Original title: Statopis – Statistični pregled Slovenije 2014 Editors: Martin Bajželj, Katja Kalin, Lea Kozina, Peter Štemberger, Tina Žnidaršič Infographics by Matjaž Erker Translated by Boris Panič The publication is available at: www.stat.si/eng/pub.asp Information provided by the Information Centre: Phone: +386 1 241 64 04 e-mail: info.stat@gov.si @StatSlovenia FOREWORD Stat’o’book is our new publication that replaces two of our former publications, the Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia and Slovenia in Figures. The title is a fusion of two words, statistics and yearbook. Don’t worry. Stat’o’book does not bring statistical methodology or complicated details. It wishes to present in a concise, clear and interesting manner some of the data that in our opinion touch the lives of everyone. We selected data that are interesting, topical and important. They are presented in a modern way with infographics and other graphical presentations and with short commentaries. The content is divided into 21 chapters of equal length. The chapters match statistical domains on our new website, which will be launched in early-2015 and will also enable access to contents that used to be published in the Statistical Yearbook, so our faithful Yearbook readers need not worry that they will be in any way at a disadvantage. Stat’o’book will be updated every year both in terms of content and design. So, view the Stat’o’book at your own risk. After reading it you will never be the same again. You will know much more! • Genovefa Ružić Director-General CONTENTS FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 COUNTRY AND DEVELOPMENT TERRITORY AND CLIMATE .................................................................................................................................................... 6 PEOPLE AND SOCIETY POPULATION ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10 EDUCATION ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14 LABOUR AND UNEMPLOYMENT........................................................................................................................................... 18 EARNINGS AND LABOUR COSTS .......................................................................................................................................... 22 QUALITY OF LIFE .................................................................................................................................................................. 26 SOCIAL PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 30 CULTURE AND MEDIA .......................................................................................................................................................... 34 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................................................................... 38 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, FISHERY ...................................................................................................................................... 42 ENERGY ............................................................................................................................................................................... 46 ECONOMY AND FINANCE GDP AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ......................................................................................................................................... 50 PRICES AND INFLATION ....................................................................................................................................................... 54 FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS......................................................................................................................................... 58 MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES CONSTRUCTION................................................................................................................................................................... 62 INDUSTRY ............................................................................................................................................................................ 66 ENTERPRISES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 70 DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 74 TRANSPORT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 78 TRADE AND SERVICES ......................................................................................................................................................... 82 TOURISM ............................................................................................................................................................................. 86 STATISTICAL SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT .......................................................... 90 The total area of Slovenia is 20,273 km2 As regards the territory, Slovenia is 152nd among the 232 countries of the world. Slovenia's land and river border is 1,322 km long. Half of Slovenia's border is with Croatia. In the past 10 years Slovenia got: 36 new settlements 504 new streets 38,719 new house numbers Area of Slovenia (km2) 20,273 Length of the land and river border (km) 1,322 Number of cohesion regions Number of statistical regions Number of administrative units Number of municipalities Number of settlements Number of streets Number of house numbers 2 2 12 12 58 58 211 211 6,032 6,034 10,286 10,349 540,702 543,374 Average annual amount of precipitation (mm) Average annual air temperature (°C) Sources: SMA, ARSO Average annual amount of precipitation and average annual air temperature 1,396 1,595 9.7 9.3 On average around 1,595 mm of precipitation was recorded in Slovenia in 2013. In the past 10 years most of the precipitation was recorded in 2010 (1,787 mm). In 2013, the average annual air temperature was 9.3°C. In the past 10 years the highest average annual air temperature was recorded in 2007 and in 2012: 9.7°C. In 2013, the Average monthly amount of precipitation and average monthly air temperature, 2013 average air temperature in July was 20.4°C. This was the second warmest July in the past 10 years behind July 2006, when the average air temperature was 20.9°C. The coldest month in the past 10 years was February 2012 with the average air temperature of -3.2°C. 262 mm of rain fell in November 2013. The rainiest month in the past 10 years was September 2010, when 326 mm of precipitation fell in one month. The driest month was March 2012 with 10 mm of precipitation. Source: ARSO Average monthly amount of precipitation and average monthly air temperature by meteorological stations, 2013 The amount of greenhouse gas emissions was the highest in 2008. At that time 21,384 Gg of CO2 equivalent of these gases were emitted. A year later the amount of greenhouse gas emissions declined significantly; between 2009 and 2011 it was almost the same. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions declined again in 2012. Greenhouse gases According to ARSO, the concentration of the most important greenhouse gas CO2 has increased by about 40% since 1750, while in the past 130 years the average global surface temperature increased by 0.85 ± 0.2°C. Total greenhouse gas emissions Source: ARSO Shares of individual gases in total greenhouse gas emissions, 2012 The share of carbon dioxide among greenhouse gases is by far the largest: 83%. The share of methane among greenhouse gases is 10% and the share of nitrous oxide is 6%. Other greenhouse gases are present in much smaller quantities. Since 1992 the share of nitrous oxide has decreased the most, while the share of partially fluorinated hydrocarbons has gone up. At the end of 2013 on average one in 21 residents of Slovenia was a foreign citizen, i.e. a citizen of one of the 142 Population as of 1 January 2,055,496 2,058,821 42.1 countries of the world. Live births 21,938 21,111 - One in two settlements in Deaths 19,257 19,334 76.1 Slovenia had fewer than 100 Immigrants 15,022 13,871 33.0 inhabitants, Slovene citizens 2,741 2,250 40.3 while the largest settlement, the foreign citizens 12,281 11,621 31.6 capital Ljubljana, had 277,554 inhabitants at the end of 2013. Emigrants 14,378 13,384 36.7 Slovene citizens 8,191 7,789 36.4 Marija and Franc foreign citizens 6,187 5,595 37.1 are the most common names in Slovenia. Total increase 3,325 2,264 - Most of the people have their birthdays Population as of 31 December 2,058,821 2,061,085 42.3 on 1 January; the fewest on 31 -no occurrence of event December. Source: SURS Population by age At the end of 2013 residents of Slovenia were on average 42.3 years old. Men (40.7 