FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4, 177–225, LJUBLJANA 2010 COBISS 1.01 ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION ASOCIACIJA FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 V JUGOVZHODNOALPSKEM OBMOČJU Mitja ZUPANČIČ 1 & Vinko ŽAGAR 2 ABSTRACT UDC 581.55:582.47(497.4) Association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 in the south-eastern Alpine region Comparison of phytocenoses of Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae in the south-eastern Alpine region showed that phyto- cenoses in individual regions differ, especially in the greater or lesser presence of characteristic and distinguishing species. We compared phytocenoses in the Karavanke, and the Gail- tal, Carnic, Julian and Savinje Alps and along the Piave and Soča/Isonzo (Italy). We further compared these with Western Dinarid phytocenoses of Austrian pine in Slovenia. Keywords: Pinus nigra Arnold, P. sylvestris L., phytoce- nology, Slovenia, eastern Alpine region. IZVLEČEK UDK 581.55:582.47(497.4) Asociacija Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 v jugovzhodnoalpskem območju Primerjava fitocenoz Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae v jugovzhodnoalpskem območju je pokazala, da se fitocenoze v posameznih območjih nekoliko razlikujejo, zlasti v večji ali manjši prisotnosti značilnic in razlikovalnic. Primerjali smo fitocenoze v Karavankah, Ziljskih, Karnijskih, Julijskih in Savinjskih Alpah ter ob Piavi in Soči (Italija). Le-te smo primerjali še z zahodnodinarskimi fitocenozami črnega bora v Sloveniji. Ključne besede: Pinus nigra Arnold, P. sylvestris L., fitoce- nologija, Slovenija in vzhodnoalpsko območje. 1 Dr., Mitja ZUPANČIČ, SAZU, Novi trg 3, SI – 1000 Ljubljana 2 Vinko ŽAGAR, Bevkova c. 1, SI – 1290 Grosuplje 178 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PHYTOCENOSES IN THE EASTERN MARGINS OF SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE SLOVENIA 3 COMPARISON OF PHYTOCENOSES 3.1 Research to date 3.2 Similarity of phytocenoses in the south-eastern region 3.3 Horological groups 3.4 Phytocenological groups 3.5 Biological spectrum 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 5 POVZETEK 6 LITERATURE – LITERATURA CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION In the south-eastern region, especially on the Balkan pe- ninsular, Austrian pine Pinus nigra Arnold s. lat. is an interesting species and south-eastern European phyto- cenology more or less justifiably classifies it among south-eastern European-Illyrian geoelements. It appears in this space disjunctively as an autochthonous species on areas ranging from small, perhaps hectare size to very extensive areas, mainly in the central part of the Balkan peninsular. In Slovenia, it is only native in small- er areas. Austrian pine has planted on larger areas as a pioneer in the Karst world. The Karst is most forested with it where it constructs a secondary phytocenosis with an understory of autochthonous vegetation of downy oak (Zupančič & Žagar 2008). Only the classical subspecies of Austrian pine – Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. nigra (= P. nigra Arnold subsp. austriaca Aschers & Graebn.) is known in Slovenia. The ma in a rea of distribut ion of Austria n pine Pinus nigra is in the montane zone of the submeriodinal, it partly also appears in the montane zone of meridional oceanic Europe and is a sub-mediterranean (disjunct mediterranean) floral element of the montane zone (Meusel et al. 1965). Oberdorfer (1979) considers it to be a south-eastern European species. Poldini (1991) though classifies it among southern Illyrian species. The distribution of Austrian pine in its natural environment is in general disjunct, to wit from the northern edge of the Mediterranean, i.e., from Spain to Asia Minor, and in the northeast part of Africa (Accetto et al. 1986, Meusel et al. 1965 – Karte: 22). Šercelj (1996) states that pine – Pinus s. lat. is the most widespread Euro-Asian tree, which is enabled by its ecological breadth. Accetto et al. (1986), summarised by Mirova, con- siders that Austrian pine already settled its area of dis- tribution from the Pleistocene onwards. Šercelj (1996), too, for the area of Slovenia repeats that pine – Pinus s. lat. was always present in all pollen sediments and had the largest share of territory in the glacial periods. Austrian pine is a very variable species, with many morphological and physiological differences having been created, probably because of the discontinuity and wide distribution. Many sub-species, varieties and forms are known (Vidaković 1980, Accetto et al. 1986). In the central Balkan peninsular, the taxa Pinus nigra Ar- nold subsp. nigra var. dalmatica Visiani (Dalmatia and Herzegovina) and Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. caramani- ca Rehd. (= Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana Aschers & Graebn. in Macedonia) appear, as well as many more or less recognised taxa (e.g., Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. gocensis Džordžević, Pinus nigra Arnold var. sharganica F. Novak). Austrian pine is a photophylic, xerophyllic and pio- neer species, which occupies extreme habitats, mainly dry, rocky, shallow, nutrient poor soils on dolomite, limestone, periodite and serpentinite at altitudes from 250–1400 (1600) m. It withstands well climatic extremes and occupies nutrient poor habitats where other tree species are unable to grow (Vidaković 1980, Šercelj 1996, Accetto et al. 1986). Austrian pine is excellent for afforesting in arid and semi-arid (dry) climates on rocky soils. In Slovenia it has been used successfully for forestation of the Karst, where it is also spreading spontaneously. It grows quickly when young, in age more in girth, while the height increase is smaller (Vidaković 1980, Šercelj 1996, Accetto et al. 1986). Austrian pine is spontaneous in Slovenia – autoch- thonous - and it constructs a number of primary phyto- cenoses. I. Horv at (1959, 1974) devoted particular at- 179 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 tention to Austrian pine and its phytocenoses and di- vided pine forests in the phytocenological sense into two sub-alliances, in which Austrian pine has an im- portant role; namely, on dolomite Helleboro nigri- Pinenion (Ht. 1959) Zupančič 2007 nom. nov. (= Orno- Ericion dolomiticum Ht. 1959) and on serpentinoids Asplenio cuneifoliae-Pinenion (Ht. 1959) Zupančič 2007 nom. nov. (= Orno-Ericion serpentinicum Ht. 1959). The sub-alliances are placed in the alliance Fraxino orni- Pinion nigrae-sylvestris (Ht. 1953) Zupančič 2007 nom. nov. This division applies for the Illyrian floral prov- ince, including the southeast Alpine region. In the Cen- tral European province, pine forests are included in the alliance Erico-Pinion sylvestris Br.-Bl. and Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 nom. inv. To date, three areas of primary phytocenoses of Austrian pine Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin- Bosse 1967 are known (described) in Slovenia (T. Wrab- er 1979, Dakskobler 1998, Zupančič & Žagar in situ). It is throughout more or less mixed with the species Pinus sylvestris L., only in the phytocenosis described by Zupančič & Žagar is there none of the species Pinus nigra. The phytocenoses Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae Accetto 1999 and Daphno alpinae-Pinetum ni- grae Accetto 2001 contain exclusively the species Pinus nigra. We must highlight, TOO, the phytocenosis Gen- isto januensis-Pinetum sylvestris Tomažič 1940, in which a phytocenosis with Pinus nigra appears as a sub-associ- ation Genisto januensis-Pinetum subass. pinetosum ni- grae Tomažič 1940. We have monitored the appearance of pine forests in Slovenia from the sixties of the twentieth century to today and occasionally recorded phytocenological relevés. Despite the exemplary presentation of the south- east Alpine phytocenosis Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae by our colleagues T. Wraber (1979) and Dakskobler (1998), we have decided to publish a phytocenosis from the eastern edge of the southeast Alpine region, which the aforementioned authors did not include. We researched according to the standard (Central European) phytocenological method. The floristic no- menclature used is according to Mala flora Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 2007). We determined life forms ac- cording to Raunkier, on the basis of Poldini’s (1991) monograph, as also the horological groups of geoele- ments. 2 PHYTOCENOSIS IN THE EASTERN EDGE OF SOUTHEAST ALPINE SLOVENIA We inventoried the phytocenosis Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae in the area of the Savinja Alps in the north-west- ern part of the Savinja Alps (Huda goša, Veža – Planica, Tolsta peč), in the eastern (Sedelc and Rogovilc pod Raduho) and central Karavanke (Tabre by Martuljek in Gorenjska) and in the northeast Julian Alps (Mala Pišnica by Kranjski Gori in Gorenjska). The altitudes were from 690 to 1315 m; the majority of the steep south- ern slopes have an inclination from 20 to 700. The geo- logical base is dolomite, dolomite limestone, limestone and dolomite moraine. The habitat of the phytocenosis is not for the most part rocky. The tree layer, which is constructed by the species Pinus sylvestris, Larix decid- ua, Picea abies and partially Fagus sylvatica, Sorbus aria and Abies alba, covers from 50 to 80 % of the studied surface. The shrub layer is relatively rich, with ther- mophilous and sciophilous shrubs and covers from 10 to 40 % of the studied surface. The herb layer is very rich, for the most part with 100% cover. Shade and cool lov- ing plants predominate in the herb layer, with a two- thirds share. Slightly less than a third of them are fag- etal, slightly less than a fifth piceetal and a good tenth pinetal species, the remainder are non-forest species. Moss species are poorly represented. There are a total of 196 species in the analytical Phytocenological Table 1. Vascular flora have an absolute majority; there are 2% ferns and 6% mosses and lichens. Characteristic and distinguishing species of the as- sociation Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae are not convinc- ingly represented. The level of presence of these is from 9 to 36 percent. Of the characteristic species, the species Coronilla vaginalis Lam. is missing, which we classify among characteristic species of the western European alliance Erico-Pinion sylvestris Br.-Bl. and Br.-Bl. et al. nom. nov. A particularity of our phytocenosis is also the absence of the leading tree species, Pinus nigra, which is completely replaced by the tree species Pinus sylvestris. This is similar to some described phytocenoses on the Austrian side of the Karavanke (Aichinger 1933, Braun-Blanquet et al. 1939). A comparison of our phytocenosis with other phytocenoses of Fraxino orni- Pinetum nigrae shows that ours can only be classified in the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. This is also confirmed by Sørensen’s index of similarity (σ) in a comparison between the original phytocenosis of Mar- tin-Bosse and our phytocenosis, which is 67. The entire floristic composition of the phytocenosis, shown in Phy- tocenological Table 1, demonstrates relatedness to the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae and does not allow the possibility of defining a new association. No 180 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 species stands out that could be synsystematically and synecologically individually characterise a difference from described similar Austrian pine or Scots pine phy- tocenoses. The only difference of our phytocenosis is the absence of the species Pinus nigra. The authors have re- solved the increased level of presence and medium cover value of the species Pinus sylvestris in the phytocenoses of T. Wraber (1979) and Poldini (1999) by a division of the association into two sub-associations, »pinetosum nigrae« in »pinetosum sylvestris«. Aichinger (1933) and Braun-Blanquet et al. (1939) already indicated such a division. The aforementioned division causes certain quandaries because of the appearance of other phyto- cenoses in the synsystematic rank of sub-association, which are described and well documented on the basis of ecological, floristic, phytogeographic or other condi- tions, and one or other species of pine, Pinus nigra or P. Sylvestris, is represented in them to a greater extent. Our phytocenosis is divided into two sub-associa- tions. The sub-association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 laricetosum subass. nova is a newly described sub-association in the Savinja valley, where the Savinja Alps border on the Karavanke. It grows on higher lying, more acid habitats, for the most part south facing (but because of the altitude, in general in a cold climate) and steep slopes. It is distinguished by the spe- cies Picea abies (L.) Karsten, Larix decidua Miller, Va c- cinium myrtillus L. and Senecio abrotanifolius L. All spe- cies are acidophilic, since they prefer fresh, nutrient and base poor soils with acidic raw humus. They are semi- shade species (larch is a light loving species) which grow well in a humid climate. They are classified among char- acteristic species of spruce forests. In four relevés (Phy- tocenological Table 1: columns 1–4 n ), which represent the sub-association, a poor representation of character- istic and distinguishing species of the association is evi- dent. We think that it is an extreme form of the phytoce- nosis in ecologically extreme conditions (steepness, shallow soil). The difference of the sub-association is also demonstrated by numerous species of the class Va c- cinio-Piceetea s. lat., some with greater cover, e.g., Val e - riana tripteris, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Rhododen- dron hirsutum, Adenotyles glabra, Gentiana asclepiadea etc. In terms of ecological conditions and, consequently, floristically, the sub-association is relatively similar to the sub-association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae rho- dothamnetosum Dakskobler 1998 (Dakskobler 1998: 261). The holotype of the sub-asociation is relevé 4 in Phytocenological Table 1. The second sub-association, Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin (1961) caricetosum humilis Martin-Bosse 1967 is described in detail in papers by Martin-Bosse (1967: 21–27) and Poldini (1967). The sub-association grows in warm, dry, more or less extreme habitats (Martin-Bosse 1967), which is also characteristic of our phytocenosis. In addition to distinguishing species of the sub-association, in it predominate species of the classes Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei, Seslerietea, Festu- co-Brometea, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Thlaspietea rotundifolii. The enumerated classes of non-forest vege- tation indicate the openness of the habitat, which is also confirmed by the poor cover of the tree layer (50–60 %). The majority of these non-forest species have a pioneer role. Phytocenological Table 1 presents the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae with 11 phytocenological relevés in the Upper Sava and Upper Savinja valleys, which differ in some details from described phyto- cenoses in the region of the Upper Soča valley (T. Wrab- er 1979, Dakskobler 1998). By comparison, we find in our phytocenosis an impoverishment of diagnostic spe- cies and complete absence of the species Pinus nigra. There is also a difference in the presence of the species Polygala nicaeensis subsp. forojulensis in the phytoceno- sis of Upper Soča, which Dakskobler (1998) described as a local (phytogeographic) distinguishing species for this region. Among the aforementioned phytocenoses, there is a minor difference in the number of non-forest species, which are for the most part modestly represent- ed in our phytocenosis. A more considerable difference is in the greater presence of fagetal species in our phyto- cenosis. Our phytocenosis was probably created after storms on beech habitat, where beech could no longer be established because of the extreme habitat conditions, and it is a development through associations of Scots pine. The idea of the secondary nature of the associa- tion, especially the sub-association caricetosum humilis in the described region is confirmed mainly by the nu- merical presence of species of the order Fagetalia and partially the previously mentioned non-forest species. 181 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 3.1 Research to date We focused mainly on the most significant research of the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae in the southeast Alpine region, i.e., in southern Austria, northeast Italy and northern Slovenia. This region belongs for the most part to the Illyrian floral province or, more exactly, to the western Illyrian province, which according to Meusl et al. (1965) borders on the pre-Noric-Slovene province. The first investigator of a phytocenosis of Scots and Austrian pine, which refers to research of the association recognised today as Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, was Aichinger (1933), when he studied the vegetation of the northern slopes of the Karavanke. He called the phyto- cenosis Pinetum silvestris ericetosum. He published two phytocenological tables, of which the second shows a sub-association with the species Pinus nigra. In 1936 (in Poldini 1969), Schmid mentioned in his monograph on Alpine »relict« pine forests a Scots pine phytocenosis for the region under discussion, under the name Pinetum silvestris subillyricum, but he did not define it exactly. In the 1930s, Braun-Blanquet and colleagues Sis- singh & Vlieger (1939) collected material for a mono- graph on the class Va c c inio -P ic e e te a in Europe, in which he also included six phytocenological relevés from Aichinger’s table of the association Pinetum silvestris ericetosum and with Sissingh renamed it Pinetum aus- troalpinum (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sissingh 1939. This name was used right up to 1967, or even longer, when H. Martin-Bosse (1967) carried out a review of this phytocenosis. Braun-Blanquet’s renaming of the as- sociation corresponded in both phytogeographic and floristic senses (Scots pine forests of the Southern Alps). The most extensive and thorough research was per- formed by H. Martin-Bosse (1967). She had already dealt with the problem of Austrian pine forests in the southeast limestone Alps, with particular regard to Aus- trian Carinthia (Schwarzförenwälder in den südostli- chen Kalkalpen mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Kärnten) in 1961 in his dissertation. This basic work of hers pro- vided the foundation for further supplementary study of pine forests. She decided to rename the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967. The re- naming of the association was perhaps too narrow and it would have been better also to include Scots pine in the name of the association, e.g., Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae-sylvestris. I t s e e m e d th a t in s o m e p l a c e s in th e southeast limestone Alps, more or less pure stands of Scots pine forest appeared, which do not construct an independent phytocenosis and in terms of floristic in- ventory and, consequently, according to phytocenologi- cal principles, are placed in the association Fraxino orni- Pinetum nigrae. In Italy, Poldini (1967, 1969, Poldini & Vidali 1999) were committed to research of pine forests. The report of the first two discussions is based on Poldini’s research in the Carnic Alps in northern Italy, which bor- der on the Austrian and Slovene southeast Alpine re- gion. In a paper from 1969, Poldini refers to a disserta- tion by H. Martin (1961) and designates the association by the earlier, invalid name Orno-Pinetum nigrare Mar- tin 1961. In a third synthesis paper on Austrian and Scots pine and European hop hornbeam and flowering ash (Poldini & Vidali 1999) he called the phytocenosis with Austrian pine according to the valid codex Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 . In this paper, influenced by T. Wraber (1979), he also studied a phy- tocenosis with Scots pine without hop hornbeam, as an independent sub-association. In Slovenia, T. Wraber (1979) first more thorough- ly tackled the problem of the phytocenosis of Austrian and Scots pine. He defined the phytocenosis according to Braun-Blanquet as Pinetum austroalpinum (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sissingh 1939, with two sub-associations – pinetosum nigrae (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sissingh 1939 and – pinetosum sylvestris (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sissingh 1939. This principle of designation was long used here, also because of the influence of M. Wraber (1960), who in his review of forest vegetation discussed the association Pinetum austroalpinum. T. Wraber stud- ied Austrian pine forests in the valley of the Koritnica (Julian Alps). Dakskobler (1998), similarly to T. Wraber, studied Austrian pine forests in the western Julian Alps on the heights by Treska pri Srpenici above the valley of the Tol- minka, not far as the crow flies from the object of re- search of T. Wraber. He correctly called the phytocenosis by the valid codex Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin- Bosse 1967 with a new sub-association – rhodothamne- tosum Dakskobler 1998 - and two variants with the spe- cies Rhododendron hirsutum and Asperula purpurea. He justifiably characterised the phytocenosis as a geographic variant, to wit Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin- Bosse 1967 var. geogr. Polygala nicaeensis subsp. foroju- lensis Dakskobler 1998. The endemic Polygala nicaeensis subsp. forojulensis is an excellent phytogeographic dis- tinguishing species for the narrower region of the south- east Alpine region and not just a local distinguishing species, as Dakskobler states for his phytocenosis. A year later, Dakskobler (1998a) reported on the association Fraxsino orni-Pinetum nigrae in the Govci forest reserve (Trnovski gozd) and then published ana- 3 COMPARISON OF PHYTOCENOSES 182 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 lytical tables (Dakskobler 1999), in which he describet a new geographic variant of the species Primula carnio- lica. At the same time, he compared the associations Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae and Genisto januensis-Pi- netum (ibid.). H. Mayer & Hofmann 1969, H. Mayer 1974, Wallnöfer 1993 and others also wrote about Austrian pine phytocenoses in the eastern Alps. We should per- haps draw attention to Wallnöfer’s (1993) standpoint that only the species Euphorbia triflora subsp. Kerneri counts as a characteristic species of the association Frax- ino orni-Pinetum nigrae for the region of Austria and the species Laserpitium peucedanoides as a distinguishing species, with additional dominant and constant accom- panying species, which are generally distributed not only in pine forests but also elsewhere. The species Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri is certainly an excellent character- istic species for the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae in the southeast Alpine space, together with other species stated in the synthesis Phytocenological Table 2. The species Laserpitium peucedanoides is also a south- east Alpine species but numerically widespread in other phytocenoses (e.g., Rhodothamno-Rhododendretum hir- suti or Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo, Genisto janu- ensis-Pinetum, Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae). 