©
Slavistična revija (http://www.srl.si) je ponujena pod licenco Creative Commons, priznanje avtorstva 4.0 international.
UDK 003:81
HuHa E. MeHKoecKaM Mhhck
HAAC03HATEnbHA^ KOMMyHHKAU,HM B COU,HyMAX H BHyTPHKHETO^H^IE «HH®OPMAU,HOHHME» nPOUpCCM: CEMHOTH^ECKHE META®OPM HHH HEO^EBHflHA^ PEAHbHOCTb?
PaccMOTpeHH gBa K^acca HenocpegcTBeHHO ne naönrogaeMHX ^po^eccoB, UHorga TpaKTyeMHX KaK HH$0pMa^H0HHHe: 1) Hagco3HaTentHaa MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha BHyTpu co^HyMOB u Mexgy co^HyMaMH, cocToa^aa b He0c03HaBaeM0H nepegane ycpegHeHHoro u o6o6^eHHoro cogepxaHH«, ^KCTpa^HpoBaHHo^o h3 MH0®:ecTBa oTgentHHX oco3HaBaeMHX KOMMyHHKaTHBHHX aKTOB; 2) MHKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha, npoTeKam^a« KaK XHMHHecKHe peaK-
^HH B XpOMOcOMaX K^eTOK OpraHH3MOB pacTeHHH U XHBOTHHX. nOKa3aHO, HTO BHpa®:eHHe
«nepegana reHeTHHecKoft HH$opMa^HH» npegcTaB^aeT co6oh MeTa^opy: peantHO b «Mexa-HH3Max HacnegcTBeHHocTH» He npegcTaB^eHH KOMnoHeHTH, o6a3aTentHHe gna ^eHOMeHOB KOMMyHHKa^HH.
KaMHeBwe caoBa: MHKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha, MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha, HH$opMa^Ha, ceMU-OTHKa, reHeTHKa, cucTeMHaa MeTa^opa «nepegana reHeTHHecKoft HH$opMa^HH»
The article deals with two types of processes that cannot be observed directly and that are occasionally considered informational: (1) supraconscious macro-communication within societies and between them, representing unconscious transmission of average and generalized content extracted from a host of individual communicative acts; (2) micro-communication taking place as chemical reactions in the chromosomes of plant and animal cells. The author demonstrates that the expression "transfer of genetic information" is a metaphor: in fact, the components required for communication phenomena were not observed in "hereditary mechanisms."
Keywords: micro-communication, macro-communication, information, semiotics, genetics, system metaphor "transfer of genetic information"
1 O MeTOHHMHHeCKOH BjaHMOCBflJH CBflJH CaOB UH^OpMa^UH, KOMMyHUKaUfUH, 3HaKU
KaK HepegKO ÖHBaex c oöosHaHCHHaMH ^yHgaMCHxanbHHx ^chomchob nenoBC-hcckofo ÖHTHa, nCKccMH UH^opMau,UH, KOM^yHUKau,UH, 3HaKU, aBnaact oö^cno-
HaXHHMH u bmcctc c tcm «KynbiypHHMH» cnoBBMH, ogHoBpCMCHHo BHcTynaMT KaK
oö^CHayHHHC HnH MC^gHC^H^nHHapHHC tcpmhhh, t.c. kbk oöosHancHHa c^c^H-antHHx noHaTHH. B cnny npHHagnc^HocTH paccMaTpHBacMHx tcpmhhob pasHHM gHC^H^nHHaM, b tom HUcnc ryMaHUTapHHM, b cUny nocToaHHoro npUcyTcTBUa ux oö^cynoTpcÖUTcntHHx omohhmob b cmh h noBccgHCBHon pcHu, oö^casHKoBaa u c^c^HanbHaa ccMaHTUKa gaHHwx ncKccM mupoKo BaptupycTca. OgHaKo b tckctbx KoHKpcTHoro aBTopa unu roBopa^cro ^paHH^H cooTBCTcTByw^ux noHaTUH (ux
«oöieMH» (anra. concept extension) b ^opMa^bHO-^orHHecKOM CMHC^e) Bno^He co-othochte^bhh h, ha3hbaa pashhe rpahh h^h acnekth o^horo ^ehomcha 6hthh, cbasahh Me^Ay co6oh mexohhmhheckh. B camom ^e^e, 1) hh^opmauna - 3to bcS to coaep^ahhe (kohtcht), kotopoe nepe^aetca no kana^am kommyhhkauhh; 2) kom-MyHHKauHH (KOMMyHHUHpoBaHHe) - 3T0 npouccc nepe^aHH H npneMa HH^opMauHH; 3) 3hakh (shakobhe chctcmh) - 3t0 a3hk h/h^h apyrne ccmhothkh (HanpHMep, ®e-ctoboe H mhmhheckoe conpobo^aehhe sbyna^eH penn; h^h	cuchh - b^ipa-
SHTe^bHHe cpe^CTBa xeaxpa^bHoro HCKyccxBa h t.^.), BHCxynarox KaK cpe^cxBa a^rä nepe^aHH H npncMa HH^opMauHH.
Hepe^KO paccMaxpHBaeMHe xcpmhhh h^h hx amcKXHBHHe ^epHBaxH noA ne-poM KOHKpexHHx aBxopoB ynoxpeö^HMxca cpa3y b ^syx SHaneHHax (h3 oxMeneHHHx xpex) H^H oöieAHHHMxca B c^o^HHe c^OBa. Ec^h nnmyx (h roBopax) uH^opMau,u-oHHo-KOMMyHUKamußHue npoueccH, SHannx, b ^aHKHH momchx aBxopa HHxepecy-ex npe^qe Bcero hh^opMauna (Koxopaa, caMO co6oh paayMeexca, xaK h^h HHane nepe^aexca). Ec^h roBopax uH^opMaUfUOHHo-cemuomunecKue npoueccH, SHannx, A^a aBxopa Ba^HO hmchho ceMuomuuecKoe CBoeoöpasne npouecca; b xaKOM kohxekcxe hcno^bsyexca conexahhe ceMuomuuecKue npou^eccu, a nph^araxe^bhoe uH^opMa^uoHHMÜ 35ecb npHcyxcxByex HMn^HUHXHO, noxoMy hxo ceMHOXH^ecKHH npouecc He MO^ex He ÖHXb HH^opMauHOHHHM. Ec^h nnmyx KOMMyHUKamueHo-ce-MuomuuecKue npou^eccu, xo na nepeAHHH n^an bhxo^hx acneKx BsaHMO^eHCXBHa napxHepoB b npouecce KOMMyHHunpoBaHHa, ho npn 3xom ue^bM h co^ep^aHHeM npouecca aB^aexca HH^opMauna, a cpe^cxBOM ee nepe^aHH c^y^ax snaKH h hx kom-ÖHHauHH. B ^MÖOM KOMMyHHKaxHBHOM aKxe Bcer^a Ha^HHecxByMx nasBannHe xpn acneKxa ^eHOMena KOMMyHHKauHH: HH^opMauna, ee ceMHOxH^ecKoe B^ipa^eHHe h npouecc nepe^aHH HH^opMauHH - KOMMyHHunpoBaHHe.
2 Pa3Hoo6pa3He bh^ob KOMMyHHKa^HH H ee «HeK^accH^ecKHe» ^opMw: reHeTH^ecKH Hac^egyeMwe CHCTeMw nepega^H ^H^opMa^^^ B MHpe ^HBOTHMX («6H0K0MMyHHKa^HH»); KOMMyHHKa^HH B CHCTeMaX «He^OBeK - MamHHa» h «MamHHa - MamHHa»; HenocpegcTBeHHO He Haß^rogaeMwe ^po^eccH nepegaHH ^H^opMa^^^
Cos^axe^b KHÖepHexHKH Hopöepx BnHep nocxy^npoBan yHHBepca^bHOCXb npHHUHnoB nepe^aHH HH^opMauHH h ynpaB^eHHa b xexHHKe, ^hboh npnpo^e h ne-flOBenecKOM oö^ecxBe (BnHep [1948/1961] 1983). O^naKO nocxeneHHO mnpoKoe, b Ayxe BHHepa, noHHMaHne ^eHOMena KOMMyHHKauHH, xapaKxepHoe A^a 1960-1970-x rr.1, ycxyna^o Mecxo HCC^e^OBaHHaM ox^e^bKHx po^OB h bh^ob KOMMyHHunpoBa-HHa. CocxaB cyöieKxoB KOMMyHHKauHH B xoH H^H HHOH Mepe cy^a^ca: coraacHO OAHOMy H3 pacnpocxpaHeHHHx noHHMaHHH, KOMMyHHKauHa HMeex Mecxo xo^bKO b He^OBenecKOM oö^ecxBe H Me^^y ^MAbMH, HO ne Me^^y aBxoMaxaMH H He Me^^y
1 Cp. 3hak0bme sarjiabha khhf h ahccepxauhh Toro spemehh: Gagne, R. M., Psychological principles in system development. New York 1962; Jones, J. C. The designing of man-machine systems. London 1967; 3y5oB, A.B. nepepa5oTKa ecTecTseHHoro asMKa b CHCxeMe "ne^oBCK - Mamnna". .HeHHHrpafl 1969; nnoTpoBCKHH, P.r. TeKCT, MamHHa, hc^obck. ^ennnrpaA 1975.
HC^OBCKOM H MamHHOh (nanp., Ea6aH^eB 2001, Coko^ob 2002, rnaTmK 2010). Ogna-KO 300nCHX0fl0rH H 3T0fl0rH He MOryT OÖOHTHCB 6e3 nOHSTHH «KOMMyHHKa^HH» npH-MeHHTe^bHO K noBegeHHm ^hbothhx. HHorga ohh MapKHpymT TepMHH npe^HKCO-HgoM 300- {300K0MMyHUKa^uR), Hcnogb3yMT nepH$pa3H {cu^Han, cooö^eHue, daem noHHmb H T.n.), ho ^aKTH^ecKH ^eHOMeH KOMMyHHKa^HH B ^HBOh npnpoge ocTaeTca Ba^HhM npegMeToM önogorHHecKHx HCcgegoBaHHh, h ot cooTBeTCTBym^en TepMH-HogorHH HeT npHHHH oTKa3HBaTbca.