years) were on average 3 years younger than women (43.8 years). One in 7 residents of Slovenia was over 64 years old at the end of 2013. Up to the age of 61 years there are more men than women in the population. At age 84 there are twice as many women as men and at age 87 three times as many. In 2013, first-time brides were on average 29.2 years old. First-time grooms were on average 31.6 years old. In 2013, 34 men and 12 women aged 60+ married for the first time. The greatest age difference between a bride and a groom was 40 years. On average two out of three divorces included at least one dependent child. Life expectancy at birth Births and deaths Live births per 1,000 population Total fertility rate (%) Live births outside marriage (%) Mean age of mother at birth (years) first child all children Deaths per 1,000 population Infant deaths per 1,000 live births Life expectancy at birth (years) men women Source: SURS 10.7 10.3 1.58 1.55 57.6 58.0 28.9 29.0 30.5 30.5 9.4 9.4 1.6 2.9 76.96 76.93 82.89 83.13 Men who died in 2013 were on average 8 years younger (71.9 years) than women who died in the same year (80.3 years). The most frequent causes of death in Slovenia are cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms (cancer). Sara and Luka were the most common names of children born in 2013. Of the 362 twin births, in 131 cases a boy and a girl, in 123 cases two boys and in 108 cases two girls were born. In 2013, 365 multiple births happened in Slovenia; on average at least two children were born in one in 57 births. In 2013, Natural and migration changes of population natural increase was recorded in Slovenia for the eighth consecutive year: 1,777 people more were born than died. Positive net migration of 487 persons was recorded in 2013, a quarter lower than a year before. In 2013, net migration of citizens of Slovenia was negative for the 14th consecutive year: 5,539 more citizens of Slovenia emigrated from the country than immigrated to it. Immigrants and emigrants by selected countries of previous/next residence, 2013 In 2013, by far the greatest number of residents immigrated to Slovenia from Bosnia and Herzegovina, 29% of all immigrants. By far the greatest number of residents of Slovenia emigrated to Germany, 14%. In 2013, the settlement of residence was changed at least once by 4.9% of residents, most of the people (80%) moved to another municipality. One in eight foreign citizens and one in 22 citizens of Slovenia changed settlements of their residence. In the 2013/14 school year 610 more children were enrolled in kindergartens and 2,178 more pupils were enrolled in basic schools than in the 2012/13 school year. On the other hand, 1,494 fewer pupils were enrolled in upper secondary schools and 7,084 fewer students were enrolled in tertiary education. In 2013, there were 57 basic schools and institutions with adapted curriculum in Slovenia. They were attended by 1,807 pupils. Children in kindergartens Number of children in kindergartens Number of kindergartens with units Number of children in basic schools Number of basic schools and units Number of basic schools and institutions implementing adapted curriculum Number of children in basic schools and institutions with adapted curriculum Number of pupils in upper secondary schools Number of students Number of graduates Number of scholarship recipients (pupils and students) Source: SURS 83,090 83,700 938 960 161,051 163,229 785 782 57 57 1,724 1,807 78,208 76,714 97,706 90,622 20,596 18,774 41,994 39,813 In 2013, 75% of all children aged 1-5 were enrolled in kindergartens. The highest share of children in kindergartens was 3-5 years old. In 2013, there were on average 87 children per kindergarten (or kindergarten unit), which is on average 8 children per educator and assistant educator. There were 10,558 educators and assistant educators in Slovenia in 2013, 98% of them women. At the beginning of the 2013/14 school year 166,500 children were enrolled in basic education, of whom: 163,229 in basic school with regular curriculum, 1,807 in basic school with adapted curriculum and 1,499 in basic school with special curriculum. In all basic schools irrespective of their organisational form in the 2013/14 school year the average class had 19 pupils. A basic school or its branch had on average 209 pupils. Since 2007 the number of pupils enrolled in private basic schools had increased by 678. Basic education, 2013/14 Number of boys Number of girls Number of boys repeating the grade Number of girls repeating the grade 83,733 79,496 715 390 Number of boys Number of girls Number of boys repeating the grade Number of girls repeating the grade Source: SURS Pupils enrolled in upper secondary education by type of education, 2013/14 1,126 681 84 52 92% of all 15-18-year­olds participate in upper secondary education. In the 2013/14 school year enrolment in general upper secondary education was 2 percentage points lower and in technical upper secondary education 1 percentage point higher than in the previous school year. Enrolment in short-term vocational and vocational upper secondary education was the same as in the previous school year. In the 2012/13 school year 18,463 pupils finished upper secondary education, 42% of whom finished technical upper secondary education. In the 2013/14 academic year half of people aged 19-24 in Slovenia participated in short-term higher and higher education. 13,251 students participated in higher vocational education and 77,371 in higher education. In the 2013/14 academic year the shares of part-time students were: 40% of students in higher vocational education, 15% of students in higher undergraduate studies, 22% of students in higher postgraduate studies. Graduates Number of students by fields of study, 2013/14 Social sciences, business and law 28,536 Engineering, manufacturing and construction 16,934 Science, mathematics and computing 9,197 Services 8,605 Health and welfare 8,458 Humanities and arts 7,949 Education 7,469 Agriculture and veterinary 3,475 Source: SURS In 2013, 7,305 male students and 11,469 female students graduated from tertiary education. The number of graduates was three times higher than in 1980. The first 6 students studying according to Bologna study programs graduated in 2005. Since then the share of “Bologna” graduates has been steadily increasing; in 2013 two thirds of all graduates were “Bologna” graduates. Compared to 2012, in 2013 920,184 913,424 810,001 793,597 110,183 119,827 12.0 13.1 8.9 10.1 Registered unemployment rate and LFS unemployment rate In the first half of 2014 the registered unemployment rate in Slovenia was 13.6%. This was the highest rate in the past ten years. The registered unemployment rate has been rising since 2008. In 2008, the registered unemployment rate was the lowest: 6.7%. At that time there were 63,216 unemployed persons, half the number in the first half of 2014. labour force decreased by 0.7% and the number of persons in employment by 2%, while the number of registered unemployed persons increased by 9%. Registered unemployed persons are registered at the Employment Service of Slovenia and are actively seeking employment. According to the Labour Force Survey, unemployed persons are persons who did not work in the week before the interview but are actively seeking work and are prepared to accept it immediately. Labour force Persons in employment Registered unemployed persons Registered unemployment rate (%) LFS unemployment rate (%) Source: SURS In 2013, Registered unemployment rate for selected population groups 28% of registered unemployed persons had basic education or less. After 2008, when it was the lowest, the registered unemployment rate increased the most for people with basic education, by 16 percentage points. For people with upper secondary education it went up by 6 percentage points and for people with tertiary education by 4 percentage points. Since 2008, the registered unemployment rate for people who were unemployed for more than a year has gone up by 2.7 percentage points and for those who were unemployed for more than two years by 1.5 percentage points. Registered unemployment rate for men Registered unemployment rate for women Registered unemployment rate for persons with basic education or less Registered unemployment rate for persons with upper secondary education Registered unemployment rate for persons with tertiary education Registered long-term unemployment rate (more than a year) Registered very long-term unemployment rate (more than two years) Source: SURS Registered unemployment rate by age groups, 2013 11.5 12.6 26.0 10.7 6.2 6.0 3.4 12.5 13.8 28.4 11.9 7.2 6.1 3.7 In 2013, young people aged 15-24 had the highest registered unemployment rate. The registered