ACTA HISTRIAE 32, 2024, 4 UDK/UDC 94(05) ISSN 1318-0185ACTA HISTRIAE 32, 2024, 4, pp. 459-694 UDK/UDC 94(05) Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko - Koper Società storica del Litorale - Capodistria ACTA HISTRIAE 32, 2024, 4 KOPER 2024 ISSN 1318-0185 e-ISSN 2591-1767 ACTA HISTRIAE • 32 • 2024 • 4 ISSN 1318-0185 UDK/UDC 94(05) Letnik 32, leto 2024, številka 4 e-ISSN 2591-1767 Darko Darovec Gorazd Bajc, Furio Bianco (IT), Flavij Bonin, Paolo Broggio (IT), Stuart Carroll (UK), Àngel Casals Martínez (ES), Alessandro Casellato (IT), Dragica Čeč, Lovorka Čoralić (HR), Darko Darovec, Marco Fincardi (IT), Darko Friš, Aleksej Kalc, Borut Klabjan, Urška Lampe, Amanda Madden (USA), John Martin (USA), Robert Matijašić (HR), Aleš Maver, Darja Mihelič, Edward Muir (USA), Jeppe Büchert Netterstrøm (DK), Žiga Oman, Egon Pelikan, Luciano Pezzolo (IT), Jože Pirjevec, Claudio Povolo (IT), Marijan Premović (MNE), Colin Rose (CA), Luca Rossetto (IT), Vida Rožac Darovec, Tamara Scheer (AT), Polona Tratnik, Boštjan Udovič, Marta Verginella, Nancy M. Wingfield (USA), Salvator Žitko. Žiga Oman, Urška Lampe, Boštjan Udovič, Jasmina Rejec Cecilia Furioso Cenci (it.), Žiga Oman (angl.) Žiga Oman (angl., slo.), Cecilia Furioso Cenci (it.) Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko - Koper / Società storica del Litorale - Capodistria© / Inštitut IRRIS za raziskave, razvoj in strategije družbe, kulture in okolja / Institute IRRIS for Research, Development and Strategies of Society, Culture and Environment / Istituto IRRIS di ricerca, sviluppo e strategie della società, cultura e ambiente© Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko, SI-6000, Koper-Capodistria, Garibaldijeva 18 / Via Garibaldi 18, e-mail: actahistriae@gmail.com; https://zdjp.si/en/p/actahistriae/ Založništvo PADRE d.o.o. 300 izvodov/copie/copies Javna agencija za znanstvenoraziskovalno in inovacijsko dejavnost Republike Slovenije / Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency Skalne poslikave v Hekimdere pri vasi Çiçekli v okrožju İkizdere v provinci Rize v Turčiji / Pitture rupestri a Hekimdere, vicino al villaggio di Çiçekli, nel distretto di İkizdere della provincia di Rize in Turchia / Hekimdere Rock Depictions near the village of Çiçekli in the İkizdere district of the Rize province inTürkiye (foto/photo: Okay Pekşen, 2022). Redakcija te številke je bila zaključena 15. decembra 2024. Odgovorni urednik/ Direttore responsabile/ Editor in Chief: Uredniški odbor/ Comitato di redazione/ Board of Editors: Uredniki/Redattori/ Editors: Prevodi/Traduzioni/ Translations: Lektorji/Supervisione/ Language Editors: Izdajatelja/Editori/ Published by: Sedež/Sede/Address: Tisk/Stampa/Print: Naklada/Tiratura/Copies: Finančna podpora/ Supporto finanziario/ Financially supported by: Slika na naslovnici/ Foto di copertina/ Picture on the cover: Revija Acta Histriae je vključena v naslednje podatkovne baze / Gli articoli pubblicati in questa rivista sono inclusi nei seguenti indici di citazione / Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in: CLARIVATE ANALYTICS (USA): Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Social Scisearch, Arts and Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI), Journal Citation Reports / Social Sciences Edition (USA); IBZ, Internationale Bibliographie der Zeitschriftenliteratur (GER); International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) (UK); Referativnyi Zhurnal Viniti (RUS); European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS); Elsevier B. V.: SCOPUS (NL); DOAJ. To delo je objavljeno pod licenco / Quest'opera è distribuita con Licenza / This work is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0. Navodila avtorjem in vsi članki v barvni verziji so prosto dostopni na spletni strani: https://zdjp.si. Le norme redazionali e tutti gli articoli nella versione a colori sono disponibili gratuitamente sul sito: https://zdjp.si/it/. The submission guidelines and all articles are freely available in color via website http: https://zdjp.si/en/. ACTA HISTRIAE • 32 • 2024 • 4 Volume 32, Koper 2024, issue 4UDK/UDC 94(05) ISSN 1318-0185 e-ISSN 2591-1767 VSEBINA / INDICE GENERALE / CONTENTS Okay Pekşen & Yasin Topaloğlu: A New Rock Art Area in Anatolia: Hekimdere Rock Depictions ................................................ Una nuova area di arte rupestre in Anatolia: le pitture rupestri di Hekimdere Novo območje skalne umetnosti v Anatoliji: skalne upodobitve v Hekimdere Marija Mogorović Crljenko & Danijela Doblanović Šuran: Households in the Rovinj Census of 1595/6 ........................................................... Le famiglie secondo il censimento di Rovigno del 1595/6 Gospodinjstva po rovinjskem popisu prebivalstva iz let 1595/1596 Jurij Perovšek: Kulturnobojni značaj Jutra v dvajsetih letih 20. stoletja – kritični premisleki ..................................................................... La lotta culturale di Jutro negli anni venti del XX secolo – riflessioni critiche The Cultural-Struggle Character of Jutro in the 1920s – Critical Reflections Gorazd Bajc, Tomaž Hvala & Darko Friš: Prispevek k biografiji Franca Snoja – ameriška leta, 1941–1943 ............................ Contributo alla biografia di Franc Snoj – il periodo americano, 1941–1943 Contribution to the Biography of Franc Snoj – American Years, 1941–1943 Tomaž Čelig: Prispevek k poznavanju sovjetskih vojaškopolitičnih groženj in pomoči Zahoda Jugoslaviji v obdobju 1948–1951 ................................ Contributo alla conoscenza delle minacce politico-militari sovietiche e dell’assistenza dell’Occidente alla Jugoslavia nel periodo 1948–1951 Contribution to the Understanding of Soviet Military-Political Threats and Western Aid to Yugoslavia in the Period 1948–1951 Petra Grabrovec, Špela Chomicki & Tomaž Kladnik: Dogajanje na območju Haloz v obdobju vojne za obrambo suverenosti Republike Slovenije leta 1991 ............................................................ Gli avvenimenti nella regione di Haloze durante la guerra per la difesa della sovranità della Repubblica di Slovenia nel 1991 Events in the Haloze Region During the War for the Defence of the Sovereignty of the Republic of Slovenia in 1991 459 495 521 631 559 607 ACTA HISTRIAE • 32 • 2024 • 4 Milena Dževerdanović Pejović: Maritime Archetypes of Montenegrin Women: Heroism and Solitude ......................................................... Gli archetipi del rapporto tra la donna montenegrina e il mare: eroismo e solitudine Pomorski arhetipi črnogorskih žensk: junaštvo in samota POROČILA RELAZIONI REPORTS Veronika Kos: Symposium Report on Violence, Justice and Reconciliation in the Mediterranean of the Three Religions: Peacemaking in the Christian, Muslim and Jewish Context (16th–19th Century), 14–15 November 2024, Rome .............................................. Angelika Ergaver: Conference Report on Facing Foreigners in Urban Early Modern Europe: Legislation, Deliberation, Practice, 27–29 November 2024, Maribor .............................................................. 657 683 687 ACTA HISTRIAE • 32 • 2024 • 4 683 Veronika Kos: CONFERENCE REPORT, 683–686 Symposium Report on Violence, Justice and Reconciliation in the Mediterranean of the Three Religions: Peacemaking in the Christian, Muslim and Jewish Context (16th–19th Century), 14–15 November 2024, Rome In recent decades, European historiography has produced numerous studies ana- lysing the relationship between state justice, typically associated with crime repres- sion managed by judges and tribunals, and community justice, which encompasses negotiated or restorative justice methods such as arbitration, amicable compositions, pardons and transactions. Research has shown that in early modern Western Europe, states did not merely tolerate compositional and transactional systems of conflict resolution, but actively employed them as integral components of their legal and judi- cial frameworks. These practices were not in opposition, contradiction or competition with each other, but rather functioned alongside each other. However, most studies have focused primarily on European, and more specifically Western Christian, contexts. Only a few have broadened the perspective to include non-Christian European contexts, such as Jewish communities scattered across Europe, Muslim and Jewish converts or the Orthodox Balkans. Furthermore, few studies have explored non-European regions that were closely connected to