HHorga npeg^araeTca pa3flHHaTb noH^Tna «KOMMyHHKa^Ha^> u «oö^eHne». TaKHx aBTopoB «oö^eHHe», B oT^HHHe ot «KOMMyHHKa^HH», öo^ee gna^orHHHo, ^hh-hoctho h ncuxo^oruHHo (fHAiraK 2010: 142-43). BnponeM, b pea^bHon (HeaKageMu-necKon) »:h3hh MHorue noHUMaroT «oö^eHue» KaK nycTonopo»:Hee h^h ga^e bh-MopoHHoe 3aHarHe. TaK, Mux. ^BaHe^KHH, BonpeKu apucToKpaTHHecKon ceHTeH^HH CeHT-3K3ronepH (oö^enue xax ečuncmeenuaH uacmoH^aH pocKomb...), Ha Bonpoc -
^to TaKoe oö^eHue?» oTBenaeT: 3to to, hto ocTaeTca ot gpy»:6H h ^MÖbu».
B o63opax pogoB u BugoB KOMMyHHKa^HH uHorga B^igegaMT ^po^eccH, KoMMy-HHKaTHBHaa npupoga HeoneBugHa u Hy^gaeTca b goKa3aTegbCTBax. Bot npuMepH TaKHx ^po^eccoB: 1) kotoPHx «BHyTpuguHHocTHaa (ayTOKOMMyHHKa^Ha, ugu hh-TpanepcoHagbHaa) KOMMyHHKa^Ha» (FHAiroK 2010: 134-36); 2) «Hagco3HaTe^b-HaH» KOMMyHHKa^Ha rpynn u cooö^ecTB, o KOTopoH BnepBue nucag b 1950-x rr. B^igaro^HHca aHTponogor Kgog HeBu-CTpoc; H3yHaa apxaunecKue co^HyMH, oh yBugeg, hto cocegHue ngeMeHa uH^opMupyMT gpyr gpyra o ceöe (T.e. KOMMyHH^H-pyMT) nyTeM oÖMeHa ^eH^uHaMu (Hepe3 öpanHwe ycTaHOBgeHua), MaTepuagbHH-MH ögaraMH, ycgyraMu; nocKogbKy nogoÖHaa KOMMyHHKa^Ha CKgagHBaeTca, cgoBHO MO3aHKa, H3 MHO^ecTBa noBegeHHecKHx u peneBHx aKTOB mhoFhx gregen, Bxoga^ux B öogbmue cooö^ecTBa, 3th ^po^eccH mo^ho Ha3BaTb «MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^HeH» (cM. me^kobcka» 2008: 12-13)^; 3) «MHKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha» BHyTpu opraHH3Ma: a) nepegana «reHHOH HH$opMa^HH»; 6) gBu^eHue HH$opMa^HH Me^gy HepBHOH cu-CTeMOH H ocTagbHHMH CHCTeMaMH opraHH3Ma, a TaK^e Me^gy pasHHMu oTgegaMu HepBHOH CHCTeMH (me^KOBCKAS 2009: 15-18).
^agee öygyT paccMOTpeHH gBa Kgacca HenocpegcTBeHHo He HaögwgaeMHx ^po^eccoB, HepegKO TpaKryeMHx KaK HH$0pMa^H0HHHe: 1) MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha (cBepx- H HagguHHaa K0MMyHHKa^Ha BHyTpu C0^HyM0B); 2) MHKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha (HeKOTopwe BHyTpHopraHH3MeHHHe ^po^eccH). Sagana aHagH3a BuguTca b tom, hto6h pemuTb, b KaKOh Mepe $eHOMeHh, nogBoguMwe nog 30HTHHHhe TepMUHH «MaKpo-» H «MHKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha», oögagaMT npH3HaKaMH, HeoöxoguMHMu u go-CTaTOHHHMH gga ux BKgwneHua b noge 3peHHa Teopuu K0MMyHHKa^HH.
3 MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^HH y BMcmnx ^hbothmx h ne^OBeKa
OguH H3 KpynHenmux u öeccnopHHx pe3ygbTaT0B gguTegbHoro MaxpoKOMMy-HHKa^H0HH0^0 npo^ecca COCTOUT b tom, hto Ha 3ape negoBenecKon ucTopuu, npu
^ Cp. HHoe Hcn0gb30BaHHe xepMUHa «MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha»: gga o5o3HaHeHHa B3aHMogeHCTBHa KygtTyp u rocygapcxB, npoucxoga^ero b TaKUx ^opMax, KaK «3aHMCTB0BaHHe gocTU^CHUH (MogepHH3a^Ha, BecTepHH3a^Ha)»; «guagor Kygtxyp», «Me^axHUHecKue KOH^guKT^i u K0H$p0HTa^HH»; «HH$0pMa^H0HHMe BOHH^i, KygtxypHMH HMnepHagH3M» (COKOJIOB [2002] 2010: 55-62).
nepexo^e ot nepboöhxho-oö^hhhoro yK^aAa ®h3hh k nneMCHHOMy, öh^ h3®ht npoMHCKyHTCT. KaK 3T0 npoHCxoAH^o? KaKaa HH^opMauna, b KaKOH SHaKOBOH o6o-flohke nepe^aba^acb, - hcbsbcctho, y axho^orob aqecb ecxt to^bko pa^ ch^bho pasHa^Hxca rnnoxes. Ho pesy^bxax Ha^Huo: sanpex HHuecxa - 3xo o^ho h3 raaB-HHx ox^HHHH HenoBenecKoro oö^ecxBa ox MHpa ^hboxhhx (BK^Mnaa öflH^anmHx k He^OBCKy npHMaxoB), h 3xo yHHBepca^HH: Ha scmhom mape Hex counyMa, r^e 6h Me^noKO^eHHecKHH HHuecx (ne pHxya^bHHH) ne öh^ sanpe^eH.
AHa^orHH xoMy, KaK ^opMHpoBa^HCb sanpexH y nepBOÖHXHHx ^M^en, MO^HO BH^eXb B MaKpOKOMMyHHKaUHH CXaAHHX ^HBOXHHX.
3.1 MexaHH3MH h ^HBH^H3yro^ee HasHaneHHe MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^HH bo
BHyTpHBHgoBOM noBegeHHH rpynnoBwx ^hbothmx
kak noka3a^ kohpaa hopehu, npohhkhobehhhh 3haxok ^hboxhhx h ^m^en, OCHOBHOH CeMHOXH^eCKHH MexaHH3M ^OpMHpOBaHHH 3anpeX0B COCXOan B XOM, Hxo HeKOxopwe ^BH^eHHa ^HBOXHHX, nepBOHana^bHO HMeBmne He 3HaK0B0e, a yxH^Hxapnoe h npn 3xom ne oneHb Ba^Hoe Ha3HaHeHHe (HHane ox 3xoh ^yHKUHH heflb3a öh^o 6h oxka3axbca), cxanobh^hcb 3hakamh, pery^npym^hmh nobe^ehhe (^0PEH^ [1973] 1998: 430). CeMHOXH^ecKH Harpy^eHHHe ^BH^eHHa pa3BHflHCb H3 ABH^eHHH, B KOxopHx nepBOHana^bHO npoaB^anocb HaMepeHHe, HO ne Hcno^HeHHe, HanpHMep, yrpo3a, ycxpameHHe conepHHKa, roxoBHOCXb ^paxbca, ho e^e ne cana axaKa (hxo öh^o 6h onacno ji^s rpynna, x.e. ji^s BH^a). Ohh AeMOHCxpnpyMx ocKan, HO He CMHKarox ne^MCXH na rop^e KOHKypenxa. tak, y mhofhx bh^ob b öpahhhh nepHOA caMUH-conepHHKH Bcxynarox b eAHHOÖopcxBO 3a oö^a^anHe caMKOH, o^naKO Be^exca oxKM^b He «na ®H3Hb H^H CMepxb», He «Bcepbe3», a KaK 6H «AO Hcnyra» conepHHKa, «^o nepBOH KpoBH», ^o yc^obhoh, "chopxhbhoh" noöe^h.
Hopenu Ha3Bafl xaKoe noBe^eHHe uepeMOHHa^bHHM H pHxyaflH3H30BaHHHM (KoneHHO, He B ^H^eHCXHHecKOM CMHC^e). OH noKa3afl, HXO pHxyaflH30BaHH0e HOBe^eHHe 3aHHMaex öo^bmoe BpeMH b ®h3hh rpynnH: ec^h nac nonaö^MAaxb 3a naBHanaMH, mHMnaH3e h Bon^ben cxaen, xo mo^ho BH^exb, mxo «öö^bmyM nacxb HX B^ipa3HXeflbHHX [ceMHOXH^eCKH Harpy^eHHHX. - H.M.] ^BH^eHHH, KOXOpHMH oÖMeHHBaroxca H^enH cooö^ecxBa, cocxaB^HMx yrpo3a h yMnpoxBopenne». no3xoMy «KaK pa3 y 3XHX BecbMa arpeccHBHHx BH^OB B ecxecxBennax yc^OBHax cxo^b pe^KO Haö^MAaexca npHMeneHHe rpyöoH ch^m» (^0PEH^ [1973] 1998: 431-32). 3fleMeHXH pHxyaflH30BaHH0r0 noBe^enHa, B CH^y CBoen n0fle3H0CXH MMS B^i^HBanna nonynauHH h BH^a b ue^OM, nocxeneHHO ycBaHBa^HCb ^H^oreHexH^ecKH, x.e. Hac^e^OBa^HCb noxoMKaMH.
