THE OCCURRENCE OF DERMACENTOR RETICULATUS TICK (ACARI:
AMBLYOMMIDAE) IN NORTH-EAST SLOVENIA: ONE MORE
EVIDENCE FOR ITS INCREASED DISTRIBUTION RANGE
Maja GRAČNER JADRESIC1, Roman LUŠTRIK2, Tomi TRILAR3
1 maja.gracner@gmail.com
2 Department of biology, Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, 
Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: romunov@gmail.com
3 Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Prešernova 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia,
e-mail: ttrilar@pms-lj.si 
Abstract – The occurrence of Dermacentor reticulatus on the territory of Slovenia
was not described before. By extensive 3.5 year sampling period, we obtained
sufficient data allowing for the first time to clearly define the distribution rate and
seasonal activity of adult D. reticulatus in this part of Europe, north-east Slovenia. A
study was conducted from November 2003 to May 2007 to evaluate the comprehensive
view of the annual seasonality of questing adult D. reticulatus. Ticks monitoring was
conducted in three different localities/habitats: a) Muriša - wet meadows near oxbow
lake of the river Mura; b) Murska šuma - swampy forest area between the confluence
of the river Mura and Ledava, which is occasionally flooded; and c) Dolinski pašnik
- meadows with old oak trees, forest edge and shrub communities. In total, 2511 ticks
were collected by flagging. There were exclusively adults with female-biased sex
ratio throughout the years in all sampling localities, namely for Muriša 59.5% (1287
of 2164), Murska šuma 62.7% (203 of 324) and Dolinski pašnik 60.8% (14 of 23).
Most of the ticks (89.2%) were collected when the mean daily temperatures were
ranging from 0 to 14.9ºC. The highest activity of D. reticulatus were noted in the
spring, culminating in February-April/May, peaking in average in March and with
considerably lower rate (3-8-times) in the second activity peak in autumn, culminating
in the end of August/September-November. The greatest number of adults in autumn
was collected in October or November. Dermacentor reticulatus was not active during
the summer months. The highest quantity of ticks was recorded in meadows near
oxbow lake of the river Mura where was caught 6.6-times more ticks than in swampy
forest area Murska šuma, which was occasionally flooded after huge rainfall and
75
ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA
LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2017                    Vol. 25, øt. 1: 75–88
even 94-times more than in Dolinski pašnik. The confirmed occurrence of D. reticu-
latus in north-eastern Slovenia provided evidence that this species has extended its
range. Our findings point to an enlargement of Pannonian distribution area of the
species. This study indicates that D. reticulatus can be ranked as a typical element of
the fauna in north-eastern Slovenia.
KEY WORDS: Dermacentor reticulatus, Slovenia, distribution, seasonality
Izvleček – POJAVLJANJE SEVERNEGA ORNAMENTIRANEGA KLOPA (DER-
MACENTOR RETICULATUS) (ACARI: AMBLYOMMIDAE) V SEVEROVZ-
HODNI SLOVENIJI: ŠE EN DOKAZ ZA POVEČANJE NJEGOVE RAZŠIRJE-
NOSTI
Pojavljanje severnega ornamentiranega klopa (Dermacentor reticulatus) v Sloveniji
do sedaj ni bilo opisano. Z obsežnim tri in pol letnim vzorčenjem, od novembra 2003
do maja 2007, smo na treh lokalitetah (Muriša, Murska šuma in Dolinski pašnik) v
severovzhodni Sloveniji v Prekmurju na območju Lendavskega Dolinskega pridobili
dovolj podatkov, s katerimi smo dobili vpogled v razširjenost in sezonsko aktivnost
severnega ornamentiranega klopa. Skupno smo nabrali 2511 odraslih osebkov klopov.