Europe, including the Eastern Mediterranean, Maghreb, or the Middle East. Between 14 and 15 November 2024, a two-day symposium titled Violence, Justice and Reconciliation in the Mediterranean of the Three Religions: Peacemaking in the Christian, Muslim and Jewish Context (16th–19th Century) was organised by and hosted at the Roma Tre University (Italy). The event was also held online to accom- modate participants unable to attend in person. The symposium’s aim was not to conduct a systematic comparative study of ju- dicial practices across the three religious and cultural areas – Christian, Muslim and Jewish – which would be too broad of a research topic. Rather, it focused on a more specific objective. As Paolo Broggio, the organiser of the event and representative of the Roma Tre University, emphasised in his opening remarks, titled Religion, Justice and Normativity in the Mediterranean Space, the goal was ‘to initiate a dialogue, with each participant contributing insights from their own research back- ground, aimed at understanding the connection between religious frameworks and the inclination toward peaceful, compositional forms of social conflict resolution.’ The central issue of discussion was thus ‘the question of identifying similarities and differences, as well as convergences and divergences, in approaches to inter- personal conflict resolution across Christianity, Judaism and Islam.’ The symposium was organised into four panels, with altogether 17 research specialists from across Europe and the United States. The opening panel, Peace in the Courts, Peace Through the Courts, was moderated by Angelika Ergaver from the Institute IRRIS for Research, Development and Strate- gies of Society, Culture and Environment (Slovenia). The first paper, titled With God on Our Side: The Impossible Peace and the Judgment of God, was presented by Guido Dall’Olio from University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” (Italy). Dall’Olio explored the concept ACTA HISTRIAE • 32 • 2024 • 4 684 Veronika Kos: CONFERENCE REPORT, 683–686 of the Valley of Jehoshaphat (or Josaphat), traditionally believed to be the site of the Last Judgment. Initially a mythical location, it later came to be associated with an actual valley outside Jerusalem. Summons invoking the Valley of Jehoshaphat were not intended as a means of peaceful conflict resolution, but rather as a threat of divine justice, where the opponent would be judged before God’s tribunal after death. In this context, God was regarded as an impartial judge, called upon when human justice was unable to intervene. The next paper, Crimes Against God vs. Crimes Against Man: The Place for Concili- ation in the Perspective of Islamic Criminal Law, was presented by Deborah Scolart from the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” (Italy). Her presentation focused on Islamic crimi- nal law, particularly the mechanisms of conflict resolution. Scolart examined Qur’anic crimes, highlighting the distinction between dimā (blood crimes), where retaliation or blood money may apply depending on the circumstances, and hadd (pl. hudūd) (apostasy, fornication, theft, etc.), for which human forgiveness is not permitted as they are regarded as offences against God. As she explained, the second category of crimes, Ta’azir crimes, refers to offences where punishment is at the judge’s discretion. The first panel concluded with a presentation by Serena Di Nepi from “Sapienza” University of Rome (Italy). In her paper, Managing Conflicts, Preserving Boundaries. Arbitration Courts in the Roman Ghetto (16th to 19th Century), she examined the role of arbitration as a key mechanism for conflict resolution within the Roman Jewish commu- nity. Di Nepi emphasised the well-developed system of Jewish arbitration in the sixteenth century. She provided a detailed examination of the individual stages of the arbitration process, shedding light on how the community structured its legal practices to maintain order and preserve social harmony. The second panel of the day, Marriage and Family Ties, moderated by Deborah Scolart, was opened by Fernanda Alfieri from Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna (Italy). In her paper, From a Means