxoBHoM coo6m,ecTBe nosTHHecKH MBicaamux arogen. CaoBoM, no33ua KaK co6wTue Heu3-MeHHo npegnoaaraeT npeogoaeHue MHgMBugyaaBHoro nosTunecKoro npoeKTa, BBixog ^o^Ta He cToaBKo 3a paMKu 3gpaBoro cMBicaa, KaK yTBep^gaeT BanecaaB gecaTOB (2007), ccBiaaacB Ha Teopuro TpaHc-rpeccuu ^op^a BaTaa, cKoaBKo 3a paMKu cTporo MHgMBugyaaBHoro nosTunecKoro HanuHaHua.
KaK y®e roBopuaocB, no33ua KaK co6wTue nogpa3yMeBaeT, b nepByro onepegB, Tpu npuHn,unuaaBHBie TpaHc^opMan,uu, KoTopwe ryMuaeB HaMeTua b cTaTBe o Bogaepe: Bo-nepBBix, cuHTe3 aupunecKoro u gpaMa-TUHecKoro nepeBoguT nosTunecKoe BBicKa3BiBaHue b c^epy npaKcuca; Bo-BTopwx, cuHTe3 cy6iBercra nosTunecKoro BBicKa3BiBaHua c caMon 33wkobom cnoco6HocTBro BwauBaeTca b HoByro ^urypy aBTopcKon cy6teKTMBHocTu, KoTopaa 6yKBaaBHo 3a Bce u Bca b oTBeTe; b TpeTBux, roBopa ot uMeHu Bcex, npuMepaa Ha ce6a aro6yro MacKy, nosT oTHBme co3HaeT, hto He ny^g nopwBoB 6e3o6pa3HBix, hto caMa no33ua ugeT pyKa o6 pyKy co 3aoM, Mo^eT BcaKun Mur o6epHyTBca KaTacrpo^on. ^TM Tpu ycaoBua nosTunecKoro BBicKa3BiBaHua aBaaroTca Heo6xogu-mbimm gaa Toro, hto6bi no33ua 6waa b cocToaHuu npuTa3aTB Ha cTaTyc co6wTua. TeM He MeHee, aBaaacB Heo6xoguMBiMu, ohm Bpag au MoryT cHUTaTBca gocTaToHHHMu, nocKoaBKy stm Tpu onepan,uu Hy^garoTca b BwcmeM cuHTe3e. CaoBoM, hto6bi no33ua cTaaa co6wTueM Heo6xoguM
132
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
HeKMM cBa3yrom,un ^.^eMeHT, KaKOBHM b onbrre ryMu.eBa aBunacb, KaK M3BecTHO, penurua. PaecMOTpeHMW mokhhx nepenaeTeHuM stmx neTwpex ctuxum: no33uu KaK gencrBua, no33uu KaK nucroro a3HKa, no33MM KaK 3.a u no33MM KaK pe.uruu mh nocBaTMM BTopyw nacrb Hamen pa6oTH.
Bo3Bpam,aacb k cTaTbe «no33ua Bognepa», b kotopom TeMa no33uu KaK co6HTua no.yHu.a gocraToHHo pa3BepHyToe BHpa^eHue, Heo6xo-guMo 3aMeTuTb, hto TeMaTunecKu u xp0H0.0runecKu oHa TecHo npu-MHKaeT k gByM noc^egHuM TeopeTuHecKuM pa6oTaM ryMu.eBa, nocBa-m,eHHHM pa3pa6oTKe «uHTerpaflbHon nosTuKu»: penb ugeT o cTaTbax «HuTaTe.b» (ryMu^eB 2006: 235-240) u «AHaT0Mua cruxoTBopeHua» (240-243). geMcTBuTettbHo, cTaTba «HuTaTe.b» nacTo paccMaTpuBaeTca KaK cBoero poga uTor TeopeTunecKux u3bicKaHuM no3Ta, cBoero poga n03T0fl0runecK0e 3aBem,aHue, b kotopom uHbie uMeHuTbie c^e^ua^u-cth no TBopnecTBy ryMuaeBa ck^ohhh HaxoguTb ga^e 6o.bme, He^eau b stot TeKcT Mor BKnagMBaTb caM aBTop, orarogb He cnuTaBmuM, hto numeT cbow «CyMMy ^0^TUKU». HanpoTuB, ec.u nogonTu k ^T0My TeKcTy reHeTunecKu u.u apxeo.orunecKu, ec.u nogonTu k HeMy KaK k ogHoMy u3 3acTHBmux no6eroB n03TunecK0M mhcau, u3 KoToporo co BpeMeHeM Mor.no 6h BbipacTH u,e.bHoe gpeBo nosro.orHHecKoro 3HaHua, to He.b3a He oTMeTHTb gByx hobhx no.o»eHHM, KoTopbie noaB.awTca b stom TeKcTe b cpaBHeHuu co cTaTbeM «no33ua Bognepa». Bo-nepBHx, b co3HaHuu no3Ta noaB.aeTca 3a6oTa o nuTaTeae, pa3yMe-eTca, He b tom uH<£aHTu.bH0M cMBicne, b KaK0M ^o^TH-gu.eTaHTH 3aroga roToBaT 3KcnpoMTBi g.a onpege.eHHon npeKpacHon gaMH, a b cMHc.e Btipa^eHua onpege.eHHon 3a6oTH o Heo6xoguMocTu pa3ge.e-Hua Toro ^K3ucTeH^ua.bH0^0 ontiTa, kotopmm 6h. no.o^eH b ocHoBy cTuxoTBopeHua. KaK nuca. tot ^e Bog.ep b o6pam,eHuu k nuTaTe.ro, npegBapaBmeM KHury «^eTBi 3.a»:
133
OflbTA BOflHEK - nos3Hfl KaK coöbiTue: onbiT HuKo^aa ryMM^eBa
1
üepeBog c ^paH-o,y3CKoro ^..Hca.
Hem xpuxoe apocmnux, no cmpanno cnumu e neM Bce uccmynnenua, 6e3yMcmea, ucxyrnenba;
Oho eecb Mup omdacm, cMeacb, na pa3pymenbe. Oho noznomum Mup odnuM cboum 3eexoM!
To - Cxyxa! - oônaxoM ceoeû kouka* odema Ona, mocxya, wdem, umoô ^ma^om eo3nux. Cxawu, numamenb-nweu,, moû ëpam u moû deoûnux Tu 3Han Hyöoeu^e ymomennoe ^mo?!1 (Eodnep 1970:13)
He.B3a ucK.roHuTB, htg CTaTBa ryMu.eBa «HuTaTe.B», no KpaMHeM Mepe, B HeKGTopwx cbgux acneKTax, BGCxoguT k 3tum CTpoHKaM Bog-.epa. Bo BcaKOM c.yHae, b TaKux Bwpa»eHuax, KaK «MucTuHecKuM CG6ecegHMK», «em,e He aBuBmuMca gpyr» mg»hg paccABimaTB GTro.G-cku Tex CG3ByHMM, nocpegcTBOM KGTGpMx aBTGp ^emoe 3na Gnpege.a. CBoero gBOMHuKa. 3gecB Ba»H0 gpyroe: 3a6oTa o HuTaTe.e 3HaMeHyeT npeogo.eHue uH^aHTuaBHoro cocToaHua ^G^3MM KaK caM0Bwpa»e-Hua He.GBeKa; 3a6oTa o HuTaTe.e — ^TG 3a6oTa o tgm, htg6m ^G^3Ma CTa.a co6MTueM, nocKG.BKy co6MTue — stg Bcerga yTBep»geHue MHG»ecTBa b ym,ep6 uHguBugya^BHOCTu.
C.egyrom,uM u, b o6m,eM, noc.egHuM mar b npeogo^eHuu uH^aH-tu^bhoctu ^o^3MM CBoguTca k TOMy, htg6m cooTHecTu u nonwTaTB-ca CMHTe3MpGBaTB ^G^3Mro u penururo. Mm He 6ygeM 3gecB KacaTBca Bonpoca o tgm, b KaKOM CTeneHu 3Ta pe.uruG3Haa 3a6oTa no3gHero ryMu.eBa Mor.a BGCxoguTB k aHa.oruHHMM HaHuHaHuaM pyccKoro CMMBG.M3Ma; HaM Ba»Hee npoceguTB GpuruHa^BHyro fluHaMuKy bgc-xo»geHua pyccKoro no3Ta k tgm BepmuHe nosTunecKoro, Ha KOTopoM nG33ua rGBGpuT TG »e caMoe, htg peaurua, pa3yMeeTca, Ha pa3.uHHMx
134
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
H3HKax. HMeHHo B CTaTte «Hmarent» ryMuneB u3no^un 3Ty ugero KaK Hent3H óonee npHMo:
«^o^3M u penuzua. - dee cmoponu odnoû u moû Me Monemu. H ma u ^py^añ mpeôywm om uenoeeKa dyxoenoû paôomu. Ho ne eo uMñ npaKmuuecKoû u,enu, KaK ^muKa u ^cmemuKa, a eo uMñ eucweû, ne meecmnoû um caMuM. ^muKa npucnocoônaem uenoeem k mu3hu b oôw,ecmee, ^cmemuKa cmpeMumcñ yeenuuumh ezo cnocoônocmh nacnaMdamhcñ. PyKoeodcmeo Me e nepepoMdenuu uenoeeKa e eucrnuû mun npunadneMum penuzuu u no^3uu» ryMunee 2006:235-236).
3aMeTMM, HT0 oómpocTB penuruu u no33uu ryMuneB ycMaTpuBaeT b ux noucTMHe peB0nro^M0HH0M 3agane — nepepo^geHuu HenoBeKa b BHcmuM Tun. H 3TMHecKue, m screTMHecKue cooópa^eHMH 0Tx0gHT Ha BTopoM nnaH — no33UH KaK coóHTue ecTB no33UH no Ty CTopoHy ^oópa u 3na. Bonee Toro, yHUTHBaH, HT0 caM0 noHHTue ^oópa b snoxy KaTacrpo^uHecKoro npeoópa30BaHMH Mupa numaeTCH KaKoM 6h to hm óbiao onpegeneHHocTu, no33UH KaK coóHTue umeT CBoeM cymHocTu uMeHHo Ha CTopoHe 3na, KaTacTpo^H. Ho 3to He óe3paccygHoe norpy^eHue bo 3no. Bot noHeMy UMeHHo b penuru03H0M CBoeM unocTacu no3T npuoópeTaeT cnocoóHocTB roBopuTB y»e He c 0TgentH0M nuHHocrtro, KaK 3to genaeT nroóoM no3T, a c BceHen0BeHecTB0M: «3to po^gaeT b HeM HyBCTBo KaTacTpo^uHHocTu, eMy Ka^eTCH, hto oh roBopuT CBoe nocnegHee u caMoe rnaBHoe, óe3 no3HaHUH Hero He crouno 3eMne u po^gaTBCH. 3to coBceM ocoóeHHoe HyBCTBo, uHorga HanonHHrom.ee TaKUM TpeneT0M, hto oho Memano óh roBopuTB, ecnu óh He conyTCTByrom.ee eMy HyBCTBo noóegHocTM, C03HaHue Toro, hto TBopumt coBepmeHHHe coHeTaHUH cnoB, nogoóHHe TeM, K0T0pHe HeKorga BocKpemanu MepTBHx, pa3pymanu CTeHH» (ryMuneB 2006: 236). ü033uh KaK coóHTue He ecTB npocTo BHpa«eHue
135
OflbTA BOflHEK - no33Hfl KaK coöbiTue: onuï HwKo^aa ryMM^eBa
«TpaB HeacHoro 3anaxa», OHa HeMwcauMa 6e3 am^^Hua KaTacrpo^Bi, 6e3 omymeHua Toro, hto coo6pa®eHua KpacoTH, npeaecTu, OHapoBaHua goa^HBi OTcTynuTB Ha3ag nepeg ^T0M ycrpeMaeHHOcrBro cKa3aTB Te caoBa, KOTopwe 6e3 Te6a hurto 6h He cKa3aa.
Ta ®e ugea 0 B3aMM0g0^0aHaeM0CTM n033uu u peauruu noBTopaeTca b craTBe «AHaTOMua CTMX0TB0peHMa», K0T0paa 3aBepmaeTca no^eaa-HueM HacTynaeHua TaKux BpeMeH, «Korga nosTH cTaHyT B3BemuBaTB Ka^goe cBoe ca0B0 c tom ^e TmaTeaBHOCTBro, KaK u tbop^i KyaBTOBHx necHOueHuM» (243).
^Ta cbh3b n033uu u peauruu bo MHoroM 06'BacHaeT u n0Ka3H0M «M0Hapxu3M» ryMuaeBa BKyne c HapoHuToM «peaura03H0CTBro» b nepuog BoeHHoro K0MMyHu3Ma (KaK u3BecTH0, oh otkphto 06'BaBaaa ce6a MOHapxucTOM u KpecTuaca Ha Bce ^pKBu) u 0gH0BpeMeHH0 ero aKTuBHoe coTpygHunecTBO c coBeTCKoM BaacTBro b KpacHOM neTporpage. KaK OTMeHaeT B. ffly6MHCKMM b CBoeM 06cT0HTeaBH0M 6M0^pa^MM ryMuaeBa 3odnuü, y Hero «6waa CKa0HH0CTB k nocTpoeHuro rao6aaBHwx MCT0pM0C0^CKMx MogeaeM. [...] Oh Bepua, hto bch ucTopua nogHuHaeTca npocTOMy KpyroBopoTy. Ha cMeHy Baacru ^pe^B (gpyugoB, 6paxMa-hob) u n03T0B npumaa BaacTB bouhob, KmaTpueB (cooTBeTCTByromaa TOMy, hto MapKcucTH Ha3HBaroT pa6oBaageaBHecKuM u ^eogaaBHBiM cTpoeM). Ha cMeHy eM - BaacTB Kyn^B (Ka^MTaaM3M). Ha cMeHy Baacru Kynn,0B npuxoguT BaacTB Hapoga (hto, co6cTBeHH0, u npcucxoguT b Poc-cuu). «CaMogep^aBHHM Hapog» cMeHHT onaTB CBam^HuKu u nosTH. Torga-To u HacTaHeT 06eT0BaHHHM 30a0T0M BeK» (ffly6MHCKMM 516). B ucTopuoco^CKOM Mogeau ryMuaeBa 6oaBmeBuKu 6wau Heo6xoguMH KaK 3Tan Ha nyru k rpagymeM TeoKpaTuu^ uau k nosTOKpaTuu. KaK hu CTpaHHO, gaa ryMuaeBa 3to 6wao 6oaee uau MeHee 0gH0 u to ^e.
TaKuM 06pa30M, eme pa3 yroHHuM: ^o^3Ma BwauBaeTca b KaTacrpo-
b peBoa^uro He b tom CMHcae, hto no3T npuHuMaeT CTopoHy no-
136
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
6eguBmero pe»uMa; Hao6opoT: uMeHHO n0T0My hto nosT o6pam,aeT ce6a «opraHOM penu Bcero cym,ecTByrom,ero», oh npuo6peTaeT oco6yw cn0C06H0CTB BOcnpuHTUH peBon^uoHHoro co6mtmh, b cuny KOTopoM eMy cnynaeTCH nopoM npo3peTB cbom co6cTBeHHWM ru6enBHWM ygen bo Bpa»ge6HMx Buxpax peBon^uoHHoro BpeMeHu. B 3tom cbh3m 3a-MeTUM, hto XOTH CTMxoTBopeHMH «Pa6oHMM» (i9i6) U «My»UK» (i916) HanucaHM no gpyruM SMnupuHecKUM noBogaM, 3agHUM HucnGM b hux mg»hg npoHecTB npegomymeHue CMepTHGro ygena, yrGTOBaHHoro nosTy pa6OHe-KpeCTBHHCKMM pe»UMOM.
geMcTBMTenbHO, xopomo u3BecTHO, hto CTuxoTBopeHue «Pa6oHuM» 6wno HanucaHO go peBon^uu, hto pent b HeM ugeT o HeMe^K0M pa-6oHeM, OTnuBawm,uM nynu, npegHa3HaHeHHwe gna pyccKux congaT, Bowmnx Ha g,BMHe, rge xpa6po BoeBan caM no3T. TeM He MeHee, noHTu cpa3y nocne CMepTu ryMuneBa, noHBunucB TpaKTOBKu 3Toro TeKCTa KaK npopoHecKoro:
Oh cmoum neped pacKaneHHUM ^0pH0M, Heeucoxuû cmapuû uenoeeK. B3^m^ cnoKoûHuû Kawemcñ noKopHUM Om MrnaHhñ KpacHoeamux eeK.
Bce moeapu^u ezo 3acHynu, TonhKo oh oduH ew,e He cnum: Bce oh 3awm omnueaHheM nynu, Hmo Mem c 3eMnew pa3nyuum. (ryMunee 1999:103).
hto nopa»aeT b 3tom CTuxoTBopeHuu, Hag KOTopMM b CBoe BpeMH noTemanucB HeganeKue 3creTBi-n,eHMTenM tohhbix pu^M u M3wcKaH-
137
OflbTA BOflHEK - no33Hfl KaK coöbiTue: onuï HwKo^aa ryMM^eBa
hwx o6pa3oB? npe^ge Bcero - KoHTpacTHaa juHua KOM^O3M^MM, cBoero poga KpacHaa hmtb, KoTopaa gejMT Beci cjoBecHwM MaccuB TeKcTa Ha gBe paBHoBejuKue u coBepmeHHo He3aBucuMwe HacTu: c ogHoM cropoHBi, pa6oHMM HejoBeK, kotopwm npocro 3aHaT cbomm gejoM, He nwmeT KjaccoBoM HeHaBucTiK, HanpoTMB, Ka^eTca no-kophwm, goMamHMM («goMa ^geT ero b 6ojimoM nocTeju / CoHHaa u Tenjaa »eHa»), sto npocro «HeBwcoKMM cTapwM HejoBeK»; Torga KaK c gpyroM nepeg HaMM npegcTaKT KapTMHw KpoBaBoM cMepTM nosTa, npuHMMaKmue xapaKTep npegcMepTHoro 6pega:
nyna, um omnumaa, npoceuw,em Had cedow, ecnenennoú fieunoü nym, um omnumaa., omu^em rpydb mow, ona npuwna 3a mhoü.
ynady, CMepmenbno 3amocKyw, npownoe yeuwy naaey, Kpoeb KnwnoM 3axnew,em na cyxyw, nunbnyw u Mamyw mpaey. (ryMunee 1999:103).
CorjacHo EagiK «hto6bi nepeHepKHyTi caMoHageaHHocri opueH-TupoBaHHoM Hcropuu» «no33ua BeKa nosTOB opraHM3yeT de3opueH-mau,uw mwcjm» (EagiK 2003a). B ogHoM M3 cbomx caMwx M3BecTHwx u 3aragoHHwx nosTMHecKux TBopeHMM, cTMxoTBopeHuu «3a6jyguB-muMca TpaMBaM» (1920) ryMMjeB nogo6Ho reopry TpaKjK, n,MTupye-MoMy EagiK, gja ge3opueHTan,MM caMoM mwcjm npoTMBonocTaBjaeT ^urypy, HpeBaryK a6cojKTHWM npepwBaHueM : ^urypy cMepTM.
138
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Bueecm - Kpoebw nanumue öyKeu rnacam - 3enennaa, - 3naw mym BMecmo Kanycmu u eMecmo ôpwKeu Mepmeue zonoeu npodawm.
B Kpacnoü pyôawxe, c nuyoM, KaK euMa, ronoey cpe3an nanau u Mne, Ona neMana BMecme c dpyzuMu 3decb e a^uKe cKonb3KoM, na caMoM dne. (ryMunee 1001: Si)
H, KaK 3aMenaeT Bagbro, aHanu3upya crpoKM TpaKna, <oto He CMepT-Haa 3a6oTa, He CMepraaa nenanb, He KaK0M-Hu6ygb cy6teKTMBHBiM a^ercr CMepTu — ^T0 CMepTb caMa no ceôe». 3puM0CTb, BemHocTb ÄMBonucaHua co6cTBeHHon CMepTM, cn0BH0 «3axBaHeHHon TeHeTaMM MaTepuanbHocTM» (2003a), ge3opueHTMpyeT Hac bo BpeMeHu m npocTpaHCTBe npoucxogamero, no3BonaeT Bcneg 3a nupunecKMM cy6teKT0M nosMBi, BCKonuBmuM Ha nogHo^Ky TpaMBaa, 3a6nyguTbca b 6e3gHe BpeMeH, pacTBopuTbca b MHo^ecTBeHHon cy6teKTMBH0CTu. H CH0Ba Bcneg 3a Bagbro mo®ho CKa3aTb, hto m b ^o^3MM ryMuneBa, C03ByHH0M b 3T0M nosMe 3noxe, 3axBaneHH0M C06wTUMH0CTbro ^0^TMHecK0^0 aKTa TpaKna «ge3opMeHTa^Ma ecTb He hto uHoe, KaK yrpaTa BpeMeHu b MegneHH0M m cnagocTHoM ucnwTaHMu CMepTbro» (2003a). ryMuneB He Mor nynme BwcKa3aTb CBoero nosTunecKoro Kpego, B03B0gamer0 ero no33uro Ha ypoBeHb co6wTua KaK b stmx cnoBax: «no3T Bcerga rocnoguH ä:m3hm, TBopamen m3 Hee, KaK m3 gparo^HHoro MeTanna, cbom o6pa3 m nogo6ue. Ecnu 0Ha oKa^eTca CTpamHon, MyHMTenbHon m nenanbHon, 3HanMT, TaKon oh ee 3axoTen» (ryMuneB 2006: 201). $
139
OflbrA BOflHEK ► ^o^3Mfl KaK coöbiTMe: onuT HwKo^aa ryMM^eBa
^MTepaTypa
BAflbro, AAEH, 2003a: BeK no^mo6. Ookmh Cepren (nepeBog c ^paHu,.) // HRO 2003, Ne 63. <http://magazines.russ.ru/ nlo/2003/63/badu.html> 29.09.20l6. BAflbro, AAEH, 20036: MaHufacm fyunocofyuu. ^anMu,KMM BuKTop
(cocT., nepeBog c $paHu,.). CaHKT-neTep6ypr: Machina. BOfl^EP, mAP^b, l970: BcTynneHue // tyemu 3na. MocKBa: HayKa. rnnnHYC, bach^hh, l989: ^x ^0^T0B // TuMeHHMK, P.^., nonuBaHOB, K.M. (coct.). AHHa AxMamoea, decñmue ^o^u. MocKBa. 82-83.
ropog^KHH, cepteh, 2002: HeKOTopHe TeneHua b coBpeMeHHon pyccKon ^o^3MM // ^eKMaHOB, Oner (coct.). Kpumurn pyccK0^0 nocmcuM6onu3Ma. MocKBa. l3-20. ryMH^EB, hhkoaah, l999: nonHoe coôpaHue conuneHuû e io m. T. 3.
CmuxomeopeHuñ. ^o^Mu (i914-19i8). MocKBa: BocKpeceHue. ryMH^EB, hhkoaah, 200l: nonHoe coôpaHue coHuneHuû e 10 m. T. 4.
CmuxomeopeHuñ. ^o^Mu (1918-1921). MocKBa: BocKpeceHue. ryMH^EB, hhkoaah, 2006: nonHoe coôpaHue coHuneHuû. T. 7. Cmambu o numepamype u ucxyccmee. OÔ3opu. Pev,eH3uu. MocKBa: BocKpeceHue.
Aechtob, bhhec^ab, 2007: MeccuaHu3M: cnyHaû HuKonañ ryMuneea. <http://www.lik-bez.ru/archive/zine_numberl454/zine_ criticsl458/publicationl493> l7.06.20l6. oaoeb^ba, HPHHA, l99l: «TaK roBopun ryMuneB». ^m3hb HuKonaa ryMuneBa. BocnoMMHaHua coBpeMeHHMKOB. ^eHMHrpag: Me»gyHapogHHn ^OHg ucTopuu HayKM. l52-l55. nogoporA, ba^ephh. Coôumue uMaccMedua. CanT B.A. nogoporu. <http://podoroga.com/sobimass.html > 29.09.20l6.
140
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) ► Event
myBHHCKHH, ba^ephh, 2014: 3odnuü. Mu3Hb HuKonaa ryMuneea. MocKBa: ACT.
141
OflbrA BOflHEK ► ^o^3Mfl KaK coöbiTMe: onbT HwKo^aa ryMM^eBa
Pe3MMe
Ec.m paccMaTpuBaTB KaTeropuro «Bexa ^0^T0B» A.eHa EagBro xax y3e. no33uu u ^u.oco^uu, ^urypa ryMu.eBa, Tax»e MO»eT 6wtb Bnu-caHa B napagurMy KOHn,enn,uu, coeguHaromyro no33uro u co6wTue. Co6wTue MrHOBeHHO, xax Bcnwmxa mo.hmm. noMMaTB ^T0T Bcno.ox m 3aK.roHMTB b Hexyro ^o^TMHecKyro ^opMy m cocTaB.aeT 3agany ^o^Ta. noHUMaHue no33MM xax co6wTua HaxoguT y ryMu.eBa HauBwcmee Bwpa»eHue b CTaTBe «no33ua Eog.epa», rge no33ua «^eTOB 3.a» CTaHOBMTca g.a Hero ogHUM U3 3HaMeHuM coBpeMeHHoM MupoBoM xaTacTpo^w. Eo.ee Toro, b CM.BHeMmMx cbomx TBopeHMax OHa m ecTB caMa xaTacTpo^a - to, hto HacTaeT BHe3anH0, Bgpyr - ^T0 MrHOBeHue, Mo.HMa, TpemuHa, paHa. ^o^3Ma oTHWHe He npocTo HeoTBeM.eMa ot C03HaHMa 3.a, OHa caMa roTOBa o6paTMTBca 3.om, KaTacrpo^OM m.m, ec.M BepHyTBca k KOHTexcTy, b KOTopoM ryMM.eB numeT CBoro CTaTBro o Eog.epe, TaxMM co6wTueM, xax PeB0.ro^Ma. Ho hto6w ^o^3Ma CTa.a co6wTueM, Heo6xogMM HexuM CBa3yrom,MM 3neMeHT, xaxoBWM b onw-Te ryMM.eBa aBM.acB, xax M3BecTH0, pe.urua. O6m,H0CTB pe.uruM m ^o^3MM ryMM.eB ycMaTpuBaeT b mx noucTMHe peB0.ro^M0HH0M 3agane - nepepo».eHMM He.OBexa b BwcmuM Tun. ^o^3Ma Bw.MBaeTca b KaTa-CTpo^y, b peBO.K^uro He b tom CMwc.e, hto ^o^T npuHMMaeT CTopoHy no6egMBmero pe»MMa; Hao6opoT: MMeHHO n0T0My hto ^o^T o6pam,aeT ce6a «opraHOM peHM Bcero cymecTByromero», oh npuo6peTaeT oco6yro cn0C06H0CTB BOcnpuaTMa peB0.ro^M0HH0^0 co6wTua, b cu.y KOTopoM eMy c.yHaeTca nopoM npo3peTB cbom co6cTBeHHWM rM6e.BHWM yge..
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
On^a BonneK
Onbza BonueK - tyunonoz-poMaHucm, npenodaeamenb $paHW3CKozo a3UKa, Kypcoe no cmparneedeHuw $paHU,uu, meopuu u npaKmuKe numepamypHo-zo nepeeoča Ha 0aKynbmeme cbo6očhux ucxyccme u HayK Camm-nemep-6ypzcxozo zocydapcmeemozo yHueepcumema. C1992 no 2006 z. 3aeedoeana omdeneHueM fypaHU,y3CKozo a3UKa u numepamypu HOy BnO «HHcmumym uHocmpaHHUx 03UK0e». CoopzaHU3amop 11 MeMÖyHapoÖHUx K0H^epeHV,uû no $paHU,y3CKoû numepamype u K0MnapamuBHUM uccnečoeaHuaM Hav,u-0HanbHUx Kynbmyp. Aemop pada pa6om no meopuecmey nbepa fipue na Powena, pyccxo-^paHvy3CKUM numepamypHbM 63auMoœa3aM, e uacmm-cmu $paHU,y3CKUM enuaHuaM Ha meopuecmeo &.M. flocmoeecxozo, meopuu u ucmopuu nepeeoča e Coeemcxoû Poccuu. nyñnuKoeanacb e «P0MaHCK0M KonnezuyMe», «Hoeux poccuûcKux zyMaHumapHux uccneöoeaHuax» HMHH PAH, möamenbcmee «Hoeoe numepamypHoe o6o3peHue». nepeeoduuK Ha-yuHux cmameû u numepamypu c fypaHU,y3CKozo (E. buüh, A. Po6-Tpuûe, A. de MoHmepnaH, M.-n Capmp, n. fípue na Powenb, M. ñeüpuc, K. neHbo, M. Rene3, ñ. EonmaHCKU, M. Cwpua, A. Eadbw u dp.)
143
Hto TaKoe coÖMTMe y Ä^eKcaHgpa BBegeHCKoro
$ kophe^ha hhhh ► kornelijaicin@gmail.com
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
The article considers the representation of the event in the oeuvre of Alexander Vvedensky. Starting from the judgment of the event given by Yakov Druskin, the philosopher close to the poet, we follow the connection in Vvedensky poetry between, on the one hand, the event, something that happened (the case), the world, and on the other, time, the moment, memory. The poet's thoughts about infinitesimally small units of space and time, and the inextricability of our existence from those, lead to a logical paradox about life as a moment in comparison to the moment. The subject of this article is Vvedensky's inquiry into the event as the moment of poetic existence.
VVEDENSKY, OBERIU, EVENT, MOMENT, MEMORY
B gaHHOM craTBe mm paccMaTpMBaeM penpe3em^MM coömtma b TBopHecTBe o6^pMyTa AaeKcaHgpa BBegeHcKoro. Hcxoga M3 paccy^geHMM 6aM3Koro ^o^Ty ^Maoco^a flKOBa ^pycKMHa o caynae, mm npocaegMaM y BBegeHCKo-ro CBA3B Me^gy co6BiTMeM, cayHMB-mMMca (caynaeM), MMpoM, c oahom CTopoHM, M BpeMeHeM, MrHoBeHMeM, naMATBW, c gpyroM. Pa3MBimaeHMA no-^Ta o 6ecKoHeHHo MaaMX BeaMHMHax BpeMeHM m npocTpaHcTBa, m HeoT-Pmbho cBA3aHHoro c HMMM co6cTBeH-Horo 6^itma, npMBeaM k aomnecKMM napagoKcaM o äm3hm KaK MrHoBeHMM b cpaBHeHMM c MrHoBeHMeM. Hccaego-BaHMe co6mtma KaK MraoBeHMA ^o^TM-HecKoro 6^iTMfl BBegeHcKoro ABaaeTca npegMeToM craTBM.
BBEflEHCKHH, OE^PHy, COEHTHE, MrHOBEHHE, nAMATB
145
KOPHEflMfl MHMH ► Hto TaKoe coöbiTMe y A^eKcaHflpa BBegeHcKoro
B KoMMeHTapu-ax k coHMHeHMro «K $Mn0C0^MM nocTynKa» roro-
TumBunu BBiCKa3Bi-BaeT npegnono^eHMe, hto 6axTuHCKoe «coótiTue ÓHTua» Morno B03HMKHyTt nog BnuaHueM ugen cuMBonucTCKoro no3Ta m MticnuTena BaH. HBaHoBa (roroTumBu-nu 403-410).
B. BMÓMXMH KpMTMKy-eT ycTaHoBKy BaxTMHa Ha nepcoHantHoe «aKo6Bi cnoco6Hoe c noMorntro nocTynKa ^pM0Óm,MTB ce6a k co6HTuro ÓBITMa», TaK KaK, no ero MHeHMro, «HuKaK, Hy HuKaK He nonynaeTca hto co6ti-Tue ecTt TaKaa Bemt hto cytteKT Mo^eT ycTpouTt ee caM ce6e no co6cTBeHH0My noHMHy» (70, 71).
B «hobom ^unoco^-ckom 3HD,MKnonegMM» B. nogopora numeT: «B coBpeMeHHtx m HoBenmux ^unoco^-ckmx oHTonoruax "opraHMD,MCTCKoro" (^0CTÓep^C0HMaHCK0-ro), ^eH0MeHonoru-HecKoro m nocTpyK-TypanucTCKoro TonKa noHaTue co6HTua (aHanor CTaHoBneHMa) npoTHBonocTaBnaeTca noHaTuro 6HTua» (nogopora 2010).
mo^ho nu roBopuTb o co6htuu y 063puyT0B, Korga b ux npou3BegeHu-ax pa3opBaHa npuHUHHo-cnegcrBeHHaa CBa3t, Korga HeT nocnegoBa-TentHocTu gewcTBua, Hucen, BpeMeHu, Korga CnyHaw CBoen eguHUHHo-CTtro 3aHuMaeT ^HTpantHoe Mecro b aMHe3uu, b KoTopyro nonagaroT repou, TeM caMtiM CBugeTenbCTBya o npeptiBHocru BpeMeHu?
B pyccK0M $un0C0$CK0M TpagM^MM co6wTHe paccMaTpuBanoct HeoTpMBHo ot ero a3MK0B0M npegonpegeneHHocTu cn0B0M «6Brrue» (KaK conpoBo^garomee ero - co-6BiTue). B «Ounoco^uu nocTynKa» M. BaxTuH 060CH0BtBaeT «co6tiTue 6tiTua» KaK BocnpuaTue (nepe^u-BaHue) 6trraa MHgMBMgyantHtiM C03HaHueM, KaK geMCTBMTentHoe npuHameHue (nocTynoK) uHguBuga, «K0HKpeTH0M eguHCTBeHH0CTu Mupa», k 6wTuro (BaxruH 17).1 O6pamaact k 6axrMHCK0M «Ounoco-^hh nocTynKa», B. BM6MXMH paccy^gaeT o co6bitmm 6tiTMa (Mupa) KaK BonnomeHMM 6tiTMa Hepe3 rnaron «c6tiTBca», npoM3BogHtm ot rnarona «6wtb» (b $opMe Hacroamero BpeMeHM «ecrt»): «Hto6w 6tino "co6tTMe Mupa", gon^Ho c6tiTBca to, hto ecTt» (Bm6mxmh 71).2 no-gpyroMy k co6wTMro nogxogMT B. nogopora, yHMTtiBaa coBpe-MeHHoe nocTCTpyKTypanMCTCKoe ^unoco^CKoe Hacnegue, KoTopoe noHaTue co6tiTMa npoTMBonocTaBnaeT noHaTuro 6tiTMa.3 B «Hobom ^un0C0^CK0M 3Hu,MKnonegMM» oh onpegenaeT co6wTMe cnegyro-muM 06pa30M: «Co6wTMeM Mo^eT 6wTfc Ha3BaH0 nro6oe aBneHue, KoTopoe, CBepmaact, MHgMBMgyanM3MpyeTca b CBoen yHMKantH0M m HenoBTopMMoM cymHocTM m ga^e o6peTaeT co6cTBeHHoe MMa. [...] Co6wTMe, ocymecTBnaact, oTMeHaeT npe^Hue Ha6nrogeHua (b npoTMBHoM cnyHae co6wTue onuctiBanoct 6b m uccnegoBanoct KaK noBToparomeeca aBneHue, t. e. b cucreMe npe^HMx B03M0^H0creM Ha6nrogeHua)» (nogopora 2010). O6 otkpbitoctm co6wTMa numeT m A. rpaKanoB: «Co6wTMe KoHCTpyupyeTca, ho oho ^e m KoHCTpy-upyeT -B3aMM0CTpeMneHue onwTa m pe^neKCMM noBTopeHBi gpyr b
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
gpyre, chu ogHOBpeMeHHO pa3,uHeHw u c6teguHeHw» (rpaKa,CB 23). A. rpaKa,0B nognepKMBaeT Ba»H0CTB co6tiTMa He to,bko g,a HeK,ac-CMHecKMx HayK, $M,oco$MM nocTynKa m,m o6MgeHHoro C03HaHua, gonycKarom,ero «HeonpegeneHHOCTB, c,yHañH0CTB, cygb6y», ho m g,a 3CTeTUKu, TaK KaK oho «Bcerga screTUHecKoe, u6o coeguHaeT OTKpti-TCCTB u orpaHUHeHHCCTB, 3aBepmeHue u coBepmeHue», u «pe^neKCua scTeTUHecKoro uMeeT ge,o c napag0Kca,BH0CTBro He^opMa,u3yeMoñ ^opMBi m HecTpyKTyupyeMOM CTpyrcrypti» (TaM »e).
Pa3MMm,aa 0 Mupe 063pMyT0B, B. nogopora nMTaeTca onpege-,mtb, HTO TaKoe co6tiTMe m HTO TaKoe c,yHañ: «C,yHañ OTHOCMTca k nopagKy c,egcTBMM, co6MTue - k nopagKy npuHMH», c,yHañ - sto «MCTMHa, K0T0pyro mm He M0»eM M3MeHMTB» (nogopora 20ll: 435). Pa3,uHaa 6o,Bmoe u Ma,oe BpeMa, pyccKuñ $u,oco$ c 6o,BmuM BpeMeHeM cBa3MBaeT n0c,eg0BaTe,BH0CTB m Heo6paTMM0CTB xoga, OTcyTCTBMe HacToarn,ero BpeMeHM, c Ma,MM - g,MTe,BH0CTB m Heno-BTopuMOCTB, n03T0My, «Korga 6o,bmoe BpeMa BTopraeTca b Ma,oe, to sto m 6ygeT Co6MTueM (HacTO KaTacTpo^MHecKMM), Korga Ma,oe - b 6o,Bmoe, to sto m 6ygeT C,yHaeM» (436).
H3 3Toro c,egyeT, hto pa3MMm,eHua 0 co6mtmm, 6mtmm, cynae, Mupe, a HanpaMyro CBa3aHM c BpeMeHeM, MrHOBeHueM, naMaTBro. B 3T0M CMMC,e Ba»Hyro p0,B B MMp0B033peHMM 06spMyT0B CMrpa,a $M,0C0$CKaa K0H^e^^Ma H. gpycKMHa. Ero «Pa3r0B0p 0 BpeMeHM» (l930-e), 3agyMaHHMM KaK gua,or Me»gy Oa,ecoM m ero yHeHMKOM, no cyTu, 0 co6mtmm u BpeMeHM. Ou,oco<£ 3agaeTca BonpocoM: «Korga 6tBaroT co6tTMa? B np0m,0M 6m,m co6tiTMa, ohm 0CTa,MCB b Moeñ naMaTM. Co6MTue - 3to gBa MrHOBeHua, Korga mx coeguHaroT. Hto coeguHaeT gBa MrHOBeHua?» (gpycKUH l998a: 750), ntTaacB onpege-,mtb npupogy coeguHeHua MrHOBeHMM. C ero tohkm 3peHua, peHB 0 noTepaHHMx MrHOBeHMax, t. e. yMepmux MrHOBeHMax, m6o to,bko
147
KOPHEflMfl MHMH ► Hto TaKoe coöbiTMe y A^eKcaHflpa BBegeHcKoro
ohh MoryT 6bitb coeguHeHBi naMaTBro b co6BiTue, u cBa3B Me»gy hmmm - BpeMa. Pa3MBimnaa o npupoge MrHoBeHua, H. ^pycKMH ot-pu^eT ero BpeMeHHoM xapaKTep («MrHoBeHue He 6bi.o, oho Bcerga ecTB»), gna Hero «MrHoBeHue ecTB ceMnac» u no^roMy oho ocTaeTca He coegMHeHHMM (750, 751). CoeguHeHue ogHoro c gpyruM npuBoguT k KoHHMHe ogHoro u ^TO nopagoR co6bithm, rotopbim, no MHeHMW H. ^pycKMHa, ry6uT ^noe. K ToMy »e, nopagoR coeguHeHua ocTaeTca HenoHaTHMM, u oh genaeT BBiBog, hto «Hago cTpeMUTBca r ocraHaB-nuBaHuro gBu»eHua», nocRo.BRy Torga npoucxoguT «pacnagaHue npegMeToB u nyBcrB» u ^TO mo»ho ynogo6uTB «TonRaM, cnyHaMHo pa36pocaHHWM b pa3Hwx Mecrax npocrpaHcTBa, c.ynaMHoMy pac-nono»eHuro gepeBBeB b cagy unu necy u.u 3Be3gHoMy He6y» (751).
AHanorMHHwe mbicm BHcRa3HBa. u .fl. BMTreHmTeHH. Paccy»gaa o »u3Hu u cMepTu, aBcTpuMcRMM ^u.oco^ yrBep»gafl: «CMepTB He co6wTue »u3Hu. HenoBeR He ucnwTWBaeT cMepTu. Ecnu nog BenHo-cTBro noHuMaTB He 6ecRoHenHyro gnuTenBHocrB BpeMeHu, ho 6e3-BpeMeHHocTB, to BenHo »hb tot, rto »uBeT b HacToarn,eM» (BuTreH-mTeMH 71 [n. 6.4311]). Hacroam.ee, no-BuguMoMy, noHMManocB hm RaR MTHoBeHue, RaR HenogBu»Hoe cennac, u36e»aBmee ynacTM BpeMeHu. HMeHHo ^TO MrHoBeHue, no MHeHuro H. ^pycRUHa, u npuHag.e»uT BecTHURaM, RaRUMu oh BuguT XapMca u BBegeHcRoro: «^m3hb Becr-hhrob npoucxoguT b HenogBu»Hocru. y hhx ecTB Hanana co6bitum h.h Hanano ogHoro co6wTua, ho y hhx Hunero He npoucxoguT. npo-ucxo»geHue npuHagne»uT BpeMeHu. BpeMa - Me»gy gByMa MrHo-BeHuaMu. ^TO nycToTa u oTcyTcTBue: 3aTepaBmuMca ROHe^ nepBoro MrHoBeHua u o»ugaHue BToporo. BTopoe MrHoBeHue Heu3BecTHo» (^pycRUH 19986: 773).
Pa3ragaTB MrHoBeHue u co6craeHHoe 6wTue b HeM, 6bi.o rnaB-hom 3aganen BBegeHcRoro. Ero mbic.h o 6ecRoHenHo Manwx Benunu-
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) ► Event
Hax, BepHee, ero ^orunecKue napagoKCBi o «paccToaHuu», K0Topoe M3MepaeTca «BpeMeHeM» (ecnu «BpeMa 6ecK0HeHH0 gpo6uM0», to «m paccToaHUM HeT», a, 3HaHMT, «HMHero m HMHero He^B3a c^0»mtb BMecTe» - ^unaBCKMM 222), c ogHoM CTopoHBi nepeKnuKarorca c pa3-MMmaeHuaMH H. gpycKUHa, c gpyroM »e - BocxogaT k H0BeMmuM no TeM BpeMeHaM no^o»eHuaM KBaHT0B0M $m3mkm, M3yHarom,eM MMKpocKonunecKue xapaKTepucTMKu K0CM0ca c 6ecK0HeHHBiM gpo-6^eHueM aneMeHTapHBix nacTun,. BecK0HeHH0 ManBie BenunuHBi 6bMm no-oco6oMy ocmhcjchh BBegeHCKMM b ero onpege^eHuu »m3hm: «Te (nucaTe^M npom^oro - K.M.) roBopu^u: »m3hb - MrH0BeHue b cpaBHeHMM c BeHHocTBro. H roBopro: 0Ha Boo6m,e MrH0BeHue, ga»e b cpaBHeHMM c MrH0BeHueM» (^unaBCKuM 243).4 ^0^T0My H. gpycKMH m CBa3HBa^ c BBegeHCKMM MrH0BeHue, t. e. «ceMnac» KaK n0^H0Ty BpeMeH, KaK a6co^roTHyro n0^H0Ty, K0T0p0M cooTBeTCTByeT íumB a6co^roTHaa nycT0Ta. CcBmaacB Ha mhc^m BBegeHCKoro, hto g^a no-^Ta HacToarn.ee BpeMa - «Hac go CMepTM», H. gpycKMH yTBep»gan, hto «aBTopuTeT 6eccMBicnu^i» «»m^ b a6co^WTHoM nycT0Te: Herge npuK^oHMTB ro^oBy, ôumh He npu ge^e» (gpycKMH 200l 399).
no MHeHuro BBegeHCKoro, Ha CTBiKe »m3hm m CMepTM ne^oBeK oco3HaeT 3aMeg^eHue BpeMeHu go 3acTBiBaHua m ucHe3H0BeHue npo-CTpaHCTBa, oh nogxoguT k rpaHun,e 6wTua, 3a K0T0p0M u Bce c,noBa-co-6HTua mo»ho BHCTpouTB b oguH pag, KaK b «HeTBipex onucaHuax»:
O MrH0BeHMM B npegcMepTHBiM Hac 3a-gyMHBaeTca m OTeo, b nBecKe A. BBegeHCKoro üoTen,: «Ho rge » noHaTB MCHe3H0BeHBe, H BCe flB MH CMepTHH? ^T0 C006m;MmB TH MHe MrHoBeHBe, Te6a ab noMMy a?» (BBegeHCKMM l90).
Teneph dna nawezo co3nanha
Hem ôonhwe pa3Hu^i ^o^oe.
npocmpancmeo cmano peMe,
M ece cnoea - nayK, ôecedKa, uenoeeK, - odnu u me Me.
(1:172)
149
KOPHEflMfl MHMH ► Hto TaKoe coöbiTMe y A^eKcaHflpa BBegeHcKoro
fflecTOB BbicrynaeT 3a pa3pwiB ^M.OCO-^HH C .OrMKOM, m6o «^M.OCO^Ma eCTB MCKyCCTBO, CTpeMa-m;eeca npopBaTBca CKBO3B .orMHecKyro ^nB yM03aK.KHe-hhh m BBiH0cam;ee He.OBeKa b 6e36pe:®-HOe MOpe ^aHTa3MM, ^aHTacTMHecKoro, rge Bce 0gMHaK0B0 BO3MO^HO M HeB03-MO^HO» (TaM ^e).
no^roMy eguHCTBeHHoe, hto ocTaeTca - ^TO BBipa3UTB «o6BigeH-HBie B3r.agBi Ha Mup», KOTopwie 3aHacTyro pa3pwiBaroT npuBBiHHyro .oruKy MBim.eHua u a3BiKa, MHO^ar «ane.BCUHBi Ha CTaKaHBi», KaK coo6m,aeT BBegeHCKuM b «Pa3r0B0pax» (.HunaBCKMM 220). ^o^T noHMMaeT, hto apucT0Te.eBCKaa .oruKa He eflUHCTBeHHBm CnoCo6 n03HaHMa Mupa, BepHee, B006m,e He CnoCo6 n03HaHMa Mupa, ec.u o6wgeHHWM B3r.ag Ha Mup paBHaeTCa 6eccMBic.uue, a.0ruHH0-ctm, a6cypgy. ^TUMU cbommm paccy^geHuaMu oh npu6.u»aeTca k paccy^geHuaM ^BBa fflecTOBa, yTBep»flarom,ero, hto «npMBBiHKa k .0ruHecK0My MBim.eHuro y6uBaeT $aHTa3uro» u bboamt He.0BeKa b 3a6.y»geHue, hto 0TKa3 ot .oruKu 3HaHUT «ugTu HaBepHaKa k He.e-noCTu» (ffleCTOB 59),® Torga KaK Ha CaMOM ge.e ^T0T 0TKa3 OTKpwiBaeT mhom nyTB k MCTMHe. ^o^TUHecKaa KpMTMKa pa3yMa, K0T0pyro co6u-paeTCa npoBecTM BBegeHCKuM b noMCKax mctmhhbix CBa3eM b Mupe, ocHOBHBaeTca Ha pa3pwiBe c 3apaHee ycraH0B.eHHBiMH .orMHecKMMM M a3HK0BHMM 3aK0HaMM.
TBopHecKMe ycrpeM.eHua BBegeHCKoro, HanpaB.eHHBie Ha ot-KpBiTue mhom .oruKu g.a CBa3en Me^gy MrHOBeHuaMu u hobmx 3aK0H0B MMp03gaHMa, KOTOpwe 0CH0BBiBa.MCB 6w Ha MHBiX B3aMM0-0TH0meHuax Me^gy BpeMeHeM, CMepTBW u BoroM, npuBe.u k TOMy, hto ero nepcoHa^u 3aHacryro 0flH0BpeMeHH0 aB.aroTca ®mbmmm m MepTBWMM, ^epTBaMu u nanaHaMu, 3puTe.aMu u yHacTHUKaMu, ohm 0flH0BpeMeHH0 flBM^yTca b gByx HanpaB.eHuax-CMBic.ax, t. e. OflHOBpeMeHHO pacKpwiBarn cmwc. u 6eccMBiC.u^y. TaK, HanpuMep, OTBeT u ^,yma M3 coHMHeHua «Oarcr, Teopua u Bor» 0flH0BpeMeHH0 aB.aroTca u 3puTe.eM u yHacTHUKOM, npe6wBaa b gByx no cyTu to^-gecTBeHHwx, CKpwBaro^ux cmwc. Mupax:
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c mo^o nocmopoHHe^o ceema u muzom yeudee ece ^mo a 6bin maM. £ 6ydy a mym u a maM;
udu cwda a udu ko MHe a mameno 6e3 me6a KaK caMOMy 6e3 ce6a. (1:172,)6
Hrpa b «3gecb» u «TaM», b nocrocropoHHee u noTycropoHHee, b npo-maoe u 6ynym.ee gaa BBegeHCKoro npuo6peTaeT cmhci craHoBae-HHa «a» KaK co6biTua b geae3oBCKoM CMHcae («co6biTue - 3ro to, hto goa^Ho 6htb noHaro, Ha hto HanpaBaeHa Boaa u hto npegcraBaeHo b npoucxogameM» - ,fl,eae3 199), yoep^garomero u oTo^gecTBaarom,ero gBa npoTMBopeHMBwx MHpa-CMHcaa. napagoKC yraep^geHua gByx cmmcaob ogHoBpeMeHHo 3aKaroHaeTca u b To^gecTBe «a»-cym,ecrBu-TeabHoro u «a»-o6^eKTa: ohm npegcraroT B3auMo3aMeHaeMMMu u o6paTuMMMu.7 ru6pugHoe coHeTaHue npoTUBopeHUBMx cmmcaob b CTuxax BBegeHCKoro oTMeHaa u .flpycKUH b cbomx gHeBHUKax 1944 roga: «0 CTuxax BBegeHCKoro: b Ka^gon ^pa3e raaBHoe HanpaBaeHue mmc-au u norpemHocTb. norpemHocTb 3gecb MaTepuaau3oBaHa: caobom, HapymaromuM eMMea raaBHoro HanpaBaeHua» (^pycKUM 1999: 205).
^Ty npoTUBopeHUBocTb TeKCToB BBegeHCKoro no-gpyroMy c^op-MyaupoBaa B. nogopora. no ero MHeHuro, cuaa TeKCToB o63puyroB (b tom Hucae u BBegeHCKoro) 3aKaroHaeTca b tom, hto «ohm HaM no-Ka3WBaroT co Been acHocrbro auHuro geMapKa^uu Me^gy HTeHueM u noHMMaHueM» (nogopora 1993: 140). Ecau ^uaoeo^CKoe MwmaeHue
6
B «KpyroM bo3mo^ho Eor» Oommh oKa3M-BaeTca b cuTyao,uu npe6MBaTb ogHoBpe-MeHHo 3gecb u TaM, b npomaoM u HacToa-meM: «Oommh Begb tbi ^e y6e^aa, H bhobb tm 3gecb» (I: 132).
B gaHHoM oTHomeHMU HanoMUHaeM o no-HHMaHHH napagoKca y ^eae3a: «napagoKC npe^ge Bcero - 3to to, hto pa3pymaeT He ToabKo 3gpaBbin eMMea (bon sens) b KaHecTBe eguHCTBeH-Horo Bo3Mo^Horo CMMcaa (sens unique), ho u o6me3HaHUMMn eMMea (sens commun) KaK npunucMBaHue ^UKeupoBaHHoro to^:-gecTBa» (,fl,eae3 18).
151
KOPHEflMfl MHMH ► Hto TaKoe coöbiTMe y A^eKcaHflpa BBegeHcKoro
«uccnegyeT cym,ecTBOBaHue ^0^TMHecK0^0 npoM3BegeHMa b "Hacroa-m,eM", bo BpeMa HTeHua» (141), t. e. craHOBneHMe ero bo BpeMa HTeHua, to Bo3HMKaeT Bonpoc, npeTepneBaeM nu u mbi cTaHOBneHue b TeKCTe bo BpeMa HTeHMa mam Hame cTaHOBneHue npoucxoguT b o6nacTM 3a3opa Me»gy HTeHueM u noHMMaHMeM? 06 3tom BBefleHCKMM Ha «CBoeM a3WKe» nucan b «CuHen TeTpagu»:
Hama HenoBenecKaa nozuKa u nam a3UK ne coomeemcmeywm BpeMeHU HU 6 KaKOM, HU 6 ^neMeHmapHOM, HU 6 CnOMHOM ezo nOHUMaHUU. Hama nozuKa u Ham a3UK CKonb3am no noBepxHocmU BpeMeHU. TeM He MeHee, Mowem 6umb, umo-nu6ydb momho nonpoóoBamb u HanUcamb, ecnu u He o BpeMeHU, He no noBody nenonuManua BpeMeHU, mo xoma 6bi nonpoóoBamb ycmaHoBumb me neKomopue nonornenua Hame^o no6epxHocmHo^o owyw,enua BpeMeHU, u Ha ocHoBaHuu ux HaM Mowem cmamb acnuM nymb b cMepmb u b mupoKoe HenoHUMaHue. Ecnu mu nouyBcmByeM duKoe HenoHUMaHue, mo mu óydeM 3Hamb, umo ^moMy HenoHUMaHUK HUKmo He cMowem npomuBonocmaBumb nunezo acHo^o. rope naM, 3adyMa6muMcñ o BpeMenu. Ho nomoM npu pa3pacmanuu ^mo^o nenonuManua me6e u Mne cmanem acno, umo nemy nu ^opa, nu naM, nu 3adyMa6muMca, nu BpeMenu (II: 79).
HenoHMMaHue, o kotopom numeT BBegeHCKMM, ecTB pa3pwB Bpe-MeHu (mwcam, a3WKa), o6nacTB 6eccMBicnu^i, bwxoa 3a npegenwi noHMMaeMoro. fflupoKoe HenoHMMaHue O3HanaeT perpeccuro b go-6wTMMHoe. C hmm cBa3aHBi KaK OHTonorunecKue, TaK u norunecKue m THoceonorMHecKue Bonpocw. Toabko m3 Hero, go6wTMMHoro, mo»ho BW3BaTB Mup Caobom u Cmbicaom, «3acraBMTB» ero 6wtb, ho y»e Ha gpyrux (nosTunecKux) ocHOBax. npuMepoM TaKoro Mupa, bo3mo»ho, MoryT nocny»MTB 3aKnronuTenBHwe crpoHKM - snunor b conuHeHMu
152
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
«Mup»: «Ha o6oax HejoBeK, A Ha 6jrogeHKe HeTBepr» (I: 160). He cjyHaMHo Hkob gpycKMH nucaj b 1969 rogy b cBoeM gHeBHMKe, hto «Mup» BBegeHcKoro om.ym.aeT «BnojHe ^K3MCTeH^MaJBHO», xoTa «ueporju^ nocjegHen ctpohkm» He Mo^eT «He tojbko onpegejMTB, ho m cKa3aTi o HeM hto-jm6o», TaK KaK HyBcrByeT, hto <oto nocjegHMM npegej mbicjm» (gpycKMH 2001: 455).
BBegeHcKMM b cBoeM TBopHecTBe nocaraeT Ha noHaTua u mx uc-xogHwe joruHecKue o6o6m,eHua, xapaKTepu3ya mx KaK «nosTMHe-cKyro KpuTMKy pa3yMa», o HeM coo6m,aeT b «Pa3roBopax» cjegyro-rn,MM o6pa3oM: «H ycyMHMjca, hto, HanpuMep, goM, gaHa u 6amHa cBa3BiBaroTca u o6^eguHaroTca noHaTMeM "3gaHue". Mo^eT 6wtb, njeHo Hago cBa3WBaTi c HeTwpe. H gejaj 3to Ha npaKTMKe, b no33uu, u TeM goKa3WBaj. H a y6egujca b jo^hoctm npe^Hux cBa3eM, ho He Mory cKa3aTi, KaKue goj^HBi 6wtb HoBwe. H ga^e He 3Haro, goj^Ha jm 6wtb ogHa cucreMa cBa3eM mjm mx MHoro. H y MeHa ocHoBHoe om,ym,eHue 6eccBa3Hocru Mupa u pa3gpo6jeHHocTM BpeMeHM. A TaK KaK sto npoTMBopeHMT pa3yMy, to 3HaHMT pa3yM He noHMMaeT MMpa» (gunaBcKMM 186).
BBegeHcKMM, no-BuguMoMy, pa3MBimjaj o hobom ypoBHe eguH-cTBa aBjeHMM b Mupe, 3agojro go yHeHwx, onucaBmux xaoTMHecKMe npou,eccBi (HecTa6ujBHocTB, HenpegcKa3yeMocTi, gpo6Hyro pa3Mep-hoctb) b guHaMMHecKux cucTeMax. CBoe om,ym,eHue HecTa6ujiHo-ctm - «Mep^Hua» Mupa, xaoca, pa3gpo6jeHHocTM BpeMeHM nosT Bonjom,aj b cTMxax, nwTaaci oTBeTMTi Ha Bonpoc o MMpe m HejoBeKe b Mupe, KaK, HanpuMep, b cTuxoTBopeHuu 3HaneHbe Mopa:
no ycaM xodunu wwu Ha uacax pocnu v^eemu u 63nemanu Mucnu Hawu
153
KOPHEflMfl MHMH ► Hto TaKoe coöbiTMe y A^eKcaHflpa BBegeHcKoro
Eme c BpeMeH ^M^e-goK.a B ^M.oco^MM cymecTB0Ba.a mbic.b o T0M, hto xaoc cnoco6eH nopo»gaTB nopagoK m, 6o.ee T0r0, HTo 3T0 HeM3-6e»HwM npon,ecc.
MeM pacmeHuü 3aeumux Hamu Mucnu Hamu nodKu Hamu 6ozu Hamu mëmKu Hama dymu Hama meepdb Hamu namKu e wmmx cMepmb;
mu nodyMae 6ydmo mpynu noKa3anu Heôy Kpynu Mope epeMa coh odHo cKaMeM nadaa Ha dHo. (1:117)
B $paKTa.BH0M noHMMaHMM xaoc - 3T0 He 6ecnopagoK, a K0HCTpyK-TMBHoe, TBopnecKoe Hana.o, xaoc - sto bo3mo»hoctb, b tom nuc.e m B03M0»H0CTB TB0pUTB.8 TaKMM 06pa30M, CaM0 MCKyCCTB0 CTaH0BMT-ca cpegoM B03M0»H0CTeM CTaH0B.eHua, t. e. 3apo»geHua co6wTua 6wTua b rpaHMu,ax a3WKa. B KanecTBe npuMepa M0»eT noc.y»uTB Hana.0 HeKomopozo Konmecmea pa3zoeopoe BBegeHCKoro, onepnuBa-rom.ee xaoTunecKyro orpaHuneHHocTB Mupa m a3WKa; oTTyga m Heog-H0KpaTH0 noBToparom,ueca Tpe6oBaHua «yBa»aM 6egH0CTB a3WKa» m «yBa»aM Humue mbic.m»:
1. PA3rOBOP O CYMACWEfi^EM fiOME B KapeTe exa.u Tpoe. Ohm o6MeHMBa.ucB Mwc.aMM. n e p e u ü. R 3Haw cyMacmedmuü doM. R suden cyMacmedmuü doM. B m o p o ü. Hmo mu zoeopumb? a Hmezo He 3Haw. KaK oh euznadum. T p e m u ü. Buznadum nu oh? Kmo suden cyMacmedmuü doM. n e p e u ü. Hmo e HëM Haxodumca? Kmo e HeM Mueem. B m o p o ü. nmuu,u e HëM He Mueym. Hacu e HëM xodam.
154
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
T p e m u û. £ 3Haw cyMacwedwuû doM, maM wueym cyMacwedwue. n e p e u û. MeHñ ^mo padyem. MeHñ ^mo oneHb padyem. 3dpaecmeyû, cyMacwedwuû doM;
U
KapeTa ocTaHaB.uBaeTca y BopoT. H3-3a 3a6opa CMOTpaT nycTaxu. npoxoguT BeHep. Huxaxux u3MeHeHuM He c.yHaeTca. yBa^aM 6egHOCTB a3wxa. yBa^aM Humue mwc.u. n e p e u û. Bom oh KaKoû cyMacwedwuû doM. 3dpaecmeyû, cyMacwedwuû doM.
