GDK 172.9:228.81 Ždrocle:(497.12 Snežnik)
Prispelo/Received: 24. 11. 2000	i^vjmj znanstveni članek
Accepted .16. 01. 2001	Original scientific paper
THE LICHENS OF THE ŽDROCLE FOREST RESERVE
Johannes PRÜGGER*, Boštjan SURINA", Helmut MAYRHOFER*" Abstract:
88 lichenized and 2 lichenicolous fungi are reported from the Ždrocle Forest Reserve. The association Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora hosts the greatest biodiversity of lichens. One species (Biatora flavopunctata) is new for the flora of Slovenia, two species (Collema furfuraceum and Lecanora subintricata) and one variety (Cladonia macilenta ssp. floerkeana) are new for the dinaric phytogeographical region.
Key words: Flora of Slovenia, Snežnik, Ždrocle, lichens, lichenicolous flingi, distribution, biodiversity, forest reserve.
LIŠAJI GOZDNEGA REZERVATA ŽDROCLE
Izvleček
88 vrst lišajev ter 2 vrsti liheniziranih gliv je bilo zabeleženih v Gozdnem rezervatu Ždrocle. Največja lišajska diverziteta je bila opažena znotraj asociacije Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora. Zabeležena je ena nova vrsta lišaja za Slovenijo (Biatora flavopunctata), dve vrsti (Collema furfuraceum and Lecanora subintricata) sta novi za dinarsko fitogeografsko regijo.
Ključne besede: flora Slovenije, Snežnik, Ždrocle, lišaji, lihenizirane glive, razširjenost, biodiverziteta, pragozd
mag.. Institut für Botanik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, A [^Biološki inštitut Jovana Hadžija ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 5, 1000 Ljubljana, SVN
prof, dr., Institut für Botanik, Kari-Franzens-Universität Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, A
CONTENTS
VSEBINA
1	INTRODUCTION
UVOD................................................................................................9
2	GENERAL ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
OPIS SPLOŠNIH EKOLOŠKIH RAZMER.....................................9
3	METHODS
METODE.........................................................................................13
4	INVESTIGATION RESULTS
REZULTATI RAZISKAVE............................................................14
5	DISCUSSION
RAZPRAVA....................................................................................17
6	CONCLUSIOS
ZAKLJUČKI...................................................................................21
7	POVZETEK...................................................................................22
8	REFERENCES
VIRI.................................................................................................24
9	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ZAHVALE.......................................................................................25
1 INTRODUCTION
UVOD
The biodiversity of lichens has been investigated in several regions of Slovenia in recent years including areas of the Snežnik-Javomiki region (GRUBE / BATIČ / MAYRHOFER 1995, 1998; ARUP et al. 2001), Pohorje (MAYRHOFER / KOCH / BATIČ 1996, MAYRHOFER / MATZER / BELEC 1998), Trnovski gozd (PRÜGGER / MAYRHOFER / BATIČ 2000), Uršlja gora (SUPPAN / MAYRHOFER in press), the area of Zasavje (VIDERGAR-GORJUP / BATIČ / MAYRHOFER in press), and Triglav National Park (BATIČ et al., in prep.). Suppan, Priigger & Mayrhofer (2000) have provided an evaluation of the accessible literature records as another base for further lichenological studies. Thus, they have processed it as a catalogue of taxa with geographical integration of records according to the phyto-geographical division of the country by Wraber (1969). The first records of lichens from the Snežnik region were done by Biasoletto (1846).
2 GENERAL ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
OPIS SPLOŠNIH EKOLOŠKIH RAZMER
The Ždrocle Forest Reserve is located on the south-eastern side of Snežnik (1796 m), the highest peak of a mountainous karst plateau in the south of Slovenia, near the border with Croatia (Fig. 1). It covers an area of 184,26 ha between 1300 m and 1478 m (Fig. 2; Ždrocle at the northern side of the reserve 1478 m, Omance in the southeast 1266 m) (JANEŽIČ 1985). Ždrocle are karst depressions with steep walls that are typical for the area and the forest reserve (ZUPAN-HAJNA 1997). Southwest from the biggest and the only grassy region Andrejev studenec, the area takes its name from the 1478 m high summit called Ždrocle. The same name is in local use for the mentioned steep depressions where snow frequently remains throughout the year.