3.2 Similarity of phytocenoses in the southeast region We took the following analytical tables of authors for comparison: Martin-Bosse (1967) 5 tables, Poldini (1967, 19669, Poldini & Vidali 1999) 3 tables, T. Wrab- er (1979) 1 table, Dakskobler (1998) 1 table, Zupančič & Žagar (in situ) 1 table, Aichinger (1933) 2 tables and Braun-Blanquet et al. (1939) 1 table. We additionally compared Austrian pine and Scots pine forests in the near vicinity from the Dinarid or transitional Dinarid- southeast Alpine region. We compared them to two ana- lytical tables, by Accetto (1993, 2001) and Tomažič (1940). The synthesis Phytocenological Table 2 summa- rises 18 analytical tables of the aforementioned authors. The comparisons showed us the floristic and vegetation- al (phytocenological) similarities and differences. On the basis of the comparison, we were able to establish the relatedness or differences of the phytocenoses. It was particularly important how many of the same or differ- ent species appear in the phytocenoses. The latter (dif- ferent), we distinguished as possible diagnostically im- portant species for one or another phytocenosis. We were able to define more exactly or more firmly the character- istic and distinguishing species of the phytocenosis Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae (Phytocenological Table 2). 3.2.1 Characteristic species of the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae H. Martin-Bosse (1967) distinguished 16 characteris- tic species for the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae, namely »… Allium ochroleucum (= A. ericetorum), Asperula longiflora (= A. aristata subsp. longiflora), Bu- pleurum canalense, Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii, Crepis froelichiana subsp. incarnata (C. slovenica), Cyti- sus purpureus (= Chamaecytisus purpureus), Daphne alpina (poor!), Laburnum alpinum (poor!), Ostrya carpinifolia, Peucedanum austriacum subsp. rablense, Pinus nigra, Thymus longicaulis …«. The selected char- acteristic species, except for the species Laburnum alpi- num, were taken into account in his tables, and the spe- cies Coronilla emerus var. Emeroides is added. Already during publication of the paper or vegetation tables, the author decided on the diagnostic unsuitability of the »characteristic species« Laburnum alpinum and, be- cause of poor representation in the phytocenosis, had misgivings about the species Daphne alpina and Galium purpureum. Poldini (1969) for the most part accepted the char- acteristic species proposed by Martin-Bosse, but exclud- ed the following: Crepis froelichiana subsp. incaranta (= Crepis slovenica), Cytisus purpureus (= Chamaecytis- us purpureus) Coronilla emerus, Fraxinu ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia and Pinus nigra; with this we join him in relation to our analysis of the frequency of appearance of the mentioned species, because they are also repre- sented in other similar phytocenoses of Austrian pine (Phytocenological Table 2). His idea (finding) is that only the species Euphorbia kerneri and Bupleurum ca- nalense are general (absolute) characteristic species for the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. He classi- fies the species Allium ochroleucum (= A. ericetorum), Asperula longiflora (= A. aristata subsp. longiflora), Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii, Euphrasia cuspidata, Galium purpureum, Peucedanum austriacum subsp. rablaense and Thymus longicaulis among regional (ter- ritorial) characteristic species, so of slightly lower diag- nostic value. The species Daphne alpina and Laburnum alpinum are not represented in his phytocenosis. D akskobler ( 1998 ) accepted Poldini’ s idea about the characteristic species of the association Fraxino or- ni-Pinetum nigrae. The absolute characteristic species are not present in his phytocenosis, only three territorial characteristic species, namely Allium ochroleucum (= A. ericetorum), Asperula aristata and Euphrasia cuspidata. He added the local distinguishing species Polygala nicaeensis subsp. forojulensis, which is an endemic and a good phytogeographic distinguishing species for the narrower region of the southeast Alpine space. 183 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 We return to the past, to Aichinger’s (1933) first description of a pine phytocenosis in the southeast Al- pine space in the Karavanke. The original phytocenosis, the forerunner of the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, was Pinetum silvestris ericetosum Aichinger 1933, for which Aichinger determined the following charac- teristic species: Coronilla vaginalis, Cytisus purpureus (= Chamaecytisus purpureus), Daphne cneorum and Pla- tanthera bifolia. In 1939, Braun-Blanquet and Sissingh renamed the phytocenosis Pinetum austroalpinum (Aichinger 1933), Braun-Blanquet & Sissingh 1939 and, except for the species Cytisus purpureus (= Chamacytis- us purpureus), accepted all Aichinger’s other character- istic species. Instead of the species Cytisus purpureus (= Chamaecytisus purpureus) they decided on the char- acteristic species Epipactis atropurpurea (= E. atroru- bens). On the basis of the findings of the aforementioned authors, we compared the phytocenoses – association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae (Martin-Bosse 1967, Pol- dini 1967, 1969, Poldini & Vidali 1999, T. Wraber 1979, Dakskobler 1998, Aichinger 1933, Braun- Blanquet et al. 1939, Zupančič & Žagar in situ) with the also close important (relevant) phytocenoses Ac- cetto (1999, 2001) and Tomažič (1940) and concluded that the following species correspond to characteristic and distinguishing species of the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae: CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES Allium ericetorum Thore (= A. ochroleucum Waldst. & Kit.) 1 (JVE) Coronilla vaginalis Lam. 2 (JVE) Daphne cneorum L. 2 (JVE) Euphorbia triflora Schott, Nyman & Kotschy subsp. kerneri (Huter) Poldini 1 (JV A) Euphrasia cuspidata Host 1 (JV A) Galium purpureum L. 1 ( JV A) Petasites paradoxus (Retz.) Baumg. 2 (JVE) Asperula aristata L. (& A. aristata subsp. longiflora?) 1 (JVE) Scleropodium purum (L. ap. Hedw.) Limpr. 3 DISTINGUISHING SPECIES Pinus mugo Turra subsp. mugo Rhodothamnus chamaecistus (L.) Reichenb. Salix glabra Scop. It is clear from the previous content of this chapter that Martin-Bosse’s very well identified five characteris- tic species (marked 1), two (marked 2), which excellently characterise the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae, are taken from Aichinger’s phytocenosis, and two are new, which supplement the ecological characteristics of the association. The majority of the characteristic species are southeast European (JVE) or southeast Al- pine (JVA) species, the species Asperula aristata stands out, which Poldini (1991) classifies among mediterra- nean-montane geoelements, but Meusel et al. (1992) among western Mediterranean-sub-Mediterranean spe- cies in the montane belt. The characteristic species Euphrasia cuspidata and Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri are relative endemics and stress in particular the phytogeographic position of the association Fraxino or- ni-Pinetum nigrae. The species Allium ericetorum is ac- tually a southeast European-Illyrian species, its appear- ance is focused on the wider region of southeast Europe with transition into the Dinarid world, so it also appears in the phytocenoses of the associations Genisto januen- sis-Pinetum and Daphno alpinae-Pinetum nigrae. We could be sceptical of its classification among character- istic species but it gives the association Fraxino orni-Pi- netum nigrae an ecological seal (sub-alpine rocky sunny habitat). The species Petasites paradoxus and Scleropo- dium purum (marked 3) are added to characteristic spe- cies. The mountain (altimontane) species Petasites para- doxus appears constantly, to a lesser or greater extent, exclusively in phytocenoses of Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae. Its presence indicates coarse, pioneer, rocky, scree, gravel or sandy, skeletal, humus poor, fresh, soil soaked during downpours. The moss Scleropodium purum pre- fers fresh, carbonate (dolomite) forest soils and is dis- tributed to the tree line. In Slovenia, it achieves large cover value and permanence in phytocenoses of Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Because of its ecological indica- tion, primarily pioneer character, it is classified among characteristic species, which corresponds to the general ecological conditions of the habitat of the phytocenosis Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Comparative analysis (see Phytocenological Table 2) showed that the following proposed characteristic species of Martin-Bosse do not enter into consideration either because of poor or unilateral appearance (only in Martin-Bosse’s phytocenoses): Bupleurum canalense, Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii, Coronilla emerus, C. emeroides and Daphne alpina, or because of general dis- tribution in other Austrian pine and Scots pine phyto- cenoses on carbonate bedrock: e.g., Chamaecytisus pur- pureus, Crepis slovenica (= C. froelichiana subsp. incar- nata), Epipactis atrorubens (proposed by Braun-Blan- quet & Sissingh), Fraxinus ornus, Laburnum alpinum (also poorly represented), Ostrya carpinifolia, Pinus nigra, Platanthera bifolia (proposed by Aichinger) and Thymus longicaulis. The above findings for the men- tioned species deprive them of the possibility of the po- sition of good characteristic species. Some of the afore- 184 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 mentioned species also do not belong in the ranks of characteristic species of the phytocenosis Fraxino orni- Pinetum nigrae in terms of their ecological diagnosis. Perhaps because of the designation of the association, the species Fraxinus ornus could be ranked among rela- tive characteristic species of the association. The diag- nostic value of the species is limited because of its gener- ally wide distribution in all pine forests on carbonate soils. The distinguishing species of the association Fraxi- no orni-Pinetum nigrae show us its synhorological posi- tion. They are distributed in the eastern Alpine space, so they are good distinguishing species in comparison with pine forests of the Dinarid region. In addition to phyto- geographic differentiation, they indicate ecological con- ditions in phytocenoses of Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, where they thrive on dolomite/limestone fresh, base rich soils of the sub-alpine world or habitats adapted to it (steep, shallow, cold slopes of Alpine valleys). In the central part of the eastern Alps (Gail and Carnic Alps) a specific phytogeographic form of the as- sociation Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae appears with the southeast European species Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) Koch subps. rablense (Wulfen) Koch and the rela- tive endemic of steno-Mediterranean origin Polygala nicaeensis Risso subsp. forojulensis (Kerner) Graebn. 3.2.2 Mutual similarity of phytocenoses In identifying the characteristic and distinguishing spe- cies of the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, we were interested in the mutual similarity of phytocenoses from different regions of the southeast Alpine area, which is the area of their central distribution. We were primarily interested in similarities between the phyto- cenoses of Martin-Bosse (1967) and ours (Zupančič & Žagar in situ). Sørensen’s index of similarity (σ = 67) indicates primary similarity, although characteristic and distinguishing species have poor values (are poorly represented) in our phytocenosis, as we already estab- lished in chapter 2. W e were also interested in the similarity between our phytocenosis and that of T . W raber ( 1 979 ) ( Sø- rensen’s index σ = 42) and ours and Dakskobler’s (1998) phytocenoses (index σ = 51) and among associated phy- tocenoses of the Upper Soča valley (T. Wraber 1979 and Dakskobler 1998) and ours (index σ = 54). The mutual similarity of phytocenoses of the U pper Sava and Upper Savinja valleys and the Upper Soča valley is less than between the phytocenoses of Martin-Bosse and ours, although it is satisfactory. The lower index of similarity shows the correctness of distinguishing a geo- graphic variant with the species Polygala nicaeeensis subsp. forojulensis. Toegether with these comparisons, the question oc- curs of how much is the similarity between the phyto- cenoses of T. Wraber or Dakskobler and the phytoceno- sis of Martin-Bosse. The similarity between the phyto- cenoses of T. Wraber and Martin-Bosse is e σ = 51, and between Dakskobler’s and Martin-Bosse’s σ = 56, which is satisfactory. Much better ,and in all cases of compari- son higher, is the index between the combined phyto- cenoses of T. Wraber and Dakskobler (Upper Soča) and that of Martin-Bosse (Austrian Carinthia), in which σ = 70. W e were also interested in the similarity between the phytocenoses of T. Wraber and Dakskobler. This is considerable (index σ = 63), which we also expected be- cause of the vicinity of the objects of research in the Upper Soča valley. We find that Sørensen’s indexes of similarity of phy- tocenoses show satisfactory to good similarity and mu- tual equilibrium. The characteristic and distinguishing species of the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae are well chosen in terms of their distribution (synhorol- ogy) and adaptability to ecological conditions and dem- onstrate the phytogeographic position and living condi- tions of the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. The floristic content of phytocenoses of Fraxino orni- Pinetum nigrae is fairly matched and the following spe- cies completely or for the most part predominate in them; they could be characterised as species of the »characteristic combination« (see Phytocenological Table 2): It was expected that species of the class Erico-Pine- tea s. lat. would be represented uniformly and to the greatest extent in all phytocenoses – there are 18 of these; the species Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Salix glabra, Carex humilis, Asperula aristata and Euphrasia cuspidata from other classes can also be classified with them, since they have specific diagnostic value in the phytocenoses of Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. The sur- prisingly eloquent representation of 15 species of the class Querco-Fagetea s. lat. is surprising but, of these, 6 species are ecologically (thermophilic and cryophilic species) and partially synsystematically (Quercetalia pu- bescentis, Prunetalia spinosae, Festuco-Brometea) close to the class Erico-Pinetea; these are Sorbus aria, Pueceda- num oreoselinum, Polygonatum odoratum, Berberis vul- garis and Viburnum lantana, to which we can add the species Helleborus niger subsp. niger (Aremonio-Fagion), which is a distinguishing species for the sub-alliance Helleboro nigri-Pinenion. A review of Phytocenological Table 2 shows that species of the class Querco-Fagetea s. lat. have an ecological role in phytocenoses of Fraxino 185 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 orni-Pinetum nigrae, since they indicate occasionally fresh habitats, which enables the growth and survival of fagetal species. Indicators of fresh habitats are also the rarely represented species of the classes Betulo-Adenos- ERICO-PINETEA s. lat. ABSOLUTE PREDOMINANT Chamaecytisus purpureus Crepis slovenica Helleborus niger subsp. niger* Cotoneaster tomentosa Amelanchier ovalis Pinus nigra Daphne cneorum Rhamnus saxatilis Erica carnea Gymnadenia odoratissima Polygala chamaebuxus Epipactis atrorubens Carex alba Pinus sylvestris Calamagrostis varia Buphthalmum salicifolium Platanthera bifolia VACCINIO-PICEETEA s. lat. Picea abies Hieracium sylvaticum Rubus saxatilis Rhododendron hirsutum Solidago virgaurea QUERCO-FAGETEA s.lat. Helleborus niger subsp. niger Anemone trifolia Cyclamen purpurascens Fagus sylvatica Fraxinus ornus Melica nutans Ostrya carpinifolia Polygonatum odoratum Sorbus aria Pteridim aquilinum Peucedanum oreoselinum Frangula alnus Berberis vulgaris Juniperus communis Viburnum lantana BETULO-ADENOSTYLETEA s.lat. (MULGEDIO-ACONITETEA) Salix glabra TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA s.lat. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Anthericum ramosum NARDO-CALLUNETEA s. lat. Potentilla erecta Genista germanica SESLERIETEA s.lat. Globularia cordifolia Sesleria albicans Biscutella laevigata FESTUCO-BROMETEA s.lat. Teucrium montanum Euphorbia cyparissias Carlina acaulis Carex humilis Prunella grandiflora Asperula aristata & A. a. subsp. longiflora (?) Galium verum MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA s.lat. Lotus corniculatus Betonica alopecuros Lathyrus pratensis Euphrasia cuspidata THLASPIETEA ROTUNDIFOLII s. lat. Campanula caespitosa OTHER SPECIES Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia * Razlikovalnica za Helleboro-nigri-Pinenion tyletea (= Mulgedio-Aconitetea), Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae s. lat. and Thlaspietea rotundifolii s. lat., as well as species of the class Va c c inio-Piceetea s. lat., of which there are five in the »characteristic combination«. 186 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Among fagetal species, species of the Illyrian alliance Aremonio-Fagion are noticeable, in Fraxino orni-Pine- tum nigrae phytocenoses. These and other southeast European-Illyrian species are diagnostic of the Illyrian floral province. On the basis of Sørensen’s indexes of similarity of ph ytocenoses ( σ = 42– 7 0; frequen tly 54– 56 ) and fre- quency of appearance of species of the »characteristic combination«, we conclude that all phytocenoses in the synthesis Phytocenological Table 2 in columns 1–14 are ranked in a uniform phytocenosis Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. For additional confirmation of the uniform as- sociation Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, we additionally analysed horological and phytocenological groups and the biological spectrum of the phytocenoses. 3.3 Horological groups A comparison among phytocenoses of Fraxino orni-Pin- etum nigrae described by the authors Zupančič & Žagar (Upper Sava valley and Upper Savinja valley), T. Wraber & Dakskobler (Upper Soča valley) and Martin-Bosse (Austrian Carinthia) showed no essential differences among horological groups. In some places there are somewhat lower or higher percentages among individu- al horological groups, as is evident from Table 1. One or GEOELEMENTS Zupančič & Žagar Wraber & Dakskobler Martin-Bosse Zupančič & Žagar Wraber & Dakskobler Martin-Bosse %%%%%% Euromediterranean 3.1 1.4 2.7 Mediterranean-montane 19.9 20.5 21.3 Mediterranean-Atlantic 0.5 0.7 0.5 Mediterranean-Pontic 2.0 1.4 2.7 Pontic 4.1 4.1 3.8 Southeast European 1.6 0.7 3.3 Southern Illyrian 3.6 3.4 3.3 Northern Illyrian 2.6 2.7 4.9 Sub-Atlantic 0.71.1 Stenomediterranean 0.7 37.4 36.3 43.6 European 16.8 15.1 16.9 Euroasian 13.2 8.9 12.5 Eurosiberian 6.1 4.8 7.1 Paleotemperate 5.1 3.4 2.7 Circumboreal 7.6 7.5 3.1 Alpine 2.6 4.1 3.3 Alpine-Carpathian 0.5 0.7 Eastern Alpine 1.6 3.4 2.7 Southeast Alpine 0.5 0.7 1.1 Arctic-Alpine 1.0 1.4 1.6 Endemic 1.0 1.4 1.6 Cosmopolitan 0.5 1.4 0.5 Chance 0.7 Undefined species 6.1 10.2 3.3 62.6 63.7 56.4 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 1: Horological groups in the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae other deviations are noticeable differences in the sum of thermophilic and cryophilic horological groups. There is considerably more difference in the phytocenosis of Martin-Bosse, in which there is an increased amount of thermophilic horological groups (43.6 %) from the other two (37.4 % and 36.3 %, respectively). In all three phyto- cenoses, cyrophilic horological groups predominate, which confirms that the habitat of the phytocenosis Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae in the pre-Alpine/Alpine region is moderately fresh. 