B m o p o û. £ maK u 3Han, nmo oh uMeHHo maKoû. T p e m u û. £ ^mo^o He 3Han. TaKoû nu oh uMeHHo. n e p e u û. noûdëMme xodumb. Bcwdy ece xodñm. B m o p o û. Tym Hem nmuy,. Ecmb nu mym nmuu,u. T p e m u û. Hac ocmanocb HeMHozo u HaM ocmanocb Hedonzo. n e p e u û. nuwume nucmo. nuwume cKynHo. nuwume mynHo. nuwume 36yuHo. (1:196)
BBegeHCKMM cbommm ^o^TMHecKMMM gua.oraMM Kax 6ygTO npogeMOH-CTpupoBa. npupogy xaoca, c ero B006pa»aeM0M, mhmmom .oruxoM, nogpa3yMeBarom,eM guHaMUHHoCTB, HecTa6u.BH0CTB, 6ecxoHeHHoe u3MeHeHue ce6a, caMoopraHU3au,uro.
npuMep M3 «Pa3roBopa 0 BOcnoMUHaHuu co6wtum»:
n e p e u û. npunoMHuM Hanano Hawezo cnopa. £ crn3an, nmo ñ enepa 6un y meóñ, a mu crn3an, nmo ñ enepa He 6un y meóñ. B doKa3amenb-cmeo ^mo^o ñ crn3an, nmo ñ zoeopun enepa c moôoû, a mu e doKa3a-menbcmeo ^mo^o cKa3an, nmo ñ He zoeopun enepa c moôoû.
155
KOPHEflMfl MHMH ► Hto TaKoe coöbiTMe y A^eKcaHflpa BBegeHcKoro
Ohu 06a Ba»H0 norna^uBanu Ka^gwn cbom KomKy. Ha gBope
cToan Benep. Ha 0KHe ropena cBena. Hrpana My3tiKa.
n e p e u ü. ^da a cm3an: fia KaK Me, eedb mu cuden mym na Mecme
A, u a cmoan mym na Mecme E. ^da mu cKa3an: Hem, KaK Me, mu He
cuden mym Ha Mecme A, u a He cmoan mym Ha Mecme E. Hmoóu yeenu-
Humb cuny ceoezo dom3amenbcmea, nmoóu cdenamb ezo oneHb, oneHb
Mo^HbiM, a uonyecmeoean cpa3y zpycmb u eecenbe u unan u crn3an:
Hac Me 6uno 3decb deoe, enepa e odHo epeMñ, Ha ^mux deyx ñnmxux
moHKax, Ha monKe A u Ha monKe E,— noüMu Me.
Ohu 06a cugenu 3anepTtie b KoMHaTe. Exanu caHu.
n e p e u ü. Ho mu moMe oxeamun ce6a nyecmeaMu zneea, ceupeno-
cmu u nwóeu k ucmune u cKa3an MHe e omeem: Tu 6un moóow, a a
6un co6ow. Tu He euden MeHñ, a He euden me6a. 0 ^Hunux ^mux mon-
Kax A u E a daMe ^oeopumb He xony.
^Ba HenoBeKa cugenu b KoMHaTe. Ohu pa3roBapuBanu.
(1:198-199)
gaHHtm npuMep HarnagHo noKa3tiBaeT, hto TBopnecKun npo^cc cKnagtiBaeTca He no 3aK0HaM, npuBHeceHHtrn u3BHe, a no 3aK0HaM cBo6ogHoñ caM00praHu3au,uu, $opMupyrom,eM 6wTue nepBoro u BToporo b pa3Htix BpeMeHHBix u Bem,ecTBeHHBix u3MepeHuax.
^PO6MMOCTB BpeMeHu u Bem^ecTBa BBegeHcKMM noKa3WBaeT TaK^e b «EnKe y HBaHoBBix» b xoge HacoB, pa3pBiBarom,ux eguHoe BpeMa (eguHoe MrHoBeHue), u nocnegoBaTenBHoM cMepTu Bcex gencTBy-rom,ux nuu, ceMBu ny3BipeBBix. Hepa3pwBH0 cBa3aB ucnucnaeMoe HacaMu BpeMa u cMepTB repoeB BBegeHcKuM, Ha caM0M gene, noKa3an MexaHu3M getácrBua ^u3Hu-MrH0BeHua b cpaBHeHuu c MrHoBeHueM npogon^uTenBHocTBro 22 HacoB. nepexog b gpyryro uHep^uanBHyro cucTeMy c gpyruMu npocrpaHcTBeHHo-BpeMeHHBiMu KoopguHaTaMu
156
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
(3a gBepBro - Po^gecTBo) coBepmaeTca repoaMM Hepe3 co6cTBeHHoe npeo6pa30BaHue - CMepTB; ohm nonagaroT b o6.acTB mhmmoctm m npepwBHOCTM, rge HaHUHaroTca, cor.acH0 n. O.opeHCKOMy, TpaHC^H-geHTHwe yc.0Bua ®m3hm, m.m Tot CBeT. ^0^T0My Korga BBegeHCKun numeT b «Cepon TeTpagu» 0 BpeMeHu, KaK eguHCTBeHHOM BHe Hac He cym,ecTByrom,eM m ogHOBpeMeHHO nor.om,arom,eM Bce, cym,ecTByro-m,ee BHe Hac, T.e. npeBpam.arom.eM Bce b ho.b, oh npoTMBonocTaB.aeT BpeMa noc.egHen Hage^ge - BocKpecmeMy XpucTy (II: 78-79). TaKUM 06pa30M geBaTyro KapTMHy b «E.Ke y HBaHOBBix» mo®ho ucT0.K0BaTB KaK c^aTue BpeMeHu m Mupa go Hy.a b npeggBepuu hobmx Koopgu-HaT - Po^gecTBa XpucTOBa, KaK Co6BTua 6BTua.
Hcc.egya npupogy B3aMM00TH0meHMM pa3HBix noHaTun, BBegeH-ckmm npume. k BBiBogy 0 HegeMCTBUTe.BH0CTM cym.ecTByrom.nx .oru-HeCKMX 3aK0H0B. HyBCTBO pa3gpo6.eHH0CTM BpeMeHM M 6eCCBa3H0CTM Mupa ga.o noBog ^o^Ty 3agyMaTBca 0 xaoce m ero opraHM3au,MM. Oh noHMMa., HTO .MHeMHBie npou,eccBi b MBim.eHuu, a3BiK0B0M .oru-Ke, MCTopuM ym.M b npom.oe, hto mx MecTO 3aHa.u He.MHeÄHBie npo^ccBi b op^aHM3a^MM Mupa m ucKyccTBa. ^T0 03HaHa.0, hto b xygo^ecTBeHHOM npo^cce - He.MHeMH0M - ucxogHoe cocToaHue OTHrogB He npegonpege.aeT Bcero TeHeHua npo^cca, a .umB 3a-gaeT nepBMHHyro CTpyKTypy, pa3BMTue KOTopon HenpegcKa3yeM0. Ha a3BiKe BBegeHCKoro ^TM npo^ccBi noHMMa.ucB KaK coHeTaHue .oruHecKM HecoHeTaeMoro, KaK KpuTUHecKaa TOHKa, b KOTopon ot-KpBiBaroTca HOBBie, Heo^ugaHHBie bo3mo»hoctm 6BiTua. gonycKaa B03M0ÄH0CTB Cym,eCTB0BaHMa MHO^eCTBa CMCTeM npOTMBOpeHMBBiX CBa3en, BBegeHCKMM, TaK m.m MHaHe, paccMaTpuBa. Bce b guHaMM-HecKOM K.roHe, BK.roHaa xygo^ecTBeHHoe npoM3BegeHue, hto nog-pa3yMeBa.o npuHuun caMogocTpauBaHua xygo^ecTBeHHon cucTe-mm b TBopHecKOM MBim.eHMM.9 Hhmmm c.OBaMM, xygo^ecTBeHHoe
a
E. KHa3eBa m C. KypgroMOB onpege-.aroT caMogocTpaM-BaHMe c.egyrom;MM 06-pa30M: «üpoMCxogMT He npocTO o6tegMHe-Hue o,e.oro M3 HacTen, caMOCTpyKTypMpoBa-Hue HacTen b o,e.oe, He npocTO npoaB.eHMe 60.ee r.y6oKon CTpyK-TypBi M3 nogco3HaHMa, a caMOBMpacTaHMe o,e.oro M3 HacTen b pe-3y.BTaTe caMoyc.o^-HeHMa 3TMX HacTen. CaM noTOK MMC.en m 06pa30B B CM.y CBOMX Co6cTBeHHBiX noTeH-o,mh yc.o^HaeTca m CnOHTaHHO BMCTpaM-BaeT ce6a. H3 npocTon CTpyKTypM BBipacTaeT 60.ee co^Haa» (KHa-3eBa - KypgroMOB 216).
157
KOPHEflMfl MHMH ► Hto TaKoe coöbiTMe y A^eKcaHflpa BBegeHcKoro
npoM3BegeHue CBoen cn0C06H0CTbw ayTono33uca (caM006H0BneHua) nepegaeT KnroneByro nepTy op^aHM3a^MM »uBoro - ero aBT0H0Muro B CTaH0BneHMM. AyT0^0^3MC - TBopnecKoe Hanano b npo^cce caM0-C03ugaHMa, caMogocrpauBaHua, caM006H0BneHMa mo»ho cnuTaTb co6wTueM »MBoro 6wTua b ^o^3MM A. BBegeHCKoro. $
158
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
^MTepaTypa
baxthh, m., 2003: K $Mfloco$MM nocTynKa Il Coôpanue couunenuû. T. i. &unoco$cKaa ^cmemuKa i920-x ^o^oe. M.: H3gaTe-bCTB0 pyccKue c-OBapu - h3bikm c-aBaHCKOM Ky-bTypw. bhbhxhh, b., 20l0: Cnoeo ucoôumue. nucamenb unumepamypa.
M.: YHMBepcuTeT ^MUTpua no»apcKoro. BBEflEHCKHH, a., l993: nonHoe coôpanue npou3eedenuû. B 2 m. M.: ru-ea.
BHTrEHmTEHH, l994: .ïïoruKO-^ufloco^CKUM TpaKTaT Il
&unoco$cKue paôomu. Hacmb i. M.: rH03uc. roroTHmBH^H, 2003: KoMMeHTapuu Il M. BaxTUH. Coôpanue couunenuû. T. i. &unoco$cKaa ^cmemuKa i920-x ^o^oe. M.: H3gaTenbCTB0 pyccKue c-OBapu - h3bikm c-aBaHCKOM Ky-bTypw. flE^E3, »:., i998: nozuxa cMucna. M. 0yKo. Theatrum philosophicum.
M.: PapuTeT; EKaTepuH6ypr: Ae-OBaa KHura. rPHKA^OB, a., 2004: nucbMo u coôumue. ^cmemu^ecKaa monozpafyun.
coepeMennocmu. Cn6.: HayKa. gpycKHH, h., l998a: Pa3roBop 0 BpeMeHu Il "...Côopuw,e dpy3eû, ocmaenennux cydbôow". n. nunaecKuû. A. BeedencKuû. H. PpycKun. P. XapMc. H. OneûnuKoe. "Hunapu" e meKcmax, doxyMenmax u uccnedoeanwx. T. i. B. m. gpycKHH, h., 200l: PneenuKU. i963 -1979. Cn6.:
AKageMunecKMM npoeKT. gpycKHH, h., i999: PneenuKU. Cn6.: AKageMunecKMM npoeKT. gpycKHH, h., i9986: Pa3roBopw BecTHUKOB Il "...Côopuw,e dpy3eû, ocmaenennux cydbôow". n. nunaecKuû. A. BeedencKuû. H. PpycKun. P. XapMc. H. OneûnuKoe. "Hunapu" e meKcmax, doxyMenmax u uccnedoeanwx. T. i. B. m.
159
KOPHEflMfl MHMH ► Hto TaKoe coöbiTMe y A^eKcaHflpa BBegeHcKoro
KHH3EBA, E., KypflKMOB., c., 2002: Ocnoeanuñcunepzemuxu: peMuMu
c oôocmpenueM, caMoopzanu3au,m, mmnoMupu. Cn6.: AneTeMH. ÄHnABCKHH, 199S Pa3roBopH || "...C6opuw,e dpy3eû, ocmaenennux cydhôow". M. Munaecxuû. A. BeedencKuû. H. PpycKun. p. XapMc. H. OneûnuKoe. unapu" e meKcmax, doxyMenmax u uccnedoeanuñx. T. i. B. M.
nogoporA, b., 2011: MuMecuc. Mamepuanu no ananumuuecKoû anmpononozuu numepamypu e deyx moMax. T. 2. ¥acmh 1. Hdeñ npou3eedenuñ. Experimentum crucis e numepamype XX eeKa. A. Eenuû. A. nnamonoe. Fpynna ûôspuy. M.: KyntTypHaH peBonron,uH. nogoporA, b., 2010: CoóHTue || Hoeañ $unoco$cmñ 3HU,uKnoneduñ. M.: MHcnt. HHTepHeT-BepcuH u3gaHUH: <http:||iphlib. ru|greenstone3|library|collection|newphilenc|document| HASH0139acd56Sbdd24f76199339> 6. 1. 2017. nogoporA, b., 1993: Becega c B. nogoporoM. K Bonpocy 0 Mepn,aHuu
Mupa || Mozoc 1993, Ne 4. mECToB, 1991: Ano$eo3 ôecnoueemocmu. H3gaTentcTB0 ^eHUHrpagcKoro yHUBepcuTeTa.
160
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Pe3UMe
no.a3ehu og pa3Mum^aaa o gora^ajy $u.030$a JaKOBa ^pycKUHa, 6.MCK0r npujaTe^a A.eKcaHgpa BegeHCKor u jegHor og o6epuyTa, Kao m $M.030$CKMx K0H^e^^Mja 1920-Mx rogMHa (BaxTMH, BuTreHmTejH), n0Kyma.u cmo ga n0Ka»eM0 KaKO Bugu gora^aj necHUK BegeHCKor. Ha 0CH0By pa3r0B0pa o6epuyTa, y KojuMa ynecTByje BegeHCKu, ae-roBux 3a6e.emKu u caMux necHUHKux TeKCTOBa ucnpaTu.u cmo Be3y u3Me^y gora^aja, c.yHaja, CBeTa, c jegHe, u BpeMeHa, MarHO-Beaa, naMheaa, c gpyre CTapHe. 3a BegeHCKor cy 6ecK0HaHH0 Ma.e Be.uHUHe BpeMeHa u npocTopa HepacKuguBO Be3aHe 3a HOBeKOBO nocTojaae, Koje oh ^opMyume napagoKCOM ga je »ubot caMO Tpe-HyTaK y nope^eay c TpeHyTKOM. Ocehaj noKugaHOCTu BpeMeHa u Hen0Be3aH0CTu CBeTa gao je noBog BegeHCKOM ga ce 3anuTa o xaocy u o TOMe KaKO je oh 0praHM30BaH. BegeHCKM je cxBaTMO ga cy .MHeapHM npou,ecu y Mum^eay u je3UHK0j .oruu,u nocranu npom.ocT u ga cy aux0B0 MecTO 3ay3e.u He.uHeapHu npo^cu y op^aHU3a^uju u CBeTa, u yMeTHOCTu. 3aT0 je oh gora^aj nocMaTpao Kao Kpu3Hy TaHKy, Kao cnoj .oruHKM HecnojuBor, U3 Hera ce pa3Bujajy HOBe M0ryhH0CTu nocTojaaa. npeHeceHO Ha yMeTHUHKO ge.o to je 3HaHu.o aeroBy cno-co6hoct caM00p^aHU3a^uje u caM006HaB.^aaa (ayTonoe3uc), aeroBy ayTOHOMujy u CTBapa.aHKu npuHu,un y rpa^eay caMor ce6e, mTO je y noe3uju BegeHCKor nocTa.o paBHO gora^ajy Kao pafyaay »uBe yMeTHUHKe „he.uje" U3 KpuTUHHe TaHKe.
161
KOPHEflMfl MHMH ► Hto TaKoe coöbiTMe y A^eKcaHflpa BBegeHcKoro
KopuenuA Hhuh
Kopnenua Huun - numepamypoeed, nepeeoduuK, npofieccop &unonozu-uecKozo fiaKynbmema b Eenzpade. KandudamcKaa duccepmau,ua: <^ukr K Cuneü 3ee3de HuKonaa TyMuneea» (1993), doKmopcKaa duccepmau,ua: «fípaMamypzua. iïbea Xyny,a» (1999). Aemop 7 nayunux Monozpafiuü (nocnednaa: «Aeanzapdnuü 63pu6», Œ6: M3damenbcmeo EeponeücKozo ynueepcumema, 1016,3S4 cmp.); pedaKmop 6onee 10 nayunux cöopnuKoe na pyccKoM a3uKe, nocea^ennux pyccKoü numepamype u ucxyccmey XX eem; aemop 6onee 150 cmameü, onyônuKoeann^ix e eeponeücrnx nayun^ix Mypnanax u côopnumx. rnaenuü pedaKmop Mypnana «CnaeucmuuecKuü côopnuK Mamuu,u cepöcKoü» (ERIH). no npuznawenuw neodnoKpamno uumana neKU,uu e ynueepcumemax e PuMe, nadye, napuMe, KnepMon-0ep-pane, Mwnxene, Kënbne, 3azpe6e, MocKee, Kanununzpade, Tokuo, Kuomo, Cannopo. Opzanmoeam Mnozouucnennue MeMdynapodnue nayunue koh-fyepenvuu e Eenzpade, nocea^ennue pyccKoü numepamype, rfiunocofiuu, ucKyccmey XX eeKa.
162
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
163
KOHB E^eflHWM E. CaBUHKOBa (B. POnmuHa) u ugeMHOe
yÖMMCTBO: OT COÖMTUH UCTOpUHeCKOM pea^BHOCTU K COÖblTUTO B ^UTepaTypHOM npOU3BegeHuui
$ eoeah hyfhh ► boban.curic@sbb.rs
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
The purpose of this paper is to observe interrelationship between specific historical event (ideological assasination as revolutionary and terrorist practice during of First Russian Revolution 1905) and ideological assasination as central element of topical structure of The Pale Horse (1909; 1913), novel of Boris Viktorovich Savinkov (pen name V. Ropshin). As in the other novels of Savinkov-Ropshin, topic of The Pale Horse is heavily based on actual historical circumstances and absorbs string of specific historical events in which the author of the novel, member of Socialist Revolutionary Party, played active role as organiser or executor of the actions. Historical subtext is illustration of ideological plan of the novel whose base is reviewing the question of „right" on someone's else life, i.e. ethical side of ideological assasination.
SAVINKOV, ROPSHIN, THE PALE HORSE, IDEOLOGICAL ASSASINATION, FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1905, SPECIFIC HISTORIcAL EVENT AND LITERARY TEXT, RUSSIAN LITERATURE IN 20TH CENTURY
B Hacroflm£M paöoTe paccMaTpuBaeTca
COOTHeceHHOCTB KOHKpeTHO-MCTOpMHe-CKOrO COÖMTMfl (ugeMHoe yÖMMCTBO KaK peB0.^W^M0HH0-Tepp0pMCTMHeCKaa npaKTMKa ^^oxM nepBoM pyccKoM pe-BOflM^HM 1905 roga) C MgeMHBiM yÖMM-CTBOM KaK CTepÄHeBBIM ^.eMeHTOM CWKeTHOM CTpyKTyptl pOMaHa KoHb
önedmiü (1909; 1913) E. B. CaBHHKoBa (B. PonmMHa). nogoÖHo gpyruM poMaHaM CaBMHKOBa-PonmMHa, cw»eTHas 0CH0Ba poMaHa KoHb önedmiü KpenKO onupaeTca Ha pea.BHyw McropM-necKyw oôcTaHOBKy h BnMTBiBaeT b ceöfl pag CoÖBITMM, B KOTOpHX aBTOp poMaHa, peBO.w^MOHep-^cep CaBHH-KOB, npMHMMa. aKTMBHoe ynacTMe, to .h b po.H opraHM3aTopa, to .h b po.H HenocpegcTBeHHoro Mcno.HMTe.a. HcTopMHecKMM nogTeKCT npegcTaB-.aeT M..wcTpa^MW HgeMHoro n.aHa poMaHa - paccMoTpeHMe Bonpoca «npa-Ba» Ha ny^yw ÄM3HB, t. e. ^mnecKoM CTopoHH MgeMHoro yÔMMCTBa.
CABHHKOB, POïïmHH, KOHL EAEXHLIH, HflEHHOE YEHHCTBO, nEPBAa pyccKAa PABO^ro^Ha 1905 TOflA, HCTOPMECKOE COEMTHE U ^HTEPATyPHHH TEKCT, pyccKAa ^HTEPATyPA XX BEKA
HacToam;aa paöüTa ÖM.a npoHHTaHa Ha Me^gyHapogHüM HayHHÜM KoH^epeHD,HH «PyccKaa mbic.b o
CoêbITHH: ^H.oco^-CKHM H Ky.BTypHblM acneKTM», KoTopaa npoBogu.CB b Ee.rpage 27 h 28 uwHa 2016 roga, b opraHH3ao,HH HHCTHTyTa ^H.ÜCÜ^HH h con,Ha.BHoM Teopuu YHHBepcHTeTa b Ee.-rpage h Ou.cmorHHe-CKoro ^aKy.BTeTa YHHBepcHTeTa b Ee.rpage.
165
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B.neflHbm B. CaBUHKOBa (B. PonwuHa) u ufleMHoe yöutöcTBO
Bo,bme HeM y gpyrux nucaTe,eñ, 6uorpa<£ua aBTopa urpaeT Ba»Hyro po,B b pa36ope ,uTepaTypHoro TBopHecTBa Bopuca BuKTopoBUHa Ca-BMHKOBa (l879-l925), peB0,ro^M0Hepa-Tepp0pMCTa m KpynHOM ^m-rypti pyccKOM n0,MTMHecK0M c^hbi HaHa,a XX BeKa. ^Be CTpacTM onpege,M,M ,mhhoctb CaBMHKOBa - peB0,ro^M0HHaa geaTe,BH0CTB m ,MTepaTypHoe TBopHecTBo; KaK a^ua u pea^ua, ohm Hepeg0Ba,ucB Ha npoTa»eHMM Bceñ »u3hu Bopuca BuKTopoBUHa, nepen,eTeHHtie MHorga HacT0,BK0 KpenKO, hto TpygHO onpege,MTB, rge KOHHaeTca ogHa, a rge HaHUHaeTca gpyraa.
TBopHecTBo CaBUHKOBa mo»ho paccMaTpuBaTB u KaK cBoero poga K0M^eHca^Mro 3a HeygaHM Ha no,e peB0,ro^M0HH0-^0,MTMHecK0M 6opb6w.
^MTepaTypHHM onyc B. PcnmuHa, ,uTepaTypHcrc alter ego peB0,ro-n,ucHepa CaBUHKOBa, npegcraBflaeT aBTcpcKuñ «ctbêt» ucTcpuHecKOM snoxe. H ,ro6oñ o6cToaTe,BHMM aHa,M3 3Toro onyca HeB03M0»eH 6e3 0C03HaHua ucropuKO-ugeofloruHecKoro KOHTeKCTa snoxu. Cbom B3r,ag Ha snoxy CaBMHKOB ga, b page CTaTeñ o geaTe,BH0CTM mm m A3e^CM pyKCBoguMCM BceBcM cpraHU3an,uu napTuu ccn,uaflucrcB-pe-B0,ro^M0Hep0B (scepoB), b gyxe nponaraHgti peB0,ro^u0HH0-Tepp0-pucTUHecKOM 6opb6w. CTaTBu c03gaBa,ucb b nepuoge Me»gy l907 u l909 rcgaMu, napa,,e,bHC c auTepaTypHtiMu npcu3BegeHuaMu (KoHh ôneàHUÛ, Ha npuMep, c KOTopoM ga,bme ncñgeT peHb) u Bncc,egcTBuu 0ny6,MK0BaHM nog o6^mm 3ar,aBueM BocnoMunanua meppopucma (l9l7-l9l8). MeMyapw ogHoro U3 HenccpegcTBeHHtix ynacTHUKOB cnu-CMBaeMMx co6mtmm, HecMOTpa Ha Bce ynpeKM b cy6teKTMBH0CTM, paccMaTpuBaroTca ucc,egcBaTe,aMu KaK Ba»HMñ gcKyMeHT ug,eMHBix noucKOB snoxu nepBoñ pyccKOM peB0,ro^uu.
^mpanBHaa TeMa ,MTepaTypHoro TBopHecTBa CaBMHK0Ba-P0n-muHa - 0CMMC,eHue «npaBa» Ha ugeñHoe y6uMCTB0, ero 3TMHecKaa
166
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
CTopoHa B nepByro onepegb, t. e. no.eMUKa c TaKoW, no MHeHuro aBTOpa, ^y6MTe.BH0M HurH^CTHnecKOM ugeew. ABTop ucxoguT U3 no3u-^MM a6co.roTHoro ^TMnecK0^0 aBTopuTeTa, HpaBCTBeHHoro KogeKca XpucTa, u Ba»HewmeM 3anoBegu «He y6uM». HpaBCTBeHHbie no3u-^MM CaBUHKOBa 3gecb 6.u3ko cxogaTca c ^ocToeBCKUM, xota Bopuc BuKTopoBun 3axoguT ga.bme, BonpocoM bo3mo»hoctu ^TunecK0-ro onpaBgaHHA ugewHoro y6uMCTBa oh uHTepecyeTca u Ha ypoBHe ero npaKTunecKOw pea.M3a^MM b peB0.ro^M0HH0-Mge0.0^MnecK0M 6opb6e, o6ocH0BaHH0w Ha co6cTBeHH0M TeppopucTunecKOM onwTe. no c.0BaM Mepe»K0BCKoro: «B pe.uru03H0M Bonpoce o Hacu.uu Me»gy ^ocToeBCKUM u KoHeM 6.egHWM - TaKaa »e pa3Huu,a, KaK Me»gy xuMunecKOw ^opMy.ow B3pbBa u B3pbB0M. Tot CKa3a., 3tot cge.a.» (Mepe»K0BCKUM 134).
PoMaH KoHb SnedHuú (1909; 1913) ocHOBbBaeTca Ha peB0.ron.u-OHHO-TeppopucTunecKOw npaKTUKe ero aBTopa. nogo6H0 gpyruM poMaHaM CaBHHKOBa-PomuHa (To, ^e^o He Suno u KoHb eopoHoÚ), cro-»eTHaa ocHOBa poMaHa KoHb Snednuú KpenKO onupaeTca Ha pea.b-Hyro ucTopunecKyro 06cTaH0BKy u BnuTMBaeT b ce6a pag co6wthm, b K0T0pwx aBTop poMaHa, peBO.KrnuoHep CaBUHKOB, npuHUMa. aK-TUBHoe ynacTue, to .u b po.u opraHmaropa, to .u b po.u Henocpeg-CTBeHHoro Hcno.HHTe.A. .HTepaTypoBeg E. Opo.OBa cnuTaeT, hto ucTopunHOCTb u aBT06u0rpa^uHH0CTb poMaHa AB.aroTca pe3y.bTaT0M aBTopcKoro noHUMaHUA TBopnecKoro npon,ecca: «EMy [CaBUHKOBy - B.H.] npocTO Heo6xoguM0 6m.o 3aH0B0 nepe»uTb nocTynKu, koto-pbie oh coBepma., u co6wtha, K0T0pwe ^poMCxogM.M b ero »h3hh: BCTpenu, yganu, Heyganu, KaK oh noHUMa. u ou,eHUBa. ux; Bcno-MUHaTb .UU^ COpaTHUKOB U Tex, KTO HM npOTHBOCTOA.» (OpO.OBa 142). B o6pa3e r.aBHoro repoa, ^op»a, Ha6.rogaeTca ^.mm pag aB-T06H0^pa^HnecKMx nepT u cbomctb. B.^kum gpyr u .urepaTypHbrn
167
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B.neflHbm B. CaBUHKOBa (B. PonwuHa) u ufleMHoe yöutöcTBO
xoth u yTBep^garoT, htö npHMoe öto^:-gecTBneHue aBTopa c raaBHHM repoeM poMaHa npegcTaBAflno 6h 6aHa^M3a^MW pa3-6opa nuTepaTypHoro TeKCTa, coBpeMeHHHe nuTepaTypoBegBi u nuTepaTypHBie KpMTMKM He oTpu^WT TecHoe cpogcTBo Me^gy humu: «npu Bcex oroBopKax, htö Koub önednbiü - ^T0 xygo^ecTBeHHoe npou3BegeHue, cKaH-ga.BHyro uHTpury co3gaBa.no 3aMeTHoe cxogcTBo rnaBHoro re-poH noBecTu ^op^a u CaBUHKoBa» (ApxunoB 113). PoMaH MHorUMU paceMaTpuBaeTefl KaK xygo^ecTBeHHoe BugeHue ogHon nonu-TunecKon 6uorpa^uu: «KoHb önedubiü 6h. apHanmuM $aKT0M nuTepaTypHon 6uo-rpa^uu TeppopucTa, Bonno^eHHHM b xygo^ecTBeHHoe npou3BegeHue» (iüHHapoBa 193).
naTpoH, 3.H. runnuyc, cnuraeT: «nucan oh, kohchho, ce6n, cBoro peB0.ro^0HHyro ^u3hb» (335).
PoMaH KoHb önedHUÜ npegcTaB.neT HarnngHBin npuMep ne-peocMHcneHMH ugenHHx no3u^M p eB onw^M oh ep a-Teppopucra CaBMHKoBa: KpuTunecKun nogxog k peBonrouuu u gonycTMMocTM/ HegonycTMMocTM peBoflro^oHHoro HacunuH (sTunecKan cTopoHa Teppopa KaK ^opMBi peBonron,uoHHoro Hacunun), no.HocTBro npo-TMB0cT0MT aBT0pcK0M ^03M^MM (^03M^MH : 0^^03M^Mfl) noompeHMfl, a^upMauuu u aruTauuu Teppopa b MeMyapHon ^y6nM^MCTMKe Toro ^e nepuoga (BocnoMUHüHM meppopucma).
H noKa KpMTMKa n0-pa3H0My oraocunacB k poMaHy, ucxogH, npe^ge Bcero, u3 o^hku (nono^MTenBHon unu 0Tpu^aTenBH0M) ugeonorMHecKMx no3u^M repoH u, Bcneg 3a hum, caMoro aBTopa (nocKonBKy MHorue b rnaBH0M repoe ^op^e Bugenu aBTopa, CaBMHKoBa),2 HMTaTenu ^e nBrranucB nepe3 poMaH y3peTB u3HaHKy KpoBaBon ^^oxu; k HeMy nogxogunu KaK k ^arcry ucropunecKoM uctuhbi, HaMHoro 6onee yBneKancB ucTopuKo-ugeonorunecKuMu, neM nuTepaTypHo-xygo^ecTBeHHHMu KanecTBaMu poMaHa.
B nuTepaTypHo-KpuTunecKux Kpyrax B03HuK.a noneMuKa no noBogy g0cT0BepH0cTu, uctuhhoctu u o6^eKTuBHocTu cro^eTa poMaHa unu HeK0T0pnx ero cocTaBnnro^ux ^neMeHT0B. noneMuKa ocHoBHBanacB Ha pa36ope Bonpoca «6h.o nu» to, 0 neM poMaH noBe-cTByeT, «Morno nu 6bitb» u M01.0 nu 6bitb «uMeHHo TaK» unu KaK-To no-gpyroMy. noneMuKa 3Ta, BepHee Bcero, no6yguna aBTopa Ha3BaTB onepegHon cbom poMaH Ha TeMy peBonrou,uoHHoro Teppopa To, nezo He 6uno (1912), HacTauBaa TaKuM 06pa30M Ha KoHu.enu.uu poMaHa KaK xygo^ecTBeHHon $u^uu, K0T0paa Mo^eT onupaTBca Ha pea.BH0-u-cTopunecKyro $aKTorpa$uro, ho hu b KoeM cnynae He npeTeHgyeT Ha ucropunecKyro o6^eKTuBHocTB u gocToBepHocTB nepepa6oTaHHon,
168
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
M0gu^u^up0BaHH0M g.a xygo»ecTBeHHwx ^.eM gaHHOM ^arcro-rpa^uu, Tenepb y» b cB»eTe ^uKTUBHoro xygo»ecTBeHHoro TeKCTa u ero nceBgoucTopuHecKOM cB»eTHOM geMcTBUTe.bHOCTu.
PoMaH Konb 6nednuû HanucaH b ^opMe gHeBHUKOBBix 3anuceM, KOTopwe xpoHO.oruHecKu BegeT ^op», r.aBHMM repoM poMaHa. B noBecTBOBaTe.bHOM ^opMe nepBoro .uu,a oh BBiCKa3BiBaeTca o co6wTuax, HenocpegcTBaHHMM aKTUBHBiM ynacTHUKOM K0T0pwx u aB.aeTca. Cy6^eKTUBHaa n0BecTB0BaTe.bHaa ^opMa gaeT bo3mo»-HOCTb npegcTaBUTb guHaMunecKyB KapTUHy MBicneM u nepe»uBa-HUM repoa, ero BHyTpeHHuM n.aH. ^uHaMUKa BHyTpeHHero n.aHa noBecTBOBaHua cooTBeTCTByeT guHaMUKe BHemHero, cB»eTHO-co-6wTUMHoro n.aHa. ^T0T BHemHuM n.aH pa3BepTMBaeTca gByMa CB-»eTHMMH .uHuaMu (y6uMCTBO reHepa.-ry6epHaTopa u .b6obhbim koh^.ukt), BHyTpeHHMM »e - nocTaHOBKOM STunecKoro Bonpoca g03B0.eHH0CTu y6uMCTBa.
ABTop 3anuceM 6epeT Ha ce6a «OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb» 3a noBecTBO-BaTe.bHyB KOHCTpy^UB geMCTBUTe.bHOCTU, HO TaKMM 06pa30M «UCTUHHOCTb» U «gOCTOBepHOCTb» 3T0M geMCTBUTe.bHOCTU aBHO pe.aTUBU3upyBTca, nocKO.bKy OHa BOcnpuHUMaeTca r.a3aMu He «o6teKTUBHoro» Ha6.BgaTe.a co CTopoHBi, a aKTUBHoro ynacTHUKa co6bItum, BHCKa3HBaB^ero cbob co6cTBeHHyB, cy6^eKTUBHyB ^03u^uB. Ero 3anucu He npegcTaB.aBT HeMTpa.bHyB, gocTOBep-HyB $uKcau,uB co6bitmm, a ux uHTepnpeTau,uB, nogpa3yMeBaBm,yB cy6'&eKTMBHyB ^03u^uB, yro. 3peHua.
H BecB BHemHe-co6wTUMHWM n.aH mo»ho paccMaTpuBaTb .umb KaK u..BCTpa^uB Mup0B033peHHecKux ^03u^uM r.aBHoro repoa, TaK hto b gaHHOM cnynae BMecTO ucTopuHecKoM gocTOBepHOCTu CB-»eTa mo»ho roBopuTb o nceBgoucTopuHecKOM geMcTBUTe.bHOCTu .MTepaTypHoro TeKCTa.
169
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B.neflHbm B. CaBUHKOBa (B. PonwuHa) u ufleMHoe yöutöcTBO
Xygo^ecTBeHHaa nceBgoucropuHecKaa geßCTBMTe.BH0CTB Kona 6ne^H0^0 ogHaKO BGcnpuHMMaeTca b KGHTeKCTe pea.bHG-MCTGpMHecKGM geMCTBMTe.bHGCTM, Hepe3 aCCG^Ma^MM C KGHKpeTHBiMM MCTGpUHeCKM-MM co6wTuaMM, .ermuMM b 0CH0By cw»eTa poMaHa.
B HacToameM pa6oTe paccMaTpuBaeTca cooTHeceHHOCTB KOHKpeT-HO-MCTopuHecKoro co6wTua (ugeßHoe y6uMcTB0 KaK peB0.wn.M0H-HG-TeppopucTMHecKaa npaKTUKa snoxu nepBOM pyccKGM peBG.wn.Mu) c MgeMHMM y6uMCTB0M KaK CTep^HeBMM S.eMeHTOM CW^eTHOM CTpyK-Typw .MTepaTypHoro npou3BegeHua.
Ohg, co6BiTMe, b cw^eTHGM CTpyKType poMaHa HMKorga He aB.aeTca npocTHM B0cnp0M3BegeHueM KOHKpeTHO-MCTopMHecKoro co6wTua: oho Bcerga nogpa3yMeBaeT onpege.eHHyw «ge<£opMan,MW» - Mogu-^MKa^MW m nepeocMBiceHue cocraBHBix s.eMeHTOB ucTopunecKoro co6BiTMa (BpeMa, npocrpaHCTBG, ynacTHMK - CBugeTe.b, cy6teKT - g6^-eKT, npo^cc pea.M3a^MM m ^aKT pea.M30BaHH0r0 co6wTua, npuHMHa, CMMCJ, ^.b, 3aMBice. m pea.M3a^Ma, MHTep^peTa^Ma, noc.egcTBua).
CwœeT Kona 6ne^H0^0 crpouTca Ha page nonBiTOK pea.M3an.MM ugeM-Horo y6uMcTBa (co6wTue b npo^cce pea.M3a^MM): noc.e gByx HeygaH - TpeTba nonwTKa y6uTb reHepa.-ry6epHaTopa 3aK0HHM.acb ycnexoM.
g.a aBTopa, c gpyroM cropGHBi, Ba»HGM npegcraB.aeTca m mgtmbm-poBKa co6wTua. HocuTe.B npo^cca pea.M3a^MM 3aMBic.a y6uMcTBa reHepa.-ry6epHaTopa, r.aBHBiM repoM, r.aBa nogno.BHoM Teppopu-CTMHecKoß rpynnw ^op», ugeßHoe y6ußcTB0 MOTMBupyeT gByMa ugeaMu: 1. Hy»H0CTb ugeMHoro y6uMcTBa KaK s^eKTMBHoro cnoco6a peBG.wu,MGHHGM 6opb6w («G$un,Ma.bHaa» napTMMHG-MgeG.GrMHecKaa MOTMBupoBKa), c s.eMeHTaMu caKpa.M3a^MM gaHHoro nocrynKa KaK coBepmeHua BBicmeß, He6ecHoß npaBgw (TeppopucTBi KaK opygue Bo»ueM KapBi), u 2. ugeßHoe y6uMcTB0 m.m, 60.ee mupoKO, B006me y6uMcTBG, KaK aKT npoaB.eHua .mhhgm bg.m - CBGeBG.ua KaK gchgbhg-
170
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
ro nanana caMogocraTonnoM geaTentnoM nunnocTM, caMopeanM3an,Ma K0T0p0M nuKeM m HMHeM ne gon»na orpanunuBaTBca.
B xoge cw»eTa nepBaa M0TMBup0BKa 0Ka3WBaeTca no»HoM, b to BpeMa KaK BTopaa nogTBep»gaeTca KaK eguHCTBeHHaa BepHaa (no-BTopaeTca «cuTya^ua PacK0nBHUK0Ba» - u3HananBHaa gBoMcTBeH-naa M0TMBan,Ma y6uMcTBa CBoguTca k ognoM BepnoM, npu neM gpyraa 0Ka3HBaeTca no»noM - «ugea Hanoneona» m «ugea PacruntaKa», no onpegenenuw MonynBCKoro; MonynBCKuM 23l-232).
ABTopoM »e ugeMnoe y6MMCTB0 b poMane BuguTca KaK napymenue 3TMHecKoro KogeKca, ocMwcnawm,ero nenoBenecKyw »m3hb. Hapyme-HMe ero neMunyeMo BegeT k aBTogecTpyKn,MM onycTomennoM, pa3ona-p0BaHH0M m noTepneBmeM Kpax Ha Bcex nonax peanM3a^MM sroucTune-CK0M nunnocTM. ^ecrpyKnua - y6MMCTB0, KaK nyTt o6eccMBicnMBanua geaTentnocTM nenoBeKa b MTore npuBoguT k aBTogecrpyKn,MM - caM0-y6uMCTBy noTepaBmeMca na »M3nennoM nyTM nunnocTM.
TpaKT0BKa »e ugeMnoro y6uMcTBa KaK noompenua peBonwn,Mon-H0M 6opB6w Ha 6naro 6ygymux noKoneHuM, TaK»e KaK u ugea xpu-CT006pa3n0CTM »epTBennoro nogBura TeppopMcra-peBonronuonepa, B33Bmero na ce6a KpecT rpexa m crpaganua M3-3a nw6BM k nopa6om,en-noMy 6nu»neMy - 6wT0BaBmue b neK0T0pwx Kpyrax Tepp0pMCT0B-3-cepoB - aBTopoM oTBeprawTca KaK ^antmuBwe: Ha nponuToM KpoBM m Ha y6uMcTBe HenB3a CTpouTB 6ygymyw rapM0HMW co^ManBHoM m 3TMnecK0M cnpaBegnMBocTM.
nPOCTPAHCTBEHHO-BPEMEHHWE OCOBEHHOCTH CWÄETA. ABE BEPCHH
KoHh ônedHbiû 0ny6nuK0BaH b i909 rogy, cnepBa b »ypHane Pyccxaa. Mucnh, a n0T0M u oTgenBHWM u3gaHueM, b g0B0nBH0 ucKa»eHH0M
171
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B.neflHbm B. CaBUHKOBa (B. PonwuHa) u ufleMHoe yöutöcTBO
^H3ypoM Buge. nonHaa He^H3ypoBaHHaa Bepcua poMaHa BMmna b CBeT numt b 1913 rogy b Hu^^e, bo OpaH^uu. ^Be Bepcuu OTnuHa-roTca Me^gy co6oM, npe^ge Bcero, npocTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHMMu onpegeneHUHMu cro^eTa.
H3 u,eH3yp0BaHH0M Bepcuu y6paHa nro6aa npocrpaHCTBeHHo-Bpe-MeHHaa KOHKpeTU3au,uH cro^eTa, Bce, hto Morno 6m b co3HaHuu HUTaTena BM3BaTB accon,uan,uro c peantHMMu ucTopuHecKUMu C06MTUHMU HegaBHero npomnoro, unu c yHacTByromuMu b ^Tux co6mtuhx peanBHMMu nuu,aMu, unu ^e - ycraHOBUTB nuHHOCTB aBTopa, CKpMBaBmerocH 3a nceBgoHUMOM B. PonmuH.
HeueH3ypoBaHHaa Bepcua, Hao6opoT, xapaKTepu3yeTca npo-CTpaHCTBeHHOM onpegeneHHOCTtro, t. e. reorpa^uHecKoM KOHKpe-TU3a^ueM cro^eTa: MocKBa (u ^naa cucTeMa ceMaHTU3upoBaHHMx MOCKOBCKux ropogcKux KOopguHaT), u neTep6ypr, Kyga nepe6pa-CMBaeTCH repoM b koh^ poMaHa.
BpeMeHHMe paMKu b o6oux Bepcuax oguHaKOBM u oguHaKOBO HeonpegeneHHM: cro^eT poMaHa gnuTca ceMB Meca^B (b xpoHono-ruHecKOM nocnegoBarenBHOCTu, K0T0pyro o6ycnoBuna ^opMa gHeB-HUKOBMX 3anuceñ), c 6 MapTa no 5 OKTa6pa ogHoro, HeonpegeneH-Horo roga, KOTopMM ocraeTca 3a paMKaMu peantHO-ucTopuHecKoro BpeMHUCHUCneHUH.
BpeMeHHMe paMKu ucTopuHecKoro nogTeKCTa cro^eTa, ogHaxo, HaMHoro mupe; annro3UHMu Ha KOHKpeTHMe ucTopuHecKue co6m-TUH - ugeMHoe y6uMcTBO b nepByro OHepegt - b poMaHe OTpa^aeTca 6ypHaa peBonrouuoHHaa ®u3hb Poccuu BpeMeH nepBoM pyccKoM peBonro^uu, c 1904 no 1906 rog.
172
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
HCTOPHMECKHE OCHOBH CM»ETA
HcropMHecKaa g0CT0BepH0CTB, o6,BeKTMBHocrB cro^eTa, b .MTepa-TypHOM npoM3BegeHMM HMKorga He aB.aeTca KpMTepueM ero Kane-CTBeHHOM o^hkm. OgHaKO BwaB.eHMe McropMnecKo nogTeKCTa b cro^eTe gaeT bo3mo^hoctb 6o.ee o6croaTe.BHoro aHa.M3a TeKCTa .MTepaTypHoro npou3BegeHua. TeM 6o.ee, ec.u ^T0T ucropunecKuM nogTeKCT ocHoBBiBaeTca Ha .mhhom onBiTe aBTopa, b gaHH0M c.ynae: Ha peB0.rou,M0HH0-Tepp0pMCTMHecK0M geaTe.BH0CTM CaBMHKoBa b BoeBon op^aHU3a^uu napTMM scepoB, M3.0^eHH0M b g0KyMeHTa.BH0M Buge b BocnoMumHwx meppopucma.3
,fl,.a TBopnecTBa CaBMHKoBa b u,e.0M xapaKTepHo ynoTpe6.eHue b cro^eTe paga ^arcroB McropMHecKoM pea.BH0CTM (ucTopunecKoe co6wTue u.u KaK0M-Hu6ygB acneKT co6wTua).
HcropunecKaa ^^oxa b KoHe SnedHOM K0HKpeTu3upyeTca y^e no-BepxHocTHHM ynoMMHaHMeM repoaMu paga ucropunecKux co6bitum: MocKoBcKoe geKa6pBCKoe BoccTaHue 1905 roga (PonmuH 8-9), pocnycK rocygapcTBeHH0M ,%mbi (75), ^eHB KopoHan,MM HuK0.aa II («uMnepa-TopcKMM geHB», 14 Maa; cm. cTp. 50, 55, 70), noKymeHua Ha npegcraBM-Te.en MMnepaT0pcK0M ceMBu K0Hn,a XIX BeKa (Xa.TypuHCKMM B3pwB b 3uMHeM gBopn,e b 1880 rogy; cm. cTp. 99, u.u n,apey6uMCTB0 1 MapTa 1881 roga; cm. CTp. 52), u paga ucTopunecKux geaTe.en Toro BpeMeHu -KoHCTaHTUHa n06eg0H0C^Ba, ugeo.ora n0.uTunecK0M pea^uu koh-n,a XIX BeKa, u.u ^MuTpua TpenoBa, M0CK0BCK0r0 o6ep-no.un.MeM-CTepa, K0T0pWM CB0MMM paCnopa^eHMaMM HeCeT 0TBeTCTBeHH0CTB 3a KpoBonpo.MTue bo BpeMa peB0.ron,uoHHoro 1905 roga (cm. CTp. 23).
HcTopMnecKMM nogTeKCT ga.Bme o6Hapy^MBaeTca u Ha cro^eT-ho-co6bitmmhom n.aHe: crep^HeBBiM 3.eMeHT0M cro^eraoM op-
MeMyapHaa KHura CaBHHKoBa paccMa-TpuBaeTca HaMH KaK goBo.BHo o6^eK-THBHHH C n03M0,MM goKyMeHTa.BHoH ^aKT0rpa^MHH0CTH HCT0HHHK HCTopHHe-cKoro MaTepua.a.
173
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B.neflHbm B. CaBUHKOBa (B. PonwuHa) u ufleMHoe yöutöcTBO
^aHU3a^uu poMaHa aB.naeTca ugeMHoe y6uMcTB0 - noKymeHue Ha M0CK0BCK0r0 reHepa.n-ry6epHaTopa H^eHaMM nogno^bHOM Teppopu-CTMnecROM rpynnw, b ocHoBe KoToporo, no o6m,eMy MHeHuro ucto-pmkob u ^uTepaTypoBegoB,	y6uMcTB0 Be.nuKoro KHa3a Ceprea
A^eKcaHgpoBMHa, KoTopoe 4 $eBpa.na 1905 roga b MocKBe b KpeMne coBepmn^a BoeBaa op^aHM3a^Ma napTMM ^cepoB, c HBaHoM KaaaeBBiM KaK HenocpegcTBeHHHM ucno.nHuTe.neM.
OgHaKo, Ha Ham B3raag, ucTopunecKue paMKu noKymeHua Ha re-Hepa^-ry6epHaTopa b cro»eTe KoHa 6ne^H0^0 HaMHoro mupe. B HeM o6Hapy»uBaroTca 3,neMeHTBi HecK0.nbKux ucTopunecKux co6bItum ogHoro u Toro »e Tuna (no^uTunecKoe y6uMcTBo): y6uMcTB0 BeauKoro khh3h Ceprea A^eKcaHgpoBuna, y6uMcTB0 MMHucTpa BHyTpeHHux gea B. K. HneBe 15 urana 1904 roga, HeygaBmueca nonBiTKu noKymeHua Ha MuHucTpa BHyTpeHHux ge.n n. H. ,fl,ypH0B0 u mockobckoto reHe-pa^-ry6epHaTopa O. B. £y6acoBa, o6a BecHoM 1906 roga.
YBHHCTBO BEflHKOrO KHH3H CEPrEH
K y6uMcTBy Be.nuKoro KHa3a Ceprea 0TcBi.naeT MecTo geMcTBua cro»e-Ta poMaHa - MocKBa (ogHaKo He u BpeMa), po.nb «»epTBBi» - 06'BeKra noKymeHua - 6e3BiMaHHoro mockobckoto reHepa.n-ry6epHaTopa (uMeeTca b Bugy Hen,eH3ypoBaHHoe u3gaHue), u pag cro»eTHHx o6cToaTe^bcTB: coBepmeHue TepaKTa y BopoT KpeM.na peB0.nro^u-0HepaMu-60M6ucraMu; reHepan-ry6epHarop noru6aeT ot B3pwBa 6om6bi, 6pomeHHoM nog ero KapeTy; TeppopucTBi bo BpeMa cBoero He^era^bHoro npe6wBaHua b MocKBe c.negu.nu 3a reHepan-ry6ep-HaTopoM, nepeogeTBie b u3bo3hukob (cpaBHu c raaBoM «y6uMcTB0 Be^uKoro KHa3a Ceprea» - CaBuHKoB 1990: 69-106).
174
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
y6uMn,a reHepa.-ry6epHaTopa b poMaHe, BaHa - CTopoHHUK ugeu peB0.ro^u0HH0^0 xpucTuaHCTBa, y6uM^ bo uMa XpucTa u Ero .ro6BM - b CBOux ugeMH0-pe.uru03Hwx B3r.agax noBTopaeT KOHn,enn,uro peB0.ron,u0HH0M 6opB6w b gyxe xpucTuaHCKoro nogBu-ra HBaHa Ka.aeBa, scepa-Teppopucra u 6.u3xoro gpyra CaBUHKOBa no EoeBoM op^aHU3a^uu, y6uM^i Be.uxoro KHa3a Ceprea. BaHa b croœeTe poMaHa noBTopaeT cygB6y u3BecTHoro TeppopucTa noc.e no-xymeHua: oh He noru6 b TepaxTe, apecTOBaH u npuroBopeH k CMepT-HOM xa3Hu (PonmuH 105, 117). BaHUHO nucBMO U3 TropBMw ^opœy (105-106) noHTu u,e.uKOM BOcnpou3BoguT OTnpaB.eHHoe Ka.aeBWM U3 TropBMW nUCBMO K TOBapumaM, KOTOpOe CaBUHKOB npUBOgUT
b BocnoMuHaHuñx meppopucma (CaBUHKOB 1990: 100, 101). nogo6Ho Ka.aeBy, u BaHa pemuTe.BHO BwcTynaeT npoTUB y6uMcTBa geTeM b roTOBameMca noxymeHuu (PonmuH 101). B poMaHe, ogHaxo, gaHHaa ^03u^ua repoa ocTaeTca b paMxax TeopeTUHecKoro o6cyœg,eHua; Ka.aeB œe, b xoHxpeTHoM a^uu, b noc.egHUM MOMeHT pemaeTca He 6pocuTB 6oM6y Ha xapeTy Be.uxoro KHa3a, n0T0My hto b HeM cugaT geTu, n.eMaHHUKu Be.uxoro KHa3a (CaBUHKOB 1990: 92-93).
TeppopucTUHecxaa rpynna, pea.u3OBaBmaa y6uMcTBO Be.uxoro KHa3a, cocToa.a U3 naTu H.eHOB (HeTwpe MyœHUHw, ogHa œeH-muHa): Eopuc CaBUHKOB, neTp Ky.uKOBCKuM, HBaH Ka.aeB, Eopuc MouceeHKO u ^opa Epu..uaHT (CaBUHKOB 1990: 79, 82). naTepxy C0CTaB.aeT u TeppopucTUHecxaa rpynna b poMaHe: ^opœ, 3>egop, BaHa, reHpux, ^pHa. Pacnpege.eHue po.eM b rpynne ugeHTUHHo: opraHU3aTop, Tpoe ucno.HUTe.eM, nepeogeTwx u3B03HuxaMu, u geBymxa, u3r0T0B.aromaa CHapagw/6oM6w.
AHr.uMcKuM nacnopT ^opœa (PonmuH 5, 42, 109) cooTBeTCTBy-eT aHr.uMCKOMy nacnopTy Ha UMa ^œeMca ra..ea, 3a xoTopwM
175
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B^eflHbM B. CaBUHKoBa (B. PonwuiHa) u ufleMHoe yöuwcTBo
CKpwBa.ca CaBMHK0B bo BpeMa noKymeHua Ha Be.MKoro KHa3a (CaBMHK0B l990: 79).
noBegeHue reHepa.-ry6epHaTopa b poMaHe, nacTwe nepee3-gw M3 ropogcK0M pe3MgeH^MM b 3aropogHyro (PonmuH i8, 38, 87), coneTaroTca c nocTynKaMM Be.MKoro KHa3a HaKaHyHe y6uMcTBa (CaBMHK0B l990: 83, 85).
Hepea.M30BaHHWM n.aH noKymeHua Ha reHepa.-ry6epHaTopa noc.e cneKTaK.a b Bo.bmoM TeaTpe (PonmuH 77) 0Tpa»aeT to»-gecTBeHHyro ugero n.eH0B BoeBoM op^aHM3a^MM, nogpo6H0 m3.o-»eHHyro b BocnoMunanuax meppopucma. B o6meM, cn,eHa nepBoM (Hepea.M30BaHH0M) nonwTKM noKymeHua Ha reHepa.-ry6epHaTopa b Kone ônednoM (80-8i) CTpouTca aBTopoM no Moge.u HeygaBmeroca noKymeHua Ha Be.MKoro KHa3a 2 $eBpa.a i905 roga, bo BpeMa ero nocemeHua Bo.bmoro TeaTpa (CaBMHK0B i990: 93-94).
flymeBHwe nepe»MBaHua ^opw Bpu..uaHT, C03HaHue co6-CTBeHH0M HpaBCTBeHH0M 0TBeTCTBeHH0CTM 3a npo.MTyro Kp0BB, B poMaHe nepegaroTca ^pHe - cpaBHu ^opa Bpu..uaHT: <Oto mm ero I Be.MKoro KHa3a - B. H.| y6u.M... H ero y6u.a... H...» (CaBMHK0B i990: 97); 3pHa, b He^eH3yp0BaHH0M Bepcuu: «3to... sto a BMH0BaTa... (...) Hto oh |reHepa.-ry6epHaTop - B. H.| He y6uT (...) HeT, sto a, sto a, sto a.» (PonmuH 97-98); 3pHa, b ^H3ypoBaHHoM Bepcuu: «3to... sto a BMH0BaTa... (...) Hto Oegop... (...) HeT, sto a, sto a, 3to a.» (CaBMHK0B l992: i85-i86). 3aMeTMM, hto b He^H3yp0BaHH0M Bepcuu 3pHa co»a.eeT 0 tom, hto reHepa.-ry6epHaTop Bce eme »mb, b to BpeMa KaK b ^H3ypoBaHHoM Bepcuu b ^HTpe ee BHUMaHua noru6mMM b HeygaBmeMca nonwTKe noKymeHua T0Bapum, n.eH TeppopucTunecKoM rpynnw, 3>egop. K T0My »e, Aopa Bpu..uaHT co»a.eeT 0 Be.MK0M KHa3e noc.e ero y6uMcTBa; b poMaHe »e, b o6omx Bepcuax, nonwTKa noKymeHua K0Hnu.acB np0Ba.0M.
176
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
YBHHCTBO n^EBE
C nepBOM KpynHoM a^ueM BoeBoM op^aHU3a^uu - y6uMcTBOM MuHucTpa BHyTpeHHux ge. B.K. n.eBe, 15 hbis 1904 roga b neTep6ypre (CaBUHKOB 1990: 25-68), cro»eT poMaHa CBa3MBaeT BpeMa pea^M3au,MM nepBOM («HeygaBmeMca») nonwTKM noKymeHua b Hen,eH3ypoBaHHoM Bepcuu (PonmuH 78-81). B ^H3ypoBaHHOM Bepcuu 3anucB ot 16 uro.a, b kotpom noBecTByeTca o HeygaBmeMca nonMTKe, c.uTa c npegmecTByro-meM 3anucbro ot 14 uro.a (CaBUHKOB 1992: 174), OHeBugHO bo u36e»aHue .ro6oM npaMOM acconuanuu c peanBHBiM, ucTopunecKuM co6wTueM. H3 caMoro TeKcTa 3anucu Bce-TaKu mo»ho u 6e3 BpeMeHHOM ^uKcau,uu noHaTB, hto penB ugeT o co6bitmm, coBepmuBmeMca 15 uro.a.
KpoMe BwmeyKa3aHHOM 6.u3octu c Ka.aeBBiM, BaHro, Henocpeg-cTBeHHoro ucno.HuTe.a noKymeHua b poMaHe, mo»ho b ugeMHO-pe-.MrMO3HOM cMMc^e cOOTHecTM TaK»e c ErOpOM Ca3OHOBBiM, y6MM^M MMHMcTpa n.eBe. H tot u gpyroM HocaT b ce6e nyBcTBO rpexa 3a co-geaHHoe. B Bocuomumumx meppopucma o Ca3OHOBe nuTaeM: «H tot »e Ca3OHOB BnocnegcTBMM MHe nuca. c KaTopru: „Co3HaHue rpexa HMKorga He noKuga.o MeHa"» (CaBMHKOB 1990: 54). B tom »e gyxe paccy»gaeT u BaHa: «y6uTB Ta»KuM rpex» (PonmuH 12); «HeT MHe Bwxoga, HeT ucxoga. Hgy y6uBaTB, a caM b C.obo Bepro» (29).
TaK »e, KaK u b cnynae noKymeHua Ha Be.uKoro KHa3a Ceprea, y6uMcTBy MMHucrpa n.eBe npegmecraoBano HecKO.BKO HeygaBmuxca nonwTOK. B cro»eTe KoHa 6ne^H0^0 Ha6.rogaeTca pag acco^ua^uM c nepBOM nonwTKOM BoeBoM opraHu3au,uu y6uTB n.eBe: n.aH noKymeHua npegno.araeT B3opBaTB KapeTy »epTBBi Ha y.uu,e 6om6om; Ca3OHOB He 3aMeTu. npoMe.BKHyBmeM mumo Hero Heo»ugaHHO 6wcTpo KapeTw MuHucTpa (CaBuHKOB 1990: 39-40), TaK »e, KaK u reHpux He 3aMeTu. npoexaBmero mumo Hero reHepa.-ry6epHaTopa
177
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B.neflHbm B. CaBUHKOBa (B. PonwuHa) u ufleMHoe yöutöcTBO
B poMaHe (PonmuH 80). reHpux CToa- Torga Ha MOCTy, TaK »e, KaK m Ka-aeB, BTopoM ynacTHMK HepeanMS0BaHH0^0 noKymeHMa Ha n-eBe (CaBMHKOB l99o: 39).
