Knjižne ocene in prikazi 402 pomanjkanje vključitve antropološke razprave (odnosi med H. heidelbergensis, H. neandrthalensis in H. sapiens) ter razprave o izvoru oziroma nastanku jezika. Ta se ves čas uporablja kot neki abstraktni pojem, ki ni definiran, iz konteksta pa se lahko sklepa, da ima avtor ves čas v mislih kompleksno slovnično strukturirano jezikovno komunikacijo. Ključen problem knjige pa je zagotovo njena evrocentričnost. Če je v prvi sintezi avtor opisoval arheološke ostanke v Evropi, je popolnoma smiselno, da je uporabil vire in literaturo o arheoloških podatkih v Evropi, ko pa se je lotil socialnosti ter interpretacije arheoloških podatkov v Evropi, je spet izbral enako pot. S tem je v arheoloških poglavjih izpustil vse, kar so o strukturiranju najdišč ter razlagah najdb napisali avtorji drugje po svetu in zavedati se moramo, da je prav pri preučevanju najstarejši arheoloških obdobij evropska arheološka teorija še najbolj reakcionarno usmerjena zgolj na materialne ostanke ter oddaljena od antropološkega sklepanja in interpretiranja družbe, ki je te ostanke zapustila. Drugi vidik evrocentričnosti je seveda pomanjkanje populacijske din- amike onkraj okvirov Evrope - res je, da so se populacije gibale po marginalnem azijskem polotoku zaradi spreminjajočih se ekoloških razmer, vendar so zaradi teh tudi prišle nanj - v obravnavanem časovnem obdobju najmanj dvakrat. Žal se je avtor popolnoma odpovedal temam, ki jih je obravnaval leta 1993. Če strnemo. Bralec knjižnega prikaza bi z lahkoto sklepal, da ocenjujem knjigo kot slabo, nepopolno in v mnogih delih zavajajočo, vendar menim, da je prej nasprotno. Pred nami je res veliko delo, ki pa ima dve, za mnoge bralce neugodni, lastnosti. Knjiga je delo določenega avtorja in kot taka se zelo težko bere izolirana, ampak jo moramo upoštevati kot del širšega avtorjevega opusa. Popolna sinteza bi bila že zaradi obsega in kompleksnosti podatkov nemogoča, zato je Gamble predstavil posamezne vidike v različnih knjigah. Iz tega izhaja tudi drugi problem knjige - pred- postavlja bralčevo natančno poznavanje predstavljene problema- tike. Da bi jo bolje razumel, mora bralec poznati delo avtorja, da pa bi jo pravilno ocenil, ter prepoznal manjke in nedoslednosti, pa mora širše poznati antropološke razlage ter arheološke podatke o paleolitski poselitvi Evrope. Prav zaradi tega delo na koncu bralcu ne nudi zgolj nekaterih odgovorov na vprašanja, ki si jih ta prej ni postav-ljal, ampak nudi tudi stimulacijo za nadaljnjo izpeljavo oziroma zavrnitev predstavljenih idej. GAMBLE, C. 1986, The Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe. - Cambridge World Archaeology, Cambridge. GAMBLE, C. 1993, Timewalkers. The Prehistory of Global Colonization. - Phoenix Mill. GAMBLE, C. 1995, Interpretation in the Palaeolithic. - V: I. Hodder et al. (eds), Interpretig Archaeology. Finding Meaning in the Past, 87-91, London. PETTITT, P. B. 2000, Society and culture in Palaeolithic Europe. - Antiquity 74, 442-444. Boris KAVUR Želimir Škoberne: Budinjak. Kneževski tumul. Muzej grada Zagreba, Zagreb 1999. 154 pages, 20 plates, 83 figures within the text. Text in Croatian and English. The book was published on occasion of the exhibition Budinjak. A Princely Tumulus shown from November 1999. to February 2000. in the Municipal museum of Zagreb. The long term excavation at the Budinjak has been directed by Želimir Škoberne the author of the book, whose aim was to acquaint the broad public with the importance of discoveries on Žumberak. In the Introduction Š. Škoberne describes the geographic loca- tion of Žumberak on the south-western edge of the Pannonian plain. Žumberak in north-west Croatia encompasses the mountain- ous area between the Krka, Sava and Kupa Rivers, partially also the territory of Slovenia. An Overview of the History of Prehistoric Research at Žumberak is given in the next chapter of the book. The first report on prehistoric grave-finds was Josip Brunšmid’s publi- cation of Bronze Age material from the find-spot Ratičak at Krupače. Various finds from sites on Žumberak are kept in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb: A Mousterian scraper from Podstražnik, some stone axes from Samobor, a