KoHeHHO, ocxaexca öo^bmoH 3ara5K0H, KaK ^encxByex 3xox MexaHH3M npeAOXBpa^eHHH cepbe3HHx 6oeB BHyxpn BH^a? HopeHu xopomo oöiacnaex HHxaxe^HM CBOHx KHHr, Hxo pHxya^bhocxb 6oa oxBenaex HHxepecaM BH^a. Ho kxo b cxae H^H B cxaAe noHHMaex 3x0 Ha3HaHeHHe pnxya^a? Kxo npn^yMMBaex ycxpameHHa BMecxo 6hxbh h copeBHOBaHHH BMecxo 60a AO CMepxH conepHHKa? Bo^aK? CaMKH, KOxopHM ^a^KO CHHOBCH? KaK 3x0 npoHCxo^Hx? ^epe3 KOfl^eKXHBHoe nopHuanne noöeAHxena, yÖHBmero conepnHKa? H^n ö^aro^apa «apönxpa^y» B3pocfloro caMua,
KOTOpHH OGXaHOBHX HCpaBHHH 60H, HaKa^CT 3a HflCHOBpegHTeflbCTBO H T.n.? mh MO^CM Haö^MgaTb to^bko no3gHHe otfo^ockh 3thx e^e npegHe^OBenecKHx HopM, coxpaHHBmneca b MaxcHMax KogeKca hccth gBopoBhx gpax: «ne^anero hc öbmt», «hto6h hcctho, 6e3 nogHO®eK^>, «gBoe Ha ogHoro - HcnecTHaa gpaxa^) h T.n.
HoxaH XeH3HHra CBa3HBa^ nepra ^epeMOHHaflbHOCTH c ^chomchom nrpH, yTBcp^gaa, hto «nrpa crapme KyntrypH» (XEH3HHrA [1938] 1992: 9). «^hbothhc Hrparor tohho rax KaK nregn. Bce ochobhhc nepra nrpH y®e npncyrcTByMT B Hrpe ^hbothhx. ^ocraroHHO npoHaönMgarb xora 6h nrpy ^chst [...]. Ohh npHrnamaror gpyr gpyra noHrpart hckhm nogoÖHCM ^epeMOHHanbHHx no3 h ^cctob. Ohh coönMgaror npaBHno, mto Henb3a, HanpHMcp, naprHcpy no nrpe npoxycHBart yxo. Ohh npHTBopaMTca y^acHO 3nHMH. H hto ocoöchho Ba^no, ohh coBcpmcHHO OHCBHgHO HCHMTHBaror npn 3tom orpoMHoe ygoBontCTBue h pagocrt» (XEH3HHrA [1938] 1992: 10).
KaK 6h hh TpaKTOBarb nepTH pnryana (^epeMOHHanbHOCTH) b noBcgcHHH ^hbothhx - KaK npHBHBacMyM rpynne npo^nnaKTHKy arpeccHH nnn KaK nrpy, - OHCBHgHO, HTO pHTyanbHaa öoptöa - 3to ccmhothhcckhh ^chomch, t.c. 3HaK, HCcy^HH B ceöe HH$opMa^HM 3anpeTa nacroa^ero 6oa. TaxHM 06pa30M, pnryan ('^epeMOHHa, o6pag') BHcrynaer Kax «a3HK^> (ccMHOTHHCCKoe cpegcTBo) BHyrpHBHgoBoro KOMMyHHKarHBHoro noBcgcHHa KOMMyHHKa^HH ^hbothHx. 3gecb HanH^o Bce npH3HaKH KOMMyHHKa^HH. Bo-nepBHx, HMCMTca agpecanr h agpecar: noBcgcHHe agpecoBano naprnepy (nnn naprnepaM) h oho BOcnpHHHMaerca. Bo-BTopHx, B nepegane HH$opMa^HH Hcnonb3ymTca 3HaKH, b kohkpcthhx cnynaax geMOHCTpa^HH yrpo3H unu 6oa - hkohhhcckhc: hmcct mccto hc 6oh, a ero öecKpoBHaa HMHTa^HH. b-rpcTbHx, 3HaK0B0e noBegcHHC hccct b ce6e HH$opMa^HM, npHHCM gBoaKyw: gna conepnHKa - npHMcpno raxyM: ne naMcpen reöa yÖHBarb, MM copcBHycMca', a gna rpynnH h Buga - 6onee mnpoKyw HH$opMa^HM, Koropaa nocTcncHHO ycBauBaeTca KaK nopMa ®h3hh: «Henb3a yÖHBarb unu KancHHTb copogHHa^).
y ^hbothhx pHTyan^i, yxpennaa u oöeperaa Bug KaK ^enoe, ycHnHBaror CMHcnoBoe u KOMMyHUKaruBHoe eguncTBO rpynnH. y roMunugoB c pHTyanH3OBaHHHM noBegcHHCM CBa3ano nanano coÖctbchho HenoBenecKon ^BonM^HH.
3.2 HepTH MaKpoKOMMyHHKaannn b ne^OBenecKHx cooß^ecTBax
HasnaHcnuc MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^HH coctout b tom, hto6h B^ipaöarhBarb u yKopenarb b rpynne Ba^nne oö^ue CMHcnH, cnocoÖHHC ^HBHnH3OBaTb u oöiegunaTb HnenoB rpynnH, r.e. C03gaTb co^HanbHyM opranH3a^HM nncMenu. KaK u B crae ^ubothhx, MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^Ha y nregen ^opMupyerca na ochobc naönwgacMoro B3aHMogehCTBHH kohkpcthhx unguBugoB (ocoöen), b xoge KOToporo nepegacTca hckotophh kohkpcthhh CMhcn (runa ne coöuparocb TCÖa yöuBarb, mh TonbKO copcBnycMca'). nogoönne kohkpcthhc CMhcnn c^uMarorca, oöoö^arorca u cranoBarca naghnguBugyanbHon u HenocpegcTBenno ne HaönmgacMOh «MaKpoHH$opMa^Heh» (ecnu npogon^arb npuMcp, to cooTBCTCTByM^aa MaKpoHH$opMa^Ha npegcrana 6h KaK 3anpeT na yöuncTBO
COpOAHHen). MaKpOHH^OpMaUHH npHHaA^e^HT KOnneKTHBHOMy C03HaHHM cooö^ecTBa (x.e. cosHaHHM ero Bspoc^Hx h^chob); OHa npeACTaB^aex co6oh aöcxpaKTHyM cmhc^obym cxpyKTypy, ox^o^eHHyM b co3HaHHH mho^cctbom
KOHKpeXHHX KOMMyHHKaXHBHHX aKTOB B BH^C 0606^eHH0H H Hag^HHHOH HOpMH,
KOTopaa pery^Hpyex noBe^CHne h^chob rpynna h onpeAenaex hhtchuhh HCKOxopoH
naCTH HaÖ^MAaeMHX KOMMyHHKaXHBHHX aKTOB3.
KaKHM 06pa30M coBpeMCHHHH peöeHOK ycBaHBaex Ba^HeHmne hopmh ®h3hh, mh mo^em haöflmaaxb hcboopy^ehhhm raa30m. Bot maxt bhca^hbaex peöehka ha ropmoK, xBa^Hx, Kor^a y^aexca saAyMaHHoe, h xaK h^h HHane pyraex (BHKa3HBaex CBoe He^obo^bcxbo), Kor^a 3xh ^e^a npoHCxo^ax homhmo ropmKa. PeöeHKy He Bce paBHO, pyrarox ero h^h xBanax. Oh xonex öhxb MaMHHHM, ^möhmhm, cbohm. ^epe3 no^ro^a Maxt nanHHaex npnynaxb peöenKa no^bsOBaxtca xya^exoM, Bnana^e c noMO^bM Bspoc^oro, noxoM peöenoK ^e^aex 3xo caMOCxoaxe^bHO h HanHHaex noHHMaxb, Hxo 3X0 Ae^aexca 6e3 nocxopoHHHx raas. noaB^aexca cx^i^, npe^xena COBeCXH.
Box xaK HaHHHaexca OHxoreHes Ky^bxypH b noBe^eHnH h co3HaHHH coBpeMeHHoro peöeHKa - naHnnaexca c sanpexa Ha nyö^HHHoe yAOB^exBopenHe ecxecxBeHHHx, x.e. HHCXHHKXHBHHX noxpeÖHOCxeH H noöy^AeHHH. 3anpexH npeoö^aAarox, sanpexoB öo^bme, h ohh ch^bnee h onpeae^ehhee, nem npeanncahha: He 3a6upaü y ManbHUKa mhhuk! He depucb! He monnu ^eemo^Ku! He ^adnunaü, nodejiucb c öpamuKOM. He epednunaü, ne oöu^aü MaJeHbKo^o! He nepeöueaü cmapmux! h x.^. B Me^^HHHOCXHOM oö^eHHH MH^^HOHH ^exeH c^^imax noAOÖHHe HMnepaxHBH ox CBOHx MaM, HHHb, öaöymeK. noc^ymaHHe noo^paexca, Henoc^ymHHx nopnuarox h HaKa3HBarox: H^ex BHe^peHHe B cosHaHHe Me^KHx nopuHH CMHC^a, CHMMHHyxHHx h chxyaxhbhhx. 3xh pehh pa3po3hehh b npocxpahcxbe h bpemehh, ho, MHoroKpaxno noBxopaacb, b Macmxaöe counyma ohh oöieahhhmxca b makpokommyhhkauhm, Koxopaa oxK^a^HBaexca b cosnaHHH noApacxaro^Hx noKO^eHHH KaK oö^aa, HaA^HHHaa H BHeBpeMennaa (Bcer^a snaHHMaa) HH^opMauna, saAaro^aa öasoBHe HopMH co3HaHHa H noBe^eHHa.