^yTKMM KomMap ^op»a, b KOTopoM npuroTOB-aromaa CHapa-gw g-a onepegHoM aKu,MM 3pHa noru6aeT ot B3pwBa (PonmuH 84), b geMCTBUTe-bHOCTM He pa3 nocTura- BoeByro opraHU3au,uro. TaK, HanpuMep, b xoge aKn,uu noKymeHua Ha n-eBe, B3opBa-ca coTpygHUK CaBMHKOBa noKOTM-OB (CaBMHKOB l990: 42). BepHee Bcero, k HeMy m OTCw-aroT c-OBa r-aBHoro repoa poMaHa: «OguH mom TOBapum, y»e noru6 Ha TaKoM pa6oTe. (...) 3pHa pucKyeT TeM »e» (PonmuH 84). CMepTb noKOTM-OBa bo BpeMa BTopoM HeygaBmeMca nonwTKM y6MTb n-eBe, b cro»eTe poMaHa 0Tpa3unacb b CMepTu TeppopucTa OegopoBa bo BpeMa BTopoM «HeyganHOM» nonwTKM y6uTb reHepa-n-ry6epHaTopa (PonmuH 92-95).
Cu,eHa B3pwBa, y6MMCTB0 n-eBe, nepegaeTca b poMaHe nonTM 6e3 M3MeHeHMa b CooTBeTCTByromeM cu,eHe y6MMCTBa reHepa--ry6epHa-Topa. B BocnoMunanuox meppopucma nuTaeM: «H yBuge-, KaK ot 3eM-u y3KoM BopoHKoM B3Bu-ca CTO-6 cepo^e-Toro, nonTu nepHoro gwMa. Cto-6 ^T0T, Bce pacmupaacb, 3aT0^un (...) Bcro y-uuy» (CaBMHKOB l990: 62-63). B Kone ônednoM: «(...) ot 3eM-M B3BM-ca y3KMM cto-6 ce-po-»enToro, no KpaaM nonTM nepHoro gwMa. Oh BopoHKoM mupuTca BBepx, saT0^naeT ynuuy» (PonmMH l04). MeTa^opa B3pwBa «nyryH-HwM ry-» («B Ty »e MUHyry - 3HaK0MwM, crpaHHtiM, nyryHHwM ry-» - PonmMH l04) b poMaH TaK»e nepeKoneBa-a m3 CooTBeTCTByromeM cn,eHw BocnoMunanuû: «Bgpyr b 0gH006pa3HWM myM y-nnw BopBa-ca Ta»e-wM m rpy3HBiM, CTpaHHwM 3ByK. BygTO kto-to ygapu- nyryH-HWM MO-OTOM no nyryHHOM nnuTe» (CaBMHKOB l99o: 62).
Cnop BaHM m reHpuxa 0 tom, KOMy npMHag-e»MT «npaBO» nep-BOMy 6pocMTb 6oM6y, KpoMe B03M0»H0r0 napogupoBaHua eBaHre-b-
178
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
CKoro cnopa HaKoBa m HoaHHa 3aBegeeBBix o tom, kto cageT pagoM c XpucTOM (MaT^en 20, 20-23; MapK 10, 35-40), Mo«eT aB.aTBca oTpa-^eHueM npuBegeHHOM b BocnoMunaHunx pen.MKu ogHoro m3 ynacTHM-kob noKymeHua Ha n.eBe, TeppopucTa noKoTu.oBa: «nepBaa 6oM6a MHe. H «ga. cmokom go.ro. H MMew Ha 3ro npaBo» (CaBMHKoB 1990: 34). nogo6Ho noKoTu.oBy, reHpux TBepguT: «... a «gy oneHB gaBHo. (...) 3a mhok npaBo. 3a mhok nepBoe MecTo» (PonmuH 52).
nontiTKH noKymEHHH ha ayphobo h ayeacoba
B Hana.e 1906 roga EoeBaa op^aHM3a^Ma napTuu scepoB 3aHa.acB op^aHM3a^MeM noKymeHua Ha MMHMcrpa BHyTpeHHux ge. n. H. g,ypHoBo m Ha mockobckoto reHepa.-ry6epHaTopa 3>.B. g,y6acoBa, c yc.oBueM, hto6bi ohm 6bi.m npoBegeHBi b ge.o go co3BiBa nepBon rocygapcTBeHHon g,yMw 27 anpe.a 1906 roga (CaBMHKoB 1990: 169), nocKo.BKy TeppopucTMHecKue MeTogBi 6opb6bi He coBMem,a.ucB c nap.aMeHTcKon ^opMon no.MTMnecKon 6opb6bi. H b poMaHe, b pa3rap pea.M3a^MM n.aHa noKymeHua Ha reHepa.-ry6epHaropa, npuexaBmuM u3 neTep6ypra napTMMHBm geaTe.B AHgpen neTpoBun nogHMMaeT Bonpoc o BpeMeHHoM npeKpam,eHuu Teppopa u3-3a bbi-6opoB b g,yMy u pemeHua napTuu B3aTB ynacTue b nap.aMeHTcKon pa6oTe (PonmuH 19-20). B onepegHoM pa3roBope c ^op^eM AHgpen neTpoBun ynoMMHaeT pa3roH gyMBi u Tpe6oBaHue napTuu ycu.uTB Teppop (PonmuH 75).
OcTaeTca go koh^ He BBiacHeHHBiM o KaKon ,%Me, Ha caMoM ge.e, ugeT penB b poMaHe - o nepBon, KoTopaa npopa6oTa.a c 27 anpe.a no 7 1906 roga, m.m o BTopon, co3BaHHon 20 $eBpa.a, pacnym,eHHoft 3 uroHa 1907 roga. ynuTBiBaa gaTupoBKy gHeBHMKoBBix 3anucen, b kotopbix AHgpen neTpoBun BBicKa3BiBaeTca o6 otkpbitmm g,yMBi (29
179
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B.neflHbm B. CaBUHKOBa (B. PonwuHa) u ufleMHoe yöutöcTBO
MapTa; PonmuH 19-20), t. e. 0 ee pocnycKe (10 urona; 75-76) to, BepHee Bcero, penb ugeT 0 nepBon rocygapcTBeHHon ,yMe. OgHaKo, napTua 3cepoB He npuHMMana ynacTMa b pa6oTe nepBon ,%mbi. C gpyron cro-poHM, BTopaa ,yMa pacnym,eHa ^pcKMM geKpeT0M m npuHaT hobbim bm6ophmm 3aK0H; TaKMM o6pa30M HanpaMyro HapymeHa R0HCTMTyn,Ma 0T 23 anpena 1906 roga, 3anpem,arom,aa MeHaTb Bw6opHwe 3aK0Hw 6e3 cornacua ^yMH. PennuKy AHgpea neTpoBuna b 3anucu ot 10 urona «bot BaM m K0HCTMTyn,Ma» (75), mo»ho noHaTb T0nbK0 ynuTHBaa koh-TeKCT ucTopunecKux o6cToaTenbCTB pocnycKa BTopon ,yMBi.
nnaH noKymeHua Ha ,y6acoBa 0Tpa»aeTca b TeKCTe poMaHa, npe-»ge Bcero, «reorpa<£MHecKMM» - npocrpaHCTBeHHBiM onpegeneHueM »epTBBi (M0CK0BCKMn reHepan-ry6epHaTop). K ,y6acoBy oTCwnaeT m MCTopua ynacTua Oegopa, repoa poMaHa, b mockobckom BoccraHuu (PonmuH 9-10); MMeHHo ,y6acoB nogaBun geKa6pbCKoe BoccraHue b MocKBe b 1905 rogy. HanoMHMM, hto paccKa3 Oegopa 06 ynacTuu b M0CK0BCK0M B0CCTaHMM o6Hapy»MBaeTCa T0nbK0 B He^H3yp0BaH-Hon BepcMM, TaK KaK b ^H3ypoBaHHon y6paHa nro6aa B03M0»H0CTb acco^MMpoBaHMa paccKa3a c peanbHHM MCTopunecKUM K0HTeKCT0M.
C nnaH0M noKymeHua Ha ,y6acoBa TeKCT poMaHa CBa3BiBaroT m BpeMeHHBie paMKM ynoMMHaeMwx b TeKcre xpMCTMaHCKMx npa3gHu-kob CTpacTHon Hegenu m nacxu (CaBUHK0B 1990: 178; PonmuH 25-29).
MecTa, K0T0pwe 6om6mctbi b poMaHe 3aHUMaroT y BopoT KpeMna (79), noBToparoT nnaH HaMeneHHon a^uu Ha ,y6acoBa b CrpacrHyro cy66oTy, geHb Top»ecTBeHHoro 6orocny»eHMa b KpeMne (CaBMHK0B 1990: 179), numb c Ton pa3HM^n, hto BMecro y HuKonbCKux BopoT, b poMaHe oguH m3 repoeB, BaHa, gon»eH CToaTb y CnaccKux BopoT (50, 52, 77, 79). CnaccKue BopoTa, oTCBinarornue ko XpucTy - CnacuTenro, C00TBeTCTByroT K0HH,enu,MM o6pa3a BaHu KaK «xpucruaHCKoro pe-
180
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
B0,ro^M0Hepa», «y6uñ^i bo uMa XpucTa», rpex KOToporo ucKynuT CnacuTe,B (lo6).
KoHguTepcKaa Cuy, MecTO BCTpeHu H,eH0B BoeBoM op^aHU3a^uu (CaBUHKOB l99o: l79), aB,aeTca MecTOM BCTpeHu Äop»a u Oegopa b nepBoñ HacTu poMaHa, b He^H3yp0BaHH0M Bepcuu (64), b to BpeMa, kak b ^h3yp0bahh0m ^urypupyet ,umb kakaa-to hek0hkpetm30-BaHHaa KOHguTepcKaa (CaBUHKOB l992: l67). Bce motmbbi, C03ugaro-m,ue cn,eHy Bcrpenu b KOHguTepcKOM gByx H,eHCB TeppcpucTUHecKOM rpynnwi u nocnegyromyro pa3Ba3Ky nepBoñ HacTu poMaHa - nepByro HeygaHy Ha nyTu pea,u3a^uu n,aHa noKymeHua (3anucB ot i2 Maa), noBToparoT cc6wiTUMHyro n,encHKy HeygaBmercca ncKymeHua Ha ,y6a-ccBa u pacKpwTue rpynnw CaBUHKOBa (CaBUHKOB l99o: 179-i8o) - raaB-hbim repon ccc6pa»aeT, hto 3a humu c,egaT cwm,uKu; H,eHw rpynnw cnemHO noKugaroT MocKBy; ra3eTHaa CTaTBa coo6m,aeT 0 pacKpwTuu npur0T0B,eHua noKymeHua Ha MOCKOBCKoro reHepa,-ry6epaHT0pa «npecTynHoñ mañKoñ» (PonmuH 64-65).
nogBoga uToru, o6pam,aeM em,e pa3 BHUMaHue Ha ucxogHwe no-3u^uu HacToam,ero g0K,aga:
•	ucTopuHecKuñ nogTeKCT npegcTaB,aeT u,,rocTpa^uro ugeñHoro n,aHa pcMaHa - paccMOTpeHue Bcnpcca «npaBa» Ha Hy»yro »u3Hb, t. e. 3TUHecK0ñ CTopoHw ugeñHoro y6uñcTBa (TepaKT KaK 3Kcrpe-Ma,BHaa ^opMa ugeñHoro y6uñcTBa);
•	acccn,uaTMBHWM nyTeM b cro»eTH0 - cc6wtumhcm CTpyKType pcMa-Ha 0Tpa»eHw ucTopuHecKue ^aKTw, K0T0pwe 0xapaKTepu30Ba,u snoxy nepBoñ pyccKoñ peB0,ro^uu. $
181
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B.neflHbm B. CaBUHKOBa (B. PonwuHa) u ufleMHoe yöutöcTBO
^MTepaTypa
APXHnOB, H., 2008: Bopuc CaBMHKOB: TeppOpUCT U .MTepaTOp II
3ee3da 2008, N l0. rnnnuyc, 3.H., 2002: gMUTpuM Mepe»KOBCKuM Il Coôpanue couunenuû. T. 6. Mueue nuu,a: BocnoMunanua. Cmuxomeopenua. MocKBa: PyccKaa KHura. roHHAPOBA, e.h., 2006: «3arpaHMHHBie CBa3u HaM TO»e
c.umKOM goporu»: nucbMa 3. runnuyc, g. Mepe»K0BCK0r0, g. Ou.oco^OBa k B. CaBMHKOBy. i912-i913 rogwi. (BcTynuTe.bHaa CTaTba, ^y6.uKa^ua u npuMenaHua E. H. ToHHapoBoM) II PyccKaa numepamypa 2006, Ne 1. mepekrobckhh, g.c., 1991: «KoHb 6.egHwM» II Eonbnaa Poccua. H36pannoe. ^eHUHrpag: H3gaTe.bCTB0 ^eHUHrpagcKoro yHuBepcuTeTa. MO^ynbCKHH, k., 1980: fiocmoeecxuû. Mu3Hb u meopuecmeo.
napu»: YMCA-PRESS. ponmHH, b. (b.b. cabhhkob), 1913: Konb Enednuû.
Hu^^a: KHurou3gaTe.bCTBO M.A. TyMaHOBa. cabhhkob, b.b., 1990: BocnoMUHaHua TeppopucTa II H36pannoe.
MocKBa: no.uTU3gaT. cabhhkob, b.b., 1992: KoHb 6.egHWM» (^H3ypoBaHHaa Bepcua, 1909 r.) II To, uezo ne 6uno. PoMan, noeecmu, paccKa3U, ouepKu, cmuxomeopenua. MocKBa: CoBpeMeHHUK. $po^oba, e., 2008: HH0X0ge^ II 3ee3da 2008, N 10.
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Pe3UMe
0B0r paga jecTe ga ce carnega Me^yognoc K0HKpeTH0-MCT0pMjcK0r gora^aja (ugejHo y6ucTB0 Kao peB0ny^M0HapH0-Tep0pMCTMHKa npaK-ca BpeMeHa npBe pycKe peBony^uje l905. roguHe) u ugejHor y6ucTBa Kao ^mpanHor eneMeHTa cu»ejHe CTpyKType poMaHa Ko» 6neg B. B. CaBMHK0Ba (K»u»eBHu nceygoHUM B. PonmuH). nonyT gpyrux poMaHa CaBUHK0Ba-P0nmuHa, cu»ejHa 0CH0Ba poMaHa Ko» 6neg hbpcto ce ocna»a Ha peanH0-ucT0pujcKe 0K0nH0CTu u y ce6e ynuja nuTaB HU3 peanHux ucTopujcKux gora^aja, y KojuMa je ayTop poMaHa, peB0ny^M0Hap-ecep CaBMHK0B, y3MMao aKTMBHo ynemhe, 6uno y yno-3M opraHM3aTopa, 6uno y yno3M nenocpegnor M3BpmMon,a. HcropujcKM nogTeKCT npegcTaB.a unycTpa^ujy ugejHor nnaHa poMaHa, y nujoj 0CH0BU je pa3Marpa»e nuTa»a „npaBa" Ha Ty^ »ubot, t. j. eTunKa CTpaHa ugejHor y6ucTBa.
PoMaH Ko» 6neg o6jaB.eH je l909. roguHe, ucnpBa y naconucy „Py-CKa MMcao", 3aTMM m Kao noce6no M3ga»e, y npununno n,en3ypMcanoM Bugy. nyHa, He^H3ypucaHa Bep3uja poMaHa nojaBuna ce l9l3. roguHe y Hmh,m, y OpaHu,ycKoj. ^Be Bep3uje pa3nuKyjy ce, npe CBera, npo-CTopHo-BpeMeHCKMM ogpegHu^Ma cu»ea. H3 ^H3ypucaHe Bep3uje ogcTpa»eHa je 6uno KaKBa npocTopHo-BpeMeHCKa K0HKpeTU3a^uja CM»ea. He^H3ypucaHy Bep3ujy, c gpyre CTpaHe, ognMKyje npocTopHa ogpe^eHocT, T.j. reorpa^CKa K0HKpeTM3a^Mja cu»ea: MocKBa (m nuTaB HU3 ceMaHTU30BaHux M0CK0BCKux rpagcKux KoopguHaTa) u neTep-6ypr, Kyga Ha Kpajy poMaHa ogna3M rnaBHM jyHaK. BpeMeHCKM oKBupu o6ejy Bep3uja nogjegHaKo cy Heogpe^eHu: cu»e poMaHa Tpaje cegaM Mece^u (y xp0H0n0mK0M K0HTUHyuTeTy Koju nogpa3yMeBa $opMa gHeBHunKux 3anuca), og 6. MapTa go 5. 0KT06pa jegHe, Heogpe^eHe roguHe, Koja ocTaje u3BaH oKBupa peanH0-ucT0pujcK0r KaneHgapa.
183
EOEAH HyPMH KoHb B.neflHbm B. CaBUHKOBa (B. PonwuHa) u ufleMHoe yöutöcTBO
BpeMeHCKM oKBupu ucropujcKor nogreKcra cu»ea, unaK, MHoro cy mupu: any3ujaMa Ha KOHKpeTHe MCTopMjCKe gora^aje - ugejHo yÖMCTBO npe CBera - y poMaHy ce ogpa»aBa 6ypHM peB0ny^M0Hap-hm »mbot Pycuje nepuoga npBe pycKe peBonyu,uje, og 1904. go 1906. roguHe. HcropujcKM nogTeKcT pa3oTKpuBa ce Ha cu»ejHoM nnaHy: ^HTpanHM eneMeHT cu»ejHe op^aHM3a^Mje poMaHa jecTe ugejHo y6u-ctbo, y6ucTBo mockobckot reHepan-ry6epHaTopa, Koje cy M3Bpmunu npunagHun,M MneranHe TepopucruHKe rpyne, a y nujoj ochobm, npeMa onmTeM Mum^esy ucropunapa u KH>u»eBHux KpuTunapa, ne»u y6ucTBo BenuKor KHe3a Cepreja AneKcaHgpoBMna, Koje je 4. <£e6pyapa
1905.	roguHe y Mockobckom KpeM^y M3Bena EojeBa op^aHM3a^Mja napTuje ecepa ca HBaHoM Ka^ajeBoM Kao HenocpegHMM M3Bpmuo^M.
no HameM Mum^esy, Me^yruM, ucTopujcKM oKBup y6ucTBa re-Hepan-ry6epHaTopa y cu»ey Kon>a 6negor MHoro je mupu. y H>eMy oTKpuBaMo eneMeHTe HeKonuKo ucTopujcKux gora^aja ucTor Tuna (nonuTMHKo y6ucTBo): noMeHyro y6ucTBo BenuKor KHe3a Cepreja ÄneKcaHgpoBuna 4. $e6pyapa 1905. roguHe, y6ucTBo MMHucTpa yHy-Tpamaux nocnoBa B. K. nneBea 15. jyna 1904. roguHe, Heycnenu no-Kymaju y6ucTBa MMHucTpa yHyrpamraux nocnoBa n. H. .flypHoBo u mockobckot reHepan-ry6epHaTopa 3>. B. ^,y6acoBa, o6a y nponehe
1906.	roguHe.
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
EoôaH HypuH
EoSaH ¥ypm - doKmop fiunonoamecKux HayK. npenodaem pyccxyw nume-pamypy u pyccKyw Kynbmypy Ha Ka^edpe cnaeucmuKu §un0n0^u^ecK0^0 fiaKynbmema Een^pa^cK0^0 yHueepcumema. Aemop paSom no pyccKoú numepamype XIX u XX eeKoe, pyccKoú ^Mu^pa^uu u ucmopuu cepScxo-pyc-ckux KynbmypHux 63auMoomHoweHuú. Áemop HayuHoú M0H0^pa$uu Ha cepScK0M 03UKe «M3 rnueoma pycK0^ Eeozpada» (2011); pacmupeHHoe u dononrnmoe u3daHue Ha pyccK0M «M3 mü3hu pyccK0^0 Eenzpada» ony-SnuKoeaHo e 2015 ^.
185
npoeKT «flAn»
KaK uHDjugeHT
$ mh^ah bhhhh ► mv.indo@gmail.com
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
The paper deals with the textual, visual and performative aspects of the "DAP project", viewed as an "incident" in russian culture. In the light of an event-oriented philosophical and culturological scientific approach, the methodological problems are resolved in favor of a polycentric, "vibratory" view of the author's work, allowing us to take in consideration the various aspects of the project's relations toward the questions of authorship and the use of textual, visual, somatic and other "artistic materials". The pursue for a special kind of distance, separation from the used "artistic materials" and a yearning "not to be identified" inside of them, to remain in the sphere of an (idealistically said) "complete artistic freedom" are by this means discovered as the main goals of the project.
THE "DAP" PROJECT, EVENT, INCIDENT, CULTURE, HISTORY, POLYCENTRISM, TRANSGRESSION
B gaHHoM craTBe paccMoTpeHBi npo-aBaeHua, npou3BegeHua u nepcoHBi xygo^ecraeHHoro npoeKTa «flMuTpuM AaeKCaHflpOBMH npurOB» B pyCCKOM KyaBType B CBeTe COÖMTMMHO-OpM-eHTMpOBaHHOM (^MflOCO^MM u KyaB-TypoBegeHua. MeTogoaorunecKue npoöaeMBi uccaegoBaHua «u^u-geHTHoro coöbitua b c^epe KyaBTypBi» pa3pemeHHM b noaB3y «noau^HTpu-HecKoro» nogxoga ^eHoMeHy «flAn», b KoTopoM uccaegoBaTeaB oTKa3BiBaeTca ot 3a^MKcMpoBaHHoro, KaTeropuaaBHo onpegeaeHHoro B3raaga Ha gaHHyw TeMy, ugeHTu<^u^upya ee KaK Henpe-pMBHo gBu«ym;ywca,«Mep^TeaB-Hyw». B ^TOM Kawne aBTop uccaegyeT BonpocM aBTopcTBa u oTHomeHMa npoeKTa «flAn» k ero «TBopnecKMM MaTepaaaM», BKawHaa pa3auHHBie ugeoaorunecKue gucKypcBi u aK-cMoMaTMKM pa3aMHHMX peneBBix u noBegeHHecKMX npaKTMK. CTpeMaeHue k gucTaH^uu k MaTepuaay, HeugeH-TM^M^MpoBaHHOCTM u Heonpegeau-moctu, uH^ugeHTHOCTu u «huctom xygo^ecTBeHHoM cBoöoge» b TaKoBoM uccaegoBaHuw oÖHapy^eHBi KaK ocHoBHMe ^au npoeKTa.
nPOEKT flAn, COEHTHE, HH^HflEHT, KYHbTYPA, HCTOPH3, MEP^TEflbHOCTb, TPAHCTPECCH3
187
MIMAH BMHMH ► npoeKT «flAn» KaK MHUUfleHT
Ecnu mm XOTUM onpegenuTB KaK0e-T0 co6MTue KaK uH^ugeHT b c^epe KyntTypM, Heo6xoguMO b nepByro OHepegt c^opMynupoBaTB, HTO mm nogpa3yMeBaeM nog noHHTUHMu «co6MTue», «uHnugeHT» u «KyntTypa». B 3tom Hacru uccnegoBaHua mm o6o3HaHUM «KyntTypy» KaK HenpepMBHMM npO^CC, COCTOH^UM U3 c06mtum, CBH3aHHMX npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHMMU U npUHUHHO-CnegCTBeHHMMU CBH-3HMU. Korga mm roBopuM o n,en0CTH0CTu ucTopuHecKoro npon,ecca, Kay3anBHOCTB HBnaeTca ogHUM U3 rnaBHMx ^arcropoB HepegoBaHua co6mtum. B stom CMMcne, UHnugeHT HBnaeTca nogTunoM co6mtuh, KOTopoe xapaKTepu3yeT Heo^ugaHHOCTB, cnyHaMHOCTB. HHnugeHT OTnuHaeTCH ot co6mtmh TeM, hto b 3aKpMTOM npuHUHHO-cnegcTBeHHOM cucTeMe ucTopuHecKoro npon,ecca co6mtum oh OKa3MBaeTCH HeM-TO ucKnroHUTenBHMM, HenogHUHeHHMM 3aKOHaM o^ugaeMoro, noruH-Horo npoHBneHUH nocnegcTBuM Bgont BpeMeHHoM ocu. 3gect mo®ho 3aMeTUTB, hto UHnugeHT b Ka^flOM 3a^MKCMp0BaHH0M pe<£epeHTHOM cucTeMe BO3HUKaeT KaK oco6mm Bug cy6BepcuBHOCTu, HapymeHua UMeHHO 3T0M 3a^UKCUpOBaHHOCTU.
npo6neMa b Ha6nrogeHuu uHnugeHTHoro co6mtuh b nro6oM pe-^epeHTHOM cucTeMe BO3HUKaeT, Korga nogHUMaeTca Bonpoc o nep-cneKTUBe Ha6nrogaTena co6mtum b KyntTypHO-ucTopuHecKOM npo-n,ecce gucraHnupoBaHHMx co6mtum. Ecnu mm uccnegyeM OTgentHoe co6MTue (HanpuMep, npoeKT ÄAn) u30nup0BaHH0, He npuHUMaa bo BHUMaHue ero cbh3b c co6mtuhmu, npegmecTBOBaBmuMu u nocneg-CTBOBaBmuMu eMy, to oho npuo6peTaeT xapaKTepMCTMKy cnyHaMHoro, MH^MgeHTH0^0. C gpyroM CTopoHM, Ha6nrogaTent b npegMeT Ha6nroge-HUH Bce-TaKu BKnroHaeT 0C06eHH0CTu co6cTBeHHoro «M3MepuTenBHoro uHCTpyMeHTa», on,eHUBaa o6teKT Ha6nrogeHua b npegenax pa3HMx KaTeropuM. B paMKax gaHHoro npon,ecca UHnugeHT b co3HaHuu Ha-6nrogaTena CHOBa nonyHaeT 3aKOHOMepHOCTB Hepe3 KaTeropu3an,uro.
188
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
CBo6oga m c.yHaMH0CTB, aB.awmueca cyTBW paccMaTpuBaeMoro mh-n,ugeHTa, npu 3tom CKpwiBawTca ot B3r.aga MCC.egoBaTe.a.
To »e caMoe npoucxoguT m Ha guaxpoHMHecKOM ypoBHe. Hhu,m-geHT, KOTopBiß B MOMeHTe CBoero npoaB.eHua uMeeT xapaKTep cbo-6ogHoro, c.yHaMHoro geMcTBua, b cu.y Toro hto oh paccMaTpwiBaeTca B KOHTeKCTe npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHWx 06CT0aTe.BCTB, CHOBa no.yHaeT MecTO b cucTeMe npuHMHHoß B3auM006yc.0B.eHH0CTM. CBo6oga, npucymaa noHaTuw MHu,ugeHTa, bhobb ucHe3aeT.
Mb npuxoguM k BBiBogy, hto 6.arogapa 06yc.0B.eHH0CTM co3Ha-Hua Ha6.wgaTe.a Kay3a.BH0-BpeMeHHBiM BOcnpuaTueM ^eHOMeHOB, nepn,enn,ua uHnugeHTa KaK CBo6ogHoro u HUHeM He npuHy»g,eHHoro geßCTBua, B03HUKawmer0 b onpege.eHHoß pe^epeHTHoß cucTeMe, CTpeMMTca nogHMHMTBca, y.o»uTBca b paMKu STOß cucTeMw, a TaK-»e npMcnoco6uTca orpaHUHeHHOCTu nepcnercruBBi, Hepe3 KOTopyw MHn,ugeHT BOcnpuHMMaeTca. nonwiTKa KaTeropu3au,MM Toro, hto no onpege.eHMW HaxoguTca b c^epe CBo6ogwi, aHHy.upyeT BHyTpeH-Hww HenpMHy»geHH0CTB gaHHoro ^eHOMeHa, m TpaHC^opMupyeT KaTeropua^BHwe paMKu ynoTpe6.aeMoM nepcnercruBBi. goKa3aTe.B-CTBO 3tmx BWBogoB M0»H0 o6Hapy»uTB noHTM b Ka»goß nonwTKe KaTeropM3an,MM npou3BegeHMM ucKyccTBa, no CBoeM cyTM Hame Bcero npeTeHgyromux Ha npuBa3aHH0CTB k c^epe CBo6ogw. CBo6oga 3gecB nogpa3yMeBaeTca KaK bo3mo»hoctb aBTopa xygo»ecTBeHHoro npo-M3BegeHua m.m o6^eKTa npou3BegeHua «B.unaTB m BBi.unaTB» b pa3.MHHwe BHemHue aKCMOMaTUKM, m Hepe3 3to K0.e6aHue nogTBep-»gaTB M.M onpoBepraTB ux npaBOMepHOCTB; noHaTua «CBo6ogw» m «MHn,MgeHTa» npupaBHUBaroTca oguH gpyroMy.
npegMeT Hamero MCC.egoBaHua, ^MMTpuM A.eKcaHgpoBMH npu-roB, noMemaeT ce6a uMeHHO b 3Ty c^epy. Bo MHorux TeopeTMHecKux TeKCTax m MHTepBBW oh onpege.aeT CBo6ogy KaK raabhyro mmccmw
189
MIMAH BMHMH ► npoeKT «flAn» KaK MHUUfleHT
xygo»HMKa. B TeKCTe «noMupucb co CBoen ropgocTbK, HenoBeK», oh numeT: «H nogo3peBaro, hto Muccuen xygo»HUKa aBnaeTca CBo6oga, o6pa3 CBo6ogH, TeMaTM3upoBaHHaa CBo6oga He b onucaHuax m Ton-KOBaHMax, HO BCaKMM pa3 B KOHKpeTHHx MCTOpUHeCKMx 06CT0aTenb-CTBax KOHKpeTHHM o6pa3OM aBnaTb MMMg» CBo6ogHoro xygo»HM-Ka, MH^M^MpoBaBme^o ce6a CBo6ogon co BceMM cocTaBnaKm,MMM ee npegenbHOCTaMu u onacHOCTaMu» (290). nocToaHHaa u3MeHHUBOCTb ero ^03M^MM k paMKaM, b kotophx oh ocym,ecTBnan cbok TBopne-CKyK geaTenbHOCTb, pa3H006pa3ue o6nacTen ucKyccTBa, b kotophx oh TBopun, a TaK»e caMO KonuHecTBO C03gaHHBix um npou3BegeHun, noMemanu uccnegoBaTenaM 0gH03HaHH0 yTBepguTb «hto TaKoe ^An Ha caMOM gene». BHyTpeHHaa guHaMMKa npoeKTa OKa3anacb rnaBHHM npenaTCTBueM gna 3a<£uKCupoBaHHbix aHanuTunecKux nepcneKTUB, MMeK^ux b ocHOBe «pacno3HaBaHue 06pa30B» u cuMBonuHecKoe npe-B0cx0gcTB0 Hag y3HaBaeMHM npegMeTOM. B pe3ynbTaTe, 6onbmuHCTBO MCcnegoBaTenen BH6pano pegyKu,MOHMCTCKMM nogxog, 3aHMMaacb OTgenbHHMM HacTaMM npoeKTa, TeM caMHM noTepaB BO3MO»HOCTb yBugeTb npoeKT b ^noM.
hto6h yKnoHUTbca ot uHBa3UBHOCTu ct^uoHapHbix nepcneKTUB k guHaMUHHon TeMe, mh BH6panu nogxog, 6onee cooTBeTCTByromuM HeonpegenuMOCTu u guHaMUKe u3ynaeMoro npoeKTa. Ecnu uccnegy-eMHM npegMeT HaxoguTca b HenpepHBHOM gBu»eHuu, Ha6nKgaTenb gon»eH 3aHaTb cooTBeTCTByKmyK guHaMMnecKyro ^03M^MK. 3gecb Ha6nKgaTenb CMOTpuT Ha uccnegyeMyK pe^epeHTHyK cucTeMy He CBHCOKa m M3BHe, a M3HyTpM m Ha 3TOM »e ypoBHe, Haxogacb b gBM»e-Huu, b $nyKryan,MM. OoKycoM ^T0^0 Buga uccnegoBaHua ocTaeTca cny-HanHoe, npoM3BonbHoe m CBo6ogHoe gBM»eHue, to ecTb, HenpegcKa-3yeMOCTb BH6opa HanpaBneHun Ha6nrogaeMoro npegMeTa u onucaHue 3Toro MHO»ecTBa M3 cooTBeTCTByrom,ero MHO»ecTBa uccnegoBaTenb-
190
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
CKMx ^0SM^MM. ^T0T pe.aTMBMCTCKMM nOgxOg BnO.He COOTBeTCTByeT npur0BCK0My noHaTuro «Mep^Te.bH0CTu» (C.0Bapb 58).
Hcno.b3ya BwmeyKa3aHHyro MeTogo.oruro, mw CHOBa nonpo6yeM onpege.uTb OTHomeHue npoeKTa ^An k Ky.bType, KaK ochobhom c^epe ero geaTe.bH0CTu. nog noHaTueM «Ky.bTypwi» b 60.ee y3-KOM CMwc.e mw noHUMaeM Ha6op B3auM0CBa3aHHwx HappaTUBOB, C03gaHHwx KaK pe^.eKCUM He.0BeHecK0r0 cocToaHua, u 06teKT0B, no.yneHHwx b npo^cce B03BpaTH0M MaTepua.u3a^uu stux Happa-TUBOB, Hepegyrom,uxca b npocTpaHCTBe u BpeMeHu. KaK onpege.eHue noHaTua «npoeKTa» mw 6ygeM ucn0.b30BaTb to, npeg.0»eH0 caMWM ^MUTpueM A.eKcaHgpoBUHeM b «C.0Bape mockobckom mK0.w koh-n,enTya.M3Ma»: «nPOEKT — b 0T.MHue ot .ro6wx a3WK0Bwx npaKTMK u ugeHTu^uKa^uu c humu (BK.roHaa u nep^opMaHCHO-noBegeHHe-CKUM TeKCT) npegno.araeT goMUHaHTy BpeMeHHOM cocraB.arom,eM u npo^cca pa3BepTWBaHua Bgo.b BpeMeHHOM ocu (npege.: npoeKT g.uHoro b »u3Hb), Korga .ro6oro poga TeKCTOBwe 3HaKu cyTb .umb HeKue OTMeTKu, onpege.arom.ue TpaeKTopuro, BeKTop npoeKTHoro cy^ecTBOBaHua, xyg0»ecTBeHH0-3CTeTUHecK0r0 6wT0BaHua noHTu ^aHTOMHWM cnoco6oM» (l93). Hto KacaeTca caMoro npoeKTa ^An, b MHTepBbro c A.eH0M Hxohtobom npuroB ero Ha3WBaeT «n,e.bHWM npo-eKTOM, BHyTpu Koro Bce Bugw geaTe.bH0CTu urparoT HyTb-HyTb uHyro po.b. To ecTb ohm ecTb HeK0T0pwe yKa3aTe.u Ha Ty n,empa.bHyro 30Hy, OTKyga ohu Bce ucxogaT. H b stom CMwc.e ohu cyTb... c.ynaM-Hwe OTxogw geaTe.bH0CTu bot stom ^mpa.bH0M 30hw, rge npouc-xogaT 0CH0BHwe noBegeHHecKue co6wTua» (npuroB, flxoHTOBa 74). B 3T0M onpege.eHuu mw BuguM, hto BHyTpu npoeKTa cym,ecTByeT pa3rpaHMHeHMe Ha BHyTpeHHroro m BHemHroro HacTM. yc.0BH0 roBopa, BHemHeM HacTbro aB.aroTca «npoaB.eHua xygo»ecTBeHHoro .oroca npoeKTa». B nepByro OHepegb mw 6ygeM paccMaTpuBaTb BHemHUM,
191
MMflAH BMHMH ► npoeKT «¿An» KaK MH^MfleHT
<OK30TepHHecKHM» ghom npoeKTa. Hto6bi H,n,nrocTpMpoBaTB guana30H geMcTBua stom cropoHBi npoeKTa ^An, mh o6cyguM Bonpoc aBTopcTBa B 3T0M 30He.
EnaBHBiM TepMMHOM, c KOTOpHM ^MMTpMM A^eKCaHflpOBMH CB3-3BiBa.fi 3T0T, BHemHMH, CflOM npoeKTa, M K KOTOpOMy OH BeCBMa HaCTO B03Bpam,a^ca b cbomx TeopeTMHecKux pa3MBim,neHMax, aB,naeTca Tep-mmh «Ha3HaHarom,ero »ecTa». Oh «Ha3HaHarom,uM »ecTOM» o6o3Ha-hhj «Ha3HaneHue npou3BegeHueM ucKyccTBa aB,neHuM m^m 06teKT0B 0Kpy»arom,eM cpegBi nocpegcraoM nepeHeceHua ux b BBicraB0HH0e m^m »ypHa^BH0-KHM»H0e npocTpaHcTBO. .flpyruM npuMepoM M0»eT c.ny»uTB, cKa»eM, Ha3HaneHue ogHoro u Toro »e Bep6a^BHoro TeK-cTa npou3BefleHueM M3o6pa3MTe^BHoro ucKyccTBa npu ^KC^03M^MM ero Ha BHcTaBKe ^m6o ^uTepaTypHBiM TeKcTOM nocpegcraoM ny6^u-Ka^MM b KHure m^m »ypHa.ne» (C^OBapB 192). B stom onpege.neHuu 3aMeTH0 paBHonpaBue Bcex MaTepua^OB, K0T0pHe Hepe3 npon,ecc H0MMHa^M3au,Mu npeBpam,aroTca b pa3.nMHHBie acneKTH npoeKTa. HoMMHa^M3a^Ma MaTepua^OB npeBpam,aeT Ka»gyro npaKTMKy, T.e. TBopnecRoe noBegeHue xygo»HMKa b HacTB npoeKTa; npoeKT, cnego-BaTe^BHO, uMeeT T0Ta^MTapH0-n0BegeHHecKMM xapaKTep. Ka»gBiM Bug TBopnecKoro noBegeHua, Bce ero cocraB^aromMe — ^mhhoctb aBTopa, »ecT, TeKcT, KapTMHa, ugea, gucKypc, TeMa, 3HaneHue u t. n., a TaK»e u orpaHunuBaro^ue ux K0Hu,enTBi — ctm^m, MeTogH, ^OpMBI BHcKa3HBaHMa - aB^aroTca OTHOcMTeflBHBIMM u BMeHaeMH-mm. npogo^»uTe^BHocTB npoeKTa orpaHuneHa to^bko b BpeMeHu, T.e. ee npege^OM aB^aeTca npege^ 6uo^orunecKoro cym,ecTB0BaHua üpuroBa-He^OBeKa, kotophm BMecTe c npoeKTOM npoxoguT Hepe3 He-npepHBHyro TpaHC$opMa^Mro. ncuxocoMaTUKa aBTopa 0Ka3HBaeTca npegMeTOM pe^eKcuu ^amoMHoro ^mpa npoeKTa He MeHee, HeM ocTa^BHHe BHemHue MaTepua^Bi — k HeM oh OTHocuTca c toM caMoM
192
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
gucTa^MM, c K0T0p0M MaHuny.upyeT BceM s.eMeHTaM xygo»ecTBeH-Horo geMcTBua. HanpuMep, b K0HTeKCTe geKaH0HM3aH,MM 6o.Bmux C0BeTCKux MM^0B-gucKypc0B, «^An TexH0.0rua», KpoMe C03gaHua TeKCT0B, nep^opMaHcoB, KapTUH m nponero, TpaHC^opMupyeT TaK»e Hapy»H0CTB CBoeM 6uo.orMnecKoM ochobbi c n,e.Bro Bno.He «B.un-HyTB» b npeg3agaHHyro npo6.eMaTMKy. ^MMTpuM A.eKcaHgpoBun no.B3yeTca pa3.unHWMM MacKaMu, nogxogamuMM ero n,e.u: KpoMe ynoTpe6.eHua 3HaMeHUT0M MM.un,M0HepcK0M ^ypa»Ku, oh TaK»e C03HaTe.BH0 npeo6pa30BWBaeT cbom npuBBinKM, CBoro TBopnecKyro pyTMHy, hto6bi C03gaTB C00TBeTCTByromyro napoguro Ha C0BeTCK0-ro «ygapHMKa» c «go.rocponHBiM n.aH0M», pea.u3yromyroca nepe3 runepnpogyKn,Mro TeKCTa (u3BecTHoe ero HacTauBaHue Ha «pyTMHw b TBopnecTBe» — npuroB, ^^mTeMH 56 —, a TaK»e 3aaB.eHHwM mm b Hana.e i990-mx n.aH HanucaTB 24 000 CTuxoTBopeHuM go 2000 roga — cm. npuroB, ^,o.mh). T0Ta.BH0CTB BHemHero acneKTa npoeKTa mmm-TupyeT T0Ta.BH0CTB gucKypcoB, aB.aromuxca MaTepua.0M npoeKTa.
Ha 3T0M ^0He, noc.e «noTepu aKTya.BH0CTM» C0BeTCK0r0 Mu^a, npuroB nepeopueHTupyeT TexHo.oruu, ucn0.B30BaHwe npoeKT0M, Ha KpuTMKy pyccK0M Ky.BTypH0M cpegw hobbix, n0CTC0BeTCKux (T.e. nceBgo.u6epa.BHwx) ugeo.oruM m gucKypcoB, npeTeHgyromux Ha T0Ta.BH0CTB b snoxy nageHua B.acTByromux paHee C0BeTCKux uge-o.orunecKux aKCU0MaTUK. npuroB HanuHaeT npo6.eMaTU3upoBaHue m pa36.aHCupoBaHue Me»gy nponuM, a3WKa MaccMegua (Hnp. c6op-HMKM «CTepeocKonunecKue KapTMHKu nacraoM »m3hm» i993, «no MaTepua.aM npeccBi» 2004), ^eMUHMCTCKo-reHgepHBix BonpocoB («^eHCKaa CBepx.upuKa» i9S7, «CBepx»eHCKaa .upuKa» i9SS, «^eH-CKaa .upuKa» i9S9, «CTapaa K0MMyHucTKa ^pB K0MMyHU3Ma m ro.oc »MBoro CTpagaHua» i989 m Tg.), r0M0ceKcya.BH0M .upuKM («Mom mu.bim .acK0BWM g,pyr» i993), gucKypca «n0CTC0BeTCK0M ceKcya.BH0M
193
MMflAH BMHMH ► npoeKT «¿An» KaK MH^MfleHT
peB0.rou,MM» (Hnp. CTuxoTBopeHue «BoMgeT KpacaBuu,a m cageT Ha 6egpo...») m gpyrux. npuroBCKaa KpuTMKa noKa3BiBaeT 6e3pa3.MHue m ÄMCTaH^MpoBaHMe ot .ro6on npaBam,en Mfleo.orMM, BHe 3aBMCMM0CTM, paccMaTpuBaeTca .m OHa KaK MaTepua. xygo«ecTBeHHoro gencTBua, M.M KaK 3.eMeHT COn.Ma.BHO-Ky.BTypHOn pea.BHOCTM.
Cy6BepcMBH0CTB m MHn,MgeHTH0CTB 3gecB pacKpwBaroTca KaK cno-co6hoctb «urpBi» c MaTepua.0M, BOcnpuHMMaeMBiM KaK 3aKpwTwe CMCTeMM a3MKa, M3o6pa«eHMa, 3ByKa, MM^a, ugeo.orMM m t. n., B3aTBiM TaK^e M3 3aKpwTwx, ho 6o.ee KpynHwx cucTeM MCTopuu m Ky.BTypBi. Ou.BTpau.Ma ^TMX MaTepua.0B Hepe3 M..ro3opHBiM koh-TeKCTya.BHWH ^u.BTp TBopHecKoro noBegeHua npoeKTa o6Hapy«u-BaeT m MX MMMaHeHTHyro u..ro30pH0CTB. npoeKT gAn «B.unaeT» m KaMy^.upyeTca BHyTpu ^MKCupoBaHHwx aKCMOMaTUK (Hnp., BHyTpu cucTeM coBeTCKux Ky.BTypHO-nponaraHgHBix mTaMnoB u.u MaccMe-guHHMx K.ume nocTCOBeTCKoro BpeMeHu), b K0T0pBix gencTByeT, 6ygyHM ogHOBpeMeHHO BHe mx caMux, nopo^gaa ce6e b npo^cce pe^.eKTupoBaHua 3tmx cucTeM Hepe3 co6cTBeHHyro yc.0BHyro nep-cneKTMBy Ha6.rogaTe.a. 3to m ecTB Mepu,aTe.BH0CTB b npuroBCKOM CMBic.e, KOTopaa aB.aeTca g.a Hero 3agaHeM HacToam,ero cepBe3Horo ucKyccTBa, Bcerga MHuugeHTHoro no cyTM.
O6m,yro rpaHM^ Me^gy Mcn0.B30BaHHBiM MaTepua.0M m ero K0HTeKCTya.M3an.MaMM m K0HKpeTM3an,uaMM Ha3HaHarom,uM «ecTOM npuroB Ha3MBaeT «KBaHTOM nepeBoga m3 ogHon gencTBMTe.BH0CTM b gpyryro» (raHga.eBCKun 5). roBopa 06 3tom «Mepn,arom,eü TOHKe» mm CHOBa npuxoguM k ugee «^amoMHoro u,empa npoeKTa gAn». 3tot n,eHTp aB.aeTca MHCTpyMeHTOM m npocTpaHCTBOM, b KOTopoM npoBO-guTBca BBi6op noBegeHHecKux cipaTeruu ga.BHeumero pa3BeTB.eHua npoeKTa. CaMBiM npocTMM nogxogoM k TO.KOBaHuro ^T0M u,eHTpa.B-hom TOHKM aB.aeTca ee OTO^gecTB.eHue c 6u0.0rMHecK0M ochobom,
194
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) ► Event
Te.0M, HocuTe.eM npoeKTa u ero co3HaHueM. TeM caMBiM, mm CHOBa BO3Bpam,aeMca k ugee CBo6ogBi, n0Ka3aHH0M b Buge CBo6ogBi BBi6opa MaTepua.a, ^opM u ^.en npoeKTa, cym,ecTByrom,ux b co3HaHMM aBTopa, u caMon aB.arom.eMca MaTepua.0M npoeKTa. B ocHoBe co3HaHua aBTopa 6.u^e Bcero k Mep^Te.BH0My ^HTpy npoeKTa .e^uT .umB CTpeM.eHue k a6co.roraoM HeugeHTu$u^up0BaHH0CTu, Heonpege-
^MMoCTM, HMCT0M CBo6ogBI KaK y.HBTMMaTMBH0My UH^UgeHTy.
^T0T «Bupyc CBo6og;Bi» nepeHocurca u b C03HaHue no.ynaTe.a coo6m,eHua, t. e. nuTaTe.a, 3puTe.a, c.ymaTe.a - Toro, kto aB.aeTca pe^M^MeHT0M npoeKTa gAn. ga^e noc.e 0K0HnaHua cym,ecTB0BaHua 6u0.0rHHecK0M ochobbi npoeKTa, t. e. noc.e npeKpam,eHua pa3BeTB.e-Hua ero BHemHux MaHu^eCT^uu, Korga oh u3 otkpbitom cucTeMBi npeBpam,aeTca b 3aKpBiTyro, ero Mep^Te.BH0CTB u pe.aTuBucrcKoe 0TH0meHue k aKcuoMaTuKaM Ky.BTypH0M pea.BH0CTu pe30HupyeT u b 0TH0meHHH c TeM, kto ero BocnpuHHMaeT. npoeKT gAn, aB.arom.HMca Ha6.rogaTe.eM pe^epeHTHon cucreMBi Ky.BTypH0M pea.BH0CTu u 0gH0BpeMeHH0 C03gaTe.eM npou3BegeHuu Ky.BTypBi, HMew^Hx b 0CH0Be CBo6ogHyro u upoHunecKyro gucTaH^up0BaHH0CTB no otho-meHuro k gorMe, craH0BuTca npeo6pa30BaTe.eM ^T0M pea.BH0CTu, B03BpaTH0 TpaHC^opMupyrom,uM ee u..ro3opHyro cucTeMaTuHHocTB nepe3 C03gaHue napa..e.BH0M pea.BH0CTu npoeKra, Bce-TaKu aB.aro-m,eMca nacTBro Ky.BTypHoro npo^cca. 3thm gencTBueM oh BBi3BiBaeT cuMB0.uHH0e ucKpuB.eHue npocTpaHCTBeHHo-BpeMeHHoro kohtu-HyyMa Ky.BTypBi. K K0Hu,e kohu,ob, motub «nepHon gwpw» oneHB TecHo CB33aH c TB0pnecTB0M npuroBa, u oh cH0Ba B03Bpam,aeT Hac k ugee «^amoMHoro ^mpa». HcKpuB.eHue BBi3BaH0 ^T0M nepHon gwpoM b xp0H0T0ne Ky.BTypBi, c.eg0BaTe.BH0, KocBeHHo npoucxoguT u b co3HaHuu Ha6.rogare.a pe^epenraon cucTeMBi «npoeKT gAn», K0T0p0My, aHa.0ruHH0 uH^ugeHTH0My oraomeHuro npoeKTa gAn
195
MIMAH BMHMH ► npoeKT «flAn» KaK MHUUfleHT
K Ky.BType, OTKpMBaeTCa MHG»eCTBeHHGCTB, BMeHaeMGCTB u GTHG-cuTe.BHGCTB Bcex CGCTaB.aro^ux npoeKTa, KOCBeHHO u gucKypcoB, HappaTuBOB u aKcuoMaTuK, aB.arom,uxca ux s.eMeHTaMu, B3aTMMu u3 pea.BHoro Mupa. HH^MgeHT nepeHGcuTca u3 Ha6.rogaeMoro b CG3HaHue Ha6.rogaTe.a, u pe^.eKcua BOcnpuHuMaeMoro, nogo6H0 HenGcpegcTBeHHOMy SKCTaTuHecKOMy BGcnpuaTuro b gpeBHeM uc-KyccTBe, BM3MBaeT MeTaugeofloruHecKuM KaTapcuc u TepaneBTuHe-ckum 3^eKT. Mepu.aTe.BHaa no^unepcneKTuBHOCTB pacKpMBaeTca KaK HOBaa gaHHOCTB, rge BpeMeHHoe ^uKcupoBaHue nepcneKTuBM u aKcuoMaTuKu c.y»uT tg.bkg g.a G6ec^eHeHMM npou^ccya^BHOCTu npoeKTa u ero »u3Hu b BpeMeHu. HMea BHyTpu ce6a a6co.roTHyro CBo6ogy, u CHapy»u a6co.roTHyro BMeHaeMGCTB KaTeropua.BHMx u aKcuoMaTuHecKux MacoK, BpeMeHHO ynoTpe6.aeMMx tg.bkg g.a gGCTuÄeHua u..ro3opHMx ucTopuHecKux u,e.eM, t. e. nogTBep»ge-Hue ^arcra »u3Hu u cym,ecTBGBaHua 0Tge.BH0r0 CG3HaHua, npoeKT £An c ycnexoM uMuTupyeT u ^Ty, noc.egHroro ugeo^oruro u yTonuro: yTonuro 6MTBa u »u3Hu, ucTopuu, Ky.BTypM, He.GBeHecTBa, 6ug.g-ruHecKux gaHHOCTeM, B03MG»H0CTeM, CBo6og. HH^MgeHT ^An no CBoeM cyTu HanpaB.eH uMeHHO Ha 3Ty yTonuro, Ha yTonuro BepM b ypoBeHB G6^eaHTpG^G.G^MHeeKMx ocHOBaHuM. PaccMaTpBiBaa ero c ^G3M^MM cerogHamHero aHTpono.oruHecKoro cocToaHua He.0Be-HecTBa, uHuugeHT ^An aB.aeTca KaK pa3 nonMTKoM uHu^geHTHoro TpaHrpeccuBHoro BMxoga He.0BeHecKGr0 ucKyccTBa 3a npege.M aH-TpGnG.GruHecKGM yTonuu, k hgbmm BugaM 6MTBa, HenoHaT.uBMM u HeogHG3HaHHMM, nogo6HG HepHGM gMpe. $
196
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
^MTepaTypa
rAHflA^EBCKHH, CEPrEH, l993: Me»gy MMeHeM m MMug»eM (Pa3roBop c ^.A. npuroBtm) II numepamypnañ ra3ema, i2 Maa l993, Ne l9.
nPHrOB, flMHTPHH A-HEKCAHflPOBHH, l994: nOMMpMCb C CBOeM
ropgocTbro ne-OBeK. Wiener slawistischer Almanach, Bd. 34.
nPHrOB, flMHTPHH A-HEKCAHflPOBHH, flO-HHH, AHTOH, l997: H
ugea-bHWH ^o^T CBoero BpeMeHM Il PycKuû wypnan 20. lo. i997.
nPHrOB, flMHTPHH A-HEKCAHflPOBHH, 3nmTEHH, MHXAH^, 20l0:
nonwTKa He 6bitb MgeHTM^Mu,MpoBaHHBiM Il HeKanonunecKuû KnaccuK:PMumpuû AneKcandpoeun npuzoe. M.: HoBoe -MTepaTypHoe o6ospeHMe. nPHrOB, flMHTPHH A-HEKCAHflPOBHH, HXOHTOBA, AflEHA, 20l0: OTxogw geaTe-bHOCTM H^HTpa-bHoro ^aHTOMa Il HeKanonmecKuû KnaccuK: PMumpuû AneKcandpoeun npuzoe. M.: HoBoe -MTepaTypHoe o6ospeHMe. c^OBAPb, l999: Cnoeapb mepMunoe mockobckoû Konv,enmyanbnoû mKonu. M.: AD MARGINEM.
197
MMflAH BMHMH ► npoeKT «¿An» KaK MH^MfleHT
Pe3UMe
y pagy je M3n0»eH0 TyMane»e yMeTHMnKor „npojeKTa ^MMTpuj AneK-caHgpoBMn npuroB" y K.yny gora^ajHo-opujeHTucaHe ^Mn030^Mje m KynTyponoruje. MeTogonomKu geo paga 6aBu ce ^03u^u0Hupa»eM caMux nojM0Ba „KynType", „ucTopuje" u gora^aja unu uHu,ugeHTa y 0BaKBe TeopujcKe oKBupe. „npojeKaT ÄA.n" npeno3HaT je Kao uh-u,ugeHTHa TeK0BUHa pycKe KynType XX BeKa, ynpaBo 36or »eroBor caBpmeHor yKnana»a y u3HeTu „nonuneHTpunHu" MeTogonomKu 0KBup, mT0 je n0TKpen.eH0 npuMepuMa U3 uHTepBjya y KojuMa je caM npuroB necTo u3hocuo CBoje TeopujcKo-KynTyponomKe u ^uno-30^CKe CTaB0Be, Kao u MUHy^uo3He aHanu3e concTBeBHor gena. Ha npuMepuMa npuroB.eBMx CTaB0Ba o nuTa»MMa ayTopcTBa m ayTopcKe TenecHocTu, ugeje „npojeKTa", TepMUHa „ogpe^yjyher recTa", uTg. y pagy ce noKa3yje cymTMHCKM TpaHcrpecuBHM, $aHT0MCKM m Ka ugeany anconyTHe yMeTHMnKe cno6oge jeguHo opujeHTucaHM norneg Ha CBeT 0B0r pycKor yMeTHMKa m »eroBor CBeo6yxBaTHor, »MB0TH0r npojeKTa.
198
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
Milan Vicic
Milan Vicic is a senior undergraduate student of russian language, literature and culture at the University of Belgrade. He is also a translator and an associate of the Belgrade based book publishing house UTOPIA. He has two published translations for this publisher, the first being Omar Khayyam's Book of Revelations by the Tajik writer Temur Zulfiqorov (2016), and the second What to do? 54 Technologies of Resistance Against Power Relations in Late-Capitalism by Alexander Brener and Barbara Schurz (currently in print). In June and September 2016 he participated in conferences Russian thought on the event: philosophical and cultural aspects, and From utopia to catastrophe: the soviet cultural experiment, where he presented papers on Dmitri Aleksandrovich Prigov. His review of the book Prigov: notes on artistic nominalism was published in the 90th number of the Matica Srpska Journal of Slavic Studies.
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CoöbiTMe $oTorpa$Hu b 3noxy Megua^BHoro noBopoTai
$ baaephh b. cabhyk ► vvs1771@rambler.ru
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
Photography is a form of media. New media are changing the context of photographing and ways of reflection of photography. One of the important concepts of understanding the events in photography in the era of the medial turn is the pose of the logos. The pose of the logos is not only a posture of the external body, but the posture of the internal, it is an organic whole conceivable and visible, conceptual and perceptual, as it is inseparable from the affect and from the reflection.
THE EVENT, MEDIAL TURN, PHOTOGRAPHY, POSE OF THE LOGOS
OoTorpa^MA — BMfl Megwa. HoBBie MeflMa M3MeHflWT KaK KOHTeKCT ^OTorpa^MpoBaHMA, TaK u cnocoÖBi pe^aeKCMM ^OTorpa^MM. OflMH M3 Ba«-HBIX KOH^nTOB nOHMMaHMfl coÖBITMfl ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy MegManBHoro nOBOpOTa — nO3a .oroca. nO3a .oroca ^TO He to.bko nO3a BHemHero Te.a, ho u BHyTpeHHero, OHa eciB opraHMHe-cKoe ^.oe MHc.HMoro u bmammoto, KOH^myanBHoro u nep^muBHoro, OHa Hepa3pHBHa KaK c a^eKTOM, TaK c pe^.eKCMeM.
COBHTHE, MEflHAJBHHH nOBOPOT, $OTOrPA$H3, nO3A .AOrOCA
CTaTta HanwcaHa npw ^HHaHcoBOH nog-gep«Ke rpaHTa PHO 16-18-10162 «hobbim Tun pan,H0Ha.BH0cTH b 3noxy Megwa^BHoro noBopoTa», cnßry.
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BAflEPMM B. CABHyK ► Co6biTMe ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Meflwa^bHoro noBopoTa
O COEbITHH
HeyBagarom,aa aKTyanbHocrb TeMb co6brrua b XX BeKe, c ogHon cropo-hh, Bbipa^aeT unrepec k nocrocropoHHeMy, k B3r.agy Ha peanbHocTb BHe cy6teKT-o6teKTHoro gurcrara, pa3ge.arorn,ero Mup Ha 6oraTHx u 6egHbx, Ha apucT0KpaT0B u npocT0.rogHH0B, Ha aKTUBHHx u naccuB-hhx, Ha npocBem,eHHbix u tcmhhx, Ha gyMarom,ux u He gyMarom,ux, Ha roBoparn,ux u M0.Ham,ux. B pagy MHTepeca k co6htmw ctomt Hey-6bBaro^MM uHTepec k croaren BHe ncux0$u3u0.0ruHecK0M onno-3u^uu ncuxocoMaTunecKoM peanbHocTu ^a^ueHTa ncuxoaHa.u3a. C gpyron CTopoHb, npegcraB.neHH0M K0HTpTeHgeH^MeM MogepHucTKo-My co3HaHuro, Heu3MeHH0 oTcrauBarom.eMy KoopguHaTb npuBbHHoro u noHaTHoro Mupa, neTKo pa3rpaHuneHHoro Ha a u He-a, Ha cy6'beKT u o6teKT, Ha aKTuBHoe u naccuBHoe Hana.no.
B pe3y.bTaTe mh no.ynaeM 0HT0.0ruro, b kotopom co6brue He paBHo 6bruro, oho npe6biBaeT BHe 0^^03u^uM 6brue - huhto. Co-6bTue - pe3y.bTaT ou,eHKu npou3omegmero KaK 3HanuMoro; oho 03HanaeT npepbiBaHue nocTeneHHocTu, ecTecTBeHHocTu u o6bgeH-hoctu. Co6bTua caMoro no ce6e mh He o6Hapy»uM b npupoge; oho u3 Ky.bTypHoro paga, caMa Ky.bTypa, npoTuBocroam,aa HaType, ecTb co6bTue. nocKonbKy co6bTue ecTb 3aK0H0gaTe.bHbiM aKT TBopeHua ex nihilo, to b ^T0M KanecTBe oho npoTuBocTouT 6ecco6bruMH0My Xaocy. CTporo roBopa, b Xaoce HeT co6htum, co6bTue 3gecb caM Xaoc. OHTo.orunecKaa nepcneKTuBa noHaTua «co6brue» ocBem,aeT ero ucn0.b30BaHue b noBcegHeBHoM a3bKe, 0T.uHarom.eM b npege og-HoTunHbx aBneHuM nodmnnoe co6bTue, co6bTue Kacarom,eeca MeHa nunHo, nycTb BHemHe u He 3HanuTe.bHoe g.a gpyroro, hto, Hanpu-Mep, oTMenaeT ^u.b ^e.e3: «B tot Benep npoxoguT K0Hu,epT. ^T0 co6brue» (140). HHorga, HanpoTuB, co6brue npuxoga HoBoro He
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
CHuTBiBaeTca coBpeMeHHuKaMu, He cxBaTBiBaeTca u He ono3HaeTca mmm, ocraBnaa ^TO Ha cyg n0T0MKaM, K0T0pwe o^HuBaroT ero 3Ha-humoctb, uexoga M3 onpegeneHHon CMTya^MM.