The diverse climate is due to interference from Mediterranean, Atlantic and Continental influence, which results in a high amount of precipitations (2738 mm - Gomance, 937 m) (B. ZUPANČIČ 1995) and temperatures (6,7 V year average - Gomance). The summer is short and fresh whereas winter is long but not too cold. Autumn (average 7,7 °C) is
warmer then spring (average 5,5 °C). Temperature and therefore inversion of vegetation especially above 1200 m is clearly visible in depressions. The vegetation period lasts from May until September (MEKINDA-MAJARON 1995).
46 47 4Ö 49 50 51 62 53 54 66 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 66
Picture 1: Location of the Ždrocle forest reserve in Slovenia Slika I: Lokacija gozdnega rezervata Ždrocle
The bedrock of the Snežnik plateau is built on Jurassic and cretaceous limestone and dolomites and their breccias. During the last glaciation the area of Ždrocle was situated above the perpetual snow line and was covered by permanent ice (ŠIFRER 1959).
In comparison to the northern side of Snežnik, covered with mixed beech and fir forests (Omphalodo-Fagetum s.l. dominating) and where large and rounded valleys occur, the southern side and especially the Ždrocle Forest Reserve is characterised by small, deep depressions (Fig. 2) and peaks with precipices where mainly pure beech forests prevail
{Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum var. geogr. Allium victorialis on peaks exposed to wind and Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora mainly on
„.srijl-/
Spnice forest in deep dolinas
{Lemcero cacruleue-f'U-cetum Zupančič 11976| 1999)
Spnice forest on slopes (Hat/uelio-Picei-lum Zupančit 11976| 1999)
Vaccinio-Fccceium (.\iihalpinum) Toinai 195 7 f n.nikI.)
Seried or scarse beech forest
(Kanunculo plaiani/olii-!'ageiim Marinček ct al. 1992
var. geogr. CaUiininlka grandiflora Marinček 1996)
Dctectivc becch forest
(harjunculo-Fagc'tivn / Polysticho-Fagetim)
Beech forest on ridges and rocks
{rotyxncho hnchitis-FagetumOll 19.^8) Marinček 1943
var. geogr. Allium vit tt>riuJi.s Marinček 1956)
Meadows, plains {Me\obroni^rum s.l.)
Rocks and dolinas with piccipited walls {Helio\pcrnietiirn pusille s.l., Pin<!ium mugo s.l.)
Picture 2: Vegetation map of the Ždrocle Forest Reserve and collection sites (according to
JANEŽIČ 1985, associations renamed) Slika 2: Karta vegetacije gozdnega rezervata Ždrocle z vzorčnimi ploskvami (povzeto po JANEŽIČ 1995, združbe preimenovane)
slopes below the former association; Fig. 7), whereas conifers are restricted generally to small and deep valleys (Hacquetio-Piceetum: frequent association in valleys where temperature and vegetation inversion occur (Fig. 6), Lonicero caeruleae-Piceetum-. in deep valleys also with distinctive inversion of vegetation and Vaccinio-Piceetum: in open areas exposed to wind; Lamio orvalae-Aceretum s.l. occurs in the reserve only sparely). From the phyto-geographical point of view the area belongs to the Dinaric phyto-geographical region (WRABER 1969) or Snežnik-Risnjak district ( ZUPANČIČ et al. 1987).
The forest is mainly untouched mostly because of the unusual wilderness. Between 1903 and 1969 only the southeastern part called Omance and a smaller part in northwest of the reserve were exploited because of accessibility and larger stands of spruce (JANEŽIČ 1985).
Picture 3: A group of Acer pseudoplatanus at the margin of a depression. Slike 3: Skupina gorskega javorja na robu vrtače
3 METHODS
metode
During fieldwork mostly epiphytic lichens were collected. Lichen species were determined using classical methods (WIRTH 1995) and some of the mainly leprose thali using TLC. Nomenclature follows Santesson (1993) and Wirth (1995).