3.4 Phytocenological groups The analysis of phytocenological groups (T able 2) is in accordance with the findings stated in chapter 2 and with the analysis of the horology of the phytocenoses and, above all, it confirms the establishment of beech on some phytocenoses of the Upper Sava and Upper Savinja re- gions (Zupančič & Žagar) or the variant of Martin-Bosse with the species Fagus sylvatica (Phytocenological Table 2, column 5). These phytocenoses have fewer species of the class Erico-Pinetea, which suggests their secondary nature. The most pinetal is the phytocenosis of the Upper Soča (T. Wraber & Dakskobler) with a lower percentage of species of the classes of grassland plants Festuco-Brom- etea s. lat. and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, which ranks it 187 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 PHYTOCENOLOGICAL GROUPS Zupančič & Žagar Wraber & Dakskobler Martin-Bosse %%% Erico-Pinetea 11.7 19.5 16.7 Vaccinio -Piceetea 16.3 10.0 10.4 Querco-Fagetea 28.5 20.1 25.0 Adenostylo-Betuletea (=Mulgedio-Aconitetea) 3.1 2.5 1.5 Epilobietea 1.5 0.6 1.0 Tr ifolio - G e ranie te a 6.1 8.8 6.7 Nardo-Callunetea 2.1 1.3 1.0 Seslerietea 7.7 6 . 3 6 .7 Festuco-Brometea 8.6 6.3 10.4 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 6.7 4.4 5.7 Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae 2.1 2.5 2.0 Thlaspietea rotundifolii 1.5 3.8 4.1 Asplenietea trichomanis 1.5 5.7 5.7 Undefined species 2.6 8.2 3.1 TOTAL 100.0 100.00 100.0 Table 2: Phytocenological groups in the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae LIFE FORM Zupančič & Žagar T. Wraber & Dakskobler Martin-Bosse %%% PHANEROPHYTES PHANEROPHYTA 15.3 19.1 17.5 P. scap. 5.6 6.8 6.0 P. caesp. 5.6 6.8 6.0 NP 4.1 5.5 5.5 CHAMAEPHYTES – CHAMAEPHYTA 17.8 21.3 16.9 Ch. suffr. 8.7 10.3 9.3 Ch. rept. 1.5 2.1 2.7 Ch. frut 1.5 0.7 2.2 B. Ch. 5.6 7.5 2.7 L. Ch. 0.5 0.7 HEMICROPTOPHYTES – HEMICRYPTOPHYTA 47.9 41.8 48.9 H. scap. 34.2 27.4 32.8 H. ros. 7.1 8.2 9.3 H. caesp. 5.6 6.2 6.0 H. rept. 1.0 0.6 GEOPHYTES – GEOPHYTA 16.4 15.7 13.6 G. rhiz. 12.8 11.6 9.8 G. bulb. 3.6 3.4 2.7 G. rad. 0.7 1.1 THEROPHYTES – THEROPHYTA 2.6 2.1 3.3 T. scap. 2.6 2.1 3.3 TOTAL 100.0 100. 100.0 Table 3: Biological spectrum of the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae among more or less optimal phytocenoses of Fraxino or- ni-Pinetum nigrae. The most balanced, one could even say standard, is the phytocenosis of Martin-Bosse from Austrian Carinthia, which is shown by comparison with the previously mentioned phytocenoses. The standard nature or optimality of this phytocenosis is conditioned or confirmed by the number (67) and geographic breadth (on a large area) of the phytocenological relevés. 3.5 Biological spectrum Deviations between individual phytocenoses are not great. There are slightly higher percentages of phanero- phytes and chamaephytes and a lower percentage of chamaecryptophytes in the phytocenoses of T. Wraber and Dakskobler in the Upper Soča valley but these de- viations are not essential. It can be said that the phytoce- nosis Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae in the Upper Soča valley grows in slightly more difficult living conditions. The biological spectrum of all three (four) phytocenoses indicates the living conditions that prevail between the temperate and mountain belt. It could be said that in some regions, living conditions are closer to those in the mountain belt, mainly because of the higher percentage of geophytes. The situation of the investigated areas fully corresponds to the analysis of the biological spec- trum. 188 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS On the basis of floristic and vegetational analysis, we re- solved the question of the classification of phytocenoses belonging to the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae in the area of the Upper Sava valley and Upper Sav- inja valley (Zupančič & Žagar) and those of Aichinger and Braun-Blanquet & Sissingh from the Austrian part of the Karavanke, and partially from the area of the Upper Soča valley (T. Wraber), where the leading tree species Pinus nigra is not present but only P. sylvestris. In addition, the question arose of whether it would not be better and more exact from synsystematic and ecological points of view for the author H. Martin-Bosse to have more clearly designated the association, namely Fraxino orni-Pinetum sylvestris-nigrae. Analysis of the phytoce- nosis of Scots pine on carbonate bedrock of the south- east Alpine region did not show any syntaxonomic, syn- ecological or synhorological particularities that would allow it to be distinguished as an individual association. Phytocenoses of Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae are in various states of development in different regions of the southeast Alpine space – from initial, pioneer or substi- tute to optimal. In view of the appearance of the associa- tion’s characteristic and distinguishing species and also in view of the floristic content, the phytocenoses of Martin-Bosse and Poldini (Phytocenological Table 2, columns 1 and 7) are closest to the optimal state, the others are somewhere in the middle, and in them some phytocenological relevés even indicate a starting, initial state of the phytocenosis. Some forms of the phytoceno- sis have been created secondarily on primary habitats of other phytocenoses, e.g., on primary habitats of beech forest. The phytogeographic position of the southeast Al- pine space is somewhat complicated, because it is gov- erned by both the Illyrian and Noric (pre-Noric-Slovene) floristic provinces. This appears in the intermixture of southeast European-Illyrian and southeast European, southeast Alpine and eastern Alpine species, which is clearly shown in the synthesis Phytocenological Table 2. On the basis of the floristic and vegetational (synsys- tematic) analysis, we decided in agreement with H. Mar- tin-Bosse to classify the association Fraxino orni-Pine- tum nigrae into the Illyrian alliance of pine Fraxino or- ni-Pinetum nigrae-sylvestris (Ht. 1958) Zupančič 2007 (= Orneto-Ericetum Ht. 1958) and in our opinion in the sub-alliance Helleboro nigri-Pinion (Ht. 1959) Zupančič 2007 (= Orneto-Ericion dolomiticum Ht. 1959). The selection or decision on characteristic and dis- tinguishing species of the association Fraxino orni-Pin- etum nigrae e n a b l e d u s i n t e r - c o m p a r i s o n o f p h y t o - cenoses of Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, with supple- mentary comparisons of pine phytocenoses of the Illyr- ian floral province from the Slovene Dinarids, i.e., Tomažič’s (1940) association Genisto januesis-Pinetum and Accetto’s (1999, 2001) associations Daphno alpi- nae-Pinetum nigrae and Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigre. On the basis of comparison, we more or less objec- tively determined the characteristic and distinguishing species of the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. The characteristic species were selected from the phyto- cenoses of Martin-Bosse, Aichinger and Braun-Blanquet & Sissingh. The distinguishing species are new and re- late to differentiation between the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae and the associations Genisto janu- ensis-Pinetum, Daphne alpinae-Pinetum nigrae and Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae. In the compari- son, it appeared that we must partially change the char- acteristic species of the association Genisto janueniss- Pinetum. The species Chamaecytisus purpureus and Crepis slovenica (= C. incaranta), because of their gen- eral distribution in associations of pine forests, cannot have the position of characteristic species for the asso- ciation Genisto januensis-Pinetum. Only the species Genista januensis, Potentilla carniolica and Daphne bla- gayana therefore remain characteristic species for the association. A distinguishing species is added for the as- sociation Genisto januensis-Pinetum, namely the south- east European-Illyrian species Hacquetia epipactis (Scop.) DC., which very well distinguishes the phytoce- nosis from the previously mentioned associations Fraxi- no orni-Pinetum nigrae, Daphno alpinae-Pinetum nigrae and Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae. The comparison of pine phytocenoses in the synthe- sis Phytocenological Table 2, between the association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae and the aforementioned as- sociations Genisto-Pinetum, Daphno-Pinetum and Cari- ci-Pinetum, shows a different appearance of southeast European and eastern Alpine species. There are far fewer southeast European and eastern Alpine species in the as- sociations Genisto januensis-Pinetum, Daphno alpinae- Pinetum nigrae and Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum ni- grae, which is understandable given that they belong to the Dinarid or intermediate Dinarid-southeast Alpine region. However, there are considerably more southeast European and eastern Alpine species in the associations Daphno alpinae-Pinetum nigrae and Carici semperviren- tis-Pinetum nigrae, which brings the phytocenosis Frax- ino orni-Pinetum nigrae close to the association. In the paper, a sub-association Fraxino orni-Pine- tum nigrae laricetosum in the area of the Karavanke and Savinja Alps is newly described, in which the leading tree species Pinus nigra is lacking. 189 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 5 POVZETEK 5.1 Uvod V jugovzhodnem območju, zlasti na Balkanskem polo- toku, je črni bor Pinus nigra Arnold s. lat. zanimiva vrsta in jo jugovzhodnoevropski fitocenologi bolj ali manj upravičeno uvrščamo med jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilir- ske geoelemente. V tem prostoru se kot avtohtona vrsta pojavlja disjunktno od majhnih, morda hektar velikih, do zelo obsežnih površin, predvsem v osrednjem delu Balkanskega polotoka. V Sloveniji je domoroden le na manjših površinah. Na večjih površinah je črni bor sajen kot pionir na kraškem svetu, najbolj je z njim pogozden Kras, kjer gradi sekundarno fitocenozo s podstojno av- tohtono vegetacijo puhastega hrasta (Zupančič & Žagar 2008). V Sloveniji poznamo le klasično podvrsto črnega bora – Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. nigra (= P. nigra Ar- nold subsp. austriaca Aschers & Graebn.). Glavni areal črnega bora Pinus nigra je v montan- skem pasu submeriodinala, deloma se pojavlja tudi v montanskem pasu meridionala oceanske Evrope, in je submediteransko (disjunktno mediteranski) florni ele- ment montanskega pasu (Meusel et al. 1965). Ober- dorfer (1979) ga šteje za jugovzhodnoevropsko vrsto. Poldini (1991) pa ga uvršča med južnoilirske vrste. Raz- širjenost črnega bora v njegovem naravnem okolju je na splošno disjunktna, in sicer od severnega roba Sredo- zem lja, to je od Španije do Male Azije, ter v severovzho- dnem delu Afrike (Accetto et al. 1986, Meusel et al. 1965 – Karte: 22). Šercelj (1996) navaja, da je bor – Pinus s. lat. najbolj razširjeno evroazijsko drevo, kar mu omogoča njegova ekološka širina. Accetto s sodelavcema (1986) povzema po Miro- vu, da črni bor svoj areal naseljuje že od pleistocena dalje. Tudi Šercelj (1996) za območje Slovenije ponovi, da je bil bor – Pinus s. lat. vedno prisoten v vseh pelo- dnih sedim en tih in j e im el v glacialih na jv ečj i del ež oz em l j a . Črni bor je zelo variabilna vrsta, nastale so mnoge morfološke in fiziološke razlike, verjetno zaradi diskon- tinuiranosti in razširjenosti. Znane so mnoge podvrste, varietete in forme. (Vidaković 1980, Accetto et al. 1986). Na osrednjem Balkanskem polotoku se pojavljata taksona Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. nigra var. dalmatica Visiani (Dalmacija in Hercegovina), Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. caramanica Rehd. (= Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana Aschers & Graebn. v Makedoniji) in še mnogi bolj ali manj priznani taksoni (npr. Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. gocensis Džordžević, Pinus nigra Arnold var. sharganica F. Novak). Črni bor je fotofilna, kserofilna in pionirska vrsta, ki naseljuje ekstremna rastišča, predvsem suha, skalna- ta, plitva, s hranili revna tla na dolomitu, apnencu, peri- dotitu in serpentinitih v nadmorskih višinah od 250– 1400 (1600) m. Dobro prenaša klimatske skrajnosti in naseljuje s hranili revna rastišča, kjer ne morejo uspeva- ti druge drevesne vrste (Vidaković 1980, Šercelj 1996, Accetto et al. 1986). Črni bor je odličen za pogozdovanje v aridni in se- miaridni (suhi) klimi na skalnatih tleh. V Sloveniji so z njim uspešno pogozdovali Kras, kjer se tudi spontano razširja. V mladosti hitro raste, v starosti pa se bolj de- beli in je višinski prirastek manjši (V id ak o vić 1 980, Šercelj 1996, Accetto et al. 1986). Pri nas je črni bor spontan – avtohton in gradi več primarnih fitocenoz. Posebno pozornost je črnemu boru i n n j e g o vi m fi t o c e n o z a m p o s v e č al I . H o r v a t ( 1 9 5 9 , 1974), ki je borove gozdove v fitocenološkem smislu raz- delil v dve podzvezi, v katerih ima pomembno vlogo črni bor, in sicer na dolomitu Helleboro nigri-Pinenion (Ht. 1959) Zupančič 2007 nom. nov. (= Orno-Ericion do- lomiticum Ht. 1959) in na serpentinoidih Asplenio cune- ifoliae-Pinenion ( H t. 1 9 5 9 ) Z u p an či č 200 7 n o m. n o v . (= Orno-Ericion serpentinicum Ht. 1959 ). Podzvezi pa uvrščamo v zvezo Fraxino orni-Pinion nigrae-sylvestris (Ht. 1953) Zupančič 2007 nom. nov. Ta delitev velja za ilirsko florno provinco, vključno z jugovzhodnoalpskim območjem. V srednjeevropski provinci pa so borovi gozdovi vključeni v zvezo Erico-Pinion sylvestris Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 nom. inv. Do sedaj so znana (opisana) tri območja primarne fitocenoze črnega bora Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 v Sloveniji (T. Wraber 1979, Daksko- bler 1998, Zupančič & Žagar in situ). Povsod je bolj ali manj primešana vrsta Pinus sylvestris L., le v fitocenozi, ki sta jo opisala Zupančič & Žagar, ni vrste Pinus nigra. Fitocenozi Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae Accetto 1999 in Daphno alpinae-Pinetum nigrae Accetto 2001 vsebujeta izključno le vrsto Pinus nigra. Opozoriti mora- mo še na fitocenozo Genisto januensis-Pinetum sylvestris T omažič 1940, v kateri se pojavlja fitocenoza z vrsto Pinus nigra kot subasociacija Genisto januensis-Pinetum su- bass. pinetosum nigrae Tomažič 1940. Pojavljanje borovih gozdov v Sloveniji smo sprem- ljali že od šestdesetih let dvajsetega stoletja do danes in občasno beležili fitocenološke popise. Kljub nazornima predstavama jugovzhodnoalpske fitocenoze Fraxino or- ni-Pinetum nigrae k o l e g o v T . W r a b e r j a ( 1 9 7 9 ) i n Dakskoblerja (1998) smo se odločili objaviti fitoceno- ze z vzhodnega obrobja jugovzhodnoalpskega območja, ki ga omenjena avtorja nista zajela. 190 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Raziskovali smo po standardni (srednjeevropski) fitocenološki metodi. Floristična nomenklatura je upo- rabljena po Mali flori Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 2007). Življenjske oblike po Raunkierju smo določili na osnovi Poldinijeve (1991) monografije, enako tudi horološke skupine geoelementov. 5.2 Fitocenoza na vzhodnem obrobju jugovzho- dnoalpske Slovenije Fitocenozo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae smo popisovali na območju Savinjskih Alp v severozahodnem delu Sa- vinjske doline (Huda goša, Veža – Planica, Tolsta peč), v vzhodnih (Sedelc in Rogovilc pod Raduho) in v osre- dnjih Karavankah (Tabre pri Martuljku na Gorenjskem) ter v severovzhodnih Julijskih Alpah (Mala Pišnica pri Kranjski Gori na Gorenjskem). Nadmorske višine so od 690 do 1315 m, večinoma strma južna pobočja imajo na- klon od 20 do 700. Geološka podlaga je dolomit, dolomi- tni apnenec, apnenec in dolomitna morena. Rastišče fi- tocenoze v glavnem ni kamnito. Drevesna plast, ki jo gradijo vrste Pinus sylvestris, Larix decidua, Picea abies in deloma Fagus sylvatica, Sorbus aria in Abies alba, po- kriva od 50 do 80 % raziskovane površine. Grmovna plast je razmeroma bogata s termofilnimi in skiofilnimi grmišči in pokriva od 10 do 40 % raziskovane površine. Zelo bogata je zeliščna plast, večinoma s 100-odstotno pokrovnostjo. V zeliščni plasti prevladujejo z dvotretjin- skim deležem sencoljubne in hladoljubne vrste. Med njimi je slaba tretjina fagetalnih, slaba petina piceetal- nih in dobra desetina pinetalnih vrst, ostalo so negoz- dne vrste. Mahovne vrste so slabo zastopane. V analitič- ni Fitocenološki tabeli 1 je skupno 196 vrst. Absolutno večino ima vaskularna flora, praprotnic je 2 % in mahov z lišajem 6 %. V naši fitocenozi značilnice in razlikovalnice asoci- acije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae niso prepričljivo za- stopane. Stopnja navzočnosti le-teh je od 9 do 36-odsto- tna. Od značilnic manjka vrsta Coronilla vaginalis Lam., ki jo uvrščamo med značilnice zahodnoevropske zveze Erico-Pinion sylvestris Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. nom. nov. Posebnost naše fitocenoze je tudi odsotnost vodilne dre- vesne vrste Pinus nigra, ki jo v celoti zamenjuje drevesna vrsta Pinus sylvestris. Ta primer je podoben nekaterim opisanim fitocenozam na avstrijski strani Karavank (Aichinger 1933, Braun-Blanquet et al. 1939). Pri- merjava naše fitocenoze z drugimi fitocenozami Fraxi- no orni-Pinetum nigrae kaže, da je našo mogoče uvrstiti le v asociacijo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. To potrjuje tudi Sørensenov indeks podobnosti (σ) v primerjavi med izvorno fitocenozo Martin-Bossejeve in našo fitoceno- zo, ki je 67. Celotna floristična sestava fitocenoze, prika- zana v Fitocenološki tabeli 1, kaže sorodnost z asociacijo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae in n e da j e m o žn o s ti za opredelitev nove asociacije. Nobena vrsta ne izstopa, da bi sinsistematsko in sinekološko posebej označevala raz- ličnost od opisanih podobnih črnoborovih ali rdečebo- rovih fitocenoz. Različnost naše fitocenoze je le v odso- tnosti vrste Pinus nigra. Povečano stopnjo navzočnosti in srednje pokrovne vrednosti vrste Pinus sylvestris v fi- tocenozah T. Wraberja (1979) in Poldinija (1999) sta avtorja reševala z delitvijo asociacije v dve subasociaciji, »pinetosum nigrae« in »pinetosum sylvestris«. Tako deli- tev sta nakazovala že Aichinger (1933) in Braun- Blanquet et al. (1939). Omenjena delitev povzroča do- ločene zadrege zaradi pojavljanja drugih fitocenoz v sinsistematskem rangu subasociacij, ki so opisane in dobro dokumentirane na osnovi ekoloških, florističnih, fitogeografskih ali drugih razmer, v njih pa je v večji meri zastopana ena ali druga vrsta bora – Pinus nigra ali P. sylvestris. Naša fitocenoza se deli na dve subasociaciji. Subasociacija Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin- Bosse 1967 laricetosum subass. nova je novo opisana su- basociacija v Savinjski dolini, kjer Savinjske Alpe mejijo na Karavanke. Porašča višje ležeča bolj zakisana rasti- šča, večinoma južna (vendar zaradi nadmorske višine na splošno v hladnem podnebju) in strma pobočja. Razli- kujejo jo vrste Picea abies (L.) Karsten, Larix decidua Miller, Va c c inium myrtillus L. in Senecio abrotanifolius L. Vse vrste so kisloljubne, saj preferirajo sveža, s hranili in bazami revna tla s kislim surovim humusom. So pol- senčne vrste (macesen je svetloljuben), ki dobro uspeva- jo v humidni klimi. Uvrščamo jih v značilnice smreko- vih gozdov. V štirih popisih (Fitocenološka tabela 1: stolpci 1–4), ki predstavljajo subasociacijo, je razvidna slaba zastopanost značilnic in razlikovalnic asociacije. Mislimo, da gre za skrajno obliko fitocenoze v ekološko skrajnih razmerah (strmina, plitva tla). Različnost suba- sociacije nakazujejo tudi številnejše vrste razreda Va c c i- nio-Piceetea s. lat., nekatere z večjo pokrovnostjo, npr. Valeriana tripteris, Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Rho- dodendron hirsutum, Adenotyles glabra, Gentiana ascle- piadea idr. Subasociacija je glede ekoloških razmer in posledično floristično razmeroma podobna subasocia- ciji Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae rhodothamnetosum Dakskobler 1998 (Dakskobler 1998: 261). Holotip su- basociacije je popis 4 v Fitocenološki tabeli 1. Druga subasociacija Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin (1961) caricetosum humilis Martin-Bosse 1967 je podrobno opisana v razpravah Martin-Bossejeve (1967: 21–27) in Poldinija (1967). Subasociacija porašča topla, suha, bolj ali manj ekstremna rastišča (Martin- Bosse 1967), kar je značilno tudi za našo fitocenozo. 