Odrasli osebki severnega ornamentiranega klopa so bili na vseh lokalitetah najbolj
aktivni spomladi, z vrhom v marcu. Aktivnost se je proti poletju počasi zmanjševala
in v poletnih mesecih klopov nismo našli. Ponovno se je aktivnost povečala v jesenskih
mesecih, z manjšim vrhom v oktobru ali novembru (3-8-krat manjša aktivnost kot
spomladi). Vrsta je bila najbolj številčna ob Muriši, kjer je bilo ujetih 6,6-krat več
odraslih osebkov kot v Murski šumi, ki je bila občasno poplavljena, in 94-krat več
osebkov kot na Dolinskem pašniku. Razmerje med spoloma je bilo na vseh lokalitetah
v prid samic, in sicer ob Muriši z 59,5 % (1287 od 2164), v Murski šumi 62,7 % (203
od 324) in na Dolinskem pašniku 60,8 % (14 od 23). Večina klopov (89,2%), je bilo
nabranih pri povprečni dnevni temperaturi od 0 do 14,9ºC. 
V članku sta prvič predstavljeni razširjenost in sezonska aktivnost severnega or-
namentiranega klopa (Dermacentor reticulatus) v Sloveniji. Naše ugotovitve kažejo
na povečanje panonskega območja razširjenosti in da predstavlja severni ornamentirani
klop značilni favnistični element severovzhodne Slovenije.
KLJUČNE BESEDE: severni ornamentirani klop, Dermacentor reticulatus, Slovenija,
razširjenost, sezonska aktivnost
1. Introduction
Dermacentor (Dermacentor) reticulatus (Fabricius 1794) is a hard tick species
(Acari: Ixodida: Amblyommidae), which has a large geographical range across the
temperate zone (Buczek et al. 2014) and is within its geographic range divided into
two separate parts, Western and Eastern Europe. Western European part includes
populations from the western Palaearctic region, in a temperate zone from England
and France while the eastern European part extends to the Basin of Yenisei River in
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (1), 2017
76
Siberia and to Central Asia (Dautel et al. 2006, Karbowiak 2014). The tick species
has not been found north of 53º-54ºN latitude nor in Mediterranean climate zone
(Dautel et al. 2006). The currently known southern distribution of D. reticulatus in
the Balkans is in Serbia near Belgrade at 44.77ºN 20.36ºE. The southernmost occur-
rence of this species is found in the Crimean Peninsula at 44.27ºN 34.03ºE (Rubel et
al. 2016).  The area of distribution as a whole is expanding and the expansion to new,
previously free areas has been observed in several countries in Europe (Nowak 2011,
Karbowiak 2014, Földvári et al. 2016, Rubel et al. 2016).
There are 36 species known in the genus Dermacentor (Barker and Murrell 2008),
with two of them in Slovenia: Dermacentor reticulatus (Ornate Cow Tick) and Der-
macentor marginatus (Ornate Sheep Tick). According to the data from the Ixodida
study collection (PMSL-Ixodida) housed in Slovenian Museum of Natural History
(Trilar, unpublished data) we are considering that in Slovenia D. reticulatus is dis-
tributed north of the river Sava (commonly found in the north-east Slovenia) and D.
marginatus south of the river Sava.
Until the present research had been conducted, there were only few reports of
adult D. reticulatus from north-east Slovenia, found for the first time in May 2001
from vegetation and later on Red Deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 1758) in autumn
2002. There are also data of adult D. reticulatus found on dogs (Canis familiaris Lin-
naeus 1758) from Ljubljana in August 1995 and Brežice from year 2003 (south-east
Slovenia). Dog could be with owner anywhere in Slovenia or Croatia, or even further,
so we cannot know from where the ticks originally came from. Dermacentor reticulatus
were from year 2003-2007 commonly found in the north-east Slovenia (Figure 3).
Dermacentor reticulatus is the second most reported tick species after Ixodes
ricinus (Linnaeus 1758) in Central Europe (Rubel et al. 2016) and considered to be
among important vectors of tick-borne diseases of animals and human (Široký et al.
2011, Földvári et al. 2016). Research results from Central and Eastern European
countries are suggesting that D. reticulatus may have changed its spatial distribution
and its geographic range (Sréter et al. 2005). Large areas of north-western and central
Europe, formerly thought to be too cold for its survival and completion of life-cycle,
have experienced a remarkable expansion of this species (Földvári et al. 2016). Given
its vectorial capacity, expansion of D. reticulatus can affect the occurrence of certain
diseases (Cochez et al. 2012) as canine babesiosis, tularemia, rickettsiosis, or Q fever
and playing role in forming their natural foci (Řehaček et al. 1991, Hubálek et al.