unemployment rate for this age group was almost 30%; since 2008 it had increased by 17 percentage points. Among young people aged 25-29 years it was lower, but still above the average. The registered unemployment rate of persons aged 50 or more was also higher than the average, although compared to 2008 it had increased less (by 6.3 percentage points) than the total registered unemployment rate. Most people, Persons in employment by activity, 2013 22% of all persons in employment in Slovenia, work in manufacturing. The fewest people, 0.3% of all persons in employment, work in mining and quarrying. Source: SURS LFS unemployment rate, EU-28, 2013 in % 4.9 or less 5.0 ­9.9 10.0 -14.9 15.0 -19.9 20.0 or more SURS According to the Labour Force Survey, in 2013 the unemployment rate in Slovenia was 10.1% and thus lower than the EU average (10.8%). The LFS unemployment rate was the highest in Greece (27.5%) and Spain (26.1%) and the lowest in Austria (4.9%) and Germany (5.3%). In 2013, average monthly gross earnings in Slovenia were EUR 2 lower than a year before. Nevertheless, average monthly net earnings were EUR 6 higher than a year before. Monthly earnings were received on average by 631,000 persons in paid employment, which is 12,000 fewer than in 2012. Between 2005 and 2009 average monthly net earnings increased by 26%; between 2009 and 2013 they grew by another 7%. Average monthly gross and net earnings Average monthly gross earnings (EUR) 1,525.47 1,523.18 Average monthly net earnings (EUR) 991.44 997.01 Persons in paid employment who received earnings 643,030 630,759 Persons in paid employment with overdue payments 64,739 63,845 Persons in paid employment who received earnings for overtime work 79,766 77,569 Number of hours actually worked per person 124 125 Share of earnings without overdue payments (%) 97.6 97.6 Share of persons in paid employment with overdue payments (%) 10.1 10.1 Average monthly labour costs per person in paid employment (EUR) 2,085.06 2,082.94 Source: SURS In some activities net earnings grew between 2009 (economic crisis) and 2013, the most in manufacturing, by 18%. In the same period net earnings decreased in the following activities: education, arts, entertainment and recreation, human health and social work activities, and public administration and defence, compulsory social security. Higher earnings in November are the result of 13th month earnings, which some employers pay at the end of the calendar year. Average monthly net earnings by activities, 2013 average monthly net earnings amounted to EUR 1,410, and the lowest to EUR 693. The former were paid in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply and the latter in administrative and support service activities. Labour costs per person in paid employment decreased in 2013, mostly due to lower employee's incomes and lower employers’ social contributions. A person in paid employment Number of hours actually worked, 20131) actually worked on average 134 hours per month in 2013. On average, most hours were worked in transportation and storage and in professional, scientific and technical activities and the fewest in other activities. In 2013, persons in paid employment were paid on average for 168 hours per month, although they actually worked only 79.8% of paid hours. The highest ratio between hours actually worked and paid hours was recorded in professional, scientific and technical activities and the lowest in mining and quarrying. Average monthly gross earnings by sex, age, sector of employment and education, 2013 Women’s gross earnings were on average 5% lower than men’s earnings. The oldest employees earned almost two times more on average than the youngest employees. Public sector employees earned on average EUR 350 more than private sector employees. Highly educated employees earned on average EUR 1,250 more than employees with basic education and about EUR 990 more than employees with upper secondary education. In 2013, the monthly at-risk-of­poverty threshold was EUR 593 net for a one-member household or the first adult person in a multi-member household. A four-person household of two adults and two children younger than 14 had to have at least EUR 1,245 net monthly income to be above the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. In 2013, people subjectively assessed overall life satisfaction by an average assessment of 7 (on the scale from 0 – not at all satisfied to 10 – completely satisfied). The at-risk-of-poverty rate The at-risk-of-poverty or social exclusion rate (% of persons) 19.6 20.4 The at-risk-of-poverty rate (% of persons) 13.5 14.5 The severe material deprivation rate (% of persons) 6.6 6.7 The very low work intensity rate (% of persons aged 7.5 8.0 0-59 years) Households that can afford: keeping home adequately warm (% of households) 93 94 unexpected financial expenses of EUR 600 51 51(% of households) one week's annual holiday away from home 67 66 (% of households) Source: SURS The at-risk-of-poverty rate reached the highest level in 2013. The rate was the lowest before the onset of the economic crisis; then it started to rise and in 2013 it stood at 14.5%. The calculation for 2013 is based on data on income in 2012. The at-risk-of-poverty rate shows the share of people living in households in which net disposable income is below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. This is relative poverty, which shows how many people are poor compared to others. In 2013, 410,000 people in Slovenia were at-risk-of-poverty or social exclusion, which is 18,000 more than a year before. The rate was 20.4%. 291,000 people were living below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, which is one in seven people in Slovenia or 20,000 more than in the previous year. Women are more vulnerable to poverty than men, particularly women after 64 years of age (26%) Persons at-risk-of-poverty or social exclusion Source: SURS Most of the people living below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold in 2013 were retired (30%). Among households, the most vulnerable were households without working members (38% below the threshold), particularly those with dependent children (75% below the threshold). As regards the type of households, one-member households (33%), single-parent households (30%) and couples with three or more children (17%) were the most vulnerable. The at-risk-of-poverty rate was the lowest in households in which all adult members were in employment (4.2% below the threshold). Expenditure on transport, food, beverages, tobacco and housing represented almost half of total household consumption expenditure in 2012. One-member households spent EUR 9,271, 22.0% on housing and 19.6% on food and non-alcoholic beverages. Four-member households spent 2.5-times as much as one-member households, 21.4% on transport and 14.6% on food and non-alcoholic beverages. In 2012, a household member consumed on average 54 litres of milk, 25 kg of bread, 25 kg of potato, 71 kg of vegetables, 65 kg of fruit and 48 kg of meat. Consumption expenditure, 2012 In 2013, 11,321 adults and 437 juveniles were convicted. Compared to 2012, the number of convicted adults increased by a third, mainly because due to the introduction of the pre-trial hearing and the agreement on the admission of guilt the cases are solved faster. The number of denounced, accused and convicted legal persons has been increasing for the past few years. The most frequently they find themselves in criminal proceedings due to business fraud, violation of basic rights of employees and illegal employment. Most of the denounced legal persons are private construction companies. In 2012, 1% less was spent on social protection schemes than in 2011 (EUR 8,967 million), primarily due to changes in the legislation governing pensions and social protection. The highest share of expenditure on social protection schemes was that of cash benefits, particularly pensions, i.e. two thirds (66.9%). In 2012, total health expenditure amounted to EUR 3,308 million, of which 28.5% from private sources. Expenditure of social protection schemes social benefits in cash in kind administration costs other Health care expenditure government sector private sector Source: SURS Expenditure on social benefits and health care 9,052 8,967 8,884 8,800 6,021 5,889 2,862 2,911 145 144 24 23 3,281 3,308 2,412 2,365 870 944 Between 2003 and 2012 social protection expenditure and health expenditure each increased by a third. About half of social protection expenditure is for pensions, while as regards health expenditure about half is for curative care. In 2012, EUR 8,967 million was spent on social protection schemes, which is 24.9% of GDP. The largest share of this