3.1 COLLECTION SITES
OPIS VZORČNIH PLOSKEV
1	Slovenia, SE Snežnik, SW Vodna draga, ca. 700 m NNW Ždrocle, near the road, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora, 1365 m; x=5458550 / y=5048300; MTB 0452/2; leg.; J. Prügger & B. Surina; 23.10.1998
la Slovenia, SE Snežnik, SW Vodna draga, ca. 700 m NNW Ždrocle, on the road to the forest reserve, Haquetio-Piceetum, 1360 m; x= 5458600 / y= 5048150; MTB 0452/2; leg.: J. Prügger & B. Surina; 23.10.1998
2	Slovenia, SE Snežnik, ca. 300 m N Ždrocle, near forest road, Hacquetio-Piceetum, 1345 m; x=5458800 / y=5048100; MTB 0452/2; leg.: J. Prügger & B. Surina; 23.10.1998
3	Slovenia, SE Snežnik, NNE Ždrocle, Andrejev studenec (Andreas-Quelle), Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora and Hacquetio-Piceetum, 1360 m; x=5459125 / y=5048125; MTB 0452/2; leg.: J. Prügger & B. Surina; 23.10.1998
4	Slovenia, SE Snežnik, eastern slopes of Ždrocle, Hacquetio-Piceetum, 1380 m; x=5459250 / y=5047800; MTB 0452/2; leg.: J. Prügger & B. Surina; 23.10.1998
5	Slovenia, SE Snežnik, eastern slopes of Ždrocle, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora, 1385 m; x=5459125 / y=5047750; MTB 0452/2; leg.: J. Prügger & B. Surina; 23.10.1998
6	Slovenia, SE Snežnik, eastern slopes of Ždrocle; Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum var. geogr. Allium victorialis, 1407 m, x=5459000 / y=5047625; MTB 0452/2; leg.: J. Priigger & B. Surina; 23.10.1998
1 Slovenia, SE Snežnik, summit of Ždrocle, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora, 1460 m; x=5458850 / y=5047700; MTB 0452/2; leg.: J. Prügger & B. Surina; 23.10.1998
8	Slovenia, SE Snežnik, Forest reserve Ždrocle, base of Fagus sylvatica, Hacquetio-Piceetum-, x=5459000 / y=5047500; MTB 0452/2; leg.: B. Surina; 31.10.1998
9	Slovenia, SE Snežnik, Forest reserve Ždrocle, Hacquetio-Piceetum-, x=5048130 / y=5458670; MTB 0452/2; leg.: B. Surina; 31.10.1998
The abbreviations used for substrata follow Trpin and Vreš (1995): AcepseuAcer pseudoplatanus Fagsylv Fagus sylvatica Picabie Picea abies
4 INVESTIGATION RESULTS
REZULTATI RAZISKAVE
4.1 LIST OF TAXA
SEZNAM VRST
Species names are followed by locality numbers and substrates. Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A. Massal.: 6 (Fagsylv);
Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach.: 3 (Acepseu); 4 (Fagsylv); 6 (Acepseu, Fagsylv);
Arthonia vinosa Leight.: 3 (Acepseu);
Bacidia circumspecta (Nyl. ex Vain.) Malme: 7 (Fagsylv);
Bacidia globulosa (Flörke) Hafellner & V. Wirth: 1 (Acepseu); 4 (Fagsylv);
Bacidia rubella (Hoffin.) A. Massal.: 6 (Fagsylv);
Bacidia subincompta (Nyl.) Arnold: 4 (Fagsylv); 6 (Fagsylv);
Belonia herculina (Rehm) Keissl.: 4 (Fagsylv);
Biatora chrysantha (Zahlbr.) Printzen: 3 (Acepseu);
Biatora ejflorescens (Hedl.) Räsänen: 4 (trunk and base oiAcepseu);
Biatora flavopunctata (T0nsberg) Hinteregger & Printzen: 4 (Fagsylv);
Biatora subduplex (Nyl.) Printzen: 4 (Fagsylv);
Biatoridium monasteriense J. Lahm: 3 (Acepseu);
Calicium salicinum Pers.: 5 (wood oiFagsylv)-,
Caloplaca herbidella (Hue) H. Magn.: 1 {Acepseu)- 3 (Acepseu); 6 {Acepseu)-
Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau: 6 (Acepseu; trank and mosses on Fagsylv)-,
Catinaria atropurpurea (Schaer.) Vezda & Poelt: 3 (rotting wood);
Cetrelia cetrarioides (Duby) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.: 4 {Fagsylv)-,
Cladonia coniocraea auct.: 2 (stumps);
Cladonia digitata (L.) Hoffm.: 2 (stumps);
Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. ssp. macilenta: 2 (stumps);
Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. ssp.floerkeana (Fr.) V. Wirth: 2 (stumps);
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.: 1 {Acepseu); 1 (stumps); 3 (mosses on Acepseu); 1
(mosses on Fagsylv);
Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hof&n.: 2 (stumps);
Collema auriforme (With.) Coppins & J.R. Laundon: 4 (mosses above rocks);
Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach.: 4 (Fagsylv);
Collema furfuraceum (Amold) Du Rietz: 4 (Fagsylv);
Degelia plumbea (Lightf) P.M. J0rg. & P. James: 4 (Fagsylv);
Everniaprunastri (L.) Ach. var. herinii (P.A. Duvign.) Maas Geest.: 1 (Acepseu);
Fuscidea cyathoides (Ach.) V. Wirth & Vezda var. corticola (Fr.) Kalb: 6 (Fagsylv);
Graphis scripta (L.) Ach.: 7 (Fagsylv);
Gyalecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp: 4 (Fagsylv);
Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav.: 1 (twigs of Picabie);
Hypogymniaphysodes (L.)'Nyl.: 1 (Picabie);
Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr.: 2 (stumps; Picabie);
Lecanora allophana Nyl.: 4 (Fagsylv);
Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme: 1 (Acepseu); 3 (Acepseu); 6 (Acepseu; Fagsylv);
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl.: 3 (Acepseu); 6 (Acepseu; Fagsylv);
Lecanora horiza (Ach.) Linds.: 1 (Acepseu); 4 (Fagsylv); 6 (Fagsylv); 8 (Fagsylv);
Lecanora saligna (Schrad.) Zahlbr. var. sarcopis (Ach.) Hillmann: 6 (Fagsylv);
Lecanora subcarpinea Szatala: 1 (Acepseu);
Lecanora subintricata (Nyl.) Th. Fr.: 5 (wood of Fagsylv);
Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy: 1 (Acepseu); 4 (Fagsylv); 6 (Acepseu);
Lepraria eburnea J.R. Laundon: 1 (base of Acepseu); 2 (stumps); 3 (trunk and base of
Acepseu); 4 (base of Acepseu, Fagsylv); 1 (Fagsylv);
Lepraria elobata Tonsberg: 5 (Fagsylv);
Lepraria lobificans J.R. Laundon: 3 (Acepseu); Lepraria rigidula (de Lesd.) T0nsberg: 7 (mosses on Fagsylv); Leptogium gelatinosum (With.) J.R. Laundon: 4 (mosses above rocks); Leptogium lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr.: 4 (mosses on Fagsylv);
Lobariapulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.: 1 {Acepseu); 3 {Acepseu); 4 {Fagsylv); 6 (Acepseu); Melanelia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) Essl.: 1 {Acepseu); 3 {Acepseu); 4 {Acepseu); 6 {Acepseu, Fagsylv);
Micarea denigrata (Fr.) HedL: 3 (rotting wood);
Micarea lignaria (Ach.) Hedl.: 2 (stumps);
Micareaprasina Fr.: 2 (stumps);
Mycobilimbia epixanthoides (Nyl.) ined.: 3 (Acepseu);
Mycobilimbia microcarpa (Th. Fr.) Brunnb.: 4 (mosses above rocks);
Mycobilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Hafellner: on Peltigera collina.