1996, 1998, Parola et al. 2005, Duh et al. 2006, Dobec et al. 2009). Indeed, in Europe,
D. reticulatus are the most important vectors of Babesia canis canis, the aetiological
agent of canine babesiosis (Uilenberg et al. 1989, Lobetti 1998). In Slovenia it is ex-
pected the majority if not all cases of canine babesiosis to be caused by B. c. canis
(Duh et al. 2004). 
Studying tick ecology is crucial for better understanding of the risk this tick
species poses to animal and human populations. The present survey is undertaken in
order to gain comprehensive view of the annual seasonality of D. reticulatus in Slove-
nia and fully proves for the first time that D. reticulatus occurs in Slovenia, in the
area Lendavsko Dolinsko in Prekmurje (Pannonian biogeographical region), in less
Maja G. Jadresic, Roman Luøtrik, Tomi Trilar: The occurrence of Dermacentor reticulatus tick (Acari: Amblyommidae)
77
than 1 km distance to the Slovenian-Hungarian and Slovenian-Croatian border, in the
area where no natural populations of this species had been discovered until now. 
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Study area
The study was conducted in three localities in the north-eastern part of Slovenia -
Lendavsko Dolinsko area, Prekmurje: a) Muriša (46°29'08"N 16°33'11"E; 157m
above sea level [a.s.l.]), b) Murska šuma (46°30'29"N 16°31'53"E; 155m a.s.l.) and
c) Dolinski pašnik (46°31'46"N 16°29'54"E, 158m a.s.l.). Each locality represented
different habitat type: 
Oxbow lake Muriša: meadows near oxbow lake of the river Mura; the shoreline
of oxbow lake was densely overgrown with True Sedge (Carex sp.), Common Reed
(Phragmites australis) (Skoberne 1988) and with allochtonous plant species as Po-
liceman’s Helmet (Impatiens glandulifera) and Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigan-
tea),
Murska šuma: swampy forest area between the confluence of the river Mura and
Ledava, occasionally flooded and overgrown by Common Hornbeam, Pedunculate
Oak Forest (Carpino betuli-Quercetum roboris) and
Dolinski pašnik: meadows with old Pedunculate Oak trees (Quercus robur), forest
edge and shrub communities (Gogala 2002). Part of the area was used as a football
field. 
Localities are separated by a distance from 1.8 to 5 km. Distance from the Slove-
nian-Hungarian and Slovenian-Croatian border is less than 1 km. 
The study area is located in temperate zone with continental climatic impact of
large temperature fluctuations, cold winters and hot summers with little rainfall,
which are most abundant in July. The average annual temperature is 10-12°C. Average
annual rainfalls for this area are 800-1000mm (Mršić 1997). Snow can appear from
November-March but persists in each month for a short time. On 30 years average
(from 1971-2000) were in north-eastern Slovenia 5-20 days of snow cover per year
(data from the Slovenian Environment Agency). 
2.2 Tick collection
Ticks collections were performed on a monthly basis for 1 consecutive day from
November 2003 to May 2007. The choice of study days depended on weather condi-
tions. No collection of ticks was arranged after snowfall or on a wet snowmelt days
(in January and February 2005, in November 2005 till February 2006 and in December
2006 till January 2007) and after heavy rains with floods (in August 2005).
Ticks, questing for hosts, were collected by flagging method. A white linen cloth,
135 x 110cm, attached to a stick, was used. Each collection session lasted for 2 hours
(one person collected two hours, two persons collected one hour each etc.), with an
overall sampling effort of 12,240 min of tick collections. Ticks were collected between
11.00 a.m. and 5 p.m. Ticks attached to linen cloth were collected using exhauster
and stored afterwards in vials containing 70% ethanol. Species determination was
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (1), 2017
78
carried out with the use of taxonomic key (Trilar, unpublished).
The material is stored in Study collection of ticks (PMSL-Ixodida) housed in
Slovenian Museum of Natural History.
2.3 Climatic data
Climatic data were recorded in local climatological station Lendava. Data were
kindly provided by the Environment Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. We obtained
also data on site-sampling day (temperature in the shadow, sun and soil).