expenditure, just over two fifths or EUR 3,560 million, was spent on old age, followed by sickness and health care with almost a third or EUR 2,835 million. Social contributions are the main source of financing social protection schemes (almost two thirds of total funds). Social contributions by the protected persons represent almost two fifths of total social contributions. They are followed by general government contributions with about a third, but in recent years the share has been falling. Expenditure on social benefits by social protection functions (risks) Source: SURS In 2012, EUR 3,308 million was spent on health care in Slovenia. Over a quarter of total health expenditure was financed from private sources. Social security funds, which are the main financier of health care,contributed 70% of total health expenditure in 2012. Almost three quarters of health expenditure in 2012 was spent on financing services of curative care and medical goods. At the end of 2013 People in care and protégés in public social welfare institutions, 31 December 2013 one in 116 residents of Slovenia was living in an old people’s home. Women represented three quarters (73.4%) of people in care in old people’s homes in 2013. Two out of three people in care in old people’s homes were aged 80+. Source: SURS Between 2006 and 2013 the number of people in care in old people’s homes increased by 29%. On average one in 21 residents of Slovenia aged 65+ and one in 8 residents of Slovenia aged 80+ was living in an old people’s home in 2013. Two out of three people in care were admitted because they were old and sick, while one in ten was admitted healthy. Care in old people’s homes was mostly paid by people in care themselves or together with their relatives; stay in old people’s homes was paid in this way by 78% of people in care. In 2013, radio and television programs prepared almost a million hours of programme. In the same year 6,886 titles of printed books and serial publications were issued. Theatrical performances, cinema films, exhibitions in galleries, museums and exhibition grounds, and performances in cultural institutions were seen by more than 9 million people in 2013. Printed books and brochures 5,851 5,084 Printed serial publications 1,810 1,802 Radio programmes 88 92 TV programmes 59 61 Cinemas 52 55 Attendance (long films) 2,637,830 2,277,595 Museums and museum collections 2,503 3,028 Attendance 3,548,276 3,558,551 Performances in houses of culture 17,4731) 11,087 Attendance 8,935,0941) 2,672,892 In 2012, households spent on average Theatrical performances in theatre headquarters 5,610 4,746 EUR 42 on cinema, theatre and Attendance 955,031 881,252 concerts, EUR 29 on literature and EUR 1) The larger number of performances and attendance in 2012 is the result of the implementation of the 122 on newspapers and magazines. European Capital of Culture project. Source: SURS Attendance at cultural performances In the past ten years (2004–2013), the number of cinemagoers dropped by a quarter. Theatre attendance increased by more than a fifth. Attendance in museums, museum collections, galleries and exhibitions grounds went up by 45%. Among 3.5 million visitors in museums, museum collections, galleries and exhibition grounds, one in five was from abroad, and one in six was a child or a young person. An exhibition was seen on average by 1,175 people. In 2013, most visitors in theatres watched drama. On average, one in seven visitors watched a puppet show, one in ten an opera and one in twelve a ballet. Theatres produced 262 new works in 2013, 98 of which by Slovenian authors. In theatre headquarters 3,809 own performances and 937 performances on tour were held. In addition, 2,219 performances were held outside theatre headquarters (on tours). One theatre performance was seen on average by 186 visitors. Source: SURS Cinemagoers (long films) Source: SURS Cinema performances in 55 cinemas were seen by 2.3 million people in 2013, 14% fewer than in 2012. In the same year, 443 long films were distributed to cinemas in Slovenia, half of which were redistributed and half were distributed for the first time. As regards the origin of long films, 36 were Slovenian and 407 were foreign. One in nine cinemagoers saw a Slovenian long film. In 2013, 19 Slovenian long films (14 of them feature films) and 47 short and medium-length films (20 of them feature films) were created and shown for the first time. Houses of culture held 11,087 cultural performances in 2013. More than a quarter of all performances in houses of culture were musical concerts (instrumental and choir, rock, jazz, contemporary music). In 2013, cultural performances were attended by 2.7 million people; which means that on average one performance was attended by about 240 people. Source: SURS Printed literature books and brochures issued, 2013 In 2013, 5,084 titles of printed books and brochures were published, a fifth fewer than in 2008. 1,189 titles of literature were published, i.e. 583 Slovenian and 606 foreign literary works. Most literary works were novels. In 2013, 1,802 titles of newspapers and other serial publications were issued; 23% of them occasionally, 20% annually and 19% monthly. In 2013, 4.6 million tons of waste was generated in Slovenia, which is 4% more than in 2012. In 2013, on average 79.6 m3 of water per person was abstracted and 55.8 m3 of water per person was used. In the same year Slovenia imported 405,000 tons of waste more than it exported. Total municipal waste and separately collected municipal waste Of all municipal waste generated in 2013, 63% was separately collected. About 28% of separately collected municipal waste was biodegradable. 25% of waste was paper and cardboard waste, 14% was mixed packaging and 7% was bulky waste. More than 3.8 million tons Amount of waste generated by production and service activities, 2013 of waste was generated in manufacturing and service activities in 2013, which is 82% of total waste generated in Slovenia. 3% of this waste was hazardous. More than half (57%) of waste generated in 2013 in production and service activities was generated in two activities: manufacturing (1.3 million tons) and electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (0.8 million tons). Sources: SURS, ARSO Length of the sewage system and the number of connections In the past ten years the sewage system in Slovenia was extended by 75%. In 2013, 216.4 million m3 of waste water was discharged from the sewage system or almost 8% more than a year earlier. About 130 million m3 or 60% of waste water was rainwater and run-off water and the remaining 40% was waste water from agriculture, forestry and fishing, from households, from industrial activities and from other activities. 78% of this water was treated and 22% was not treated before discharge. In 2012, Greenhouse gas emissions by categories of sources (Gg of CO2 equivalent), 2012 18,911 Gg of CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gases were emitted, which is 2.8% less than in 2011. The energy sector contributes most of these emissions: 81.8%. The second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions is agriculture (9.9%). 1) Covered is consumption of fuel for energy production, in manufacturing, construction, transport and other sectors. Source: ARSO State budget revenues from environmental taxes amounted to EUR 1.348 billion in 2012. Slovenia is one of the five EU Member States with the highest environmental taxes. EUR 394.1 million or 1.1% of GDP was invested in environmental protection in 2012, while current expenditure for environmental protection amounted to EUR 489.3 million or 1.4% of GDP. In 2013, the indigenous production of pig meat declined the most (by almost 20%), and of poultry meat the least (by 4%). In the same year almost 30% less wheat was produced than in the previous year, partly because of smaller area sown (by 9%) and partly because of drought and subsequent lower yield per hectare (by 20%). Due to drought, the yield of other crops (potato, silage maize) was also lower as was the production of bovine meat and milk production. Sources: SURS, ZGS, MKGP Agricultural holdings and annual work units Between 2000 and 2013 the number of agricultural holdings decreased by 16% to 72,377. The number of annual work units (AWU) in agriculture declined by almost 30% between 2000 and 2010 and then increased by 7%, so that total labour input in agriculture in 2013 was 82,746 AWU. Annual work units (AWU) is the ratio between the number of hours spent in one year working in agriculture and one person in full-time employment in agriculture in one year (1,800 hours), which is used by national labour force statistics. In 2013, there were 477,023 hectares of utilised