CHTyA^Hfl nEPBAH
.Hroöoe eoöwTue (a oho Bcerga b none KynBTypBi) — ecTB aKT MMeHO-BaHua. npoucmegmee eTaHoBMTea coÖBiTueM Korga nonyHaeT MMa, BBigenaa ero M3 6e3BiMaHHoro u 6e3nuKoro npeÖBiBaHua, eocraBna-rom,ero Xaoe. Toro, hto npe6BiBano b paBHogymuu k HenoBeKy u ero uHTepeeaM, hto ycKo.B3a.no ot ero BHuMaHua. ApucroTenB b MeTa-^u3uKe no 3roMy noBogy 3aMeHaeT: «npupoga Bce^eno HaxoguTca b gBu^eHuu, a hu oguH [npeguKaT, BBiCKa3aHHBm] o tom, hto u3MeHa-eTca, He aBnaeTca uctuhhhm, [ohu (npuBep^eHUB repaKnuTa — B.C.) nonaranu], hto no KpaMHen Mepe o tom, hto a6conrorao u bo Bcex oTHomeHuax u3MeHHuBo, ucTuHHBie BBiCKa3BiBaHua HeBo3Mo»HBi. H3 3Toro Bo33peHua paen,Ben KpanHun B3rnag yKa3aHHBix ^unoeo^oB, npuTa3aro^ux Ha to, hto ohu enegyroT repaKnuTy, nogo6HBrn ToMy, KaKoro gep^anea KpaTun, kotopbim nog KoHen, CHuTan, hto He enegyeT HuHero roBopuTB, a to.bko meBenun nanB^M u ynpeKan repaKnuTa 3a to, hto oh CKa3an, hto HenB3a gBa^gw bomtu b ogHy u Ty ®e peKy [$p. 40]; eaM oh CHuTan, hto HenB3a u oguH pa3» (MeT. r 5. 1010 a 7). Hto 3HaHuT hu oguH pa3? ^TO 3HaHuT eo6wTue uMeHoBaHua, a no ey^ecTBy eo6wTua, HeBo3Mo»Ho. HeBo3Mo»HocTB uMeHoBaeHua, npogyMaHHaa KaK ^pMH^M^ManBHaa HeBo3Mo»HocTB eonpa»eHua BeHHoro ugeanBHoro uMeHu (nocKonBKy, no nnaToHy, ot npupogw «cy^ecTByeT HeKaa npaBunBHocTB uMeH, ogHa u Ta »e gna Bcex: u gna annuHoB, u gna BapBapoB. (KpaTun, 383 a 4)) e BeHHo ®e TeKyHen npupogon, HeynopagoHeHHWM xaoeoM u u3MeHHuBWMu Bem,aMu.
203
BAflEPMM B. CABHyK ► Co6biTMe ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Meflwa^bHoro noBopoTa
MHoro no3^e TpaKTOBKa npo6neMBi uMeHoBaHua npeTBopaeTca y no3gHero XaMgerrepa ompwiTueM coöumua., npogyMaHHoro KaK coöwTue 6wtm3, KaK Hepa3pwiBHocTB Dasein. TeMaTM3MpoBaB co6bi-Tue b ^K3MCTeH^Ma^BH0-^eH0MeH0^0^MHecK0M Knrone, XaMgerrep o6HaÄM^ npo6neMBi, Hag kotopbimu 6unacB mbicab Bcero XX BeKa. He craBa ce6e 3agany onpegenuTB MTor Bcero gBu^eHua ^to noTpe-6oBa.no 6bi OTge^BHoro uccnegoBaHua), OTMeny tot acneKr npo6neMBi, kotopwm gaeT bo3mo^hoctb o6ocHoBaHo nepeMTu k 3aaBneHHoM TeMe goKnaga, a uMeHHo: KaK npoucxoguT ocraHoBKa noToKa cra-HoBneHua, to ecTB npepwBaeTca ecTecTBeHHo-ucTopuHecKuM xog M3MeHeHMM u noaBnaeTca KynBTypHoe co6wTue? KaK «co6wTue c6bi-BaeTca» unu MHane KaK «co6wTue co6wTMMcTByeT» («Das Ereignis ereignet» — 406). flBneHue nepexoguT b cTaTyc co6wTua — c6wBa-eTca, Korga noaBnaeTca uMa, a, cnegoBaTenBHo, u MecTo b ucTopuu, KoTopaa Bcerga ecTB ucTopua cnegyromux gpyr 3a gpyroM co6bitum. Ha ^Ty oTfluHuTenBHyro oco6eHHocTB HegBycMBicneHHo yKa3BiBaeT B.A. nogopora: «co6wTue ecTB aBneHue, o6peTmee uHguBugyanBHyro Bwpa^eHHocTB, co6cTBeHHoe uMa» (nogopora). HHaa npo6neMa, BBiTeKarom,aa u3 nepBoM, Bo3HuKaeT Torga, Korga y^e ecTB uMa, o6pa3, ugea, npoeKT, kou npegBaparoT npegcraBneHue o co6bituu, to ecTB b xaoce cym,ero, b ero HenpepBiBHocru urn,eTca HeHTo, hto cooTBeTcTByeT uMeHu, npu6nu^aeTca k ugeanBHoMy o6pa3y. ^TO ucnonB3yeT u b ^T0M o6Hapy^uBaeT ce6a ^oTorpa^ua.
Co6wTue, xotum nu mbi Toro unu HeT, Bcerga Bo3HuKaeT b cuTy-aHuu oTHeceHHocTu k HameMy cym,ecrBoBaHuro, hto Hac 3ageBaeT. Toabko ^3MCTeH^ManBHWM Mogyc npugaeT npege HenpepwBHoro craHoBneHua cTaTyc BwgeneHHoro, 3a^uKcupoBaHHoro, cTaBmero. ^0^T0My, nonararo, EagBro BBen paanunue gByx noHaTuM coöumue-co-öumue u coöumue-UMenoeanue (EagBro 2006: 11), unu b xaMgerrepoB-
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
ckom TepMMHO.orMM «6BiTue Mupa» u «6BiTue He.OBeKa». He
UCnO.B3OBaTB CTpOrO MapRMpOBaHHWe TepMMHW rHOCeO.OrMM, KaK
to: «Bem,B b ce6e», «6BiTue caMO no ce6e», «ecrecTBeHHo-npupog-HBie npo^ccwi», u He gaB ce6e Tpyg HaMTu noHaTue, O3HaHarom.ee BpeMa xaoca go co6bitus (b Bepcuu BagBro — co6BiTua-uMeHOBaHua Toro, hto npe6wiBa.o b Heono3HaHHocTM), oh ocraB.naeT Hac b 3OHe y»e-c.yHUBmeroca-co6wTua, er-eignis. Bce ecTB co6wTue, ogHO He nouMeHHoBaHHoe, a gpyroe caMo no ce6e. A caM aKT npou3BogcTBa co6wTua — u.u uMeHoBaHue Hero to b Kauecmee coóumua — npouc-xoguT no BagBro b pe3y.BTaTe ucno.B3OBaHua cuTa (uHane cKa3aTB cKa3aTB — ^M.BTpa), KaHT CKa3a. 6bi b ^TOM c.ynae «cy^geHua BKyca», uHBie uMeHa cuTa: ycraHoBKu co3HaHua, o^HKa, koh^ot, KOHcrpy^uu B3raaga, b cynae ^OTOipa^uu sto Ha3BiBaeTca — no-3om .oroca. Co6BiTue sto to, hto c6wiBaeTca. y Ka^goro cbom MacmTa6 co6wTua. Mbi BuguM o6pa3oM y»e-Ha3BaHHoro co6wTua, nosTOMy co6wiTue peTpoaKTMBHo. H3 o^opMMBmeroca co6bitm3, co6bitm3 CTaB-mero TaKOBBiM, oho onpegenaeT o^ugaHue rpagym,ero co6wTua, KoH^pTa, HanpuMep.
CHTyA^Hfl BTOPAfl
BeTxo3aBeTHoe nouMeHOBaHue ecTB TBopeHue. Ho TBopeHue He 6bi.o 6bi TBopeHueM, eciu 6bi He no.yHu.no on,eHKy. Mbi He 3HaeM u He MoxeM y3HaTB 6bi.m .u m cko.bko 6bi.o nonwiTOK TBopeHua Mupa, no noBogy KoToporo Bor-co3gaTe.B CKa3a. «n.oxo», «He OHeHB», «He to», KOTopwie ucHe3.u, ycTynuB MecTo c.egyrom,eM nonwTKe, Korga, HaKOHe^ «yBuge. Bor, hto 3to xopomo». (PaBHo KaK HeBegoMo HaM, cko.bko m KaKOM Mom^HOCTu 6bi.m B3pwBw, npegmecTBOBaBmue «Bo.b-moMy B3pwBy», npuBegmeMy k HwrnemHeMy cocroaHuro Bce.eHHon).
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BAAEPMÜ B. CABHyK CoöbiTue ^oTorpa^uu b ^^oxy Megua^bHoro noBopoTa
5>yHKu,uH TBopeHUH-Ha3MBaHUH Bora, nepemegmaa 3areM k nosTy, TBop^, xygo»HUKy, onpegenuna pe^neKCuro TBopHecTBa Bceñ uyge-0-xpucTuaHCK0M ^uBunusa^uu.
nepBMMu no npaBy 6nu3OCTu k uMeHOBaHuro Bem,eñ u co6mtum 6bmu no3TM. BcnoMHUM BMBog M.^. racnapoBa, o tom, hto b Ty nopy monbKO no^m o6nadan enacmbw enucamb uMñ nenoeem e ucmopuw, u6o TonBKO no33UH - KaK nonaranu nosTM - uMena craTyc nponycKa b BeHHOCTB. 3a 3T0 nosTa yBa»anu b tom ®e Mepe, b KaKoM 6oanuct, u6o nosTUHecKue cTpoHKu 6Mnu He MHeHueM, a eguHCTBeHHMM xpaHu-TeneM naMHTu o HenoBeKe: «Ecnu co6MTue He Hamno CBoero no3Ta, oho 3a6biBaeTCH, t. e nepecTaeT cym,ecTBOBaTB: "cHacTte 6wnoro - coh: nrogu 6ecnaMHTHM <...> ko BceMy, hto He Bna»eHO b CTpyu cnaBOcno-BUM» (nuHgap 376). Ho a6conroTHoñ MOHononuu BHeceHua uMeHu HenoBeKa b ucTopuro, b apxuB, b BeHHyro naMHTB y nosTa He 6Mno, nocKontKy He TonBKO oh, ho u xygo»HUK — nycTB BHaHane po6KO, ho HeyKn0HH0 pocno ero BnuHHue Ha coxpaHeHuu b naMHTu noTOMKOB — o6nagan cnoco6HoCTBro 3aneHaTneBaTB o6pa3 HenoBeKa. He numHe BcnoMHUTB, hto 6rocTM u npoHue nopTpeTM, b cuny 0C06eHH0CTu BOCnpUHTUH U nOHUMaHUH BpeMeHU, B KOTOpOM OHU »unu, BaanUCB Ha BeKa. CKa»eM BMecre c repMaHOM Xa^HepoM, hto CKyntnTopM BMceKanu nopTpeTHMe o6pa3M, a »uBonuc^Bi nucanu nuHHOCTeñ, «o6nagarom,ux aBTopuTeTOM u, cnegoBaTentHO, cunoM onpegenaTB xog C06MTUM (cm: Xa^Hep). TeM csmmm ohu BnucMBanu umh HenoBeKa b ucTopuro. CerogHH 3to genaroT ^OTorpa^M.
CHTyA^Hfl TPETbfl
3gecB h npu6nu»arocB k rnaBHOMy cro»eTy CBoero goKnaga, nocKont-Ky uMeHHO b ^OTorpa^uu e»eceKyHgHO TeKyHuM, u3MeHHUBwM Mup
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
npoTMBOCTOMT ocTâHOB.eHHOMy u 3â^uKCup0BâHH0My Kagpy. KaK c.yHaeTca to, hto HaMu uMeHyeTca ^OTorpa^ueM, ^OTorpa^ueM ocTaHOBUBmeM MrHOBeHue? Bw6op MrHOBeHua, KOTopoe, 3aMeHy, Bcerga yHUKa.bH0, to ecTb npeBpam,eHue BeHHoro u3MeHeHua u TpaHC$opMau,uu b onpege.eHHwm ^OTorpa^uHecKuM o6pa3 — co-CTaB.aeT cym,ecTB0 xygo»ecTBeHHoM ^OTorpa^uu. ^e.o ^OTorpa^a M36MpaTe.bH0CTb — OCTaHOB.eHHWM M npOTMBOnOCTaB.eHHWM KOH-TeKCTy yHUKa.bHWM o6pa3, KOTopwM ecTb pe3y.bTaT c0BMem,eHua K0Hu.enTya.bH0M 0CHarn,eHH0CTu (hto b ucropuKO-^u.oco^CKOM nepcneKTUBe Ha3WBa.0Cb yMHoe BugeHue), cu.w nepe»uBaHua u Te.ecH0M MOTopuKu. Bce BMecTe cocTaB.aeT cym,ecTB0 no3w .oroca.
HTO TAKOE n03A ^OrOCA?
OoTorpa^ua — Bug Megua. H3MeHaeTca KOHTeKCT ^OTorpa^uu, U3-MeHaeTca u cnoco6w pe^.eKCuu co6wTua ^OTorpa^uu. OguH U3 Ba»Hwx KOH^nTOB HacToa^ero BpeMeHu — no3a .oroca, KOTopaa aB.aeTca He TO.bKO n030M BHemHero Te.a, ho u BHyTpeHHero, OHa ecTb pog C06paHH0CTu Mwc.uMoro u BuguMoro, K0H^nTya.bH0r0 u nep^nTMBHoro, OHa Hepa3pwBHa KaK c a^ercroM, TaK c pe^.eK-cueM. OoTorpa^w, c03gaBaa cu.bHwe o6pa3w, npuHMMaroT, c03garoT, 0B.ageBaroT n030M .oroca. B aKTya.bH0M ^OTorpa^uHecKOM o6pa3e logos o6peTaeT Te.o, ^opMy u ^.b (ti telos), uhwmu c.0BaMu, Logos 3agaeTca Te.eo.oruHecKoM npupogoM o6pa3a, a o6pa3, b cBoro OHe-pegb, ecTb pe3y.bTaT ycu.uM xyg0»HUK0B, KypaTopoB, ^u.oco^ob; oh aB.aeTca 06pa30M ynogo6.eHua hobom K0H^u^ypa^uu cu. u ot-HomeHUM. H HeM 3HaHUTe.bHee ^OTorpa^, TeM 60.ee oh om,yrn,aeT HecoBMecTMMOCTb CBoero BMgeHMa m Tupa»upyeM0M KapTMHw Mupa m, npuHMMaa (a b MCTOKe — OTKpwBaa, M3o6peTaa, c03gaBaa) no3y .0-
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BAflEPMM B. CABHyK ► Co6biTMe ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Meflwa^bHoro noBopoTa
roca, npeg.araeT hobhm o6pa3, 3puM0 yKa3BiBarom,MH Ha M3MeHeHMa, npou3omegmue b cym,ecTByrom,eM KapTMHe Mupa, b ero ycTpoMcTBe, b BeKTope ee pa3BMTMa.
no3a soroca — ^T0 co6HTue, ee He.B3a yM03pMTe.BH0 npugyMaTB, KaK H£nB3a ee yBMgeTB b npupoge (n0CK0.BKy HaraagHoe, oneBugHoe, BuguMoe 0Ka3HBaeTca cto.b 330TepunecKMM); OHa npe6HBaeT b 30He coMaTMHecKoM Hepa3ge«eHH0cTM mhcjm m Te.a, noHaTua m n03H. OHa ecTB 0cTaH0BKa b HenpeKpam,arom,eMca oc^M.^.^a^MM o6pa3a u koh-^nra. no3a soroca cpogHu KapTMHe Mupa, ho He McnepnBiBaromeM geKapT0BcK0M, a xygo»ecTBeHHoM, npegno.ararom.eM bo3mo»hoctb gpyrux KapTMH stoto »e Mupa. CKa»eM TaK, y no3H .oroca ecTB a.B-TepHaTMBHHe m K0HKypupyrom,Me n03H, ho, TeM He MeHee, Bcerga ecTB co6.a3H npuHaTB rocnogcTByromyro 3a eguHcTBeHHO B03M0»Hyro. MaccMegua.BHBiM pe»MM npuHy»geHua k rocnogcTByromeM no3e .oroca mo»ho, 0gHaK0, BHgep»aTB, oco3HaB to, hto He.0BeK BO.eH BBi6upaTB MHyro, 6ygB to a.BTepHaTMBHyro, 6ygB to 3apo»garomyroca b KanecTBe 6ygym,eM Bceo6m,H0cru.
Cbom MMny.Bc c<£oTorpa<£MpoBaTB mh o6Hapy»MBaeM Ha cTopoHe o6teKTa. EMy »e TeopeTMKM BM3ya.BH0CTM ge.erupyroT »e.aHue cHMMaTB. Ho o6teKT cTaHOBMTca TaKOBHM, KaKOBHM ero BMgMT o6pa3, o6pa3, HamegmuM cBoe Bon.om.eHue. O6pa3 BuguT HaMM, onpege.aa KOHCTpy^uro B3r.aga, ero HanpaB.eHH0CTB, n0g06H0 TOMy, KaK .Ha-KaH Hame. o6pa3 K0HcepBH0M uHgycTpuu b n.BiBym,eM no B0.HaM Mopa 6aHKe. no ^aKTy npoucxoguT Hanpa»eHHaa ocn,M..an,Ma o6pa3a u MHoroo6pa3ua npoaB.eHuM Mupa, b kotopom, coBnaB, o6pa3 o6Ha-py»MBaeT o6teKT. B 3toM CMTya^MM b to MecTO, rge HaxoguTca ^oto-rpa<£, HanpaB.eHH npoe^MM 0»ugaHMM MeTao6pa3a, 3acTaB.arom.ue yBugeBmee o6teKT Te.0 xygo»HMKa npuHaTB onpege.eHHyro n03y, CKOH^mpupoBaTBca u, BH»gaB MrHOBeHBe — c^OTorpa^upoBaTB.
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
nPHEM n03H ^OrOCA
no3a noroca KaK npueM — ^opMa ynogo6neHua rocnogcTByrom,eM no3e noroca. Hobbim o6pa3 — coÓBiTue Tena u npegcTaBneHua — Tpe-6yeT oTKa3a ot rocnogcTByrom,eM no3Bi noroca u npegnonaraeT oT6op u ^MKca^Mro MrHoBeHua. Ho ^oTorpa^ua MrHoBeHua — hmctmm nucT ^oTo6yMaru, Ha kotopom em,e Hunero He 3anenaTnenocB, unu bo3mo^ho 6ygeT 3a^uKcupoBaH nroóon MoMeHT HacToarn,ero BpeMe-hu. Huctbim nucT $oTo6yMaru ecTB MeTa^opa BpeMeHu, nocKonBKy «huctbim o6pa3 Bcex npegMeToB nyBCTB Boo6m,e ecTB BpeMa» (KaHT 224). Ho ^oTorpa^ua MrHoBeHua aBnaeTca em,e u ^oTorpa^uen na-cmoñw¡e^o epeMenu, epeMenu eeuno npe6ueamw,ezo. 3a$uKcupoBaTB npe6BiBarom.ee — 3HanuT cxBaTuTB u ygep^aTB KoHKpeTHoe 6wTue b onpegeneHHoM oTpe3Ke BpeMeHu, oho ^e Mecmo pa3BopanuBaro-m,eroca co6wTua. H6o «KoHenHoe 6wTue unu He6wTue u3MepaeTca onpegeneHHHM BpeMeHeM, a He MraoBeHueM» (OoMa, EpaBapgu 150). TaK ^oTorpa^ua cnega aneMeHTapHon HacTuH,Bi b ycKopuTene Tpe6y-eT BpeMeHHoM gnuTenBHocTu, nycTB u cKonB yrogHo Manon. ^w6om Bu3yanBHWM o6pa3 — nnorao cpa6oTaHHoe co6wTue. MrHoBeHue, KaK u MuMoneTHocTB, — KynBTypHwe o6pa3oBaHua, 3agaHHBie cbom-cTBaMu Hamen TenecHon u ncuxo^u3uonoruHecKoM op^aHU3a^uu, KoTopaa He no3BonaeT pa3nunuTB 6onee MenKue eguHuu,Bi BpeMeHu, He^enu Te, KoTopwe gaHBi Hamen choco6hoctbw annepuenuKu. ^anee ugyT eguHu^i gnuTenBHocTu co6bitum, BenunuHy KoTopwx mbi MoxeM npegcTaBnaTB numB yMo3puTenBHo. nosTOMy nenoBeK ^M0^u0HanBH0 conpunacTeH numB ToMy, hto coothocut co cboum BHyTpeHHuM BpeMeHeM.
209
BAflEPMM B. CABHyK ► Co6biTMe ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Meflwa^bHoro noBopoTa
IOBOpH O MrHOBeHHOM ^OTorpa^uu yMecTHO npuBecTM cBegeHMH O TOM, KaKaa BBigep^-Ka cooTBeTcTBOBana nOHHTMW «MrHOBeH-Haa ^OTorpa^ua»: «C MOMeHTa M3o6peTe-Hua cBeTonucu mno ycoBepmeHcTBOBaHue ^OTorpa^unecKMX npo^ccoB, HanpaB-^eHHHX Ha coKpa-rn,eHue BpeMeHM OT MOMeHTa c^eMKH go nonyHeHMH roTOBoro ^OTorpa^unecKoro M3o6pa^eHMA. BBI-gep^Ka npu cBeMKe Ha garepoTun paBHanacB 30-15 MUHyTaM (18391851 rr.), c^eMKa Ha
MOKpOKOflflOgMOHHBIX
n^acTMHKax (1851-1864 rr.) 3aHMMana b cpeg-HeM 10 ceKyHg. Cyxue 6poMocepe6pHHBie KonnogMOHHBie ^My^B-cmm (1864-1878 rr.), Tpe6oBanM BBigep^KM OKO.nO 15 ceKyHg, a c^eMKa Ha 6poMocepe-
6pHHBIX ^enaTMHOBHX
^MynBCMflx (1878-1880 rr. go Hacroflm,ero BpeMeHu) cTana yKna-gBIBaTBCfl B cOTBie, nopoM ga^e b thcsh-HHe, gonu ceKyHgH. TaKUM ^e o6pa3OM MeH^nacB OTHocMTent-Hafl HyBCTBMTenBHOCTB no3UTUBHHX MaTepu-anoB» (nonoB 140).
MrHOBEHHE B MATEMATHKE, META&H3HKE H ^OTOrPA^HH
CTOUT neTKO paanuHaTt MrHOBeHMe KaK TepMUH MaTeMaTUKu unu MeTa^M3MKM u MeTa^opy, ucnont3yeMyro b $OTOgucKypce. npu6nu-^eHue ^e k geM OKpuTOBcKOMy, to ecTt 6onee He genuMOMy 3aTBopoM Btigep^Ku amoMy epeMenu, cront ^e ^enaHHO, cko.b u HeBO3MO^HO (ga^e y «MrHOBeHHOM» ^OTOipa^uu ecrt BBigep^Ka).2 Ho ecnu 6h KTO-nu6o cMor cgenaTt MrHOBeHHBiM chmmok, unu, hto eguHO, chu-mok MrHOBeHua, to oh BonnoTun 6h npecnoByTyro MeTa^opy cMepTu; ^OTorpa^uH OKa3anact 6h ogHOBpeMeHHO npegenoM cBeTa unu, hto 3gect ogHO u to ^e, npegenoM tbmh, yrHeTarom,eM Hac cbomm noKoeM, a6conroraoM HenogBu^Hocrtro nyna cBeTa, bo3mo^ho, OHa 6Bina 6h nopTpeTOM Xaoca, nepeg KOTOpHM TpeneTanu gpeBHue 6oru. y MrHO-BeHUH HeT HU apXUTeKTypH, HU KOHcTpyKU,MM, HU cBH3M aneMeHTOB. Oho He MO^eT ocraHOBMTtcH, u6o caMO ecTt ocTaHOBKa; oho He MO^eT eoöpamb cy^ee, unu, uHane, nocnedoeamenbnuü päd Mznoeenuü, TeM caMHM He MO^eT 3anenamnembc% b ^OTOipa^uu. Pa3MBimnflfl o no-hhtuu «MOMeHTantHaa ^OTorpa^uH», noHUMaeM, hto 3to MeTa^opa, BBipa^aro^aa Hame ^enaHue nogoMTu k npedeny eocnpunuMaeMoao u ynopagoHUTt BuguMHM Mup, o6^hchub ero reoMeTpunecKu, to ecTB b gByMepHOM nnocKocru u3o6pa3UTB TpeXMepHyro KapTUHy — U3 gony^eHUH tohku, He uMerom,eM nno^agu, nuHuu, He uMerom,eM Tonm,uHH, u MrHOBeHMH, He uMerom,ero gnurentHocru. KaK npupoga npuoTKpHBaeT ce6a b cMeHe coctohhmm, TaK u HenoBeK He MO^eT 3acTHTB b ogHOM o6pa3e, coctohhmm, b ogHoM no3e. Ha 3to o6pam,aeT BHMMaHue ^.-O. ^uoTap, pa3MHmnHH Hag pa6oTaMu $paHu,y3cKoro ^OTorpa^a ^aKa MoHopu: OTnenaTOK, BMem,aH 1/500 ceKyHgH, huko-um o6pa3OM He no3BonaeT HaM ^mtb b MrHOBeHuu (Amelunxen 17). Xygo^HMK BHXBaTHBaeT u3 TeneHMH BpeMeHu cocTOHHue U3o6pa-
210
SLAVICA TERG ESTINA 18 (2017/I) «- Event
^arom,ero u K3o6pa^aeMoro. 00T0MMr ^0^T0My HMKorga He gaH, ho Bcerga u36paH. Ha 0CH0Be CBoero noucKa tohhoctu o6pa3a xygo^HuK ^epTByeT o6pa3aMu mhmx coctohhum.
Ha Mur BHÄuraa Bo3gyx Me^gy npornawM u 6ygy^uM $o-ToBcnbimKa ocraHaB^uBaeT BpeMH u BbicBenuBaeT npocTpaHCTBo g-H $0T0ipa$uu HeM3MeHHo-HacroHm,ero. BpeMH BenHocru u MrHoBeHuH To^gecTBeHHbi — ohu BHe u3MeHeHuM.3 ^0^T0My MexaHu3M ynopH-gonMBaHMH noc-egoBaTe-bHocTM co6mtmm gaeT c6oM. He Bbigep^uBaH gaB^eHue BceB03M0^Hbix MHTep^peTa^MM, cmmch Ko—ancupyeT. OgHaKo co6^a3H uHTepnpeTupoBaTb ^oTorpa^uro KaK 0craH0B,neHH0e BpeMH cTo^b Be^MK, HT0 TeopeTMKM, urHopupyH oneBMgHocTb, BHoBb u
BHoBb noBTopH^T pacxo^ue MeTa^opM o cMepTu, y6uncTBe u t. g. Ho ucxogHaH moMxa u3MepeHuH npocTpaHcTBa u BpeMeHu aurneHH KaK n^oTHocTH, TaK u g^KTe-b^cra. OTKa3 oT Hux — yc^oBue K0HU,eH-Tpau,uu gBu^eHuH BHyTpu Kagpa. Oco3HaHue HeB03M0^H0cTu 6biTb b MrHoBeHuu KaK pa3 u Bbi3biBaeT ynoMHHyTwe cMepTb, y6uncTB0, npuocTaHoBKy. OHU ^e — HB^HMTCH nacroTHbiMu KHcrpyMeHTa-mu npoHuKHoBeHuH b npupogy ^oTorpa^uu xax npo^cca. OgHaKo $MKca^MH MrHoBeHuH, oTcpoHKa 6ygym,ero bo3mo^hw b gpyroM u3MepeHuu — 6-arogapH Hamen npocrpaHcTBeHHoM naMHTu. To-neH B. A. nogopora: «CMepTb He othocutch k npupoge ^oTorpa^uu, npupoga $0T0rpa$uu BcnoMuHare^bHaH, 0Ha uHTeHCu^u^upyeT Hamy ^u3Hb TeM, hto cnoco6Ha HacwTuTb nepe^uBaHue ^u3Hu npom^HMu o6pa3aMu, BH0Bb BBecru ux b noBcegHeBHWM onbiT Ha-cT0Hm,er0, — bot hto caMoe cym,ecTBeHHoe b ^oTorpa^uu» (nogopora 2001: 206). OoTorpa$uH B03Bpa^aeT npocTpaHcTBy ero Hano^HeH-HocTb; T0T HenpuBHHHHM HaM $aKT, HT0 g^H gpeBHux rpeK0B He 6b^o npocTpaHcTBa KaK nycroro BMecmnuma Bem,eM, a npuHuMa-ocb To^gecTBo Be^u u npocTpaHcTBa, KoTopoe 0Ha 3aHuMaeT (-oKyc), a
B BeHHücTH, to ecTb 6ecK0HeHH0cTu BpeMeHu u 6ecnpege^BHocTu npocTpaHcTBa, cMeHa co6biTWM cto^B MTH0-BeHHa, HT0 cTaH0BHTcH Hepa3.nuHuM0M. BpeMH 3aMupaeT u ocraHaB-^HBaeTcH. BeHHocTb
—	3T0 c6bIBmaHcH no^HoTa, MaKcuMyM, b KoTopoM ^yn cBeTa
—	Mepu.no BpeMeHu, cnoco6 3anenaT^eBaTb co6htuh, — yTpaTuB cBH3b c ucx0gH0M tohkom, HHKorga He gocTHTHeT K0HeHH0M u n03T0My ^e cTaHeT HenogBWÄHWM. B 6ecnpege^bHocTu ^yn, gBuraHcb He gBu^eTcH, 3aMupaeT u ocTaHaB-^HBaeTcH. OcTaHaB-^HBaeTcH b 6ecnpe-ge^bHoM, u6o b HeM «coMKHy^ocb cym,ee c cym,HM» (napMeHug). B MTHoBeHuu ^e npo-cTpaHcTB0 c^HMaeTcH go reoMeTpunecKou tohku, go a6co^wTHoro MuHuMyMa, go HeB03-mo^hoctu gBu^eHuH, to ecTb go a6co^wTHoro Hana^a Hana^, go skc-Ta3a, 6o^bmoro B3pbiBa. A6coaroTHbiM noKoM
(u npocTpaHcTBa, u BpeMeHu) b o^uga-Huu aKTa TBopeHuH. AHa^oroM b pe^eKcuu aKTa $0T0rpa^uu HB^HeTcH npu3HaHue eenuo npeöbieaw^eü noecedueeuocmu no Ty cTopoHy ^oTorpa-$uu. H TaK, ec^u b BeHHocTu BpeMH ywe He TeneT, to b MrHoBeHuu BpeMH em,e He TeneT, nocKo^bKy npocTpaH-ctbo He pa30MKHy^0cb, a BpeMH He HacbiTu-^ocb co6htuhmu.
211
BAflEPMM B. CABHyK ► CoöbiTMe ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Meflwa^bHoro noBopoTa
TaK»e MecTo ee pacno.o»eHua (Tonoc). H n0T0My $0T0rpa$ua He ecTB nycTaa n.0CK0CTB g.a BMecTM.uma BuguMwx BemeM, a caMa ecTB BemecTBeHH0-Te.ecH0e mx npegcTaBUTe.BCTBo: mx .erKocTu m.m Ta»ecTM, arpeccMBHocTM m.m MarKocTM, noKoa m.m gBM»eHua. no.e 3peHua $0T0rpa^a HacT0.BK0 n.orao, HacK0.BK0 oh oco3HaeT CBoro CBa3B c npupogoM ^0T0rpa^upyeMwx BemeM.
COEWTHE PEmHMOCTH
B nnomnocmu m nedenuMocmu MrH0BeHua KopeHUTca m momcht pe-muMocTM hto-to npegnpuHaTB, m mctok Toro, hto b ucKyccTBe mm Ha3WBaeM CBe»ecTBro, eguHWM gwxaHueM, ^.BHocTBro m tohho-CTBro cxBaneHHoro cocToaHua. 06pam,eHue k Mwc.MTe.aM, gyMaB-muM o npupoge MrH0BeHua, Ba»H0 n0T0My, hto mx ucc.egoBaHua bo MHoroM onpege.M.M koh^otbi ucKyccTBa. OgHMM m3 nepBwx, KT0 «nocBaTM. XX BeK b MMCTepuro Mura» 6w. KBepKerop, g.a K0Toporo Ba»eH 6bi. «Mur» 0TKp0BeHua, «Mur» C0npuK0CH0BeHMa 6o»ecTBeHHoro m ne.0BenecKoro 3aK0Ha, Mur npuHaTua pemeHua (Progurep Ca^paHCKuM). Hun;me Bnoc.egcTBuu otmctm., hto b Mur «Be.MKoro pa3pwBa» ne.0BeK, conpuKacaromuMca c a6co.ro-T0M, nepe»MBaeT npege.BHyro unmencuenocmh. A Kap. Mmmtt npogyMWBaeT ^urypy cyBepeHa, eguHCTBeHHoro, kto, oco3HaB Ba»H0CTB MrH0BeHua, M0»eT npepwBaTB HopMa.BHwM npuBwn-HwM xog BemeM m ycTaHaB.MBaTB «npe3BwnaMHoe no.o»eHue». Ero M3BecTHwM Te3uc, hto «b npe3BwnaMH0M no.o»eHuu cu.w geMcTBMTe.BHoM »m3hm pa3pymaroT MexaHM3Mw ee ycT0MnuB0-ro B0cnp0M3BegeHua», BegeT k nepeocMwc.eHuro noHaTua Bpe-MeHM, k BBegeHuro Ba»Horo TepMUHa Grenzfall, K0T0pwM mo»ho nepeBecTM m KaK «norpaHunHwM c.ynaM», ho no CMwc.y 6o.bme
212
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) ► Event
nogxoguT: «npege.BHaa CMTya^Ma», TecH0 conpuKacawmaaca c «Hpe3BHHaMHHM no.o»eHueM».
KaK numeT XopcT $oh BpegeKaMn, ucc.egoBare.B TBopnecTBa Kap.a fflMMTTa: «Teopua BpeMeHM fflMurra aB.aeTca $M.oco$ueM "norpaHMHHoro c.yHaa", K0T0pBiM go Tex nop ga.eK ot u3BecTHoro HaM Mupa, noKyga b Mur oco3HaHua noKoa m moKupywmeM acHocTu He npuxoguT pemeHue npepBaTB HopMa.BHoe TeneHue BpeMeHM. ^T0T M0TMB BHe3anHoro pa3pHBa HopMa.BHoro TeneHua BpeMeHM BCTpauBaeTca b KaH0H aBaHrapgHBix noHaTuM "moK", "cuTyaTMB-HoCTb", "BHe3anH0CTB", K0T0pBie 0TCTaUBa.M ^pHCT WHrep M MapTMH XaMgerrep, ho 0C06eHH0 AHgpe BpeT0H m ^yu AparoH. BeHBaMMH b CBoeM 6uorpa^MM nognepKUBa., hto ero Teopua ucKyccTBa n0K0UTca Ha gUX0T0MMM, BBegeHH0M fflMMTT0M, Me»gy "o6yC.0B.eHHBIM" m "yHMKa.BHBiM"» (Bredekamp 90l), to ecTB Me»gy HopMa.BHBiM TeneHueM BpeMeHM m ero pa3pBiB0M. B cbow onepegB XaMgerrep 3a-MenaeT, hto «He.0BeK go.»eH gonycTMTB Mur «BHyTpeHHero y»aca», K0T0pHM npuBHocMTca .w6oM TaMH0M m K0T0pHM npugaeT npucyT-CTBuw ero Be.MHue». Mo»ho cge.aTB BBiBog, hto, m y MHC.MTe.eM, m y xyg0»HMK0B HopMa.BHoe TeHeHue BpeMeHM, n0BcegHeBH0CTB C00TH0caTca c rapaHTupoBaHHBiM m 6e3onacHHM TeneHueM BpeMeHM, a pa3pHB — C 0naCH0CTBW, pMCK0M, 0TBeTCTBeHH0CTBW. H ec.u «Hpe3-BHHaMHoe no.o»eHue» uMeeT g.a ycTpoMcTBa rocygapcTBa TaKoe »e 3HaHeHue, KaK Hygo g.a Teo.oruu (K. ommtt), to g.a xygo»HMKa 3KBMBa.eHT0M 6ygeT H0B0e HanpaB.eHue, »aHp, 0TKpBiBawm,ue ce6a B peB0.W^M0HH0M .0MKe CTapHX ^opM.
B Bonpoce o ^0T0rpa^uu MrH0BeHua MHTepecHBie ugeu HacTo BHCKa3HBaWTCa He n0K.0HHMKaMM, H0 KpMTMKaMM ^0T0rpa^MM. CMTya^Ma, BnponeM, ga.eK0 He TaK y» yHUKa.BHa, KaK M0»eT noKa-3aTBca Ha nepBBiM B3r.ag. HenpuMupuMBiM KpuTMK ^0T0rpa^uu KaK
213
BAflEPMM B. CABHyK ► Co6biTMe ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Meflwa^bHoro noBopoTa
Buga ucKyccTBa M0»eT npoHuKHyTB e cy^ecmeo dena u npugaTB eMy CMMCA, HeBegoMHM agenTy. HMeHHO TaKyro KpuTuKy a o6Hapy»u. y n. A. O.opeHCKoro, KGTopwM b l924 rogy paccMaTpuBaeT npou3Bege-Hua ucKyccTBa, b KOTopoM xygo»HuK caMoycTpaHaeTca. nogo6HBiM ycrpaHeHueM xygo^HuK nwTaeTca go6uTBca npaBguBGCTu, Ho uMeH-HO TaKoe ucKyccTBO «He CHuTaeTca hu c pa3yM0M geMcTBuTe^BHOCTu, hu c pa3yMGM He.GBeKa. Ohg ctg.b ®e Ma.o nocTuraeT Bem,u, KaK u ^GTorpa^ua; hg c gpyroM CTopoHw, u 6e3gymH0 ghg, KaK CTeK.aHHaa .uH3a ^GTorpa^uHecKoro annapaTa. npaBguBOCTB ero ecTB BepHOCTB c.yHaro b ero cnyHaMHGcru» (O.opeHCKuM 155). npege.BHWM c.y-HaM caMoycTpaHeHua oh o6Hapy»uBaeT b ^OTorpa^uu. CxBaTuTB c.yHaM b ero co6cTBeHHGM ^opMe, $opMe c.yHaMHoro He ygaBa.ocB hu 0gH0My u3 npegmecTByrom,ux »aHpoB u3G6pa3uTe.BHGrG ucKyccTBa. H TG, HTG O.opeHCKuM BMeHaeT ^GTorpa^uu b KaHecTBe HegocTaTKa, cerogHa npu3HaH0 ee gocTouHCTBOM, TeM oco6eHHWM, CBOMCTBeHHHM TG.BKG ^OTorpa^uu cnoco6oM npGu3BogcTBa o6pa3a. «MoMeHTa.BHaa ^OTorpa^ua gBu^ym.eroca o6pa3a, — numeT ga.ee OflopeHCKuM, — gaeT M3G6paÄeHMe ogHGBpeMeHHBix u no^o^eHuM u CGCToaHuM Bcex opraHOB, t. g. 3axBaTWBaeTca oduH MOMeHT, co eceMU HaauHHMMu G6CTGaTe.BCTBaMM, Hac HuCKG^BKO He 3aHMMaromlMMM u go Hamero CG3HaHua He goxoga^uMu; hg 3aT0 3tgt MOMeHT 6epeTca BHe ero OTHomeHua k nGC.egyrom.eMy. C.egcTBue ^TG^G xopomo u3-BecTHG: M0MeHTa.BHaa ^GTGrpa^ua He cnGCo6Ha nepegaTB gBu^eHue u npegcTaB.aeT HeBWHOcuMoe 3pe.um,e MrHOBeHHO 3aMopo»eHHwx Te. ... TyT MOMeHT BBixBaHeH u3 npo^cca u B3aT caM no ce6e, 6e3 npom.orG u 6ygym,ero, b CBoeM TynoM npoTuBonGCTaB^eHuu ce6a BceM npoHuM. Oh caMogoB.eeT, b tghhgctu cor.acHG paccygoHHOMy 3aK0Hy TG»gecTBa. B GTHomeHuu BpeMeHu M0MeHTa.BHaa ^OTorpa-^ua He cogep»uT b ce6e npoTuBopenua, hg uMeHHO nosTGMy He uMeeT
214
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
HUKaKoro oraomeHua K o6pa3aM geMcTBMTe.BHocTM» (O.opeHcKun 234). OoTorpa^Ma, no 0.0peHCK0My, He cnoco6Ha nepegaTB gBM^e-Hue, nocKo.BKy «M3o6pa»aeT» ero Hepe3 ocraHoBKy; oHa gaeT cpe3 ero, tohkoctb KoToporo BHe pa3.MHMMocTM, to ecTB BHe BuguMocTu. Ho HucToTa caMoTo^gecTBa, Bxo»geHue b ogHy m Ty »e peKy gaeT yHMKa.BHyw bo3mo»hoctb nepe^MTB Bcrpeny c Hen bo Bcen no.HoTe HeyTpaneHHwx geTa.en, «co BceMu Ha.HHHBiMH o6cToaTe.BcrBaMH». Mm bhobb m bhobb BMgMM MoMeHT gBu^eHua, npogo.»aeM ero b npocTpaHcTBe Boo6pa»eHua. npu ^T0M mm bo.bhbi Ha6.rogaTB to, hto «He goxogu.o go Hamero co3HaHua». Mm BcTpenaeM no.HoTy KapTu-hm, HeBo3Mo»Hyro b »m3hm. «BegB Ta co-BpeMeHHocTB no.o»eHMM oTge.BHBix H.eHoB, KoTopaa 3anenar.eHa Ha cBeTonyBcTBUTe.BHoM n.acTMHKe, He Ha6.rogaeTca HaMu b HenocpegcTBeHHoM Bocnpua-tmm, m, c.egoBare.BHo, chmmok He oTBenaeT ToMy, hto mm BuguM Ha caMoM gene. Ma.o Toro, m caMBin chmmok mm cTaHeM paccMaTpuBaTB noc.egoBaTe.BHo, TaK hto oTge.BHBie ero ynacTKu 6ygyT BMcTynaTB b co3HaHuu uMeHHo KaK oTHocam,ueca k pa3HMM BpeMeHaM» (O.o-peHcKun 235). B ncuxo.orunecKoM npocrpaHcTBe-BpeMeHu npo^icc co3ep^Hua, ero nocnedoeamenbnocmb He coBnagaeT co cxBaneHHon g.uTe.BHocTBro $oToo6pa3a. Mm BuguM $omo^pa$uw deucmeumenb-Hocmu, a He caMy gencTBUTe.BHocTB. B ^oTorpa^uu mm nepexoguM ot ogHon geTa.u k gpyron, o6Hapy»HBaa b xaoce co3Be3gua, BBige.aa ux m Hage.aa ux cmmc.om, mm cozdaeu cbom o6pa3, coeguHaa ogHo-BpeMeHHocTB (m.m, no 0.opeHcKoMy co-BpeMeHHocTB) no.o»eHun b ^.octhbim o6pa3. B uTore b pa3Hoe BpeMa yBugeHHMe ^parMeHTBi MoryT c.o»uTca b xygo»ecTBeHHMn o6pa3, kotopbim, co6paB pa3-HopogHoe, pa3HoBpeMeHHoe u b gencTBMTe.BHocTM HeBuguMoe, Ha caMoM ge.e gaeT 3aBepmeHHocTB u ^.oKynHocTB. Mm o6Hapy»uM cb33b, KoMno3uu,uoHHoe eguHcTBo, koh^.mkt gBu^eHua m noKoa
215
BAflEPMM B. CABHyK ► CoöbiTMe ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Meflwa^bHoro noBopoTa
Pa3BMTMe 3TOM MMC.M a o6Hapy»MBaB y Mep.o-noHTM: «^to6bi no^ynurb HaM6o-.ee coBepmeHHMe M3o6pa»eHMa m .yHme npegcTaBMTb npegMer, Hy»HO, hto6bi M3o6pa-»eHua He noxogMAM Ha 3ror npegMer» (Mepflo-noHTM 96).
— Bce to, HTO ge.aeT o6pa3 xygo»ecTBeHHWM. no O.opeHCKOMy, xy-go»ecTBeHHWM o6pa3 coeguHaeT HecoguHUMoe,4 a ^OTorpa^ua He coeguHaeT, a pa^onona^aem. A sto, cor.acHO O.opeHCKOMy, npoTu-BOpeHUT UCKyCCTBy.
CnegyeT Bce »e yKa3aTb, hto b coBpeMeHHoM ^OTorpa^uu npu-cyTCTByeT uMeHHO ^Ta cn0C06H0CTb coeguHaTb HecoeguHUMoe, b TeKyrn,eM HacToarn,eM, yBugeTb u ygep»aTb co6wTue u.u, b TepMu-Hax nay.a Tu..uxa — yBugeTb bo «BpeMeHHOM ceMnac» — «BeHHoe ceMHac». OgHaKO «He Bce .Bgu MoryT yBugeTb «BeHHoe ceMnac» bo «BpeMeHHOM ceMHac», u hm oguH He.OBeK He cnoco6eH BugeTb sto nocToaHHO. Ho uHorga «BeHHoe ceMnac» M0m,H0 BpwBaeTca b name C03HaHue u o6Hapy»uBaeT nepeg HaMu OHeBugHOCTb BeHHoro — Toro u3MepeHua, KOTopoe «BK.uHUBaeTca» b noTOK BpeMeHu u gaeT HaM Hame BpeMa. ^Bgu, KOTopwe HMKorga He oco3HaBT ^T0^0 M3MepeHua, yTpaHUBaBT BO3MO»HOCTb 6wTb b HacToam,eM» (Th.^ux 174). Xygo»-HUK o6.agaeT TaKUM gapoM. Ho u oh He MO»eT «BugeTb» nocToaHHO. BugeTb — Tpyg KOHH,eHTpau,uu, pa6oTw, caMOOTgaHu, a cxBaTUTb, ygep»aTb u 3a^uKcupoBaTb «BeHHoe ceMnac», «pemaBm.ee MrHOBe-Hue», «CBOB uHT0Ha^uB», «HacTpoeHue» — Tpyg BgBOMHe. OuKca-^ua cxBaneHHoro b OTHomeHuu cepe6paHoM ^OTorpa^uu no.yHaeT gono.nHMTe.nbHBie cmbicbi. ge.o b tom, hto cym,ecTBO ^OTorpa^uu pacKpwBaeTca He CTO.bKO MeTa^opoM «cxBaHeHHoro MrHOBeHua», ho b 3aBepmeHHOM npov,ecce Kpucmannu3au,uu HacToam,ero BpeMeHu b o6pa3e. noc.egHUM ecTb npocTpaHCTBeHHO-BpeMeHHOM KOHTUHyyM. Cmaemaa g.uTe.bHOCTb B6upaeT cocToaHue Mupa u He.OBeKa. Oho Bcerga yHUKa.bHO. TpygHO BBigenuTb cbom yHUKa.bHMM B3r.ag, em,e TpygHee ygep»aTb ero b pa3.uHHwx cuTya^uax, b pa3.uHHoe BpeMa u pa3.uHHwx MecTax u, HaKOHe^ TpygHee Bcero, npuHaTb pemeHue 3a^uKCupoBaTb ero. OoTorpa^ua — pog TepneHua, Bwgep»Ku, ot-
216
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
cpoHKM. Ee pa6oma 3puMO Bon.omaeT pa6oTy xy.BTypw, penpeccupy-romeM peaxTUBHOCTB œe.aHua, pa3gpaœeHua, CTpaxa, geMcTBua. Ho xy.BTypa cto.bko œe 3anpemaeT u penpeccupyeT, cko.bko n03B0.aeT u npuHyœgaeT «b CBoe BpeMa u CBoeM MecTe». Cor.acuMca c Tu.-.uxom: hu oguH ne.OBex, 6ygB oh Be.uxuM ^OTOipa^», He cnoco6eH BugeTB nocToaHHO. BugeHue nogo6HO BgoxHOBeHuro — cocToaHue pegxoe, ^0^T0My <£oTorpa<£y HyœHO 6wtb npu ^OToannapaTe, Ha Bca-KUM cynaM.
nOHHMAHHE ^OTOTPA^HH KAK COEHTHE
Ec.u paccMaTpuBaTB co6wTue ^OTorpa^uu bo BpeMeHHOM noc.ego-BaTe.BHOCTu, Mw yBuguM BeHHoe BO3BpameHue Toro œe caMoro; OHa C.OBHO 6w Bon.oTM.a cTaTUHHyro KOHn,enn,uro BpeMeHu napMeHuga. Mw BuguM cxBaneHHoe u 3a^uxcupoBaHHoe «MrHOBeHue» œu3Hu; ocTaHOB.eHHoe «BHemHee» BpeMa CTa.KUBaeTca c pa3BepHyTWM cy6teKTUBHWM BpeMeHeM, BpeMeHeM co3epu,aHua. H3 gByx noTOKOB CMeHw MrHOBeHUM oguH npepwBaeTca. 3puTe.B, xoTopoMy OTxpw-BaeTca ^OTorpa^ua, xoTopwM HanuHaeT BugeTB ee, o6pamaeTca He cto.bko k ^OTorpa^uu, cko.bko BHyTpB ce6a caMoro, BuguT ce6a. H KaœgwM pa3, ôpocaa. 63zntô na noeoe Mecmo, Ha HOByro geTa.B, oh BWHyœgeH ucxaTB cor.acoBaHua c yœe-yBugeHHWM, c puTMOM no-CTpoeHua xagpa, K0M^03u^ueM u TOHa.BHOCTBro 3aneHaT.eHHoM Bemu, cooTHomeHueM TeMHwx Macc u CBeT.wx naTeH. ^e.aa noHaTB ^OTorpa^uro, oh He MoœeT He BxoguTB c HeM b pe3OHaHC. CMOTpa Ha ge.o ^OTorpa^uu c gpyroM CTopoHw, co CTopoHw cy6^exTUBHoro BOcnpuaTua BpeMeHu, mw ygocTOBepaeM ero 0C06eHH0CTB MepoM «MrHOBeHua oxa» — TeM, hto u3BecTHO BceM ^0T0rpa^upyromuM u ^0T0rpa^upyeMWM no Henpegcxa3yeMOMy MopraHuro r.a3 u b
217
BAflEPMM B. CABHyK ► CoöbiTMe ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Meflwa^bHoro noBopoTa
pe3y.BTaTe ^OTorpa^uu «c.enoro .m^». Ectb MrHOBeHue Me«gy TeM, Korga xygo«HMK yBuge., ou,eHM., BBiH.eHM. o6pa3 m Ha«a. Ha KHonKy ^OToannapaTa. 3gecB mm MMeeM ge.o c TpeMa BpeMeHHBiMM pa3BepTKaMM MrHOBeHua: yBuge., o^hm., npuHa. pemeHue. Hx HenpepwBHOCTB m CKopoTeHHOCTB b C03HaHMM xygo«nuKa npegcTaeT b Buge Hepa3.MHMMwx CTaguM. ^Ta Hepa3.uHMM0CTB ecTB ogHa m3 Ba®HeñmMx xapaKTepucTMK no3Bi .oroca.
KoHeHHO, y Hac M0«eT B03HUKHyTB co6.a3H, onupaacB Ha m3-BeCTHMM ^aKT M3 MCTOpUM ^OTOrpa^MM (nepBBie ^OTOnOpTpeTM Tpe6oBa.M OT nopTpeTupyeMBix 6o.BmoM BBigep«KM, Te.ecHBie m MBimeHHBie MMKpogBM«eHMa cyMMupoBa.MCB, m b uTore ^OTorpa^ua gaBa.a o6o6m,eHHBiM o6pa3 m.m, ec.u B0cn0.B30BaTBca ^opMy.u-poBKOM, K0T0pyro gaeT Ba.BTep BeHBaMUH, «cuHTe3 BBipa»eHua»), npegno.o«MTB, hto Bce npoMCxogam.ee b Mupe aB.aeT co6oM npon,ecc HenpepwBHOM cBeMKM, a y Bepamero b npegHaHepTaHHOCTB cygB6w — npou,ecc noKa3a npegcTaB.eHHoro, HaHepTaHHoro b 3aMBic.e.
npu6.u«aacB k n.OTHOCTM co6BiTua, xygo«HMK, ge.aa «ecT ^o-Torpa^upoBaHua (O.roccep), CMymaeT npMHaTyro b o6m,ecTBe no3y .oroca, MMeeT maHC o6pecTM m 3a^MKCupoBaTB CBoro yHMKa.BHyro no3y .oroca. ge.o 3a MacmTa6oM Ta.aHTa xygo«HMKa. OoTorpa^a ^T0 KacaeTca HenocpegcTBeHHO. BegB oh, KaK hmkto gpyroM, 6.m3ko nogxogMT k ocMBic.eHuro MrHOBeHua; oh Bcerga 0Tpa«aeT ero Hey-M0.MMyro CBa3B c noc.egyrom.MMM MrHOBeHuaMM m.m, ec.u yrogHO, on Bwny«gen npunuMaTB pemenue 06 «ocTanoBKe» ero b cuTyan,MM CBoero poga «Hpe3BBiHaMHoro no.o«eHua». Ho Korga mm roBopuM 0 «MrHOBeHHOM» ^OTorpa^MM, to Bce «e TpygHO He ycMOTpeTB b ^T0M ncuxonozmecKyw <£uKcan,Mro BpeMenu. npu 3tom mm neBO.Bno oto«-gecTB.aeM ^OTorpa^uro c onTMHecKUM 06pa30M «3aneHaT.eHHoro Mura», urnopupya coôumue ^OTorpa^a. HMenno nosTOMy mm M0«eM
218
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
yBugeTb Ha ^OTorpa^uu He to.bko to, hto BOcnpuHUMaeM r.a3aMu, ho to, hto ctout 3a co6bTueM ^OTorpa^uu: no3y .oroca, B6uparom,yro Te.o, KOH^nT u ^o6ygHTe.BHWM uMny.bc CHUMaTb. $
219
BAflEPMM B. CABHyK ► CoöbiTMe ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Meflwa^bHoro noBopoTa
^MTepaTypa
BAflbro, a., 2006: ^muKa. OnepK 0 co3Hanuu 3na. Cn6.: Machina. AE.E3, k., 1997: CKnadKa. EeüÖHuu, u 6ap0KK0. M.: £oroc. kaht, h., 1999: KpumuKa ^ucmo^o pa3yMa. M.: HayKa. MEP^o-noHTH, m., 1992: Oko udyx. M.: HcKyccTBO. nHHflAP, BAKXH.Hfl, 1980: Odbi. QpazmHmu. M.: HayKa. nonoB, A.n., 2003: MoMeHTa^BHaa ^OTOipa^Ma // QomomexnuKü u
eudeoKaMepu 2003/18. nogoporA, ba.ephh (PEg;.), 2001: Aemo-6uo^pa$ua.. Tempadu no
aHanummecKoü aHmponono^uu. Ne I. MocKBa. nogoporA, ba.ephh. Co6wTue u MaccMegua. CaMT B.A. nogoporu.
<http://podoroga.com/sobimass.html> 29. 7. 2016. th^.hx, n., 2005: BenHoe ceMnac (Tpu nponoBeflM M3 KHMra) //
Bonpocb fyunocofyuu 2005, N 5. $.opehckhh, n.A., 2000: Cmambu u uccnedoeanaa. no ucmopuu u
fyunocofyuu ucKyccmea u apxeonozuu. M.: Mho®. $.roccEP, b., 2006: 3a $unoco$uw $omo^pa$uu. Cn6.: H3a-bo cn6ry.
$oma, BPABAPflH, 2005: 0 KOHTMHyyMe // Bonpocb $unoco$uu 2005, N 5.
xa$hep, r., 1984: Bbidaw^uecn nopmpemb aHmmrncmu. 337
nopmpemoe e cnoee u o6pa3e. M.: nporpecc. bredekamp, h., 1998: Von Walter Benjamin zu Carl Schmitt, via Thomas Hobbes // Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 1998, N 46, Heft 6.
von Amelunxen, Hubertus (hrsg.), 2000: Theorie der Fotografie IV. 1980-1995. München: Schirmer/Mosel.
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Pe3MMe
Ba»Hon npo6neMon CTaTbu aBnaeTca TeMaTM3a^Ma gByx BugoB co-6bitmmm co6wTMa caMoro no ce6e m co6BiTua, Ha3BaHHoro, nouMeHo-BaHHoro TaK0BBiM. 3tot cro»eT onpuaeTca Ha pa3nuHue, BBegeHHoe AneH0M Bagbro gByx noHaTun co6wTMe-co6wTue m co6wTue-MMe-H0BaHue. y Ka»goro cbom MacmTa6 co6wTua, CBoa no3a noroca. Mbi BuguM 06pa30M y»e-Ha3BaHHoro co6wTua, n03T0My co6wTue peTpo-aKTMBHo. H3 o^opMMBmeroca co6wTua, co6wTua CTaBmero TaK0BWM, oho onpegenaeT o»ugaHue rpagymero co6wTua.
CnegyeT Bce »e yKa3aTb, hto b coBpeMeHHon $0T0rpa$MM npu-cyTCTByeT cn0C06H0CTb coeguHaTb HecoeguHMMoe, b TeKymeM Ha-CToameM, yBugeTb m ygep»aTb co6wTue unu, b TepMMHax nayna Tunnuxa — yBugeTb bo «BpeMeHH0M cennac» — «BenHoe cennac». ÜgHaKo «He Bce nrogu MoryT yBugeTb «BenHoe cennac» bo «BpeMeH-H0M cennac, m hm oguH» nenoBeK He cnoco6eH BugeTb sto n0CT0aHH0. Ho MHorga «BenHoe cennac» M0mH0 BpwBaeTca b Hame C03HaHue m o6Hapy»MBaeT nepeg hsmm oneBugHocTb BeHHoro — Toro M3MepeHua, K0Topoe «BKnuHMBaeTca» b n0T0K BpeMeHu m gaeT HaM Hame BpeMa. .Hrogu, K0T0pwe HUKorga He oco3HaroT ^T0^0 u3MepeHua, «yTpanu-BaroT B03M0»H0CTb 6wTb b HacToam,eM» (naynb Tunnux). Xygo»HUK o6nagaeT t3kmm gapoM. Ho m oh He M0»eT «BugeTb» n0CT0aHH0. BugeTb — Tpyg K0HH,eHTpaH,MM, pa6oTw, caMooTganu, a cxBaTMTb, ygep»aTb m 3a^MKCupoBaTb «BenHoe cennac», «pemarom.ee MrH0Be-Hue», «CBoro MHT0Ha^Mro», «HacrpoeHue» — Tpyg BgBonHe. OuKca-^Ma cxBaneHHoro b 0TH0meHMu cepe6paHon $0T0rpa$MM nonynaeT gononHMTenbHwe CMwcnw. ,eno b tom, hto cymecTBo ^0T0rpa^Mu pacKpwBaeTca He CT0nbK0 MeTa^opon «cxBaneHHoro MrH0BeHua», ho b 3aBepmeHH0M npo^cce KpMCTannM3a^MM HacToam,ero BpeMeHu b
221
BAAEPMM B. CABHyK Co6biTue ^OTorpa^MM b ^^oxy Megua^bHoro noBopoTa
o6pa3e. noc.egHMM ecTB npoerpaHCTBeHHo-BpeMeHHOM KOHTMHyyM. CTaBmaa g.uTe.BHOCTB B6upaeT cocroaHue Mupa u ne^OBeKa. Oho Bcerga yHMKa.BHO. TpygHO BBigenuTB cbom yHMKa.BHHM B3raag, em,e TpygHee ygep^aTB ero b pa3.uHHwx cuTyau,uax, b pa3.uHHoe BpeMa u pa3.uHHwx MecTax u, HaKOHe^ TpygHee Bcero, npuHaTB peme-Hue 3a^uKCupoBaTB ero. OoTorpa^ua — pog TepneHua, Bwgep^Ku u MrHOBeHHoro pemeHua. Ec.u Bce 3to coBnagaeT, to mbi uMeeM c nog.uHHWM ^OTO-co6wTueM.