triangular dagger from Sv. Jana, Bronze Age pins from Plješivica etc. The sites Trkeši and Popov Dol were known of the urn-field cemeteries. The Möriger-type sword from Draganići dates to the very beginning of the Early Iron Age. The majority of the chance finds from south- eastern Žumberak chronologically belong to the Early Urn-Field Culture. Many toponyms like: Gradina, Gradišće, Gradište, Gradac etc. indicate the prehistoric hillforts on Žumberak. There are some thirty of them in the area from Bregana through Okić to Vivodina. In the chapter The Iron Age Škoberne has outlined briefly the changes in economy that have occurred in the region during 9th and 8th Century BC caused by the use of new metal - iron. The production of iron, along with stock-raising and advanced agricul- ture have led to the new social stratification. The ruling class appeared with united economic and military power. This is illus- trated by the so-called princely tumulus, one of which is the tumu- lus 139 from Budinjak. The position of Budinjak is described in the chapter The Hillfort and Cemetery at Budinjak. The village Budinjak is located in the central section of the Žumberak Mountains, 740 m above sea level on the road linking Zagreb with Ozalj and Karlovac. A number of tumuli were discovered during the field survey of Budinačko polje (Budinjak plain). The hillfort- settlement (fig. 3, p. 19) is situated on exceptional strategic posi- tion surrounded with inaccessible cliffs. The plateau is protected with three rows of earthen ramparts. In the small trench made on the highest plateau remains of settlement pottery were found. The tumulus cemetery is extending over an area of 60.000m 2 below the hillfort (fig. 4). The geodetic measuring and mapping have revealed 141 tumuli (fig. 5) with diameters from 5 to 20 meters and 50 cm to 2.2 m heights. After nearly fifteen years of system- atic excavation of cemetery and the analysis of findings, ten types of graves were recognised (p. 21, fig. 6). They differ in burial rite - cremations or inhumations, then in the construction of the tumuli, number of individuals buried in one tumulus, architecture of the graves, the depth of inhumation etc. All of the tumuli exca- vated to the present with cremation burials were of small dimen- sion. The graves where the stone-slab-covered urn was dug into the soil and afterwards covered with burial mound belong to type 3. Type 4 refers to the cremation burial in a previously filled tumu- lus. Graves of type 1 and 2 are without the burial mounds; the difference is mostly in dimension of urns. The inhumation graves are divided in 5 types, differing in quantity of individuals buried in tumulus, disposition of graves in the tumulus, architecture of the burials etc. Almost all of the different grave-types are represented on the figures 7-19 (pp. 23-28). Apparently, Škoberne has success- fully cleared up rather complex situation in the field. At the begin- ning the tumuli were excavated one by one.The mixed rites and the inhumations outside the tumuli demanded the use of system of quadrants to be applied to the entire terrain. To the present, 33 grave mounds have been excavated, representing about one quar- ter of the entire tumulus cemetery. The grave goods found at Budinjak belong to the south-eastern Alpine Hallstatt Culture. There were found bronze and iron pins, fibulae, belt bucles, bronze and iron bracelets, torcs, glass and amber necklaces etc (fig. 23, p. 31). The pottery also exhibit similarities to the East-Alpine Hallstatt groups, nevertheless some metal objects are related to Hallstatt of Caput Adriae. The absence of the central grave and the lesser size of tumuli are making the difference between the Budinjak cemetery and the large clan tumuli of Lower Carniola. The closest parallels are from the White Carniola graves. The Budinjak cemetery is reaffirming the hypothesis about the continu- ity of the burial and contemporary existence of Ljubljana and Lower Carniola Groups. Knjižne ocene in prikazi 403 The major part of the book is dedicated to Princely Tumulus 139. Excavation of tumulus 139 took place in the summer of 1994. It was located on the north-west edge of the cemetery, the