Mycoblastus sanguinarius (L.) Norman: 1 (Picabie);
Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.: 3 (Acepseu); 4 (Fagsylv; mosses on Fagsylv); Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl.: 4 (base of Acepseu; mosses on Fagsylv); 6 (mosses on Fagsylv);
Ochrolechia androgyna (Hoffm.) Arnold: 1 (Acepseu); 3 (Acepseu); 4 (Acepseu, Fagsylv); 6 (Acepseu, Fagsylv);
Ochrolechia subviridis (H0eg) Erichsen: 6 (trunk and mosses on Fagsylv); Ochrolechia szatalaensis Verseghy: 1 (Acepseu); Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.: 1 (Acepseu); 3 (Acepseu); 4 (Acepseu); Parmelia sulcata Taylor: 1 (Acepseu); 3 (Acepseu);
Parmeliella triptophylla (Ach.) Müll. Arg.: 1 (mosses on Acepseu); 3 (Acepseu);
Parmelina pastillifera (Harm.) Hale: 6 (Acepseu; Fagsylv);
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.: 5 (mosses above rocks); 8 (base oiFagsylv);
Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad.: 3 (mossy base of trunks Acepseu); 4 (mosses on
Fagsylv; mossy base of Fagsylv);
Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln.: 1 (mosses on soil)
Peltigera polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm.: 4 (base of Acepseu);
Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf) Zopf: 4 (mosses above rocks, mossy base of Acepseu and Fagsylv); 6 (base of Acepseu);
Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M. Choisy & Werner var. albescens-. 1 (Acepseu); 3 (Acepseu); 6 (Fagsylv);
Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M. Choisy var. corallina auct.: 1 (Acepseu); 3 (Acepseu); 4
(Acepseu, Fagsylv, mosses onFagsylv); 6 {Acepseu, Fagsylv, mosses on Fagsylv)-
Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl.: 1 {Picabie); 4 (Acepseu; Fagsylv); 6 {Fagsylv);
Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl.: 1 {Acepseu); 6 {Acepseu; Fagsylv);
Pertusaria coronata (Ach.) Th. Fr.: 1 {Acepseu);
Pertusaria hemisphaerica (Flörke) Erichsen: 3 {Acepseu); 6 {Fagsylv);
Pertusaria leioplaca DC.: 1 {Acepseu); 3 {Acepseu);
Pertusaria pertusa (Weigel) Tuck.: 1 {Acepseu); 3 {Acepseu); 4 {Acepseu; Fagsylv); 5
{Fagsylv); 6 {Fagsylv); 1 {Fagsylv);
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg: 8 {Fagsylv);
Phlyctis argena (Spreng.) Flot.: 1 {Acepseu); 3 {Acepseu); 4 {Fagsylv); 5 {Fagsylv); 6 {Acepseu, Fagsylv);
Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb: 1 {Picabie; twigs of Picabie); 3
{Acepseu); 4 (twigs of Fagsylv); 1 {Fagsylv);
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf: 1 (twigs Picabie); 4 {Acepseu);
Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach.: 4 (trunk and mosses onFagsylv); 1 {Fagsylv);
Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.: 1 {Acepseu);
Scoliciosporum chlorococcum (Graewe ex Stenh.) Vezda: 6 {Fagsylv); 1 (twigs of Picabie);
Sphaerophorus globosus (Huds.) Vain.: 9 {Picabie); Lichenicolous Fungi
Plectocarpon lichenum (Sommerf) D. Hawksw.: 1 {on Lobaria pulmonaria). Sphinctrina turbinata (Pers.) De Not.: 5 (on Pertusaria sp.), 6 (on Pertusaria pertusa)
Non Lichenized Fungus
Pseudotryblidium neesii: 3 {Acepseu);
5 DISCUSSION
RAZPRAVA
The forests of the reserve Ždrocle host several rare and elsewhere endangered lichen species such as Arthonia vinosa, Bacidia circumspecta, Biatora chrysantha, Biatoridium
monasteriense, Catinaria atropurpuea, Collema furfiiraceum, Degelia plumbea, Gyalecta truncigena, Lobaria pulmonaria, Mycoblastus sangidnarius, Nephroma resupinatum, Ochrolechia szatalaensis, Parmeliella triptophylla, Parmelina pastiUifera, Peltigera collina and Sphaerophorus globosus (Fig. 4, 5, 8).