191 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Poleg razlikovalnic subasociacije v njej prevladujejo vrste razredov Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei, Seslerietea, Festuco-Brometea, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea in Thlaspi- etea rotundifolii. Našteti razredi negozdne vegetacije ka- žejo na odprtost rastišča, kar potrjuje tudi slaba zastr- tost drevesne plasti ( 50–60 % ). V ečina teh negozdnih vrst ima pionirsko vlogo. V Fitocenološki tabeli 1 je predstavljena asociacija Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae z 11 fitocenološkimi popisi v Zgornji Savski in Zgornji Savinjski dolini, ki se v neka- terih podrobnostih razlikuje od opisanih fitocenoz na območju Zgornjega Posočja (T. Wraber 1979, Daksko- bler 1998). Z medsebojno primerjavo v naši fitocenozi ugotavljamo obubožanost diagnostičnih vrst in popol- no odsotnost vrste Pinus nigra. Razlika je tudi v priso- tnosti vrste Polygala nicaeensis subsp. forojulensis v fito- cenozah Zgornjega Posočja, ki jo Dakskobler (1998) za to območje opredeljuje kot lokalno (fitogeografsko) raz- likovalnico. Med omenjenimi fitocenozami je manjša razlika v številčnosti negozdnih vrst, ki so s skromno večino zastopane v naši fitocenozi. Precejšnja razlika je v večji prisotnosti fagetalnih vrst v naši fitocenozi. Ver- jetno je naša fitocenoza nastala po ujmi na bukovem ra- stišču, kjer se zaradi ekstremnih rastiščnih razmer ni mogla ponovno uveljavljati bukev, in gre razvoj prek združbe rdečega bora. Misel na sekundarnost asociacije, zlasti subasociacije – caricetosum humilis, v opisanem območju potrjuje predvsem številčna prisotnost vrst reda Fagetalia ter deloma prej omenjenih negozdnih vrst. 5.3 Primerjava fitocenoz 5.3.1 Dosedanje raziskave Osredotočili smo se predvsem na najbolj odmevne razi- skave asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae v jugo- vzhodnoalpskem območju, to je v južni Avstriji, seve- rovzhodni Italiji in severni Sloveniji. To območje v glav- nem pripada ilirski florni provinci oziroma natančneje, zahodni ilirski provinci, ki po Meuslu et al. (1965) meji na prenorijsko-slovensko provinco. Prvi raziskovalec fitocenoze rdečega in črnega bora, ki se nanaša na raziskave danes priznane asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, je bil Aichinger (1933), ko je preučeval vegetacijo severnih pobočij Karavank. Fitocenozo je poimenoval Pinetum silvestris ericetosum. Objavil je dve fitocenološki tabeli, druga tabela prikazu- je subasociacijo z vrsto Pinus nigra. Schmid je leta 1936 (v Poldini 1969) v svoji monografiji o alpskih »relik- tnih« borovih gozdovih omenil za obravnavano obmo- čje rdečeborovo fitocenozo pod imenom Pinetum silve- stris subillyricum, ki pa je ni natančneje opredelil. V tridesetih letih dvajsetega stoletja je Braun- Blanquet s sodelavcema Sissinghom & Vliegerjem (1939) zbiral gradivo za monografijo o razredu Va c c inio - Piceetea v Evropi, v katero je vključil tudi šest fitocenolo- ških popisov iz Aichingerjeve tabele asociacije Pinetum silvestris ericetosum in jo s Sissinghom preimenoval v Pi- netum austroalpinum (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sissingh 1939. To ime asociacije smo uporabljali vse do leta 1967 oziroma še dlje, ko je H. Martin-Bosse (1967) opravila revizijo te fitocenoze. Braun-Blanquetovo poimenovanje asociacije je ustrezalo tako v fitogeografskem kot v flori- stičnem pomenu (rdečeborov gozd južnih Alp). Najobširnejše in temeljite raziskave je opravila H. Martin-Bosse (1967). O problemu črnoborovih gozdov v jugovzhodnih apnenčastih Alpah s posebnim ozirom na avstrijsko Koroško (Schwarzförenwälder in den sü- dostlichen Kalkalpen mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Kärnten) je obravnavala že leta 1961 v svoji disertaciji. To njeno temeljno delo je osnova za nadaljnja dopolnil- na preučevanja borovih gozdov. Odločila se je za poime- novanje asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin- Bosse 1967. Morda je poimenovanje asociacije preozko in bi bilo bolje vključiti v ime asociacije tudi rdeči bor, npr. Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae-sylvestris. Izkazalo se je, da se ponekod v jugovzhodnih apnenčastih Alpah pojavljajo bolj ali manj čisti sestoji rdečeborovih gozdov, ki ne gradijo samostojne fitocenoze in jih po floristič- nem inventarju in posledično po fitocenoloških princi- pih uvrščamo v asociacijo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. V Italiji je zavzeto raziskoval borove gozdove Pol- dini (1967, 1969, Poldini & Vidali 1999). Sporočilo prvih dveh razprav temelji na Poldinijevih raziskavah v Karnijskih Alpah v severni Italiji, ki mejijo na avstrijsko in slovensko jugovzhodnoalpsko območje. V razpravi iz leta 1969 se Poldini sklicuje na disertacijo H. Martino- ve (1961) in asociacijo poimenuje s starejšim invalidnim imenom Orno-Pinetum nigrare Martin 1961. V tretji sintezni razpravi o črnem in rdečem boru ter črnem gabru in malem jesenu (Poldini & Vidali 1999) fitoce- nozo s črnim borom poimenuje po veljavnem kodeksu Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967. V tej razpravi je kot samostojna subasociacija pod vplivom T. W rab er j a ( 1 97 9 ) p r e u če n a tu di fi t oce n o za z r d ečim borom brez črnega bora. V Sloveniji se je prvi temeljiteje lotil problema fito- cenoz črnega in rdečega bora T. Wraber (1979). Fitoce- nozo je opredil po Braun-Blanquetu kot Pinetum austro- alpinum (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sissingh 1939 z dvema subasociacijama – pinetosum nigrae (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sissingh 1939 in – pinetosum sylvestris (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sissingh 1939. Ta princip poi- menovanja se je dolgo časa uporabljal pri nas, tudi zara- di vpliva M. Wraberja (1960), ki je v svojem pregledu 192 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 gozdne vegetacije razpravljal o asociaciji Pinetum au- stroalpinum. T. Wraber je preučeval črnoborove gozdo- ve v dolini Koritnice (Julijske Alpe). Dakskobler (1998) je tako kot T. Wraber preučeval črnoborove gozdove v zahodnih Julijskih Alpah na vzpetini Treska pri Srpenici nad dolino Tolminke, po zračni liniji ne daleč od raziskovanega objekta T. Wra- berja. Fitocenozo je korektno poimenoval po uveljavlje- nem kodeksu Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bos- se 1967 z novo subasociacijo – rhodothamnetosum Dakskobler 1998 in dvema variantama z vrstama Rho- dodendron hirsutum in Asperula purpurea. Fitocenozo je upravičeno označil kot geografsko varianto, in sicer Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 var. geogr. Polygala nicaeensis subsp. forojulensis Dakskobler 1998. Endemit Polygala nicaeensis subsp. forojulensis je odlična fitogeografska razlikovalnica za ožje območje jugovzhodnoalpskega območja in ne le lokalna razliko- valnica, kot jo navaja za svojo fitocenozo Dakskobler. Leto kasneje je Dakskobler (1998a) poročal o aso- ciaciji Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae v gozdnem rezerva- tu Govci (Trnovski gozd) ter nato objavil analitsko tabe- lo (Dakskobler 1999), v kateri je opisal novo geograf- sko varianto z vrsto Primula carniolica. Hkrati je pri- merjal združbi Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae in Genisto januensis-Pinetum (ibid.). O črnoborovih fitocenozah vzhodnih Alp so še pi- sali H. Mayer & Hofmann 1969, H. Mayer 1974, Wallnöfer 1993 in drugi. Morda bi opozori li na Wall- nöferjevo (1993) stališče, da za značilnico asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae za območje Avstrije šteje le vrsto Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri in razlikovalno vrsto Laserpitium peucedanoides z dodatkom domina- tnih in konstantnih spremljevalk, ki pa so splošno raz- širjene ne le v borovih gozdovih, temveč tudi drugod. Vrsta Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri je vsekakor odlična značilnica za asociacijo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru s še drugimi vr- stami, ki so navedene v sintezni Fitocenološki tabeli 2. Vrsta Laserpitium peucedanoides je tudi jugovzhodno- alpska vrsta, vendar številčno razširjena v drugih fitoce- nozah (npr. Rhodothamno-Rhododendretum hirsuti oz. Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo, Genisto januensis- Pinetum, Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae). 5.3.2 Podobnost fitocenoz v jugovzhodnem območju Za primerjavo smo vzeli naslednje analitične tabele av- torjev, in sicer Martin-Bosse (1967) 5 tabel, Poldini (1967, 19669, Poldini & Vidali 1999) 3 tabele, T. Wra- ber (1979) 1 tabelo, Dakskobler (1998) 1 tabelo, Zu- pančič & Žagar (in situ) 1 tabelo, Aichinger (1933) 2 tabeli in Braun-Blanquet et al. (1939) 1 tabelo. Doda- tno smo primerjali še črnoborove in rdečeborove gozdo- ve bližnje soseščine iz dinarskega oziroma prehodnega dinarsko-jugovzhodnoalpskega območja. Primerjali smo jih s po dvema analitičnima tabelama Accetta (1993, 2001) in Tomažiča (1940). Sintezna Fitocenolo- ška tabela 2 povzema 18 analitičnih tabel prej omenje- nih avtorjev. Primerjave so nam pokazale floristične in vegetacijske (fitocenološke) podobnosti in razlike. Na osnovi primerjanj smo lahko ugotovili sorodnost ali različnost fitocenoz. Zlasti je bilo pomembno, koliko se v fitocenozah pojavljajo iste ali različne vrste. Slednje (različne) smo izločili kot morebitne diagnostično po- membne vrste za to ali ono fitocenozo. Natančneje in trdneje smo lahko opredelili ali potrdili značilnice in razlikovalnice fitocenoze Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae (Fitocenološka tabela 2). 5.3.2.1 Značilnice asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae H. Martin-Bosse (1967) je izločila 16 značilnic za aso- ciacijo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, in sicer »… Allium ochroleucum (= A. ericetorum), Asperula longiflora (= A. aristata subsp. longiflora), Bupleurum canalense, Centa- urea scabiosa subsp. fritschii, Crepis froelichiana subsp. incarnata (C. slovenica), Cytisus purpureus (= Chamae- cytisus purpureus), Daphne alpina (slaba!), Laburnum alpinum (slaba!), Ostrya carpinifolia, Peucedanum au- striacum subsp. rablense, Pinus nigra, Thymus longicau- lis …«. Izbrane značilnice so, razen vrste Laburnum al- pinum, upoštevane v njenih tabelah, dodana pa jim je še vrsta Coronilla emerus var. emeroides. Avtorica se je že med objavo razprave oziroma vegetacijskih tabel odloči- la o diagnostični neustreznosti »značilnice« Laburnum alpinum in imela zaradi slabe zastopanosti v fitocenozi pomisleke o vrstah Daphne alpina in Galium purpure- um. Poldini (1969) je v glavnem sprejel predlagane zna- čilnice Martin-Bossejeve, izločil pa je naslednje Crepis froelichiana subsp. incaranta (= Crepis slovenica), Cyti- sus purpureus (= Chamaecytisus purpureus), Coronilla emerus, Fraxinu ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia in Pinus nigra; pri tem se mu pridružujemo glede na našo analizo pogostnosti pojavljanja omenjenih vrst, ker so zastopane tudi v drugih podobnih fitocenozah črnega bora (Fitoce- nološka tabela 2). Njegova misel (ugotovitev) je, da sta le vrsti Euphorbia kerneri in Bupleurum canalense splošni (absolutni) značilnici za asociacijo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Vrste Allium ochroleucum (= A. ericetorum), Asperula longiflora (= A. aristata subsp. longiflora), Cen- taurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii, Euphrasia cuspidata, Ga- 193 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 lium purpureum, Peucedanum austriacum subsp. rabla- ense in Thymus longicaulis pa uvršča med območne (te- ritorialne) značilnice, torej jim nekoliko znižuje diagno- stično vrednost. Vrsti Daphne alpina in Laburnum alpi- num nista zastopani v njegovih fitocenozah. Dakskobler (1998) je sprejel Poldinijevo zamisel o značilnicah asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Ab- solutni značilnici v njegovi fitocenozi nista prisotni, le tri teritorialne značilnice, in sicer Allium ochroleucum (= A. ericetorum), Asperula aristata in Euphrasia cuspi- data. Dodal je še lokalno razlikovalnico Polygala nicae- ensis subsp. forojulensis, ki je endemit in dobra fitogeo- grafska razlikovalnica za ožje območje v jugovzhodno- alpskem prostoru. Vrnimo se v preteklost, k prvemu Aichingerjeve- mu (1933) opisu borove fitocenoze v jugovzhodnoalp- skem prostoru v Karavankah. Prvotna fitocenoza, pred- hodnica asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, je bila Pinetum silvestris ericetosum Aichinger 1933, za katero je Aichinger določil naslednje značilnice: Coronilla vagi- nalis, Cytisus purpureus (= Chamaecytisus purpureus), Daphne cneorum in Platanthera bifolia. Leta 1939 sta Braun-Blanquet in Sissingh preimenovala fitocenozo v Pinetum austroalpinum ( A i c h i n g e r 1 9 3 3 ) , B r a u n - Blanquet & Sissingh 1939 in sprejela razen vrste Cytisus purpureus (= Chamacytisus purpureus) vse druge Ai- chingerjeve značilnice. Namesto vrste Cytisus purpure- us (= Chamaecytisus purpureus) sta se odločila za zna- čilnico Epipactis atropurpurea (= E. atrorubens). Na osnovi ugotovitev omenjenih avtorjev smo med- sebojno primerjali fitocenoze – asociacije Fraxino orni- Pinetum nigrae (Martin-Bosse 1967, Poldini 1967, 1969, Poldini & Vidali 1999, T. Wraber 1979, Daksko- bler 1998, Aichinger 1933, Braun-Blanquet et al. 1939, Zupančič & Žagar in situ) s še bližnjimi bistveno pomembnimi (relevantnimi) fitocenozami Accetta (1999, 2001) in Tomažiča (1940) ter zaključili, da bi zna- čilnicam in razlikovalnicam asociacije Fraxino orni-Pi- netum nigrae ustrezale naslednje vrste: ZNAČILNICE Allium ericetorum Thore (= A. ochroleucum Waldst. & Kit.) 1 (JVE) Coronilla vaginalis Lam. 2 (JVE) Daphne cneorum L. 2 (JVE) Euphorbia triflora Schott, Nyman & Kotschy subsp. ker- neri (Huter) Poldini 1 (JV A) Euphrasia cuspidata Host 1 (JV A) Galium purpureum L. 1 ( JV A) Petasites paradoxus (Retz.) Baumg. 2 (JVE) Asperula aristata L. (& A. aristata subsp. longiflora?) 1 (JVE) Scleropodium purum (L. ap. Hedw.) Limpr. 3 RAZLIKOV ALNICE Pinus mugo Turra subsp. mugo Rhodothamnus chamaecistus (L.) Reichenb. Salix glabra Scop. Iz prejšnje vsebine tega poglavja je razvidno, da je Martin-Bossejeva zelo dobro opredelila pet značilnic (označene so z 1), dve (označeni sta z 2), ki odlično ozna- čujeta asociacijo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae sta vzeti iz Aichingerjeve fitocenoze, in dve sta novi, ki dopolnjuje- ta ekološke značilnosti združbe. Večina značilnic je ju- govzhodnoevropskih (JVE) ali jugovzhodnoalpskih vrst (JVA), izstopa vrsta Asperula aristata, ki jo Poldini (1991) uvršča med mediteransko-montanske geoele- mente, Meusel et al. (1992) pa med zahodnomediteran- sko-submediteranske vrste v montanskem pasu. Značil- nici Euphrasia cuspidata in Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri sta relativna endemita in še posebej poudarjata fitogeografski položaj asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Vrsta Allium ericetorum je pravzaprav jugovzho- dnoevropsko-ilirska vrsta, njeno pojavljanje je osredo- točeno na širše območje jugovzhodne Evrope s preho- dom v dinarski svet, zato se pojavlja tudi v fitocenozah asociacije Genisto januensis-Pinetum in Daphno alpi- nae-Pinetum nigrae. Lahko bi bili skeptični glede njene uvrstitve med značilnice, vendar daje asociaciji Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae ekološki pečat (subalpinska kamni- ta osončena rastišča). Značilnicam sta dodani vrsti Pe- tasites paradoxus in Scleropodium purum (označeni sta s 3). Gorska (altimontanska) vrsta Petasites paradoxus se stalno pojavlja v manjši ali večji meri izključno v fitoce- nozah Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. S svojo prisotnostjo nakazuje surova, pionirska, kamnita, meljasta, prodnata oziroma pesknata, skeletna, s humusom revna, sveža, ob nalivih namočena tla. Mah Scleropodium purum prefe- rira sveža karbonatna (dolomitna) gozdna tla in je raz- širjen do drevesne meje. Pri nas v fitocenozah Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae doseže veliko pokrovnost in stal- nost. Zaradi njunih ekoloških pokazateljev, predvsem pionirskega značaja, ju uvrščamo med značilnice, kar ustreza splošnim ekološkim razmeram rastišča fitoce- noze Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Primerjalna analiza (glej Fitocenološko tabelo 2) je pokazala, da naslednje predlagane značilnice Martin- Bossejeve ne pridejo v poštev zaradi slabega ali enostran- skega pojavljanja (le v fitocenozah Martin-Bossejeve), in sicer Bupleurum canalense, Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii, Coronilla emerus, C. emeroides in Daphne alpi- na, ali zaradi splošne razširjenosti v drugih črnoborovih in rdečeborovih fitocenozah na karbonatni podlagi, kot so Chamaecytisus purpureus, Crepis slovenica (= C. froe- lichiana subsp. incarnata), Epipactis atrorubens (predlog Braun-Blanqueta & Sissingha), Fraxinus ornus, Labur- 194 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 num alpinum (tudi slabo zastopana), Ostrya carpinifolia, Pinus nigra, Platanthera bifolia (predlog Aichingerja) in Thymus longicaulis. Gornji ugotovitvi za omenjene vrste odvzemata možnost položaja dobrih značilnic. Nekatere od navedenih vrst pa tudi po svoji ekološki diagnozi ne sodijo v vrste značilnic fitocenoze Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Morda bi kazalo zaradi poimenovanja asociacije vrsto Fraxinus ornus uvrstiti med relativne razlikovalni- ce asociacije. Diagnostična vrednost vrste je omejena zaradi njene splošne dobre razširjenosti v vseh borovih gozdovih na karbonatnih tleh. Razlikovalnice asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae nam nakazujejo njen sinhorološki položaj. Razšir- jene so v vzhodnoalpskem prostoru, zato so dobre razli- kovalnice v primerjavi z borovimi gozdovi dinarskega območja. Poleg fitogeografske diferenciacije nakazujejo ekološke razmere v fitocenozah Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, kjer uspevajo na dolomitnih/apnenčastih svežih z bazami bogatih tleh subalpinskega sveta oziroma njemu prilagojenih rastiščih (strma, plitva, hladna po- bočja alpskih dolin). V osrednjem delu vzhodnih Alp (Ziljske in Karnij- ske Alpe, Posočje) se pojavlja posebna fitogeografska oblika asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae z jugo- vzhodnoevropsko vrsto Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) Koch subps. rablense (Wulfen) Koch in relativnim ende- mitom stenomediteranskega porekla Polygala nicaeensis Risso subsp. forojulensis (Kerner) Graebn. 5.3.2.2 Medsebojna podobnost fitocenoz Z opredelitvijo značilnic in razlikovalnic asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae nas je zanimala medseboj- na podobnost fitocenoz iz različnih območij jugovzho- dnoalpskega prostora, kjer je njena osrednja razširje- nost. Predvsem nas je zanimala podobnost med fitoce- nozo Martin-Bossejeve ( 1967) in našo (Zupančič & Žagar in situ). Sørensenov indeks podobnosti (σ = 67) kaže na primerno podobnost, čeprav so v naši fitocenozi slabše ovrednotene (zastopane) značilnice in razlikoval- nice, kar smo ugotovili že v poglavju 2. Nadalje nas je zanimala podobnost med našo fitoce- nozo in fitocenozo T. Wraberja (1979) (Sørensenov in- deks σ = 42) ter našo in Dakskoblerjevo (1998) fitoce- nozo (indeks σ = 51) ter med združenima fitocenozama Zgornjega Posočja (T. Wraber 1979 in Dakskobler 1998) in našo (indeks σ = 54). Medsebojna podobnost fi- tocenoz Zgornje Savske in Zgornje Savinjske doline ter Zgornje Soške doline je manjša kot med fitocenozo Mar- tin-Bossejeve in našo, vendar je zadovoljiva. Manjši in- deks podobnosti kaže upravičenost izdvojitve geografske variante z vrsto Polygala nicaeeensis subsp. forojulensis. Ob teh primerjavah se poraja vprašanje, kolikšna je podobnost med fitocenozama T. Wraberja oziroma Dakskoblerja in fitocenozo Martin-Bossejeve. Podob- nost med fitocenozama T. Wraberja in Martin-Bosseje- ve σ = 51, med Dakskoblerjevo in fitocenozo Martin- Bossejeve pa σ = 56, kar je zadovoljivo. Mnogo boljši, in v vseh primerih primerjav najvišji, je indeks med zdru- ž e n i m a f i t o c e n o z a m a T . W r a b e r j a i n D a k s k o b l e r j a (Zgornje Posočje) ter med fitocenozo Martin-Bossejeve (avstrijska Koroška), kjer σ = 70. Zanimala nas je še podobnost med fitocenozama T. Wraberja in Dakskoblerja. Ta je precejšnja (indeks σ = 63), kar smo tudi pričakovali zaradi bližnjih raziskova- nih objektov v Zgornjem Posočju. Ugotavljamo, da Sørensenovi indeksi podobnosti fitocenoz kažejo na zadovoljivo do dobro podobnost in medsebojno uravnoteženost. Značilnice in razlikovalni- ce asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae so glede na njihovo razširjenost (sinhorologijo) in prilagodljivost ekološkim razmeram dobro izbrane ter nakazujejo fito- geografski položaj in življenjske razmere asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Floristična vsebina fitoce- noz Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae je precej izenačena, v njih pa popolnoma ali večinoma prevladujejo naslednje vrste, ki bi jih lahko označili kot vrste »značilne kombi- nacije« (glej Fitocenološko tabelo 2): Pričakovano je bilo, da so v vseh fitocenozah v naj- večji meri in enotno zastopane vrste razreda Erico-Pi- netea s. lat. – teh je 18; k njim lahko uvrstimo še vrste Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Salix glabra, Carex humilis, Asperula aristata in Euphrasia cuspidata iz drugih razredov, ker imajo določeno diagnostično vre- dnost v fitocenozi Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Prese- neča zgovorna zastopanost 15 vrst razreda Querco-Fa- getea s. lat., vendar je od teh 6 vrst ekološko (toploljubne in suholjubne vrste) in deloma sinsistematsko (Querce- talia pubescentis, Prunetalia spinosae, Festuco-Brome- tea) blizu razreda Erico-Pinetea; te so Sorbus aria, Pue- cedanum oreoselinum, Polygonatum odoratum, Berberis vulgaris in Viburnum lantana, k njim pa uvrščamo še vrsto Helleborus niger subsp. niger (Aremonio-Fagion), ki je razlikovalnica za podzvezo Helleboro nigri-Pineni- on. Pregled Fitocenološke tabele 2 nam kaže, da imajo vrste razreda Querco-Fagetea s. lat. v fitocenozah Fraxi- no orni-Pinetum nigrae ekološko vlogo, saj nakazujejo občasno sveža rastišča, ki omogoča rast in preživetje fagetalnim vrstam. Nakazovalke svežosti rastišča so tudi redko zastopane vrste razredov Betulo-Adenostyle- tea (= Mulgedio-Aconitetea), Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae s. lat. in Thlaspietea rotundifolii s. lat. ter tudi vrste razreda Va cc inio-Piceetea s. lat., ki jih je v »značil- ni kombinaciji« kar pet. Med fagetalnimi vrstami je opazna zastopanost vrst ilirske zveze Aremonio-Fagi- 195 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 ERICO-PINETEA s. lat. ABSOLUTNO PRETEŽNO Chamaecytisus purpureus Crepis slovenica Helleborus niger subsp. niger* Cotoneaster tomentosa Amelanchier ovalis Pinus nigra Daphne cneorum Rhamnus saxatilis Erica carnea Gymnadenia odoratissima Polygala chamaebuxus Epipactis atrorubens Carex alba Pinus sylvestris Calamagrostis varia Buphthalmum salicifolium Platanthera bifolia VACCINIO-PICEETEA s. lat. Picea abies Hieracium sylvaticum Rubus saxatilis Rhododendron hirsutum Solidago virgaurea QUERCO-FAGETEA s.lat. Helleborus niger subsp. niger Anemone trifolia Cyclamen purpurascens Fagus sylvatica Fraxinus ornus Melica nutans Ostrya carpinifolia Polygonatum odoratum Sorbus aria Pteridim aquilinum Peucedanum oreoselinum Frangula alnus Berberis vulgaris Juniperus communis Viburnum lantana BETULO-ADENOSTYLETEA s.lat. (MULGEDIO-ACONITETEA) Salix glabra TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA s.lat. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Anthericum ramosum NARDO-CALLUNETEA s. lat. Potentilla erecta Genista germanica SESLERIETEA s.lat. Globularia cordifolia Sesleria albicans Biscutella laevigata FESTUCO-BROMETEA s.lat. Teucrium montanum Euphorbia cyparissias Carlina acaulis Carex humilis Prunella grandifl ora Asperula aristata & A. a. subsp. longifl ora (?) Galium verum MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA s.lat. Lotus corniculatus Betonica alopecuros Lathyrus pratensis Euphrasia cuspidata THLASPIETEA ROTUNDIFOLII s. lat. Campanula caespitosa OSTALA VRSTA Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia * Razlikovalnica za Helleboro nigri-Pinenion. on, v fitocenozah Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae se poja- vlja od dveh do šest vrst. Te in še druge jugovzhodnoe- vropsko-ilirske vrste so diagnostične za ilirsko florno provinco. Na osnovi Sørensenovih indeksov podobnosti fito- cenoz (σ = 42–70; pogosto 54–56) in pogostnosti poja- vljanja vrst »značilne kombinacije« zaključujemo, da vse fitocenoze v sintezni Fitocenološki tabeli 2 v kolonah 196 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 1–14 uvrstimo v enotno fitocenozo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Za dodatno potrditev enotne asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae smo analizirali še horološke in fito- cenološke skupine ter biološki spekter fitocenoz. 5.3.3 Horološke skupine V primerjavi med fitocenozami Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, opisanih od avtorjev Zupančič & Žagar (Zgornja Savska dolina in Zgornja Savinjska dolina), T. Wraber & Dakskobler (Zgornja Soška dolina) in Martin-Bosse (av- strijska Koroška), ni bistvenih razlik med horološkimi skupinami. Ponekod so nekoliko manjši oziroma višji odstotki med posameznimi horološkimi skupinami, kar je razvidno iz Tabele 1. Ti ali oni odmiki so opazno raz- lični pri seštevku toploljubnih in hladoljubnih horolo- ških skupin. Precejšnja razlika je pri fitocenozi Martin- Bossejeve, kjer je povišana vsota toploljubnih horološk ih skupin (43,6 %) od drugih dveh (37,4 % oz. 36,3 %). V vseh treh fitocenozah pa prevladujejo hladoljubne horo- loške skupine, kar potrjuje, da je rastišče fitocenoze Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae v predalpsko/alpskem ob- močju zmerno sveže. 5.3.4 Fitocenološke skupine Analiza fitocenoloških skupin (Tabela 2) je skladna z ugotovitvami, navedenimi v poglavju 2, in z analizo ho- rologije fitocenoz, predvsem pa potrjuje zabukovljenost nekaterih fitocenoz zgornjesavskega in zgornjesavinj- skega območja (Zupančič & Žagar) ali variante Martin- Bossejeve z vrsto Fagus sylvatica (Fitocenološka tabela 2, 5. stolpec). Te fitocenoze imajo manj vrst razreda Erico- Pinetea, kar da misliti o njihovi sekundarnosti. Najbolj pinetalna pa je fitocenoza Zgornjega Posočja (T. Wraber & Dakskobler) z manjšim odstotkom vrst razredov tra- višč Festuco-Brometea s. lat. in Molinio-Arrhenathere- tea, kar jo uvršča med bolj ali manj optimalne fitoceno- ze Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. Najbolj uravnovešena, lahko bi rekli celo standardna, je fitocenoza Martin- Bossejeve z avstrijske Koroške, kar kaže primerjava s prej omenjenima fitocenozama. Standardnost oziroma optimalnost te fitocenoze je pogojena oziroma potrjena s številčnostjo (67) in geografsko široko (na velikem ob- močju) vzetih fitocenoloških popisov. GEOELEMENTI Zupančič & Žagar Wraber & Dak- skobler Martin-Bosse Zupančič & Žagar Wraber & Dak- skobler Martin-Bosse %%%%%% Evromediteranski 3,1 1,4 2,7 Mediteransko-montanski 19,9 20,5 21,3 Mediteransko-altantski 0,5 0,7 0,5 Mediteransko-pontski 2,0 1,4 2,7 Pontski 4,1 4,1 3,8 Jugovzhodnoevropski 1,6 0,7 3,3 Južnoilirski 3,6 3,4 3,3 Severnoilirski 2,6 2,7 4,9 Subatlantski 0,71,1 Stenomediteranski 0,7 37,4 36,3 43,6 Evropski 16,8 15,1 16,9 Evroazijski 13,2 8,9 12,5 Evrosibirski 6,1 4,8 7,1 Paleotemperatni 5,1 3,4 2,7 Cirkumborealni 7,6 7,5 3,1 Alpski 2,6 4,1 3,3 Alpsko-karpatski 0,5 0,7 Vzhodnoalpski 1,6 3,4 2,7 Jugovzodnoalpski 0,5 0,7 1,1 Arktično-alpski 1,0 1,4 1,6 Endemit 1,0 1,4 1,6 Kozmopolit 0,5 1,4 0,5 Slučajni 0,7 Neopredeljene vrste 6,1 10,2 3,3 62,6 63,7 56,4 SKUPAJ 100,0 100,0 100,0 Tabela 1: Horološke skupine v asociaciji Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae 197 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 FITOCENOLOŠKE SKUPINE Zupančič & Žagar Wraber & Dakskobler Martin-Bosse %%% Erico-Pinetea 11,7 19,5 16,7 Vaccinio -Piceetea 16,3 10,0 10,4 Querco-Fagetea 28,5 20,1 25,0 Adenostylo-Betuletea (=Mulgedio-Aconitetea) 3,1 2,5 1,5 Epilobietea 1,5 0,6 1,0 Tr ifolio - G e ranie te a 6,1 8,8 6,7 Nardo-Callunetea 2,1 1,3 1,0 Seslerietea 7,7 6,3 6,7 Festuco-Brometea 8,6 6,3 10,4 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 6,7 4,4 5,7 Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae 2,1 2,5 2,0 Th laspietea rotundifolii 1,5 3,8 4,1 Asplenietea trichomanis 1,5 5,7 5,7 Neopredeljene vrste 2,6 8,2 3,1 SKUPAJ 100,0100,00100,0 Tabela 2: Fitocenološke skupine v asociaciji Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae 5.3.5 Biološki spekter Odstopanja med posameznimi fitocenozami niso veli- ka. Nekoliko višje odstotke fanerofitov in hamefitov in manjše odstotke hemikriptofitov najdemo pri fitoceno- zah T. Wraberja in Dakskoblerja v Zgornjem Posočju, vendar ta odstopanja niso bistvena. Lahko bi trdili, da uspeva fitocenoza Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae v Zgor- njem Posočju v nekoliko težjih življenjskih razmerah. Biološki spekter vseh treh (štirih) fitocenoz kaže na ži- vljenjske razmere, ki vladajo med zmernim in planin- skim pasom. Lahko bi rekli, da so v nekaterih območjih življenjske razmere bližje tistim v planinskem pasu, predvsem zaradi višjega odstotka geofitov. Položaj razi- skovanih območij povsem ustreza analizi biološkega spektra. 5.4 Razprava in zaključki Vprašanje uvrstitve fitocenoz na območju Zgornje Sa- vske doline in Zgornje Savinjske doline (Zupančič & Žagar) ter Aichingerjeve in Braun-Blanquetove & Sis- singhove iz avstrijskega dela Karavank ter deloma z ob- močja Zgornje Soške doline (T. Wraber), kjer ni prisotna vodilna drevesna vrsta Pinus nigra, temveč le P. sylve- ŽIVLJENJSKA OBLIKA Zupančič & Žagar T. Wraber & Dakskobler Martin-Bosse %%% FANEROFITI PHANEROPHYTA 15,3 19,1 17,5 P . scap. 5,6 6,8 6,0 P . caesp. 5,6 6,8 6,0 NP 4,1 5,5 5,5 HAMEFITI – CHAMAEPHYTA 17,8 21,3 16,9 Ch. suff r. 8,7 10,3 9,3 Ch. rept. 1,5 2,1 2,7 Ch. frut 1,5 0,7 2,2 B. Ch. 5,6 7,5 2,7 L. Ch. 0,5 0,7 HEMIKROPTOFITI – HEMICRYPTOPHYTA 47,9 41,8 48,9 H. scap. 34,2 27,4 32,8 H. ros. 7,1 8,2 9,3 H. caesp. 5,6 6,2 6,0 H. rept. 1,0 0,6 GEOFITI – GEOPHYTA 16,4 15,7 13,6 G. rhiz. 12,8 11,6 9,8 G. bulb. 3,6 3,4 2,7 G. rad. 0,7 1,1 TEROFITI – THEROPHYTA 2,6 2,1 3,3 T. scap. 2,6 2,1 3,3 SKUPAJ 100,0 100, 100,0 Tabela 3: Biološki spekter asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae 198 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 stris, smo rešili, na osnovi floristične in vegetacijske analize, da pripadajo asociaciji Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae. Ob tem se je pojavilo vprašanje, ali ne bi bilo bolje in natančneje, iz sinsistematskega in ekološkega vidika, da bi avtorica H. Martin-Bosse nazorneje poimenovala asociacijo, in sicer Fraxino orni-Pinetum sylvestris-ni- grae. Analiza fitocenoze rdečega bora na karbonatni podlagi jugovzhodnoalpskega območja ni pokazala no- benih sintaksonomskih, sinekoloških in sinhoroloških posebnosti, da bi jo lahko oddvojili kot posebno asocia- cijo. Fitocenoze Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae so v različ- nih območjih jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora v različnih stanjih razvoja od začetnih – inicialnih, pionirskih ali nadomestnih do optimalnih. Glede pojavljanja asocia- cijskih značilnic in razlikovalnic in tudi glede na flori- stično vsebino sta optimalnemu stanju najbližje fitoce- nozi Martin-Bossejeve in Poldinija (Fitocenološka tabela 2, koloni 1 in 7), ostale so nekje v sredini, v njih pa ka- kšen fitocenološki popis celo kaže na začetno inicialno stanje fitocenoze. Nekatere oblike fitocenoz pa so nasta- le sekundarno na primarnih rastiščih drugih fitocenoz, npr. na primarnih rastiščih bukovih gozdov. Fitogeografski položaj jugovzhodnoalpskega pro- stora je nekoliko zapleten, ker ga obvladujeta ilirska in norijska (prenorijsko-slovenska) floristična provinca. To se kaže v prepletanju jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilirskih ter jugovzhodnoevropskih, jugovzhodnoalpskih in vzhodnoalpskih vrst, kar je nazorno prikazano v sinte- zni Fitocenološki tabeli 2. Na osnovi floristične in vege- tacijske (sinsistematske) analize smo se odločili kot H. Martin-Bosse, da asociacijo Fraxino orni-Pinetum ni- grae uvrstimo v ilirsko zvezo borovih gozdov Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae-sylvestris (Ht. 1958) Zupančič 2007 (= Orneto-Ericetum Ht. 1958) in po našem mnenju v podzvezo Helleboro nigri-Pinion (Ht. 1959) Zupančič 2007 (= Orneto-Ericion dolomiticum Ht. 1959). Izbira oziroma določitev značilnic in razlikovalnic asociacije Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae nam je omogoči- la medsebojno primerjavo fitocenoz Fraxino orni-Pine- tum nigrae z dopolnilnimi primerjavami borovih fitoce- noz ilirske florne province s slovenskih Dinaridov, to je Tomažičeve (1940) asociacije Genisto januesis-Pinetum ter Accettovih (1999, 2001) asociacij Daphno alpinae- Pinetum nigrae in Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigre. Na osnovi primerjave smo bolj ali manj objektivno dolo- čili značilnice in razlikovalnice asociacije Fraxino orni- Pinetum nigrae. Značilnice so bile izbrane iz fitocenoz Martin-Bossejeve, Aichingerja in Braun-Blanqueta & Sissingha. Razlikovalnice so nove in se nanašajo na raz- likovanje med asociacijami Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae in asociacijami Genisto januensis-Pinetum, Daphne al- pinae-Pinetum nigrae in Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae. Pri primerjavi se je pokazalo, da moramo delno spremeniti značilnice asociacije Genisto janueniss-Pine- tum. Vrsti Chamaecytisus purpureus in Crepis slovenica (= C. incaranta) zaradi svoje splošne razširjenosti v združbah borovih gozdov ne moreta imeti položaja zna- čilnic za asociacijo Genisto januensis-Pinetum. Tako ostanejo značilnice le Genista januensis, Potentilla car- niolica in Daphne blagayana. Doda pa se razlikovalnica asociacije Genisto januensis-Pinetum, in sicer jugovzho- dnoevropsko-ilirska vrsta Hacquetia epipactis (Scop.) DC., ki zelo dobro razlikuje fitocenozo od prej omenje- nih asociacij Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae, Daphno alpi- nae-Pinetum nigrae in Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae. Primerjava borovih fitocenoz v sintezni Fitocenolo- ški tabeli 2 med asociacijo Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae in prej imenovanimi asociacijami Genisto-Pinetum, Daphno-Pinetum in Carici-Pinetum kaže različno poja- vljanje jugovzhodnoevropskih in vzhodnoalpskih vrst. V asociacijah Genisto januensis-Pinetum, Daphno alpi- nae-Pinetum nigrae in Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae je mnogo manj jugovzhodnoevropskih in vzho- dnoalpskih vrst, kar je razumljivo, ker pripadajo dinar- skemu oziroma vmesnemu dinarsko-jugovzhodnoalp- skemu območju. Vendar je v asociacijah Daphno alpi- nae-Pinetum nigrae in Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae precej več jugovzhodnoevropskih in vzhodno- alpskih vrst, kar asociaciji približuje fitocenozi Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae. V razpravi je na novo opisana subasociacija Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae laricetosum na območju Karavank in Savinjskih Alp, v njej ni vodilne drevesne vrste Pinus nigra. 199 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 6 LITERATURE – LITERATURA Accetto, M., M. Zupančič & I. Puncer, 1986: Vrsta Pinus nigra Arnold u Jugoslaviji. Prirodna potencijalna vegeta- cija Jugoslavije. Ljubljana. Accetto, M., 1999: Asociacija Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae (Accetto 1996) Accetto 1999 nom.nov. (Ob stolet- nici rojstva prvega slovenskega fitocenologa univ. prof. Gabrijela Tomažiča). Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva (Ljubljana) 60: 107–151. Accetto, M., 2001: Asociacija Daphno alpinae-Pinetum nigrae ass. nova v Sloveniji. Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva 64: 5–39. Aichinger, E., 1933: Vegetationskunde der Karawanken. Pflanzensociologie (Jena) 2: 1–329. Braun-Blanquet, J., G. Sissingh & J. Vlieger, 1939: Prodromus der Pflanzengesellschaften (Montpellier) 6: 1–173. Dakskobler, I., 1998: Naravni sestoji črnega bora (Pinus nigra Arnold) na vzpetini Treska pri Srpenici nad dolino Tolminke (Julijske Alpe, severozahodna Slovenija). Razprave IV. razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 39 (7): 255–278. Dakskobler, I., 1998a: Vegetacija gozdnega rezervata Govci na severozahodnem robu Trnovskega gozda (zahodna Slovenija). In Diaci, J. (ed.): Gorski gozd. Zbornik referatov. 19. gozdarski študijski dnevi, Logarska dolina (Lju- bljana). 269-301. Dakskobler, I., 1999: Contribution to the Knowledge of the Association Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967. Niss. Mitt. Niederösterr. Landermuseum (St. Pölten) 12: 25-52. Horvat, I., 1959: Sistematski odnosi termofilnih hrastovih i borovih šuma Jugoistočne Evrope. Biološki glasnik (Za- greb) 12: 1–40. Horvat, I., V. Glavač & H. Ellenberg, 1974: Vegetation Südosteuropas. Geobotanica selecta. Jena. Martin-Bosse, H., 1967: Schwarzföhrenwälder in Kärnten. Angewandte Pflanzensoziologie (Wien-New York) 20: 1–132. Martinčič, A., T. Wraber, N. Jogan, A. Podobnik, B. Turk & B. Vreš, 2007: Mala flora Slovenije. Ljubljana Mayer, H. & A. Hofmann, 1969: Tannenreiche Wälder an Südabfall der mittleren Ostalpen. München, Basel, Wien. Mayer, H., 1974: Wälder des Ostalpenraumes. Ökologie der Wälder und Landschaften (Stuttgart) 3: 1–344. Meusel, H., E. Jäger & E. Weinert, 1965: Vergleichende Chorologie des Zentral-europäischen Flora + Karten. Jena. Oberdorfer, E., 1979: Planzensoziologische Exkursions Flora. Stuttgart. Poldini, L., 1967: Die Schwarzkieferenwälder in den Karnischen Alpen. Mitt. Ostalp.-din.Ges.f. Vegetkunde (Trieste) 7: 163–165 + Tabelle. Poldini, L., 1969: Le pinete di Pino austriaco nelle Alpi Carniche. Bolletino della societa’ Adriatica di Scienze (Trieste) 57: 3–65. Poldini, L., 1991: Atlante corologico delle piante vascolari nel Friuli floristico regionale. Udine. Poldini, L. & M. Vidali, 1999: Kombinationsspiele unter Schwarzföhre, Weiβkiefer, Hopfenbuche und Mannaesche in den Südostalpen. Wiss. Mitt. Niederösterr. Landesmuseum (St. Pölten) 12: 105–136. Šercelj, A., 1996: Začetki in razvoj gozdov v Sloveniji. Dela SAZU 35. Razred za naravoslovne vede. Ljubljana. Tomažič, G., 1940: Asociacija borovih gozdov v Sloveniji. I. Bazifilni borovi gozdi. Razprave matematično- prirodoslovnega razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 1: 77–120. Vidaković, M., 1980. Črni bor (bor lučika, P. nigra Arnold, sin. P. nigricans Host.). Šumarska enciklopedija (Zagreb) 1: 146–148. Wallnöfer, S., 1993: Erico-Pinetea. Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs Teil 3. Wälder und Gebüsche (ur. L. Mu- cina, G. Grabherr & S. Wallnöfer). Jena, Stuttgart, New York. Wraber, M., 1960: Fitocenološka razčlenitev gozdne vegetacije v Sloveniji. Ad annum horti botanici Labacensis solem nem (Ljubljana) 49-96. Wraber, T., 1979: Die Schwarzföhrenvegetation des Koritnica-Tales (Julische Alpen). Biol. vestn. (Ljubljana) 27 (2) 199–204 + tabela. Zupančič, M. & V. Žagar, 2008: Secondary Austrian Pine Forest on the Slovene Karst. Razprave IV. razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 49 (1): 207–240. 200 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Figure 1 Eastern Alpine association Fraxino orni-Pinetum Slika 1 Vzhodnoalpska asociacija Fraxino orni-Pinetum Figure 2 Dinarid association Genisto januensis-Pinetum Slika 2 Dinarska asociacija Genisto januensis-Pinetum 201 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Figure 3 Distinguishing species of the Eastern Alpine association Rhodothamnus chamaecistus Slika 3 Razlikovalnica vzhodnoalpske asociacije Rhodothamnus chamaecistus Figure 4 General distribution of the dolomitophilic species Daphne cneorum in Eastern Alpine and Dinarid pine associations Slika 4 Splošno razširjena dolomitofilna vrsta Daphne cneorum v vzhodnoalpski in dinarski borovi asociaciji 202 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 PHYTOCOENOLOGICAL TABLE (Fitocenološka tabela) 1: FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE Martin Bösse 1967 N u m b e r o f r e l e v é ( Z a p o r e d n a š t e v i l k a p o p i s a ) 123456789 1 0 1 1 Working No of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) 161/62 142/62 119/62 135/62 3/74 4/74 3/77 6/90 38/97 7/90 8/90 Date (Datum) 20.9.62 4.9.62 24.8.62 28.8.62 20.6.74 20.6.74 27.5.77 13.7.90 4.9.97 13.7.90 13.7.90 Altitude in m (Nadmorska višina v m) 1080 1315 1110 1100 1020 950 800 690 790 620 530 Aspect (Nebesna lega) W-N SE S S SE S S SW S SW SW Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 70 40 45 20-50 40 40 35 45-50 30 40-45 40 Bedrock (Geološka podlaga) apn dol, apn apn apn dol dol dol dol mor/dol dol dol Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 40 10 10 0-80 0 000000 Cover (Pokrovnost) %: Tree layer (drevesna plast) I 80 60 40 60 60 60 50 50 60 50 80 Sinsistematical characteristic (Sinsistematska pripadnost) Shrub layer (grmovna plast) II 40 20 60 10 10 20 10 30 10 30 40 Herb layer (zeliščna plast) III 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 M o s s l a y e r ( m a h o v n a p l a s t ) I V 00 2 0 00000000 Relevé (Velikost popisne ploskve) m 2 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 Province (Pokrajina) Š t a j e r s k a G o r e n j s k a Štajerska Gorenjska Š t a j e r s k a Location (Kraj popisov) Zgornja Savinjska doli- na Zgornja Savska dolina Raduha Zgornja Savska d. Zgornja Savinjska d. Presence (Prezenca) Huda Raduha Veža Planica Mala Pišnica Tabre Pod Tolsto Ta b r e Raduha goša Sedelc pečjo Pri kmetiji Rogovilc S u b a s soc i a t i o n ( S u b a soc i a c i j a ) LARICETOSUM DECIDUAE CARICETOSUM HUMILIS CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES OF THE ASSOCIATION (Značilnice za asociacijo) FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE Martin Bösse 1967 1234567891 01 1 EP 3 Scleropodium purum IV . . 2.4 . . . +.2 +.2 +.3 . . 4 TH Petasites paradoxus III . ...... +.2 . + . 2 Allium ochroleucum . . . + . ..... + 2 M A E u p h r a s i a c u s p i d a t a ....... + . + . 2 Q 2 G a l i u m p u r p u r e u m ...... 1.2 . . . . 1 F B A s p e r u l a a r i s t a t a ......... + . 1 F P D a p h n e c n e o r u m I I I ... + ....... 1 Euphorbia trifl ora subsp. kerneri III ........ + .. 1 DIFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE ASSOCIATION (Razlikovalnice za asociacijo) FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE 1234567891 01 1 A 3 Salix glabra II + ...... + . +.2 + 4 EM Rhodothamnus chamaecistus 1.2 . . + . .... + . 3 EM Pinus mugo . . . + . 1.2 ..... 2 DIFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE SUBASSOCIATION (Razlikovalnice za subasociacijo) FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE LARICETOSUM subass. nova 1234567891 01 1 Picea abies I 1.2 3.1 2.2 2.1 1.2 + - + - + 1.1 9 11 VP 1 II - 1.2 2.2 + 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.1 2.1 10 III - + + - - - - - - - - 2 VP 2 Larix decidua I 2.1 2.2 1.1 2.2 +.2 ......5 5 II - 2.2 - + + ......3 203 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 VP 2 Vaccinium myrtillus III + . 1.2 1.2 . ......3 EM Senecio abrotanifolius + + . + .......3 DIFERENTIAL SPECIES OF THE SUBASSOCIATION (Razlikovalnice za subasociacijo) FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE CARICETOSUM HUMILIS Martin Bösse 1967 1234567891 01 1 HP Crepis incarnata III . . . . + + + 1.1 + 2.1 . 6 FB Carex humilis . . . . . +.2 1.2 . 2.3 +.3 . 4 EP 2 Leontodon incanus . . . . . . + 1.1 . 1.2 . 3 TG Anthericum ramosum . . . . . . . + + 1.1 . 3 HP HELLEBORO NIGRI-PINENION (Ht. 1959) Zupančič 2007 Characteristic species (Značilnice) 1234567891 01 1 C r e p i s i n c a r n a t a I I I .... + + + 1.1 + 2.1 . 6 Chamaecytisus purpureus . . + 1.2 . . +.2 . + . . 4 D o r y c n i u m g e r m a n i c u m ...... + . + .. 2 G e n i s t a j a n u e n s i s ....... + . + . 2 Diferential species (Razlikovalnici) 1234567891 01 1 Helleborus niger subsp. niger III + 1.1 +0 . 1.1 2.2 1.2 2.2 + 2.1 + . 10 I r i s g r a m i n e a ........ (+) . . 1 FP FRAXINO ORNI-PINION NIGRAE-SYLVESTRIS (Ht. 1958) Zupančič 2007 1234567891 01 1 Amelanchier ovalis II + . 1.1 + . + 1.2 +.2 1.1 + + 9 Cotoneaster tomentosus + . . . + . + . + . + 5 D a p h n e c n e o r u m ... + ....... 1 EP 1 ERICO-PINION SYLVESTRIS Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1959 n. inv. 1234567891 01 1 Laserpitium siler III + . . 1.1 . . . + . + + 5 L e u c a n t h e m u m i r c u t i a n u m + .......... 1 EP 2 ERICO-PINETALIA Oberd. 