agricultural area or 23.5% of the territory of Slovenia. More than half (276,000 ha) of this area was permanent grassland and just over a third (almost 174,000 ha) was arable land. The remaining almost 6% (almost 27,000 ha) were permanent crops (vineyards, orchards and olive groves). Source: SURS In 2013, 80% of agricultural holdings in Slovenia were engaged in livestock production. They mostly bred cattle (311,564 LSU) and pigs (33,213 LSU). Between 2010 and 2013 the number of all livestock, except poultry, declined; the number of pigs (LSU) declined the most (by 25%). Livestock unit (LSU) is a standard measurement unit that allows the aggregation of the various categories of livestock in order to be able to compare the data for individual years. One LSU is 500 kg of live weight of an animal. Aquaculture in Slovenia increased by 7% in 2013. Most of it was freshwater fish farming, 867 tons, much less was marine fish and shell farming, 388 tons. Marine fishermen caught 238 tons of fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, shells and snails in 2013, which is 78% less than in 2003. Anglers caught 154 tons of freshwater fish in 2013, which is 29% less than in 2003. In marine free time fishing 9.3 tons of marine organisms were caught in 2013. Annual gross increment and removals As regards the area under forest, with 58% of forest area Slovenia is third among European countries; only Finland and Sweden have larger shares. Annual increment in 2013 was 24% larger than in 2000; it stood at around 8.5 million m3 . In Slovenian forests the removal of almost 4 million m3 of gross wood weight was recorded in 2013, 50% more than in 2000, of which 2.2 million m3 of conifers and 1.7 million m3 of non-conifers. In 2013, the recorded removal represented 65% of the allowable removal under forest management plans. In 2013, the energy dependency of Slovenia was 47%. This was the lowest energy dependency rate in the past 14 years. In 2013, per capita electricity consumption was 6,167 kWh, which means that each of us consumed on average 17 kWh of electricity per day. Renewable energy sources are: hydro energy, geothermal energy, solar and wind energy, biomass, biogas, biofuels and industrial and municipal waste. Indigenous production (1,000 toe) Energy supply (1,000 toe) Final consumption (1,000 toe) Energy dependency (%) Energy supply per capita (toe/capita) Electricity consumption per capita (kWh/capita) Source: SURS 3,550 3,564 6,982 6,797 4,953 4,851 50.9 46.9 3.4 3.3 6,160 6,167 Shares of energy from renewable sources in final gross energy consumption Source: SURS In 2013, Slovenia met 22% of its energy needs from renewable energy sources. In the past nine years the share of renewables increased by 5 percentage points. The target that Slovenia should achieve by 2020 is 25% of energy from renewable sources in gross final energy consumption. The share of renewable sources increased the most in heating and cooling; by 13 percentage points from 2004 to 32% in 2013. In 2013, almost a third of electricity in Slovenia was produced from renewable sources. Among energy sources used for space heating in 2013 the highest share was that of wood fuel (52%), followed by light fuel oil (17%) and natural gas (13%). As regards energy products for space heating, in the past four years the consumption of geothermal energy went up the most. The share of solar energy in total energy sources used for heating was only 0.24%. In mid-2014 100 kWh of electricity cost EUR 16, EUR 5 more than in mid-2008. Energy prices for households Household energy consumption for space heating (TJ), 2013 Firewood 15,487 Extra light heating oil 5,123 Natural gas 3,766 District heat 2,796 Electricity 1,348 Liquefied petroleum gas 475 Geothermal energy 446 Solar energy 71 Coal 11 Source: SURS, calculation by IJS-CEU In this period the price of natural gas went up by 20%. In mid-2014 a standard cubic metre of natural gas cost EUR 0.71. Light fuel oil and district heat also became more expensive. In 2014, 1,000 litres of light fuel oil cost EUR 1,032 or EUR 75 more than six years ago. People using district heat paid in January 2014 EUR 59.38 per 1 MWh or EUR 16.11 more than in January 2008. About 203,000 TJ of energy was consumed in Slovenia in 2013. In the structure of final energy consumption petroleum products represented almost 50%, electricity 22%, renewables 13% and natural gas 11% of all energy sources. Source: SURS Energy consumption of fuels, electricity and heat, including fuel consumption Electricity and natural gas represented for transformation in manufacturing, 2013 almost 80% of energy sources used by manufacturing enterprisers in 2013. In 2013, Slovenia’s gross domestic product was EUR 36,144 million or EUR 17,550 per capita. The national economy generated EUR 1,747 million surplus, which is 58.5% more than in the previous year. Source: SURS Growth of the gross domestic product In 2013, gross domestic product shrank by 1% over 2012. In the past ten years GDP growth rate was the highest in 2007 (6.9%) and the lowest in 2009, when GDP shrank by 7.8%. The dynamics of GDP is mostly influenced by industry and services. The highest household final Household final consumption expenditure, 2013 consumption expenditure in 2013 was for housing, followed by transport, and food and non-alcoholic beverages. Between 2007 and 2013 the share of expenditure on recreation and culture declined the most (by 2 percentage points), while the share of expenditure on housing, water and energy went up the most (by 1.2 percentage points). Expenditure on goods (by durability) and services in final household consumption In the 2007–2013 period the share of household expenditure on non-durable goods increased by 5.8 percentage points. On the other hand, the shares of household expenditure on durable goods declined by 3.5 percentage points, on semi-durable goods by 1.0 percentage point and on services by 1.3 percentage points. We think that in the uncertain situation households postponed buying durable and semi-durable goods that are not absolutely necessary. General government debt General government deficit and debt more than tripled in the 2007–2013 period: at the end of 2013 it was 70.4% of GDP. In the 2007–2013 period Slovenia had a budget deficit, which increased significantly in 2013, when the government increased the capital of banks. Household saving rate and household investment rate During the economic crisis households were saving increasingly less. The household saving rate declined from 16.2% in 2007 to 11.5% in 2012. After four years of decline, in 2013 the household saving rate went up again, to 14.4%. During the crisis, households also invested increasingly less: between 2007 and 2013 the household investment rate declined by almost a half to 5.5%. In 2013, inflation stood at 0.7%. This means that the annual growth of consumer prices was the lowest in the past 10 years. In calculating the annual inflation rate prices in December of the current year are compared with prices in December of the previous year. In 2013, real estate prices decreased by 4.4%. They also decreased in 2012, namely by 8.8%. In 2013, import prices, output prices and services producer prices also decreased, while producer prices of agricultural products increased. Annual growth of consumer prices - inflation Annual growth of import prices Annual growth of producer prices on the domestic market Annual growth of producer prices on the foreign market Annual growth of services producer prices Annual growth of residential housing prices Annual growth of producer prices of agricultural products Source: SURS Comparison of measured and perceived inflation 2.7 0.7 3.0 -0.9 1.0 -0.3 -0.2 -0.7 0.5 -0.3 -8.8 -4.4 6.9 3.2 In 2008, the average annual inflation rate stood at 5.7%. This was the highest inflation in the past 10 years. The lowest inflation was recorded a year later (in 2009); 0.9%. The average inflation rate shows average price changes from the beginning to the end of the year compared to the prices in the same period of the previous year. Changes in prices that are felt by consumers correspond to the actual situation. According to consumers’ opinion, prices grew the most in 2008 and the least in 2006. In 2013, a kilogram of white bread cost on average 2 cents more than in 2012. In the same year, the price of a kilogram of dessert apples went up on average by 27 cents and of a litre of edible oil by a cent. The price of salt went down by a cent. Average price of a monthly train ticket did not change compared to 2012. On the other hand, the price of a cinema ticket went up by 23 cents. In restaurants and similar establishments the price of a classical pizza went up on average by 15 cents and the