Hopenu noA^epKHBan KO^^eKXHBHCxcKHH reHesHC couHa^HSHpyM^eH HH^opMauHH, npH^eM H y npHMaxoB H y ne^OBeKa. noKasHBaa, KaK B pHxya^HSOBaHHOM noBeAeHHH ^hboxhhx B^ipaöaxHBaexca oö^esHanHMaa ^na cxan HH^opMauna, HopeHu npHBOAHfl c^OBa Poöepxa HepKca, o^Horo h3 saHHHaxe^eH sooncHxo^orHH, o xoM, Hxo ogHH mHMnaHse - 3xo Booö^e He mHMnanse. Hnane roBopa, pe^eBanxHHe nepxH BHcmHx ^hboxhhx npoaB^aMxca HMeHHO b hx BsaHMOAencxBHH, x.e. b KOMMyHHKaUHH H B C^OpMHpOBaHHHX KOMMyHHKaUHeH nOBe^eHHeCKHX HOpMaX. Ho Aa^ee .HopeHu nnmex o CBepx^HHHOM co3HaHHH HMeHHO He^OBenecxBa: «Ha ropaa^o öo^ee BHCOKOM ypoBHe nosHaHHa cnpaBe^^HBO nocxH^eHHe ApHO^b^a Te^eHa, HXO ogHH He^OBeK - 3x0 Booö^e He ne^OBeK, noxoMy hxo He^OBenecKaa ^yxoBHOCXb -CBepx^HHHoe aB^eHHe» (^0PEH^ [1973] 1998: 426).
3 MaKpoKOMMyHHKauHa, ee cmmc^m, hx ^opmhposahhe h uhpkyjiauha he ha5jiroaaemm npHMepno TaK KaK ^ro^h b cbocm 5ojibmhhctbe he saMenarox aenctbha 3K0H0MHHecKHX saKOHOB, xoxa 3th saKO-hm pea^hsyrotca b hx ®h3hh (b ahhamhkc cnpoca h hpea^o^ehha, uen h sapn^ax, na^orob h hhbccth-uhh, Kypca ba^rox, ynexhmx cxaBOK h xa.). MaKpoKOMMyHHKauHa npeacxaBJiaex co5oh hckoxopmh 5o^ee o5^HH h a5cXpaKXHMH ypOBCHt COUHaatHOXO HH^OpMaUHOHHOXO BSaHMOACHCXBHa.
«CBcpx^HHHaa» H «HagcosHaxe^bHaa» MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^HH Me^gy pasHWMH c0^HyMaMH(Me^gypa3HHMHHap0gaMHHCTpaHaMH)0TflHHaeTca0TB^0flHe0C03HaHH0H H ga^e ngaHHpyeMOH h HaönMgaeMOH rpynnoBOÖ Me^KygtiypHOH KOMMyHHKa^HeH, KOTopaa HMeeT MecTO b geaTegtHOCTH no op^aHH3a^HH TpaHCHa^HOHagbH^Ix npegnpHHTHH, coBMecTH^ix HCcgegoBaTegtCKHx, xygo^ecTBeHH^ix, MaccMegHHH^ix npoeKTOB, a TaK^e b MeHeg^MeHTe no ocy^ecTBgeHUM cooTBeTCTByM^nx nganoB u npoeKTOB. «Coö^rrna» MaKp0K0MMyHHKa^HH He ngannpyMTca u He goKyMeHTnpywTca, ho ohh caMu coöon (ecTecTBeHH^iM o6pa3oM) Bo3HHKaroT b Me^gnnHocTHoM oö^eHnn gMgen pa3H^ix KygtTyp, HanpuMep, Ha coBMecTHoM npegnpnaTun, Korga paöoTHUK y3HaeT He TogtKo HoBoe gga ce6a cgoBo, ho b nepByw onepegt - HoByM «Be^t», a BMecTe c Be^bM Ha npaKTUKe y3HaeT KoMngeKC ngen, npegcTasgeHun, noBegeHnecKux HopM, CBa3aHH^ix c ncnogb3oBaHneM Be^n. nogoÖHwe npo^eccH MoryT 6^rrb gageKo He npaMHMu. HanpuMep, negoBeK npnBe3 n3-3a ^paHn^H c^iHy nrpymKy, MDTopaa Heo^ngaHHo nogcKasaga uH^eHepy, npnmegmeMy KaK pas b rocTu, pemeHue TexHunecKon 3agaHu, Hag kotopoh oh 6ugca ^eg^ih geHb_
4	^Ba K^acca BHyTpHopraHHSMeHHwx ^po^eccoB, noxo^Hx [?] Ha
nepegany ^H^opMa^^^
Bo-nepBHx, 3to nepegana ageKTpoxuMunecKHx uMnygtcoB BHyTpu opraHu3Ma no npoBogHHM ceTaM ero HepBHon cucTeMH. nepegana HepBHwx uMnygtcoB uMeeT MecTo B opraHu3Max TogtKo nacTu ^ubothhx (HanuHaa c gaH^eTHUKa u paö, T.e. c xopgoBHx). H3MeHeHua uMnygtcoB BH3HBaroTca pa3gpa®eHueM HenpoHoB (HepBHwx KgeToK) nog Bo3geHCTBueM BHemHen u BHyTpeHHen cpegH u coctoht b u3MeHeHuu 3geKTpoxuMuHecKoro noTeH^uaga HenpoHoB. HMnygtCH ugyT ot pe^enTopoB b ^eHTpagbHym HepBHym cucTeMy u ot Hee k ucnogHuTegbHHM opraHaM (MHm^aM, ®ege3aM). Egarogapa nepegane u npueMy HepBHwx uMnygtcoB ocy^ecTBgaeTca B3anMogeHCTBue Me^gy ^eHTpagbHOH, nepu^epunHon u BereTaTuBHon HepBHHMu cucTeMaMu opraHu3Ma, a TaK^e Me^gy pa3HHMu oTgegaMu rogoBHoro Mo3ra.
Bo-btophx, npo^ecc nepeganu uH$opMa^uu BugaT b oöpaaoBaHuu hobhx KgeToK, npoTeKaro^ee b $opMe xnMunecKux peaK^uH b xpoMocoMax, reHax, HyKgeuHoBHx KncgoTax - PHK u flHK (Haxoga^uxca b cocTaBe agep KgeToK b opraHu3Max Bcex pacTeHun u ^ubothhx). npu uH$0pMa^u0HH0h TpaKroBKe npo^eccoB oöpaaoBaHua hoboh KgeTKu nepenucgeHHwe opranougH (xpomocomh, reHh, HyKgeuHoBwe KncgoTH) paccMaTpuBamTca b KanecTBe nocuTegen reneTunecKon uH$opMa^uu, a xnMunecKue peaK^uu, npoucxoga^ue b agpe KgeTKn, BKgwnaa cuHTe3 öegKa, - KaK npo^eccH nepeganu, npueMa u peagu3a^uu uH$opMa^uu).
^agee nocMoTpuM, b khkoh Mepe BnyTpuKgeTonnHe npo^eccH ygaeTca npegcTasuTb KaK aBgenua K0MMyHUKa^uu.
5	HH^opMa^^OHHafl MeTa^opa oßpajOBaHHH hoboh K^eTKu
KaK u3BecTHo u3 öuogoruu, KgeTKu o6pa3yMTca gByMa cnocoöaMu: 1) b pe3ygbTaTe gegenua ognon poguTegtCKon KgeTKu na gBe (ugu 6ogbme) gonepnux
K^ctok; 2) B pesy^bxaxe C^hshhs ^syx no^OBHx K^CXOK (^CHCKOH H MJ^CKOH) b hoboh k^exke, h3 koxopoh nyxcm ae^ehhh pasbhbaexca hobhh oprahhsm. Hac^eACXBeHHOcxb (x.e. pa3Hoo6pa3HHe cxo^cxBa Me^^y poAHxe^bCKHMH h aonephhm 0prahh3m0m) ochobana ha xom, hxo npn ae^ehhh ka^^oh k^cxkh npoHCxoAHx ee «caMoy^BoeHne»: K^exKa Konnpyex h Maxepna^bHO noBxopaex cbom cxpyKxypy (a^po co cbohm HaöopoM xpoMOCOM, a^epHyM oöo^OHKy, uHxonnasMy, cxeHKH K^exKH H ^p.). B pesy^bxaxe K^exKa caMOBOcnpoHSBOAHxca.