Banepuü BnaduMupoeuH CaenyK
Banepuü BnaduMupoeuu CaenyK — doKmop Qunoc. nayK, npofyeccop Kynbmypono^uu, $unoco$uu Kynbmypu u scmemuxu, pyKoeodumenb fynmpa Medua$unoco$uu uncmumyma $unoco$uu Cnóry, unen MeM^yHap0^H0^0 cow3a ucmopuKoe ucxyccme u xydoMecmeennux KpumuKoe (AMC), a maKMe unen Cow3a xydomnuKoe moeapu^ecmea "Ceoóodnaa Kynbmypa", "nywKuncma.-io". Maypeam npeMuu fyunocofycxozo o6w,ecmea C.-^emep6yp^a «Bmopaa naemau,M» 3a nyum.ee fyunocofycKoe uccnedoeanue 2012 z. xnuzy «Tononozuuecxan. pefineKcrn». Aemop óonee 300 ny6nuKav,uü, nayunue paóomu, meopemuuecxue u Kpummecxue cmambu no u3o6pa3umenbnoMy ucxyccmey, Knuzu..
222
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
223
Varia
CaMO3BaHCTBO KaK HB^eHue b xygomecTBeHHOM Mupe TOrO^H
$ ^A3APb mh^ehthebhm ► milentijeviclazar@mail.ru
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
This work aims to regard the "samoz-vanstvo" in the Gogol's work as a phenomenon, not only historically and culturally associated with Russian history, but also a distinctive feature of the Russian spirit, associated with the desire to find oneself in the "other", to dissapear in the "other" or to find a firm stronghold in this mirage. This work elaborates on the beginnings of several basic paths of metamorphosis that the phenomenon has undergone in the works of Puskin, Gogol and Dostoevsky.
"SAMOZVANSTVO", GOGOL, PHENOMENOM, METAMORPHOSIS
^aHHaa pa6oTa MMeeT ^.bm paccMO-TpeTB ^eHOMeH CaMO3BaHCTBa B TBOp-
necTBe roroaa KaK AB.eHMe, He toabko MCTOpMHeCKM M KyflBTOpOflOrMHecKM CBA3aHHOe c pyCCKOM MCTOpMeM, HO m OT.MHMTeaBHoe cbomctbo pyccKoro gyxa, cBA3aHHoe c ^eaaHMeM HaMm b «gpyroM» ce6a, ckpbitbca b «gpyroM» mam HaMTM TBepgyw onopy. B pa6oTe fleaaeTca nomiTKa HaMeTMTB, KaK ABaeHMe npoxoflMT nepe3 MeTaMop-$O3y b TBopnecTBe nymKMHa, roroaa m ^ocToeBcKoro.
CAM03BAHCTB0, rOrO-Hb, tEHOMEH, METAMOP$O3A
227
flA3APb MIMEHTMEBMH ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
^OBO.bHO HacTO He.0BeKa HacTuraeT HeMUHyeMWM Bonpoc, Tpe-6yrom,uM acHoro OTBeTa: kto a TaKoM, a .u TaK nocTynu., a .u sto? HacTynaeT Heo6xoguMaa peBU3ua, Korga BeKu npoBugHUBoro Bua nogHMMaroTca m oko, ^poHMSBiBarom1ee gymy HacKB03b, ucnene.aeT He.0BeKa, He Hamegmero ce6a m onopw m 3aTepaBmeroca b r.y6uHax CBoero C03HaHua, o6Hapy»uBaeT caM03BaH^ u bwhocut BepguKT: «Bot oh! - 3aKpuHa. BmM m ycraBM. He Hero »e.e3HWM na.en,» (roro.b 2009a: I, 467).
CaM03BaHCTB0 npegcTaB.aeT He T0.bK0 Ky.bTypHO-ucTopuHecKoe co6wTue, name Bcero n0gpa3yMeBarom.ee nepuog CMyTHoro BpeMeHM, OTMeHeHHoro pa3Horo poga y3ypnaT0paMM m nocaraTe.aMM Ha ^p-CKMM npecTO., a MMeHHO ^eHOMeH gyxoBHoro noucKa, 6po^eHua .mh-HOCTM, nwTaromeMca yKopeHMTbca b M..ro30pHwx ugeax m ugea.ax, pacTBopuTbca b rpynne, - .mhhoctm, caMOHapeKaromeM ce6a gpyrMM, nocTopoHHMM MMeHeM m nwrraromeMca OTMeTMTbca b MCTopuu mhm-mwm MMeHeM, 3aTMMB cBoe ^e, m.m caM03BaHen, - sto npocTO bwckoh-Ka, yBepoBaBmaa b CBoe n,apcK0e npoucxo^geHue, aH0Ma.ua MCTopuu, KOTopaa «HaHMHaeT ®uTb m geMcTBOBaTb bo MMa Hero-To m ot mmchm Hero-To» (Ty.bHMHCKMM 6l), nwTaromaaca BWKpouTb CBoro cygb6y m McnwTaTb CHacTbe. CaM03BaHCTB0 noMMMO Bcero npoHero aB.aeTca pe-3y.bTaT0M pacmaTaHHOCTu 6e3HpaBCTBeHH0M snoxu, 6e3gyx0BH0CTu u 3aBwmeHHwx npuTa3aHuM 0Tge.bH0M .uhhoctu, 3aaB.arom.eM 0 CBOux npaBax m OTCTauBaromeM CBoro «.^eoTMeHeHHOCTb», hto npo-aB.aeTca He T0.bK0 b nonwTKe BO^peHua, ho m b ®e.aHMM 3aHaTb MecTO, KOTopoe He npuHagne^MT 0Tge.bH0M .mhhoctm, Hage.arom.eM ce6a npaBOM pemaTb m BepmuTb cyg no CBoeMy xoTeHuro.
roro.b, HecMOTpa Ha HeygaBmeeca nonpume ucTopuKa, BecbMa TOHHO Mor o^HUTb 3HaHUM0CTb ucTopuHecKuM aB.eHuM, Korga nog Ka^ymeMca HenogBu^HOCTbro u.u 6eccMwc.eHH0CTbro co6wtum
228
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
RpoeTca BHyTpeHHaa coo6pa3HocTB u 3aRoHoMepHocTB, RoTopaa ro-peHMTca b caMOM HeoöxoflMMOCTM HenoHaTHHx nenoBeRy npouc-mecTBMM: «Bceo6m,aa Mcropua, b mctmhhom ee 3HaneHMM, He ecTB coöpaHMe nacTHBix mctopmm Bcex HapogoB u rocygapcTB 6e3 o6m,eM cb33m, 6e3 o6m,ero nnaHa, 6e3 o6m,eM ^nu, Ryna npoucmecTBun 6e3 nopagRa, b 6e3^M3HeHHoM u cyxoM Buge, b RaRoM oneHB nacro ee npegcraBnaroT. npegMeT ee BenuR: oHa gon^Ha o6h3tb Bgpyr u b non-hom RapTMHe Bce nenoBenecTBo» (roronB 20096: 33). roronB, onucwBaa nro6oe aBneHue, ntiTanca bo3bwcutbc3 Hag co6wTueM u TaroTen r 6onee rno6anBHoMy ocMticneHuro u Haxo^geHuro nepBo3gaHHtix ochob u npunuH, hto6bi Ra^gaa RpacRa Ha RapTuHe 6wna RaR mokho y6eguTenBHee, neM 6bi co3gaBanocB 6onee BHymuTenBHoe Bnenarne-Hue ot RoMno3Mn,MM b n,enoM, o6,BacHaa npu ^TOM, hto «HenB3a y3HaTB coBepmeHHo ropog, ucxoguBmu Bce ero ynuu,Bi: gna ^T0^0 Hy^Ho b3omtu Ha Bo3BwmeHHoe MecTo, oTRyga 6bi oh BugeH 6tin BecB, RaR Ha nagoHu» (roronB 20096: 36).
B caMoM RopHe caMo3BaHcTBa ne^uT ®enaHue cyguTB, npaBoM roto-pMM HagenaeTca npeMygpMH ConoMoH: «H cRa3an ConoMoH: "fl,apyH ®e pa6y TBoeMy cepg^ pa3yMHoe, hto6m cyguTB Hapog Tbom u pa3nmamb, nmo doöpo u nmo 3no; u6o rto Mo^eT ynpaBnaTB ^TUM MHoronucneHHMM HapogoM Tboum?" <...>H cRa3an eMy Bor: "3a to, hto <...> npocun ce6e pa3yMa, hto6 yMeTB cyguTB, H garo Te6e cepa^e Mygpoe u pa3yMHoe <...> u to, hto th He npocun, H garo Te6e: u 6oraTcTBo u cnaBy <...> H ecnu öydewb xodumb nymeM Moum, coxpaum ycmaeu u 3anoeedu Mou <...> H npogon^y gHu tbou"» (3 ^p. 3: 9-14). KenaHue 6htb CygueM, BHymaTB cTpax u po6ocTB, BH3HBaTB TpeneT u noBuHoBeHue 6e3oroBoponHocTBro cBoero cyga aBnaeTca ogHuM u3 TpygHeMmux ucRymeHuM b ucropuu nenoBenecTBa, Ranenamux u geryMaHu3upyrom,ux caMo3BaHoro o6na-gaTena u BcRpBiBarom,ux u^BaHH b ero ncuxuRe.
229
flA3APb MIMEHTMEBMH ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
B HeK0T0pMx uccnegoBaHuax npegnonaraeTca, hto «3agonro go caM03BaHCTBa b MocKBe TaKOBoe HBunocB b CBeT, ecnu cornacuTBca c ^pkobhbimu aBTopaMu, b ncKOBe (BTopaa nonoBUHa XIV - XV b.), b penuru03H0M gBu»eHuu crpurontHUKOB, KOTopwe BBicrynunu npo-TUB CMMOHMM» (CMUpHOB I97-I98). HO TeMa CaMO3BaHCTBa nOHBnaeTCH HaMHoro paHBme, OHa HaxoguTCH b rny6uHHwx nnacTax Mupo3gaHMH, rge pa3BopaHUBaeTCH KapTUHa, Ha KOTopoñ CBeTn0H0ce^ ^ro^u^ep, yBepoBaBmuM b CBoe 6oronogo6ue, coBepmun 6e33aKOHue aKTOM Boc-CTaHUH u nomaTHyn ochobm Mupa, hto npuBeno k noMpaneHuro CBeTa, 3ano»eHHoro b HeM u3HaHantHO u k TparuHecKOMy nageHuro SToro BenuHañmero caMO3BaHu,a u u3rHaHHUKa He6ec. nepeg HaMu ot-KpMBaeTCH TparuHecKUM nuK nagmero aHrena, BCKpMBmuñ, c ogHoñ CTopoHM, Bcro n0»H0CTB npuTH3aHuM u HecocTOHTenBHOCTB 6ygym,ux caM0SBaH^eB, Bcex «nogo6HMx», ho He HacToarnux u u36paHHMx, a canp0B03rnameHHMx u caMO3BaHMx u, c gpyroñ, BeKOBeHHyro no-Tpe6HOCTB nro6oro »uBoro cym,ecTBa, ga»e Hocurena HenoMepHOM ropgMHu, ycTpeMUTBCH bbmcb b »enaHuu CTaTB nynmuM b o6pa3e gpy-roro. Tparegua ^ro^M^epa - sto nenantHWH ygen nro6oro caMO3BaH^, ocy»geHHoro He u3BeHHyro BHyTpeHHroro 6opt6y «6e3 Top»ecTBa, 6e3 BgoxHOBeHUH», Korga ycra HaBeKu o6peHeHHoro «ucKycuTena npoBugeHUH» neneHyr:
Hmoôbi e monne cmuxuû Mamewwû CepdeHHUû ponom 3a^nywumb, Cnacmucb om dyMb HemôeMnoû H He3a6eemoe 3a6bimb! (iïepMoumoe 251)
flBneHue caMO3BaHCTBa BMrnaguT uHorga KpañHe TpygH006tacHu-MMM u cnoHTaHHMM, ho oho uMeeT b ce6e ucTopuHecKue u ncuxo-
230
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
,orMHecKMe npuHMHw. ga m caMa Poccua npoxoguT Hepe3 6o,Bmoe ucKymeHue caM03BaHCTBa: «Pum na,, ho mm ctomm, u mm Pum» (Ty,BHMHCKMM 268), - cc BpeMeHeM ^Ta ugea KpenHeT u yTBep^gaeTca KaK 6e3oroBopoHHoe no,o^eHue, HaMeKarom.ee Ha ucK,roHUTe,BHyro m Begymyw ucTopuHecKyro po,B, rge «HeTBepToro y^e He 6ygeT». C ucTopuHecKOM TOHKu 3peHua, KOHHUHa noc,egHero noTOMCTBeHHoro u,apa Oegopa HoaHHOBMHa npuBe,a k 3aTyxaHuro guHacTMM Propu-KOBMHeM u cra,a BBegeHueM b CMyTHoe BpeMa rocygapcTBeHHoro npaB,eHua u, KaK nuca, KnroHeBCKuä, «y Hac c ,erK0ä pyKu nepBoro ^»egMMTpua caM03BaHCTB0 CTa,0 xpoHMHecKoä 6o,e3HBro rocygap-CTBa» (K,roHeBCKUM 26). P0g0C,0BHaa y^e He urpaeT po,u u npecTO, ynpa3gHeH go BOcmecTBua Bopuca rogyHOBa, raaBHOM c,a6ocTBro KOToporo 6w,o ero «xygopogcTBO», KaeäMUBmee ero c caMoro HaHa,a m ,MmMBmero onnoTa 6oap:
«He noBegeHMe, - yTBep^gaeT YcneHCKMH - ho npeg-Ha3HaHeHMe onpege-,aer MCTMHHoro o,apa; n03T0My o,apB MO^er 6wtb TMpaHOM (KaK, HanpMMep, HBaH rp03-HWä), HO 3T0 HM B KOeä
Mepe roBopMT o tom, HTO OH He Ha CBOeM MecTe. HraK, pa3,MHa-MTca o,apH no Bo^beMy npoMWc,y m o,apH no co6cTBeHHoä B0,e, npMHeM to,bko nepBwe npM3HaMTca "o,apa-mm"» (YcneHCKMä 146).
BuepawHuü pa6, mamapuH, 3amh Manwmu,
3amh nanana u caM e dyme nanan,Bo3hMem eeHe^ u ôapMU MoHoMa-
xa... (nywKrn 1950: V, 222)
noaB,eHue ^e .H^egMUTpua aB,aeTca ecrecTBeHHwiM ucropuHe-CKMM npogo,»eHMeM pa3BeHHaHua u,apcK0M B,acTM, KOTopaa b 06-pa3e HBaHa rpo3Horo M0r,a rp03H0-Be,uHaBWM ro,ocoM CKa3aTB AHgpero Kyp6cK0My: «Kto y6o Ta nocraBM cyguro m,m B,ageTe,a Hago MHoro?» (nepenucKa 19) B,acTB HBaHa rpo3Horo 6w,a onpaBgaHa u,apcKMM npegHa3HaHeHueM, m, ga^e OTpeKmucB HecK0,BK0 pa3 ot npecT0,a, oh He TepaeT opeo, 6o»ecTBeHHoro M36paHHMKa, ho co-xpaHaeT 6e3yc,0BH0e npaBO Ha u,apcKyro B^acTB1. B Eopuce rodyHoee HyTBe KaK m Bcerga He nogBoguT nymKMHa, m oh Hage,aeT y3ypna-Topa TpeMa MMeHaMu: fpumKa OTpenBeB, CaM03BaHeu, m gMMTpuä,
231
fla3apb mImehtmebmh ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
- cpegu Hero CTupaeTca o6pa3 caMoro repoa, ocTaeTca .umB «.»eMMa» repoa HaBeKM BBinucaHHoe Ha CKpu»a.ax MCTopuu. Tparegua ^»egMMTpua coctomt b tom, hto oh b MCTopuu ocTa.ca nog Hy»MM MMeHeM, rge mms rpumKM OTpenBeBa coxpaHM.ocB .umB KaK He-n0.H0^HHBiM npugaT0K. H rp03H0 0T3BaHMBawT c.0Ba caM03BaH^ b Bopuce rogyH0Be, no.HBie He c.enoM npuxoTu MCTopuu, a mmêhho 3acTynHMHecTB0M npoBugeHua:
Tenh ^p03H0^0 Mena ycunoeuna,
fiuMumpueM U3 zpoôa napeKna,
BoKpy^ Mena napodu eo3Mymuna
H e wepmey Mne Eopuca oôpeKna. (nywKun 1950: V, 284)
B oguH pag c hmmm BxoguT gep3KuM m pemuTe.BHBiM EMe.BaH ny-raHeB, BCTpaxHyBmuM b 0gH0HacBe u,apcTB0M m npeBpaTMBmuMca M3 BHnopoToro My»MKa b Be.MKoro rocygapa neTpa OegopoBUHa. Bepa nyraHeBa b cbow u,apcKyw Heya3BMM0CTB BBi.BeTca b gua.ore: «"BeperucB, rocygapB - CKa3a. crapBiM Ka3aK, - HepaBHo m3 nymKM y6BWT". - "CTapHM th He.0BeK, - oTBena. caM03BaHe^ - pa3Be nymKM .BWTca Ha ^peM?"» (nymKMH i95i: VIII, i65) He 3T0 CKa»eT Be.MKMM 6yHTapB, nHTaBmuMca nepeuHaHMTB MCTopuw, Korga noc.e ygapa no .uu,y, oh BCTaHeT Ha ko.chm m 6ygeT npocuTB n0MM.0BaHua.
CaM03BaHmuHa b ncux0.0ruHecK0M K.WHe nogpa3yMeBaeT Ha-Ba3HBaHue ce6a gpyruM, cyry6oe npegcTaBMTe.BCTB0 m HageBaHue MaHTMM Hy»oro mmchm BMecTo CBoero. OHa rpo3MT bo3mo»hoctbw pacTBopeHua CBoero mmchm m co6cTBeHHoro a, hto ga.ee BegeT k gB0MHMHecTBy m yrpare C0Kp0BeHH0 .MHH0CTH0r0, ho b to »e BpeMa 3T0 noucK onopH HecocToaBmeMca .mhhoctm m nonHTKa 3a m..w3m-eM coxpaHHocTM «Hy»oro» o6pecTu noTepaHHoe «CBoe». Hcm3»mthm
232
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
reH caM03BaHCTBa, yHac.egoBaHHwß eme co BpeMeH .iïw^M$epa c ero npuTa3aHMaMM 3aHaTB MecTO Bora, Bugou3MeHaeTca, ho Bce »e be.mk b b0»atwx mctopum rpumke otpenbebe m eme.bahe nyrahebe nymKMHa, ocy»geHHwx CKpwBaTB CBoe HacToamee a nog Hy»MM MMeHeM, ho 3aHM»aeTca bo Bcex Me.Kux caM03BaH^x roro.a y»e 6e3 KaKoß .m6o Be.uHaB0CTM, npoaB.aacB b »e.aHuu «6bitb He TeM KeM TBi eCTB», «K0Mn.eKCe HenO.HO^HHOCTM», «»e.aHMM CTaTB .yHme», «npußTM k B.acTM», hto npuBoguT k noMemaTe.BCTBy m pacKO.y b co3HaHMM. B.acTB noMCTMHe HeceT b ce6e HeHTO geMO-HMHecKoe, OTToro m ropogHMHMß b PeBM3ope roBopMT CBoeß »eHe, o»ugaa CBagb6y XnecraKOBa m CBoeß goHepu: «Oy tbi, KaHa.BCTB0 c KaKMM gBaBO.OM nopogHM.acB» (roro.B 2009a: IV, 2S7).
roro.B caM Bepu. b 6o»ecTBeHHyw u36paHH0CTB ^pa, 6e3oro-BopoHHOCTB ero B.acTM m 6e3omu6oHHyw ycTaH0B.eHH0CTB rocy-gapcTBeHHoro ycTpoMcTBa CBwme, noTOMy b ero c.0Bax Bwpa»eH0 TpeneTHoe m HyBCTBUTe.BHoe o6o»ecTB.eHue MOHapxa:
«Kawemca, KaK 6u e ^moM cmuxomeopenuu nymxun 3adaemu eonpoc ce6e caM0My, nmo maKoe ^ma enacmh, caM we ynan eo npax neped eenunueM eo3nuKnyemezo e dyme ezo omeema.<...> ^o^mu namu npo3peeanu 3nauenue eucmee Monapxa, cnbima, nmo on neMunyeMo donwen, naKoney, cdenamhca eech odna .w6obb, u maxuM 06pa30M cmanem eudno eceM, noueMy zocydaph ecmh o6pa3 6omuú, KaK ^mo npu3naem, noKyda uymheM, eca 3eMna nama. <...> Bucmee 3naue-nue Monapxa npo3penu y nac no^mu, a ne 3aKonoeed^i, ycnumanu c mpenemoM eonw 6oza co3damh ee [enacmh] e Poccuu e ee 3aKonnoM eude, ommozo u 3eyrn ux cmanoeamca 6u6neücKuMu ecaKoü pa3, KaK monhKo mnemaem us ycm ux cnoeo wph» (IV, 41).
233
flA3APb MIMEHTMEBMH ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
ynpeK roro.a naga. He Ha rocygapcTBeHHoe ycTpoMcTB0 m npaBu-Te.BCTBeHHyro »m3hb, o neM acH0 roBopuT $MHa. PeBM3opa, o.m^-TBoparomuM T0p»ecTB0 npaBgw c .erK0M pyKu 6guTe.BHoM B.acTM, ho Ha Ka^goro 0Tge.BH0r0 ne.0BeKa, oTCTynuBmero ot ucTMHHoro o6pa3a m norpa3mero b 60.0Te c.a6ocTeM, .mhhoctb K0Toporo pa3-ge.aeTca Me^gy »e.aHHWM m geMcTBUTe.BHWM, ^0TeH^Ma.BHWM m pea.BHWM. ^e.aHue «He 6bitb caMUM co6oM» nopogu.o u,e.yro paTB gyxoBHwx caM03BaH^B c 3aBwmeHHWMM npeTeH3uaMM b xy-g0»ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro.a, o neM oh numeT b Buöpannux Mecmax: «TenepB cu.BHeM 3aBa3WBaeT gpaMy CTpeM.eHue gocTaTB BwrogHoe MecTo, 6.ecHyTB m 3aTMUTB, bo hto 6w to hm CTa.o, gpyroro, oto-MCTMTB 3a npeHe6pe»eHue, 3a HacMemKy» (IV, 442).
MacKapag Ha Hcbckom npocneKTe gaeT caMo6wTHyro KapTM-Hy 6e3.MKoro o6mecTBa, CTpeMameroca BBicraBMTB HanoKa3 Bce CB0M go6pogeTe.M, ^^eMepHoe ^pcTBo .rogeM, .umeHHwx .ro6wx nepT ne.0BenH0CTu:
«Odun noKa3ueaem w,ezonhcKoû œpmyK c nyurnuM 3o6poM, ^py^oû - zpenecKuû npeKpacnbiû noc, mpemuû necem npeeocxodnue ôaKen-ôapdbi, nemeepmaa. - napy xopornenhKux ^na30K u ydueumenhnyw rnnmKy, mmbiû - nepcmenh c manucManoM na ^e^0nhCK0M mu3um-v,e, rnecmañ - nowKy e onapoeamenhnoM ôawMauKe, cedhMoû - ^an-cmyK, 603ÔyMdaw^uû yduenenue, ochMoû - ycbi, noeep^aww¡ue e u3yMnenue» (III, 11).
H ec.M npur.ageTBca, mo^ho yBugeTB KaK0e-T0 3HaHMTe.BHoe .m^, ogypMaHeHHoe cbomm reHepa.BCTB0M m pacxa^MBaromee c BM3UTaMM k rocnoguHy Hocy, m.m rge-T0 b To.ne Me.BKHyBmero HeB3panHoro m BceMM yHM^aeMoro AKaKueBuna AKaKueBuna, b npegBKymeHuu
234
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
nepenucwBaHua cnemamero npu œu3Hu b cbom genapTaMeHT. A He-BCKOMy npocneKTy, STaKOMy caMO3BaH^, rpoMKO 3aaB.aromeMy o ce6e b cepgn,e neTep6ypra, HeT ge.a, xax m ry.arom.MM no HeMy KBa3M.un-HOCTaM, - oh «caM no ce6e», xax roBopuT hoc MaMopa KoBa.eBa, xax Mor.M 6w cxa3aTB Bce, norpyœeHHwe b TaroTw o6HapyœeHMa «CBoero MecTa», HTO BOcnpuHUMaeTca b Mupe roro.eBCKux nepcoHaœeM uc-K.ronuTe.BHO b noMCKe nonpuma Ha rocygapcTBeHHoM c.yœ6e: Bepe b .eHTy, opgeH, ^a.gw u huh. Ho Ha HeBCKOM npocneKTe «Bce He to HeM xaœeTca»: u3o6paœaeTca CBoeo6pa3HwM aHTUMup, o6Hapyœu-BaromuM npeBpaTHOCTB, 06paTMM0CTB, nepexog m3 ogHoro cocToaHua b gpyroe, rge npoaB.aeTca Be.unue b HUHToœecTBe, u .mhhoctb ne-pexOgUT B He.UHHOCTB.
MoœHG Bwge.uTB b TO.ne ogHoro KopeHHoro caMO3BaHn,a nopy-Huxa nuporoBa, xoTopwM MoryneM rpygBro BgwxaeT OTpaB.eHHwM BO3gyx, Haxa.BHO n,upKy.upyeT no HeBCKOMy npocneKTy u 3a pa3ro-BopoM c.ynaMHO HaMexaeT Ha cbom H0B0n0.yneHHWM hmh. noTaeHHoe œe.aHue nopynuxa yBugeTB ce6a Ha xo.CTe b MyœecTBeHHOM no3e - pa3Be 3T0 He eme ogHo goxa3aTe.BCTBo caMO3BaHCTBa, roBopamee o BHyTpeHHeM c.a6ocTu, xoTopaa BwgaeT ce6a 3a BHemHee MyœecTBO, Be.uHaBOCTB u yBepeHHOCTB. CTpamHwM b CBoeM HUHToœecTBe nu-poroB, goBo.BHo .erKo 3a6wBaromuM o HaHeceHHoM o6uge He ce6e u CBoeM .UHHOCTU - b ^T0M Mupe co6cTBeHHoe a ^T0 .umB o6BeTma-.aa ^opMa - a CBoeMy 0^un,epcK0My HUHy, He 3HaeT, hto OTBeTUTB Ha yTBepœgeHue fflu..epa: «Hto Taxoe o<£un,ep!» (III, 32) .ïïrogu xax KoBa.eB, Hmhmkob m 3HanMTe.BHwe .un,a 3a 0CK0p6.eHue BOcnpMHM-MaroT TO.BKO nocaraTe.BCTBO Ha huh u 3BaHue: npou3om.o no.Hoe 0T0œgecTB.eHua .uhhoctu u 3BaHua, xax b c.ynae c noMemaHHWM HMHOBHMKOM, KOTOpOMy He yga.OCB nO.yHMTB B.agMMMpCKMM KpeCT, OTHero oh caM, He BwgepœaB «pa3gopa MenTw c cymecTBeHHoCTBro»,
235
^A3APb MMEHTMEBMH ► CaMo3BaHCTBo KaK AB^SHwe b xygo^ecTBeHHoM Mwpe roro^a
ynGgo6u.ca KpecTy (A^aHacBeB 153-154). B^arococToaHue b 6e3onop-HOM Mupe HeB03M0»H0, a «y Hac, c.aBa Bory, tg.bkg u BugumB, htg CGBepmeHHG goBO.BHtix u CHacT^uBrnx .rogeM. r.ynoBaroe 6.aro-no.yHue, 6.a»eHHoe caM0g0B0.BCTB0 - bot Hau6o.ee Bwgarom,aaca HepTa snoxu y Hac» (HaagaeB 1991a: 95). ^T0 He htg uHoe KaK «6e3yMue caMogoBG.BCTBa u paBHogymue, BgBoe 6e3yMHee kg BceMy 0Kpy»aro-m,eMy» (HaagaeB 19916: 162), ycTpeM.eHH0CTB Ha u..ro3opHwe 3HaKu gGCTouHCTBa u go6wBaeMHM gkg.bhbimu nyTaMu BHemHuM ycnex, KaK 3T0 npoucxoguT b c.yHae KoBa.eBa.
roro.B BecBMa 06cT0aTe.BH0 nogxogu. k uMeHOBaHuro CBoux re-poeB, o HeM u roBopuT O.H. CMupHOBa: «Oh OTgaBa. Heo6wHaMH0 MHoro BHuMaHua uMeHaM CBoux geMcrByromux .un,; gh pa3HCKMBa. ux noBcrogy; ghu CTa.u TunuHHBiMu» ^MxeH6ayM 322). B Mupe Hoca yTpaTu.acB 3HaHuM0CTB .uhhoctu u 0Tge.BH0r0 uMeHu: ^aMu.ua n,upro.BHuKa HBaHa flK0B.eBuHa yTepaHa u ee He HaMTu, TaK »e KaK yTepaH hoc MaMopa KoBa.eBa, KaK u gh caM Bcerga 6e3ynpeHH0 3a-CTerHyTBiM Ha Bce nyroBunH; nonpumuH caM03BaH0 BwgBuraeT ce6a b u^ancRue Kopo.u u caMGBG.BHG HapeKaeT ce6a OepguHaHgoM VIII; 3HaHuTe.BHoe .un,o BGo6m,e .umeHO KaKGrG-.u6o uMeHu, u BMecTO Hero ocTa.acB .umB ogHa BHymuTe.BHaa, hg nycTaa «3HaHuTe.B-HOCTB». C.GBa ro.agKuHa, htg «.rogu, Hocam.ue MacKy, CTa. He peg-ku-c u htg TenepB TpygHO nog MacKoM y3HaTB He.GBeKa». (^ocToeB-ckum 1972: 163) CGOTHOcuMM u c roro.eBCKuM MupoM, rge aKTepcKaa po.B nogMeHu.a caMy »u3hb.
B o6pa3e MaMopa KoBa.eBa BCKpwBaroTca gy6uHHwe u3^aHw b He.GBeHecKGM .uhhoctu, npuBegmue k pacnageHuro Ha HecK0.BK0 OCKO.KOB, u ga.Bme 0Tge.uBmaaca HacTB Te.a b o6pa3e Hoca Bno.He pa3yMH0 b 3aK0Hax 6e3yMHoro Mupa 3aaB.aeT o CBoeM He3aBucuM0-ctu: «Bh omu6aeTecB, Mu^craBai^ rocygapB. H caM no ce6e. npuTOM
236
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
Me»gy HaMu He MO»eT 6bitb HUKaKux TecHwx OTHomeHuM. Cyga no nyroBM^M Bamero Bu^MyHgupa, bm go.»HM c.y»uTb no gpyroMy BegoMCTBy» (roro.b 2009a: III, 46). CnoBa KoBaneBa «Begb bm mom co6cTBeHHwM hoc» (III, 46) Hey6eguTe.BHO goHOcaTca go Hoca, ot-CTaMBaBm,ero npaBO Ha He3aBMCMMOCTb m 3am,Mm,eHHoro cm.om HMHa. KoBa.eB «npuexa. b neTep6ypr no Ha,n,06H0CTM, a MMeHHO MCKaTB npu-.MHHoro CBoeMy 3BaHMB MecTa» (III, 44), ho HaMga <oto CBoe MecTO» oh noTepa. BHyTpeHHee, u «.uhhoctb pacnagaeTca u pa3.araeTca, npu-HeM uMa nepecTaeT 6mtb acHO co3HaBaeMMM KopeHHMM CKa3yeMMM H, nepecTaeT 6bitb ugeaflBHOM ^opMoM Bcero cogep»aHua .uhhom »U3HU» (O.opeHCKuM 2000: 208). gyx0BH0 onycTomeHHaa HaTypa caM03BaH^eB Bpoge Manopa KoBa.eBa, He Haxogam,aa b ce6e npoHHon onopw u ynoBaBm,aa Ha HUHOBHyB uepapxuB, b oguH geHb .umaeT-ca 3Toro 3Bi6.eMoro ^yHgaMeHTa. He.OBeK, .umeHHwM KaKux-.u6o nepcneKTMB, xBaTaeTca 3a egMHCTBeHHyB bo3mo»hoctb yTBepgMTBca. Mu^o.oruHecKoe OTO»gecTB.eHue Hoca u KoBa.eBa npegcTaB.aeT KopeHB caM03BaHCTBa, pucyeT nonwTKy coopyguTB BOKpyr ce6a Kpe-nocTB u Bwpa»aeT »e.aHue «Bonflom,eHua b tom u.u gpyroM Buge» (Kopo.eHKO 323). CaM03BaHCTB0 MaMopa KoBa.eBa npogo.»aeTca, hto b BMgHO b ^MHa.bHOM c^He, rge oh noKynaeT «KaKyB-TO opgeHCKyB .eHTOHKy, Heu3BecTH0 g.a KaKMx npuHMH, n0T0My hto oh caM He 6m. KaBa.epoM HMKaKoro opgeHa» (roro.B 2009a: III, 63). Mo»ho o»ugaTB, hto MaMop KoBa.eB m Bnpegb 6ygeT npocwnaTBca yTpoM m r.ageTBca b 3epKa.o b cTpaxe ot onepegHon npona»u Hoca m 6ygeT 6e33acTeHHMBO npory.uBaTbca c opgeHCKoM .enroM, TaK »e 6eccTwgH0 KaK oh 3aaB-.a. 0 ce6e KaK 0 MaMope, mm He aB.aacb. HenoflHO^HHaa .uhhoctb b BMMwm.eHHOM 3BaHuu MaMopa Ha caMOM ge.e coctout b 3BaHuu K0.e»CK0r0 aceccopa, no.yHeHHoro o6xogHMM nyTeM. ^Ta aKCuoMa 6e30r0B0p0HH0 yTBep»gaeT caM03BaHCTB0 KoBa.eBa.
237
flA3APb MIMEHTMEBMH ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
nogo6Ho KoBa.eBy nonpaHHBiü u yHu^eHHBiü ro.agKuH nepe-»MBaeT CTpamHWM KpM3MC noTepu .uHHoro «H», u Ha npoTa»eHuu BCeM ^M3HM yHM^aeMWM HkoB neTpOBMH B pe3y.BTaTe CTaHOBMT-ca »epTBOM npuTecHeHuü u KaBep3HunecTBa CBoero »e gBoÜHuKa, no-CBoeMy roBoparn,ero c.oBaMu Hoca: «H caM no ce6e». gyxoBHBiü 6paT caMo3BaH^B roro.a ro.agKuH, no.HBiü craga 3a CBoe HeB3pan-Hoe cy^ecTBoBaHue, MenTaeT bomtu b Mup npuBu.erupoBaHHBix, u g.a Toro hto6bi xotb KaK-To nonyBCTBoBaTB ce6a nacTBro Mupa, u3 KoToporo ero 6e3»a.ocTHo BBiroHaroT, KonuT geHBru u c caKpa.B-hbim TpeneToM, kotopbiü He Mo»eT He BBi3BaTB co»a.eHua npu Buge TaKoro o6Me.eHua »uBoro ne.oBeKa, nepecnuTBiBaeT accurHau,uu b 6yMa»HuKe:
«Bepoamuo, nanm 3eneueubKux, cepeubKux, cuueubKux, KpacnenbKux u pa3Hux necmpeHbKux óyMaweK mowe eecbMa npueemnueo u odo-Spumenbuo ^na.Hyna Ha ^ocno^uHa ronadmm: c npocmewuM nuu,oM nonowun oh neped co6ow Ha cmon pacKpbimbiü 6yMawuux u KpenKo nomep pyKu e 3HaK eenu^aüme^o ydoeonbcmeun. HaKOHeu, oh euHyn ee, ceow ymernumenbuyw nanKy ^ocy^apcmeeHHux accuzHau,uü, u, e comuü pa3, enponeM, cnumaa. co enepamuezo dua, uanan nepecnumueamb ux, m^amenbuo nepemupañ Kawduü nucmoK Mewdy óonbwuM u yKa3amenbuuMu nanbv,aMu» (fíocmoeecxuü 1972:110).
crepTOM .uhhoctu ro.agKuHa 3HanuTe.BHaa no ero MepKaM cyMMa, KoTopaa no-BuguMoMy Konu.acB b MHoro.eraux ro.ogaHuax, oTKa3BiBaHuax ce6e b mcjkmx ygoBo.BCTBuax, aB.aeTca u..M3ueü, KoTopaa b r.a3ax repoa 3aKpen.aeT CBa3B c BBicmuM o6m,ecTBoM. EcTecTBeHHHM ucxogoM TaKoro Hacu.ua Hag co6oü cra.o cocToaHue
238
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
«Mtimu B rn,enoHKe», KaK0M óygeT ceóa om,yrn,aTB u óoprom,uMca c 3TMM HyBCTB0M no-CBoeMy nonpM^MH.
B TparMHH0M Mupe caMosBaH^i HyBCTByroT ceóa ocraBneHHBiMM m Mornu ów cnoBaMM PosaH0Ba CKasaTt: «H He Hy»eH: hm b HeM a TaK He yBepeH, KaK b tom, hto a He Hy»eH» (P03aH0B 37). M nuHHocTB CTpagaeT m KaneHMTca ot om,ym,eHMa CBoen HeHy»H0CTM, HMKHeM-H0CTM m usyBeneHHocTM, om,ym,eHMe K0T0p0M BosHMKaeT nocne BHy-muTenBHoro HacTaBneHua, Bpoge Toro oópam,eHHoro k nonpurnuny: «Hto Tw B00ópa»aemt ceóe? <...> Hy, n0CM0Tpu Ha ceóa, nogyMan T0ntK0, hto rw? Begt tw Hynt, óonee HUHero. <...> B3rnaHu xotb b sepKano Ha CBoe nu^, Kygw Teóe gyMaTB o tom!» (roront 2009a: III, i62) M BgB0MHe CTpamHWMu craH0BaTca TaKue cnoBa, y»e MHoro pa3 np0HyBCTB0BaHHwe u nepe»uTwe b CBoeM CKp0MH0M yrny, ho nocro-aHH0 BHTecHaeMHe yTemeHuaMu KaK «a gBopaHUH», hto y»e CMyTHo npegB0cxum,aeT óygymue npuTasaHua Ha ónaropogHoe npoucxo»ge-Hue, K0T0pwe b koh^ BwntroTca b BeHHaHuu Ha ucnaHCKoe ^pcTBo. M gna ronagKMHa, CBoeoópasHoM TeHM »MBoro cym,ecTBa, K0T0pwM ów yg0B0ntCTB0Banca npeówBaHueM «b ceHax Ha TeMH0M necTHM-Bónusu K0T0p0M npoxoguT sBaHwm oóeg, caMwMM crpamHwiM aBnaeTca oónuneHue «OraguTect, cygapt, CTwguTect» (,fl,0CT0eBCKUM l972: i34). TaKue cnoBa KaK ho»om no cepg^ ronagKMHa, K0Toporo Bcro »U3HB T0ntK0 u nepenonHaeT HyBCTBo «CTwga coócTBeHHoro cym,ecTB0BaHua», nopoguBmee KpanHee caMoyHUHu»eHue u caM00T-Hy»geHue: «<...> rocnoguH ronagKMH rnaguT Tenept TaK, KaK óygTo caM ot ceóa Kyga-T0 cnpaTaTtca xoneT, KaK óygTo caM ot ceóa yóe»aTt Kyga-Huóygt xoneT» (i39).2
npegcTaBnaeTca, hto AKceHTUM MBaH0B nonpum,uH Ka»gwM geHt nogxogun k CBoeMy 3epKany, nwTaact npucM0TpeTBca m yBugeTt xotb KaKoe-To BenuHue b CBoeM HMHTo»ecTBe, ^pcKue peranuu BMecTo
MccnegoBarenB KoBaH cHMraer, hto «pa3gB0-eHue Mger b gaHH0M cnyHae no nMHMM »MBwx HenoBenecKMx Hepr: HecrHocrM m nu-o,eMepMa; gocroMHcrBa m paóonenMa; nognMH-Hwx HenoBeHecKMx o,eHHocreM (HyBcrBa ónaropogcrBa, nroóBM, gpy»ów m r.g.), c og-H0H, m geHer, Kaptepw, nono»eHMa b oóm;e-crBe, c gpyrow cropo-Hw, MMeHHo B 3T0M - B noKa3e pacm;enneHMa »MB0H Hen0BenecK0H gymM <...>» (KoBaH 65).
239
^A3APb MMEHTMEBMH ► CaM03BaHCTB0 KaK AB^eHwe b xyflOÄecTBeHHOM Mupe roro^a
r.agKoro MecTa, KOTopoe BuguT MaMop KoBa.eB b 3epKa.e. Buge. .u oh 3aTonTaHHoro BenHoro TMTy.apHoro coBeTHMKa, nuHamero nepta b »e.aHuu yroguTt CBoeMy gupercropy, m.m, 6wtb mo^t, oh Buge. ce6a b Be.unecTBeHHoM no3e MorymecTBeHHoro OepguHaHga VIII, m.m ®e b pegKue MüMeHTw, Korga ne.eHa Bceo6m,ero 6e3yMcTBa cnaga.a c ero r.a3, eMy npegcraB.a.ca He3am,um,eHHBiM b cBoeM oguHonecTBe AKceHTuM, BocrocKoBaBmuM no MaTepuHcKoMy .oHy u B3BiBarom,uM k pogHBiM KpaaM, - mo^ho .umt npegno.araTt KaKue CM.y^Tw npMHMMa.o u3o6pa»eHue b TauHcTBeHHoM Mupe 3epKa-.a. He oguH pa3 nepeg 3epKa.oM 3agaBa. nonpumuH Bonpoc oTpa-»arom,eMyca o6.untro: «Kto th? Tbi .m ^TO?» TaK^e KaK b 3epKa.e, «oTpa^eHue b kotopom orarogt He 3agep»uBaeTca noc.e Toro, KaK ot Hero oTxogumt» (Ty.tHMHcKMM 381), b co3HaHuu nonpumuHa He 3agep^uBaeTca m BoBce crupaeTca noHaTue, kto oh TaKoM. HcKa^eH-hoctb - 3to cbomctbo Bcex 3epKa., M3o6pa»arom,ux b npou3BegeHuax roro.a Bceo6m.ee oTK.oHeHue m u3ypogoBaHHocTB BHyTpeHHero Mupa.
BocmecTBue nonpumuHa Ha ucnaHcKuM npecTo. - sto 6yHT nocro-aHHo yHu^aeMoro ne.oBeKa, HaBcerga .umeHHoro, KaK u ro.agKMH, bo3mo^hoctm ga^e He npuo6m,MTbca, a xoTa 6h yBugeTB üokom bhco-KonocTaB.eHHwx hmhobhmkob; 3to u Heo6xoguMoe pacKpenomeHue .mhhoctm, k KoTopoMy npuxoguT 3aMyneHHWM repon, b oguH MoMeHT 3agaBmuct .orunHHM BonpocoM:
«¥mo Me U3 mo^o, umo oh KaMep-WHKep. Bedb ^mo 6onbwe HU^e^o, KpoMe docmouHcmeo; He mrna-Hußydb eew,b euduMañ, Komopyw 6bi momho 63ñmb e pyKu. Bedb uepe3 mo, umo KaMep-WHKep, He npuóa-eumcñ mpemuü ^na3 Ha n6y. Bedb y He^o Me hoc He u3 3onoma cdenaH, a maK Me, KaK u y MeHñ, KaK u y ecñKo^o; eedb oh um Hwxaem, a He ecm, uuxaem, a He Kammem. <...> Om^e^o ñ mumympHbiü coeemnuK u c
240
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
KaKoú cmamu a mumynapnuú coeemnuK? MoMem ôbimb, a rnKoú-nuôydb ^pafy unu ^eHepan, a monbKO maK rnwycb mumynapnuM coeemnuKOM?» (^onb 2009a: III, 169)
npoMcxogMT 0K0HHaTe.bHaa ge3MHTerpan,Ma co6cTBeHHoro a, Korga He-.OBeK c6pacwBaeT KaK «OTpenbe CBoro ^aMM.uro OTpenbeBa», m MeHaeT He TO.bKO paHr, BOBce BwcKaKMBaa m3 BepTMKa.M K.acc0B m Hage.aa ce6a TMTy.OM n,apa, ho nepeuHaHMBaeT m co6cTBeHHoe MMa, KOTopoe b C03HaHMM nonpum,MHa B03pacraeT go bocbmom CTeneHM. npoaB.aeTca He3HaHue ce6a, ho Bepa b «ce6a .yHmerG» m «ce6a »e.aHHGro», KGTopaa KopeHUTca b ^e.aHuu npuHa.uTb Ha TBepgyro 3eM.ro u pucyromaa .ro^u^ep0B TparuHecKuM .mk: «Mo^eT 6wTb, a caM He 3Haro, kto a TaKOB. Begb CTO.bKO, - roBopuT nonpum,MH, - npuMepoB no MCTopuu: KaK0M-Hu6ygb npocToM, He to y^e gBopaHMH, a npocTO KaK0M-Hu6ygb MemaHMH m.m ga^e KpecTbaHMH, - m Bgpyr OTKpwBaeTca, hto oh Ka-K0M-Hu6ygb Be.bM0^a, a MHorga ga^e m rocygapb». (roro.b 2009a: III, l69) CaMG3BaHen, HeM 6o.bme xGHeT CTaTb gpyrMM, TeM 6o.bme pucKyeT M3yBeHMTb m noTepaTb ce6a: CBeT .Hronu^epa craHOBMTca TbMGM nagme-ro aHre.a, rge «c He.0BeK0M npoucxoguT to ^e, hto m c gepeBOM. HeM 6o.bme CTpeMMTca oh BBepx, k CBeTy, TeM cu.bHee TaHyTca ero KopHM k 3eM.e, BHM3, b MpaK, b r.y6uHy - bo 3.0» (Hun,me 39). CaM03BaHCTB0 nogpe3wiBaeT Kpw.ba .Aronu^epa m racuT HecoMWM mm CBeT, MCKa^aa HMCTWM nepB006pa3, a He.GBeKa 3acraB.aeT xoguTb Hag 6e3gH0M - yna. b Hee b HacM.bHMHecTBe cge.aTb ce6a gpyrMM, m .MHHOCTb go nopw go BpeMeHM Me.bKaBmaa TepaeTca 6e3B03BpaTH0.
B nonpumuHe HacTynu. tot r.y6oKuM pacKO. C03HaHua, b npo-^cce KOToporo ero uMa 3aTepa.0Cb, KaK HeHTO HeHy^Hoe, u «H npo-aB.aeT ce6a nocToaHHO CMeHaromuMuca u KpaMHe HeycTOMHUBWMu cypporaTaMu umëh» (O.opeHCKuM 209). Ho b noHypuBmeM u cor-
241
flA3APb MIMEHTMEBMH ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
6eHH0M 0T ropa »u3hu ÄKceHTuu u ero nocnegHeM nucBMe BugeH npoptiB Bcerga b HeM cymecTB0BaBmen nuHHocTu, K0T0paa «3HaeT npo ce6a, b rny6uHe gymu, hto ecTB ucTUHHoe, He BopoBaHHoe UMa» (BynraK0B 265), TaK»e KaK 6o»ecTBeHHaa ucKpa Bcerga 6ygeT npucy-ma B03ropguBmeMyca .ïï^u^epy. yTpaTa unu ucKa»eHue eme 6onB-me BonMT o n0Tpe6H0CTM HMcroro nepB006pa3a, TaK »e KaK nucKapeB, yBMgeBmMM ocKBepHeHHHM nuK npeKpacHon nepyg»MH0B0M BtaHKM b npocTUTyTKe Ha HeBCK0M npocneKTe, He pemaeT npuMupuTBca, a nBiTaeTca bhobb B03BecTu noTepaHHyro »eMny»uHy Ha ntegecTan 6o»ecTBa. nocne KpuKa gymu, B03Bpamaromer0 nonpumuHa k ko-nw6enu MnageHnecTBa, k MaTepu, HapeKaromen ero He KeM-nu6o, a MMeHHo ÂKceHTueM, «nocnegyeT ïïojhmm MpaK caM03a6BeHua u caMoyTpaTw, Korga HeT u MraoBeHHBix cnoBecTHwx crycTK0B, Ha-nonHaromux UMa» (OnopeHCKUM 209).
nonHaa noTepa nenoBenecKoro uMeHu u numeHHocTB p0g0B0M naMaTu gaHa b o6pa3e 3HaHUTenBHoro nuu,a, o6peHeHHoro Ha U3-BeHHoe npe6wBaHue b Heu3BecTH0CTu. Kto oh? Hnu nynme oho? npegcTaBnaeTca HenTo 6ec^opMeHHoe u HeonpegeneHHoe. nepco-Ha» c nonHocTBro CHaTBiM uMeHeM npoMeHan CBoe 6wTue Ha nceB-gocymecTB0BaHue, Haxogamee onopy T0nBK0 b reHepanBCK0M HUHe. 3HanuTenBHoe nu^ - 3to nenoBeK craBmuM TeHBro, 6e3nuKoe nu^, xapaKTepH0M nepTOM K0Toporo aBnaeTca HanycKHaa 3HanuTenBH0CTB, caM03BaHe^ Bpoge Manopa KoBaneBa, gocny»uBmuMca go bbicoko-ro HUHa, ycBauBaromuM nepeg 3epKanoM, KaKUM ronocoM oh 6ygeT BHymaTB CTpax u noBepraTB b TpeneT nognuHeHHwx. npegcTaBUM »U3HB 3HaHUTenBHoro nu^: oh HanuHan KaK KaK0M-T0 TUTynapHWM coBeTHUK b genapTaMeHTe, rge Ha Hero CM0Tpenu yHunu»uTenBH0, KaK Ha nonpumuHa. H, HaBepHoe, He ogHo pacneKaHue co cropoHBi Bwc0K0n0CTaBneHH0M oco6w BBrnec oh Ha CBoeM BeKy. Ho, uMea
242
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
neycTpeMneHHOCTb m ynopcTBO CBoncTBeHHoe HuHMKOBy m AxaxMK, nocne HecxonbKux gecaTuneTun ïïghmhkm gupexTopcxux nepbeB u yBunuBaHun nepeg HananbCTBOM oh Bce-Taxu cyMen BH6uTbca B nKgu u nonyHUTb reHepanbCKun hmh. gonga go Bcerga »enae-mom gon»H0CTM, oh BHgBuraeT «CTporocTb, CTporocTb, CTporocTb» rnaBHHM ocHOBaHueM CBoen cucTeMH, xoTopaa Hapagy c CTpaxoM m BHymuTenbHOCTbK, CTaHOBMTca rnaBHon peranuen ero caM03BaH0n BnacTM. XnecTaxoB Hanan opaTb m pacnexaTb, m b 3tom 6bmm yBuge-HH aTpu6yTH BnacTM, cgenaBmue ero b rna3ax »uTenen ye3gHoro ropoga peBM3opoM. Oh caM xax 3HaHMTenbHoe nu^ noBepun b cuny CBoen nopa»arom,eM HanoBan HaTypH: «Opo6enu? A b momx rna3ax, TOHHO, ecTb HTO-TO Taxoe, HTO BHymaeT po6ocTb» (roronb 2009a: IV, 269). B cnoBax 3HaHMTenbHoro nu^, xoTopHMM oh yHMHT0»aeT cbo-mx nogHMHeHHHx «Kax bh CMeeTe? 3HaeTe nu bh, c xeM roBopuTe? noHMMaeTe nu, kto ctomt nepeg BaMM» (IV, l37), xpoeTca 6eccunue, BHgaKm.ee ce6a 3a MorymecTBO, cna6ocTb, npanymaaca nog 06nuK0M BenuHua, nogo6H0 EMenbaHy üyraneBy 06peneHH0My «cxpHBaTb ot npu6nM»eHHHx cbok cnMHy, HaBcerga McnonocoBaHHyK xpoBaBH-Mu py6u,aMu nneTen» (KoponeHxo 330), nogo6H0 paccTpure ^»e-gMMTpuK, 6oaBmeMyca pacxpHTb Hexorga 6e3ponoTHoro rpumxy OTpenbeBa, - npegcTaBneH HenoBex Tonbxo u uMeKmun cbok 3HaHu-TenbHOCTb, xoTopaa coTpeTca u ucHe3HeT Tax »e nerxo, xax noMMaKT caM03BaH^ Hoca c ero nogno»HHM nacnopTOM. H caM KoBaneB Mor 6h cnoBaMM ronagKMHa o6paTMTbca k CBoeMy caM03BaH0My Hocy: «A caM03BaHCTB0M m 6eccTHgcTB0M, MunocTMBHM rocygapb, b Ham Bex He 6epyT. CaM03BaHCTB0 m 6eccTHgcTB0, MunocTMBHM mom rocygapb, He k go6py npMBogMT, a go nexnu goBoguT. rpumxa OTpenbeB Tonbxo oguH, cygapb bh mom, B3an caM03BaHCTB gm, o6MaHyB cnenoM Hapog, ga m to HeHagonro» (gocToeBCKMM l67).
243
flA3APb MIMEHTMEBMH ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
BeCbMa TGHKG Gn.eHn. ^Ty co,eHy ropuH MaHH, npu ^TGM g6^achaa, hto «ec.u nogyMaTb, U3 KaKGrG ncTOHHUKa BMm.a ^Ta npGCb6a, TG MM nGHyBCTByeM b Hew cTpeM.eHne k HeMy-TO «BMCGKGMy», k TGMy, htg6m u eMy, BGÓHnHCKGMy, KaK-TG, rOBOpa C.GBaMU rorG.A, «G3HaHHTB cBoe cymecTBGBaHue» b Mupe. <...> OopMa ^TG^G cTpeM.eHna cMemHa u ypog.nBa, HG UHGH
He 3HaeT» (MaHH 213).
naMATb uMeHu He noKugaeT ga^e Ao6huhckofo, npocamero X.ecTaK0Ba 3acTynuTbca 3a CBoero He3aK0HHopo^g,eHHoro CbHa, hto6m cmh ero «y»e 6m. coBceM, to ecTb, 3aK0HHMM moum cmhom-c u Ha3MBa.ca 6m TaK, KaK a: ^o6huhckum» (roro.b 2009a: IV, 272). Tparegua ^o6huhckofo coctout b tom, hto ^T0 BOBce He ero cmh, KaK yTBep^gaeT ApTeMuH OununnoBUH, ho TeM He MeHee oh xoHeT gaTb eMy uma, npegcTaB.arom.ee 3HaK .uHHOCTHoro cymecTBOBa-Hua, noc.egHroro hutb, ygep^uBaromyro He.0BeKa b ®:u3hu, hto npegcTaB.aeT CBoeo6pa3Hoe naMATOBaHue uMeHu bo BpeMeHu. H g.a HUTaTe.a y^e «gpyruM CBeTOM ocBeTu.ocb» (IV, 58) .uu.0 myTa ^o6HUHCKoro. PageHue o CBoeM uMeHu He noKugaeT ero cuaMCKoro 6.u3Heu1a Bo6HUHCKoro, KUTe.a y6ororo b CBoeH 0Tga.eHH0CTu ro-poga, »e.arom,ero OTMeTUTb cBoe cymecTBOBaHue Hepe3 npucyTCTBue CBoero uMeHu b neTep6ypre:
«H npomy eac noKopneûme, KaK noedem e ^emep6yp^, crnMume eceM maM eenhM0MaM pa3nuiM: cenamopaM u adMupanaM, umo eom, eame cm-menhcmeo unu npeeocxodumenhcmeo, Mueem e maK0M-m0 ^opo^e nemp Meanoeuu Eoôhuhckuû. fía ecnu smaK u ^ocy^apw npudemca., mo cmMume u ^ocy^apw, umo eom, Mon, eame uMnepamopcxoe eenuuecmeo, e ma-K0M-m0 ^opo^e Mueem nemp Meanoeuu floôuuncKuû» (IV, 273).
^e.aHue bmhtu u3 tbmm Hey3HaHH0CTu 3axo.ycTHoro ropogKa, coxpaHUTb CBoe uma b BopoHKe BpeMeHu u goKpuHaTb ero go ne-Tep6ypra .yHUTca ckbo3b o6pa3 ^o6HUHCKoro.3 BpeMeHu b o6pe3: nepeg hum ctout rocygapcTBeHHMH My^, npumegmuH KapaTb u MU.OBaTb, KOTOpbH MO^eT gOHeCTU CKpOMHOe UMA .fl^HUHCKOrO go caMbx noTaeHHbx BepxoB B.acTu, u sto, 6mtb MO^eT, eguHCTBeHHaa bo3mo»hoctb 3aABHTB o CBoeM Henpur.agH0M cymecTBOBaHuu. Ho
244
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
MHoruM repoHM, noMUMO y»e HeK0T0pMx ynoMHHyTMx, CBOMCTBeHHO nonHoe 3a6BeHue u pacrneHue CBoero co6cTBeHHoro uMeHu, BnnoTB go OTpeneHMH ot MaTepu u nopyraHUH ee, KaK sto npegcraBneHO b nepco-Ha»e Huhhu^, kotophM roBopuT: «ga hto genaTB? H xoTen 6wno y»e npocuTB reHepana, hto6m no3Bonun Ha3MBaTBCH MHe Huhhu^ih, ga Bce OTroBopunu: roBopaT, 6ygeT noxo»e Ha "co6aHuñ cmh"» (roront 2009a: IV, 332). Pacnag nuHHOCTu npoucxoguT ot nopHu, nopyraHUH, yHUHTO»eHUH u o6eccMMcnuBaHUH co6cTBeHHoro uMeHu, a «umh ecTB cnoBO, cnoBO HenoBeKa o HenoBeKe» (BynraKOB 256).
roront caM 06'BHCHHn, hto Bce caMoynpaBCTBa, npuTecHeHua, 060-»ecTBneHue HUHa u nro6oe OTKnOHeHue ot HopMM npoucxoguT ot Bceo6m,ero ocnenneHua «3aHeM h He Ha ux Mecre», a sto npuBoguT k TOMy, hto Ka»gwM «CTapancH unu pacmupuTB npegenw CBoeM gon»-HOCTu, unu ga»e BOBce BMCTynuTB U3 ee npegenoB. Bchkum, ga»e HecTHMM u yMHMM HenoBeK, CTapancH xoth Ha oguH BepmoK 6mtb nonHOMOHHOM u BMme CBoero MecTa» (roront 2009a: VI, 60).4 TaK sto »enaHue npuBeno k TOMy, hto b 3HaHUTenBHOM nu^ 3aTepHncH HenoBeK, ho nocne nepe»uToro noTpaceHua, noHBnaroTCH npo6ne-CKu HeKorga »ubom nuHHOCTu, TaK»e KaK b ropogHUHeM BpeMH ot BpeMeHu MenBKaroT HenoBeHecKue HepTM, «ho BenuK co6na3H Toro, hto nnMBeT b pyKu» (roront 2009a: IV, 474), u BenuKa Ha6uBmaacH npuBMHKa. Ho nyTB numt HaMeHaeTCH, u KaMHeM npeTKHOBeHua CTanu gna Torona u MepTBwe gymu, KOTopwe gon»HM 6wnu noKa3aTB HaeMoe roroneM o6pam,eHue HenoBeKa Ha uctuhhmm nyTB.
B PeBU3Ope CaMO3BaHCTBO CTaHOBUTCH BCeo6m,UM 3aKOHHOM pacKonoBmerocH Mupa, nogo6HO TpecHyBmeMy nononaM 3epKany, u CMyTHO npegcTaBnaroTCH nuKu HacroHrn,ero u MHUMoro peBU3O-pa b pa3gBauBarom,eMCH 3epKane. CTaBUTCH 3HaHUTenBHMM Bonpoc: cy^ecTByeT nu b Mupe PeBU3opa HenoBeK, He BBigarom,uñ ce6a 3a
«KaK »e npGHcXGgHT ^T0 H3Bpa^eHHe go6pa b gyme HenoBeKa? - cnpamuBaeT MGHynBCKHH. rnaBHaa npHHHHa 3aKnMHaeTCH b 6Gne3HH Hamero BpeMeHH, BG Bceo6rn;eM HegGBGnBCTBe. Ka»gbiM XGHeT 6mtb He TeM, hto GH ecTB; GTcroga nyTaHHO,a, BuxpB Hego-pasyMeHHH, pa3gopM u BceB03M0»HBie nopo-KU» (MGHynBCKHH 84).