price of a cup of coffee by a cent. White bread (kg) 1.83 1.85 1.1 Edible oil (l) 2.02 2.03 0.5 Table salt (kg) 0.4 0.39 –2.5 Dessert apples (kg) 1.15 1.42 23.5 Cough syrup, 150-200 ml (bottle) 7.16 7.31 2.1 Passenger transport by train (50 km), second class (monthly pass) Cinema ticket, normal length, evening Pizza (classical), large Cup of coffee in a café Source: SURS Annual price growth according to the HICP, EU-28, December 2013 129.28 129.28 0.0 5.12 5.35 4.5 6.39 6.54 2.3 1.15 1.16 0.9 In 2013, consumer prices in the EU were on average 1% higher than in 2012; in Slovenia they went up by 0.9%. Among Member States, the prices went up the most in Estonia, Austria and the UK (on average by 2%) and down the most in Greece (-1.8%), Cyprus (-1.3%) and Bulgaria (-0.9%). Price growth in the international environment is measured with the harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP), which is used for comparing inflation rates between countries and groups of countries that calculate it. The index is an economic indicator that measures changes in prices of goods and services bought by households for final consumption. EUR 1,946 per m2 of useful floor space was the average price of a newly built flat in 2013. EUR 1,486 per m2 of useful floor space was the average price of an existing flat in 2013. EUR 1,205 per m2 of useful floor space was the average price of an existing family house with land in 2013. Real estate prices were declining in 2013.Compared to the same period of the previous year, real estate prices dropped the most in the third quarter of 2013; they were falling in 2012 too, while in 2011 they were rising. Comparison of some producer prices of agricultural products (excluding VAT) and retail prices in outlets, 2013 Changes in housing prices Source: SURS Producer prices of some agricultural products in Slovenia were between 30% and 60% of final prices of comparable products sold in retail outlets. The prices of cucumbers, cauliflower, carrots, dessert pears and fresh cow's milk were 30-40% of the retail price, the prices of dessert apples and tomatoes 40-50% of the retail price, and the prices of onions, quality wine and eggs more than 50% of the retail price of comparable products. In 2013, Slovenia exported EUR 21.5 billion of goods. Compared to 2012, this was 2.3% more. In 2013, Slovenia imported EUR 22.1 billion of goods. Compared to 2012, this was 0.2% more. Exports (EUR million) 21,061 21,549 Imports (EUR million) 22,078 22,114 Trade balance (EUR million) -1,017 -565 Exports as % of imports 95 97 Source: SURS Exports and imports of goods Source: SURS In the past three years exports and imports have been about the same. The value of exports in 2013 was 7.5% higher than in 2008; in the same comparison the value of imports was 4.0% lower. Between 2004 and 2013 the values of exports and imports decreased the most over the previous year in 2009: exports by 19% and imports by 25%. In 2013, the trade balance was the lowest in the past 10 years. The difference between exports and imports was the largest in 2008, when the value of imports was EUR 3 billion higher than the value of exports. Slovenia exports most goods to EU Member States. In 2013, Slovenia exported to EU Member States 75% of total exports. 15% of exports were to other European countries and 10% to non-European countries. Compared to 2012, the share of exports to EU Member States increased by 6.4 percentage points. The main reason for this was Croatia’s accession to the EU in 2013. The EU Member State that exported most goods to other EU Member States was Germany; in 2013 it exported 27.1% of total exports of all EU Member States to the EU. Germany was followed by the United Kingdom (13.3%), Italy (10.4%) and France (10.2%). Source: SURS Slovenia imports most goods from EU Member States. In 2013, 79% of total Slovenia’s imports came from EU Member States; 12% of total imports came from non-European countries and 7% from other European countries. The EU Member State that imported most goods to the EU market was Germany, i.e. 18.8% of total imports of all EU Member States in 2013. Germany was followed by the Netherlands (14.2%), the United Kingdom (14.0%) and France (9.8%). Slovenia exports 20% of its total exports to Germany. Slovenia exports most of its exports to Germany, but in 2013 the share was 0.8 of a percentage point lower than a year earlier. Compared to 2012, in 2013 the shares of exports to Italy, Austria and Croatia went up, while the shares of exports to Germany and France went down. Slovenia imports 19% of its total imports from Germany. In 2013, the share was 0.7 of a percentage point higher than a year earlier. The share of Slovenia's imports from Italy declined the most, by 2.7 percentage points. Shares of the total value of exports and imports by important trade partner countries, 2013 Source: SURS Enterprise groups Source: SURS The number of enterprise groups is growing. In 2012 7,223 different enterprise groups operated in Slovenia, which is 45% more than in 2008. In this period the number of all-resident enterprise groups increased the most (by almost 75%), and among them enterprise groups with 2-3 units controlled by natural persons. Compared to 2008, in 2012 the number of multinational enterprise groups increased by 20%. Among multinational enterprise groups, the number of domestically controlled groups decreased by almost 11%, while the number of foreign controlled groups increased by 28%. In 2013, 3,662 buildings were completed, which is a third less than five years ago. The number of completed buildings has been declining since 2008. The useful floor space of all dwellings completed in 2013 was 507,928 m2 , which is 15% less than in 2012. The value of construction put in place in 2013 was EUR 1.7 billion. This is the lowest value in the past 10 years. Buildings for which building permits were issued and planned dwellings In 2013, 3,443 building permits for buildings were issued, which is 238 fewer than in 2012. In 2007, 41% more building permits for buildings than in 2013 were issued; 69% more dwellings were planned. The value of construction put in place on buildings was EUR 724 million. EUR 507 million or 30% of Value of construction put in place by type of structure, 2013 total value of construction put in place was done on transport infrastructure, which is 7% more than in 2012. EUR 113 million was the value of construction put in place in one-dwelling buildings. In 2012 it was EUR 7 million higher. EUR 85 million was the value of construction put in place in multi-dwelling buildings. In 2013 it was EUR 3 million lower than in 2012. Shares of individual types of buildings in total number of buildings completed in 2013 (estimated from the number of building permits) 650,106 m2 was the total floor space of one-dwelling buildings completed in 2013. Of all buildings completed in 2013, 70% were one-dwelling buildings. 84% of buildings completed in 2013 were new constructions, 14% were extensions and 2% were obtained by conversion-improvements. 86% of investors of buildings completed in 2013 were natural persons. According to the Housing Fund of the Dwellings in Slovenia (estimated by the housing fund), 2013 Republic of Slovenia, there were 857,007 dwellings in Slovenia in 2013. The total floor space of these dwellings was 68,990,176 m2 . The average floor space of a dwelling was 81 m2 . On average dwellings were larger in non-urban settlements. There were on average 2.4 people per dwelling. In urban settlements the average floor space per person was 31 m2 and in non-urban settlements 36 m2 . Equipment of dwellings and auxiliary spaces (estimated by the housing fund), 2013 More than 90% of dwellings had electricity, kitchen, water supply, toilet and bathroom. 79% of dwellings had central heating. 56% of dwellings were connected to the public sewage system. Most of the dwellings (21%) were built between 1971 and 1980, followed by dwellings built between 1981 and 1990 (17%) and dwellings built between 1961 and 1970 (14%). Industrial enterprises in Slovenia sold EUR 18.3 billion of industrial products and services in 2013. More than 70% of turnover of industrial products and services was generated with sale on foreign markets. Sale declined in both activities: in manufacturing by 1% and in mining and quarrying by 40%. The large drop in turnover in mining and quarrying was the result of the reclassification of one enterprise into another activity. Industrial production1) in Slovenia and the EU-28 In Slovenia the index of industrial production was on average lower in 2013 than in 2012 (by 1.4%); however, in the first half of 2014 it started to grow again. Trends in the industrial production index have been very similar in Slovenia and in the EU-28 since 2007. Compared to 2008, in 2013 the average annual growth of the index was 7.8% lower in the EU-28 and 11.8% lower in Slovenia. 