Picture 4: Lobaria pulmonaria Slika 4: Lobaria pulmonaria
Biatora flavopunctata is newly recorded for the lichen flora of Slovenia. Lobaria pulmonaria, an easy recognizable fohcolous lichen, (Fig. 4), prefers humid places in undisturbed forests. It is very common in the Snežnik-Javomiki area, and in general found on Acer pseudoplatanus and sometimes on Fagus sylvatica. In many other regions it is endangered by air pollution and activities in forest management. Sphinctrina turbinata is a non-lichenized parasitic fimgi which usually grows on Pertusaria pertusa in mountain regions on old beeches. It is very sensitive to nutrification (WIRTH 1995). With the exception of Sphaerophorus globosus (Fig. 8) the rare and elsewhere endangered species
are confined to communities dominated by beech. The absence of pendulous species is remarkable and questionable (compare GRUBE / MAYRHOFER / BATIČ 1998).
Picture 5: Mycoblastus sanguinarius Slika 5: Mycoblastus sanguinarius
Old maple trees (Acer pseudoplatanus) and decaying wood contribute to a rich and diverse lichen flora. The presence of decaying wood in nature close forests is an important factor for substrate diversity. The different stages of decaying present habitats for numerous highly specialized organisms.
The association Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var geogr. Calamintha grandiflora hosts the greatest lichen biodiversity with 65 species followed by Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum var. geogr. Allium victorialis with 36 species and the Haquetio-Piceetum with only 22 recorded species. On conifers you can find lichens specialized on rather acid bark, but many more species prefer deciduous trees. Further factors for the occurrence of lichens are light, humidity, temperature, nutrification and human influence.
Picture 6; Mixed spruce-beech forest and Hacquetio-Piceetum in the background Slika 6: Mešan gozd smreke in bukve; v ozadju gozd smreke s tevjem (Hacquetio-Piceetum)
Picture 7: Polys tic ho lonchitis-Fagetum Slika 7: Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum
Picture 8: Sphaerophorus globosus Slika 8: Sphaerophorus globosus
6 CONCLUSIONS
zaključki
Classical taxonomic methods accompanied by TLC were used to determine mostly epiphytic lichens collected in the Ždrocle Forest Reserve. 88 lichenized and 2 licenicolous fungi are reported from the forest reserve. Biatora flavopunctata is newly recorded for the lichen flora of Slovenia. Collema furfuraceum, Lecanora subintricata and Cladonia macilenta ssp. florkeana are new for the dinaric phytogeographical region. The greatest lichen diversity (65 species) hosts the association Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora, which is due to relatively higher pH value and buffer capacity of bark of deciduous trees. 36 species were recorded in the association Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum var. geogr. Allium victorialis and only 22 species in the association Hacquetio-Piceetum since many fewer lichens are specialised on rather acidic bark. Comparing with area in the vicinity of the Ždrocle Forest Reserve
we noticed higher hohen diversity of the reserve. Further investigations of the broader area will put much more light on the phenomenon. This is rather due to the presence of higher amounts of decaying wood, better light conditions and presence of plenty of old beech and maple trees as very suitable substrata for lichen colonization. The amount of decaying wood can be used as an indicator for nature close forests.
7 POVZETEK
Prve podatke o lišajih širšega območja Snežnika navaja že Biasoletto (1846).
Relativna ohranjenost gozdov ter nekaj izredno zanimivih najdb redkih in ogroženih lišajskih vrst so, zlasti v zadnjem času, na omenjenem območju vzpodbudile nadaljnje lihenološke raziskave (GRUBE/BATIČ/MAYRHOFER 1995, GRUBE/MAYRHOFER / BATIČ 1998; ARUP et al. in press). V najnovejšem času se proučevanja lišajev na omenjenem območju, pod mentorstvom H. Mayrhofer-ja, loteva J. Prügger.
Gozdni rezervat Zdrocle se nahaja jugovzhodno od Snežnika (1796 m), najvišjega vrha kraške planote na jugozahodu Slovenije, nedaleč od hrvaške meje. Obsega 184,26 ha površine med 1300 in 1478 m nm.v. (JANEŽIČ 1985). Ždrocle predstavljajo globoke kraške vrtače s strmimi in prepadnimi stenami, ki dajejo območju glavno obeležje (ZUPAN-HAJNA 1997). V rezervatu je najvišji vrh Ždrocla, visok 1478 m.