245
flA3APb MIMEHTMEBMH ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
Koro-To gpyroro u He CTpeMamuMca Ka3arBca gpyruM - to.bko c.y-ra X.ecraKoBa Ocun, ga u tot aBHo He Ha CBoeM Mecre: c.yra CBoeM Tpe3B0CTBro u yMoM nogynaeT 6apuHa. Bca BepxymKa ropoga ctout y gBepeM X.ecTaKoBa, u Ka^gBiM go^ugaeTca CBoero MoMeHTa 6bitb npegcraB.eHHWM, nepe^uBaeT CMemaHHoe HyBCTo crpaxa co c.a-gocrHWM rpeneroM 6.u3octu BBicoKonocraB.eHHoM oco6bi, caMo npucyTcTBue kotopom g.a Hero aB.aeTca o.u^TBopeHueM B.acru u ge.aeT 6.u»e k HeM. H bot, ^Ta B.acrB Tyr, nepeg humu: «B »uctb He 6bi. b npucyTcTBuu TaKoM Ba^HoM nepcoHBi, HyTB He yMep co cTpaxy» (IV, 258), - roBopuT Eo6huhckum.
H ropogHUHUM y^e Buge. ce6a c nepBBiM goMoM b cto.u^, c ro-.y6oM .emoM u reHepa.BCKUM huhom, oKpy^eHHWM MuHucTpaMu u 3acTaB.arom.uM rge-To b nepegHeM go^ugaTBca ero KaKoro-To ro-pogHUHero. «g,a, npu3HarocB, rocnoga, a, HepT bo3bmu, oneHB xony 6bitb reHepa.oM» (IV, 294), - BocK.u^eT ropogHUHUM b anoree ca-Mo3BaHCTBa. AHHa AHgpeeBHa, y^e ynoeHHaa KapTuHaMu hobom »u3hu u npeTeHgyrom,aa Ha apucToKparuHecKue MaHepw, Tpe6yeT ot ropogHUHero He TpaTuTB BpeMeHu nonycTy Ha o6em,aHua g.a stux .rogumeK, HeKorga mo^£t 6bitb u gpy3eM, Ha hto eM ropogHUHUM oTBenaeT: «noneMy gyma Moa: MHorga mo^ho» (IV, 294). Mo^ho ot HanwmeHHocTu, ot co3HaHua CBoero HoBoo6peTeHHoro Be.uHua, ot CBoeM hobom yno.HoMoneHHocTu BepmuTB cyg u pacnpaBy, ot 6o.ee mupoKoM bo3mo^hoctm pacneKaTB gpyrux u y^e He gpo^aTB KaK ocu-hobbim .uct npu npue3ge HoBoro uhkofhuto. Oh caM mm CTaHeT. TeM CTpamHee g.a Hero BecTB, hto X.ecTaKoB He peBU3op, - 3HaHUT, u oh He reHepa. m Bpag .m Korga-.u6o 6ygeT. A oneHB xoneTca! CaMo3BaHeu, ropogHUHUM, u .ro6oM gpyroM caMo3BaHe^ nepe^uBaeT TaHTa.oBw MyKu, Korga y®:e pyKoM nogaTB go n.oga, ho npoucxoguT oTga.eHue u HaBeKu TepaeTca 6wBmaa pagoM MeHTa, y^e noHTu ocym.ecTB.eH-
246
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
Haa, - ^T0 3aK0H0MepH0CTb Mupa, o KOTopoM He pa3 nuca- roro-b: «Hto » 3a HecnacTbe TaKoe, CKa»MTe, - BcaKOM pa3, nTO KaK to-bko HanuHaemb gocTuraTb n-ogoB m, m TaK CKa3aTb, y»e KacaTbca pyKOM <...> Bgpyr 6ypa, nogBogHwM KaMeHb, coKpymeHbe b menKu Bcero Kopa6-a» (IV, 469). ropogHunuM, o6MaHyBmuM CTpamHoro peBU3opa m no6paTaBmMMca c hmm, HaK0Heu,-T0 nonyBCTBOBa- TBepgyro nonBy nog CBOUMU HoraMu, ho bot - o6pwB, u oh TOHeT b 6onoTHoM TpacuHe, u ^T0 nyBCTBO oh caM 06'BacHaeT: «npocTO KaK 6ygT0 u-u CTOumb Ha KaK0M-HM6ygB KO-OKO-bHe, m-m Te6a xoTaT noBecuTb» (IV, 259).
CaM03BaHCTB0 TeM U CTpamHO, HTO OHO B03H0CUT, U B03H0CamUMCa coxpaHaeT noHUMaHue, hto «oh He tot», a ec-u HeT - to pa3-no»eHMe -unHOCTM HeMMHyeMO, OTKyga B03HMKaeT 6essaBeTHaa Bepa b hmh, g0-n»H0CTb, 3Be3gy, n,apcKue pera-uu, noTepu KOTopwx paBHOCM-bHw co6cTBeHH0My nory6-eHMro. Hapog 6e3M0-BCTByeT, ho sto 6e3M0-BMe CTpamHWM ry-OM 0T3BaHUBaeT b ro-OBe OTpenbeBa u npegpeKaeT 6ygymee paso6naneHMe; nepeg B3opoM HM3BeprHyToro b 6e3gHw aga #ron,u<£epa npoHOCUTca KapTUHa nyHe3apH0^0 aHre-a, Boccegaromero Ha 6o»ecTBeHH0M cega-ume. H TeM 6o-ee 6e3goHHa TOCKa caMO-3BaHoro Bora. HyBCTBO, nepe»MBaeMoe OTpemeBBiM bo CHe m npeg-BKymaromee 6ygymee nageHue, 6-U3K0 k cocToaHuro ocMeaHHoro ropogHunero m -ro6oro pa3BeHnaHHoro caM03BaHu,a BMecTe c hmm:
Oegop ByxapeB BecbMa Epo^u^re-bEG 3aMe-rM-, HTO 0C0ÓeHH0CTB X-ecraKGBa b cnGH-raHHGcrM m Henpeg-HaMepeHHGcrM ero ca-MG3BaHcrBa: «C 3thm nycrwM peBM3opoM, nGHTM HeBG-bEWM Ca-MGSBaH^eM, He3pMMG Mger gpyraa Bwcmaa peBMSMa, npeg kgtg-pGM GÓHa»HnGCB Bce gyxoBHoe cocToaHMe Bcex -mo, KGMegMM, Bce crpeM-eHMe mx or CBGerG go-ra m ge-a »H3HH» (ByxapeB 146).
BHM3y Hapog Ha n-omagu Kune-H Ha MeHa yKa3WBa- co CMexoM,
H CTwgHO MHe m CTpamHO CTaHOBM-ocb (nymKMH 1950: V, 233)
HeBO-bHWH caM0SBaHe^5 X-ecraKOB cbomm nucTOcepgenueM m ot-KpoBeHHOCTbro 6o-ee oneBugHO pacKpwBaeT ochobbi san0»eHH0^0 b Ka»goM caM03BaHCTBe, BpeMa ot BpeMeHu npoaB-aromeroca, u Ha
247
flA3APb MIMEHTMEBMH ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
npuMepe BeTpeHoro He.oBeKa Har.agHo n0Ka3aH0 nepeBon.om.eHue u3 «HMKoro» bo «Bce». XnecraROB, M3 no»M3HeHHo pacneKaeMoro KMfle^CKoro peracrpaTopa gomegmuM go B.acrM npegep»am,ux, 3acraBu. gpyrux noBepuTB b cbow caHoBuTocTB HenpuHy»geHHocTBro u Heoco3HaHHMM MrpaHMeM po.u, hto o6epHy.ocB ero cm.om, BegB Ka®flHH caM03BaHe^ oco3HaHHo BBigaeT ce6a 3a gpyroro u nBiTaeTca um Ka3aTBca. CaHoBHMK b o6pa3e X.ecraKoBa u.u X.ecraKoB, craHo-BamuMca caHoBHMKoM - BapuaHTw oahom u tom »e pea.BHocTM. H pa3Be He x.ecTaKoBm,uHoM pa3pa3uTca hobmh peBu3op, BHe3anHBiM npuxog KoToporo yBeHHuBaeT KoMeguw? HeBe»ecTBo, HenpocBemeH-hoctb, 3axo.ycTHaa 3a6wTocTB u gyxoBHaa 3a6uTocTB, ho u o»ugaHue HaflBMrawmeMca rpo3w ge.aeT X.ecTaKoBa peBu3opoM, u caMoe Ba»-Hoe Mecro 3aHuMaeT eepa Bcex repoeB b «peBM3opcTBo» X.ecraKoBa u menahue, hto6bi oh cooTBeTcrBoBa. oTBegeHHoM eMy po.u. CyeBepue u HenpocBemeHHocTB .wgeM, npoaB.awm.ueca b 6e3oroBoponHoM Bepe, K.agyT KopoHy Ha ro.oBy caMo3BaHoro ^pa: Ha Bonpoc o EMe.BaHe nyraneBe no.ynaeM oTBeT: «Oh g.a Te6a nyraneB, a g.a MeHa oh 6bi. Be.MKMH rocygapB neTp OegopoBMH» (nymKMH 1951: VIII, 165). H npaB 6bi. ^,ocToeBCKuM cboum upoHunecKuM yTBep»geHueM, hto ropogHu-hhh «xotb X.ecTaKoBa u pacKycu., u npe3upaeT ero», TeM He MeHee «TaK u ocTa.ca go cux nop b tom »e caMoM yBepeHHocTu npo ap6y3», «pag xotb u b ap6y3e noHTuTB go6pogeTe.B» (,fl,ocToeBCKuM 1981: 11). BHana.e g.a ropogHunero X.ecraKoB npegcTaB.aeTca KaK «HeB3pan-hbm, Hu3eHBKuM, Ka»eTca HorTeM 6bi npugaBu. ero» (roro.B 2009a: IV, 244), ho .erKo npuHopaB.uBaromuMca X.ecraKoB, He noHuMaa u 6e3 3agHeM mbic.u, HageBaeT pu3y bbicoko yno.HoMoneHHoro uHKorHuTo, u oh y»e BH3HBaeT CTpax u TpeneT. Ka»gwM nocTynoK, Ka»gwM »ecT, Ka»goe c.obo o6.anaeTca cu.oM u MorymecTBoM, TaMHBiM cmbic.om HocuTe.a B.acTu, xoTa 6bi u mhumom, ho g.a gpyrux .eruTuMHoM,
248
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
n0T0My HTG caMa B.acTB, npumegmaa HuGTKyga u ymegmaa HeM3BecT-HO Kyga, ecTB TaMHa. Co3gaeTca HecooTBeTCTByrom.ee no.GÄeHue, npu KGTGpGM peBM3MpyromMM HeCKG.bKMMM HuHaMu Hu»e peBM3MpyeMHX u npegpemaeT ux ga.BHeMmyro cygB6y. npoucxoguT B3auM03aMeHe-Hue BepxoB u hu30b B.acTu: HepHe^ CTaBmuM ^peBuHeM, My»uK nyraHeB, caMOHapeHeHHHM ^peM, aHre., BG3BHCMBmMMca go Bora.
TeMy caM03BaHCTBa roro.B no-CBoeMy gtkph., CKopee 6pa. omy-nBro, u 3TG aB.eHue b ero repoax BHHepHuBa.G cbgu y3GpH u npuHuMa-.o HOBHe butku, no-HGBGMy noc.e nymKuHa ocBemaa gaHHyro TeMy u npo.araa gopory k ^GCToeBCKOMy, ^CMXG.G^MHecKM pacKpHBmeMy nGTaeHHHe u HeuccaKaeMHe pogHuKu caMG3BaHCTBa. rorG.b c.egGBa. CBOeMy 6e3Gmu6GHHGMy HyTBro, KGTGpGe C pe.^M^MG3HG-$M.^GCG$CKMX ^G3M^MM 6h.g u noHHHe aB.aeTca KpaMHe Hegoo^HeHHBiM u uhg-rga HenpaBegHO ocnapuBaeMHM, HyTBro, KOTopoe 3acTaB.a.o 6paTB npegMeT u He BHnycKaTB ero u3 pyK noKa oh He 6ygeT u3yHeH Bgo.B u nonepeK. reHua.BH0 g^hu. roro.a BepgaeB, tghkg npoHuKaa b npo6.eMy caM03BaHCTBa: «He ero BuHa, htg b Poccuu 6h.g TaK Ma.o 06pa30B He.GBeHecKux, nog.uHHHx .uHHOCTeM, TaK MHoro .»u u .»eo6pa3GB, nogMeH, TaK MHoro 6e3G6pa3HGeTM u 6e3G6pa3HGeTM. roro.B noHTu HecTepnuMO CTpaga. gt SToro» (BepgaeB 575)
EguHCTBeHHHM npeogG.eHueM caM03BaHCTBa aB.aeTca nyTB, o KGTopoM roBopuT anocTO. naBe.: «Oh, 6ygyHu 06pa30M BG»MMM, He noHuTa. xumeHueM 6htb paBHHM Bory; Ho yHMHM»M. Ce6a CaMoro, npuHaB o6pa3 pa6a, cge.aBmucB nogo6HHM He.GBeKaM u no Bugy CTaB KaK He.GBeK; CMupu. Ce6a, CTaB noc.ymHHM ga»e go CMepTu, u CMepTu KpecTHOM» (Ou.. 2: 6). CMupeHOMygpue cymecTBa paBHoro 6ory u ynGgG6uBmerG ce6a pa6y npaMO npGTuBGnG.GÂHG BG3HeceHMro Ä^u^epa: tgt, ktg BBime, cge.a. ce6a Hu»e. Ho CMupeHue TaK»e rpG3uT pa3pa3uTBca Hec.HxaHHHM caMG3BaHCTBGM, ropgHHeM b o6.a-
249
flA3APb MIMEHTMEBMH ► CaMOGBaHCTBO KaK flB-neHue b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mupe roro^a
HeHMax CMupeHMa, OTTyga m 3HaMeHMToe «CMMpeHue nane ropgocTM»: npoucxoguT .B6oBHoe yMu.eHue cboum «nagmuM a», BegB .erHe yHMHu»aTb caMoro ce6a, HeM npuHUMaTB yKopw OTBHe.
Ka»gwM He.OBeK Ha npoTa»eHuu CBoeM »u3hu npoxoguT Hepe3 pa3Hwe 3Tanw caMO3BaHCTBa b noucKax ce6a u CBoero MecTa, b a.Ka-HMM ycTOMHMBOCTM m b »enaHMM npeogo.neTb cynaMHOCTB. Ho b stmx noucKax 3a OTcyTCTBueM «Hero-To CBoero» u HeBO3MO»HOCTu HaMTu 3T0 npoucxoguT no.Hoe OTO»gecTB.eHue c gpyruM, hto npuBoguT k ga.BHeMmeMy Bwme.ymuBaHUB u BwegaHUB cepg^BUHBi. He-06x0guM0 caMOTBopeHue ce6a, a He 3w6Kaa nogMeHa ce6a gpyruM: noc.e gyHOBeHua BeTpa KapTOHHwM goMUK pymuTca. «npuMepoM g.a .UHHOCTU MO»eT 6mtb OHa caMa u to.bko OHa caMa <...> EguH-CTBeHHOCTB Ka»flOM .MHHOCTM, ee a6cO.BTHaa He3aMeHMMOCTB HMHeM gpyruM - OHa Tpe6yeT, hto6bi caMa .uhhoctb 6w.a npuMepoM g.a ce6a», - yTBep»gaeT O.opeHCKMM (O.opeHCKMM 231). Ho caMO3BaHCTBO BeHHMM u Heu36wBHMM cnyTHUK He.OBeKa KaK «TeHb ^B^u^epoBa Kpw.a», oho uHorga u Heo6xoguMO, ho .umb KaK ocTaHOBKa Ha nyTu k pacKpwTUB TaMH uHguBugya.BHOCTu u HepT 0C06.uB0CTu: c or-HeM Hago 0CT0p0»H0, He poBeH Hac 3gaHue MO»eT 3aropeTBca. Kto 3HaeT, MO»eT 6mtb, u gaHHaa CTaTba aB.aeTca Heu3»uTMM rpexoM caMO3BaHCTBa, »epTBOM KOToporo na. aBTop, »e.aa 3aaBUTB 0 ce6e u, MO»eT 6mtb, no-CBoeMy B3r.aHyTB Ha nocTaB.eHHMM Bonpoc. Mo»eT 6mtb, - b TaKOM cnynae oh MCKpeHHe npocMT He nporHeBaTbca Ha Hero 3a TaKoM rpex. $
250
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
^MTepaTypa
A$AHACbEB, a.h., 1954: otpbibkm M3 MoeM naMSTu m nepenucKM // ^enKMH, Muxa^u CeMeHoBun: Mu3Hb u meopuecmeo. T. 2. M. rAPO. O. 279 (flKymKUHti). On. 1. g. 1060. BEPflHEB, h.a., 2009: roro.b // fàonb. H.B. Pro et contra. T. 1. Coct., BCTyn. CTaTta C. A. ToHnapoBa, KOMMeHT. H. H. Akmmobom m K. r. HcynoBa. Cn6.: PXrA. By.rAKOB, c.h., 1998: &unoco$w UMeHU. Cn6.: HayKa. roro.b, h.b., 2009a: nonHoe coôpaHue coHUHeHuu u nuceM e 17 moMax. CocTaB^eHue m noflroTOBKa TeKCTOB BuHorpagoB m BoponaeB. M.-KueB: H3gaTe.bCTB0 Mockobckom naTpuapxuu. roro.b, h.b., 20096: nonHoe coôpaHue coHUHeHUû e23 moMax. T. 3. M.: HayKa.
flOCTOEBCKHH, $.m., 1972: nonHoe coôpaHue couuneHuû e mpudy,amu
moMax. T. 1. g.: HayKa (geHUHrpagcKoe oTgeneHue). flOCTOEBCKHH, $.m., 1981: nonHoe coôpaHue comHemû e mpudu,amu
moMax. T. 22. g.: H3gaTe.bOTBO HayKa (geHMHrpagcKoe OTge.eHue). K.WHEBCKHH, B.o., 1988: CoumeHm e 9 moMax. T. 3. M.: Mticnb. kobah, a., 1976: flocmoeecKUû // flocmoeecxuû &.M. Mamepuanu u
uccnedoeaHM. Hccnedoeanua.2. g.: HayKa. kopo.ehko, B.r., 1914: nonHoe coôpaHie coumemû. T. 3. Cn6.:
H3flame T-Ba A. O. MapKCb. .EPMOHTOB, M.ro., 2000: nonHoe coôpaHue couuHeHuû e 10 moMax. T.
4. Xygo^HMK C.B. EoraneB. M.: BocKpeceHbe, 2000. mahh, ro.B., 1987: ^o^muKa fàom. Bapuau,uu k meMe.
M.: Xygo^ecTBeHHaa .MTepaTypa. MO^y.bCKHH, k.b., 2004: flyxoeHuû nymb fàonn. Coct. H.O. B.aguMupoB. M.: Ham goM-IlAge d'Homme.
251
^A3APb MMEHTMEBMH ► CaM03BaHCTB0 KaK AB^SHMe b xyfl0«ecTBeHH0M Mwpe roro^a
H^mE, $., 2004: TaK ^oeopun 3apamycmpa. nepeBog c HeMe^K0^0
K>.M. AHT0H0BCK0r0. M.: HO PAH. nEPEnucKA, l979: nepenucKa Heana ^p03H0^0 c AndpeeM KypôcKUM.
TeKCT n0gr0T0BM.M A.C. .ypBe m K>.,fl,. Pbikob. ..: HayKa. nymKHH, A.c., 2008: nucBMo k M3gaTe.ro «.MTepaTypHBix npu6aB.eHMM k PyccK0My HHBa.ugy»// fäonh e pyccKoû KpumuKe: AHmono^w. Coct. C. r. EonapoB. M.: OopTyHa a. nymKHH, A.c., i950, i95i: nonnoe coôpanue couunenuû e decñmu
moMax. T. 5., T. S. M.-..: H3gaTe.BCTB0 AKageMuu HayK CCCP. P03AH0B, B.B., 20l0: Coôpanue couunenuû. Xucmea. nog o6m.peg.
A.H. HuKo.roKMHa. M.: Pecny6.MKa, Cn6.: Poctok. cmhphob, H.n., 2004: CaM03eancme0 u $unoco$m uMenu II
3Be3ga 2004, N 3. TygbHHHcKHH, r.g., i996: CaM03eancme0. ®enoMenonozu.ñ 3na u
Mema$u3uxa ceoôodu. Cn6.: H3g-B0 PXrH. $^opehckhh, n.A., 2000: Couunenua. B 4 m. T.3(2). Coct. uryMeHa AHgpoHMKa (A. C. Tpy6aneBa), n. B. O.opeHCKoro, M. C. Tpy6aneBoM; peg. uryMeH AHgpoHUK (A. C. Tpy6aneB). M.: Mwc.B.
$^opehckhh, n.A., l990: Cmonn u ymsepwdenue ucmunu. T. 1.
M.: npaBga, i990. ycnEHcKHH, b.a., i996: H3Ôpannue mpydbi, moM I. CeMuomuKa ucmopuu. CeMuomuKa xynhmypu, 2-e U3d., ucnp. u don. M.: fflK0.a «fl3BiKM pyccK0M Ky.BTypw». HAAflAEB, n.H., l99la: nonnoe coôpanue couunenuû u môpannbie nuchMa. T. 2. CocTaB.eHue m K0MMeHTapuu C.r. E.uH0Ba, ..3. KaMeHCK0M, 3.A. KaMeHCKoro, M.n. .enexuHa, B.B. CanoBa, M.H. HeMepuccKoM. M.: HayKa.
252
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
HAAflAEB, n.fl., 19916: M36paHHue conuHeHua. u nuchMa.
C0CTaB,neHMe,BCTynMTeflBHaa CTaTBa m npuMeHaHua B.W. npocKypMHoä. M.: npaBga. ^HXEHBAyM, B.M., 2008: KaK cge,aHa muHe,B rcrc,a // fäonh e
pyccKoü KpumuKe: AHmono^M. Coct. C. r. BcHapcB. M.: OcpTyHa àfl. ByxAPEB, a.m. <ApxMMaHgpuT Oeogop>, 2008: Tpu nucBMa k H.B. roro,K>, nucaHHwe b 1848 rogy // rozonb e pyccKoü KpumuKe: ÄHmonozua.. Coct. C. r. BoHapoB. M.: OopTyHa M.
253
^a3apb mmehtmebmh ► camo3bahctbo kak ab^shwe b xygowectbehhom mupe roro^a
Pe3MMe
CTaTba nocBameHa ocMHcneHMK ^eHOMeHa caM03BaHCTBa b TBopne-CTBe rorona xax KynbTyponoruHecKoM u ncuxonorunecKon cocTaBna-Kmen, npegcTaBnaKmen onpegeneHHHM apxeTun, KOTopHM BegeT MCTOKM co BpeMeH .n^u^epa. flBneHMe caM03BaHCTBa noaBnaeTca b Bopuce rogyHOBe nymxuHa, pucyeTca roroneM b xpacxax o6bigeHm,u-HH, m ncuxonoruHecKM 3axpennaeTca gocToeBCKMM. npecnegyeTca 3agana noxa3aTb, hto caM03BaHCTB0, 0T0»gecTBnaeM0e nopon c Be-nuKUMu npuTa3aHuaMu caM0np0B03rnameHHHx ^pen y nymxuHa, o6nexaeTca b ^opMH ceporo ^eTa m caM03BaH^B Menxoro noHMHa numeHHHx xaxoro 6h to hm 6bmo BenuHua y rorona, m b pe3ynbTaTe npuHMMaeT OKOHHaTenbHHe ^opMBi gyxoBHon MenxocTM y gocToeB-CKoro. CaM03BaHCTB0 HepacHneHMMO CBa3aH0 c xa»gHM HenoBexoM, xoTa 6h oguH nepuog, ogHO BpeMa, ogHy MMHyTy, oguH Mur BHgaBaB-meroca 3a gpyroro m nogo6H0 XnecTaxoBy b genupuyMe TepaKmero 3gpaBoe noHaTue, kto oh ecTb Ha caMOM gene. Taxoe xo»geHue no o6oHMHe Me»gy a m He-a nocToaHHO yrpo»aeT cpHBOM b 6e3gHy, m3 KOTopoM HenoBex M0»eT He BepHyTbca.
254
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) ► Event
ña3apb MuneHmueeuH
fla3aph MunenmueeuH, npenočaeamenh na $unonozunecK0M fyaKynh-meme Een^pa^cK0^0 ynueepcumema. Ocnoenoû unmepec npedcmaenaem penuzuo3Ho-$unocofycKoe u n0^muK0-cuM60nu^ecK0e ocMucnenue meop-necmea pyccKux nucameneû. Ynacmeoean na MeMdynapodnuix Konfiepen-v,uax, nocea^ennuxAndpew EenoMy, HuKonaw Tozonw, anmuymonuu u coôumuu e Kynhmype u numepamype. Paôomu onyônuKoeanu e côop-HUKe CnaeucmuKa, Mamuv,u cepôcKoû, a maKMe e côopnuKe «ApaôecKu Andpea Eenozo». Pad âpyzux paôom naxodumca e nenamu.
255
BcTpena c coöom. 3aMeTKu o «Moux BCTpenax c
B^agMMupoM Ka3aKoBMM»
$ BACH^HCA mflHBAP ► vasilisa.sljivar@yahoo.com
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
The task of this article is a partial analysis of prosaic miniatures of the first collection of works published in Russian language by Vladimir Vasilevich Kazakov "My meetings with Vladimir Kazakov". The aim of the study is first of all to try to understand what exactly is meant by the concept of "meeting", what is the significance of concept for the author, and also what arises from this kind of Event.
kazakov, v.v,
AUTOCOMMUNICATION, EVENT, DUALITY, MEETING, DIALOGUE
Hacroam;aa craTBa craBMT 3aflaneM HaCTMHHLIM aHMM3 np03aMHeCKMX MMHMaTMp nepBoro, ony6aMKoBaHHo-ro Ha pyccKOM a3Bme, c6opHMKa npo-M3BegeHMM BaaflMMMpa BacMaBeBMna Ka3aKOBa «Mom BcrpeHM c BaaflMMM-poM Ka3aKoBHM». ^aB MccaegoBaHMA - nocrapaTBca, npe^ge Bcero, yacHMTB, hto HMeHHo nogpa3yMeBaeTca nog noHATMeM «Bcrpena», KaKoe 3Hane-HMe oho MMeeT gaa aBTopa, a TaK^e hto M3 ^To^o cBoeo6pa3Horo Co6htms 3apo^gaeTca.
B. B. KA3AKOB,
ABTOKOMMyHHKA^Ha, COEHTHE, flBOHHH^ECTBO, BCTPE^A, flHA-AOr
257
BACIMHCA IMHBAP - BcTpena c co6o«
BnagMMup BacM.beBMH Ka3aK0B npegcraeT nepeg coBpeMeHHBiM hm-TaTeneM c0BepmeHH0 cBoeo6pa3Hon, noHTM mmctuhcckom ^urypoM pyccKOM .MTepaTypw. npu3HaB b ce6e ucKpy 6o^ecrBeHHoro ^o^TUHe-CKoro MBimneHua, oh cMeno u caMocroaTenBHo nornea en HaBcrpeny, ocTaBaacB BHe nMTepaTypHBix TeneHMM u rpynnMpoBoK, ^pMBmux b nepuog ero »m3hm u TBopnecTBa (HanaBmeroca, KaK oh caM HeTKo o6o3HanaeT b aBTo6uorpa$uu, b 1965 rogy).
Ero oTCTpaHeHHocTB, npaKTunecKu BTopamyro ^03u^uu npu3paKoB b ero xygo^ecTBeHHoM Mupe, ycyry6naeT tot ^aKT, hto aBTop npu »m3hm b CoBeTCKoM Coro3e noHTu He nenaTanca, numB oTgenBHBiMu ctuxotbo-peHuaMu, npo3aunecKuMu MuHuaTropaMu. 3aTo npou3BegeHua Ka3aK0-Ba HeycTaHHo noaBnanucB 3a rpaHunen, b nepByro onepegB b repMaHuu, 6narogapa ycunuaM u nepeB0gnecK0M geaTenBHocru neTepa yp6aHa.
HenB3a cKa3aTB, hto nuTepaTypoBegeHue coBceM o6omno Ka3aKoBa BHuMaHueM, ho go cux nop HanenaTaHo gencTBuTeaBHo yguBuTenBH0 Mano. KpoMe HecKonBKMx ot3bibob Ha ero npoM3BegeHMa, nepenuc-aeHHwx b 6u6nuorpa^uu pa6oT o Ka3aKoBe b TpexT0MHuKe u3gaTenB-cTBa «runea», mbi 6bi oTMeTunu M0H0ipa<£uu E. r. KpacunBHuKoBon «nocrMogepHucrcKue poMaHBi BnaguMupa Ka3aKoBa» 2001 roga u C.
KoHcTaHTMHoBon «Ebitb BecenBiM, He Tepaa oTHaaHMa. HrpoBBie cTpaTeruu npo3Bi BnaguMupa Ka3aKoBa» 2010 roga.
Cpegu nponux, b MWHxeHcK0M u3gaTenBcTBe XaH3ep, b 1972 rogy BnepBHe Ha pyccKoM a3BiKe 6wna ony6nuKoBaHa KHura npo3aunecKux MuHuaTrop, ^pameHTOB nog Ha3BaHueM «Mou Bcrpenu c BnaguMupoM Ka3aKoBHM». HacToam,aa craTBa cTaBMT 3aganeM HacrMHHBm aHanu3 gaHHoro c6opHuKa npou3BegeHun, crapaacB, npe^ge Bcero, yacHuTB, hto uMeHHo nogpa3yMeBaeTca nog noHaTueM «Bcrpena», KaKoe 3Hane-Hue oho uMeeT gna B. Ka3aKoBa, a TaK^e hto u3 ^T0^0 cBoeo6pa3Horo Cočumrn 3apo^gaeTca.
258
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
CTep»HeBon nacTbro KHuru, 6eccnopH0, aBnaeTca ogHouMeHHaa MMHuaTropa. HanucaHHWM ot nepBoro nu^ TeKCT0B0M ^parMeHT npuo6peTaeT <£opMy CBoeo6pa3Horo BocnoMMHaHua, ga»e ucnoBegu. HeKTo «a» onucHBaeT CBoro nepByro BCTpeny c BoceMHag^TMneTHMM MonogwM nen0BeK0M, BnaguMupoM Ka3aK0BWM, npou3omegmyro B 1956 r. HMea b Bugy, hto nepeg 3arnaBueM MMHuarropBi n0BT0pH0 yKa3aHw uMa m ^aMunua Ka3aK0Ba, a TaK»e tot ^aKT, hto oh pogunca b 193S r, HeTpygHo cgenaTb BMBog, hto b gaHH0M ^parMeHTe aBTop onu-can KonoccanbHoe Coôumue CBoen »m3hm, a uMeHHo, Bcrpeny c co6om, co CBoen fípyzocmbw; oco3HaHue ce6a KaK TBopn,a: «H rnaHyn m yBugen Monogoro nenoBeKa neT 1S» (Ka3aK0B 1972: 25), t. e. oh yBugen ceöa..
MecT0, rge npoucxoguT BCTpena, HuneM He onpegeneHo. HeB03-M0»H0CTb K0HKpeTH0 onpegenuTb Tonoc, TunuHHa gna TBopnecTBa Ka3aK0Ba, nen xygo»ecTBeHHwn Mup noMem,eH b C0BepmeHH0 MHoe, Ha nepBBin B3rnag yMy HenocTM»MMoe npocTpaHCTBo Ha rpaHM gByx MupoB. noHaTue BpeMeHM b ^o^TMKe Ka3aK0Ba To»e HeceT ornena-tok MH0M peanbHocTu: «ÜTKa3 ot HenpepwBHoro ucTopunecKoro u 6Morpa$MHecKoro BpeMeHM, ot BpeMeHHon orpaHuneHHocTM, cocpe-g0T0HeHue geücTBua "Ha nopore" unu "Ha nnomagu", "nepecKaKu-BaHue" nepe3 "aneMemapHoe ^M^upuHecKoe npaBgonogo6ue u no-BepxHocTHyro paccygonHyro noruKy" [...] CTaH0BaTcagna B. Ka3aK0Ba Ba»HenmuMM M0MeHTaMM, Ha K0T0pwe oh onupaeTca npu C03gaHuu CBoen K0HH,enu,uu BpeMeHM u npocTpaHCTBa» (KpacunbHUK0Ba 90).
TeM He MeHee, aBTop b gaHH0M TeKCTe neTK0 onpegenaeT BpeMa gencTBua, go6aBnaa eMy, n0MMM0 xygo»ecTBeHHoro, em,e MCTopune-CKMM, goKyMeHTanbHWM nnacT. HMeHHo Ha ^T0Ü nonBe npoucxoguT n0CTM0gepHMCTCK0e C03gaHue runeppeanbHocTu cuMynaKpoB u no-cnegyrom.ee CT0nKH0BeHMe gByx TunoB gencTBHTenbHocTM, nopo»ga-rom.ee cnoBecHBiü xaocMoc - CBoeo6pa3HBiu npogyKT xygo»ecTBeH-
259
BACIMHCA IMHBAP - BcTpena c co6o«
H0-^un0C0^CK0r0 npou,ecca, crpeMHrn,erocH k npuMupeHuro gByx nonrocoB: KOCMOca u xaoca, »U3HU u CMepTu; yHUKantHyro Mogent MUpa, KaK npOCTpaHCTBa 6eCKOHeHHMX MeTaMOp$O3, B KOTOpOM
BCTpeHa c C060M geno coBepmeHHo opguHapHoe.
gantme b MUHuaTrope onucMBaeTca, KaK ohu BMecme npoBogu-nu BpeMH: «Mm n03HaK0MunucB u CTanu HacTO BugaTtca. B HeM MHe OHeHB HpaBunocB yMeHue cnymaTB. CaM h TO»e 6ontme nro-6un cnymaTB, HeM roBopuTB. Bot mm c hum u cugenu u cnymanu gpyr-gpyra» (Ka3aKOB 1972: 25). B npuBegeHHMx crpoKax ycMarpu-BaeM oguH U3 nocTOHHHMx MOTUBOB b TBopHecTBe nucaTena - motub MonHaHUH. B gaHHOM cnyHae motub OTCMnaeT k ycTaHOBKe Monogoro nucarena, TontKO hto oco3HaBmero CBOu TBopHecKue cunM, He Ha roBopeHue, nucaHue, a, Hao6opoT, Ha cnywaHue, npucnymuBaHue k ce6e, nocTeneHHoe 3HaK0MCTB0 c co6oñ, Ha CBoeo6pa3Hoe, KaK OTMeHaeT ^^mTeMH, «npegcnoBecHoe MonHaHue» ^nmTeñH 275). Mo»eT 6mtb n03T0My TontKO 1965 r. Ka3aKOB Ha3MBaeT rogoM HaHana CBoeñ nucarentCKOM geaTentHOCTu, xoth mm BuguM, hto TBopHe-CKUM ^0TeH^uan oh o6Hapy»un b ce6e noHTu Ha gecHTB neT paHtme.
Bo3mo»hoctb ocym,ecTB.neHUH Coöumua., nopoguBmero xaoc-Moc, a6conroTHO CBoeo6pa3HMM xygo»ecTBeHHMM Mup, 3u»geTCH He TOnBKO Ha 0C060M BOCnpUHTUU aBTOpOM nOHHTUH BpeMeHU u npocrpaHCTBa, a TaK»e Ha MOTUBe gBOMHUHecTBa. Hrax, BnaguMup Ka3aKOB BCTpeTuncH c BnaguMupoM Ka3aKOBMM. % BcrpeTunoct co CBoeñ fípy^ocmbw.
OgHaKO Ha 3tot pa3 mm cneguM He 3a caMUM npou,eccoM pa3gBO-eHUH nuHHOCTu aBTopa, KaK ^T0 6bmo paHtme b pyccKoñ nuTepaType, b nepByro OHepegt b npou3BegeHuax gocroeBCKoro, KOToporo Ka3aKOB CHUTan ogHUM U3 CBOux yHUTeneñ. H He TontKO gocToeB-CKoro - napannent, 6eccnopHO, mo»ho npoBecTu c coBpeMeHHUKOM
260
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Ka3aK0Ba AHgpeeM CuHaBCKMM (A6paM0M Tep^M) m ero npou3Be-geHueM «npory.KM c nymKMHBiM», HanucaHHBiM b 1966-1968 rr. B nocTMogepHMCTCKOM npoM3BegeHMM CuHaBCKoro onucaHa BCTpeHa gByx unocTaceM - aBTopa-nucaTe.a m aBTopa-.MTepaTypoBega. B gaHHOM c.yHae mm c.eguM 3a TeM, Kax aBTop, no cyTu, pa3gBauBa-eTca, nog6upaa ce6e .MTepaTypHyro MacKy b .m^ A6paMa Tep^ -CBoeo6pa3Hyro «nosTUHecKyro ^opMy», - C03gaBaa TaKMM 06pa30M «^pMH^M^Ma.BH0 hobbim KOHTaKT n0BecTB0BaTe.a c HMTaTe.eM» (fflneT, ^MT. no CKoponaHOBa 108). B npoM3BegeHuax «e Ka3aK0Ba mm, Hao6opoT, yHacTByeM b nonMTKe BCTpeHu KaK o6^egMHeHua gByx B.agMMMpoB b ogHoro: BCTpeHM nucaTe.a co CBoeM .uHHOCTBro. nOMMMO 3T0r0, B ^HTpe BHMMaHMa Tep^ .MHHOCTB nymKMHa M OTHomeHue k HeMy. Ka3aK0B «e, b CBoro OHepegB, Hepe3 BCTpeHy c CaMMM C060M 0C03HaeT Co6CTBeHHMM TBOpHeCKMM Ta.aHT, M, nog-gep«MBaa aBTogua.or, norpy«aeTca b nonMTKy ocmmc.mtb Eumue, no3HaTB ero m yMTu 3a npege.M npuBMHHoro BOcnpuaTua ckb03b npu3My npocTpaHCTBa m BpeMeHM.
C.eg0BaTe.BH0, ^T0 He npocTO pa3gBoeHue nepcoHa«a b paMKax xyg0«ecTBeHH0M pea.BH0CTM aBTopa. ^T0 HeHTO 6o.Bmee, a uMeHHO, geKOHCTpy^ua ^yHKu,MM aBTopa - Bxo«geHue caMoro aBTopa b xy-go«ecTBeHHMM Mup co6cTBeHHoro .MTepaTypHoro npou3BegeHua m ero CTaHOB.eHue aBTopoM-nepcoHa«eM. OgHOBpeMeHHO 3to m BMxog nepcoHa«a-aBTopa 3a ero paMKu, b Ty ucTopuHecKyro pea.BH0CTB, b KOTopoM o6uTaeT aBTop. 3to He to.bko BCTpeHa gByx pea.BH0CTeM, a no.Hoe pa3MMBaHue ^paHM^ Me«gy hmmm, ^paHM^ .ro6oro Buga; ^T0 nocTMogepHMCTCKoe CMemeHue b xa0CM0C, b KOTopoM B.aguMup Ka3aK0B BCTpeTM.ca c B.agMMupoM Ka3aK0BMM. Coôumue TaKoro Tuna He to hto bo3mo«ho, oho ga«e He npegcTaB.aeT C060M HMHero oco6eHHoro - TaKOMy yTBep«geHuro cnoco6cTByeT goBO.BHO .aKO-
261
BACMflMCA WflMBAP «- BcTpena c co6ofi
HHrepecHO 6w,o 6w B gaHHOM KOHreKcre paccMorperb cBa3B c yHMKa,BHWM «npo-eKTOM gAn». npuroB — «egMHCTBeHHtiä, Kro cyMe, b raKoä cre-neHM Bwäru m3 «,m-reparypHoro paga», co3gaB yHMKa,BHyw m paguKa,BHyw Moge,B TBopHecKoro noBege-Hua, m npoM3Becru reKcr M3 caMoro ce6a» (go6peHK0 m gp.). 3ror rpaHgM03Hwä npoeKr no cyru npegcraB,aer co6oä He r0,BK0 cMe-meHMe pea,BH0creä, Bwxog 3a npege,w ,w6oä M3 hmx, c KoropwM BcrpeHaeM-ca m y Ka3aK0Ba, m, HanpuMep, y BuroBa, (BcnoMHMM xora 6w r,aBHoro repoa «nym-KMHCKoro goMa»); 3ro Ha caMOM ge,e KOHeHHwä uror «3a-gaHHoä» MMM Moge,M, r. e. no,Hwä 0TKa3 or rpaHun, ,w6oro Buga; K0HD,enr, Koropwä 3M^gerca Ha oco6om BOcnpuarMM ^m3hm KaK npoM3BegeHMa MCKyccrBa, cocroamero M3 pa3,MHHWx BMgOB geare,BH0cru: «Ho g,a MeHa Bce 3ru Bugw geare,BH0cru aB,awrca HacrBw 6o,bmoro npoeKra nog Ha3BaHMeM gAn — gMMrpuä A,eKcaH-gpoBMH npuroB. BHy-rpu ^e sroro n,e,BHoro npoeKra Bce Bugw geare,BH0cru urpawr HyrB-HyrB MHyw po,B. To ecrb ohm ecTB He-Koropwe yKa3are,M Ha ry u,eHrpa,BHyw 30Hy, orKyga ohm Bce mcxo-gar. H b stom cMWc,e ohm cyrb npocrwe ♦
hmhhoe, ho mh0r03hahh0e nobectbobahme, hmhem he bwge,awmee cnucaHHce b HeM Coôumue KaK htc-tc HecpguHapHce, CTpaHHce, Heo^ugaHHoe.1
He ,umHe OTMeTUTB, hto mm gaHHyw ucTopuw HUTaeM U3 yr,a Ka3aK0Ba-nucare,a, rBopHecKoä cropoHM ero ,mhhoctm. Ha aro yKa3MBaeT BOcnoMMHaHue repoa b K0Hu,e TeKCTa, bo3mo^ho 0TCw,a-wm.ee b uTore k ugee TBOpHecTBa KaK HepyKOTBopHoro naMaTHUKa: «ÜOMHW, oh MHe KaK-ro CKa3a,: "Bor yBugumB, a yMpy npe^ge Te6a". KaK 3HaTb!» (Ka3aK0B 1972: 25).
OgHaKO BCTpeHa c co6oä, nepegaHHaa nocpegcTBOM MOTMBa gBoä-HMKa, 3TUM ^parMeHTOM He ucHepnwBaeTca. OyHKu.ua gBOäHUKa b OCHOBHOM npuHag,e^MT r,aBH0My repow cw^eTa, TOMy ^e aBTO-py-nepcoHa^y, ho He 06a3aTe,BH0. 3aHacTyw b 3tom po,M BMCTynaeT BTopocTeneHHWM nepcoHa^, y KOToporo uHorga ga^e HeT uMeHu.
B ^parMeHTe «Toctb» (13) k B,aguMupy HBaHOBUHy (ogHoä U3 unocTaceä Ka3aK0Ba: ero nepcoHa^u to u ge,0 Hage,eHw uMeHeM B,agMMup) npuxogur He3HaK0Mwä «no^M,oä He,0BeK, OHeHB xygoä, b g,MHH0M na,BT0 m b reMHOä m,ane», cagurca y OKHa, «cc3epu,aer» u mo,hut. Ha erc Ma,eHBKux r,a3ax BpeMa cr Bpe-MeHu no6,ecKUBaeT neHcro, BOKpyr ^puT TumuHa. rocTB - He kto uhom, KaK gBOMHMK Toro ^e caMoro B,aguMupa, kotopmm «xoTe, 6w,c npegaTbca pa3Mwm,eHuaM», t. e. MC,HaTb, cc3epu,aTb. nc-MUMC 3Tcrc mm ycMaTpuBaeM ux cguHaKCBce BCcnpuaTue Mupa, Kacawmeeca b KOHeHHOM uTcre Bcnpcca Kpacomu, CTCw,awmerc k TBOpHecTBy: «MMMga^ B,aguMup HBaHOBUH. [...] ^T0T ^OHapB Ha tom CTopoHe	^Ta K0,0HKa TaM... Bce ^T0 06MKH0BeHH0 u,
b to ^e BpeMa, TaK yguBUTe,BHo!.. Bw He HaxoguTe? - H?.. ga!.. H. a Haxc^y! H r,age,, a gc,rc r,age,. u 3Ta KC,CHKa, bm npaBM. Ax, KaK ^T0. Bce ^e.».
262
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
ÜTMeTUM, HTO y B.aguMupa HBaHOBuna u rocTa coBnagaeT He TO.BKO BOcnpuaTue, ho eme u ctm.b npou3HomeHua pen.ux: Meg-.eHHO, c nay3aMM, pa30pBaH0. B to BpeMa xax B.aguMup aBHO o6ec-noKoeH: «3aToponu.ca», «CTa. x.onoTaTB», «CToa., noMemxaB ce.», «œga.», «HanpaœeHHO BC.ymuBa.ca», rocTB no KOHTpacTy, xax c.e-gyeT gBOMHMxy, oxpyœeH opeo.OM cnoKoMcTBua, noHTM He gBuraeTca, «C.OBHO oxaMeHe.», «He c.wma. ero», «xa3a.0CB 3a6w. coBceM o HeM, o u,e.u CBoero npue3ga, u 060 BceM Ha CBeTe»; u3pegxa no6.e-CKUBaeT ero neHcro u r.a3a Heo6wKHOBeHHO CBepxaroT.
nepeg HaMu c.obho onepegHaa c^Ha gua.ora c caMUM C060M. Bon.omeHHaa mwc.b B.aguMupa, CTaTMHHaa, cnoKOMHaa, OKyTaHHaa TumuHoM, npe6wBaromaa b MO.naHMM, no-gpyroMy MaTepua.M3OBaH-Haa, nocKO.Bxy oh ee Bce eme He oco3Ha., HeT c.OB, xoTopwMu Mor 6w ee nepegaTB, gaœe Ha3BaTB: «A MHe n03B0.BTe noxa He Ha3WBaTB ce6a. noTOM, MoœeT 6wtb, bw y3HaeTe. Co BpeMeHeM». Mwc.b, ko-Topaa to xax MO.Hua CBepxaeT b ero yMe, to npocTO no6.ecxuBaeT, u Bce œe y.eTaeT ot Hero, nocxo.Bxy: «EMy xa3a.0CB, hto oh yœe hto-TO noHa., HTO oh Hana. y.aB.uBaTB xaxoM-TO 3aTaeHHwM cmwc.. Ho ^T0 6w.o Tax TyMaHHO u Heonpege.eHHO, hto...». Oh nepecnpocu., hto6w yTOHHUTB, ho «rocTB yœe He c.wma. ero» - mwc.b 3acTw-.a, ycTpeMMB cbom B3op b okho, t. e. b ga.B, b gpyryro pe a.BHO ctb, BOcnpuaTue xoTopoM, oneBugHO, He no cu.aM gaHHOMy nepcoHaœy. MOTUBOM OKHa, KaK OgHMM U3 yCTOMHUBBx B pagy MOTUBOB ^0^TMKM Ka3axoBa, HacKBO3B npoHM3aH gaHHBiM ^parMeHT. HaM gyMaeTca, hto b gaHHOM c.ynae, okho - 3to B3r.ag b Ty pea.BHOCTB, b Mup xaocMOca, B Mup MBiC.U, b ce6a.
noBecTBOBaHue ot nepBoro .m^ BegeTca b hccko.bkmx MMHuaTro-pax: «noe3gKa Ha KaBKa3», «MeTaM0p$03a», «nup», «Yr.w» m nacTMH-HO b gocTaTOHHO ^parMeHTMpoBaHHOM MMHuaTrope «He3aœMBaromMM
♦ GTxogw geaTe.BHG-CTM 3TOTO D,eHTpa.B-HGro ^aHTGMa. B 6ygymeM, MoœeT 6wTB, BG3HMKHeT cnen,Ma.BHaa onTMKa g.a GTc.eœMBaHMa gaHHGro ^aHTGMa. ÜGKa œe GHa GTcyT-cTByeT, noceMy iightm HeBG3MGœHG c.egMTB m 3anenaT.eBaTB 3Ty iieHTpa.BHyro — ^aH-TOMHyro, nGBegeHHe-cKyro, cTpaTerMHecKyro — 3OHy geaTe.BHG-CTM» (üpMrGB, D.MT. no ^GÔpeHKG m gp.). r.aBHHM MHTepec gaH-HGro cGnGCTaB.eHMa CGCTGMT B TGM, ht06bi npGc.egMTB, KaKMM 06pa30M 3TM aBTGpW nGHTM GgHGBpeMeHHG npum.M K gGCTaTGHHG 6.M3KGMy BGCnpM-aTMro TBGpnecTBa, MCKyccTBa BGo6me, nGCKG.BKy TBOpneCTBO Ka3aKGBa b cu.y yœe cKa3aHHGrG TGœe b KaKGM-TG CMWCfle MOœHO CHMTaTB CBGe-G6pa3HWM npoeKTGM. npu 3TGM Hago MMeTB b BMgy, HTG Bpag .m MGœHG rOBOpMTB G B3a-MMHGM B.MaHMM. ^TGT BGnpoc, pa3yMeeTca, Tpe6yeT 6o.ee yr.y-6.eHHGrG M3yneHMa.
263
BACIMHCA IMHBAP - BcTpena c co6o«
Cp., HanpuMep, Bropyro no onepegu MHHHaTMpy b KHure, B KOTOpOH rflaBHHH
repon nporuBono-craB-eH HegOBOflBHOH rpynne cocegen, cHuraromux ero «He b cBoeM yMe». B MuHuarrope «Bopuc» ogHoMMeHHHH nepcoHa:® Bce BpeMa orgeneH ot To^nH, He Mo^eT c Hero coegu-HurBca. B «Hesa^uBa-ro^eM pae» OgogypoB Ha6nrogaer b okho 3a ronnon Ha y-u^, BHe ero Mupa, u t. g.
pan». HecMoTpa Ha to, hto b gaHHHx tckotobhx ^paraeHTax mh He Bcerga BcrpenaeMca c uMeHeM aBTopa, Bce ^e TaKon Bug noBecrBoBa-Hua, ec-u paccMarpuBarB ero b K-rone Coóumw, 6eccnopHo oTcH-aeT k Ka3aKoBy, KaK aBTopy 3anucoK, cnegoBaTenBHo, aBTopy-nepcoHa®y. Cbo-eo6pa3HHMu unocracaMu Ka3aKoBa npegcTaroT BnagMMup Hcr-eHBeB (Hana-BHHe MMHMaTropH 6e3 Ha3BaHun), BnaguMup Bue-BropcKMM («HrpoKM», «PoMaH b neTBipex»), Bopuc b ogHouMeHHoM ^parMercre, BnagMMMp ApupyHu u OgogypoB b MuHuaTrope «He3a»MBaro^MM pan». He -umHe oTMeTuTB, hto HcrneHBeB u Bue-BropcKuH Bnocneg-ctbuu oKa^yTca nonra hto nocroaHHHMu nepcoHa^aMu b TBopnecTBe Ka3aKoBa (cp. xoTa 6h poMaH «Omu6Ka ®ubhx»).
OTMeTuM u to, hto motub gBonHuKa npucyTcTByeT TaK^e b TeKcTe «npory-Ka», rge noaB-aroTca Oh u oh, neM Ka3aKoB o6pam,aeTca k roroneBcKon MaHepe ygBauBaHua nepcoHa^en, gono-Haro^Mx gpyr gpyra, Be3ge ugym,ux BMecTe, Bce genarom,ux BMecTe, Hanogo6ue Bo6-huhckoto u ^o6huhckoto: «nepBBin: rM... BTopon: KaK KcTaTu 3gecB ^TOT ^oHapBl Ec-u 6h He oh... [...] nepBHn: Hago cKopee B3aTB 3o-oto, a to a He 3Haro, hto c hum genaTB. BTopon: Th npaB... rM...» (32).
HTaK, c gBoncTBeHHocTBro, kotopom no-HocrBro npoHu3aHa KHura, geno, BuguMo, o6ctout cno^Hee, u oHa em,e 6onee oTHeT-uBo BHgena-eTca Ha $oHe MoTuBa oguHonecTBa-yeguHeHua, b cocToaHuu KoToporo HenpeMeHHo HaxoguTca nepcoHa» u3 cBoeo6pa3Horo Mupa Ka3aKoBa. BecBMa nacro ofluHoHecTBo-yefluHeHue nepcoHa^a - MBicnam,ero, craTuHHoro, Mo-na-uBoro, 3acreHHuBoro nenoBeKa, o6pam,eHHoro BoBHyTpB ce6a, - gaHo no KoHTpacTy c »u3HepagocTHoM, guHaMun-hom, pa3roBopnuBoM To-non, b KoTopyro oh aBHo He BnucHBaeTca, nocKo-BKy en He no cunaM ycMoTpeTB gpyryro pea-BHocTB, bhmtu 3a npege-H Mupa, ocHoBaHHoro Ha pau,uo, o6paTuTBca k MHTyMTMBHO-My.2 ^TO 6eccnopHo oTcH-aeT k .flpcroeBcKoMy, k ero noHaTuro cTag-
264
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
H0CTM, k pacK0nBHMK0BCK0M TeopuM o gByx TMnax nrogeM, a Tax^e k BwgeneHuro ogHoro nepcoHa^a, xax HocuTena ugeu (b gaHH0M cnynae, y KasaxoBa, oh aBnaeTca HocMTeneM u,enoro Mupa), Boxpyr K0Toporo CTpouTca cro^eT.
npuMeHaTenBHo, hto b to BpeMa Tonny noHTM Bcerga conpo-Bo^gaeT gHeBH0M CBeT, ónecx, BnaduMupu to u geno 0KyTaHw Hontro, TBM0M, unu ^e b nynmeM cnynae CBeT0M ^0HapHHM, ucKyccTBeHHwM. Mx B3opw ycTpeMneHw Bgant, 6ecK0HenH0 BonmeóHo gnuHHwe ynun,w BegyT mx «Kyga-T0 b HMKyga» (AxMaT0Ba: 15o). HBnaeTca nu ^Ta gant BHyTpeHHMM MMpoM nepcoHa^en, a ^TM BonmeóHo gnuHHwe ynu^i MHMM0M goporoM k ce6e?
CBeT b npo3aunecKux MUHuaTropax aBH0 npegcTaeT Bpa^geó-hwm no 0TH0meHMro k nepcoHa^aM, sanacTyro 0T0^gecTBnaacB co CTexnoM, c okhom, nepe3 K0Topoe npoHMKaeT b noMem,eHMe: «OHa pBaHyna, m ms 0KHa co sbohom nocwnanca CBeT. rnasa »eHuxa ocro-po^Ho CTynanu cpegu ocKonxoB. M Bgpyr - ax!.. [.j oh npoTupan nnaTK0M oxpoBaBneHHoe neHCHS» (Ka3axoB 1972: 36). ^T0 oótacHaeTca npupogoM repoeB, ux cnocoóoM cym,ecTB0BaHua - Begt ohm npu-spaKM, gHeBH0M CBeT gna hmx He hto MHoe, xax CMepTB. OoHapHwm CBeT, HanpoTMB, CBasaH c Hontro, tbmom, xax CMMBonoM xaoca, t. e. Mupa, b K0T0p0M 0HU npeówiBaroT. ,fl,oóaBUM, hto, bo3mo^ho, tot Mup, ^T0T xaocMoc, oKyTaHHwrn hohbm - CMMBonoM g0K0CM0reHMnecK0M tbmw, - npegcTaBnaeT coóon MMCTunecxoe npocTpaHCTBo, npegme-CTByrom.ee po^geHuro: «Oh yMep gBag^TB mecTB neT Ha3ag u go cux nop em,e He pogunca» (36). íaHHHH Bonpoc Bce-Taxu TpeóyeT óonee nogpoóHoro MCcnegoBaHua.
MTaK, paccMaTpuBaa paccxas «Mou BCTpenu c BnagMMMpoM Ka-saK0BwM» b Knrone ^0TMaH0BCK0r0 npegcTaBneHua 0 gByx Mogenax K0MMyHMKa^MM b CMCTeMe KyntTypw, mo®ho cgenaTB BwBog, hto oh
265
BACIMHCA IMHBAP - BcTpena c co6o«
npeuMy^ecTBeHHO npuHafl.e»uT k cucTeMe nepegaHu coo6m,eHua OT «H» k «H». B OT.uHue ot cucreMBi nepegaHu coo6m,eHua no Ka-Ha.y «H - OH», b xoge KOToporo HeT HUKaxux u3MeHeHuM hu agpe-caHTa, hu coo6m,eHua, gaHHaa cucTeMa nogpa3yMeBaeT BHyTpeHHee npeo6pa3OBaHue cym,HOcru agpecaHTa, nocKO.BKy b KaHane «H - H» npoucxoguT «KaHecTBeHHaa TpaHC^opMan,ua» caMoro coo6m,eHua, «noBwmaeTca ero paHr» (^OTMaH 164-165). noMUMO SToro, b nep-BOM c.yHae «uH^opMan,ua nepeMem,aeTca b npocTpaHCTBe» (164), a bo BTopoM - bo BpeMeHM. OnucaHHaa Moge.B K0MMyHUKa^uu, KaK o6^acHaeT .HoTMaH, OTHOCUTca, npe»g,e Bcero, k TeM cnyHaaM, Korga He.OBeK o6pam,aerca k caMOMy ce6e, r. e. k gHeBHUKOBWM 3anucaM u.u 3anucaM .B6oro Buga, «uMeB^uM u,eflBB yacHeHue BHyTpeHHero cocToaHua numyrn,ero» (164).
KaK y»e 6w.o CKa3aHO Bwme, paccKa3 Ka3aKOBa geMcTBUTeflBHO HeceT xapaKTep 3anucu TaKoro Tuna. Coöumue, BCTpeHa c C060M - 3to u ecTb o6parn,eHue ce6a k ce6e, no3HaHue ce6a Hepe3 ce6a KaK pa3 nocpegcTBOM aBTOKOMMyHUKan,uu, c u,eflBB no3HaTb Mup, nocTUHb Ebimue. nepegaBaeMoe Ka3axoBWM coo6rn,eHue ot ce6a k ce6e «ne-peKogupyeTca» u pa3pacTaeTca go ypoBHa HOBoro xygo»ecTBeHHoro Mupa, Moge.u Eumua, c KOTopoM BCTpeHaeMca Ha CTpaHu^ax ero KHur, a caM Ka3aKOB-agpecaHT TpaHC^opMupyeTca Ha Hamux r.a3ax b Ka3aKOBa-nucaTe.a-aflpecaTa.
gpyruMu c.OBaMu, aBTOKOMMyHUKan.ua xapaKTepHa He toabko g.a ^T0M MUHuaTBpw Ka3aK0Ba, u ga»e He toabko g.a ^T0M koh-KpeTHO KHuru. gaHHaa cucTeMa K0MMyHUKa^uu nopo»gaeT Ka-3aK0Ba-aBT0pa, cnegoBaTeABHO, ero TBopHecTBO b u,e.noM. HecMOTpa Ha HacTO BCTpeHaB^eeca onpege.eHue ero TBopHecTB a, KaK coBep-meHHO yHUKa.BHoro, repMeTUHHoro, Tpe6yBm,ero oco6oro nogxoga, HecMOTpa Ha Hey.OBUMOCTB cMBicna, 060C06.neHH0CTB, u, Ha nepBwM
266
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
B3r-ag, HecoeguHMMOCTb ga»e Tex ^parMeHTOB TeKCTa, m3 K0T0pwx COCTOUT KHura «Mou BCTpenu c B-aguMupoM Ka3aK0BBiM», HecMO-Tpa Ha to, HTO aBTop HeycTaHHO 0Tpun,an Bce B03M0»HBie rpaHun,w u yc-OBHOCTu - TBopnecTBO B-aguMupa Ka3aK0Ba Bce »e aB-aeTca eguHWM HenpepwBHMM CoôumueM - gua-oroM c caMUM co6oM, Ha-naBmuMca co BCTpenu b ga-eKOM 1956 rogy.