1) Seasonally adjusted data. 2) Data for 2014 are provisional. Sources: SURS, Eurostat, 4. 9. 2014 The highest share of turnover in 2013 was generated in manufacture of electrical equipment (12.1%). More than 8% shares were recorded by these activities: manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi­trailers (10.6%), manufacture of basic metals (9.5%) and manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (8.4%). In 2013, the value of sales of industrial products and services was 12% higher than during the greatest recession in 2009, but also 11% lower than in 2007 and 9% lower than in 2008, when it reached the highest value after euro adoption. Industrial products and services with which most of the turnover was generated, 2013 Source: SURS In 2014, 93% of enterprises invested. Investment in 2014 was on average 7% higher than in 2013. In 2015, 92% of enterprises are expected to invest. As regards the structure of investment in 2014, enterprises invested the most in replacing old equipment (32%), followed by extension of production capacity (26%) and automation and mechanisation (23%). Labour productivity increased Labour productivity in industry in 2013 over 2012 by 1.9%. Labour productivity has been growing since 2005; it only declined in 2009 (economic crisis), i.e. by 8.1% compared to 2008. The labour productivity index is the ratio between the industrial production index and the index of persons in employment. Source: SURS Competitive position on the domestic market, markets of other EU Member States and markets outside the EU The competitive position of enterprises improved in 2013 compared to 2012 only on the domestic market (by 2 percentage points); on the markets outside the EU it deteriorated by 3 percentage points, while on the markets of other EU Member States it was the same. The values of these indicators were the lowest in 2009. There were 126,754 enterprises with 572,552 employees registered in non-financial business activities in Slovenia in 2013. They generated EUR 79,193 million of turnover. Compared to 2012, the number of enterprises went up by 5.9%, the number of persons employed went down by 0.3% and turnover declined by 1.6%. Business demography 15,395 enterprise births were recorded in 2012; they employed 17,536 people. As regards the organisational form, most of these enterprises were natural persons (68%). 12,620 enterprise deaths were recorded in 2012, which is the highest number in the observed period; they employed 14,873 people. As regards the organisational form, most of these enterprises were natural persons (82%). Of all enterprise births in 2007, 53% were still active in 2012. In 2012, the five-year survival rate of enterprises was 3 percentage points lower than a year before. Most of the enterprises that were born in 2007 and were still active in 2012 had no employees (69.4%) and the fewest had 10 or more employees (0.5%). Enterprises that have no employees are mostly sole proprietors. Source: SURS High-growth and medium-growth enterprises, gazelles and young medium-growth enterprises by employment growth, 2012 Source: SURS There were 393 high-growth enterprises in terms of employment in Slovenia in 2012; 19% of them were less than five years old (gazelles). There were also 861 medium-growth enterprises in terms of employment; 7% of them were less than five years old (young medium-growth enterprises). A high-growth enterprise is an enterprise with average annual growth greater than 20% over a three-year period. A medium-growth enterprise is an enterprise with average annual growth between 10% and 20% over a three-year period and at least five employees at the beginning of the growth period. In 2012, 11,806 enterprises were integrated into enterprise groups. Among enterprises integrated into enterprise groups, 74.0% were micro enterprises, 16.6% were small enterprises and 9.4% were medium-sized and large enterprises. Only the number of micro enterprises was higher (by 11.1%) than in the previous year; the number of medium-sized and large enterprises declined by 4.3% and the number of small enterprises by 0.3%. The number of medium-sized enterprises was growing until 2012. Enterprises integrated into enterprise groups by size classes of enterprises by the number of employees, 2012 Source: SURS Enterprises and selected structural indicators on enterprise operation by control, 2012 There were 96% national enterprises and 4% inward foreign affiliates in Slovenia in 2012. Even though there were not many inward foreign affiliates, they were economically important since they employed around 17% of all employees in non-financial activities and generated 25% of total turnover. The shares of value added, investment and compensation of employees in these enterprises were a fifth (20%) of the total value of all enterprises. Inward foreign affiliates are enterprises operating in Slovenia that are under majority ownership and control of enterprises or natural persons that are residents of other countries. 15% of enterprises purchased cloud computing services in 2014. These services were most often purchased by large enterprises (28%), followed by medium-sized (20%) and small enterprises (14%). The majority of enterprises accessed these services via public cloud (79%). 39% of enterprises were using social media. 37% of enterprises had profiles on social media (FB), 8% had a blog or a microblog (TW), 12% used multimedia content sharing websites (YouTube, etc.) and 2% wiki-based knowledge sharing tools. Number of minutes of outgoing traffic of fixed and mobile telephony and number of SMSs sent Source: SURS In the first quarter of 2014, 77% of households in Slovenia had Internet access. 74% of these households accessed the Internet via portable or tablet computer, 70% had access via a desktop computer, and 66% had access via a mobile phone or other mobile device. Over 2 billion SMSs and over 40 million MMSs were sent in 2013. Compared to 2007, outgoing traffic from fixed locations in 2013 dropped by almost a half (48%), outgoing traffic from mobile networks increased by 37% and the number of SMSs sent jumped by 261%. In the 2010–2012 period more than 46% of observed enterprises were innovation active. In 2012, EUR 536 million was spent on innovation activity in manufacturing and EUR 213 million in service activities. In the same year EUR 928 million was spent on R&D. 59% of all persons employed in R&D were researchers. The shares of women among all R&D employees and among all researchers were the same, 36%. Share of innovation active enterprises by enterprise size by the number of employees, 2010–2012 In the 2010–2012 period, the share of innovation active enterprises was the highest among enterprises employing more than 250 persons, 87%. Most of the enterprises with technological innovations introduced both product and process innovations, 47%. 25% of enterprises introduced only product innovations and 22% only process innovations. Most of the enterprises with non-technological innovations introduced only organisational innovations, 46%. 30% of enterprises introduced only marketing innovations and 24% introduced both types of innovations. As one of the sources of funding R&D, companies contributed EUR 578 million in 2012, which was 62% of total sources of funding R&D in Slovenia. Most of the funds for R&D were spent in the business enterprise sector, i.e. EUR 703.1 million or 76% of total R&D expenditure. 44.3% of researchers were employed in the business enterprise sector, 38% in the higher education sector, 17.5% in the government sector and only 0.1% in the private non-profit sector. Source: SURS There were 7,779 doctorate holders in Slovenia in 2012. Women represented 41% of all doctorate holders. Most of the doctorate holders had doctorate degrees in natural sciences, 27%, and the fewest had doctorate degrees in agricultural sciences (5%). According to estimates, 91% of doctorate holders were employed, 6% were inactive and 2% were unemployed. 