reHexHKH nocxy^HpyMx Ha^HHHe $a3H KonnpoBaHHa xKMH^ecKoro cocxaBa xpomocomhoro maxepna^a h $a3h nepe^ahh h npncma noflynehhoh kohhh
b a^po hoboh K^eXKH. 3xH HOCXy^aXH h cos^arox hh^opmaunohhhh aCHCKX
Hac^eacxbehhocxh. no3xoMy renexHKa, KaK hh o^na Apyraa h3 ecxecxBCHHHx nayK, mnpoko saHMCXByex xepMHHH h3 xeopHH KOMMynHKauHH, ccmhoxhrh, jihhfbhcxhkh, nphhcm hcno^bsyex hx b kanecxbe k^mhcbhx. Cp. hecko^bko nphmepob (hcxohhhkh: TapaHxyn 2003, 3aau H ^p. 2012, nyxa^bCKHH 2014; xepMHHO^orHHecKHe saHMCXBOBaHHa ^aHH KypcHBOM): reH Hecex b ce6e Hac^eACXBeHHyM uH^opMa^um H onpeAe^eHHHM oöpasoM ee Kodupyem, ''3anucMeaem"; ffHK - ^mo öejiKoeuü Kod; uH^opMocoMu (HacTH^H K^eTOHHoro Hgpa, KOTopwe npH ÖHOCHHTese ße^Ka (TpaHC^H^HH) nepeHOCHT ^H^opMa^^OHHyro PHK h3 agpa b ^HT0^^a3My); reH cogep^HT b ceße KogoH4 (xpnn^ex, noc^e^OBaxe^bHOCXb xpex HyK^eoxHAOB); b npouecce Ae^eHHa K^exoHHoro a^pa, b $a3e penJUKa^uu (yABoeHHH MO^eKyn HyK^eHHOBHx khc^ox) AaHHaa noc^e^OBaxe^bhocxb xpex HyK^eoxH^OB KonupyemcH, b pesy^bxaxe b K^exKe oöpasyexca ''MampuHnan", h^h ''uH^OpMa^UOHHaR" MO^eKy^a pHÖOHyK^eHHOBOH khc^OXH, KOXOpaa 3axeM npeoöpasyexca (^'nepeeodumcn", '"nepenucueaemcn", h^h ''mpaHCKpuöupemcn") h ''mpaHCJupyemcM" b MO^eKy^y öe^Ka; no^HHH Haöop reHOB ^aHHoro oprannsMa, noflyneHHHH b cocxaBe peKOMÖHHaHXHHx flhk, oöpasyex ''6u6juomeKy ^eHoe" (h^h ''6aHK ^eHoe'') h x.n. CoraacHO ceMHOXHHecKHM xepMHHaM reHexHKOB, reHexH^ecKHH koa (HOAOÖHO asHKy H HeKOxopHM ^pyrHM ceMHOXHKaM) HMeex ypoeHeeym cmpyKmypy. Ero noBxopaM^neca npocxenrnne eAHHHUH (nex^ipe
aSOXHCXHX OCHOBaHHH HyK^eHHOBHX KHC^Ox) HaSHBaMXCa ÖyKeaMU, Becb HX
Haöop - aj^aeumoM, KOMÖnnauHH «öyKB» - cjoeaMu, a noc^e^OBaxe^bHOCXH «^eHemuHecKux cjoe» - meKcmaMu, cooö^eHUHMu, npo^paMMaMu, ^eHemuHecK0ü uH^opMa^ueü. renexHRH roBopax He xo^bKO o «Kode», «pacmu^poeKax», «cHumueaHuu» h «nepeeode» (renexH^ecKoro xeKCxa b öe^KOBHH xeKCx), ^eHo-h ^eHoKonupoeaHuu, ho xak^e o ^eHemuHecKoü ^paMMamuKe; o nepe3anucu ^eHemuHecKo^o meKcm», o nepeKpueaHuu ^eHHUx meKcmoe, o xex ocoöenHOCxax reHHoro «CHHxaKcnca», ö^aro^apa KOxopHM B^ipa^aroxca ue^ocxnae «CM^exH», H ^a^e o 3HaKax npenHHanHa (reHexH^ecKOH nyHKxyauHH); o6 onenaxKax b ^.HKobom xeKCxe; o no^onHXHHx oöesbaHax CKasaHO, hxo y hhx reHOMOM cxan oxpeAaKXHpoBaHHHM; HeKoxopwe HyK^eoxH^HHe saMeHH HasBaHH Monna^HMH (CHHOHHMHHeCKHMH) H x.n.
4 Ot ^paHu. code - 'mn^p, knron mn^pa, yc^obhoe coKpa^eHHe', bocxoaht k ^ax. codex - 'KHHra'.
roBopa B xepMHHax ^^opg^a HaKO^^a, nepeg naMH «CHCxcMHaa HH$opMa^H-OHHaa Mexa^opa^)5. OHa ocHOBaHa Ha nocxy^axe reHexHKOB o MaxpHHHOH npn-poge HacgegcxBeHHOCXH - nocxygaxe, HacxogtKO cosBynHOM c axHMogorneH xepMH-Ha Mampu^a^, mxo ngea Ka^exca nogcKasaHHon c^obom. CorgacHo npegcxasgeHHaM reHexHKoB, b MaxpHHHHx, HgH HH$opMa^HOHHHx ^po^eccax Ha ocHoBe nepBHHHon cxpyKxypH ogHoro önonogHMepa (Koxopaa cgy^Hx Mampu^eü), cHHxesnpyexca cxpyKxypa gpyroro önonogHMepa (HasHBaeMoro Konueü), npn 3xom cxpyKxypa Ma-xpH^H onpegegaex cxpyKxypy kohkh. K MaxpHHHHM MexaHHSMaM HacgegcxBeHHo-cxH oxHocaxca: 1) önocHHxes flHK (pe^gHKa^HH); 2) önocHHxes PHK (xpaHcKpnn-^HH); 3) ÖHocHHxes öegKa (xpaHcga^Ha).
6 MeTa^opa pasge^Hro^eöcH Kan^H
OgHaKo HH$opMa^HOHHaa Mexa^opa oöpasoBaHHH hoboh KgexKH He cooxBex-cxByex npnpoge ^po^ecca: oh BKgwnaex xHMHHecKHe peaK^HH h ^HSHogornnecKHe ^po^eccH, ho BHgexb b oöpasoBaHHH hoboh KgexKH ^po^eccH KonnpoBaHHH h nepe-gaHH HeKoxopoh HH$opMa^HH Hex ocHoBaHHh (cm. paageg 7).
Cyxb ^po^ecca oöpasoBaHHH hoboh KgexKH mo^ho oöiacHHXb npo^e - Ha ocHoBe aHagorHH c gegeHueM Kangn. ^po^ecc gegeHHH KgexKH HanoMHHaex pasgegeHHe KangH, Korga BHyxpeHHee gaBgeHue pacxy^en Maccw ^ugKocxu npeogogeBaex cugy noBepxHocxHoro Haxa^eHua b oöogonKe Kangu, u Kanga pasgegaexca no cepeguHe. B pesygtxaxe us ogHon Kangu nogynaexca gBe Kangu xon ®e ^ugKocxu - xoro ®e xuMunecKoro cocxaBa u c xeMu ®e $H3Hogo^HHecKHMH cBoncxBaMu. PasyMeexca, aHagorua HenogHaa. Ecgu b pa3gegeHHH Kangu ugyx $H3HHecKHe npo^eccH, xo B KgexKe - MHorocxyneHnaxHe xuMunecKue peaK^HH, Korga ogHa $a3a 3anycKaex cgegym^ym, co cboumu curHagaMu «cxapx» u «cxon», co mhofumu aKxaHxaMu, BKgMHaa hxo-xo Bpoge $epMeHxoB ugu KaxagH3axopoB. Pocx Maccw KgexKu, npuBo-ga^un k gegeHuM, BH3BaH nocxyngeHueM H3BHe nuxaxegtHMx Be^ecxB. Ox 3xoro KgexoHHoe agpo c xpoMocoMaMu u Bca KgexKa Haöyxarox u b Ka^goM cBoeM opraHo-uge gegaxca HagBoe, npu 3xom ^eHexHHecKHH Maxepuag pacnpegegaexca Me^gy go-HepHuMu KgexKHMu xo^gecxBeHHHM o6pa3oM, hxo oöecneHuBaex npeeMcxBeHHocxt xpoMocoM B pagy KgexoHHHx noKogeHun.
B pe3ygbxaxe npoucxogux B0cnp0H3B0gcxB0 KgexoK, x.e. noBxopeHue b gonepHen KgexKe, xoro, hxo ÖHgo b MaxepuHcKon KgexKe, - KaK xuMunecKoro Maxepuaga, xaK u ero cxpyKxypHon op^aHH3a^HH.
5 BnpoHCM, KaK noKasag goKTop 5Hogo^HHecKHx HayK A.E. CegoB (CegoB 2001), b cgoBape reHeTuKu HeMago cepuHHMx (cucTeMHux) TepMuHogoruHecKux 3aHMCTB0BaHHH TaK^e H3 $H3HKH, ^eo^pa$HH, 5mtoboh penu. Oeugue 3aHMCTB0BaHHH cBa3aH0, no-BuguMoMy, co cTpcMuTegtHocTtro pa3BHTHa rcHaTuKu, Korga noucKu oetacHCHuH HaMHoro onepe^agu MeToguHecKue HCcgegoBaHHa. ' Ot gaT. matrix - 'MaTKa, caMKa-^poH3BogHTegbHH^a; npaMaTept; nepBonpunuHa'.
7 OTcyTCTBHe b ^po^eccax oßpajOBaHUfl hoboh K^eTKH
HH$OpMa^HOHHHX, CeMHOTHHeCKHX H KOMMyH^Ka^^OHHMX npUJHaKOB
7.1	noHeMy ge^eHHe K^eTKH He HB^aeTCH HH$opMa^HOHHHM ^po^eccoM?
Ka^^aa napa xpomocom h kb^ahh reh oö^a^arox onpeae^ehhhm xhmhhcckhm cocxaBOM H cxpyKxypoH; xKMH^ecKHe Be^ecxBa Bcxynarox b xHMHHecKHe peaKUHH, b pesy^bxaxe koxophx chhxesnpymxca hobhc be^ecxba (b nacxhocxh, öc^kh). xh-MH^ecKHe CBOHCXBa KOHKpexHoro öe^ka saBHcax ox HHrpeAHCHxoB, hxo b cbom one-pe^b onpeAenaex ÖHO^orHHecKHe CBOHCXBa ^aHHOH K^exKH (cocxaB h oöicm nnxa-xe^bHHx Be^ecxB, CKopocxt ^eneHna, no^ax^HBOCxt Heö^aronpHaxHHM yc^OBHaM H x.n.). nepe^ naMH uenoHKa saBHCHMOCxen (KaK h b ^möoh xemh^cckoh peaKUHH, KaK h b ^möom npnpoahom npouecce), ho hex nepe^anh ^H^opMa^^^. B 3xhx xhmh-necKHx npoueccax ^encxByex ne HH$opMa^HH o xkmbhcckom cocxaBe h cxpyKxype KaKHx-xo Be^ecxB, a caMH 3xh Be^ecxBa b cbocm xkmbhcckom cocxaBe h co cboch cxpyKxypoH; ne HH$opMa^HH o hcm-xo sanycKaex onpeAe^eHHHe peaKUHH h npe-06pa30BaHHH, a caMH Be^ecxBa Bcxynarox b peaKUHH h npeoöpaaywxca no saKonaM CBoen xHMHHecKOH npnpoAH. Box noncMy b npoueccax oGpasoBanna hoboh k^cxkh Hex HH^OpMaUHOHHHX HpOUCCCOB.