^roM ycraHOBKe cnoco6crByer BBicoKaa creneHb aBro6Morpa-^UHHOCTU npou3BegeHuM, gocTuraeMaa He to-bko o6wrpwBaHueM ^aKTOB M3 CBoeM 6uorpa^uu, ho TaK»e (npuneM ga»e b 6ó,^bmeM Mepe) nocpegcTBOM TununHBix g-a nocTMogepHU3Ma npueMOB n,u-rupoBaHMa, têxhmkm KO—a^a, r. e. uHrepno-upoBaHua nacreM pea-bHO cymecTByromux g0KyMeHT0B pa3Horo poga3: «A-a Ka3a-KOBa xapaKTepHO Hanpa»eHue Me»gy ny-bcupyromuM MOHO-oroM aBTopa u goKyMeHTaMu, BCTaB-eHHBiMu b TeKCT: n,uTaraMu U3 ctu-xoTBopeHuM KpyneHwx, X-e6HUK0Ba u gpyrux nosTOB, cnpaBKaMu U3 gopeBO-rouMOHHwx 3Hn,uKnoneguM, OTpwBKaMu U3 peanbHBix nuceM, HanucaHHwx Ka3aK0By Xapg»ueBBiM m gpyruMM goporuMM eMy -rogbMu. AoKyMeHTBi u n,uTaTBi U3 gpyrux aBTopoB pa3pwBaroT cru-McrunecKyro CBa3H0crb MHozozonocozo u ece Me edunozo noee-cmeoeanua. (KypcuB mom. - B. M.). [...] CTaHOBaTca MeguTaruBHBiMu «ocTpoBaMu», «ocTaHOBMBmuMuca» b TeKCTe. 3to ray60K0 -unHBie 3HaKu, Ba»Hwe b nepByro onepegb g-a aBTopa-repoa. npo3a Ka3a-KOBa — oneHb nacTHaa...» (KyKy-uH).
nOMUMO 3T0r0, He-b3a 060MTM BHUMaHUeM 3HanUM0CTb B gaH-HOM KOHTeKCTe nocToaHHO noBToparomuxca repoeB, 06cTaH0B0K, TeM u MOTUBOB, xaparcrepHBix g-a nosTUKu Ka3aK0Ba b paMKax He TO-bKO np03W, HO U n033MM (HanpUMep, MOTUBOB UCne3H0BeHUa, gBOMHunecTBa, CMepTu, TBopnecTBa, BCTpenu, pa3-yKu, MO-naHua, 0Tpa»eHMa, OKHa, go»ga, KpoBu). Aobo-bho nacTO HeK0T0pwe $par-
Cp. B gaHHOM KGH-TeKcTe BcTaBKy B reKcrGBGM ^parMeHr «Hesa»HBaMmMH paM» McrGpMM GpgeHa CBaro-ro AHgpea nepBG3BaH-HGrG (Ka3aKGB, 1972: 50), a raK»e cerMeHra G npGMCXG»geHMM rpa^CKGro poga Ogh Bpege o,y Ay3mnepr (Ka3aKGB, 1972: 60).
267
BACIMHCA IMHBAP - BcTpena c co6o«
MeHTH TeKCTa ogHoM KHuru, o6Hapy®uBaraTca b gpyroM, e^e pa3 noKa3BiBaa, hto g.a Ka3aKOBa ^paHu^ He cym,ecTByeT. Bee CKa3aHHoe CBugeTe^BCTByeT o HanuHuu eguHoro xygo^ecTBeHHoro guanora, b kotopom aBTop npe6wBaeT, u kotopbim oh npeg.araeT HameMy BHUMaHMM.
BcTpena, co6umue, oho ^e caMono3HaHue, coBepmaeTca «b no-ctoshhom o6m,eHuu He.OBeKa co c.obom u MupoM ckbo3b caobo» (KyKy.uH), t. e. nocpegcTBoM a3BiKa: «.fl^a Toro gaHa peHB, onac-HeMmee u3 uMym,ecTB, He.OBeKy... hto6bi oh cBugeTe.BcTBoBa. o tom, hto oh ecTB...», - oTMenaeT re.Bgep.uH (cm. XaMgerrep). Co-Sumue y Ka3aKoBa, Ta caMaa Bcrpena c caMuM co6oM, npoucxoguT b xaMgerrepoBcKOM cMBicne, t. e. b pa3roBope. #3bik coBepmaeTca b pa3roBope, u mh nocpegcTBoM Hero cBugeTe.BcTByeM o cBoeM cym,ecTBOBaHuu, nocKO.BKy mh cym,ecTByeM go Tex nop, noKa mh oduH pa3roBop u b ce6e, u BHe ce6a, c gpyruMu, noKa mh c.BimuM ce6a b ce6e u gpyrux b ce6e. #3bik - ^TO He.OBeK, a3HK - ^TO r.aB-Hoe u eguHcTBeHHoe opygue He.OBeKa. H, ogHoBpeMeHHo, KaK yHuT BpogcKuM: «nucaTe.B - opygue a3HKa» (no.yxuHa).
Ha ^TOM noHBe Bo3HuKaeT Bonpoc: mo®:ho .u ogHoMy He.OBeKy no3HaTB BHTue b ^.om, nocruHB Hcmuny, ec.u a3HK npegcTaeT KaK eguHcTBeHHHM nyTB no3HaHua? Cor.acHO Coccrapy, a3HK - <oto rpaMMaTunecKaa cucTeMa, BupTya.BHO cym,ecTByram,aa y Ka^goro b MO3ry, TOHHee cKa3aTB, y n,e.OM coBOKynHocTu uHguBugoB, u6o a3HK He cy^ecTByeT no.HocTBM hu b ogHOM u3 hux, oh cym,ecTByeT b no.HoM Mepe .umB b KO^nercruBe» ^uTaTa no .HoTMaHy, 2000: 154). gaHHoe yTBep^geHue oTcH.aeT Hac k TOMy, hto He.OBeK no-cpegcTBOM a3HKa cnoco6eH nocTuHB iumB oguH cerMeHT HcmuHU, BugeTB .umB ogHy ee cropoHy, ogHy nepcneKTuBy, KaK yHu. Hu^me, u n,e.uKOM gocTuHB HcmuHU eMy He gaHO.
268
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Ka^gaa BCTpeHa, KaœgMH pa3roBop Ka3aK0Ba c caMUM co6oh nopo^gaeT HOBoe CBugeTe.BCTB0 o ero Mupe, KaK ero nepcneKTUBe Mcmunu, ero KapTUHe Eumrn. CBoeo6pa3HbiH Mup Tpe6yeT cBoeo-6pa3Horo A3MKa. Oco6oe, omeawnoe OTHomeHue k A3MKy («OTBara - 3T0 Korga aBTop BMxoguT oguH Ha oguH c a3mkom, c ero ucTopu-eH, uHTOHOBByKaMu, 6yKBaMu, rpa^eMaMu» [EpeMeHKO, ^HTaTa no Ka3aK0B 2012: 295]) Ka3aK0B, HecoMHeHHO, yHac.egoBa. ot cboux npegmecTBeHHUKOB, b nepByro OHepegb ot X.e6HUK0Ba u KpyHeHbx, KOTopbix 6oroTBopu.. Hgea o^ubutb a3mk, «BMBecm ero U3 aBTO-MaTU3Ma BOcnpuATua» (fflK.0BCKuH 63), nepepocmaa Bnoc.egcTBuu y KpyHeHMx b 3ayMB, coBepmeHHO hobmh a3mk, nocrpoeHHbrn Ha 3aK0Hax He 3HaHeHua, a 3ByHaHua, Ham.a CBoe OTpa^eHue u b CTpo-Kax Ka3aK0Ba. npaBga, b ero TeKCTax mm He BCTpeHaeMca c 3ayMBro, HO Ha.U^ B.HAHHe ^yTypHCTHHeCKHX A3MKOBMx SKCnepUMeHTOB B MH0r0HUC.eHHMX o6MrpMBaHUAX Ha ^OHeTUHeCKOM ypOBHe, Heo-KngaHHMx o6pbBax npeg.o^eHUM, noBTopax, cgBurax, yceHeHuax, uHBepcuax, b ^.om 3aHacTyro BM3MBaKmux KOMUHecKUH s^ercr, «or.ymaromux cmmc.» ^nmTeMH 266), OTogBuraromux ero Ha bto-poH n.aH:
«Heowudanno exodum zp/ canoenum c deûcmeumenhnuMu maûnu-mu ôaKenôapdaMu/ a$.» («nymemecmeue e Mmanuw»: 26); «"Bame eenuuecmeo, e Boponewe ôynm!" [...] "Hmo m... no3eamh §enh^be^epa.!"Bxodum enhd^eph. [...] "rocydaph, no KaK we Poeo-new?" - "Hmo 3a eonew?"» («Eynm»: 28); «Tym exodum Tudoxe.» («^HmpaHCUMaH»: 29); «Yxodam. Tpa^uw: "Ymnu". Tpyn: "A?" A?: "Tpyn".» («npoaynm»: 32); «Tpynna 6una e côope u. H crn3an...» («nup»:33); «Omeu,/ omev,/ 6un uucmo euôpum» («rpo3a»: 37);
269
BACIMHCA IMHBAP - BcTpena c co6o«
«Bdonh ôepe^a Mopa xodun B3ad u eneped Monodoû nenoeeK. B ô M x e u e M n.» («Eopuc»:38);
«Oöoöypoe. Ydydopoe. floöoöypoe. Počočopoe. Ydydypoe. Pydydy.Odo-dy... ydydo... Odo-čo-čo-čo-o-o-o-o...» («He3aMwaww,uû paû»: 42); «B odun U3 enaduMupoe ona ecmpemunach na odunoKoû annee napKa c dmuM ocennuM dneM» («He3aMueaw^uû paû»: 47).
K CKa3aHH0My Heo6xoguM0 go6aBMTB, hto cto.b yHUKa.BHBiM a3HK Ka3aK0Ba b onpege.eHHoM CTeneHM aB.aeTca c.egcTBueM MexaHM3Ma K0MMyHMKa^MM, npeo6.agarom.ero b ero Pa3roBopax, m ge.arom,ero M3 TeKCTa cMHTarMaTMHecKM «c.o»ho nocTpoeHHoe aceMaHTMHecKoe coo6meHue»: «Poct cuHTarMaruHecKux CBa3eM BHyTpu coo6meHua npur.ymaeT nepBMHHBie ceMaHTMHecKue CBa3M. [...] Ho, CMHTarMa-TMHeCKM BHC0K00praHM30BaHHHe aCeMaHTMHeCKUe TeKCTH MMeroT TeHgeH^Mro CTaH0BUTBca opraHM3aTopaMu Hamux acco^Ma^MM. Hm npunucHBaroTca acco^MaTMBHHe 3HaHeHua... HeM 60.ee nognepKHy-Ta cMHTarMaTMHecKaa op^aHM3a^Ma, tcm acco^MaTMBHee m cBo6ogHee CTaH0BaTca ceMaHTMHecKue CBa3M. Ü03T0My tckct b KaHa.e "H - H" MMeeT TeHgeHuuro o6pacTaTB MHgMBugya.BHBiMM 3HaHeHuaMM m no.ynaeT 4>yH^uro opraHU3aTopa 6ecnopagoHHHx acco^Ma^MM, Ha-Kan.MBaromuxca b co3HaHuu .mhhoctm» (^0TMaH 17i).
H3hk Ka3aK0Ba xapaKTepu3yeTca TaK»e cn.omHoM gua.0ruHH0-CTBro, npoaB.arom.eMca He to.bko b pa3roBopax Me»gy repoaMM m b aBTogua.orax, ho m b caM0M CTpyKType ero npo3auHecKMx MMHuaTrop, napamux Ha rpaHM Me»gy »aHpaMM paccKa3a, poMaHa m gpaMaTM-HecKoro npoM3BegeHua. ^T0 ru6pugHBie tckctobhc TBopeHua, KaK npaBM.o_cogep»amue gpaMaTMHecKue 3.eMeHTBi.
CaMM gua.oru Me»gy nepcoHa»aMM nocTpoeHH Ha a6cypgu-CTCKMX npueMax, cpegu K0T0pHx Ha nepB0M MecTe «pa3roBop hm 0
270
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
neM», oTCwnaromuM k xapMC0BCKUM SKcnepuMenraM u b onpege-neHH0M CMticne yxogamuM KopHaMu k HexoBy. KaK cnpaBegnuBo oTMenaeT KpacunBHUK0Ba u Bcneg 3a Hen K0HCTaHTUH0Ba, gaHHBiM npueM peanu3yeTca b TBopnecTBe Ka3aK0Ba b gByx HanpaBneHuax. B o6oux cnynaax uH^opMaruBHocTB TeKCTa guanora npuHu»eHa unu B006me 0TcyTCTByeT, ho b 0gH0M cnynae mbi CTanKMBaeMca c «rono-C0M a6cypgucTCKoro TeKCTa, urparomero nucBMa», u3o6pa»aromuM «CKyHHWM a3WK repoeB, K0T0ptiM npocTo Henero CKa3aTB, KpoMe He3HanuTenBHwx, Henenwx 3nu3ogoB», u conpoB0»garomuMca He-C00TBeTCTByromeM pea^uen co6ecegHUK0B (KpacunBHUK0Ba, 200l: 82), a b gpyroM - paccKa3 hu o neM nognepKUBaeT HeB03M0»H0CTB no3HaHua Mupa nocpegcTB0M a3tiKa, «3HaKa» (KpacunBHUK0Ba 83).
3gecB He numHe oTMeTMTB, hto b MMHuaTrope «Mou BCTpeHM c Bna-gMMMpoM Ka3aK0BHM» npocne»MBaeTca m BnuaHue XapMca. BcTpena c TB0pnecK0M CT0p0H0M CBoeM nuHHocTu npegcTaBneHa KaK cnynan: «3HaK0MCTB0 npou3omno C0BepmeHH0 cnynaMHo», npuHeM cnynan, 0CH0BaHHHM Ha sneMeHTax Hacunua: «Ha MeHa HyTB He Haexan neü-To aBT0M06unB», u He o6nagaromuM 3aK0HHeHH0CTBro, nocKonBKy b nocnegHux npegno»eHuax aBTop He0»ugaHH0 nepexoguT k TeMe CMepTu: «noMHro, oh MHe KaK-T0 CKa3an: "Bot, yBugumB, a yMpy npe»ge Te6a". KaK 3HaTB!..» (Ka3aK0B l972: 25), hto b ^enoM oTCwnaeT k XapMcy u ero a6cypgucTCKUM c^HKaM.
HTaK, 6eccunue cnoBa, HeBwpa3UM0CTB, HeB03M0»H0CTB BecTu pa3roBop o cymecTBeHH0M, 0 tom, hto 0C03HaHH0, 6narogapa Bcmpeue, HenogBnacTHocTB Eumw a3BiKy b npo3auHecKMx MMHuaTropax Ka3a-K0Ba nepegaeTca, b nepByro onepegB, nocroaHHBiMM Heo»ugaHHWMM yceneHuaMu npegno»eHUM, cnoB, pa3Horo poga o6wrpwBaHuaMu, Heg0CKa3aHH0CTBro, CBogamen «Ha HeT» noHTu Ka»gwM cro»eT TeK-ctobbix ^parMeHT0B. 3aTeM - He T0nBK0 Hepe3 guanoru hu 0 HeM, ho u
271
BACMflMCA WflMBAP «- BcTpena c co6ofi
O6pameHue nepco-Ha»eß k npegMeTaM OTCB.aeT k npueMy
aHTp0^0M0p^M3a^MM npegMeTHoro Mupa, urpawmero BecbMa Ba»Hyw po.b B xy-g0»ecTBeHH0M Mupe aBTopa (Cp., HanpuMep, b «PoMaHe b HeTBipex»: «Okho noBepHy.ocb Ha ceBepo-3anag.»; «MoKpaa 6y.B»Haa MOCTOBaa xoTe.a 6pocMTbca Bue.brop-CKOMy Ha rpygb, ho OH OTCTpaHM.Ca He 6e3 gocaflBi. KaMeHb y.erca. OoHapb y6e»a.
CO CTyKOM» [Ka3aK0B
l972: 22-23] H.m »e bo ^parMeHTe, OTKpwiBaro-meM KHury: «B y3K0M Kopugope npoxoguT MMMO CTapUHHOrO 3epKa.a, KOTopoe noHTM HMHero y»e He BuguT.» [Ka3aK0B l972: l]). noMMMO ^T0^0, nognepKMBaeTca He-opguHapHOCTb repoeB, mx npMHag.e»H0CTb k gpyroß pea.bHOCTU. He .MmHe OTMeTMTb, hto b 0npege.eHH0M CMBC.e MOTMB o6pameHua k npegMeTaM yxoguT KopHaMM B nexoBCKyw ^o^TMKy (botomhmm 3HaMeHMToe o6pame-Hue raeBa k mKa^y: «.flpporoß, MHoroy-Ba»aeMBß mKan!» [MexoB 1967: 565]). H xoTa o6cTaHoBKa y Ka3aKoBa coBepmeH-ho gpyraa, ^yH^ua HexOBCKOrO MOTMBa Bce »e coxpaHaeTca: o6pameHue HcT.eHbe-Ba K gBepu («Me.0BeK 0CT0p0»H0 BCTaBM. K.KH B 3aM0HHyW CKBa»MHy. Oh 3amen-Ta., noflôagpMBaa ce6a
M 3aM0K, M K.WH. [...] ♦
nogHepKMBaHueM HeB03M0»H0CTM ocymecTB.eHMa gua.ora B006me M3-3a 6e3M0.Bua agpecaTa: nepcoHa»u Ka3aK0Ba o6pamawTca to k npegMeTaM (o6pameHue HcT.eHBeBa k gBepu, k 3aMKy),4 to k nepco-Ha»aM gpyroro ypoBHa cymecTBOBaHua, gpyroro BwTua (BcnoMHMM HcT.eHBeBa, o6pamawmeroca k CBoeß HeBecTe, KOTopaa ero He c.w-muT m He BuguT - oh »e npu3paK, a OHa - Bon.omeHue tockm, uno-CTacB 6.0K0BCK0M npeKpacHOM gaMw). ^aHHaa .MHua npogo.»aeTca Bn.OTB go 0K0HHaTe.BH0r0 yxoga b M0.HaHue, npegcrawmee, KaK y»e
6w.0 CKa3aH0, OgHMM M3 K.WHeBBix MOTMBOB Ka3aK0BCK0ß n03TMKM.
OgHaKO MO.HaHue He c.egyeT nyTaTB c TumuHoß, nocKO.BKy oho He o6o3HaHaeT npeKpameHue pa3roBopa. Mo.HaHue - 3to Bce tot »e pa3roBop, to.bko b hobom Buge, b to BpeMa KaK TumuHa aB.a-eTca OTcyTCTBueM pa3roBopa, CBoeo6pa3Hoß Hec.0BecH0CTBW. «[...] y M0.HaHua m peHu ecTB o6muß npegMeT. HMeHHO HeB03M0»H0CTB roBopuTB o HeM-TO ge.aeT bo3mo»hbim M0.HaHue o tom »e caMOM. Mo.HaHue no.ynaeT cbow TeMy ot pa3roBopa - y»e BWH.eHeHHoß, apTMKy.upoBaHHoß, m MO.HaHue CTaHOBMTca ga.BHeßmeß ^opMoß ee pa3pa6oTKM, ee BHec.0BecHoro npou3HeceHua. Ec.u 6w He 6w.o pa3roBopa, He 6w.o 6w m M0.HaHua - He o HeM 6w.o 6w MO.HaTB. Pa3roBop He npocTO 0TpMu,aeTca m.m npeKpamaeTca M0.HaHueM - oh n0-H0B0My npogo.»aeTca b M0.HaHuu, oh C03gaeT bo3mo»hoctb MO.HaHua, o6o3HaHaeT to, o HeM M0.HaT» ^nmTeMH 247). H3 CKa3aH-Horo c.egyeT, hto Ka3aK0B Ha CBoeM nyTM no3HaHua nepexoguT ot «npec.0BecHoro» k «3ac.0BecH0My» M0.HaHuw, «KOTopoe cogep»uT b ce6e no.HOTy HeBwroBapuBaeMoro C.OBa [...]» ^nmTeßH 275).
Motmb MO.HaHua, 6eccnopH0, BegeT k eme 0gH0My MOTMBy, npucy-meMy nosTMKe nucaTe.a - MOTMBy MCHe3H0BeHua. Mo.HaHue - He hto MHoe, KaK pe3y.BTaT ucHe3H0BeHua c.ob, Hepe3 KOTopoe npoucxoguT MCHe3H0BeHue, pa3.o»eHue, ucxneBaHue nepcoHa»eß (bcüomhmm
272
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) «- Event
umh ogHoro M3 nocTOHHHMx repoeB Ka3aKOBa, npegcrarom,ero ero gBOMHMKOM, B,naguMupa Hcmneubeea), u ux 0K0HHaTe^BH0e npe-o6pa^eHMe b npu3paKM, napa^ue Ha rpaHu cy^ecTBOBaHMH. npu-3panHMM repoHM Ka3aKOBa npucym,e MO^naHue. OTcyTCTBue KaK ^opMa npucyTcTBua - ^T0 u ecTt Moge^t cy^ecTBOBaHua nepcoHa-^eM-npu3paKOB b xaocMoce Ka3aKOBa. B KHure, HB.nflrom.eMcfl npeg-MeTOM HacTOH^ero uccnegoBaHua, gaHHMe motubm ycMaTpuBawcH, ho Hago oTMeTuTt, hto ohu He cto^b pa3BuTti, KaK b nocnegyrom,ux ero npou3BegeHuHx, Korga nucaTe^t em,e ray6^e npoHuKaeT b Mup repoeB-npu3paKoB.
Motub Mcne3HoBeHMH b ^parMeHTe «Mou Bcrpenu c B^aguMupoM Ka3aKoBMM» Hepa3pMBHo cBH3aH c aBTo6uorpa^unecKuMu aneMeH-TaMu u3 ^u3Hu aBTopa-nepcoHa^a. no ero cnoBaM, b oguH MoMeHT B^aguMup Ka3aKoB «Kyga-To Heo^ugaHHo ucHe3. OgHu roBopu^u, hto oh Ha Ky6aHu, gpyrue - hto Ha ^oHy» (Ka3aKoB 1972: 25). ^TO Mcne3HoBeHMe go^^Ho 6mtb coBnagaeT c nepuogoM npe6MBaHuH Ka-3aKoBa Ha Ko^MMe, rge oh pa6oTa^ yHuTeneM, npoMMBa.ntm.uKoM 3o-^oTa, ü^othmkom, KonerapoM, ^ecopy6oM, MaTpocoM u b3pmbhukom.
K cKa3aHHoMy Hago go6aBuTt, hto gua^oruHHocrt TeKcToB TaK^e npuBoguT k ycyry6^eHuro ^parMeHTapHocra TeKcroBoM cTpyKTypM, em,e ogHon Ba^HoM xapaKTepucruKe ^o^TUKM nucaTe^a. OparneH-TapHocTt HecoMHeHHo npucy^a KHure «Mou BcrpeHu c B^aguMu-poM Ka3aKoBMM». BygyHu cocraB,neHa u3 caMMx pa3,nuHHbix TeKcToB, gaHHaa KHura, Ha nepBMM B3r^ag, He HB^aeTca ^.AOCTHOM, 3aKoHHeH-hom, He o6^agaeT eguHMM cmbichom. TeM He MeHee, paccMaTpuBaa ee b KnwHe BbimeonucaHHoro Coóbimua, mo^ho cge^art BMBog, hto Ka^gMM u3 ^parMeHToB stom KHuru npegcraB^aeT co6oM to, hto nopogu^a oHepegHaa BcTpeHa Ka3aKoBa c caMuM co6oM, oHepegHoM aBTopa3roBop. ^T0My yTBep^geHuro cnoco6cTByeT, no KpaMHeM Mepe,
♦ A He^oBeK noBopa-HMBa^ u noBopaHMBa^ k^wh, roBopa, KaK B 3a6tiTBM, Tuxue HenoHHTHMe HurnMy c^oBa.» [Ka3aKoB 1972: 5]), TaK ^e, KaK o6pa-rn,eHMe raeBa k rnKa^y, cBugeTe^tcTByeT no cyTu o6 ux npeÓHBa-hmu b gpyroM pea^t-hoctu. y ^exoBa 3to cBH3aHo c BonpocoM o BpeMeHM, ocTaHoBKoM b npom^oM, c HeBo3-mo^hoctbw nepexoga K	B HacToa-
rn,eM. C gpyroM cto-poHM, y Ka3aKoBa sto oTc&inaeT k Bonpocy o Mupe «Ha rpaHM», o cíhhhmh pea-ntHocreM B xaocMoc, B KoTopoM npegMeTM o^MBawT u B ocHoBHoM cTaHoBAT-ch Bpa^geÓHHMM no oTHorneHMK k nepco-Ha^aM (sto b óo-ntrneM cTeneHM 3aMeTHo b nocnegyromux npo-M3BegeHMHx aBTopa).
273
BACIMHCA IMHBAP - BcTpena c co6o«
BM6op TaKoro Ha3BaHua KHuru. Ka«gMM m3 ^parMeHTOB aB.aeTca HacTBro u,e.oro (oco6oro Mupa nucaTe.a), m 3to u,e.oe b ce6e 0Tpa«a-eT. no TaKOMy npuHu,Mny 4>yHKu,M0HMpyroT Bce, m npo3auHecKMe, m ^o^TMHecKMe TeKCTM Ka3aK0Ba, Bno.He BnucMBaacB b ^o^TMKy no-CTMogepHM3Ma. H xoTa ^T0 u,e.oe He ecTB HcmuHa b n0.H0M o6teMe, a .umB ee HacTB, ogHa m3 nepcneKTUB, bo3mo«ho, oho no TOMy «e npuHu,Mny, 0Tpa«aeT b ce6e u,e.0CTH0CTB HcmuHU?
ycTaHOBKa Ha gua.or, c gpyroM CTopoHM, eme 6o.Bme ycyry6.aeT MOTMB pa3gBauBaHua m ero 4>yHKu,Mro. CymecTBOBaHue «Ha rpaHM», BMaB.aromeeca Hepe3 gBOMCTBeHHOCTB, a TaK«e onno3MH,MM MCHe3-H0BeHue-noaB.eHMe, OTcyTCTBue-npucyTCTBue, 6eccnopH0 c.egyeT paccMaTpuBaTB Ha $0He MOTUBa 0Tpa«eHua, pa3BUBaromeroca Ha gByx ypoBHax: KaK 0Tpa«eHue b 3epKa.e, m KaK 0Tpa«eHue b OKHe. y Ka3aK0Ba ga«e ycMaTpuBaeM 0Tpa«eHue Ha ypoBHe a3MKa: «TyT BxoguT TugoxB.» (Ka3aK0B i972: 29). 3tom TeMe, ogHaKO, c.egyeT nocBaTMTB 0Tge.BHyro CTaTBro, hto6m Tm.aTe.BH0 paccMOTpeTB ee, onupaacB Ha TBopHecTBO Ka3aK0Ba b u,e.0M.
Ha ocHOBaHMM npoBegeHHoro b CTaTBe ucc.egoBaHua b 3aK.roHe-Hue OTMeTMM, HTO BCTpena c C060M b BOcnpuaTMu Ka3aK0Ba npegcTaeT K0.0cca.BHMM CoöumueM, nopoguBmuM ero TBopHecKyro .mhhoctb KaK nucaTe.a. no3HaHue ce6a KaK TBop^ n03B0.M.0 Ka3aK0By norpy-3MTBca b noMCKM ocMMC.eHua Bonpoca Eumua, KOTopoe oh mmc.mt KaK CBoeo6pa3HMM Mup Ha rpaHM, xa0CM0C, napamuM no Ty CTopo-Hy noHaTMM BpeMeHM m npocTpaHCTBa, rge u,apaT cbom 3aK0HM, rge .rogu MCT.eBaroT, npegMeTBi o«MBaroT, CBeT m nacBi (BpeMa) nyraroT... ABT0K0MMyHMKa^Ma coBepmaeTca 6eccnopH0 nocpegcTBOM a3MKa m, TeM caMMM, r.aBHMM opygueM b coTBopeHuu Ka3aK0BCK0r0 Ba-puaHTa Eumua aB.aeTca a3MK, C.OBO, KaK eguHCTBeHHMM cnoco6 «BMpa3MTB ce6a» (Ka3aK0B i972: i23). 06maacB c C060M, Ka3aK0B,
274
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
nepe3 pa3.unHwe nocTMogepHMCTCKue npueMw, B0B.eKaeT b ^T0T aBTogua.or cbomx npegmecTBeHHUK0B, m, nponycKaa mx ckbo3b CBoe C03HaHue, geK0HCTpyupyeT mx tcmbi m motmbbi. TaKMM 06pa30M, aB-Top pacmupaeT rpaHM^i CBoero Mupa, npegcTaB.eHHoro HaM b Buge npo3aunecKux, gpaMaTunecKux, nosTunecKux tckctob - B0.me6Hwx 0K0H, Bwxogamux Ha 3a3epKa.Be. $
275
BACIMHCA IMHBAP - BcTpena c co6o«
^MTepaTypa
Ka3aKOB, B. B., 1972: Mou ecmpeuu c BnaduMupoM Ka3aKoeuM,
MroHxeH: XaH3ep. Ka3aKOB, b. b., 2012: Madnon. npo3a, cmuxu, nbecu, MocKBa: Tunea. AOTMaH, ro. m., 2000: CeMuoc^epa, CaHKT-neTep6ypr:
HcKyccTBo: ŒE. KyKy.HH, h., 1996: CTeKnaHHwü ptiuapb // 3naMa 1996, N 6.
22S-23l. <http://hylaea.ru/kaz_3tt.html> l9. l2. 20l6. KPacH.bHHKOBa, E. r., 2001: nocmModepnucmcKue poManu
BnaduMupa Ka3aKoea, MocKBa: npoMeTeü. KOHCTaHTHHOBa, c. 2010: Eumb eecenuM, ne mepwomnamrn.
Ezpoeue cmpamezuu npo3u BnaduMupa Ka3aKoea, ückob: ückob ry. 3nmTEHH, m., 2015: Hponua udeana, MocKBa:
HoBoe nuTepaTypHoe o6o3peHue. axMaTOBA, a. a., 1989: Cmuxomeopenuñ u no^Mu,
MocKBa: Monogaa rBapgua. gOBPEHKO, E., KyKy.HH, H., .H^OBE^KHH, M., maho^hc,
m., 2010: HernnonmecKuû KnaccuK: fiMumpuû AneKcandpoeuu npuzoe. CôopnuK cmameû u Mamepuanoe. M.: H^Ü <http://c00llib.c0m/b/291007/read> 13. 12. 2016. mKAOBCKHH, b. b., 1990: ^aaM6yp^cKUû cuem. Cmambu -
eocnoMunanm - ^cce (1914-1933). M.: CoBeTCKuü nucaTenb. xaHgErrEP, m., 1991: renbgepnuH u cymnocTb ^o^3uu // Xo^oc. &unoco$cKo-numepamypnuû Mypnan 1991, Ne 1. 37-47. <http://ec-dejavu.ru/p/P0etry.html> 5. 12. 2016. CKOPonaHOBa, h. c., 2001: PyccKaa nocmModepnucmcKaa numepamypa, MocKBa: OnuHTa. HayKa.
276
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
no^yxHHA, b., 2000: Hocu$ Epodcxuû. Eonbmaa. Kuuza unmepebw. CocmaeneHue BaneHmuHU nonyxuHoû. M.: 3axapoB. <http://litresp.ru/chitat/ru/%D0%9F/p0luhina-valentina/ iosif-brodskij-boljshaya-kniga-intervjyu/5> 24. i2. 20i6.
277
BACIMHCA IMHBAP - BcTpena c co6o«
Pe3MMe
HacToamaa CTaTBa CTaBUT 3aganeM nacTunHBiM aHa.u3 npo3aune-CKux MMHuaTrop nepBoro, 0ny6.MK0BaHH0r0 Ha pyccK0M a3WKe, c6opHMKa npoM3BegeHMM B.aguMupa BacM.beBuna Ka3aK0Ba «Mom BCTpenu c B.aguMupoM Ka3aK0BWM». ^.b ucc.egoBaHua - nocTa-paTBca, npe^ge Bcero, yacHMTB, hto mmchho nogpa3yMeBaeTca nog noHaTueM «BCTpena», KaKoe 3HaneHMe oho MMeeT g.a aBTopa, a TaK^e hto m3 ^T0^0 CBoeo6pa3Horo Co6wTua 3apo^gaeTca. B paMKax MCC.egoBaHua paccMaTpuBaeTca ogHa m3 gByx .0TMaH0BCKux mo-ge.eM K0MMyHMKa^MM b cucTeMe Ky.BTypw - aBT0K0MMyHMKa^Ma, npucymaa, KaK HaM gyMaeTca, aBTopy, m nopo^garomaa ero xygo-^ecTBeHHwM Mup. BcTpena c co6oM, 0Ha ^e aBT0K0MMyHMKa^Ma, npoucxoguT b xaMgerrep0BCK0M CMwc.e, t. e. b pa3roBope, K0T0pwM Ka3aK0B BegeT Ha CB0e06pa3H0M a3WKe, np0HU3aH0M ^KC^epMMeH-TaMM, neMy TaK^e yge.eH0 BHMMaHue b gaHHoM CTaTBe. AHa.M3upya CTep^HeByro MMHuaTropy KHuru, CTaTBa paccMaTpuBaeT oco6oe BocnpuaTue Ka3aK0BWM noHaTUM BpeMeHM m npocTpaHCTBa, M0TMBa gB0MHMnecTBa, oguHonecTBa, CBeTa/ tbmbi, Mcne3H0BeHua, M0.na-Hua, oTpa^eHua, Ha K0T0pwx 3M»geTca ero xaocMoc - C0BepmeHH0 yHMKa.BHaa Moge.B Mupa.
Bacunuca fflnueap
Bacunuca fflnueap - npenočaeamenh pyccK0^0 a3biKa u numepamypb na fyun0n0^u^ecK0M fyaxynhmeme ynueepcumema e Eana-Myxe, Pe-cnyônuxa CepôcKaa (Eocnua u ^ep^e^06UHa). Acnupanm fyunonozme-CK0^0 fiaxynhmema ynueepcumema e Eempade, Modynh: numepamypa. Yuacmeoeana e nayunbx Kon$epewu,uax e Eempade, Cofiuu, CanKm-
278
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
^emep6yp^e, Ma^Humo^opcKe. HHmepecyemca. pyccKoû numepamypoû, e nacmuocmu XX eem, fyunocofyueû, ucKyccmeoM. 3auuMaemcn nepeeod-uecKoû deamenbHocmbw.
279
Reviews
Circus fantasticus Eype^MHe-neTpoBe
PE^EH3HJA KftWrE
BypEHHHA-nETPOBA, o^brA, 20l4: ^pK e npocmpaHcmee Kynbmypu. Mocxea: Hoeoe numepamypHoe o6o3peHue. - 432 c.
$ tamapa »eackh - steket04@gmail.c0m
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
Kaura goKTopa ^unonomKux HayKa, TeopeTUHapa nuTepaType u KynType u npegaBaHa Ha HHCTUTyTy 3a cnaBucTUKy yHUBep3UTeTa y ^puxy Onre BypeauHe-neTpoBe ,^upKyc y npocTopy KynType", o6jaB^eHa je y egM^MjM „Ornegu o BM3yenH0CTu" MoCKOBCKe u3gaBaHKe Kyhe H.ÏÏO, Huju je ypegHUK ranuHa Je^meBCKa. npeMa peHUMa aeHux ocHUBaHa, OBa eguuuja je 3aMum^eHa Kao CKyn „naMeTHux Kaura" Ha TeMy nuKOBHe yMeTHOCTu, Koje Tpe6a ga npy»e u ocBeTne HOBe KOHn,enTyanucruHKe nornege y paHuje ycraHOB^eHUM OKonHOCTUMa. Oco6eHOCT egunuje je u pemeHOCT ga ce BU3yenHOCT ucKa^e u goHapa peHUMa, y nucaHoj ^opMu, ogHOCHO uHTepnpeTanujaMa u Bep3ujaMa Beh no3HaTux cu»ea, a He Kpo3 o6jaB^uBaae 6pojHux unycrpauuja.
BypeauHa-neTpoBa je CBojuM Mynragu^unnuHapHUM u uh-Tepgu^unnuHapHUM ucrpa^MBaHKUM MaHupoM, opuruHanHUM npucTynoM npoyHaBaay CMucna yMeTHOCTu ^upKyca u aHTpono-noruje cbux yHecHUKa y aeHOM CTBapaay, y npBOM pegy yMeTHUKa u ny6nuKe, 3aTUM gy6uHOM HayHHe aHanu3e u CBeo6yxBaTHomhy cuHTe3e, ucnyHuna CBe cymTUHCKe u ^opManHe KpuTepujyMe ga ce ,^upKyc y npocTopy KynType" Ha^e y noMeHyToj egu^uju u 3acny-»u enuTeT „naMeTHa Kaura". ga 6u to yHUHuna, ayTopKa je tokom cegaM roguHa paga Ha Kau3u (u 3HaHajHO gy»er npoMum^aaa u peMMHMcn,eHnuja Ha HacTyne nyTajyhux nupKycKux Tpyna Koje je Kao geTe 3HaTu:»:efoHO nocMaTpana y ÄBraHucTaHy), Mopana ga ce u3gur-He u3Hag nocTojehux orpaHUHeaa y TeopujcKOM carnegaBaay OBor ^eHOMeHa, Koje je, npeMa aeHUM peHUMa, „^parMeHTapHo, noKanHo u HecucTeMaTUHHo", Te ga My npucTynu ca CTaHOBumTa Teopuje Me-gujanHOCTu, <£unoco<£uje u KynTypHe aHTpononoruje. ga 6u gomna go »e^eHux pe3ynTaTa, OTucHyna ce y npoyHaBaae eBonyu,uje uupKyca og HajcTapujux BpeMeHa go Hamux gaHa, HacTojehu ga ra nocMaTpa y
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TAMAPA WErtCKM ► Circus fantasticus Eype^MHe-neTpoBe
K0HTeKCTy ynore xojy je MMao y pasnunuTMM ucTopujcKMM enoxaMa m C0^M0KynTypHMM cpeguHaMa.
noneB og npegroBopa, a HaponuTo xpos yBog Kraure, ayropxa Ha ópojHUM npuMepuMa HacranuM Ha mup0K0M npocTpaHCTBy og KuHe go MHorux eBponcxux seMa^a, yxasyje Ha sHanaj „guHaMuxe paBHo-Te^e" (BemTMHe óanaHCuparaa) y ^MpKycy. üotom CMMóonuxy 0Be nojaBe nogu^e m usMemTa Ha hmbo Tpararaa sa paBH0Te»0M usMe^y pasnuHMTux K0Mn0HeHTM KynType, m sax^ynyje ga „TeMe^ehu ce Ha npuHuunuMa guHaMuxe paBH0Te^e, yMeraocr nupxyca je necTo óuna yHMBepsanHM Mogen paBH0Te»e Me^y pasnuHMTMM KynTypaMa, a Ta-Ko^e m Mogen Me^yMegujanHe m Me^yceMuoTMHKe paBH0Te»e Me^y pasnuHMTMM oónacTMMa KynType, Me^y BepóanHoM, ayguo m Busyen-H0M npaxcoM". EyperauHa-neTpoBa ce 0Bge He saycraB^a, Beh CMeno (xao ga u caMa nneme no ämh,u npoTerHyToj u3Met>y pasnunuTux HayHHMx oónacTu), anu ycnemHo m onpaBgaHo, npoHanasu napanene usMe^y nojaBa y KynTypu m ^onMTM^M, K0HCTaTyjyhu y MaHupy xaH-TMHrT0H0BCK0r K0H^nTa o cyxoóy ^MBMnMsa^Mja, ga „HapymaBarae paBH0Te»e M0®e goBecTM go KynTypHux K0H^nuKaTa, a y cno^eHoj ^opMM - go KaTacTpo^a, paT0Ba m Tepopa", gox xao MnycTpa^Mjy sa 0By Tesy KopucTM nojegMHe yMeTHMHKe npegcTaBe TepopucTMHKor Hanaga Ha xyne ónusHaKMrae y ftyjopxy il. cenTeMópa 2001. roguHe.
Cagp^MHa xraure .^upxyc y npocTopy KynType" ce pasBuja y neT rnaBa, HacnoB^eHux naTMHCKMM ceHTeH^Ma, mT0 HMTao^ HeMM-H0BH0 a^upa Ha pa3BujeHy yMeTHocT ^upKyca Ha npocTpaHCTBUMa PuMCKe uMnepuje. y npB0M nornaB^y „Ludi circenses" ^upxycxe urpe) ^MpKyc ce, ys HaBo^erae ópojHMx npuMepa xoju to noTBp^yjy, ge^MHume xao „KynTypa Ha T0HK0BUMa" óe3 craTUHHor u Henpo-MerauBor ^mpa, a raeroBM aKrepu xao H0Magu xoju HeyM0pH0 Te-pMTopujanusyjy m geTepMTopMjanusyjy Ty^e npocTpaHCTBo, npeTBa-
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
pajyhu ra y CBoj goM u caB.a^yjyhu/npogupyhu Kpo3 npocTopHe, eTHMHKe, Ha^MOHanHe, co^uja.^He u CMMoaoHe rpaHu^. y HacTaBKy npBor noraaB^a ayropKa gaje nper.eg ucropuje ^upKyca u Tpara 3a aeroBMM MUTonomKMM KopeHUMa, no.a3ehu og HuraeHu^ ga ce y ochobu ^upKyca, nuje uMe noTune og .aTuHcKe penu 3a Kpyr u.u cBa-Ky $urypy 6e3 yr.oBa, og H>eroBux noneTaKa Ha.a3u ugeja poTupa^a, ^uKnuHHOCTu u MaHga.e - cnupuTya.Hor u puTya.Hor cuM6o.a y xuHgyu3My, Koju npegcTaB^a yHuBep3yM.
Te3a o noBe3aHocTu ^MpKyca Kao jeguHcTBeHor o6.uKa yMeTHocTu ca ^eHoMeHuMa Kao mTo cy noBeKoBa e^3ucTeH^uja u |yH^uoHu-carae yHuBep3yMa y u,e.uHu, ga^e ce pa3Buja y gpyroM nor.aB^y „Morituri te salutant" (no3gpaB^ajy Te ohu Koju he yMpeTu). EnaBHu aKu,eHTu nor.aB.foa cy Ha npegcTaBaMa 6uo^mpu3Ma y yMeTHocTu ^upKyca, Kao u Ha 3OOTeaTpa.u3a^uju, ogHocHo y.o3u »uBoTuraa y ^upKycKMM TanKaMa, u to y kuxoboj' ucTopujcKoj nepcneKTuBu. Ay-TopKa y obom noraaB^y 3aK^ynyje ga je ^upKyc ampono3ooMop$Ha yMeTHocT, y Kojoj noBeK npey3uMa KapaKTepucTuKe ^uBoraraa, a »uBoTuaaMa npunucyje amponoMop$He cno^He oco6uHe, o6.uKe noHamaaa u ncuxunKa cBojcTBa.
Tpehe noraaB^e „Panem et circenses" (X.e6a u urapa) nocBeheHo je Be3aMa yMeTHocTu u,upKyca u |yrypucra, npe cBera u3 Pycuje u HTa.uje, Kao u mBaj^apcKux gagaucTa, Koju cy cboj'um MaHu|ecruMa y nepuogy og 1910. go 1916. roguHe ga.u nonerau uMny.c TeopujcKor npoynaBaaa ^upKyca. HauMe, |yrypucTu cy y „MaHu|ecTy cuHTe-tuhkot no3opumTa" yKa3a.u Ha noTpe6y cTBapaaa TeaTpa 3acHoBa-Hor Ha uMnpoBu3au,uju, a He Ha .uTepaTypu, y3 og6au,uBaH>e cbux nocTojehux ^aHpoBa, KaKo 6u cBaKa npegcTaBa, nonyT TanaKa y ^Mp-Kycy, 6u.a 3acHoBaHa Ha c.o6ogHoM, uMnpoBu3oBaHoM c^Hapujy, Te Ha guHaMu^u noKpeTa u ncuxo.omKoj eHepruju, goK 6u TeKcT 6uo
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TAMAPA WErtCKM ► Circus fantasticus Eype^MHe-neTpoBe
noTMCHyT y gpyru n.aH. gpyru cerMeHT 0B0r nor.aB.a ogHocu ce Ha nocMaTpa^e ^upKyca Kao „M0.eKy.a Ky.Type" y (^0CT)peB0.y^u0-HapHOM c0n,M0KynypH0M npocTpaHCTBy, a 3anpaB0 y nepuogy Koju je 3anoneo npBUM CBeTCKUM paT0M 1914. roguHe. OBge ayropKa yKa3yje ga cy Ha yreMe.freH>e Teopuje u,upKyca og.ynyjyhe yTuu,a.u pe^epara u pacnpaBe 0 cymTMHM u uHoBaTuBHoj yao3u yMeTHocTu ^upKyca, Koje cy ynpu.uneHe 1918. roguHe y ca.u yMeraunKor cTyguja y oKBupy goMa ^MpKyca, oTBopeHor ucre roguHe y Mockbm, y3 ynemhe AHaTo.uja ^yHanapcKor, BceBo.oga Mejepxo.ga, Bacu.uja KaMeHcKor, AHaTo.uja MapujeHro^a u BaguMa fflepmeraeBuna. ftuxoBa u3.araH>a u o^He cy ga.u Be.uKu nogcTpeK npoynaBany u,upKyca tokom gBageceTux u TpugeceTux roguHa. TaKo^e, gaT je ocBpT Ha y.ory Kojy je yMeTHocT u,upKyca uMa.a y cTBapa.anK0M npucTyny KoHcTaHTuHa CTaHuc.aB-cKor, a HaponuTo y pe^ujaMa Cepreja Ej3eHmTejHa.
HeTBpTo nor.aB.e „Omnis ambitus vel gyrus" (CBaKa <£urypa 6e3 yr.oBa) cagp^u pe3y.TaT npoynaBaraa u,upKyca y coBjeTcKoM nepuogy, Kaga je npeMa ByperauHoj-neTpoBoj, npegcTaB.ao „<£a6puKy" geK0H-cTpyKu,uje, Kao jeguHa BpcTa yMeTHocTu Kojy gp^aBHe uHcraTynuje Hucy Mor.e ga noTnuHe cBojuM yTuu,ajuMa. HaK u y cra.uHu3My, Kaga je $yHKu,uoHucao Kao cBojeBpcHu Ky.TypHu aHgeprpayHg, ycneo je ga canyBa MHore og.uKe ecTeTuKe aBaHrapge, u3Me^y ocra.or u cTora mTo je, 3acHuBajyhu ce Ha noKpeTy, a He Ha TeKcTy, oTe^aBao cBaKu Bug u,eH3ype. y obom nor.aB.y je onucaHa u y.ora u,upKycKux TpuK0Ba u Te.ecHor Koga HoBor xepoja y coBjeTcKoM HeM0M $u.My, c noce6HuM ocbptom Ha cTBapa.amTB0 rpuropuja Ko3uHu,eBa, ^eoHuga Tpay6epra, reopruja Kpu»uu,Kor u Cepreja JyTKeBuna, Koju cy 1922. roguHe o6jaBu-.u „MaHu^ecT eKcu,eHTpuHHor no3opumTa", Koju je nocTao n.aT^opMa yMeTHuHKe paguoHu^ „Oa6puKa eKc^HTpunHor rayM^" (^KC), rge cy ce u3ynaBa.u aKpo6aTuKa, n.ec, ^0Hr.upaH>e u eKBu.u6pucTuKa.
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
y neTOM nor.aB.K>y „Hoc est enim corpus meum" (Obo je Moje Te.o) gaT je npuKa3 ^upKycKux TanaKa Koje ce ca npaBOM CMaTpajy Hajnpo-BOKaTMBHMjMM, 6ygyhu ga je auxoB e^eKaT 3acHOBaH Ha u3B0^eay aKpo6a^uja Koje goBoge y onacHOCT »ubot aKTepa. y ^OKycy je TaHKa „HOBeK-^y.e", a npoynaBajy ce cBe aeHe guMeH3uje - aKpo6aTcKa, Koja MO^e ga 3acrpamM, a.u u ga HacMeje, go MeTa^opuHKe u ^u.oco^cKe. n0T0M je npoyneH u yTu^j ^upKyca Ha nyT Koju cy BU3ye.He yMeT-hoctm npem.e og u.y3U0HucmHK0-Ma^u0HUHapcKux naHTOMMMa go caBpeMeHMx aHUMa^uja.
y 3aKK>yHKy Hac.0B^eH0M „Circus fantasticus" (OaHTacTMHHM u,up-Kyc), ayTopKa ce ocBphe Ha ucTOUMeHu <£u.m c.0BeHaHK0r pe^ucepa JaHe3a Byprepa M3 2010. roguHe, y KOMe cy npMKa3aHM TparuHHu mo-MeHTM nocnegaux paTOBa bo^hux Ha Ba.KaHy. ^pKycKa Tpyna y obom <^M.My y6.a^aBa naTay fl>ygu, npy^ajyhu mm ocehaj paBHOTe^e u Mupa. BypeauHa-neTpoBa npoHa.a3u aHa.oruje y cboj'um u uHTe-pecoBaauMa Byprepa, Te 3aK^ynyje ga je u aeHa Kaura TaKO^e Circus Fantasticus, y Kojoj r.aBHy y.ory uMa HOBeK u aeroBa e^3ucTeH^uja.
H 3aucTa, HUTajyhu cTpaHu^ Kaure, HeMoryhe je He npuMeTu-tm nocTojaHy 0KpeHyT0cT ayTopKe obmm TeMaMa, oko Koje ce, Kao y cMM6o.MHHMM KOH^HTpUHHUM KpyrOBUMa, „BpTu" HayHHU TeKcT 0 Beh noMeHyTUM acneKTUMa yMeTHocTu ^upKyca. $
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TAMAPA WErtCKM ► Circus fantasticus Eype^MHe-neTpoBe
Tamara Zeljski
Tamara Zeljski graduated from Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade in Russian language and literature, where she is currently a PhD student and works as a librarian at the Department for Slavic Studies. She submitted her doctoral thesis: "The Manuscript Heritage of Yuri Rakhitin, an Russian theatre director". Her fields of interest are the theatrical culture of the 20th century in Serbia, relations between Russian theatre and Serbian theatre, White émigré.
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
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Manupan>e noee peannocmu
PE^EH3HJA KftWrA
pygHEB, B.n., 2015: Hoean Modenh epeMeHU. M.: rH03uc. - 288 c. pygHEB, b. n., 2015: ÄozUKa 6peda. M.: KoruTG^emp. - 176 c.
$ mh^ah bh^h^ ► mv.indo@gmail.com
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
y CBojuM HOBUM KauraMa «HoBaa Moge.B BpeMeHu» u «.oruKa 6pe-ga», pycKu $h.030$, .HHrBHcra, Ky.Typo.or u ncHxoaHa.HTHHap BaguM PygaeB HacraB^a CBoja HCTpa^HBaraa y OKBupuMa oco6eHor HayHHor npaB^ Koju caM HajHemhe Ha3UBa „<£H.030$Hj0M ncuxuja-Tpuje" U.U „ncux0ceMU0TUK0M". y u,eHTpy uHTepecoBaaa ayTopa ce Beh gyru hh3 roguHa Ha.a3u nuraae ogpe^eraa pea.H0CTu Kpo3 THno.orHjy ncuxuHKux CTaaa h aHa.u3a c^e^H^HHHHx Moge.a go-^uB^aja CBeTa u CTBapHOCTu npucyTHux y pa3.uHUTUM craauMa CBecTu, npe CBera Kog gymeBHux o6o^eaa. KaKO PygaeB noKymaBa ga goKa^e y HU3y cBojux pagoBa, npoMeHa nep^m,Hje pea.H0CTu, Tj. aeHa pe.aTHBH3a^Hja H/H.H Herupaae jacHO je ucno^eHO y Ky.-Typu u Hay^H XX BeKa. AgeKBaTHO HHTaae u TyMaHeae gocTurHyha gBageceTOBeKOBHe Ky.Type u HayKe, npeMa PygaeBy, npy^a yBug y KapaKrepucTUKe OBor noMepaaa napagurMe u gaje BU3ypy Kpo3 Kojy 6u ce Mor.e car.egaTu ga^e M0ryhH0CTu aeroBor noBpaTHor yru^ja Ha CBaKogHeBHH^y, a.u u ^ygcKO CTaae y ^.hhh.
Cnen,u^uHH0CT PygraeB^eBe aHa.u3e npe CBera je Be3aHa 3a cuHTe-TUHHU MeTogo.omKK npucryn Koju K0M6MHyje HayHHe u $M.030^CKe npucTyne ceMuoTUKe, .oruHKe ceMaHTUKe, KapaKrepo.oruje u Moga.-He .oruKe, Ha eK.eKTKHaH HaHMH cnajajyhu u Met>yco6H0 gonyayjyhM ugeje u nor.ege Hajpa3H0BpcHujux c^epa HayHHe, $u.030$CKe u pe.HrH03He mucu, og ncuxoaHa.H3e, .uHrBucruKe, ^eHOMeHO.o-ruje u .oruKe, go caBpeMeHe <£u3UKe, K0MnjyTepcK0r nporpaMupaaa u pe.HrH03He MucTUKe. KapaKTepucTUHHu cru. nucaaa PygaeBa, npBu nyT npegcraB.eH y khm3m «HoBaa Moge.B 6ecco3HaTe.BHoro» y „Hobom Moge.y BpeMeHa" go6uja oco6uHe CBojeBpcHor ucnpeKugaHor „aHa.uTUHKor TOKa cBecTu u HecBecHor" Koju ce ac0^ujaTUBH0 rpaHa h pa3.HBa y mhgmtbo gurpecuBHux 3ana»aaa h 3aK^yHaKa, Kpo3 CMeHUBaae xunoTe3a, aHa.u3a, ^uTaTa, peMUHec^eH^uja, gHeBHUH-
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MIMAH BMTiMTi ► Manupa^e HOBe pea^HoCTM
KMX 6e.emKM m gpyrux ^opMu TeKCTa crpojehu ^parMeHTapHy, a.u K0MnaKTHy CTpyKTypy u3.araH>a Koja Kao ga u.ycTpyje gucjyHKTMB-Ho-CMHTeTMHHM Moge. CTBapH0CTM m BpeMeHa npeg.o»eH y kh>m3m. y c.yHajy KH>ure «.floruKa 6pega» 0Baj ocno^eHu yHyTpamrau r.ac ce CTa6u.M3yje, HecBecHo ce jom apTMKy.ucaHMje cy6.MMupa, u3.araH>e nocTaje ypaBH0Te»eHuje, a.u Ha momchtc Kao ga go6uja eM^aTUHKu KapaKTep, n0H0B0 tmmc nogp»aBajyhu CBoj npegMeT m 3aK^yHKe ucrpa-»MBa^a, HeCT0 y KH>M3M U3H0meHe je3MK0M pe.MrM03H0-MMCTMHH0r gucKypca (xpumhaHCTBo m ynerae ryp^ujeBa).
Car.acHo TyManeay cxBaTaaa nojMa „pea.H0CTu" y caBpeMeHoj Ky.Typu m Hay^M, m3.o»chom y MHomTBy H>eroBux npeTxogHux KH>ura m pagoBa, npeMa K0Me o6jeKTUBHoCT u jeguHCTBeH0CT pea.H0CTu yBeK Hy»H0 CMerayje c.uKa no.Mn,eHTpuHHe u pu30MaTCKe, 6ecKpajH0 c.o-»eHe mu30pea.H0CTM m.m „xuneppeannocmu cuMynaKpyMa", Tj. „H0B0r Moge.a pea.H0CTu", cTpyKType 6ecKpajH0 c.o»eHux m Me^yco6Ho noBe3aHux HUBoa m xujepapxuja 3HaneH>a, y KojuMa c.o6ogHa m Henpe-KugHa ^MpKy.a^Mja MH^opMa^Mja 0HeM0ryhaBa ge^eae pea.H0CTu Ha Bumy m HM»y, MCTMHMTy m .a»Hy, cno^amn>y m yHyTpamn>y, Pygn>eB y „Hobom Moge.y BpeMeHa" npeg.a»e xunepepeMe, Kao jeguHo ageK-BaTHo ogpe^erae TeMnopa.He guMeH3Mje y 0BaK0 cxBaheH0M goMeHy pea.Hor. y ochobm aHa.M3e ugeje xunepBpeMeHa .e»u TpocrpyKM KÔg, Koju PygaeB npeno3Haje Kao ^yHgaMeHT pa3Bujaaa $a6y.e ^u.Ma «Ey.eBap 3Be3ga» gejBuga ^uHHa m3 2001. roguHe, Hujoj aHa.u3u je nocBeheH npBu geo KH>ure. OBaj KÔg cacToju ce m3 Tpu HUBoa: hmbo npogyn,eHaTa (m.m Hy.Tu hmbo), hmbo Pe»ucepa (hmbo JegaH) m hmbo r.yMan,a (hmbo ^Ba). PygraeB ga^e Kpo3 n,e.o Mcrpa»MBaH>e HM30BMMa aHa.oruja pa3Buja m «pac.ojaBa» ugejy BepTMKa.Ho m MCT0BpeMeH0 xopu30HTa.H0 nocTaB^eHMx Tpujaga «Tanaxa no.M^ypKan,uje», Tpoja-Ke CTpaTM^MKa^Mje ucnpBa BpeMeHCKux m cM»ejHMx T0K0Ba ^u.Ma
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
«By.eBap 3Be3ga» m ogHOca Me^y HeroBMM .MKOBMMa m yHyTap h>mx, ga 6m TpojaKM Möge. KacHuje 6mo npuMeaeH m Ha aHa.M3y ucTopujcKor gora^aja pycKe peBG.yn.Mje i917, $M.Ma Kupu.a Cepe6peHMK0Ba «npe-Bapa» (3ajegH0 ca TeopujoM '6u3apHux o6jeKaTa' Bu.^pega BuoHa) gpaMe «^e.aBa neBanuna» E»:eHa JOHecKa, m ga^e aHa.orMjaMa pa3-BMjaH m npen03HaBaH y K0M6MHan,MjM ca MHoruM ncMxoaHa.MTMHKMM, $M.030$CKMM M gpyrMM CMCTeMMMa, a.M M yMeTHMHKMM ge.MMa, CBe y CBOjCTBy M.yCTpa^Mje My.TMgMMeHSM0Ha.H0CTM, KOMn.eKCHOCTM M BMme3HaHH0CTM OBe MCTOBpeMeHO yHMBep3a.MCTMHKe M gOBO^HO yc.0BHe TeopujcKe nocTaBKe.
OBaj TpojaKM Möge. PygaeB noTOM (y r.aBM nog Ha3MB0M «Moga.Ha TMno.oruja BpeMeHa») ynuTaBa m npeo6.MKyje y TeMnopa.He Moga.-He KaTeropuje „nparMa-BpeMeHa caga/Taga/HMKaga" ga 6m gomao go 3aKtf>yHKa ga cy „npom.ocT m 6ygyhH0CT CMMeTpuHHM y ogHöcy npeMa cagamH>ocTM", mTO je „mctg mTO m pehu ga hm npom.ocT hm 6ygyhH0CT He nocToje" (cTp 55.). npuMeayjyhu CBöjy ugejy MHomTBa HMBoa nocMa-Tpaaa Ha .oruHKe MCKa3e Tj. Ha „ynemhe" y pa3.MHMTMM M0ga.HMM ogHGCMMa npeMa pea.H0CTM, ayTGp y HacTaBKy, Kpo3 MHomTBO npuMe-pa, o6oraheHux o6mmhmm gurpecujaMa, necio Ha pe.aTMBM3aTopcKM HaHMH M.ycTpyje oho mro nogpa3yMeBa nog aKcuonowmM, deonmmxuM, euucmeMuHKuM m KOHanHO anemrnxuM BpeMeHOM, cxBaheHMM Kao ge.e-30BCKa gucjyHKTMBHa CMHTe3a npeTxogHa Tpu, m M3jegHaneHMM ca Beh npeg.oœeHMM nojMOM xunepBpeMeHa. Obg je TaHKa Ha Kojoj PygaeB^eB gucKypc n0.aK0 k.m3m y BMTreHmTajH0BCKM-jyHr0BCKM cxBaheHy mm-CTMKy m Heu36e®He .oruHKe napagoKce m3 Kojux c.egu Hepa3.MK0BaHe npuBMgHO cynpoTCTaB^eHMx Kaieropuja yHyiap pa3.MHMTMx TunoBa M0ga.H0CTu u huxobux K0M6uHa^uja, jep xunepBpeMe y mctm Max cxBaia m Kao „HaneTO cjeguHeae" TeMnopa.HMx Moga.MTeia m h>mxobo o6ecMMm^aBaae, HMCTy axpoHMHHOCT, TumuHy, BenHOCT.