1949 emend. Ht. 1959 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Erica carnea III 3.3 2.3 3.4 2.3 5.5 5.5 3.3 5.4 4.3 3.2 2.3 11 Polygala chamaebuxus + + 1.1 . + + 2.2 + 1.2 + + 10 Epipactis atrorubens + 1.1 . + + + + + + + + 10 Carex alba 1.1 . 1.1 1.2 . . 1.3 +.2 +.2 . +.2 7 L e o n t o d o n i n c a n u s ...... + 1.1 . 1.2 . 3 Gymnadenia odoratissima . . + . . .... 1.1 + 3 EP 3 ERICO-PINETEA Ht. 1959 1234567891 01 1 Pinus sylvestris I + (+) + 1.1 3.4 4.3 3.4 2.2 4.1 3.1 4.3 11 11 II + - - + + + - 1.1 + 1.1 1.1 8 Calamagrostis varia III 2.3 3.4 3.4 4.5 2.3 1.3 3.4 2.2 2.3 3.3 2.3 11 Buphthalmum salicifolium 1.1 1.2 + 1.2 + + + + + 1.1 + 11 Cirsium erisithales + 1.1 + + + + . + . . + 8 204 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Platanthera bifolia . . + . + + + . . . + 5 Scleropodium purum IV . . 2.4 . . . +.2 +.2 +.3 . . 4 VP 1 V ACCINIO-PICEION Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Picea abies I 1.2 3.1 2.2 2.1 1.2 + - + - + 1.1 9 11 VP 1 II - 1.2 2.2 + 1.1 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.1 2.1 10 III - + + - - - - - - - - 2 Hieracium sylvaticum . + + 1.1 + . + + + . . 7 RV Melampyrum sylvaticum . . + . + + . + . . . 4 G y m n o c a r p i u m d r y o p t e r i s + ...... + + .. 3 R V L u z u l a s y l v a t i c a s u b s p . s y l v a t i c a .. + ........ 1 A P V e r o n i c a l a t i f o l i a + .......... 1 VP 2 V ACCINIO-PICEETALIA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 emend. K.-Lund 1967 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Rubus saxatilis II 1.1 + 1.1 + + 1.2 + + + + 1.2 11 AP Valeriana tripteris III + + + + . + . + . . + 7 VP 2 Larix decidua I 2.1 2.2 1.1 2.2 +.2 ......5 5 II - 2.2 - + + ......3 RV Vaccinium vitis-idaea III . . 1.2 1.2 2.2 +.2 .....4 Vaccinium myrtillus III + . 1.2 1.2 . ......3 EM Rhodothamnus chamaecistus 1.2 . . + . .... + . 3 EM Senecio abrotanifolius + + . + . ......3 EM Pinus mugo subsp. mugo II . . . + . +.2 .....2 P y r o l a r o t u n d i f o l i a I I I ........ + + . 2 EM Rhododendron hirsutum II 2.2 ..........1 AP Adenostyles glabra III 1.1 ..........1 AP Abies alba I + .......... 1 1 I I + .......... 1 A P C l e m a t i s a l p i n a + .......... 1 O r t h i l i a s e c u n d a I I I ...... + .... 1 P o l y t r i c h u m f o r m o s u m I V .. + ........ 1 R o s a p e n d u l i n a I I .. + ........ 1 VP 3 V ACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 em. Zupančič (1976) 1980 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 ■ Aposeris foetida III + . + + . . . + . . + 5 G e n t i a n a a s c l e p i a d e a + + + + ....... 4 Solidago virgaurea . . . + . . . + . + . 3 Pleurozium schreberi IV ........ +.3 + . 2 Grimmia pulvinata + . . + . ......2 H y p n u m c u p r e s s i f o r m e . + . + ....... 2 M a i a n t h e m u m b i f o l i u m I I I .. + + ....... 2 Dicranum scoparium IV . . + . . . . . +.2 . . 2 Luzula luzuloides III . . + . . ......1 R h y t i d i a d e l p h u s t r i q u e t r u s I V . + ......... 1 205 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 ■ F 1 AREMONIO-FAGION (Ht. 1938) Török, Podani & Borhidi 1989 1234567891 01 1 Helleborus niger subsp. niger III + 1.1 +0 . 1.1 2.2 1.2 2.2 + 2.1 + . 10 Cyclamen purpurascens . 1.1 + 1.1 + . + + + + + 10 Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia + + . . . . . + + + + 6 A n e m o n e t r i f o l i a .... +.2 + 1.2 . + . . 4 R h a m n u s f a l l a x I I + .......... 1 F 2 FAGETALIA SYLV ATICAE Pawl. 1928 1234567891 01 1 Euphorbia amygdaloides III + 1.1 + + + + + + + . + 10 Fagus sylvatica I 2.2 + + 1.1 . - . - - . . 4 7 II + - + + . + . + + . . 6 Gymnocarpium robertianum III . + . . + + +.2 + +.2 . . 6 Acer pseudoplatanus II + . + . + . + . + . +.2 6 Melica nutans III . + + . . . . + + . +.2 6 D a p h n e m e z e r e u m I I + + + + . + ..... 5 Digitalis grandifl ora III + . . . + . 1.2 . + . . 4 Mercurialis perennis 1.1 + . + . ......3 Cephalanthera damasonium + . + + . ......3 Cephalanthera rubra ....... + . + + 3 ■ Galium laevigatum + . + . . . . + . . . 3 Neottia nidus-avis . . . + . . + + . . . 3 Viola reichenbachiana . . + . . . + . . . + 3 Lonicera alpigena II . + 1.1 . . ......2 A q u i l e g i a n i g r i c a n s I I I ....... + .. + 2 C a m p a n u l a t r a c h e l i u m + .. + ....... 2 B r a c h y p o d i u m s y l v a t i c u m ........ + .. 1 E p i p a c t i s h e l l e b o r i n e .......... + 1 E u p h o r b i a d u l c i s ........ + .. 1 Heracleum sphondylium . + . . . ......1 L i l i u m m a r t a g o n .. + ........ 1 M y c e l i s m u r a l i s . + ......... 1 P r e n a n t h e s p u r p u r e a + .......... 1 S a l v i a g l u t i n o s a . + ......... 1 S y m p h y t u m t u b e r o s u m . + ......... 1 OO FRAXINO ORNI-OSTRYION CARPINIFOLIAE Tomažič 1940 1234567891 01 1 Fraxinus ornus II . . + . . + + + + 1.1 1.2 7 Ostrya carpinifolia + . 1.1 . . . + + + . . 5 Q 2 QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTIS Br.-Bl. (1931) 1932 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Sorbus aria I + . + - - - - - - - - 2 10 II + . + + + + +.2 + 1.1 + + 10 Peucedanum oreoselinum III ...... +.2 + + + 1.2 5 206 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Laburnum alpinum II 1.1 . . + . +.2 . + . . . 4 ■ Campanula witasekiana III + + +.2 + . ......4 Hypericum montanum . + . . . . +.2 + . . + 4 Lathyrus niger . 1.1 + . . ......2 Cephalanthera longifolia ..... + ... + . 2 G a l i u m p u r p u r e u m ...... 1.2 ....1 RP 2 QUERCETALIA ROBORIS-PETRAEAE R.-Tx. (1931) 1937 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Pteridium aquilinum III . + 1.1 1.1 1.2 + +.2 . +.2 . + 8 Galium lucidum . . + . . . +.2 ....2 F e s t u c a h e t e r o p h y l l a . + ......... 1 F r a n g u l a a l n u s I I .......... + 1 M e l a m p y r u m p r a t e n s e s u b s p . v u l g a t u m I I I ........ + .. 1 P PRUNETALIA SPINOSAE R. Tx. 1952 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Juniperus communis II . + 1.1 . . .... + . 3 V i b u r n u m l a n t a n a ......... + + 2 B e r b e r i s v u l g a r i s ........ + .. 1 R h a m n u s c a t h a r t i c u s ...... + .... 1 F 3 QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Hepatica nobilis III + + . . . . + + . . + 5 Convallaria majalis + . + 1.1 . . + ....4 Carex digitata . + . . . . +.2 . . +.2 . 3 Ctenidium molluscum IV + + + . . ......3 I s o t h e c i u m m y u r u m . + + ....... + 3 P y r u s p y r a s t e r I I ........ + . + 2 M o e h r i n g i a m u s c o s a I I I + .. + ....... 2 A 3 BETULO-ADENOSTYLETEA Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 s. lat (=MULGEDIO-ACONITETEA Hadač & Klika in Klika & Hadač 1944 s. lat.) 1234567891 01 1 Salix glabra II + ...... + . +.2 + 4 Salix appendiculata 1.1 . . . + ......2 Th a l i c t r u m a q u i l e g i i f o l i u m I I I + + ......... 2 P o l y g o n a t u m v e r t i c i l l a t u m ... + ....... 1 R a n u n c u l u s p l a t a n i f o l i u s . + ......... 1 Salix waldsteiniana II ......... + . 1 E EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII R. Tx. & Prsg. in R. Tx. 1950 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Fragaria vesca III . . + + . . +.2 . + . . 4 C h a m a e n e r i o n a n g u s t i f o l i u m . + ......... 1 Salix caprea II . + . . . ......1 207 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 TG TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA SANGUINEI T. Müller 1961 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 V i n c e t o x i c u m h i r u n d i n a r i a I I I ...... +.2 + + . 1.1 4 V i o l a h i r t a .... + . 1.1 + + . . 4 T G A n t h e r i c u m r a m o s u m ....... + + 1.1 . 3 C l i n o p o d i u m v u l g a r e ....... + + . + 3 C r u c i a t a g l a b r a . + .. + ...... 2 L a s e r p i t i u m l a t i f o l i u m + ...... + ... 2 O r i g a n u m v u l g a r e . + ........ + 2 B r a c h y p o d i u m r u p e s t r e ........ +.2 . . 1 A s t r a g a l u s g l y c y p h y l l o s . + ......... 1 Th a l i c t r u m m i n u s ....... + ... 1 T r i f o l i u m r u b e n s .. + ........ 1 V e r o n i c a c h a m a e d r y s .... + ...... 1 NC NARDO-CALLUNETEA Prsg. 1949 1234567891 01 1 Potentilla erecta III . + + . . + + . + . + 6 Ajuga pyramidalis .... + .... +.2 . 2 Th y m u s a l p e s t r i s . + ...... + .. 2 G e n i s t a g e r m a n i c a ...... + .... 1 S SESLERIETEA Br.-Bl. 1948 em. Oberd. 1978 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Sesleria albicans III . . 1.1 +.3 . . +.2 1.2 . 2.2 2.3 6 Globularia cordifolia . . +.2 1.2 . . +.2 . + +.2 . 6 Scabiosa lucida ...... 1.1 + + + + 5 B i s c u t e l l a l a e v i g a t a ...... + + + + . 4 A c i n o s a l p i n u s ...... (+) + . (+) . 3 Allium ochroleucum . . . + . ..... + 2 Carduus defl o r a t u s ...... +.2 . 1.2 . . 2 Globularia nudicaulis ....... + . 1.2 . 2 Dianthus sylvestris . . +.2 + . ......2 Aster bellidiastrum .... + .. + ... 2 R h i n a n t h u s a r i s t a t u s ( = R . g l a c i a l i s ) ....... + . + . 2 Campanula scheuchzeri ......... + . 1 Helianthemum grandifl o r u m ...... + .... 1 P h y t e u m a o r b i c u l a r e .......... + 1 P o l y g a l a a l p e s t r i s ...... + .... 1 FB FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Teucrium chamaedrys III . . + . . + 1.2 + +.2 + 1.2 7 Stachys recta + 1.1 1.1 1.1 + . . . + . . 6 Euphorbia cyparissias . + . + . . 1.1 + + . + 6 Carlina acaulis . . + + . . +.2 . + + . 5 208 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 F B C a r e x h u m i l i s ..... +.2 1.2 . 2.3 +.3 . 4 S i l e n e v u l g a r i s s u b s p . a n t e l o p u m ...... + +.2 + + . 4 Pimpinella saxifraga . . + . + . . + . . + 4 Prunella grandifl o r a ...... +.2 . + . . 2 Teucrium montanum ...... + . + .. 2 A s p e r u l a a r i s t a t a ......... + . 1 A s t e r a m e l l u s + .......... 1 C i r s i u m a c a u l e ... + ....... 1 Euphorbia trifl o r a s u b s p . k e r n e r i ........ + .. 1 G a l i u m v e r u m ........ + .. 1 G e n t i a n e l l a c i l i a t a ........ + .. 1 O p h r y s s p h e c o d e s ...... + .... 1 S a n g u i s o r b a m i n o r ...... + .... 1 MA MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA Tx. 1937 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Betonica jacquinii III .... +.2 1.1 +.3 + +.2 1.1 2.1 7 L o t u s c o r n i c u l a t u s .... +.2 + + 1.1 + + + 7 G a l i u m m o l l u g o .... + .. + . +.2 + 4 Phyteuma ovatum (P . halleri) + . +.2 + .......3 L a t h y r u s p r a t e n s i s .... + + + .... 3 E u p h r a s i a c u s p i d a t a ....... + . + . 2 V i c i a s e p i u m ....... + + .. 2 G e n i s t a t i n c t o r i a ...... + .... 1 I r i s g r a m i n e a ........ (+) . . 1 L i n u m j u l i c u m ........ + .. 1 P l a n t a g o l a n c e o l a t a . + ......... 1 P l a n t a g o m e d i a . + ......... 1 Potentilla recta ...... + .... 1 SCH SCHEUCHZERIO-CARICETEA FUSCAE (Nordh. 1936) R. Tx. 1937 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 MC Heliosperma quadridentatum III ....... + .. + 2 To fi e l d i a c a l y c u l a t a ....... + . + . 2 Dactylorhiza maculata . +.2 . . .......1 Pinguicula alpina ......... + . 1 TH THLASPIETEA ROTUNDIFOLII Br.-Bl. et al. 1947 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 Campanula cochleariifolia III + . . . . . + . +.2 + + 5 Petasites paradoxus ....... +.2 . + . 2 R u m e x s c u t a t u s ......... + . 1 AS ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934 corr. Oberd. 1977 s. lat. 1234567891 01 1 V a l e r i a n a s a x a t i l i s I I I .... +.2 .... +.2 + 3 Primula auricula . . . +.2 .......1 209 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Asplenium ruta-muraria . + . . .......1 O OTHER SPECIES (Ostali vrsti) 1234567891 01 1 C i r s i u m p a n n o n i c u m I I I ........ + .. 1 S o r b u s a u c u p a r i a s u b s p . a u c u p a r i a I I ... + ....... 1 ML MOSSES AND LICHENS (Mahovi in lišaji) 1234567891 01 1 Tortella tortuosa IV . . +.3 + . . . + +.2 + + 6 Neckera crispa +.3 . + . ...... +.3 3 Cladonia pyxidata . . . + .......1 LEGEND (Legenda) Sinsistematical characteristic (Sinsistematska pripadnost) Bedrock (Geološka podlaga) AP Abieti-Piceenion Br.-Bl. 1939 in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 apn limestone (apnenec) EP Erico-Pinion mugi Leibundgut 1948 nom. inv. dol dolomite (dolomít) MC Montio-Cardaminetea Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 ex Klika & Hadač 1944 em. Zechmeister 1993 mor/dol dolomitic moraine (dolomitna morena) RV Rhododendro-Vaccinienion Br.-Bl. 1926 & Vaccinio-Piceenion Oberd. 1957 SS Sedo-Scleranthetea Br.-Bl. 1955 em. Th . Müller 1961 s. lat. ■ Southeast European species (Jugovzhodno evropske vrste) 210 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 SYTHETIZED PHYTOCENOLOGICAL TABLE (Sintezna fi tocenološka tabela) 2 Number of analit. table (Številka analitične tabele) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Author of anal. table (Avtor analitične tabele) Martin-Bosse Martin-Bosse Martin-Bosse Martin-Bosse Martin-Bosse Poldini Poldini T. Wraber Dakskobler Poldini & Vidali Zupančič & Žagar Aichinger Aichinger Braun-Blan- quet Accetto Accetto Tomažič Tomažič Altitude (Nadmorska višina) 760-1090 550-950 575-715 660-1020 640-770 350-1000 350-1580 620-1240 420-660 400-1000 620-1315 500-680 600-1320 – 770-1100 670-900 300-800 300-800 Aspect (Nebesna lega) all (vse) N-E-S N-E E-S S-E all (vse) all (vse) S-E-W N-NE-SW N-S-E S – – S S – S-SW-W N-NW – – Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) 0-50 0-35 15-35 0-35 25-35 15-45 12-45 0-60 5-60 5-45 20-70 0-30 20-40 – 0-80 45-60 – – Bedrock (Geološka podlaga) apn, dol apn, dol apn, dol apn, dol apn, dol apn, dol apn, dol apn, dol dol apn, dol dol, apn dol, apndol, apn – apn dol dol, apn dol, apn Sinsistematical characteristic (Sinsistematska pripadnost) Stonines (Kamnitost) % – – – – – – – – 5-60 0-80 – – – 30-70 1-40 – – Location (Kraj popisov) Ziljske Alpe, Karnijske Alpe, Karavanke Ziljske Alpe, Karnijske Alpe, Karavanke Ziljske Alpe, Karnijske Alpe, Karavanke Ziljske Alpe, Karnijske Alpe, Karavanke Ziljske Alpe, Karnijske Alpe, Karavanke Karnijske Alpe Basin of the Rivers Soča and Piave Basin of the River Koritnica J u l i j s k e A l p e (Srpenica) Karnijske Alpe, Za- hodne Julijske Alpe Savinjska dol., Zg. Savska dol. Karavanke Karavanke Karavanke Kolpska dolina, Kočevsko, Dolenjsko Kolpska dolina, Kočevsko, Dolenjsko Gorenjsko, Notranjsko, Dolenjsko Gorenjsko, Notranjsko, Dolenjsko Province (pokrajina) Koroška Koroška Koroška Koroška Koroška Karnia Posočje Posočje Karnia Štajersko Gorenjsko Koroška Koroška Koroška State (Država) Austria Austria Austria Austria Austria Italy Italy Slovenia Slovenia Italy Slovenia Austria Austria Austria Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia Number of relevé (Število popisov) 28 16 9 8 6 22 28 18 22 10 11 8 4 6 14 12 5 16 FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE Martin Bösse 1967 CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES (Značilnice) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 FB Asperula aristata & A. aristata subsp. longifl ora? III 201 V 99 III 59 III 68 IV 2 I 3 II 3 II 61 IV 74 IV 3 II 1 I . . . . 4 III . . Q 2 Galium purpureum 154 III 31 I . 1 I . 24 II . . . . 45 I 126 III 3 +-2 III . . . . EP 1 Coronilla vaginalis 120 III . 1 I 126 III 2 I - I 1 I 1 I . . . 4 III 3 + III . . . . EP Daphne cneorum II 101 III 534 IV 117 V 190 IV 297 IV 24 I 1 I 28 I . 4 III 1 I 440 III 2 +-2 III . . . . MA Euphrasia cuspidata III 21 III 31 I 57 II 64 II . 2 II 2 I 29 II 1 II 4 III 2 II . . . . . . . EP 2 Euphorbia trifl ora subsp. kerneri 36 I . . . . 447 V 352 V 125 I . 254 V 1 I . . . . . . . S Allium ericetorum 18 I . . . . 5 III 3 II 1 I 50 IV . 2 II . . . 79 V 43 I . . 211 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 EP 3 Scleropodium purum IV 18 I 143 II . . 85 II 24 II 19 I . 265 V . 4 III 221 III . . . . . . TH Petasites paradoxus III - I 34 II 1056 V . 83 I . 19 I . - I . 2 II . 3 +-1 . .... DIFERENTIAL SPECIES (Razlikovalnice) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 A 3 Salix glabra IIa 1 I 31 I 224 IV . . 138 III 127 III 114 III 502 V 200 III 4 III . . . .... IIb 1 I 95 II 334 V . . - - - - - - 25 II - - - - . . . .... EM Pinus mugo II - I 32 I . . . . 18 I 322 III - I . 2 II . . . . . . . EM Rhodothamnus chamaecistus - I 1 I 1 I . . . . 95 IV 187 V 3 II 47 II . . . .... LOCAL (GEOGRAPHICAL) DIFERENTIAL SPECIES (Lokalni /geografski/ razlikovalnici) FP Peucedanum austriacum var. rablense III . . . . 87 III 2 II 1 I . . ......... SC Polygala nicaeensis & Polygala n. subsp. mediterra- nea (= P . forojulensis) ..... . 5 III 4 III 8 V ......... DAPHNO ALPINAE-PINETUM NIGRAE Accetto 2001 CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES (Značilnice) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 FB Bromus erectus III . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . 6 IV ... A S D a p h n e a l p i n a I I .. 1 I .. . ..... . . . 344 V . . . A S C a m p a n u l a j u s t i n i a n a I I I ..... . ..... . . . 5 III ... DIFERENTIAL SPECIES (Razlikovalnice) AS Potentilla caulescens III 64 I . . . . . . . 5 III . . . . . 79 V ... AS Rhamnus pumilus II 1 I . . . . . . . 1 II . . . . . 42 IV . . . AS Kernera saxatilis III - I . . . . . ..... . . . 1 I ... S Edraianthus graminifolius . . . . . . ........ 3 II 1 I . . CARICI SEMPERVIRENTIS-PINETUM NIGRAE Accetto (1996) 1999 123456789101112131415 16 17 18 S Globularia nudicaulis III . . . . . . .... 4 6 I I . . . . 318 V .. F B S e s l e r i a j u n c i f o l i a s u b s p . k a l n i k e n s i s ..... . ..... . . . 2750 V 3417 V . . S C a r e x s e m p e r v i r e n s ..... . ..... . . . . 2934 V . . Adenophora liliifolia . . . . . . ......... 253 V .. GENISTO JANUENSIS-PINETUM Tomažič 1940 CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES (Značilnice) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 HP Genista januensis III . . . . . . . . . 52 II 2 II . . . 4 III 46 III IV +-2 V +-2 HP Potentilla carniolica . . . . . . ..... . . . 1 I 2 I I I + III +-1 F P D a p h n e b l a g a y a n a I I ..... . ..... . . . 1 I 2 I I + II +-3 DIFERENTIAL SPECIES (Razlikovalnica) H a c q u e t i a e p i p a c t i s I I I ..... . ..... . . . .. I I I + II +-1 HP HELLEBORO NIGRI-PINENION (Ht. 1958) Zupančič 2007 CHARACTERISTIC SPECIES (Značilnice) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Chamaecytisus purpureus III 99 II 282 II 418 IV . 83 I . 484 V 1154 V 321 V 602 V 48 II 4 III 1+ II . . V +-2 V 1-2 Crepis slovenica (= C. Incarnata) 21 II 33 II 59 III 253 III 2 I 5 III 4 III 58 II . 5 III 208 III . . . . . III + III + Dorycnium germanicum . . . . . 1 I 1 I 56 I . . 2 II . . . 4 II 43 I III + IV +-1 Genista radiata . . . . . . . 2 I . . . . . . . . III +-2 . Genista januensis . . . . . . . . . 52 II 2 II . . . 4 III 46 III IV +-2 V +-2 Potentilla carniolica . . . . . . ..... . . . 1 I 2 I I I + II +-3 212 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 DIFERENTIAL SPECIES (Razlikovalnice) F1 Helleborus niger subsp. niger III 36 I 268 IV 117 V 5 III 460 IV . 72 I 86 III 25 II 112 III 617 V 231 III . . . 230 II IV +-1 V +-2 EP1 Rhamnus saxatilis II 19 I 63 I 56 I 4 III 87 III 27 III 21 II 31 II . . . 3 II 2+ . . . IV +-1 IV + MA Iris graminea III . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . II + . FP FRAXINO ORNI-PINION NIGRAE-SYLVESTRIS (Ht. 1959) Zupančič 2007 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Pinus nigra I 4955 V 5500 V 2833 IV 1469 V 4750 V 3648 V 2732 V 3389 V 3648 V 5250 V . . 4 4-5 . 4286 V 5208 V V 2-4 . IIa 636 V 298 III 696 IV 783 V 83 I - - - - 212 IV 570 V - - . . 2 1-2 . 592 V 231 III V +-1 . IIb 56 II 94 II 309 IV 1 I 85 II - - - - - - 4 III - - . . - - . 4 II 521 III - - . Amelanchier ovalis IIa 546 III 706 V 364 V 844 V 545 V 187 V 281 V 986 V 445 V 102 III 142 V 128 III 3 +-2 IV 735 V 1271 V V +-1 III +-1 IIb 86 IV 535 V 7 IV 9 V 337 V - - - - - - 333 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Daphne cneorum II 101 III 534 IV 117 V 120 IV 297 IV 24 I 1 I 28 I . 4 III 1 I 440 III 2 +-2 III . . . . Stachys recta III 3 II 1 I . . 3 II . . 3 II . . 139 III 3 II 3 + III 2 II . . II + Cotoneaster tomentosus & C. integerrimus IIa 1 I 2 II 1 I 65 III 83 I 26 II 21 II 61 IV 1 II 53 III 5 III . . . . 3 II . . IIb 99 I 66 III 2 II - - 85 II - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . - - . . Peucedanum austriacum var. rablense III . . . . 87 III . 1 I . . 2 II . . . . . . . . D a p h n e b l a g a y a n a I I ..... . ..... . . . 1 I 2 I I + II +-3 Centaurea triumfetti III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I + EP1 ERICO-PINION SYLVESTRIS Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1959 n. inv. 123456789101112131415161718 Coronilla vaginalis III 120 III . 1 I 126 III 2 I - I 1 I 1 I . . . 4 III 3 + III . . . . Hippocrepis comosa 20 II 65 III 3 II 3 II 2 I . 1 I . . 4 III . 3 II . . . . II+ . Laserpitium siler 69 I 1 I . . 83 I 25 II 19 I . 30 V . 49 III . . . 38 II 191 III . . Rhamnus saxatilis II 19 I 63 I 56 I 4 III 87 III 27 III 21 II 31 II . . . 3 II 2 + ...I V +-1 IV + Salix elaeagnos I I a .. 1 I .. . ..... . . . .... I I b .. 2 I I .. . ..... . . . .... Vicia incana (= V . Galloprovincialis) III . . . . 3 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pimpinella saxifraga . . . . . . 4 III . . 3 II . . . . . . . . Th esium rostratum . . . . . . - I 2 I . . . . . . . . . . Leucanthemum ircutianum . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . 1 I 44 II . . C a r e x o r n i t h o p o d a ..... . ..... . . . .. I I + IV +-1 EP 2 ERICO-PINETALIA Ht. 1959 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Erica carnea III 6019 V 5484 V 4694 V 3656 V 7083 V 4695 V 4616 V 5444 V 3023 V 5750 V 4795 V 5594 V 4 5 V 4-5 251 V 3083 V V 2-5 V 1-5 Polygala chamaebuxus 546 V 828 V 391 V 8 V 542 V 253 V 236 IV 695 V 501 V 153 IV 256 V 1095 V 3 +-1 IV1 114 V 92 V V +-2 V 1-2 Epipactis atrorubens 3 II 36 III 59 IV 5 III 5 III 1 V 43 V 31 III 1 II 8 V 54 V 5 III 2 + III . . III + IV+ Carex alba 134 I 424 IV 224 IV . 