2.4 Data visualization and analysis
Data was stored in Excel.xlsx files and imported into R (R Core Team, 2015) for
further analysis. Figures were done using ggplot2 (Wickham 2009). Modeling was
explored using base R functions and lme4 (Bates et al. 2015) package. Data manipu-
lation was handled by packages readxl and tidyr. Modeling approach, while not de-
scribed here, is part of a reproducible supplemental material generated using package
knitr (Xie 2015).
3. Results and discussion
There are 16 tick species (Acarina: Ixodida) distributed across Slovenia (Tovornik
1987a, b, 1988a, b, c, 1989, 1990, 1991, Trilar 2004), with D. reticulatus among
them.
The occurrence of D. reticulatus on the territory of Slovenia was not described
before. By extensive 3.5 year sampling period, we obtained sufficient data allowing
for the first time to clearly define the distribution rate and seasonal activity of adult
D. reticulatus in this part of Europe, north-east Slovenia. 
From November 2003 till May 2007 were with flagging method collected altogether
2511, exclusively adult stages of D. reticulatus, among them 2164 in Muriša, 324 in
Murska šuma and 23 in Dolinski pašnik area. The absence of immature life stages of
D. reticulatus in samples obtained by flagging is usual observation (Široký et al.
2011, Földvári et al. 2016). Nymphs and larvae generally parasitize on Insectivora
and Rodentia, occasionally on Aves (Baker 1999) and probably also living in host’s
burrows, protected from unfavourable climate (Meyer-König et al. 2001). Therefore,
the presence of these developmental stages should be checked also herein. 
The seasonal activity of adult D. reticulatus has been extensively studied in Europe
and although the abundance and dynamics of these ticks vary, two activity peaks
have been reported: in spring and autumn (Razumova 1988, Martinod and Gilot
1991, Széll et al. 2006, Bartosik et al. 2011, Buczek et al. 2014, Földvári et al. 2016).
Also our field study showed a bimodal pattern of activity of this species. The highest
activity peaks were noted in the spring, culminating in February-April/May, peaking
in average in March and with considerably lower rate (3-8-times) in the second
activity peak in autumn, culminating in the end of August/September-November.
The greatest number of adults in autumn was collected in October or November
(Figure 1).
Maja G. Jadresic, Roman Luøtrik, Tomi Trilar: The occurrence of Dermacentor reticulatus tick (Acari: Amblyommidae)
79
Abundance of D. reticulatus varied markedly between localities in interval 23-
2164. It was most abundant in zones along rivers Mura and Ledava. The highest
quantity of ticks was recorded in meadows near Muriša, oxbow lake of the river
Mura, where 6.6-times more ticks were caught than in swampy forest area Murska
šuma, which was occasionally flooded after huge rainfall and even 94-times more
than in Dolinski pašnik. Meadows, deciduous forest and swampy mixed woods placed
near water bodies or large stagnant waters are typical habitats of D. reticulatus. The
most important factor for occurrence of this tick species is a combination of a high
level ground water, along with drying soil (Karbowiak 2014). These habitats are in
north-east Slovenia probably representing a suitable habitat for hosts of D. reticulatus.
On the other hand, there are studies of quite abundant distribution of this tick species
even in shrubby ecotones, much far from the rivers (Široký et al. 2011) or on higher
hills (up to an altitude of 1000 m a.s.l.) (Hornok and Farkas 2009) which speaks also
for the relative importance of host availability.
In subsequent years of sampling the abundance of ticks was decreasing, especially
in localities Muriša and Dolinski pašnik (Figure 1). For instance, in locality Muriša
was in late autumn 2003 (November, December) noted the highest activity peak of
D. reticulatus in spring or autumn in the all 3.5 year collection period (altogether
with 708 individuals which represented 28% of all collected ticks in all localities). In
late autumn 2004 was in the same locality caught 661 ticks less than in previous year
(Figure 1). We believe that the reason was not due to temperature. Temperatures
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (1), 2017
80
Fig. 1: Count of
collected individuals
for individual locations
(columns) per sex
(rows). Bottom row
represents total count.