293
MMflAH BM^M^ - Manwpa^e HoBe pea^HocTM
y HacTaBKy ayTop, pagu pa3yMeBan>a yHyrpamrae CTpyKrype 0BaK0 cxBaheHor xunepBpeMeHa, y caga Beh napagurMaTUHHu Bumegu-MeH3uoHanHu Mogen aHanorHo ynuTaBa nuTarae ncuxuHKux CTaraa u h>mxobmx ogHoca npeMa noMeHyTUM HUB0UMa, Koju ce HenpecTaHo CMerayjy u npennuhy u Ha ucT0pujcK0M, u Ha uHguBugyanH0-ncu-xuhkom nnaHy (MaKap y 0KBupy ugeana homo viator-a Ha nyTy ca-MoycaBpmaBaraa u/unu y 0KBupy CMeHe eTana CTaraa CBecTu oco6e ca ncuxuHKUM nopeMehajeM). ÜBe xunepnueoe PygraeB genu Ha Mumo-nornKU (Be3aH 3a MeranoMaHujy, Tj. geny3ujy BenunuHe u caBpeMeHy nojaBy Kojy Ha3UBa „nocTHeoMUTonomKUM MumaeaeM" unu „hobmm Tparu3M0M"), ecxamonowKU (nuHeapHu, Be3aH 3a geny3ujy K0HTpone u „aBrycTMH0BCKy napagurMy"), enmponujcKU (Be3aH 3a MaHujy roraeraa, Tj. napaHojy, genpecujy, TaHaTonomKe oncecuje, „napagurMy PejeH6a-xa", np0T0K BpeMeHa Kao Tpomerae, eHTponujy), MynmuduMen3uonannu (BpeMe cyMaHyTux ugeja ogHoca, Be3aH0 3a Xaj3eH6eproBy Teopujy o ogHocy nocMaTpana u pe^epeHTHor cucTeMa, carnacHo „napagurMu yoHa BunujeMa ^aHa" ) u nonufionujcKu Mogen BpeMeHa (BpeMe „xu-neppeanHocTu cuMynaKpyMa" npegcTaBaeHo y „EyneBapy 3Be3ga", gucjyHKruBHa cuHTe3a cbux HaBegeHux BpeMeHa, BpeMe cnajaraa mh-guBugyanHor u KoneKTUBHor HecBecHor, unu „BpeMe KoneKTUBHor Tena BemTanKe MHTenureHnuje").
y rnaBM „ncuxa u BpeMe" PygraeB KopucTu ycTaH0BaeHy KaTeropu-3au,ujy ga 6u ucnuTao u pa3paguo npeTxogHo TeK nanugapHo u3HeTe KapaKTepucTUKe goMeHa TeMnopanHocTu y pa3nuHUTUM MogycuMa <£yHKn,M0HMcaH>a CBecTu, npe CBera Ha npuMepuMa KBM^eBHux gena nuja ce npuKa3MBaraa go^uBaaja CBeTa u BpeMeHa noKnanajy ca cmm-nT0MaTUKaMa ogpe^eHux ncuxuHKux CTaraa, carnacHo pa3nuHUTUM ncuxoaHanuTMHKMM TeopujaMa. AyTop m3hocm npeTnocTaBKe o T0Me KaKBe cy oco6uHe ocehaja BpeMeHa mu3oudne, v,uKnoudne, xucmepuune,
294
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
0ncecuen0-K0Mnyncuene, ncuxacmenmne, enunenmoudne, napanoume, wu30$pene m mmomuncxe CBecTM, ga 6m npu-MKOM aHa-M3e oga6pa-HMX MecTa M3 CTMxoBa TjyTneBa, Aep»aBMHa, CeBepjaHMHa, XapMca, CaMoj-OBa, .epMOHTOBa m npo3e CoKO-OBa m naBuha OTKpuo oco6MHe 0BUX KapaKTepo-oruja y ge-uMa noMeHyTux ayTopa, a-u u ga 6u gogaTHO Har-acuo aHa-orujy M3Me^y aux m npeTxogHO yTBp^eHMx xunepHMBoa, Tj. npuMeHuo CBoje 3aK.yHKe Ha mupy Ky-TypHO-u-cTopujcKy c-uKy.
noc-egay m Hajo6MMHMjy r-aBy, „ncuxo-oruja xunepBpeMeHa", PygaeB nocBehyje n0TnyH0M ocno6a^aay TeopeTCKor ^0TeH^uja--a concTBeHor „CTBapa-anKor HecBecHor" y OHOMe mTO 6m ce Mor-o Ha3BaTM OBan-oheaeM to-mko cnoMMaaHe gucjyHKTMBHe CMHTe3e pa3-MnMTMx HMBoa MCKycTBa y TeKCTy. ncuxo-oruja xunepBpeMeHa u3.no»eHa je u o6jamaeHa CBojeBpcHUM „xunepTeKCTOM", npe3acuhe-HMM n,MTaTMMa, M3-araaeM MHorocTpaHMx aconujaTMBHMx Be3a Me^y pa3HUM c^epaMa ayTopcKe epygu^uje u ucKycTBa, rge ce rpaHu^ M3Me^y yMeTHMHKor m TeopujcKor TeKCTa HenpecTaHO noMepa m Ha MOMeHTe n0TnyH0 HecTaje, TBopehu M-nycTpau,Mjy M3-o»eHe TBpgae o „n0Be3aH0CTM CBera ca cbmm y BenHOCTu". OparMemapHM „mu3oa-Ha-UTUHKU tok CBecTu" Ha caMOM Kpajy Kaure CMeayje unaK Hy»H0 K0-ne6.fcMBM enu^aHujcKu toh - PygaeB npe-a3u ca MUHy^u03H0^ „nocTaB.aaa gMjarH03e" Ha npeg-araae „Tepanuje", m-m Ha npuKa3 HajageKBaTHuje uHguBugya-He nepcneKTUBe OHora mTO ce M0»e Ha3BaTu ncuxuHKOM HopMOM y CBeT-y no-u^OHujcKe c-uKe CBe-Ta u CBecTu Kojy Kaura «HoBaa Moge-b BpeMeHu» npeg-a»e. Obo „CTaae HopMe" ce npeMa PygaeBy nocTu»e „ocTajaaeM Ha Hy-Toj ^03u^uju y ogHOcy npeMa CBeMy Ha CBeTy" (cTp. 284.), 3a mTa caM ayTop Ka»e ga je nparcmnHO HeMoryhe, a-u unaK M3B0g.MB0 nyTeM ogpe^eHe BpcTe Tpyga (Koju u jecTe „nyT u3-eneaa", npegcTaB.eH
295
MMflAH BM^M^ - Manwpa^e HoBe pea^HocTM
Kao roTOBO jegHaK nyTy gyxoBHor pa3Boja, Tj. „nocTM3aay ConcTBa", „oxpucTOB^eay" uTg.), KOMe ayTop gaje gonpuHOC npeg.araaeM jegHe BpcTe „pygaeB^eBCKe" MeHTa.He Be«6e-eKcnepuMeHTa, KojuM, y MaHupy Koju ocTaB^a npocTopa 3a ga^y CMCTeMaTM3au,Mjy m uHTep-npeTaTopcKy gonyHy, 3aBpmaBa Kaury.
PygaeB^eB MaKponpojeKaT CTpyKTypupaaa u,e.0BMTe TeopujcKe Tonorpa^uje OHora mTO y KOHCTaHTHO HapacTajyheM HM3y CBojux pagoBa Ha3UBa „hobmm M0ge.0M pea.H0CTu" go6uja jom jegHy gu-MeH3ujy m y Kau3u «^oruKa 6pega» („^oruKa ge.y3uje"), Koja ce 6aBM npoyHaBaaeM ncuxuHKor CTaaa ge.y3uje, nocMaTpaHor Kpo3 npu3My pygaeB^eBCKor HOBor Moge.a pea.H0CTu, y ayT0p0B0M guc-Kypcy HajHemhe M.ycTpoBaHor npuMepoM Me6ujycoBe TpaKe, cmm-6o.a HepacKuguBe n0Be3aH0CTu m Me^ynpo«uMaaa yHyTpamaer m cno^amaer.
npBO mTO PygaeB npuMehyje y cbom ucTpa«MBaay je ga ca TaHKe r.egumTa HOBor Moge.a pea.H0CTM, y Kojoj ce CTBapHOCT cxBaTa Kao Hapa^Mja, cucTeM mu^poBaHux nopyKa m CMuc.0Ba Koju ce Me^y-co6ho npen.uhy m M3jegHaHaBajy, Tpag^M0Ha.H0 k.mhmhko og-pe^eae ge.y3uje Kao cucTeMa .a«Hux y6e^eaa m ucKa3a naTO.omKe CBecTM Koju ogc.MKaBajy MCKpuB^eHy c.uKy CBeTa o6o.e.or ry6u CBoje yTeMe^eae, mTO Bogu 3aK^yHKy ga ynpaBO m caMa o6jeKTMBHa m „CTBapHa" c.MKa CBeTa m pea.H0CTu npegcTaB^a c.o«eHy ge.y3ujy, yTeMe^eHy y CTepeoTunHoj m CBaKogHeBHoj, „Hena«^MBoj" Bu3ypu „CTBapHor" CBeTa, goK 6m TpagMu,M0Ha.H0 cxBaheHa ge.y3uja npeg-CTaB^a.a MCKpeHy c.uKy CBeTa „c OHe CTpaHe ucTUHe m .a«u"(cTp. l4). AHa.M3Mpajyhu jegHy og BapujaHTM ge.y3uje, CTaae ôeny3uje KOHmpone, ca CTaHOBumTa HOBor Moge.a pea.H0CTu, PygaeB go.a3M go 3aK^yHKa ga ce oho jaB^a Kao noc.egu^ goMMHa^Mje nojegu-HaHHe cy6.MHH0CTM yHyTap gMC0u,MjaTMBHe ncuxe (a ncuxa CBaKor
296
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
HOBeKa je guco^ujaTUBHa), a nyT U3.eneaa (Kao u „nyT u3.eHeaa" og CBaKogHeBHor ^ygcRor cTaaa cbcctm yonmTe, Koje PygaeB Ha3u-Ba CMHxp0HM30BaH0M ge.y3ujoM) je nyT cru^aa ConcTBa (huj'u je Moge. Hcyc Xpucroc), ocraapuBaaa uHTerpanHe .uhhoctu, Koje ce nocTM^e MeTaHojoM, t'. „npeyM^eaeM", Koje u jecTe „yK^yHUBaae" y hobu Moge. pea.Hocru, BaH 6uHapHux 0^03u^uja cBaKogHeBHor »MBoTa: „HoBeK nocraje geo orpoMHe ^.uHe, Koja je Ha napagoKca-.aH HanuH geo aera caMor" (cTp. 17); y hobom Moge.y cTBapHocTu ge.y3uja Kompone ce o6ecMum^aBa, jep Kompona cBera Hag cbum, cagejcTBo u y3ajaMHa ycnoB^eHocT, nocTajy gaTocTu.
^.oKynaH MucaoHu tok ayTopa y ga^eM U3.araay ycMepeH je Ka mTo ^pe^u3HujeM, a.u ucToBpeMeHo u mTo MHorocTpaHujeM og-pe^eay nojMoBa „ge.y3uje" u „pea.HocTu", Koje je ynpaBo TeMe^Hu nocTynaK u3jegHanaBaaa oBa gBa TepMuHa, tokom Hera ce BehuHa TpagMn.MoHa.nHMx ge^MHMnuja geKoHcTpyume unu npe^opMy.ume, TBopehu MHTe.eKTya.Hu nej3a» HoBor Mogena pea.HocTu, Koju go-gyme, gaje cnuKy aeroBux 3HaTHo „nuToMujux" KpajeBa, y nope^eay ca ohmm npuKa3aHMM y Kau3u „Hobu Moge. BpeMeHa". HnaK, Py-gaeB^eBa cnuKa ^ygcKe cBaKogHeBHun,e, cBeTa m cBecTM TUMe He ry6u Ha cBojoj u3pa»ajHoj cHa3u u ynenaT^uBocTu. HcnuTyjyhu jegaH no jegaH nogTunoBe ge.y3uja, PygaeB mu3oaHa.uTMHKMM MeTogoM no-cTu»e noTnyHy pe.aTUBU3a^ujy u 6pucaae rpaHu^ u3Me^y cBecTM u cTBapHocTu, cBeTa u nojeguHn,a, ncuxoTUHHe ge.y3uje u ncuxuHKor „3gpaB^a", u cbux gpyrux, cBaKogHeBHoM ynoTpe6oM je3UKa u muc.u ^MKcupaHux nojMoBa u o6jeKaTa. TeMe^HoM aHa.u3oM pa3oTKpu-Bajyhu pa3rpaHaTe Mpe»e Haj^yHgaMeHTanHujux cBaKogHeBHux u.y3uja, ayTop go.a3u go „nycTuae PeanHor", y Kojoj HumTa 3anpaBo u He nocToju, jep je npeg.o»eHa „HoBa pea.HocT" u3BaH cbux ono3u-u,uja, na u oHe „nocTojaae - HenocTojaae" - oHa je KBaHTHa, yTonujcKa,
297
MMflAH BM^M^ - Manwpa^e HoBe pea^HocTM
„Tpaje y CBojoj He.oKa.u3oBaHocru", u npegcTaB^eHa je ^opMy.oM: „A=B=C=D...=<x>", y Kojoj ce cbm HUHuo^u nocMaTpajy Kao MefjycoÖHo yc.OB^eHM, TpaHcrpecuBHu u M.y3opHM 3Han,u, Koju y npon,ecy Mefjy-pa3MeHe, Koju ce, Kao mTo cmo Beh noMeHy.u, nopegu Tj. u3jegHanaBa ca je3MHKoM urpoM, TBope c^e^M^MHHy BpcTy Hapa^uje.
Koh^üt neceecne Hapav,uje, 3ajegHo ca KoH^nraMa cunxponmoea-He u aymeHmuHHe deny3üje huhu cp» „ÄoruKe ge.y3uje" u npegcraB^a jegaH og PygraeB^eBux hobux gonpuHoca no^y ncuxoceMuoTuKe, Tj. HoBooTKpuBeHux TonoHuMa Ha Manu „HoBe pea.HocTu". nog nojMoM HecBecHe Hapa^uje PygraeB nogpa3yMeBa HenpuMeTHu u HeocBemhe-hu gyöuHcKu npo^c perucrpoBaraa uH^opMa^uja, yrucaKa u ucKy-cTaBa Koje Te.o u cBecT npuMajy u3 cno^amser cBeTa, npo^c Koju ce ogBuja Ha HuBoy coMaTcKor ayToMaTu3Ma, mumo cBecHor u apTu-Ky.ucaHor ToKa muc.u, pacy^uBaraa u og.yHuBaraa, Koju je ogpe^eH Kao je3uHKa cTpyKTypa (Hapau,uja) ca npeu,u3Ho ycraHoB^eHuM u Me^ycoÖHo noBe3aHuM e.eMeHTuMa. E.eMeHTu HecBecHe Hapa^uje cy, c gpyre cTpaHe, HenoBe3aHu, acumaKcunKu. Kao oöjamraerae og-Hoca u3Me^y obux c.ojeBa PygraeB KopucTu TepMuHe reHepaTuBHe rpaMaTuKe Xomckot (dyöuHcm, t'. HecBecHa, HeapTuKy.ucaHa, 4>yH-gaMeHTa.Ha u HeBug^uBa u noepwuHcm, cBecHa, apTuKy.ucaHa u Bug^uBa cTpyKTypa), u go.a3u go 3aK£>yHKa ga je nojaBa ge.y3uje npon.ec 3aMeHe cBecHe Hapanuje HecBecHoM, ucnnuBaBaraa gyÖMHcKor Ha noBpmuHy. y hobom Moge.y pea.HocTu naK, npeMa PygraeBy, obo He Ba^M, jep je caMa pea.HocT Ha M3BecTaH HanuH ncuxoTMHHa; He no-ctoj'm gMCTMHK^Mja u3Me^y cBecHor u HecBecHor, Te je cBaKa Hapa^Mja eKBuBa.eHTHa HecBecHoj; HeMa pa3.uKe u3Me^y ncuxuHKe HopMe u naTo.oruje, Te HeMa hu ugemureTa, caMo Hu3oBa HenpecTaHux npeoöpa^aja. HnaK, pa3yMeBarae HecBecHe Hapa^uje je og npecygHe Ba^HocTu 3a pa3yMeBarae HoBor Moge.a pea.HocTu, jep je cBaKu raeroB
298
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
e.eMeHT gy6oxo HapaTUBaH - Ha Tpary jegHor og CBojux HajBehux y3opa, .ygBura BuTreHmTajHa, PygaeB xao cymTUHCxu HapaTUBHe pa3yMe CBe „je3UHxe urpe", a to cy, car.acHO BuTreHmTajHy, npaKTUH-HO CBe £>ygcKe axTUBHOCTu. y obom x^yny, je3ux HecBecHe Hapan,uje uMa MHKopnopaTUBHy, acuHTaxcuHKy u aTeMnopa.Hy CTpyKTypy y Kojoj HeMa pa3.uxe u3Me^y OHora xoju roBopu, OHora o neMy ce roBopu u OHora xoju c.yma, mTO ra huhu jegHaKMM aTeMnopa.HOM u uHKopnopaTUBHOM je3uxy Muma (npeMa Ü.ru OpegeH6epr) - y MMTy HeMa guMeH3uje BpeMeHa, HeMa pa3.uxe u3Me^y cy6jeKTa u o6jexTa u pa3.uxe u3Me^y CTBapHor u u3Mum^eHor. ÜBaj gy6uHCxu je3UK ce npu ge.y3uju ocno^aBa yc.eg paga ncuxunxux 3amTUTHux MexaHU3aMa xoju noxymaBajy ga 3amTUTe o6o.e.or og ncuxunxe CMpTM (cK.u3Hyha y aHapaTUBHOCT), u obo ocno^eae My gaje TeMno-pa.Hy guMeH3ujy, a.u u CBe gpyre xapaxTepucTuxe CBecHe Hapan,uje, y c.yHajy ge.y3uje npe3acuheHe e.eMeHTUMa u xapaKTepucTuxaMa HecBecHor. PygaeB y HacTaBKy, pagu o6jamaeaa caMor nojMa HecBec-Hor y CBOM cucTeMy, npaBu napa.e.y u3Me^y apxaunHor u MUTCxor, npegucTopujcKor xapaxTepa HecBecHe Hapan,uje u aeHor ogHOca ca ocno^eHOM HecBecHOM Hapan,ujoM npu ge.y3uju, u ogHOCOM u3Met>y ^pojgoBCKor uHguBugya.Hor HecBecHor u jyHroBCxor apxeTunuMa npe3acuheHor K0.exTUBH0r HecBecHor, xoju je y xau3u „Hobu Moge. HecBecHor" onucaH xao „guja.eKTuxa Ma.or u Be.uxor or.ega.a" Koje ogpaœaBajy jegHO gpyro. „Ma.o or.ega.o" 6u y c.yHajy HecBecHe Hapan,uje 6u.o jegHaxo CTaay aeHor o6uHHor CBaxogHeBHor „paga y no3agMHM", Tj. nojegMHanHO HecBecHO, gox „Be.uxo or.ega.o" Haciyna y c.ynajy ncuxo3e u, nonyT JyHroBor Moge.a, „ryTa" Ma.o u ucnyaaBa CTBapHOCT e.eMeHTUMa K0.exTUBH0r HecBecHor, rge npegMeTu u cu-Tyan,uje nocTajy apxeTuncKu, a CTBapHOCT npenyHa oœuBe.ux 6u3ap-Hux o6jexaTa ca xojuMa o6o.e.u CTyna y ogHOce. ÜTyg m ceMaHTM3M-
299
MIMAH BMTiMTi ► Manupa^e HOBe pea^HOCTM
paHocT geny3MjcKe CTBapH0CTM - CBaKogHeBHe CMTyanuje m npegMeTM ce nyHe gy6^MM, apxeTuncKMM, MMTonomKMM CMucnoM, a nojegMHan, y craray geny3uje ce n03Mn,M0HMpa y MMTCKy peanHocT, BaH BpeMeHa m pa3nuKe M3Me^y CTBapH0CTM m ^aHTa3uje. Kao m y apxauHHoj CBecTM, y ncuxo3u ce pen u3jegHanaBa ca CTBapu a peneHu^ ca gora^ajeM, ap6uTpapH0CT 3HaK0Ba ce ry6u, TMMe m M0ryhH0CT noBpmuHCKe Ha-panuje, a caMMM tmm m M0ryhH0CT nocrojaraa „o6jeKTMBHe" Tj. o6MHHe, CBaKogHeBHe peanHocTM, mT0 hmhm, KaK0 PygraeB HarnamaBa, jegMHy 3ajegHMHKy oco6uHy peanHocTM ncuxo3e m hobot Mogena peanHocTM, jep y H0B0M Mogeny HeMa hm geny3uje hm HopMe, hmtm 6uno KaKBe gpyre gucraH^uje 6uno Hera nocTojeher: CBe ce Hana3M y craray Henpe-CTaHe ^nyKTyan,Mje, npeo6pa«aja m HenpeKMgHor CTBaparaa CMucnoBa. HcnMTyjyhu noTMCKMBarae HopMaTMBHe peanHocTM Kpo3 raeHy noTnyHy ceMaHTM3an,Mjy m Hecrajarae pa3nuKa M3Met>y peHM m CTBapu Kog pa3-nMHMTMx TMnoBa geny3uja m mM30$peHMje yonmTe, PygraeB gona3M go 3aKTC>yHKa ga ce aHanoraH npo^c ogBujao m y KynTypu m Hay^M XX BeKa, noce6H0 y nepuogy MogepHM3Ma, goK My Ha CMeHy Huje gomao nocr-MogepHM3aM, Ha3BaH nocrmM30$peHMM, KapaKrepMCTMHaH no cbom HegocTaTKy anoKanunTMHHe, 6onem^MBe m KaTacTpo^MHHe noTpare 3a KpajraMM rpaHMn,aMa peanHocTM m Henocrojaray naHMHHor CTpaxa og ncMxoTMHHor CTaraa CBecTM, KapaKrepMCTMHHMx 3a MogepHM3aM. nocTynupajyhM ga cy CBe peanHocTM paBHonpaBHe, nocTMogepHM3aM yKMga mu30^peHy ycMepeHocT KynType XX BeKa ynpaBo naToca nu-meH0M aKryanM3an,MjoM raeHor mM30TMncK0r Hanena.
HHCucTupajyhu Ha mu30Tunuju caBpeMeHe KynType Kao cnuKe mM30TMncK0r craraa CBecTM caBpeMeHor H0BeKa m, Ha Tpary .ïïaKaHa, ynopHo y cbom goKa3MBaray ga CBaKM Mogyc $yHKn,M0HMcaraa CBecTM cagp^M M3BecTaH hmbo gy60K0 yca^eHe geny30pH0CTM Herupajyhu no-CTojarae MKaKBe ncuxuHKe HopMe, Tj. pe^epenraor m M0HyMeHTanH0r
300
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
o6.uKa „3gpaBe" ncuxe, PygaeB y pa3Bujaay .oruKe ge.y3uje unaK 3agp^aBa u3BecHy, y Be.uKoj Mepu yc.oBHy noge.y Ha onmTe, yo6u-najeHo u kotoktubho cTaae ge.y3uje Koje Ha3uBa cuHxpoHu3oBaHoM ge.y3ujoM u nojeguHaHHo, „HeycaraameHo" cTaae aymeHmume deny3uje Koje je jeguHa a.TepHaTuBa KoaeKTuBHoj u apxeTuncKoj cmhxpohm3o-BaHoj ge.y3uju, cucreMy je3unKux urapa o6jeguaeHux nog uMeHoM „Ky.Typa". Pa3.uKa u3Me^y oBe gBe BpcTe ge.y3uje je npe cBera KBaHTu-TaTuBHa - ücuxuhku o6o.e.ux, Tj. ohux Koju ®uBe y cTaay ayTeHTunHe ge.y3uje (Koje PygaeB y cBojoj Ky.TypHo-^u.o3o^cKoj ncuxoaHa.u3u H3jegHanaBa ca Haj6.ucTaBujuM yMoBuMa noBenaHcTBa, H0Cuo^uMa cTBapa.anKor Hane.a, Tj. oHuMa Koju ce „yBehaBaaeM uH<£opMa^uja 6ope npoTuB eHTponuje") je, y3eBmu y o63up n,e.o noBenaHcTBo, jaKo Ma.o (1%), goK ohu Koju »uBe y cTaay cuHxpoHu3oBaHe ge.y3uje nuHe orpoMHy BehMHy - £>ygM HopMe, Koju ce Kpehy u onepumy yHyrap 6e36poj eB0.y^uj0M HopMaTu3oBaHux u C0^uyM0M nepneTyupaHux je3uHKux urapa, noyHyTpamaeHux K0HBeH^uja, HacTa.ux Kao npo-u3Bog „xaflyn,uHan,uja ruraHTcKe Ko.eKTuBHe ncuxe" (cTp. 47). JeguHu u3.a3 u3 Ko.eKTuBHe cuHxpoHu3oBaHe ge.y3uje y oBaKBoj nocTaBn,u cTBapu 6u 6uo nyT cTun,aaa ConcTBa, MeTaHoje u.u cno3Haje Pea.Hor (^aKaH), Koju je ynpaBo pa3Bujaae KpeaTuBHor noTeHn,uja.a uHguBu-gya.He ayTeHTunHe ge.y3uje, nocTajaae mu3o^peHuKoM, Tj. „jeguHuM HopMa.HuM noBeKoM Ha 3eM^u", „cBecHuM .ygaKoM", Koju concTBeHy HecBecHy Hapan,ujy cynpoTCTaB^a gpymTBeHoj, Ko.eKTuBHoj, TuMe je Ha napagoKca.aH HanuH „o6orahyjyhu", nuHehu KoMn.eKcHujoM, a.u ucToBpeMeHo pa3oTKpuBajyhu aeHy u.y3opHocT u ap6uTpapHocT y cBeT.y „HoBor Moge.a pea.HocTu".
Mo®e ce pehu ga je oBaKBo HapaTMBHo pa3Bujaae ayTeHTMHHe ge.y3Mje Kao ko.mko-to.mko KoxepeHTHor cucTeMa pe^.eKcuje pe-a.HocTu, cynpoTcTaB^eHor HopMaMa u KoHBeHuujaMa MMmaeaa
301
MIMAH BMTiMTi - Manupa^e H0Be pea^HocTM
Koje ce tum pa3BMTK0M geK0HCTpyumy m pe.aTMBM3yjy, ynpaBo oho mT0 ayTop noKymaBa m y Be.uKoj Mepu ycneBa ga nocTurae CBojuM
H0BMM KKMraMa. $
302
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
Milan Vicic
Milan Vicic is a senior undergraduate student of russian language, literature and culture at the University of Belgrade. He is also a translator and an associate of the Belgrade based book publishing house UTOPIA. He has two published translations for this publisher, the first being "Omar Khayyam's Book of Revelations" by the Tajik writer Temur Zulfiqorov (2016), and the second "What to do? 54 Technologies of Resistance Against Power Relations in Late-Capitalism" by Alexander Brener and Barbara Schurz (currently in print). In June and September 2016 he participated in conferences "Russian thought on the event: philosophical and cultural aspects", and "From utopia to catastrophe: the soviet cultural experiment", where he read papers on Dmitri Aleksandrovich Prigov. His review of the book "Prigov: notes on artistic nominalism" was published in the 90th number of the Matica Srpska Journal of Slavic Studies.
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«B Hanane 6bino cnoeo», a b KOHtye - Mecm
PE^EH3Hfl KHUrU
AHJAMA3B3H, A.M.; APHCTOB, B. B.; KHH3eBA, e. M.;
CHFOTKHHA, h. e. (peg.), 20l5: Mueoe cnoeo: nozoc - zonoc -deuMeHue - Mecm. CôopHuK cmameü uMamepuanoe. m.: pah, HHCTMTyT a3Hxa pah, h^o, 20l5. - 480 c.
$ HHKO^A MH^bKOBHM ► nik0lajmiljk0vicki4@gmail.c0m
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
^aHHaa KHura, Bwmyrn.eHHaa usgaTenBCTB0M HoBoe nuTepaTypHoe oóospeHue, npegcTaBnaeT coóon cóopHMK CTaTen m MaTepuanoB, no-CBam.eHHwix «»MB0My cnoBy» m nponMTaHHwx b paMKax HaynHon K0H^epeH^MM, cocroaBmenca b 2012 rogy (12-16 anpena) b MocKBe. CóopHMK C0CT0UT u3 neTwipex paBH0u,eHHwx nacren: (i) McTopua «emboto cnoBa»: nrogu, uHCTUTyTw, Teopuu, (2) CoBpeMeHHwe nogxogw k uccnegoBaHuaM m npaxruKe «»MBoro cnoBa», (3) Cn0B0 3ByHam.ee b nuTepaType, ucxyccTBe, gyx0BH0M onwrre, (4) Cn0B0 u gBM^eHMe. Cn0B0 m TaHe^ Cn0B0 m My3wxa. nocBam,eH stot cóopHMK K>. C. CTenaH0By, Bwgarom,eMyca nuHrBMCTy m KyntTyponory.
B nepBwn pasgen - McTopua «»MBoro cnoBa»: nrogu, MHCTMTyTw, Teopuu - BKnroneHw Tpygw, paccMaTpuBarom,ue «»uBoe cn0B0» c guaxp0HunecK0M tohkm, to ecTB ohu 0CBem,aroT ucropuro bo3hukho-BeHMa ^T0^0 ^eH0MeHa b Tpygax m geaTentHocTM yneHwx 0CH0B0n0-n0»HMK0B aswK0Bwx gu^unnuH, CBasaHHwx c ««hbhm Cn0B0M» KaK TaK0BwM. ^Ta nepBaa nacTt pacxpwBaeTca snurpa^oM, b KanecTBe K0Toporo BsaTw ctmxm C. EupwKoea, nocBam.eHHwie C. M. BepHmTen-Hy, a nepBwn TexcT m nocBam,eH mmchho ^T0My yneH0My. H. C. Eoza-mbipeea b Texcre «CTpaHM^i óuorpa^uu Ceprea BepHmTenHa», no MaTepuanaM u goxyMeHTaM ceMeñHoro apxuBa, BoccTaHaBnuBaeT ko-poTKyro óuorpa^uro Ceprea MraaTteBuna, oTMenaa 0CH0BHwe paxyp-cw ero ceMenHon m HaynHon óuorpa^uu. Buorpa^unecKaa ^nonxa nogxBaTwBaeTca m BTopwM TeKCT0M b cóopHMKe «PasBe Bac mo»ho saówTB?», HanHcaHHHM C. E. KopnuKoeou, ówBmen yneHM^M C. M. BepHmTenHa, nog hbmm pyx0B0gcTB0M 0Ha n0T0M, b acnupaHType, Hanana nucaTt u KaHgugaTCKyro guccepTan,uro. B craTte «Cepren MrHaTteBMH BepHmTenH m ero Teopua geKnaMa^MM» B. ÏÏMudm us repMaHuu numeT 0 B03HUKH0BeHuu geKnaMau,uu xax TaxoBon b Hanane XX Bexa, K0T0paa sa coóon noBnexna m cosgaHue Kommccmm
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HMKOflA MMbKOBMH ► «B Hana^e 6bmo c^obo», a b KOH^e - wecT
no Teopuu geK,^aMa^uu nog npegcegaTe^BCTBoM B. M. ^MxeH6ayMa. ^aHHaa KoMuccua 3apogu.acB no npeg.no^eHuro C. H. BepHmTeM-Ha b .OHe HHCTMTyTa ^MBoro cnoBa, ocHOBaHHoro B. H. BceBo.og-CRMM-repHrpoccoM, onupaacB b 6o.BmoM CTeneHM Ha Teopuu He-Me^K0^0 aHa.MTMKa 3ByKa ^. CuBepca. flaaBme u3 TeKCTa mm y3HaeM o ga^BHeMmeM cygB6e ^oHeranecKoro apxuBa C. H. BepHmTeMHa u komuccuu no Teopuu geK.aMan.uu noc.e 3aKpBiTua HHCTUTyTa ®:uBoro c.oBa b 1924 rogy. Abtop u3.araeT u gocru^eHua caMoro Ceprea HraaTBeBuna b o6.acru Teopuu geK.aMan.uu, co3gaHoM Ha ocHoBe aHa.u3a 3ByKoBBix 3anuceM - bockobbix Ba.uKoB - no^roB ce-pe6paHoro BeKa (A. Be.BiM, 0. MaHge.BmTaM, B. Po^gecTBeHCKuM, A. B.ok u gp.). B neTBepToM TeKCTe «,fl,eaTe.BHocTB Ka6uHeTa u3yneHua xygo^ecTBeHHoM penu (npu rocygapcTBeHHoM HHCTuTyTe ucTopuu ucKyccTB) b KoHTeKCTe uccegoBaHuM TeaTpa.BHoM geK.aMa^uu» B.
B.	3o.oTyxuH, npu3HaBaa orpoMHBrn BK.ag BHeceHHBiM «KuxpoB^-mu» b M3yneHMe aBTopcKoro HTeHua ctuxob, CBoe BHuMaHue o6amaeT, b nepByro onepegB, b CTopoHy u3yneHua c^HunecKoM penu, kotopom
C.	H. BepmTeMH uHTepecoBa.ca c caMoro Hana.a CBoeM HaynHoM ge-aTe^BHocTu. C^HunecKyro penB «KuxpoB^i» u3yna.u Ha MaTepu-a.ax CHaTwx c aKTepoB KaMepHoro TeaTpa, nepegBu^Horo TeaTpa n. raMge6ypoBa, TeaTpa MeMepxo.Bga u gp.
Pagy pa6oT, paccMaTpuBarom,ux ucropuro u npo6.eMaraKy u3yne-Hua «^uBoro c.oBa» u Teopuro geK.aMa^uu, npuHag.e^uT u CTaTBa Ha aHr.uMCKoM a3BiKe «"^uBoe cobo" Isegoria and the politics of deliberation in revolutionari Russia» KpeMra BpaHgucTa, b kotopom aBTop ycMaTpuBaeT u no.uTunecKuM <£oh u3yneHua stux ^eHoMeHoB b nocepeBo.^uoHHoM Poccuu.
OnepegHaa CTaTBa b Hacroarn,eM c6opHuKe nog Ha3BaHueM «"My-3BiKa" u "napTuTypa" »uBoro c.oBa: TBopnecTBo u npegnucaHua b
306
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
Teopuu paHero coBeTCKoro c.oBecHoro ucKyccrBa» npuHag.e»MT E. Hoyn, b kotopom aBTop npoce^MBaeT «guHaMuKy u3MeHeHua u MHTep^peTa^MM po.u ^opMBi b pa3BMTMM noHaTua »uBoro c.oBa b TeopMM pyccKoro c.oBecHoro ucKyccTBa» b nepuog c Hana.a 1910-x go koh^ 1920-x rogoB. B ^oKyce ucc.egoBaHua HaxogaTca pa6oTBi TaKux aBTopoB, KaK K>. ^. 03apoBCKMM, B. H. BceBo.ogcKMM-repHrpocc, A. M. nemKoBCKMM, 3. CuBepc, O. PyTH, u gp. E. Hoyn u K. Epanducm coBMecTHo ny6.MKyroT b ^TOM c6opHUKe u «OTneT o geaTe.BHocrM ro-cygapcTBeHHoro MHCTMTyTa c.oBa b cBa3u c ucropueü ero bo3hukho-BeHua», ocHoBaHHoro Ha penu K. B. Cepe^HMKoBa, «npegcraB.eHHoM Ha o6m,eM co6paHuu HHcTuTyTa c.oBa b MocKBe b necTB npa3gHoBa-Hua ero nepBon rogoBrn,uHBi». 0. C. fieopnuK b cTaTBe «HToru ucc.e-goBaHun B. H. BceBo.ogcKoro-repHrpocca b o6.acTu geK.aMa^uu u ux cBa3B c geaTe.BHocTBro 3KcnepuMeHTa.BHoro TeaTpa». B pa6oTe penB ugeT o yB.eneHuax B. H. BceBo.ogcKoro-repHrpocca apxaune-ckumu ^opMaMu TeaTpa u geK.aMa^ueM Boo6m,e, b pe3y.BTaTe nero ucc.egoBaTe.B u co3gaeT «o6myro Teopuro geK.aMa^uu», a, HeMHoro cnycTa, noc.egyroT u gBe KHuru: «Teopua pyccKon peneBon uHToHa-^uu» (1922) u «HcKyccTBo geK.aMa^uu» (1925). BHuMaTe.BHoe u3y-neHue uHTOHa^uu npuBe.o k BBige.eHuro ucc.egoBaTe.eM gecaTKa npocTwx uHTOHa^uM. XopoBaa geK.aMa^ua cTaHoBuTca «bu3uthom KapTonKoM» 3KcnepuMeHTa.BHro TeaTpa.
H. E. CupoTKuHa b cTaTBe «"TB^y, nepT, onaTB ohu TyT n.amyr!" n.acTuKa, puTMuKa u My3BiKa.BHoe gBu^eHue b HHcTuTyTe ^uBoro c.oBa» pacKpBiBaeT cBa3u «Coro3a TpeTBero Bo3po^geHua» u cryguu n.acKu «renTaxop» yHeHu^ Bwcmux ^eHcKMx KypcoB u HHcTuTyTa »uBoro c.oBa b ugee Bo3po»geHua ucKyccTBa «opxecTpuKu». PenB ugeT, b nepByro onepegB, o tom, KaKoe MecTo 3aHuMaro ^ecT, TaHe^ u n.acTuKa b stom ugee. fi. O. Toprnunoe b Tpyge «"üucbmo, HanucaHHoe
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HMKOflA MMbKOBMH ► «B Hana^e 6bmo c^obo», a b KOH^e - wecT
B cepg^x" b Tecpuu c,CBa AHgpea Bencrc u b CTuxax O. MaHge,BmTa-Ma Ha ero CMepTB» CBa3WBaeT K0Hn,enn,uu «»uBoro c,0Ba» y AHgpea Benoro c geaTe,BH0CTBW HHCTUTyra »UBoro c,0Ba. Ha cbomx AeKn,u-ax A. Be,wä roBopu,, c0r,acH0 c,0BaM aBTopa, 06 «"o»uB,eHuu" c,0Ba ,MTepaTypH0ä K,accMKM npu noMomu cneuu^MHecKux ^op-Ma,BH0-repMeHeBTMHecKMx npou,egyp». 3tm K0HH,enu,MM A. Be,oro 0Tpa3u,ucB u b CTuxax O. MaHge,BmTaMa, 0TK,uKHyBmer0ca Ha ero CMepTB, a g. O. T0pmM,0B o6pamaeT BHMMaHue m Ha stm ctmxotbo-peHMa. nepByw HacTB c6opHMKa 3aKpwBaeT ny6flMKau,Ma Ha6p0CK0B fleKn,uä, coxpaHMBmuäca b PrA^H, AHgpea Be,oro, n0gr0T0B,eHHaa E. B. rnyxoeoü u fi. O. Topw.un.oeuM.
BTopoä pa3ge, - CoBpeMeHHwe nogxogw k ucc,eg0BaHuaM u npaKTMKe «»MBoro c,0Ba» - OTKpwBaeT CTaTBa «O 3ByK0B0M apxu-Be	neTep6yprcK0ä n033uu: 1950-1990"» fô. M. Banueeoü. Ab-
Top numeT 0 3ByK0B0M apxuBe, 0praHM30BaHH0M mm npu Ka^egpe HcTopuu pyccKoä ,uTepaTypw <£u,no,noruHecKoro <£aKy,BTeTa Cn6ry, Ha ocHOBe MaTepMa,0B co6paHHwx c 2009 no 2014 rogw c 6a30ä gaH-Hwx nono,HaeMoro xapaKrepa. BTopoä TeKCT - «ÄuBoe nosTUHecKoe caobo: puTMMKa 3ByHamero CTuxa m a3WK0Bwe ^arcropti ee arcrya^M-3au,MM» - HanucaH E. M. Kw3eeoü. gaHHyw pa6oTy aBTop CTpouT Ha npoBepKe, KaK MUHUMyM, gByx Ba^Hwx BWBogoB HHCTUTyTa »UBoro c,0Ba: MeHaeTca ,m puTMMKa 3Bynam,ero CTMxoTBopHoro TeKCTa (cu,-,a60-T0HMHeCK0M CMCTeMM CTMx0C,0»eHMa) npu ero 03ByHMBaHMM aBTOpOM B CpaBHeHMM C pMTMMKOä neHaTHOrO TeKCTa M nOCpegCTBOM KaKUx a3WK0BWx ^aKTOpOB npOUCxOgUT U3MeHeHUe pUTMUKU CTUxa npu aBTopcKOM Mcno,HeHMM. B pa6oTe paccMaTpuBawTca m gpyrue, CMe»Hwe c npegwgymMMM Bonpocw, KaK HanpuMep CBepxcxeMHaa aKH,eHTyau,Ma, cxeMHaa aKH,eHTyau,Ma 6e3ygapHoro MKTa, aBTopcKMä op^oanMHecKMä Bw6op m gp.
308
SLAVICA TERGESTINA 18 (2017/I) - Event
H. A. A3apoea b craTBe «O noHaTuu cayHg b no33uu (cayHg KaK KaTeropua KOMMyHUKau,uu b coBpeMeHHoM no33uu)» 3aHUMaeTca BonpocoM «HacKO.BKO TepMUH cayHg npogyKTUBeH g.a xaparcrepu-CTUKU co6cTBeHHoro nosTUHecKoro gucKypca», yTBep»gaa npu stom pa3Hu^y Me»gy noHaTuaMu cayHg u geKnaMa^ua. CTaTBa p. Ho$$e «"My3BiKa" KaK TeKCTya.BHOCTB Koga: k Bonpocy o 3ByKOBOM TonuKe MOCKOBCKoro KOH^nTya.nu3Ma (npegBapuTe.BHwe onucaHua u 06-3op nepBUHHwx uctohhukob)» nocTpoeHa Ha MaTepua.ax .uHHoro o6m,eHua aBTopa c HeK0T0pwMu geaTe.aMu KOHH,enTyanucTCKoro gBu»eHua, KaK HanpuMep C. O. .HeTOBBiM. B noucKax uctohhukob KOH^nTyaflBHoro MCKyccTBa b Poccmm aBTop KacaeTca «aBaHrapgHoro 6a3uca», to ecTB TeaTpa 063puyT0B, 3aTeM aBaHrapgHwx geaTe.eM b gpyrux Bugax ucKyccTBa (ManeBun, TaxflMH), 3HaHMMOCTM uccnegoBa-HUM A. Ty^aHOBa u gp. B gaHHMM pa3ge. BK.BHeH u KopoTKuM 0630p MacTep-K.acca C. E. Eupwrnea, npoBegeHHoro b paMKax KOH^epeHn,MM, b KOTopoM yHacTBOBa.u em,e u Mo.ogwe nosTBi E.eHa BopoK, geHuc Be3HOCOB, gapba #e6egeBa u AHHa XapuTOHOBa. BTopyB HacTB 3aMw-KaeT CTaTBa B. B. ApucTOBa «runoTe3a Cenupa-yop^a KaK aKCuoMa no33MM u .uHrBucTUHecKue uHBapuaHTw BHyTpeHHero gBu»eHua B CTUxOTBOpeHUU», KOTOpyB aBTOp CTpOMT Ha UCC.egOBaHUU C.OBa KaK TaKOBoro b pa3Hwx a3WKax, conocTaB.aa ux co CTuxoTBopHWM MaTepua.OM pyccKoro a3WKa.
TpeTuM pa3ge. - «C.OBO 3Bynarn.ee b .uTepaType, ucKyccTBe, gy-x0BH0M onwTe» - nocBa^eH c.OBy, KaK ^eHOMeHy b .uTepaType, ucKyccTBe u gyx0BH0M onwTe. Pa3ge. OTKpwBaeT CTaTBa «Typre-HeB KaK HTeu,» n. Epama, b KOTopoM oh Bc.eg 3a M. ^MxeH6ayM0M (u HeKOTopwMu HeMeu,KUMu $u.no.noraMu) pa3BUBaeT ugeB «c.y-xoBoM» $u.no.noruu Hapagy c «raa3HOM» u sto BecBMa xapaKTepHO g.a H. C. TypreHeBa, TaK KaK «oh Bcerga CTpeMUTBca paccKa3WBaTB,
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HMKOflA MMbKOBMH ► «B Hana^e 6bmo c^obo», a b KOH^e - wecT
oh Bcerga o6pamaeTca k c.ymaTe.w» m nosTOMy «gua.or - c.a6oe MecTO ero poMaHOB». ABTop 3aHUMaeTca eme m TaRUMu BonpocaMu: KaKyw po.B MrpaeT geK.aMa^Ma ctmxob b paccKa3ax, noBecTax m poMaHax TypreHeBa, KaKaa po.B HTen,0B m gp. E. Be.BMe30Ba b CTaTBe «O6 MCC.egoBaHuax HenoBTopuMOCTM "»mbbix ro.ocoB" 0Tpa»eHHwx b poMaHe A. Co.»eHM^ma "B Kpyre nepBOM"» aBTop 3aHUMaeTca ogHoM M3 MH0»ecTBa pa3H0BugH0CTeM HayKM o a3WKe, Bn.eTeHHoM A. Co.»eHMu,BiHBiM b poMaH «B Kpyre nepBOM». B ^ORyce 3toM pa6oTw HaxoguTca «uccegoBaHue no "HenoBTopuMoM MHgMBMgya.BH0CTM" »mbbix ro.ocoB», to ecTB npocymuBaHue B.acTaMu pa3roBopoB. B CTaTBe «Teopua "ycTHOcru" AHpu MemoHHUKa» ^. A. fieünem paccMa-TpuBaeT upoHMHecKoe 3aMeHaHue ^paHu,y3CKoro nosTa, .MHrBMCTMKa m nepeBogHMKa AHpu MemoHHUKa, RacaTe.BH0 K0Hn,enn,MM ycTHOCTM ($p. oralité), ROTopaa no ero MHeHMW «BxoguT b Mogy».
C. W. Eouaeep b Tpyge «TeaTpa.BHoe c.obo: ycTHoe m.m nucBMeH-Hoe» 3aHMMaeTca toM ugeeß, hto b HeR0T0pwx a3WRax, b tom Huc.e m b pyccKOM, cor.acHO 3aMeHaHuw M. yrapoBa, cocymecTBywT gBa a3WRa: ycTHwß m nucBMeHHwß. B STOß CTaTBe C. K>. BoHaBep 3a 3tmm c.eguT Ha MaTepua.ax «pa3.MHHwx cocTaB.awmux gpaMaTMHecKoro TeKCTa». OHepegHaa CTaTBa b TpeTBeM pa3ge.e npuHag.e»MT «nepy» O. Koeana. B TeRCTe nog Ha3BaHueM «Bu3ya.BHoe BwcRa3WBaHue m »MBaa peHB» ucRyccTBOBeg O.er KoBa.B numeT o, TaR Ha3WBaeMwx, BM3ya.BH0-.MHrBMCTMHecRMx ru6pugax, HanpaB.eHHwx «b CBoeß 3M6puo.oruM Ha nucBMeHHyw peHB, ^.rougw ROTopoß nogxBaTw-BaeT ucRyccTBOBegeHue, CTpeMameeca coBepmuTB TpaHCceMuoTu-HecKuß nepeBog BM3ya.BHoro b Bep6a.BHoe». B. A. ñocmoeanoea b CTaTBe «"^MBoe c.obo" b MMCTMKO-acKeTMHecKOM onwTe npaBOcaBua (ucuxa3M m MMac.aBue). K CTO.eTuro HaHa.a a^OHCRux cnopoB XX BeKa 06 MMeHM 6o»ueM» ge.aeT ucTopuHecRoe ocBemeHue pe.uru-
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
03H0-^un0C0^CK0M npo6neMe noHUMaHua u tp&ktobkm ucuxa3Ma u uMacnaBua.
^,ononHMTenbHoe ocBemeHue $eH0MeHa «»uBoro cnoBa» b CBa3u c penuruen genaeT u C. E. HuKumuna b CTaTbe «"^MBoe cnoBo" b pyccK0M HapogH0M npoTecTaHTM3Me». B Hen aBTop paccMaTpuBaeT cnoBo KaK TaK0B0e c T0HKU 3peHua HapogHoro npoTecTaHTU3Ma u HeK0T0pwx pyccKux ceKT (gyxo6opw, MonoKaHe, xnBiCTBi), noHUMaromux cnoBo, npe»ge Bcero, KaK y ycTHBiM/3ByK0B0M ^eH0MeH (cKa3aHHWM unu cneTBin). E. B. KopomKoea uccnegyeT «PyKogBu»eHua b ^onbKnope u aBaHrapge». B CBoen pa6oTe E. B. K0p0TK0Ba paccMaTpuBaeT «pyKy» KaK «^parMeHT pyccKon K0H^nT0C^epBi b nuHrB0K0rHUTMBH0M acneKTe, a uMeHHo gBu»eHue pyKu KaK BonnomeHue cnoBa u MBicnu, KaK 0Tpa»eHue nogco3HaHua» b ^onbKnope u aBaHrapge.
TpeTMM pa3gen 3aKpwBaeT CTaTba B. B. &e^enKo «ronoca 3a npe-genaMu noroca: rnocconanua KaK K0MMyHUKaTUBHWM $eH0MeH». Hgea aBTopa - nonwTaTbca «paccM0TpeTb <£eH0MeH rnocconanuu KaK oco6om pa3H0BugH0CTu a3WK0B0M geaTenbHocTu, npoaBnaromenca b pa3HBix o6nacTax KynbTypw, u BBigenuTb omunuTenbHwe nepTBi rnocconanunecKon penu KaK K0MyHUKaTUBH0M npaKTUKu».
nocnegHUM, neTBepTWM pa3gen ^T0^0 c6opHUKa 03arnaBneH KaK «CnoBo u gBu»eHue. CnoBo u TaHeu,. CnoBo u My3BiKa». ÜTKpwBaeT ^T0T pa3gen CTaTba B. n. 3unuenKo «TeTeporeHe3 cnoBa, o6pa3a u gen-CTBua», rge aBTop, genaa 0630p pa3MBimneHMñ no3roB, xyg0»HMK0B, ^unoco^oB u ncuxonoroB o cnoBe, CTaBUT nepeg co6om TaKue Bonpo-cbi: KaKoe oTHomeHue ^T0 Bce uMeeT k reTeporeHe3y cnoBa, o6pa3a, gencTBua? H KaK o6pa3 u gencTBue CTaH0BaTca cn0B0M, genaroT ero rnaBHWM npuHu,unoM cognoscendi?
E. W. nomñeea b CTaTbe «3ByHam.ee cnoBo: ceMb ypoBHen B03gen-CTBua» nwTaeTca 0TgaTb 3acny»eHHoe MecTo KHure E. O. nopmHeBa
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HMKOAA MM^bKOBMH «B Hanane 6bi.no c^obo», a b KOH^e - iecT
«O Hana.e ne.0BenecK0ü ucropuu», b KoTopoü aBTop 3aHuMa.ca npo6.eM0ü «B03HHKH0BeHHa C^OBA u HE^OBEKA». abtop OTMenaeT Tpu ypoBHa penu, onpege.eHHBix B. O. nopmHeBBiM u eme go6aB.a-eT «Te ypoBHM »m3hm c.0Ba, KoTopBie .e^ar HM^e u BBime "nopm-HeBCKMx"». «HeBep6a.BHBiü KoMnoHeHT b o6pa3ax nepcoHa^eü: '^Heuga" Bepru.ua» - Ha3BaHue TpeTBeü CTaTBu b ^T0M pa3ge.e, b KoTopoü aBTop T. 0. TenepuK pyKoBogcTByeTca mbicbm .HoceBa, hto «6ecco3HaTe.BHoe b xapaKTepax nepcoHa^eü '^HeugBi" u3yneH0 Ma.o», no^roMy aBTop ^T0ü cTaTBu o6pam,aeTca k aHa.u3y «HeBep-6a.BHoro noBegeHua nepcoHa^eü». H. A. Qameeea b craTBe «A3biko-Boe oTo6pa^eHue TaH^ b cTuxax u npo3e» paccMaTpuBaeT, KaK caMa numeT b Hana.e «TeKcTBi, b kotopbix oTo6pa^eHBi TaHu,eBa.BHBie ABu^eHua u aTMoc^epa cBeTcKoro 6a.a». Abtop ^T0 ge.aeT Ha Ma-Tepua.e xygo^ecTBeHHBix TeKcToB (H. A. ByHuH u B. nacTepHaK, A. Be.Biü). K. H. Tawxeeea b cTaTBe «KapMeH 6pocaeT bbi30b - caMoü ce6e, u.u O6pa3H0-cuMB0.HHecKaa opraHH3an,ua BHyTpeHHeü ^opMM TaH^Ba.BHoro BHcKa3HBaHua» uHTepecyeTca BonpocoM «b KaK0M MecTe u b KaKoü M0MeHT npoaB.aeTca rpaHB Me^gy 06pa30M 6o.ee u.u MeHee 3g0p0B0ü ^aHTa3uu u xygo^ecTBeHHMM 06pa30M u.u ga«e 06pa30M cHMBo.HHecKHM?», HanoMHHaa npu stom, hto «cMwc.-.oroc Mo^eT 6bitb 0praHu30BaH pa3HHMu nyTaMu bo BHyTpeHHeü ^opMe KaK c.0Ba, TaK u ^ecTa. B KanecTBe npuMepa aBTop o6pam,aeTca k 6a-.eTy Ky6uHcKoro 6a.eTMeücTepa A.B6epT0 A.ohco «KapMeH-crouTa». A. M. AünaMa.3bm b cTaTBe «O MexaHu3Max My3HKa.BHoro nepe^HBa-Hua: onwT My3HKa.BHoro gBH^eHua» nwTaeTca oTBeTHTB Ha Bonpoc npaBoMepHocTu coeguHeHua gBu^eHua c K.accunecK0ü My3HK0ü, a TaK^e u o caMoü ^.u ^T0^0 coeguHeHua, ocTaHaB.uBaacB Ha ero ncuxo.oro-negarorunecKux ^.ax, MeToge My3WKa.BHoro gBu^e-Hua, KaK u Ha «no3HaBaTe.BHwx, ucc.egoBaTe.BcKHx B03M0^H0crax,
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
KGTopwe GTKpwBaroTca b paMKax negaroruHecKoro ^KC^epMMeHTa u npartuxu». «npo6.ema my3mka.bhoro ^epe»mbahma ckbg3b npu3my GnMTa ero Gp^aHM3a^MM b MeTGge My3BiKa.BHGrG gBM»eHMa» u CTaHeT npegMeTOM uccegoBaHua gaHHoM pa6oTBi.
CoBMecTHaa CTaTBa A. C. CunhHUV,Koú u A. H. Tyceea «OTpa»eHue geMGHeTpaTMBHGeTM u KOMMyHuKaTuBHOM aKTuBHOCTu .UHHOCTU B BGKa.BHwx xapaKTepucTuKax peHu» ^GKycupyeTca Ha «Bwge.eHuu TaKux aKycTuHecKux napaMeTpoB u3 peHeBGro curaana, KOTopBie
uMeroT yCTGMHuByro CBa3B C MHgMBMgya.BHG-^CMXG.G^MHeCKMMM xapaKTepucTuKaMu roBopamero». BHuMaHue o6pamaeTca Ha Ta-Kue 3.eMeHTw, KaK noHaTue MHTGHa^MM, aKyeTMHeeKMe Koppe.aTBi uHTGHauuGHHwx aB.eHuM b peHu, ncuxG^GruHecKue ucc.egGBa-Hua u^o^a^OH^^ aB.eHuM b peHu u gp. CTaTBa B. H. Xononoeoü «noHaTue "uHTGHauua" b My3BiKe: ^pGMCXG»g,eHMe u pa3BuTue» GCTaHaB.uBaeTca Ha cu.bhgm B.uaHuu geaTenBHGcru HHcruTy-Ta »uBoro c.GBa Ha pGCcuMcKyro My3BiKa.BHyro Ky.BTypy, b tgm Huc.e u Ha Ba»HGCTu noHaTua «uHTGHauuu», BBegeHHoro u pa3-pa6oTaHHoro B. A. Acra^BeBBiM, a noTOM u B. .H. flBopcKuM. ^aHHaa CTaTBa GCBemaeT u ucTopuro coTpygHuHecTBa B. A. Acra^BeBa c B. H. BceBG^GgcKuM-repHrpoccGM u HHCTuTyTGM »uBGro c.GBa. fl. E. Topöamoe b CTaTBe «TeMaTuHecKuM u peMaTuHecKuM KOMnoHeH-
TH KaK cymHGCTHaa ocHOBa peHeBGM u My3BiKa.BH0M uHTOHaHuu» HacTauBaeT Ha OTBeTe Ha cymecTBeHHHM Bonpoc: «npaBOMepHO .u BGo6me cpaBHuBaTB MHTGHa^Mro peHeByro u My3HKa.BHyro KaK pog-CTBeHHHe ^eHGMeHH?», CTapaacB ogHOBpeMeHHO HeTKO onpegenuTB TeMaTuHecKyro u peMaTuHecKyro $a3Bi. n. E. MaHČo b CTaTBe «Pg.b »uBoro noaTuHecKoro c.0Ba b KGM^G3M^MM cu,eHBi gyanu onepH n. H. HaMKGBCKoro EBreHuM OHeruH» noKa3HBaeT Ha npuMepe cu,eHBi gyanu u3 onepH n. H. HaMKGBCKoro «KaK ogHa nponeTaa no^ruHecKaa
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HMKOflA MMbKOBMH ► «B Hana^e 6bmo c^obo», a b KOH^e - wecT
CTpOKa CTaHOBMTCa MCTOHHMKOM CMHCiOBOrO gBM®eHM3 He To.B-
ko b neHMM onepHoro apracra, ho u napTuu opKecTpa, c.y»am,ero 06pa3H0My pacKpBiTuro gpaMarunecKoro geMcTBua Been KapTUHBi ^TOM onepBi».
CTaTBen 3aMWRarom,eM neTBepTBrn pa3ge. u Bect c6opHMR ogHo-BpeMeHHo, aB.aeTca TeKcT «Embodying the literary form: Approaches to the corporeal aspects of poetry in the works of Russian formalists at the Institute of the live word and beyond» A. Xa^6ep^-0neHUH0u, 3aHMMarom,eMca Te.ecHBiMu acneKTaMu b pa6oTax u gocru^eHuax geaTe.eM HHcTUTyra »uBoro c.oBa.
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SLAVICA TERGESTINA 1B (2017/I) - Event
HuKona MunbKoeuH
HuKona MunbKoeun - acnupaHm &un0n0^u^ecK0^0 fyaxynbmema Een-^pa^cK0^0 yHueepcumema, - ñememcñ npenodaeameneM pyccK0^0 MbiKa u numepamypu. Kpy^ ezo uccnedoeamenbcxux uHmepecoe cocmaemwm dpeeHepyccxan. numepamypa u ee enurnrn Ha pyccKyw numepamypy XIX u XX eeKoe u pyccKuû cuMeonusM. Oh npuHuMan yuacmue e MeMÖyHapoÖHux K0H$epeHU,uax e Eempade, Mocxee u CaHKm-^emep6yp^e, a e^o paôomu HaneuamaHu e maxux wypmnax u côopHuxax, xax Cnaeucmuxa, 36opHux Mamuv,e cpncKe 3a cnaeucmuey, Apa6ecxu ÄHdpen Eeno^o u dp.
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slavica TERgestina volumes usually focus on a particular theme or concept. Most of the articles published so far deal with the cultural realm of the Slavic world from the perspective of modern semiotic and cultural methodological approaches, but the journal remains open to other approaches and methodologies.
The theme of the upcoming volume along with detailed descriptions of the submission deadlines and the peer review process can be found on our website at www.slavica-ter.org. All published articles are also available on-line, both on the journal website and in the University of Trieste web publication system at www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/2204.
slavica TERgestina is indexed in The European Reference Index for the Humanities (erih plus).
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