of Pacification to a Site of Conflict: Mar- riage and Gender Violence in Recent Historiography, Alfieri first reviewed the extensive historiography on marriage as a means of resolving disputes, noting that English and German scholarship has moved beyond social and legal history. She then explored the biblical tradition of marriage, with Adam and Eve as the prototypical couple, and Aristo- tle’s theory of marriage, both of which, alongside other influences such as the Council of Trent, shaped later conceptions of marriage and the socially ideal spousal relationships. Alfieri paid particular attention to spousal violence, emphasising that, within traditional views of marriage, limited violence was seen as necessary to maintain marital balance. The next presentation, titled The Dispute over the Inheritance of Samuel Abravanel: Donna Benvenida and Her Sons Between Jewish Law and Christian Courts, was delivered by Guido Bartolucci of the Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna. Focusing on the inheritance dispute following the death of Samuel Abravanel in 1546, Bartolucci analysed the conflict between Samuel’s legitimate sons, Jacob and Leone; his wife, Benvenida; and his illegitimate son, Isaac. Samuel’s legitimate sons claimed inheritance under Jewish law, excluding their half-brother Isaac and Samuel’s wife, despite the latter being named as the universal heir in his will. The case highlighted the complex interac- tion between Jewish and Christian legal systems in the resolution of inheritance disputes. ACTA HISTRIAE • 32 • 2024 • 4 685 Veronika Kos: CONFERENCE REPORT, 683–686 A paper by Eddy Benato from Roma Tre University concluded this panel. His study, Courts in the Capital as Mediators of Marital Conflicts in the Periphery. Elena Cumano vs. Giovanni Battista Facen Between Secular and Ecclesiastical Courts (Feltre-Venice, 1588) examined the marital dispute between Elena Cumano and Giovanni Battista. The socially unequal couple that married in 1587 without parental consent or witnesses faced conflict when Elena became pregnant and refused abortion. A formal marriage was pro- posed, but Giovanni fled, escalating the dispute. Elena prayed for her ‘husband’s’ return, eventually resorting to magic for help. Giovanni accused her of witchcraft, while her father accused him of rape. Giovanni was sentenced to five years in exile and ordered to pay alimony to Elena and their daughter, Vittoria, born in 1588, unless he married Elena. With his analysis, Benato highlighted the complex overlapping of ecclesiastical and secular courts in resolving marital conflicts. The afternoon panel, Justice and Religion, moderated by Paolo Broggio, commenced with a paper by Debora Tonelli from Georgetown University (USA). In her paper, A Retrospective Glance: The Challenge of a Common Narrative as a Way to Peacebuilding, Tonelli examined if and how the concept of God affects and shapes our understanding of violence. She focused particularly on the interplay between violence and religion, arguing that when theology is involved in a dispute, it often assumes an ideological function, serving as a narrative that provides meaning. Tonelli proposed that achieving mutual understanding, reinterpreting history, and fostering dialogue are essential for creating a shared narrative of the past that can contribute to peacebuilding. The panel continued with a paper by Žiga Oman (Institute IRRIS, Slovenia) and Stuart Carroll (University of York, UK), titled Beyond Mathematics: Lutheran Peacemaking in Early Modern Germany Between Theology and Practice. Their paper investigated the influence of Lutheran theology on peacemaking in the early modern Holy Roman Empire, with a focus on the Duchy of Württemberg. Luther’s rejection of traditional reconciliation rites, which he viewed as devoid of soteriological value, was central to their analysis. Luther emphasised that true peace with God was achieved through grace, not through outward gestures. For Lutherans, heartfelt forgiveness was essential to accessing the sacrament of communion, the key to divine reconciliation. The paper further examined the interaction between Luther’s teachings and traditional reconciliation practices, analysing how various strands