(measured in shadow) were on the day of sampling in November/December 2003
and in November/December 2004; 6.6/3.6ºC and 13.1/3.2ºC, respectively, which is
in the range of D. reticulatus activity (Bartosik et al. 2011, Buczek et al. 2014). We
think that decrease could be explained either by oversampling of ticks or by changes
in habitat. At Muriša the use of arable land started to increase and surrounding vege-
tation by oxbow lake has frequently been removed presumably by fishermen. In
Dolinski pašnik 70% (16 of 23) of all ticks were collected in year 2003-2004 (Figure
1). The main causes could be due to habitat degradation. Part of the locality Dolinski
pašnik was already dedicated to football field, furthermore in the year 2006 nearby
started construction works for the highway. A problem could be also abandonment of
grazing cattle in Dolinski pašnik, thereby reducing the number of potential tick hosts.
It is also possible that our 3.5-year sampling period contributed to every year reduction
of the numbers of this tick species in sampling areas. Finally, decreasing amount of
ticks in both sampling localities could be also due to longer snow cover in late au-
tumn-winter 04/05 and 05/06. 
Dermacentor reticulatus is a psychrophilic tick and is very tolerant to low tem-
peratures (Hubálek et al. 2003). The lower thermal threshold of activity of adult D.
reticulatus is at air/soil temperatures 0.7/-0.1ºC (Buczek et al. 2014). Its activity
starts after disappearance of snow cover at 2-4ºC and can be found active in January
and February (Karbowiak 2014). The highest activity of adult D. reticulatus at daily
mean temperatures is ranging from 4-13ºC (Bartosik et al. 2011). During a 24-hour
monitoring in Wales the minimum temperature at which D. reticulatus were recorded
active was 3.3ºC and the minimum overnight temperature was -5.4ºC (Földvári et al.
2016). The upper range of the threshold temperature for tick activity is 39ºC (Bartosik
et al. 2011). Warmer and humid conditions are preferred for its development and re-
production (Zähler et al. 1996). The present investigation confirmed the activity of
adult D. reticulatus throughout winter months (January and February) in Muriša and
Murska šuma in year 2004, at daily temperatures (measured in shadow) ranging from
5-11.2°C. Mean monthly air/soil temperatures for January and February 2004 were -
1.0/-0.4ºC and 2.5/-0.1ºC, respectively (data from the Slovenian Environmental
Agency, Climatological station Lendava). In winter months was altogether caught
177 specimens, with 157 in Murska šuma. The winter occurrence of D. reticulatus
was not reported later during the field study, which may be attributed to weather con-
ditions, e.g. longer persistence of snow cover. The mean temperatures and hours of
sunshine in winter months did not differ over the sampling years. Difference in the
number of days of persistence of snow cover was noted, namely, in winter months
2004 with 9 days, 2005 (28 days), 2006 (32 days) and 2007 (4 days) (data from the
Slovenian Environmental Agency). Most of the ticks (89.2%) were collected when
the mean daily temperatures were ranging from 0 to 14.9ºC. In particular, 91 (3.6%)
were collected with temperatures at ≤0ºC, 1029 (41%) at 0.5-4.9ºC, 676 (27%) at 5-
9.9ºC, 535 (21.2%) at 10-14.9ºC, 175 (7%) at 15-19.9ºC, and 5 (0.2%) at ≥20ºC.
Dermacentor reticulatus was not active during the summer months.
The sex ratio (Figure 2) is an important parameter, which characterizes the state and
dynamics of natural populations of animals. Most ixodid tick species can be characterized
Maja G. Jadresic, Roman Luøtrik, Tomi Trilar: The occurrence of Dermacentor reticulatus tick (Acari: Amblyommidae)
81
by a 1:1 sex ratio of their progeny with biased sex ratios later in adult stage (Fourie et
al. 1996). We recorded female-biased sex ratio throughout the years in all sampling lo-
calities, namely for Muriša 59.5% (1287 of 2164), Murska šuma 62.7% (203 of 324)
and Dolinski pašnik 60.8% (14 of 23). Higher proportion of females were obtained also
in studies, e.g. Široký et al. 2011 (in Czech Republic); Hornok 2009, Hornok and
Farkas 2009 (in Hungary); Buczek et al. 2014, Nowak 2011 (in Poland), Krčmar et al.
2014a (in Croatia), among others. Female-biased sex ratio in field samples of D. retic-
ulatus may be influenced by mating strategies (Fourie et al. 1996). Metastriate ticks, in-
cluding Dermacentor spp., mate exclusively on their hosts (Kiszewski et al. 2001).