250 III 24 I 135 II . - I . 139 IV 360 V 2 + IV 1 I . IV +-1 IV +-1 Euphorbia trifl ora subsp. kerneri 36 I . . . . 447 V 352 V 125 I . 254 V 1 I . . . . . . . Gymnadenia odoratissima 19 I 3 II 3 II 3 II 2 II 1 I 31 III - I . 47 II 3 II . I . . . I + Chamaecytisus hirsutus . 1 I . . 2 I . 19 I . . . . . . . 1 I 3 II IV +-1 V +-1 F r a n g u l a r u p e s t r i s I I ..... 2 3 I ..... . . . 1 I ... Knautia ressmannii III . . . . . . 4 II 1 I . 8 V . . . . . . . . Laserpitium gaudinii (=L. krapfi i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 IV . . 213 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 EP3 ERICO-PINETEA Ht. 1959 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Calamagrostis varia III 617 IV 2611 V 476 V 473 V 1333 V 1444 V 1456 V 2320 V 401 V 901 V 2773 V 70 V 3 2 V 36 I 1021 IV III +- 1V +-2 Buphthalmum salicifolium 94 IV 130 IV 117 V 253 III 5 III 53 V 60 IV 56 V 5 IV 59 V 188 V 8 V 3 +-1 IV 1 I 128 IV V + V +-1 Pinus sylvestris I 207 II 238 IV 362 IV 345 III 378 IV 1127 IV 1698 IV 2598 IV - I 251 IV 2935 V 6000 V 3 + V 4-5 . . III +-3 V +-3 II 1 I 33 II 307 III 65 III - - - - 197 I 253 III - I - - 141 IV - - 1 3 - - . . III + IV +-1 III - - - - 250 II - - - - - - 80 I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . II + III + Leontodon incanus 83 II 98 IV 172 V 253 V 2 I 26 II 20 II 3 II 92 II 5 III . . . . . 2 I III +-1 III +-1 Platanthera bifolia 19 I 37 IV 3 II . 7 IV 6 IV 23 III 59 III - I 4 III 5 III 9 V 2 + IV . . II + III + Viola collina 19 I . 2 II . 2 I . . . . . . . . . . . I + IV + Scleropodium purum IV 18 I 143 II . . 85 II 24 II 19 I . 205 V . 4 III 221 III . . . . . . Cirsium erisithales III . . 4 III . 5 III . . . 25 II . 52 IV . . . . 212 IV . . Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea . . . . . 740 IV 626 III 3 II 617 V . . . . . . 688 V . . A s p e r u l a t i n c t o r i a ..... . ..... . 2 + ..... P y r o l a c h l o r a n t h a ..... . ..... . . . .. I I + III + VP1 V ACCINIO-PICEION Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Hieracium sylvaticum III 21 II . 7 IV 1 I 7 IV 2 II 21 II . - I . 51 IV 4 III 2 + II . 1 I . III + Picea abies I - I . 57 II . . 274 III 376 III 334 III - I 3 II 798 V 1630 V 1 1 IV 1 . 148 II IV +0-3 V + II 1 I . 111 II . . - - 98 I 60 III - I - - 548 V 970 IV 2 + - - . 43 II III + V +-2 III 1 I . 1 I . . - - 179 I - - 2 II - - 2 II - - - - - - . 45 III - - III + RV Melampyrum sylvaticum . . . . . . 18 I . . . 4 III . . . . . . . Gymnocarpium dryopteris . . . . . . . . . . 3 II . . . . . . I + RV Luzula sylvatica subsp. sylvatica . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . AP Veronica urticifolia . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . RV Rhytidiadelphus loreus IV . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II . . . . . . VP2 V ACCINIO-PICEETALIA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 emend. K.-Lund 1967 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 EM Laserpitium peucedanoides III 38 II . 169 IV 293 II 69 V . 36 I 29 II . 53 III . . . . . 48 IV II+ . Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 19 I 1 I . 4125 V . - I 63 I 3 I . . . . 2 + I I.... Rubus saxatilis II 18 I 376 III 278 IV . 378 IV 49 III 93 III 58 II 117 III 230 IV 188 V . 3 +-1 . . 84 II . . EM Pinus mugo subsp. mugo - I 32 I . . . . 18 I 322 III - I . 2 II . . . . . . . EM Rhodothamnus chamaecistus - I 1 I 1 I . . . . 95 V 187 V 3 II 47 II . . . . . . . Vaccinium vitis-idaea III - I 111 II . . 83 I . 99 I . . . 251 III . . . . . . . Goodyera repens - I . . . . 3 II 3 II 85 II . . . 65 III . I . . . . Dicranum polysetum IV - I 1 I . . 2 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhododendron hirsutum II . 4 III . . 2 I 184 II 161 II 86 V 798 V 4 III 159 I . . I . 2190 V . I (+) Larix decidua I . 1 I . . . . 98 I . . . 524 III . . . . . . . II . - - . . . . - I . . . 161 II . . . . . . . Vaccinium myrtillus III . 1 I . . . . 18 I . . . 92 II 281 II . I . . . I +0 Rosa pendulina II . 1 I . . . . . . 2 I . 1 I . . . 1 I 483 IV . I + Pyrola rotundifolia III . . 1 I . . 1 I . . . . 2 II . . . . . . I + AP Valeriana tripteris . . . . 87 III . . . . . 6 IV . . . . 504 V . II +-1 Orthilia secunda . . . . 2 I . . . . . 1 I 3 II . I . . . II + 214 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Homogyne sylvestris . . . . 2 I . . . . 5 III . . . . . 358 V . I 1 Sorbus chamaemespilus II . . . . . . 19 I . . . . . . . . . . . Lonicera nigra . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . RV Lycopodium annotinum III . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . . . Pyrola minor . . . . . . . 2 II . . . . . . . . . II + AP Adenostyles glabra . . . . . . . . - I . 45 I . . . . 1 I . . Senecio abrotanifolius . . . . . . . . . . 3 II . . . . . . . AP Abies alba I ..... . .... 1 I . . . . - - .. I I ..... . .... 1 I . . . . 3 I I .. A P C l e m a t i s a l p i n a ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... Polytrichum formosum IV . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Juniperus sibirica II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II . . . Monotropa hypopitys var. hirsuta III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV + III + VP3 V ACCINIO-PICEETEA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 em. Zupančič (1976) 1980 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Pleurozium schreberi IV 64 I . 472 III . 85 II 45 I . . . . 2 II 751 III . . . 1 I III + IV 1 Solidago virgaurea III . 36 III 4 III . 297 IV . 2 I . 1 I 3 II 3 II 4 III . . 45 III . II + IV + Hylocomium splendens . . 104 I . 2 I . . . - I . . 438 II . . . . III +-3 V +-3 Aposeris foetida . . . . . . 1 I . . . 5 III . . . . 4 III . . Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus IV . . . . . . . . 2 II . 1 I . . . . . III + IV +-1 Grimmia pulvinata . . . . . . . . 2 II . 2 II . . . . . . . Gentiana asclepiadea III . . . . . . . . - I . 4 III . . . . . . . Maianthemum bifolium . . . . . . . . . . 2 II 3 II . . . . . . Hypnum cupressiforme IV . . . . . . . . . . 2 II . . . . . . . Dicranum scoparium . . . . . . . . . . 1 I 129 IV . . . . . . Luzula luzuloides III . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Hookeria lucens IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I . . C e p h a l o z i a b i c u s p i d a t a ..... . ..... . . . . 1 I .. P PRUNETALIA SPINOSAE R. Tx. 1952 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Juniperus communis IIa 37 I 141 II 111 II 3 II 2 I 116 III 161 III 142 III - II 4 III 47 II 225 V . . . . V +-1 V +-2 IIb 1 I 1 I 3 II 1 I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . - - - - Berberis vulgaris IIa 1 I 142 II 667 III . 83 I 26 II 21 II 2 II - I . 1 I 69 V 3+ V . . V + V + IIb 1 I 111 II 58 II . 3 II - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - . . - - - - Viburnum lantana IIa . 34 II 58 II . . . 21 II . . 3 II 2 II 5 III 1+ . . 47 V V + IV + IIb . - - 2 II . . . - - . . - - - - - - - . . - - - - - - Ligustrum vulgare IIa . . 2 II . . 1 I 1 I . . . . . . . . . II + II + IIb . . 56 I . . - - - - . . . . . . . . . - - - - Crataegus monogyna II . . . . . 1 I 1 I . . . . 4 III . . . . II + II+ Rhamnus catharticus . . . . . . . . - I . 1 I . . . . . . III + C o r n u s m a s ..... . ..... . . . .. I + I + 215 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 OO FRAXINO ORNI-OSTRYION Tomažič 1940 123456789101112131415161718 Fraxinus ornus I 55 I 97 III 2 II 125 II 172 V 1059 V 716 IV - - 25 II 975 V - - 64 II 2 +-1 III . - - V +-2 V +-2 IIa 270 III 644 V 529 III 3 III 463 V - - - I 558 V 187 IV - - 95 IV 183 III - - . 608 IV II + IV +-2 IIb 83 II 129 IV 194 I 1 I - - - - - - - - 163 IV - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - Ostrya carpinifolia I 2 I 33 II . 1 I 3 II 514 V 404 IV 56 I 33 III 525 V - - . 1 + II - - - - V +-2 IV +-2 IIa 1 I 64 II . 1 I 5 III - - 1 I 811 IV 312 V - - 40 III . 3 +-2 - 360 IV 44 II II + III + IIb - - 5 III . - - 2 I - - - - - - 4 III - - - - . - - - - 771 III - - - - Euphorbia angulata III . . . . 83 I . . . . . . . . . 1 I 4 III I + III + Mercurialis ovata . . . . . 2 II 3 II . . . . . . . 1 I . V + IV +-1 Cotinus coggygria II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 I II +-2 . V i o l a a l b a I I I ..... . ..... . . . .. I + I + D i a n t h u s m o n s p e s s u l a n u s ..... . ..... . . . .. I + . Euonymus verrucosa II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II + Q u e r c u s c e r r i s I ..... . ..... . . . ... I + Q2 QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTIS Br.-Bl. (1931) 1932 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Peucedanum oreoselinum III 24 IV . 171 V 5 III 380 V 120 V 95 IV 200 V 210 V 106 V 49 III 224 IV 4 +-2 IV . . III + III +0-+ Galium purpureum 154 III 31 I . 1 I 24 III . . . . . 45 I 126 III 3 +-2 III . . . . Polygonatum odoratum 83 II 96 III 56 I 1 I 85 II 2 II 2 II 2 IV 1 I 4 III . 6 IV . III . . . III +-1 Sorbus aria I 38 II 99 IV 2 II 64 II 90 V 184 IV 145 III 56 V 48 II . 2 I 6 IV 3 +-1 IV - - 43 II V + IV +-2 IIa 99 II 99 IV 112 II 1 I 90 V - - - - - - 97 V . 54 V 65 III - - 2 II 543 V V +-2 V +-1 IIb 21 II - - 57 II 4 III 92 V - - - - - - 2 III . - - - - - - - - - - - - II + Coronilla emeroides II 19 I . . . . 104 II* 145 II* . . . . . . . . . . . Laburnum alpinum 18 I 1 I . . . . . . - I . 48 III . . . . 43 II . . Daphne alpina . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . 344 V . . . Melittis melissophyllum III . . 1 I . . 1 I 1 I 1 I 2 II . . . . . . 2 I V + III +-1 Peucedanum cervaria . . 1 I . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . II + . Coronilla emerus II . . . . . 104 II* 145 II* . . . . . . . . . . . Quercus pubescens I . . . . . 24 I 19 I . . . . . . . . . II + II + II . . . . . - - - - . . . . . . . . . II + II + P r u n u s m a h a l e b ..... - I ..... . . . .... Hypericum montanum III . . . . . . 1 I . . . 4 III . . . . 3 II II + III + Cephalanthera longifolia . . . . . . . 1 I . . 2 II . . . . . . . C a m p a n u l a w i t a s e k i a n a ..... . .... 4 I I I . . . .... Lathyrus niger . . . . . . . . . . 46 II . . . . . . . Satureja montana (subsp. variegata?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . Peucedanum austriacum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 III . II + Tanacetum corymbosum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I . . Acer obtusatum I ..... . ..... . . . . 1 I .. I I ..... . ..... . . . . 4 4 I I .. Calamintha menthifolia (=C. offi cinalis, Satureja calamintha) I I I.................I + S o r b u s t o r m i n a l i s I I ..... . ..... . . . .. I + I + 216 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 RP2 QUERCETALIA ROBORIS-PETRAEAE R. Tx. (1931) 1937 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Melampyrum pratense subsp. vulgatum III 19 I 96 III 59 III 1 I 83 I . 2 II . . . 1 I . . . . . I + . Frangula alnus IIa . 63 II 112 II . 2 I 94 III 94 III 2 II 50 IV . 1 I 5 III . . . . . . IIb . 33 II 144 IV . 85 II - - - - - - - - . - - - - . . . . . . Pteridium aquilinum III . . 112 III . 7 IV 104 II 118 II . 2 I . 141 IV 65 III 2 + . . 126 II II + IV +0-+ Galium lucidum . . . . . 2 II 2 II . . . 2 II . . . . . V +-1 V +-1 Hieracium laevigatum (?) . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . F e s t u c a h e t e r o p h y l l a ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... Q u e r c u s r o b u r I ..... . ..... 3 I I . . .... Betula pendula ..... . ..... . . . . - - . I I +0 I I ..... . ..... . . . . 1 I . - - F1 AREMONIO-FAGION (Ht. 1938) Török, Podani & Borhidi 1989 123456789101112131415161718 Cyclamen purpurascens III 129 IV 238 IV 59 IV 4 III 297 IV 8 IV 25 IV 278 V 231 V 8 V 143 V 129 IV 4 +-1 IV 41 V 296 V V + V +-1 Helleborus niger subsp. niger 36 I 268 IV 117 V 5 III 460 IV . 72 I 86 III 25 II 102 III 617 V 221 III . . . 230 II IV +-1 V +-2 Rhamnus fallax II - I . 2 II . 2 I . . . - I . 1 I . . . . . . . Lilium carniolicum III . 1 I 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anemone trifolia . . 59 III . 670 V 5 III 40 III 58 III 184 III 4 III 48 III 68 IV . II . . . III +-1 Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia . . 3 II . 3 II . . . . . 5 III . . . . 3 II III + III + Dentaria enneaphyllos . . . . 2 I . . . . . . . . . . 293 II . . Euphorbia carniolica . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . 1 I . II + Melampyrum velebiticum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I 3 II . . Omphalodes verna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 III . . E p i m e d i u m a l p i n u m ..... . ..... . . . . 1 I .. Hacquetia epipactis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III + II +-1 F2 FAGETALIA SYLV ATICAE Pawl. 1928 123456789101112131415161718 Melica nutans III 63 I . 112 II . 292 I 48 II 56 II . 23 I 104 IV 5 III 3 II . . . 43 I V + III +-1 Aquilegia nigricans & A. vulgaris* 18 I* . 59 III* . 85 II* . . . . . 2 II . . . . 171 IV II + * III + * Euphorbia amygdaloides 18 I . 2 II . 87 III . 1 I . . . 54 V . 2 + ..... Acer pseudoplatanus I - I . . - - . . . . 1 II . 5 III . . . . . II + III + II - - . . 1 I . . . . - - . 1 I . . . . . - - III + Mercurialis perennis III - I . . . 3 II . . . - I . 47 II . . . . 230 II . . Primula vulgaris - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I III + III +-2 Viola reichenbachiana - I . . . . . 1 I . . . 3 II . . . . . . . Gymnocarpium robertianum . 32 I . . 2 I . . . 1 I 4 III 5 III . . . . 42 I . . Fagus sylvatica I . 1 I 56 I . 1043 V 70 II 171 II 28 I - I . 206 III . . . . 188 I V + V +0-1 II . 3 II - - . 88 IV - - 36 I 3 II - II . 5 III . . . . 6 IV IV +0 IV +0-3 III . - - 3 II . 7 IV - - - - - - - II . - - . . . . - - - - - - Mycelis muralis . 1 I . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Neottia nidus-avis . . 1 I . 3 II . . . . . 3 II . . . . . . . Salvia glutinosa . . 2 II . 2 I . . . . . 1 I 3 II . . . 2 I . III +0-+ Daphne mezereum II . . 1 I . . . . . . . 5 III . . . . . . II + Cephalanthera rubra III . . . . 2 I . 2 I . . 3 II 3 II . . . . . . . 217 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 C e n t a u r e a m o n t a n a .... 2 I . ..... . . . .... Epipactis helleborine . . . . . 3 II 3 II 60 III 166 V . 1 I . . . . 3 II . . Euphorbia dulcis . . . . . . 1 I . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Lonicera alpigena II . . . . . . 1 I . . . 46 II . . . . 2 I . . Galium laevigatum III . . . . . . . . - I . 3 II . . . . . . II +-1 Digitalis grandifl o r a ..... . .... 4 8 I I I . . . .... Cephalanthera damasonium . . . . . . . . . . 3 II . . . . . . . C a m p a n u l a t r a c h e l i u m ..... . .... 2 I I . . . .... Brachypodium sylvaticum . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Heracleum sphondylium . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . L i l i u m m a r t a g o n ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... Prenanthes purpurea . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . 87 III . . S y m p h y t u m t u b e r o s u m ..... . .... 1 I . . . . 1 I .. Pulmonaria offi c i n a l i s ..... . ..... . . . . 1 I .. H e l l e b o r u s d u m e t o r u m ..... . ..... . . . . 1 I .. R a n u n c u l u s n e m o r o s u s ..... . ..... . . . ... I I I + A r u n c u s d i o i c u s ..... . ..... . . . ... I I +0 F3 QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Carex digitata III 19 I . 61 IV . 87 III . 1 I . 1 I . 3 II . . . . . . . Ctenidium molluscum IV 2 I . . . 2 I 24 I . . 4 III . 3 II . . . . 155 V . . Convallaria majalis III . 66 III 197 II 1 I 168 III . . . 117 III . 48 III 4 III . . . 1397 V . II +-2 Lonicera xylosteum II . . 57 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . II + . Hepatica nobilis III . . 1 I . . 2 II 191 I . . . 5 III . . . . . IV + V +-1 Listera ovata . . 1 I . . . . 29 II - I . . . . . . 42 I . . Corylus avellana II . . . . 83 I 150 II 118 II 1 II 1 I . . . . . . 1 I . . Luzula nivea III . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . Tilia cordata II . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Quercus petraea I . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . III + III +0-+ II . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . II + III + Isothecium myurum IV . . . . . . . . . . 3 II . . . . . . . M o e h r i n g i a m u s c o s a I I I ..... . .... 2 I I . . . .... Pyrus pyraster IIa . . . . . . . . . . 2 II . . . . . III + III + IIb . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . II + II + C l e m a t i s v i t a l b a I I ..... . ..... . . . ... I I + A3 BETULO-ADENOSTYLETEA Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 s. lat (=MULGEDIO-ACONITETEA Hadač & Klika in Klika & Hadač 1944 s. lat.) 123456789101112131415161718 Salix glabra IIa 1 I 31 I 224 IV . . 138 III 127 III 114 III 502 V 200 III 4 III . . . . . . . IIb 1 I 95 II 334 V . . - - - - - - 25 II - - - - . . . . . . . Salix appendiculata II . 2 II . . 2 I . . . - II . 46 II . . . . 127 III . . Salix purpurea . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Th alictrum aquilegiifolium III . . . . . 2 II 1 I . . . 2 II . . . . 3 II . . Dryopteris fi lix-mas . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Rubus idaeus II . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Polygonatum verticillatum III . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . 218 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 R a n u n c u l u s p l a t a n i f o l i u s ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... Salix waldsteiniana II . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . E EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII R. Tx. & Prsg. in R. Tx. 1950 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Fragaria vesca III . 1 I 2 II . 2 I 3 II 3 II . . 3 II 4 III 3 II . . . . . . Populus tremula I ..... . .. - I .. . 1 + ..... II . . . . . . . . - I . . . - - . . . . . Chamaenerion angustifolium III . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Salix caprea II . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . TG TRIFOLIO-GERANIETEA SANGUINEI T. Müller 1961 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria 93 III . 1 I . 295 III 75 V 59 IV 186 V 4 III 9 V 48 III 128 III 4 +-1 IV 1 I 2 I . III + Anthericum ramosum 74 III 34 III . 5 III 2 I 118 IV 93 IV 61 IV 143 V 55 IV 47 II . 3 +-1 . . 45 III IV + V +-1 Th esium bavarum 64 I . 2 II . 87 III 5 III . . . 8 V . . 2 + ..... Brachypodium rupestre 18 I . 307 III . 292 I . 281 IV 107 III . . 1 I . . . . 2 I II + IV + Lembotropis nigricans 18 I 33 II 2 II . 2 I 50 III 58 III 2 II . 54 III . . . . . . . I + Th alictrum minus - I 1 I . 125 II 2 I . 1 I . . . 1 I . . . 1 I . . . Clematis recta . 31 I 2 II . . 24 II 1 I . . 2 I . . . . . . . . Origanum vulgare . 1 I . . . . 2 I . . . 2 II . . . . . . . Galium aristatum . . 1 I . 2 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geranium sanguineum . . 1 I . 2 I . 1 I . . . . . . . . . IV + III +-1 Laserpitium latifolium . . 1 I . 2 I . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Clinopodium vulgare . . 1 I . . 2 II 2 I . . . 3 II . . . . . . . Cruciata glabra . . . . 2 I 2 II 2 II . . . 2 II . . . . . . III +-1 Viola hirta . . . . . 7 IV 5 III 112 V 3 II 7 IV 48 III . . . . . . . Verbascum austriacum . . . . . 3 II 2 II . . 3 II . . . . . . . . Helianthemum ovatum . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . III + II + Inula hirta . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . III + . A s t r a g a l u s g l y c y p h y l l o s ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... T r i f o l i u m r u b e n s ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... Veronica chamaedrys . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Coronilla coronata I I ..... . ..... . . . 1 I ... I I I.................. Libanotis sibirica subsp. montana(= Seseli libanotis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II + . Campanula persicifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I + Inula conyza (=I. vulgaris) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I + Scabiosa hladnikiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I + T r i f o l i u m m e d i u m ..... . ..... . . . ... I + NC NARDO-CALLUNETEA Prsg. 1949 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Genista germanica 19 I 1 I 2 II . 2 I 6 IV 5 III 29 II . 3 II 1 I 3 II . . . . II + II + Potentilla erecta - I 329 II 58 II . 83 I 75 V 60 V 239 IV - I 56 IV 6 III 3 II . . . . II + III + Polygala vulgaris . . . . . 6 IV . . . 4 III . . . . . . . . Ajuga pyramidalis . . . . . . . . . . 2 II . . . . . . . 219 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Th y m u s a l p e s t r i s ..... . .... 2 I I . . . .... Th ymus pulegioides (=T. ovatus) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 +-1 ..... Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II 314 IV . . S SESLERIETEA Br.-Bl. 1948 em. Oberdorfer 1978 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Sesleria albicans III 1643 V . 6 IV 409 V 87 III 1355 V 1100 V 640 V 2875 V 427 V 411 III . 3 +-4 ...V +-3 II1 -2 Globularia cordifolia 603 V 34 II 3 II 689 V . 28 IV 5 III 101 III 51 IV . 49 III 4 III 3 +-1 III 184 V 2 I . . CK Dryas octopetala 3 II 1 I 250 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biscutella laevigata 2 II . . 1 I 83 I 5 III 4 III 29 II 1 I 6 IV 4 III . . . . . II + III + Carduus defl oratus 19 I . . . 2 I . 4 III 195 IV . 4 III 46 II . . . . . . . Allium ochroleucum 18 I . . . . 5 III 3 II 1 I 50 IV . 2 II . . . 79 V 43 I . . Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. canalense (=B. canalense) 1 I . . . . 5 III . 2 I . 6 IV . . . . . . . . Aster bellidiastrum . 35 III 3 II . . . . . 3 III . 2 II . . . . 44 II III + . Rhinanthus aristatus (=R. glacialis) . 34 II 1 I . . . . . - II . 2 II . . . . . . . Acinos alpinus . 3 II . 3 II 2 I . 1 I . . . 3 II . . . . . . . Phyteuma orbiculare . 2 I . . . 1 I 1 I . 