7.2	no^eMy b ge^eHHH K^eTKH He^tSH BHgeTt ceMHoTH^ecKHÖ ^po^ecc?
B K^exKe Hex snaKOB H^H CHrna^OB. SnaK - 3xo xaxaa ABycxopoHHaa (oö^a^aro-^aa H ^opMOH H SHaneHHeM) cy^nocxt, Kor^a c HOMO^BM KOMnaKXHOH «Ma^OH» $opMH nepe^aexca SHaHHxe^bHO öö^tmee co^ep^aHHe; b 3HaKe Ma^oe Bcer^a 3a-Me^aex h^h penpeseHxnpyex öo^tmee. Kor^a b pesy^bxaxe c^hshhs ^Byx no^OBHH-HaxHx poAHxe^bCKHx K^exoK B03HHKaex nepBaa K^exKa hobofo oprannsMa h noxoM H3 Hee nyxcM ^eneHna k^cxok b^ipacxaex hobhh opraHHSM, - xo 3xo pesy^bxax mo-flCKynapHHx H K^exoHHHx xHMHHecKHx npoucccoB, H^y^Hx C öo^tmoH saxpaxoH bhemhch 3HeprHH, nocxynaro^en b oprannsM c nnxaHHeM, ho b 3xom npouecce nex cemhoxh^ecKoro acncKxa. Mh He CKa^CM, hxo hckoxophh 3m6phoh (na cxaAHH, Kor^a 3X0 OAHa K^exKa, h^h y^e 2, h^h 4, 16, 32 ...), mxo 3xo - 3HaK öy^y^ero op-raHH3Ma. He CKa^CM, noxoMy hxo 3xo ne 3HaK, a sapogwm, a noxoM oh b^ipacxex. KaK H HOBopo^^eHHHH, 3x0 HC 3HaK öy^y^cro He^OBCKa, a caM He^OBCK, XO^BKO noKa Ma^eHbKHH. tobopa b xepMHnax ccmhoxheh, nepe^ naMH «Hy^CBaa cxyneHb» 3HaK0B0CXH, kor^a «03HaHaeM0e» npcACxaB^eho He hcm-xo, mxo na nero yKa3HBaex h^h ero 3aMe^aex (x.e. hc 03HaHaro^HM), a caMHM coßoö.
7.3	no^eMy b sanaTHH TpygHo BHgeTt KOMMyH^Ka^^OHHM^ ^po^ecc?
Ec^h cpaBHHXb xo, Hxo Ha3HBarox «nepe^ancH reHexH^ecKOH HH^opMauHH», c H3BecxH0H cxcmoh KOMMyHHKaxHBHoro aKxa, Koxopaa bocxoahx k H^eaM K^o^a fflcHHOHa H PoMana ^KOÖcoHa (AkoScoh [1960] 1975), xo nerKO BH^exb, hxo b 3a-haxhh he aocxaex hckoxophx ^yhaamehxa^bhhx komnonenxob: 1) hex camoh hh-
$OpMa^HH; 2) HCT 3HaK0B H^H GHrHa^OB; 3) HCaCHO, Koro (h^H HTO) MO^HO GHHTaXb «OTnpaBHTe^eM», a Koro h^h hto - «no^ynaTe^eM» HH$opMa^HH; 4) HcacHO, hto CHHTaTb HHTeH^Heh aKTa nepeganH «fchhoh HH$opMa^HH» (t.c. no^OBoro aKTa), noTOMy hto HeMhC^HMo hchhc^htb Bce pa3Hoo6pa3He bo3mo®hhx gymeBHhx co-CToaHHH OT^a H MaTepH H (roBopa b TepMHHax ^,®oHa OcTHHa) hx	b
MoMeHT 3aHaTHH (k ToMy ®e ga^eKo He Bcerga ot^hhhmhh ot cohthh 6e3 on^ogoT-BopeHHa).
TaKHM o6pa3oM, hh Ha oahom 3Tane Toro, hto nog B^naHneM reHeTHKoB CTagn Ha3HBaTb «nepeganen reHeTHHecKon HH$opMa^HH», HeT MoMeHTa, kotophh mo^ho ÖHgo 6H onpegegHTb KaK HH$opMa^HOHHHH, ceMHoTHnecKHH h^H KoMMyHHKaTHB-HHH.
H.H. ^HHKHH e^e b 1962 r. (b paöoTe, HanenaTaHHOh b ^ypHage «Word» h ne-pe3 TpH roga - b MocKBe) nncag, hto «nepegana HacgegcTBeHHOh HH$opMa^HH He
MO^eT ÖHTb Ha3BaHa KOMMyHHKaTHBHOH CHCTeMOH», HOCKO^bKy OH He BHgeg OCHO-
BaHHh CHHTaTb napTHepaMH no KOMMyHHKa^HH pogHTegeh h hotomkob b cngy OTcyT-CTBHH Me^gy hhmh oöpaTHOH CBa3H (^HHKHH [1962/1965] 1998: 9). B caMOM gege, npH cgnaHHH pogHTegbCKHx KgeTOK HeKOMy oco3HaTb 3tot $aKr, b KOTopoM no3TO-My egBa gn mo^ho Bugerb ga^e pe^e^^Hm, He roBopa o corgacHH h^h HecorgacHH. npH 3TOM o6a pognrega cgaöo pe^geKrnpymr (h^h Booö^e He pe^geKrnpymr) Hag HacgegcTBeHHHM acneKTOM cnacrguBoro cocroaHHa gMÖBH h ee BepmHHH - po^ge-HHH peöeHKa.
Hanöogee rgyöoKHe CTHMygH, noöy^garo^ne negoBeKa crpeMHTbca «nepegarb» CBOH «reHh» öygy^eMy peöeHKy, onpegegeHH hhcthhktom. OgHaKO HHCTHHKTHBHoe BgeneHHe negoBeKa k gH^aM npoTHBonogo^Horo noga, nognuHeHHoe hhcthhkthb-HOMy crpeMgeHHM ocraBUTb ngn coxpaHHTb b ongogoTBopeHHon ah^eKgeTKe cbou reHh, HanpaBgeHHoe k $H3HogorHHecKOh peagH3a^HH 3thx crpeMgeHnn, B^ipa^a-erca b MHorocryneHnaroM u KygbrypHO onocpegoBanHOM noBegeHnn gregen, b koto-poM nHCTUHKTUBHHe gBu^eHua nepengerarorca c pa3HOo6pa3HHMn KygbrypHHMu 3anpeTaMn n npegnncaHuaMu. B negoBenecKOM oö^ecTBe, n ocoöeHHO c BO3HnKHO-BeHueM rocygapcTB n nncbMeHHOcrn, co^noKygbTypHoe perygnpoBaHue ceKcyagb-HO-penpogyKruBHoro noBegeHna gregen (oö^rnan n HopMH noBegeHna, pegnrno3-HHe n MopagbHO-3TnHecKne npegnncaHna, 3aKOHH, 3KOHOMnHecKne cooöpa^eHna), Bce öogee ycngnBaacb, y^e goMnHnpywr Hag uhctuhktom.
HraK, caMO 3aHaTne (cgnaHne gByx nogoBHx KgeroK b HOByM KgerKy) - 3to npo^ecc HncTO npnpogHHH (xnMnKO-$n3nogornHecKnH); b HeM Her hu co^nagb-Horo, Hn nH$opMa^noHHO-ceMnoTnHecKoro acneKTOB. OgHaKO Me^gnHHOCTHHe OTHomeHna My^^nHH n ^eH^nHH, n ceKcyagbHHe n gwöoBHHe, - 3to, KOHenHO, OTHomeHna co^noKygbTypHHe n npn 3tom b KOMMyHnKarnBHO-ceMnornHecKOM nga-He MaKcnMagbHO HacH^eHHue. ^apgb3 ^apBnH, OTMenaa, hto n y ^ubothhx, khk y HegoBeKa, nnK KOMMyHnKarnBHon aKrnBHOCTn npnxognrca Ha öpaHHyM nopy, He npeMnHyg nognepKnyrb 3BogM^noHHoe egnHCTBO gByx MnpoB: «gMÖOBb cocraBga-er go cnx nop caMyM oÖHKHOBeHHyM reMy Hamnx coöcTBeHHHx neceH» (^apbhh [1871] 1953: 615).
8 hctokh HH^opMauHOHHon MeTa^opw K^eTOHHwx npoueccoB
bstoha ha rehcthheckoe cxoactbo me^^y npe^kamh h noxomkamh kok ha nepe^any HH^opMauHH HMeex npoHHHe oö^eHeflOBenecKHe H nosHaBaxe^bHHe KOPHH. MO^HO yKaaaxb xpn npe^nocH^KH xoro, hxo y rcHexHKOB nonynapHH HH^opMaanoHHMe aHa^orHH; h3 hhx nepsoe h xpexte oöiachchha nepcK^HKaroxca me^qy co6oh, nocko^bky b öo^ee oö^cm n^ane npe^cxabnamx co6oh pesy^bxaxh mexaashkoboh pe^^ekchh robopa^hx (b ^ahhom c^ynae rchexhkob).