63% of doctorate holders were satisfied with their principal jobs; the biggest dissatisfaction was expressed in terms of opportunities for advancement and salary. In 2013, passenger cars in Slovenia were on average 9.1 years old. In the 2004–2013 period the average age of passenger cars increased by 1.7 years. Compared to 2012, in 2013 around 5 million (12%) more passengers were carried in urban scheduled transport and around 900,000 passengers more were carried in railway transport. Road traffic accidents and passenger cars There were 18,904 road traffic accidents in Slovenia in 2013, which means that in the past ten years their number declined by more than a half (56%). The number of registered passenger cars increased by 14% in the past ten years to 1,063,795 in 2013. In 2013, most road traffic accidents happened in June, 1,707, and as regards the days of the week on Fridays (17%). In 2013, more than 17.2 million tonnes of goods were carried by railway and 3,799 million tonne kilometres were travelled. Compared to 2004, 6% more goods were carried by railway and 21% more tonne kilometres were travelled. In 2013, 81% of goods were carried in international transport. Road goods transport, 2013 Railway goods transport, 2013 In 2013, road goods vehicles registered in Slovenia carried 65.3 million tonnes of goods. 42.6 million tonnes of goods (almost two thirds) were carried in national transport and 22.7 million tonnes of goods were carried in international transport. In international transport 7.6 million tonnes of goods (a third) were carried from Slovenia to other countries and 6.7 million tonnes of goods were carried in the opposite direction. 6.4 million tonnes of goods were carried between two foreign countries (cross­trade) and 2 million tonnes of goods were carried within a foreign country (cabotage). Almost 17.2 million tonnes Port traffic of goods by type of cargo of goods were handled in the Port of Koper in 2013 or 18% more than in 2010. As regards the type of cargo, most of it was dry bulk goods (6.9 million tonnes or 40%), followed by cargo in containers (5.0 million tonnes or 29%) and liquid bulk goods (2.9 million tonnes or 17%). Passenger traffic at the Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport, 2013 © SURS Source: SURS 1.3 million passengers travelled through the Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport in 2013. Most of them travelled between Slovenia and Germany (216,000 or 17%). 87% of all passengers travelled by scheduled flights and the remaining 13% by unscheduled flights. Compared to the previous year, the number of passengers on scheduled flights increased the most between Slovenia and Belgium (by 46%), while the number of passengers on unscheduled flights increased the most between Slovenia and Morocco (by thirty times) and decreased the most between Slovenia and Egypt (by a half). EUR 11,555 million of turnover was generated by retail enterprises in Slovenia in 2013. Retail trade is buying of goods and selling them to end customers. EUR 11,601 million of turnover was generated by wholesale enterprises in Slovenia in 2013. Wholesale is buying of goods and selling them to retailers. Nominal turnover indices In 2013, 15% of enterprises were engaged in e-commerce, which is 2 percentage points more than in 2012. Compared to 2012, in 2013 the nominal turnover declined in retail trade and in wholesale, but more in the former than in the latter. In service activities it was slightly higher. In calculating the nominal turnover price growth is not taken into account. EUR 8.6 billion of turnover Retail trade turnover by principal activity of enterprise was generated by retail enterprises (excluding those selling motor vehicles) in 2013. EUR 259 million less turnover than in v 2012 was generated by retail sale of automotive fuels. EUR 169 million less turnover than in 2012 was generated by retail sale of information and communication equipment in specialised stores. The highest share of turnover was generated by retail sale of food (19%) and retail sale of fuels (18%). 4 or more percent of total turnover was generated by retail sale of cars (9%), clothing and footwear (6%), medical instruments and supplies (5%), beverages (5%) and tobacco (4%). EUR 7.2 billion of turnover was generated by wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles in 2013. Wholesale of information and communication equipment generated EUR 68 million more turnover than in 2012. Enterprises dealing with wholesale on a fee or contract basis generated EUR 249 million less turnover than in 2012. Wholesale turnover on the domestic market by principal activity of enterprise The highest share of turnover was generated by wholesale of coke and refined petroleum products and by wholesale of pharmaceutical goods (11%). 5 or more percent of total turnover was generated by wholesale of food (9%), cars (8%), computer, electronic and optical products (7%), tobacco (6%), chemicals and chemical products (6%) and unprocessed wood and ores (5%). 122,177 bedplaces (permanent and auxiliary) were available to tourists in Slovenia in 2013. 40% of bedplaces were available to tourists in hotels and similar establishments, 19% in camping sites and 41% in other accommodation establishments. 3.4 million tourist arrivals and 9.6 million overnight stays were recorded in tourist accommodations in Slovenia in 2013. 64% of overnight stays were generated by tourists in hotels and similar establishments, 14% in camping sites and 22% in other accommodation establishments. Tourist overnight stays in Slovenia Foreign tourists in Slovenia generated about 6 million and domestic tourists 3.6 million overnight stays in 2013. Foreign tourists generated about a tenth (11%) more and domestic tourists about a tenth (9%) fewer overnight stays than in 2008. © SURS Source: SURS Change in the number of overnight stays of tourists by countries from which most tourists come to Slovenia, 2008–2013 In the 2008–2013 period, the number of tourists from the United Kingdom, Croatia and Italy decreased the most, while the number of tourists from the Russian Federation, Serbia and Belgium increased the most. Slovenia is visited by an increasing number of tourists from non-European countries. In the 2008–2013 period, the number of their overnight stays went up by 48%: from 409,000 to 607,000. In 2013, residents of Slovenia aged 15 years or more went on 4.6 million tourism trips, a large majority of them private (91%). In 2013, 61% of residents of Slovenia went on at least one private trip. Together they went on 4.2 million private trips, of which 54% abroad. The most frequent destination of private trips abroad was Croatia (62%). Slovenian tourists spent on a private trip on average EUR 44 per person per day; in Slovenia EUR 34 and abroad EUR 48. Source: SURS In 2013, residents of Slovenia aged 15 years or more went on 1.6 million same-day private visits abroad. Most frequently they visited Italy (592,000 same-day visits) and Austria (576,000 same-day visits). For each such same-day visit they spent on average EUR 54 per person. They spent the most in Austria (EUR 59 per person) and the least in Croatia (EUR 43 per person). STATISTICAL SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT o average M less accurate estimate - use with caution - no occurrence of event % percent °C degrees Celsius EUR euro Gg gigagram GJ gigajoule ha hectare kg kilogram km kilometre km2 square kilometre kWh kilowatt-hour l litre m3 cubic metre min. minute mio. million mm millimetre MWh megawatt-hour Sm3 standard cubic metre t ton/tonne = 1,000 kg TJ terajoule toe ton of oil equivalent CH4 methane CO2 carbon dioxide HFCs hydrofluorocarbons N2O nitrous oxide PFCs perfluorcarbons SF6 sulphur hexafluoride AWU annual work unit GDP gross domestic product HICP harmonised index of consumer prices LSU livestock unit LUCF land use change and forestry Nace Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community NPISH non-profit institutions serving households R&D research and development VAT value-added tax ARSO Slovenian Environment Agency IJS-CEU Jožef Stefan Institute DRSC Slovenian Roads Agency Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Union MKGP Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food MOP Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning MZI Ministry of Infrastructure SMA Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia SURS Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia ZGS Slovenian Forest Service Images for some infographics were obtained from: http://www.flaticon.com. HOW TO OBTAIN STATISTICAL DATA AND INFORMATION? • on Statistical Office’s website www.stat.si/eng • via mail, phone, fax and e-mail adress: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Litostrojska cesta 54, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia phone: +386 1 241 64 04 fax: +386 1 241 53 44 answering machine: +386 1 475 65 55 e-mail: info.stat@gov.si • by ordering statistical publications adress: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Litostrojska cesta 54, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia phone: +386 1 241 52 85 fax: +386 1 241 53 44 e-mail: prodaja.surs@gov.si • by visiting the Information Centre office hours: Monday to Thursday from 9.00 to 15.30 Friday from 9.00 to 14.30