30 V . 1 I . . . . . . . Scabiosa lucida . . 281 V . . . . . . . 49 III . . . . . . . Primula wulfeniana . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carduus crassifolius . . . . . 5 III . . . . . . . . . . . . G e n t i a n a c l u s i i ..... . 1 I . 2 I I .. . . . .... Horminum pyrenaicum . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . Leucanthemum heterophyllum . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . Globularia nudicaulis . . . . . . . . . . 46 II . . . . 318 V . . Campanula scheuchzeri . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Helianthemum grandifl o r u m ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... P o l y g a l a a l p e s t r i s ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... Edraianthus graminifolius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II 1 I . . Carex sempervirens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2934 V . . C e n t a u r e a m o n t a n a ..... . ..... . . . . 4 5 I I I .. Carex fi r m a ..... . ..... . . . . 3 I I .. Hieracium bifi d u m ..... . ..... . . . . 3 I I .. L a t h y r u s l a e v i g a t u s ..... . ..... . . . . 3 I I .. Globularia meridionalis (=G. bellidifolia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV 1 . FB FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Carex humilis III 2412 V 63 II . 783 V 2 I 388 III 288 III 240 IV 28 IV 3 II 206 III . . . 432 V 3 II V +-1 V +-2 Asperula aristata & A. aristata subsp. longifl ora 201 V 99 III 59 III 68 IV 2 I 3 II 3 II 61 IV 74 IV 3 II 1 I . . . . 4 III . . Teucrium montanum 334 IV 4 III . 1033 V 2 I 5 III 4 III 183 III 1 I 4 III 2 II 3 II 3 +-2 III 79 V 2 I III +-1 . Hieracium porrifolium 165 IV 1 I . 65 III . . 2 I . . 3 II . . . . . . . . Euphorbia cyparissias 76 IV . 60 IV 4 III 5 III 2 II 2 II 58 II . 5 III 60 III 8 V 2 + III 1 I 45 III II + III +-1 Th ymus longicaulis 173 III 141 I 2 I 253 III 2 I 5 III 4 III . . . . . . . 42 IV . . . Carlina acaulis 4 III 2 II 3 II . . . 4 III . 1 I 4 III 5 III 3 II 3 + III . . . . Euphorbia trifl ora subsp. kerneri 36 I . . . . 447 V 352 V 125 I . 254 V 1 I . . . . . . . Galium verum 36 I 1 I . . 2 I 7 IV 7 IV 114 III - I 10 V 1 I 8 V . . 5 III 126 II . III + 220 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Teucrium chamaedrys 19 I 98 III 112 II . 295 III 199 V 174 IV . . 5 III 141 IV . 2 + . 38 II . V +-1 V +-2 Prunella grandifl ora 2 I 34 III 1 I . 5 III 75 V 59 IV 87 III . 7 IV 2 II . . . . . III +-1 III +-1 Centaurea fritschii & C. scabiosa* 1 I 66 III . 3 II 2 I 3 II 2 II* . . . . . . . . . . II + C a r e x c a r y o p h y l l e a - I .... . ..... . . . .... Gentianella ciliata - I 1 I . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Th esium linophyllon - I . . 4 III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anthyllis vulneraria & A. polyphylla* . 1 I 1 I 125 II . . 1 I* . . . . . . . . . . . L i n u m v i s c o s u m . 1 I ... . ..... . . . .... S i l e n e n u t a n s . 1 I ... . ..... . . . . 1 I .. Inula ensifolia . . 1 I 219 I . . 1 I . . . . . . . 1 I . . . Pimpinella saxifraga . . . . 2 I 3 II 2 II . . . 4 III 5 III . . 1 I . II + . Brachypodium pinnatum . . . . . 175 IV . . . 56 IV . 66 III . . . . . . Centaurea jacea & C. bracteata & C. jacea subsp. angustifolia . . . . . 27 III 21 II . . . . . . . . . II + . Scabiosa graminifolia . . . . . 5 III 3 II . . . . . . . . . . . Aster amellus . . . . . 4 III 3 II 1 I - I . 1 I . . . . . III +-1 III +-1 Asperula cynanchica . . . . . 4 II 3 II . . . . . . . 9 V 3 II . . Polygala nicaeensis & P . n. subsp. mediterranea (=P . forojulensis) . . . . . . 5 III 4 III 8 V . . . . . . . . . Bromus erectus . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . 6 IV . . . Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum . . . . . . . . . . 4 III . . . . . . . Cirsium acaule . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Cirsium pannonicum . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . II + . Ophrys sphecodes . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Sanguisorba minor . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Chamaespartium sagittale (=Genistella sagittalis) . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II . . . . . . Sesleria juncifolia subsp. kalnikensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2750 V 3417 V . . Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa (=O. signifera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I 1 I . . Grafi a golaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 IV . . A l l i u m c a r i n a t u m ..... . ..... . . . . 3 I I .. Knautia fl eischmannii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I . I + Allium pulchellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III + . Hladnikia pastinacifolia (=H. golaka) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II + MA MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA Tx. 1937 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Lotus corniculatus III 75 III . 60 IV 6 IV 3 II 4 III 4 III 58 III . 8 V 51 IV 4 III 3 + III 5 III 88 IV III + IV + Euphrasia cuspidata 21 III 31 I 57 II 64 II . 2 II 2 I 19 II 1 II 4 III 2 II . . . . . . . Galium mollugo & G. mollugo subsp. erectum 117 II . 170 IV 225 IV 5 III . . . . . 4 III . . . . . . . Leontodon hispidus 188 I . . . . . 1 I . . 3 II . 5 III . III . . . . Betonica alopecuros (=B. jacquinii=B. divulsa) 19 I 109 I . 4 III . 75 IV 78 V 323 V 2 II 7 IV 254 IV . . . 3 II 296 V III + IV +-1 Lathyrus pratensis 18 I 252 III . . 5 III . 3 II 57 II . 3 II 3 II 126 III 2 + III . . . . Linum catharticum 2 I . . 4 III . . 1 I . 3 II . . . . . . . . . Carex fl acca . 111 II 1 I . 2 I . . . . . . . . . . . III + IV + Succisa pratensis . 68 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS Dianthus sylvestris . 1 I . . 1 I . . . . . 2 II . . . . . III +-1 III + Genista tinctoria . 1 I 6 IV . 2 I 2 II 2 I . . . 1 I . . . . . . . 221 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Galium boreale . . 1 I . 83 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . Serratula tinctoria . . . . . 5 III 3 II . . . . . . . . . III + Laserpitium prutenicum . . . . . 46 I . . . . . . . . . . . . Gymnadenia conopsea . . . . . . 3 II 3 II . 3 II . . . . . . . . Achillea millefolium . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Phyteuma ovatum (=P . halleri) . . . . . . . . . . 3 II . . . . . . . V i c i a s e p i u m ..... . .... 2 I I . . . .... I r i s g r a m i n e a ..... . .... 1 I . . . .. I I + II + Linum julicum (=L. alpinum subsp. julicum) . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . P l a n t a g o l a n c e o l a t a ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... P l a n t a g o m e d i a ..... . .... 1 I . . . .... SS Potentilla recta . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Narcissus poeticus subsp. radiifl orus (=N. exsertus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II . . . Adenophora liliifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 V . . C e n t a u r e a s t e n o l e p i s ..... . ..... . . . . 2 I .. Vicia cracca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . SCH SCHEUCHZERIO-CARICETEA FUSCAE (Nordh. 1936) R. Tx. 1937 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 To fi eldia calyculata III . 31 I 279 IV . 2 I 1 I . . 4 III 3 II 2 II . . . . . . . G e n t i a n a u t r i c u l o s a . 1 I 1 I .. . ..... . . . .... Parnassia palustris . . 2 II . . 1 I . . 1 I . . . . . . 43 I . . Selaginella selaginoides . . 1 I . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Pinguicula alpina . . . . . . . . - I . 1 I . . . . . . . Dactylorhiza maculata . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . Carex fl a v a ..... . ..... 3 I I . . .... TH THLASPIETEA ROTUNDIFOLII Br.-Bl. et al. 1947 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Campanula cespitosa III 369 IV 1 I 57 II 69 V 3 II 6 IV 6 III 4 III 97 V 7 IV . 4 III 3+ III 2 II 3 II . . Gypsophila repens 19 I . . . . . . . 2 II . . . . . . . . . Aquilegia einseleana (=A. aquilegioides) 18 I . . . . 5 III 3 II 3 II 232 V 6 IV . . . . . . . . Achnatherum calamagrostis (=Stipa c.) 1 I . . . . 49 III 39 II . . 4 III . . . . . . . . Petasites paradoxus - I 34 II 1056 V . 83 I . 19 I . - I . 2 II . 3 +-1 ..... Rumex scutatus - I . 1 I . . . . . - I . 1 I . . . . . . . Valeriana montana - I . 112 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hieracium piloselloides . 1 I 59 III . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . Bupleurum ranunculoides . . . . . . 5 III . . . . . . . . . . . Hieracium bupleuroides . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Campanula cochlearifolia . . . . . . . . . . 5 III . . . . . . . Heliosperma quadridentatum . . . . . . . . . . 2 II . . . . . . . Hieracium glaucum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II 5 III . . AS ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934 corr. Oberd. 1977 s. lat. 123456789101112131415161718 Carex mucronata III 215 II . 1 I 345 III . . . . 97 V . . . . . 4 III . . . Potentilla caulescens 64 I . . . . . . . 5 III . . . . . 79 V . . . 222 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Valeriana saxatilis 18 I . 59 III . . . . . 6 IV 3 II 3 II . . . . . . . Primula auricula 1 I . . . . . . . 2 IV . 1 I . . . . . . . Rhamnus pumilus II 1 I . . . . . . . 1 II . . . . . 42 IV . . . Asplenium ruta-muraria III - I . 1 I . . . . . 4 III . 1 I . . . 2 II . . . Kernera saxatilis - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . Paederota lutea - I . 4 III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene hayekiana - I 1 I 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chondrilla chondrilloides . . 111 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hieracium porrifolium . . 57 II . . . . . 48 III . . . . . . . . . P a e d e r o t a b o n a r o t a ..... . .. 2 I I .. . . . .... Saxifraga burseriana . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Daphne alpina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 V . . . C a m p a n u l a j u s t i n i a n a ..... . ..... . . . 5 I I I ... Asplenium trichomanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . Carex brachystachys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . O OTHER SPECIES (Ostale vrste) 123456789101112131415161718 Seseli osseum III 19 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silene willdenowii 18 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia I - I - - - - . - - 3 II 3 II . - I . - - . . . . . . . IIa - - 3 II 1 I . 3 II - - 18 I . - I . 1 I . . . . . . . IIb - - - - 4 III . - - - - - - . 1 II . - - . . . . . . . Erysimum sylvestre III . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . I + P y r u s s p . I I .... 2 I . ..... . . . .... Knautia longifolia III . . . . . 5 III . . . . . . . . . . . . Asperula purpurea . . . . . . 2 II 198 III 1 I . . . . . . . . . Spiraea decumbens . . . . . . 2 I . . 102 III . . . . . . . . C a m p a n u l a s p i c a t a ..... . 1 I .... . . . .... Th ymus sp. . . . . . . . 57 II . . . . . . . . . III +-1 J u g l a n s r e g i a I I ..... . .. - I .. . . . .... Cruciata laevipes III . . . . . . . . . 4 III . . . . . . . . ML MOSSES AND LICHENS (Mahovi in lišaji) 123456789101112131415161718 Tortella inclinata IV 4 III 33 II 57 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scleropodium tourettii . . . . . 24 II 19 I . . . . . . . . . . . Pedinophyllum interruptum . . . . . 2 II . . . . . . . . . . . . M n i u m u n d u l a t u m ..... 1 I ..... . . . .... T o r t e l l a h u m i l i s ..... 1 I ..... . . . .... Fissidens cristatus . . . . . . . . 9 V . . . . . . 10 V . . Neckera crispa . . . . . . . . 51 IV . 3 II . . . 1 I 8 V . . Tortella tortuosa . . . . . . . . 30 IV . 5 III . . . 8 V 7 IV . . Orthothecium rufescens . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . 3 II . . Th uidium sp. . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . Abietinella abietina . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Conocephalum conicum . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . 223 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 Dicranum sp. . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Encalypta sp. . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . Cladonia pyxidata . . . . . . .... 1 I . . . .. I I + . S q u a m a r i n a s p . ..... . ..... . . . 1 0 V ... C a m p t o t h e c i u m s p . ..... . ..... . . . 4 1 I V ... C a l o p l a c a s p . ..... . ..... . . . 2 I I ... Lepraria crassissima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 IV . . T r e n t e p o h l i a a u r e a ..... . ..... . . . . 5 I I I .. Brachythecium velutinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 I . . Metzgeria sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I . . Plagiochila asplenioides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . Neckera sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV + . T o r t e l l a s p . ..... . ..... . . . .. I I I +-1 III +-1 EN ENDEMIC SPECIES (Endemiti) 123456789101112131415161718 MA Euphrasia cuspidata III 21 III 31 I 57 II 64 II . 2 II 2 I 29 II 1 II 4 III 2 II . . . . . . . Spiraea decumbens II . . . . . . 2 I . . 102 III . . . . . . . . AS Campanula justiniana III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III . . . FB Knautia fl eischmannii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I . I + FB Hladnikia pastinacifolia (=H. golaka) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II + TG Scabiosa hladnikiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I + JV A/V A SOUTHEASTERN-EUROPEAN AND SOUTHEASTERN-ALPINE SPECIES (Jugovzhodnoevropske in vzhodnoalpske vrste) 123456789101112131415161718 TH Campanula cespitosa III 369 IV 1 I 57 II 69 V 3 II 6 IV 6 III 4 III 97 V 7 IV . 4 III 3 + III 2 II 3 II . . FB Hieracium porrifolium 165 IV 1 I . 65 III . . 2 I . . 3 II . . . . . . . . EP1 Coronilla vaginalis 120 III . 1 I 126 III 2 I - I 1 I 1 I . . . 4 III 3 + III . . . . EM Laserpitium peucedanoides 38 II . 169 IV 293 II 69 V . 36 I 29 II . 53 III . . . . . 48 IV II + . EP2 Euphorbia trifl ora subsp. kerneri 36 I . . . . 447 V 352 V 125 I . 254 V 1 I . . . . . . . Seseli osseum 19 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F2 Aquilegia nigricans & A. vulgaris* 18 I* . 59 III* . 85 II* . . . . . 2 II . . . . 171 IV II + * III + * Silene willdenowii 18 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A3 Salix glabra IIa 1 I 31 I 224 IV . . 138 III 127 III 114 III 502 V 200 III 4 III . . . . . . . IIb 1 I 95 II 334 V . . - - - - - - 25 II - - - - . . . . . . . AS Paederota lutea III - I . 4 III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EM Rhodothamnus chamaecistus - I 1 I 1 I . . . . 95 IV 187 V 3 II 47 II . . . . . . . FB Th esium linophyllon - I . . 4 III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS Chondrilla chondrilloides . . 111 II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S Primula wulfeniana . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FP Peucedanum austriacum var. rablense . . . . 87 III 2 II 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . SC Polygala nicaeensis & Polygala n. subsp. mediterranea . . . . . . 5 III 4 III 8 V . . . . . . . . . EP2 Knautia ressmannii . . . . . . 4 II 1 I . 8 V . . . . . . . . F2 Lonicera alpigena II . . . . . . 1 I . . . 46 II . . . . 2 I . . HP Genista radiata III . . . . . . . 2 I . . . . . . . . III +-2 . A S P a e d e r o t a b o n a r o t a ..... . .. 2 I I .. . . . .... 224 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 AS Saxifraga burseriana . . . . . . . . - I . . . . . . . . . HP Genista januensis . . . . . . . . . 52 II 2 II . . . 4 III 46 III IV +-2 V +-2 EP2 Senecio abrotanifolius . . . . . . . . . . 3 II . . . . . . . MC Heliosperma quadridentatum . . . . . . . . . . 2 II . . . . . . . S Edraianthus graminifolius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 II 1 I . . F P D a p h n e b l a g a y a n a I I ..... . ..... . . . 1 I 2 I I + II +-3 EP2 Laserpitium gaudinii III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 IV . . Q2 Peucedanum austriacum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 III . II + S L a t h y r u s l a e v i g a t u s ..... . ..... . . . . 3 I I .. MA Centaurea stenolepis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I . . JI SOUTHEASTERN-EUROPEAN-ILLYRIAN SPECIES (Jugovzhodnoevropsko-ilirske vrste) 123456789101112131415161718 Pinus nigra I 4955 V 5500 V 2833 IV 1469 V 4750 V 3648 V 2732 V 3389 V 3648 V 5250 V . . 4 4-5 . 4286 V 5208 V V 2-4 . FP IIa 636 V 298 III 696 IV 783 V 83 I - - - - 212 IV 570 V - - . . 2 1-2 . 592 V 231 III V +-1 . IIb 56 II 94 II 309 IV 1 I 85 II - - - - - - 4 III - - . . - - . 4 II 521 III - - . F1 Cyclamen purpurascens III 129 IV 238 IV 59 IV 4 III 297 IV 8 IV 25 IV 278 V 231 V 8 V 143 V 129 IV 4 +-1 IV 41 V 296 V V + V +-1 HP Chamaecytisus purpureus 99 II 282 II 418 IV . 83 I . 484 V 1154 V 321 V 602 V 48 II 4 III 1 + II . . V +-2 V 1-2 HP Crepis slovenica 21 II 33 II 59 III 253 III 2 I 5 III 4 III 58 II . 5 III 208 III . . . . . III + III + F1 Helleborus niger subsp. niger 36 I 268 IV 117 V 5 III 460 IV . 72 I 86 III 25 II 102 III 617 V 221 III . . . 230 II IV +-1 V +-2 S Allium ochroleucum 18 I . . . . 5 III 3 II 1 I 50 IV . 2 II . . . 79 V 43 I . . FB Centaurea fritschii & C. scabiosa* 1 I 66 III . 3 II 2 I 3 II 2 II* . . . . . . . . . . II + F1 Rhamnus fallax II - I . 2 II . 2 I . . . - I . 1 I . . . . . . . AS Silene hayekiana III - I 1 I 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F1 Lilium carniolicum . 1 I 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F1 Anemone trifolia . . 59 III . 670 V 5 III 40 III 58 III 184 III 4 III 48 III 68 IV . II . . . III +-1 F1 Knautia drymeia subsp. drymeia . . 3 II . 3 II . . . . . 5 III . . . . 3 II III + III + Erysimum sylvestre . . . 1 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . I + F1 Dentaria enneaphyllos . . . . 2 I . . . . . . . . . . 293 II . . EP2 Homogyne sylvestris . . . . 2 I . . . . 5 III . . . . . 358 V . I 1 EP2 Frangula rupestris II . . . . . 23 I . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . VP3 Aposeris foetida III . . . . . . 1 I . . . 5 III . . . . 4 III . . F1 Euphorbia carniolica . . . . . . . . 1 I . . . . . . 1 I . II + F2 Galium laevigatum . . . . . . . . - I . 3 II . . . . . . II +-1 Q 2 C a m p a n u l a w i t a s e k i a n a ..... . .... 4 I I I . . . .... FB Sesleria juncifolia subsp. kalnikensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2750 V 3417 V . . NC Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II 314 IV . . F1 Melampyrum velebiticum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I 3 II . . HP Potentilla carniolica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I 2 I II + III +-1 FB Grafi a golaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 IV . . F1 Omphalodes verna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 III . . Q2 Acer obtusatum I ..... . ..... . . . . 1 I .. I I ..... . ..... . . . . 4 4 I I .. F1 Epimedium alpinum III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . . S Globularia nudicaulis . . . . . . . . . . 46 II . . . . 318 V . . F1 Hacquetia epipactis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III + II +-1 225 ZUPANČIČ & ŽAGAR: ASSOCIATION FRAXINO ORNI-PINETUM NIGRAE MARTIN-BOSSE 1967 IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPINE REGION FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010 LEGEND (Legenda) Analytical tables (Analitične tabele) 1 - Orneto-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 caricetosum humilis Martin-Bosse 1967 2 - Orneto-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 calamagrostidetosum variae Martin-Bosse 1967 3 - Orneto-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 calamagrostidetosum variae Martin-Bosse 1967 var. Petasites paradoxus Martin-Bosse 1967 4 - Orneto-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 caricetosum humilis Martin-Bosse 1967 var. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Martin-Bosse 1967 5 - Orneto-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 calamagrostidetosum variae Martin-Bosse 1967 var. Fagus sylvatica Martin-Bosse 1967 6 - Orno-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1961 subass. Carex humilis & subass. Molinia litoralis 7 - Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 pinetosum nigrae T. Wraber 1979 & pinetosum sylvestris T. Wraber 1979 8 - Pinetum austroalpinum Aichinger 1933 pinetosum nigrae T. Wraber 1979 & pinetosum sylvestris T. Wraber 1979 9 - Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 rhodothamnetosum Dakskobler 1998 var. Rhododendron hirsutum Dakskobler 1998 & var. Asperula purpurea Dakskobler 1998 10 - Pinus nigra - wälder Poldini 1967 11 - Fraxino orni-Pinetum nigrae Martin-Bosse 1967 laricetosum Zupančič & Žagar 2010 & caricetosum humilis Martin-Bosse 1967 12 - Pinetum sylvestris ericetosum Aichinger 1933 13 - Pinetum sylvestris pinetosum nigrae Aichinger 1933 14 - Pinetum austroalpinum (Aichinger 1933) Br.-Bl. & Sissingh 1939 15 - Daphno alpinae-Pinetum nigrae Accetto 2001 16 - Carici sempervirentis-Pinetum nigrae Accetto (1996) 1999 17 - Genisto januensis-Pinetum Tomažič 1940 pinetosum nigrae Tomažič 1940 (Pineto-Genistetum januensis Tomažič 1940) 18 - Genisto januensis-Pinetum Tomažič 1940 (Pineto-Genistetum januensis Tomažič 1940) Sinsistematical characteristic (Sinsistematska pripadnost) AP Abieti-Piceenion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939 CK Carici rupestris-Kobresietea bellardii Ohba 1974 EM Erico-Pinion mugo Leibundgut 1948 n. inv. RV Rhododendro-Vaccinienion Br.-Bl. 1926 & Vaccinio-Piceenion Oberd. 1957 SC Scorzonero-Chrysopogonetalia Horvatić 1973 s. lat. SS Sedo-Scleranthetea Br.-Bl. 1955 em. Th . Müller 1961 Bedrock (Geološka podlaga) apn - limestone (apnenec) dol - dolomite (dolomit)