diameter measured 19 m, with height of 2 m. Besides the princely-warrior grave, another six burials were found in the tumulus (figs. 26, 27, p. 43sq). The original tumulus was enlarged when the princely grave with wooden chamber 3 x 1.6 m was added. In grave 1 there were ceramic pot and fragmented pin. Škoberne is comparing the pot with cylindrical rim to the similar findings from Podzemelj, Škrilje, Libna and Kapiteljska njiva in Slovenia, on the other hand the pin with globular head is analogous to the Trans-Danubian pins found in Cimmerian contexts. Grave 2 was damaged, few remains of black vessel, probable on the foot, with relief decoration, were in it. The form and decoration point to the Early-Hallstatt of Lower Carniala and White Carniola. Grave 3 contained so-called Proto- Certosa fibula defined by elongated foot with raised button on the terminal of the foot dated to the late Ha C. The vessel (ciborium) was found in the grave 4 along with an iron spearhead, iron knife, whetstone and iron ring (Fig. 33-35, p. 50sq). The grave was intact rectangular grave pit; no trace of deceased was mentioned. The ciborium is an early type of this kind of Lower Carniola pottery, but the decoration (spirals) shows the tradition of Pannonian Urn- Field Culture. Škoberne dates the vessel from the grave 4 to the horizon Podzemelj 2 at earliest, but the main focus of use of this form of pottery was phase Stična-Novo Mesto.To the southern part of the tumulus there was grave 5 with the boat-shaped fibula of Eles Masi’s type with profiled button, variant B. Fibulae of this form belong to the women jewellery and were dated to the begin- ning of phase Stična - Novo Mesto or Santa Lucia I C 1-I C 2. The special attention is paid to the grave 6. Unfortunately, very aggressive chemical composition of the soil caused the decay of bone and organic material; however, the arrangement of the grave goods supports the hypothesis about the burial of two bodies (fig. 46, p. 64). Two groups of finds were established in the grave 6 (fig. 38, p. 56). The northern section contained Dular’s first type vessel with conical neck, cups with handles and pottery situla decorated on shoulders with bronze nails. Under the pottery sherds there was an iron spearhead. Next two groups of finds were distinguished in the southern part of the grave chamber. Horse equipment was placed on the western side.The centre of this section contained bowl-shaped helmet and iron pin. Bronze bow fibula and iron bracelet were found together near to another three iron bracelets (fig. 45, p. 63). The outstanding findings, apart from the helmet, were more then fifty bronze Y-shaped studs for the bridle straps. The reconstruction of the harness on horse head is pictured on fig. 50. The position of the grave goods suggests double burial with unexpected position of the female burial: between the male and horse equipment. This leads to the hypothesis that two individuals were buried in different periods. Škoberne is giving a detailed comparisons for every object found in warrior grave, beginning with pottery. The urn with bronze handles (fig. 43, p. 61) should be paralleled to the one from Molnik dated to phase Ljubljana III a. Similar urns in Este were dated to the late 8th century BC. Of the same date is single-loop bow fibula with swollen bow (pl. 14: 3). The cross- shaped strap joints (pl. 6) are of the Danubian origin; the cheek-pieces of the horse bit are classical type of phase Ha C1, according to Kossack. The pin with two knobs and guard from grave fits well into this phase. The bowl-shaped helmet was recon- structed in the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz (fig. 54, p. 72). After Starè, it belongs to the variant D of the bowl- shaped helmets. New find from Budinjak opened new discussion on typology of this kind of helmets. Škoberne came to conclusion that the Budinjak group of bowl-helmets should be established, consisting of eponymous helmet and helmets from Tscherberg and Hallstatt, grave 175. They share the same form of knob on the top disc and certain technical details in the way the knobs were fas- tened to the helmet. The author has also grouped the helmets in terms of