8.1 B^HflHHe «HaHBHOH reHeTHKH» , sanenaT^eHHe b oßwgeHHOM cojHaHun
H OÖHHHOM C^OBOynOTpeß^eHHH
Hmah AO CHX nop He nepecxarox y^HB^axbca ny^y Hacne^OBaHHa poAHxe^bCKHx CBOHCXB HOBHM 0praHH3M0M. Oö^iHHOC CAOBoyHOxpeö^eHHe Hpnynaex BH^exb b cxoacxbe aexch c po^nxe^amh nepegany cbohcxb: ome^ nepedan cuny cuneey ana3, aöcojirnmHuü c^yx u cmpeMumejibuyrn noxodKy. ^xo hmchho, kak h b kakoh Mepe nepe^a^ocb, - ^o^bK^opnoe cosnaHne xaKHMH BonpocaMH, kohchho, na saAaBaflocb, ho ecxb hocaobhuh, b Koxopwx ^aMH^bHoe cxoacxbo HpeACxaB^eHO KaK pesy^bxax «nepe^aHH» po^nxenaMH hckoh Ma^oö xe^ecnoH nacxH ce6a, h3 KOxopoH b^ipacxex öo^bmoe h ue^bHoe «CBoe» no oxnomennM k «Ma^on xe^ecnon nacxH». Cp. pyccKne npnc^OBba: no ceMenu u niod; no ceMenu u nieMH; Moux HepeeypueoneK!; KaKoe ne 6ydb cun, a ece ceoux nepeeypueoneK). B KpecxbancKOM napoje ns^aBna, kohchho, nonnMa^ocb, hxo cxenenb ^HsnnecKoro cxo^cxBa ^exen CO cxapmHMH MO^ex ÖHXb onenb paanon (cp. noBepbe: CnacmiueaM donb - e om^a, a cuH - e Mamb). B oö^iachhom cosnannn xopomo hsbccxho, hxo cxoacxbo ÖHBaex H Hepe3 noKOflenna, n ne xo^bKO no npaMon ^hhhh: o^na AOHb «b Maxb», Apyraa - «b oxua», a 6pax - «no ACflymKe», a rjiasa - «KaK y MaMnnon cecxpa» n x.n. SnaHHx, no oö^iachhhm npeACxaBnennHM, hxo-xo h3 3xhx bosmo^hocxch öh^o sa^o^eHO B xoM cnepMaxoson^e, Koxopan c^n^ca c MaxepnHCKon k^cxkoh, n Bce 3xo npcBpaxn^ocb b npnsnaKn n CBoncxBa CHna, n Bce 3xo sa^o^eno b snroxe - nepBon K^exKe noBoro oprannsMa. npeACxaB^enna o neBn^HMon (n^n naoöiacnnMon) nepegane po^nxe^bCKoro nac^CACXBa nepes nenxo «Ma^oe» ecxecxBenno hoaboahx K npeACxaB^eHHHM o npe^^e c^e^anHon janncn n^n jaBe^aHun, Koxopwe HeOÖiaCHHMO, ho 3pHM0 npO^BH^HCb Hcpcs TO^a.
8.2 B^HflHHe nony^HpHHx b cepeguHe XX b. ugeö u TepMUHOB Teopuu
HH^OpMaUHH
B^aro^apa ycnexaM KHÖepnexHKH, ö^aro^apa n^eaM n KnnraM Hopöepxa Bnnepa, c cepe^nnH XX b. xeopna Hn^opMaunn ocosnaexca KaK ^ynAaMenxaflbHaa oö^enayHnaa Konuenuna. Ee ynnBepcannsM, ee xepMnnH (cooö^enue KaK 'BcaKHH Hocnxe^b Hn^opMaunn', exodnoü ai^aeum, Kod, npo^paMMa KaK 'aexepmhhnpym^nn xckcx', nepeKodupoeKa, nomaeoeoe ucnomenue KoMandu n x.n.) cxanoBaxca n npecxn^HH n nonynapnH. nonaxne «HH^opMaunn» cxa^o
oö^CHayHHHM, ^yHgaMCHxaflbHHM h, no öo^tmoMy CHCxy, He onpegenacMHM - KaK H no^o^eHO HCxogHHM noHHXHHM'. HanpoTHB, nepes noHaxne «HH$opMa^HH» cxa^H onpegenaxb (^yHgaMeHTa^bHHe KHTeropHH ecTecTBOSHaHHH (HanpHMep, «3HTponHM» B TepMogHHaMHKe). Bc^eg 3a BuHepoM b HH$opMa^HH BHge^H HeMaTepna^bHoe Hanaro ®h3hh, gonycKaro^ee caMoe pa3Hoo6pa3Hoe B^ipa^eHue (h^h, khk CTagn roBopHTb reHeTUKu, ^Kcnpeccum).
8.3 B^HflHue oßwgeHHHx npegcTaB^CHHÖ o6 ycTpoöcTBe ajMKa
^ uMeM B Bugy npocTwe u noHSTHHe Ka^goMy mKogbHUKy, hohth HargagHHe npegcTaBgeHua o6 ypoBHeBoM cTpoeHuu a3HKa - o tom, hto h3 «6yKB» cKgagHBawTca cgoBa u Hy^Hwe gga hhx «nacTu» (npucTaBKu, cy^^uKcw u oKoHHaHua), h3 cgoB cKgagHBawTca npeggo^eHua, h3 npeggo^eHUH - pa3roBopH h peHu, a TaK^e noBecTu u paccKasH. B cugy HargagHocTu u oö^enoHSTHocTu ypoBHeBoro (uepapxuHecKoro) ycTponcTBa ecTecTBeHHoro a3HKa, cooTBeTcTByw^ue 3geMeHTapHHe npegcTaBgeHua oKaaagucb 6gH3KHM u aBpucTunecKH ^eHHHM hctohhhkom aHagoruH Me^gy H3yHaeMHMH MexaHH3MaMH HacgegcTBeHHocTu h HeKoTopHMu guHrBucTHHecKHMH npegcTaBgeHuaMu (o B3aHMooTHomeHHax Me^gy KogoM u TeKcToM, Me^gy KogunecTBoM chmbo^ob b ag^aBUTe u gguHon cgoB; o geKcuHecKHx u rpaMMaTunecKux KoMnoHeHTax cgoBa; o Me^ypoBHeBHx KoppegH^Hax; o ^aKTopax npegcKaayeMocTu (noaBgeHua HeKoTopon 6yKBH ugu cgoBa), o cTeneHu h36htohhocth KogoB u 3amyMgeHHocTH HH$opMa^HH u gp.).
npegcTasgeHua o6 ycTpoöcTBe a3HKa H3gaBHa cgy^aT hctohhhkom pa3Hoo6pa3HHx h öoraTHx aHagoruh. noToMy hto caM hjmk (MeTaa3HKoBaa pe^geKcua, KoTopaa aBgaeTca KoMnoHeHToM BgageHua a3HKoM) yHUT noHUMaTb uepapxuM, pa3gHHaTb 3geMeHTapHoe, cgo^Hoe u oneHb cgo^Hoe; yHUT HyBcTBoBaTb 3HaHHMocTb, T.e. MecTo b cucTeMe. Hctophkh ^ugoco^uu gonycKawT, hto aHTUHHhh aToMH3M, 3apogHBmHhca 25 BeKoB Ha3ag, bo3hhk uMeHHo h3 aHagoruh Me^gy ycTponcTBoM a3HKa u ycTponcTBoM Mupa: KaK 6yKBH (3ByKH) - cyTb caMwe Maggie «KupnuHUKH», h3 KoTopHx cgo^eHo öecKoHeHHoe KoguHecTBo cgoB u penen, TaK u aToMH - 3to caMHe h HegeguMHe 3geMeHTH, h3 kotoPHx cKgag^iBawTca öecKoHeHHo
necTpHH Mup...
Bot TaK ®e, no aHagoruu, u reHeTUKH cTpeMugucb npegcTaBUTb, KaK b xpoMocoMax KgeToHHoro agpa h3 HyKgeoTugoB (cgoBHo h3 «6yKB» HacgegcTBeHHoro «ag^aBUTa») o6pa3yMTca Tpex^geHHwe egHHH^H reHeTunecKoro Koga {Kodonu, KaK 6H «cgoBa^>), KoTopwe coeguHawTca b noguMepHHe MogeKyga HyKgeuHoBwx KHcgoT flHK h PhK (h 3to KaK 6H «npeggo^eHua»), h3 kotoPHx cKgagHBawTca nporpaMMH HacgegcTBeHHocTu, onpegegaw^ue cHHTe3 öegKoB, c^e^H$HHHHx gga gaHHoro opraHH3Ma; h3 hhx oöpaaywTca TKaHu, h3 TKaHen - MHm^H, kocth h bcS gpyroe, h3 Hero cocToaT gwgu u 3BepH. no-BuguMoMy, 3th HargagHHe anagorun noMoragu ^opMygupoBaTb ugeu, ho BcKope, H3-3a cgo^nocTu BnyTpuKgeTonnHx
' Ero, kohchho, mo^ho onpegeguxt u onpegeaarox - KaKoh gHC^H^gHHe KaK Tpe5yeTca. Ho Bunep, napymaa Bce npaBuga nocxpoeHua ge$HHH^HH, nucag o5 HH$opMa^HH xaK: «HH$opMa^Ha ecxt un^op-Ma^Ha, a ne Maxepua u ne aneprua».
npOUeCCOB, b03m0®h0cth ^HHrBHCTHHeCKOH TepMHHO^OrHH (H3BeCTH0H reHCTHKaM) ÖH^H HCHepnaHH, npe^^e Bcero KO^HHecTBCHHO. Ho «HH^opMauHOHHaa Mexa^opa» ocxa^acb H mnpoKO HSBecTHa 3a npe^e^aMK reHexHKH.