Bartosik et al. (2011) reported that D. reticulatus males remain on the host longer than
females, which may explain their lower numbers found on vegetation. Besides that, fe-
males need to find a host for ingestion of blood, essential for egg development, which
increase their questing. Consequently, males are less likely to be found by cloth-
dragging (Fourie et al. 1996). Prevalence rates may be affected also by different capa-
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (1), 2017
82
Fig. 2: Sex ratio per
individual collection
for different locations.
Some ratios are not
represented by a real
number because only
one sex was found.
bilities of the sexes to survive unfavourable conditions, e.g. D. reticulatus females were
found to be more resistant to dehydration than males (Meyer-König et al. 2001), which
may be another reason why D. reticulatus females quest more.
Dermacentor reticulatus are expanding their habitats and changing the spatial
distribution as they occur at far more sites than previously known (Karbowiak 2014,
Földvári et al. 2016). To Slovenia the closest data of occurrence of this species are
from Hungary, where is D. reticulatus the second most common tick species (Sréter
et al. 2005). In south western part of Hungary (close to the Slovenian-Hungarian bor-
der) were found only in places with partly dry vegetation, and up to an altitude of
900–1000m a.s.l. (Hornok and Farkas 2009), while in north eastern Slovenia at
altitude 160m a.s.l. and in swampy mixed woods placed near water bodies or large
stagnant waters. We assume that our findings point to an enlargement of Hungarian
distribution area of the species, as well as Krčmar et al. (2014) and their findings of
it in Croatian part of Baranja region (Figure 3). The expansion of D. reticulatus to
new and previously uninhabited areas has been observed in Europe (Karbowiak 2014,
Földvári et al. 2016). A range of factors could be responsible for the changes in the
Maja G. Jadresic, Roman Luøtrik, Tomi Trilar: The occurrence of Dermacentor reticulatus tick (Acari: Amblyommidae)
83
Fig. 3: Collection sites of Dermacentor reticulatus at the south western edge of
Pannonian lowland. The data are taken from this work and from literature (Vesen-
jak-Hirjan and Šooš 1976, Borčić et al. 1978, Hornok and Farkas 2009, Dobec et al.
2009, Krčmar 2012, Krčmar et al. 2014). The map is created by GPS Visualizer
(Schneider 2003-2014)
distribution of this tick species, including global warming (Gray et al. 2009), the
shifting use of landscape (e.g. reduction of the use of pesticide and other chemicals,
reforestation) (Bullová et al. 2009), the transformation of ploughed land into areas
covered with permanent vegetation (Heile et al. 2006), the increase of numbers of
wild animals (as a result of nature conservation), the introduction of ticks into new
regions through tourism, transport (Sréter et al. 2005, Karbowiak 2014), as well as
the relationship between the occurrence of D. reticulatus and the habitats of their im-
portant hosts (Nowak 2011) and also other unknown factors.
Conclusions
Studying tick ecology is essential step towards a better understanding of the trans-
mission dynamics and the risk these arthropods pose to animal and human populations.
Dermacentor reticulatus tick is a vector and final host of B. c. canis, recently expanding
in central Europe (Duh et al. 2004, 2006, Földvári et al. 2007, Leschnik et al. 2008,
Adaszek et al. 2011, Kubelová et al. 2011). Expansion of D. reticulatus might be fol-
lowed by an expansion of tick-borne diseases (Kiewra and Czulowska 2013, Földvári
et al. 2016). The confirmed occurrence of D. reticulatus in north-eastern Slovenia
provided evidence that this species has extended its range. It indicates a need of
future systematic sampling to assess a speed of expansion as well as infection rate of
this tick species. 
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Martina Ploj for her partial elaboration of raw field data
and support during the fieldwork. Thanks also to others who joined field work. Data
for D. reticulatus distribution in Hungary (localities with coordinate) were kindly
provided by dr. Sándor Hornok. Climatic data were supplied by Environmental
Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. 
The research was part of the program “Communities, relations and communications
in the ecosystems” (No. P1-0255) financed by Ministry of Higher Education, Science
and Technology of the Republic of Slovenia.
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Received / Prejeto: 9. 3. 2017
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