differences in the formation of the top disc (fig. 67, p. 89). The table (fig. 68) on p. 90 represents the combination of grave goods from graves with bowl-helmets. The identical equipment in these warrior graves of Early Hallstatt is apparent. Analogous to the Budinjak grave 6 in tumulus 139, spearhead and pin, along with the pottery, appear almost as a rule in the graves containing the bowl- shaped helmets. Horse equipment was in one third of all graves with this type of helmets. Very accurate analysis of grave goods, supported with many illustrations, also the geographical distribu- tion of findings (fig. 67, p. 89) enabled Škoberne to confirm the existence of six different workshops of bowl-shaped helmets. The central and lowest grave in the tumulus 139 at Budinjak was female grave 7 with the iron jewellery and set of pottery con- sisting of two large pots, a cup with high handle, shallow bowl and ciborium i.e. footed bowl with triangularly perforated foot (fig. 74, p. 100). The globular pots with conical neck and funneled rim represent Urn-Field Culture tradition, they are assigned to the Podzemelj-horizon.The goblet on conical foot is hard to classify to any of Dular’s groups of Lower Carniola pottery. Most likely it could be placed chronologically into the Stična-Novo mesto 2 or Serpentine Fibula horizon, meaning a bit later than the other pots in the grave nr. 7. But, the manner of relief decoration allow the com- parison to Podzemelj and the “SAZU Courtyard” cemetery where similar decorated pottery was dated to 9th and 8th century BC. Typical for the Early Hallstat period is the small cup (Pl. 18: 1) of the type very frequently found in graves at Budinjak. In Conclusion the short summary of tumulus 139 on Budinjak is given. Double grave 6 contained one male and one female indi- vidual, graves 3, 5 and 7 were female, graves 1, 4 and possibly 2 were of male persons. The earliest burial in the tumulus is central grave 7 of a female, whose size and rich grave goods denote a prominent social status, perhaps related to individuals buried in the princely grave 6. Burial 7 would be dated to phase Podzemelj 1, princely grave 6 and grave 1 to the phase Podzemelj 2, while the remaining graves from the tumulus would be somewhat later. They date to Stična-Novo mesto horizon. The beginning of the Budinjak cemetery can be dated to the phase Ha C1, that would be - corrobo- rated with the new results of dendro-chronological researches - round the year 800 BC, thus to the very beginning of the Iron Age. The book is supplemented with the analysis of six samples of bronze taken from the bowl helmet performed in the Römisch- Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz. The helmet from Budinjak was made from an alloy composed of copper (69.4%) and tin (16.4%). The remaining, in order of quantity, goes to lead, arsenic, antimony and silver. At the end of the book is a catalogue of seven graves from princely tumulus (pp. 125-154) including 20 plates with drawing of objects Dunja GLOGOVIĆ Quadrivium sulla strada di Augusto dalla preistoria all’età moderna. Maurizio Buora (ured.). Archeologia di frontiera 3, Trieste 1999. 198 strani, veliko slik. Serija Archeologia di frontiera izhaja iz arheoloških prob- lemov Furlanije in jih povezuje s širokim območjem med severnim Jadranom in srednjim Podonavjem. Ukvarja se tudi z mejami, ki so se na prostoru Furlanije in Vzhodnih Alp oblikovale v posameznih obdobjih, ter z ekonomskimi in kulturnimi vplivi, ki so te meje vedno znova prečkali. Tretja knjiga v seriji, Quadrivium, govori o odzivu manjšega prostora na velike politične spremembe. Leta 2 pr. Kr. je bila, sodeč po miljnikih, zgrajena cesta, ki je povezovala Julijo Konkordijo z Norikom. Cesta, ki je sledila starim prazgodovinskim potem, je morala prečkati razvejani nižinski tok reke Tagliamento. Vzhodno od Tagliamenta je na križišču več poti ležala pomembnejša naselbina z imenom Quadrivium, današnji Codroipo. Območje Codroipa, s sicer ugodnimi razmerami za kme- tijstvo, je bilo torej vedno pomembno kot dobro prehodno ozemlje, z zvezami med Apeninskim polotokom, Padsko nižino in Vzhodnimi Alpami, hkrati pa je ležalo na robu večjih administrativnih enot.