9 SaK^roneHHe
Bh^o paccMOxpeHO HecKO^tKO rpynn aB^eHHH, npHHaA^e^HOCXb KOxopHx K c$epe KOMMyHHKauHH coMHHxe^bHa H^H xpeöyex noacHCHHH. ©eHOMCHH HaACOSHaxe^bHOH H CBepX^HHHOH MaKpOKOMMyHHKaUHH B COOÖ^CCXBaX ^MACH, KaK H cxoAHoe no rcHesecy pHxya^HSBaHHoe noBe^CHne HCKOxopHx rpynnoBHx
^HBOXHHX, npCACXaB^HMX CO6OH 3B0nMUH0HHHe MCXaHHSMH «OKy^bXypHBaHHH»
H couHa^bHOH opraHHsauHH ocoöeH b öo^ee ^HSHecnocoÖHHe cooö^ecxBa. HHXCHUHH ynacxHHKOB öecHHC^eHHHx a^eMeHxapHHx noBeACHHecKHx aKxoB (H3 KOXOpHX CK^a^HBaeXCa MaKpOKOMMyHHKaUHOHHHH npouecc), C OAHOH CXOpOHH, H HXOrOBHH UHBH^HSyM^HH CMHCfl B^ipaÖOXaHHHX HOpM ®H3HH, C APyrOH,
pasae^ehh cemanxhheckh h bo bpemchh. hx cbast heohebh^ha h hc pe^nekxnpyexca ynacxhhkamh npouecca, ho ha bccm npoxa^ehhh makpokommyhhkauna npe^cxabnaex C060H npouecc HHxenuHOHa^bHHH (saK^MHaro^ne b ceöe naMepeHHe, h^h
H^^OKyUHM) CeMHOXHHeCKHH (x.C. COCXOa^HH B 3HaK0B0M B^ipa^CHHH HCKOXOpOrO coAep^aHHH).
Bonpoc 0 npHHaA^e^HOCXH k ^eHOMCHaM KOMMyHHKauHH npoueccoB, Koxopwe oöecneHHBarox CBast pasHHx ynacxKOB HepBHOH chcxcmh, b cxaxte He oöcy^Aa^ca.
^xo Kacaexca xex BHyxpHopraHHSMCHHHx npoueccoB, o KOxopHx roBopax c Hcno^bSOBaHHCM xepMHHOB ^eHemu^ecKuü Kod, 3anucb (KonupoeaHue, mpaHCKpun^uH) ^eHHoü uH^opMa^uu, pacmu^poeKa ^eHOMa, ^eHemu^ecKoe cßoeo h X.n., XO BH^eXb B hhx ^chomchh KOMMyHHKaUHH Hex OCHOBaHHH.
«Hn^opMauHOHHaa Mexa^opa» b renexHKe po^H^acb h OKpen^a na bo^hc xex öypHHx nepcMCH b nayHHHx KapxHHax MHpa, k koxophm npHBe^H ycnexH KHÖepHeXHKH H XeOpHH HH^OpMaUHH. TpaHHUH nOHHXHH	«KOMMyHHKaUHH»
pacrnnpH^HCb HeoÖHKHOBCHHO. Ho, KaK Ka^exca, no^BCKa cnycxa Bce öö^bmyM aKxya^bhocxb npnoöpexarox ana^HXH^ecKHe no^xo^H, b xom hhc^c x^axe^bhaa ACMapKauHH rpaHHu 6a30BHx Kaxeropnä h npoHSBO^HHx ox hhx noHHXHH.
^HTEPATyPA
Ä.ro. BAEAH^EB, 2001: KoMMyHHKauHa. BceMupHan ^H^uKMone^uH ^ußoco^uu. MocKBa, Mhhck. 495-96.
H. Bhhep, 1983: KuöepHemuKa, ußu Vnpae^eHue u ceH3b e ^ueomHOM u MamuHe [1961]. MocKBa.
O.n. rHATKK, 2010: OCHOBH XeOpHH KOMMyHHKaUHH. MocKBa.
g,APBHH, 1953: npoHCxo^^CHHe He^OBCKa h ho^oboh ox6op [1871]. ^apbhh, ConuHeHun. T. 5. MocKBa. 119-656.
H.H. ^HHKHH, 1998: ^eXHpe KOMMyHHKaXHBHHC GHGTCMH H HCTHpC aSHKa [1962/1965], H.H. ^hhkhh: ^3mk - penb - meopnecmeo (H36paHHue mpydu): Ecc^edoeaHUH no ceMuomuKe, ncuxoßUH^eucmuKe, no^muKe, MocKBa, 8-42,
P.r. 3Aa^, B.^. EyTBHnoBCKHH, B.B. ^abhaob, H.B. Pa^kobcka^, 2012: Me^u^uH-CKan 6uoMo^UH u oö^an ^eHemuKa^. VneÖHUK. Mhhck,
K. ^0PEH^, 1998: OöopomHan cmopoHa 3epKana: Onum ecmecmeeHHoü ucmopuu ^eMoee^ecKo^o no3HaHUH [1973], K, .^0PEH^: OöopomHan cmopoHa 3epKa^a. Mo -CKBa, 244-467,
H.B. Me^kobcka^, 32008: CeMuomuKa: H3uk: npupoda. Kyßbmypa: Kypc ßeK^uü. MocKBa,
--, 2009: EcmopuH H3UKa u ucmopuH KOMMyHUKa^uu: Om KßUHonucu do EHmepHe-ma: Kypc neK^uü no oö^eMy R3UK03HaHum. MocKBa,
B.A. nyxAntcKHH, 2014: BeedeHue e ^eHemuKy: VneÖHoe nocoöue. MocKBa,
B.3. TAPAHTyn, 2003: reHoM nenoeeKa: ^H^uKMone^uR, HanucaHHan nemupbMR öyK-eaMu, MocKBa,
A.E. CegoB, 2001: MeTa^opH reHeTHKH, HayKoeedeHue, 2001, ^ 1 [S^eKTpoHHHH pecypc: http://vivovoco,rsl,ru/VV/PAPERS/ECCE/METAGENE,HTM],
A,B,	CoKonoB, 2010: Oö^an meopuR co^uanbHoü KOMMyHUKa^uu: VneÖHoe nocoöue [2002], CaHKT-HeTepöypr,
B.3.	TAPAHTyn, B.3., 2003: reHoM nenoeeKa: ^H^uKMone^uR, HanucaHHan nemupb-MH öyKeaMu, MocKBa,
H, XßHSHHrA, 1992: Homo ludens, Ohht onpege^eHHa nrpoBoro a^eMeHTa Ky^t-TypH [1938], H, XeHSHHra: Homo ludens. B meHu 3aempamHe^o dHH, MocKBa, 5-240,
P. ^KOBCOH, 1975: ^HHrBHcTHKa h no3THKa [I960], CmpyKmypanu3M: «3a» u «npo-mue»: CöopHuK cmameü. MocKBa, 193-230,
Summary
The article deals with two types of processes that cannot be observed directly and are occasionally considered informational: (1) macro-communication (supracon-scious processes within societies and between them); (2) micro-processes within organisms, which are of two types: (a) chemical reactions in the chromosomes of organism cells; (b) nerve impulses (change in electro-chemical potential of neurons, caused by a stimulus) that are transmitted from the receptor to the central nervous system and from there to the organs and vice versa, In macro-communicative processes, the socio-cultural practices of the society are formed, The process represents summation, averaging, and abstract generalization of the content of a host of communicative acts, Macro-communication is a supraconscious process, as members of the society usually are not aware of its ultimate information trends, Analogous processes are known in
the ethology of collective animals, which gives us an insight into the origin of civili-zational norms in humans.
The creation of each new cell involves chemical reactions in physiological processes that result in a daughter cell replicating everything from the mother cell, i.e., its chemical material and structural organization. The comparison of what is called "transfer of genetic information" and the well-known model of the constitutive factors of communication (R. Jakobson) shows that "hereditary mechanisms" do not include the obligatory communication factors, i.e., these elements are absent: (1) data; (2) signs and signals; (3) clearly defined "sender" and "receiver^' of genetic information. In addition, it is unclear what can be considered the intention of the "transfer of genetic information" (fertilization).
POVZETEK
Prispevek obravnava dve skupini procesov, ki se jih neposredno ne da opazovati in ki jih včasih opredeljujejo kot informacijski: 1) makrokomunikacija (nadzavestni procesi znotraj družb in med družbami); 2) mikroprocesi znotraj organizmov, ki so lahko dveh vrst: a) v obliki kemičnih reakcij v celičnih kromosomih organizmov; b) v obliki živčnih impulzov (sprememb elektrokemičnega potenciala nevronov, ki jih povzroča dražljaj), ki se prenašajo od receptorja v centralni živčni sistem in od tod do izvršilnih organov ter obratno.
V makrokomunikacijskih procesih se oblikuje sociokulturni uzus družbe. Postopek predstavlja sumiranje, povprečevanje in abstraktno posploševanje vsebine množice posameznih komunikacijskih aktov. Makrokomunikacija je nadzavestni proces, ker se člani družbe ponavadi ne zavedajo njenih končnih informacijskih trendov. Analogni procesi so znani na področju etologije skupinskih živali, na podlagi česar lahko sklepamo o genezi civilizacijskih norm pri ljudeh.
Pri nastanku vsake nove celice potekajo kemične reakcije in fiziološki procesi, rezultat katerih je ponovitev v hčerinski celici tega, kar je bilo v materinski celici - kemijskega gradiva in strukturne ureditve. Primerjava tega, kar imenujejo »posredovanje genskih informacij«, in znane sheme komunikacijskega akta (R. Jakobson) kaže, da »mehanizmi dedovanja« ne vsebujejo obveznih komunikacijskih fenomenov: 1) tu ni samih podatkov; 2) ni znakov ali signalov; 3) ni jasno, kdo je lahko »pošiljatelj« in kdo »naslovnik« genskih informacij; 4) ni jasno, kaj se lahko smatra kot namera postopka »posredovanja genskih informacij« (oploditve).