of Lutheran thought understood quotidian peacemaking in relation to justification. The final lecture of the first day, titled Bosnian Franciscans and Challenges of Communal Violence, Justice and Reconciliation in Ottoman Bosnia, was given by Vjeran Kursar from the University of Zagreb (Croatia). He argued that the position of the Bosnian Franciscans was more complex than their common portrayal as victims of the Ottoman regime. After the conquest, they accepted Ottoman rule voluntarily in exchange for freedom of worship and action, thereby becoming Ottoman agents. In this capacity, the Franciscans represented Catholics to the Ottoman authorities and sometimes acted as mediators. While subjected to discriminatory Islamic laws and experiencing violence during times of war and unrest, the Franciscans’ role as intermediaries was crucial for both the state and the Catholic population. ACTA HISTRIAE • 32 • 2024 • 4 686 Veronika Kos: CONFERENCE REPORT, 683–686 The second day of the conference began with the panel Practices and Rituals, moderated by Žiga Oman. The introductory paper, The Peacemaking and Peacekeeping Practices of Early Modern Montenegrin and North-Albanian Clans, was presented by Angelika Ergaver from the Institute IRRIS (Slovenia). She explored the religious aspects of peacemaking and peacekeeping among these clans, focusing on the role of blood feud and the rituals that ensured long-term peace. Central to these rituals was godfatherhood (kumstvo), which mediated conflicts and symbolised spiritual bonds between families. Other rituals included gestures of humility, symbolic oaths, and a communal meal. These practices were vital for restoring social harmony, with lasting peace often symbolised by a cross above the door of reconciled households. Next followed the paper Magic and Demon Control as Instruments of Peace and Conflict between Catholics and Islamic Sorcerers, by Federico Stella from University of Naples “L’Orientale” (Italy). His presentation was divided into three parts. First, he framed magical disputes within the broader context of theological conflicts. He then dis- cussed two case studies: the first, involving Baldassare Loyola Mandes (1631–67), who was kidnapped by the Knights of Malta in 1651, converted in 1656, and became a priest in 1663; the second, concerning Capuchin friar Justinien de Tours, who wrote Teatro della Turchia (1681) under the pseudonym Michele Febure. Stella concluded his presentation with some reflections and suggestions for future research. The fourth and last panel of the symposium concluded with Darko Darovec’s paper, Giuliano del Bello, Victim of the Vendetta in Koper (Istria) in 1541 and 1686: Two Cases of Violence and Reconciliation. Darovec (Institute IRRIS, Slovenia) analysed two cases of blood feud from Koper (1541 and 1686), showing the shift from customary conflict resolution to state justice. In both cases, local authorities initially intervened but sought help from central authorities. The 1686 case highlighted the failure to integrate customary practices into state justice, as inquisitorial procedures prevented further retaliation. The paper concluded by emphasising the transition from self-help to state-imposed justice and the role of peacemaking rituals in this process. The symposium ended with a final roundtable, where Gianfranco Bria from the Roma Tre University, Albane Cogné from the Ecole française de Rome (Italy), Ales- sandro Saggioro from the “Sapienza” University of Rome (Italy), and all the panel speakers shared their concluding thoughts. The symposium Violence, Justice and Reconciliation in the Mediterranean of the Three Religions: Peacemaking in the Christian, Muslim and Jewish Context (16th–19th Century) successfully addressed the complex issue of interpersonal conflict resolution within Christianity, Judaism, and Islam from various perspectives. The speakers and moderators emphasised both the similarities and differences, as well as the convergences and divergences, in the approaches to conflict resolution across these three specific reli- gious and cultural contexts. The organisers are to be commended for curating a series of insightful papers and for the efficient organisation of the event. Veronika Kos