Pestre klimatske razmere so posledica mešanja mediteranskega, atlantskega in kontinentalnega vpliva, ki se odrazi v zelo visoki količini padavin (2738 mm-Gomance, 937 m n.m.v.) (ZUPANČIČ 1995) ter temperauri (letno povprečje za Gomance znaša 6,7 °C) (MEKINDA-MAJARON 1995). Poletja so hladna in sveža, zime pa dolge in ne premrzle. Jesen (povprečje 7,7°C) je toplejša kot pomlad (povprečje 5,5°C). Temperaturni in vegetacijski obrati so v rezervatu in širši okolici dobro izraženi. Geološko podlago planote tvorijo jurski in kredni apnenci ter dolomiti in njihove breče. Med zadnjo poledenitvijo se je območje nahajalo v pasu večnega ledu (ŠIFRER 1959). Vetru izpostavljene grebene porašča asociacija Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum var. geogr. Allium victorialis, pobočja pa večinoma asociacija Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora. Iglavci poraščajo v glavnem vrtače mraziščnega značaja
(ždrocle) in tvorijo združbe Hacquetio-Piceetum, Lonicero caeruleae-Piceetum ter Vaccinio-Piceetum, posamič pa uspevajo po celotni površini pragozda. Znotraj rezervata se lokalno zelo omejeno pojavlja še asociacija Lamio orvalae-Aceretum. Rezervat se nahaja v dinarskem fitogeografskem območju (M. WRABER 1969) oziroma snežniško-risnjaškem distriktu (ZUPANČIČ et al. 1987). Z izjemo manjših predelov na severozahodu ter jugovzhodu je večina gozdnega rezervata z vidika gospodarjenja z gozdom nedotaknjenega.
S klasičnimi taksonomskimi metodami ter z metodo tankoplastne kromatografije (TLC) smo zabeležili 88 lišajskih vrst ßiheniziranih gliv) ter 2 vrsti, ki uspevata na lišajih (lihenokolni glivi). Vrste Arthonia vinosa, Bacidia circumspecta, Biatora chrysantha, Biatoridium monasteriense, Catinaria atropurpuea, Collema furfuraceum, Degelia plumbea, Gyalecta truncigena, Lobaria pulmonaria, Mycoblastus sanguinarius. Nephroma resupinatum, Ochrolechia szatalaensis, Parmeliella triptophylla, Parmelina pastillifera, Peltigera collina in Sphaerophorus globosus (Slike 4, 5 in 8) so splošno redke in tudi drugod ogrožene. Biatora flavopunctata predstavlja novo vrsto v lišajski flori Slovenije. Z izjemo vrste Sphaerophorus globosus so omenjene redke vrste omejene na bukove asociacije. Odsotnost visečih-grmičastih vrst ostaja nepojasnjena. Največjo pestrost lišajskih vrst (66 vrst) smo zabeležili v asociaciji Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum var. geogr. Calamintha grandiflora, kjer se znotraj asociacije pogosto pojavljajo še starejša drevesa gorskega javorja. Skorja gorskega javorja z relativno visoko vrednostjo pH ter veliko pufrsko kapaciteto predstavlja ugoden substrat za kolonizacijo epifitov. Podobno velja tudi za že izbrazdano skorjo starejših bukev. V asociaciji Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum var. geogr. Allium victorialis smo zabeležili 36 vrst, v smrečju Hacquetio-Piceetum pa le 22, kar je v skladu s kislejšo kemično reakcijo skorje iglavcev povsem pričakovano, saj je večina epifitskih lišajskih vrst na skorji listavcev. Večjo vrstno pestrost lišajev v bukovju pogojujejo tudi boljši svetlobni pogoji, saj so svetlobne razmere v smrečjih skoraj po pravilu slabše. K vrstni pestrosti lišajev precej prispeva tudi prisotnost ostankov odmrlega drevja v različnih fazah razgradnje. Kot indikator ohranjenosti gozdov bi med drugimi lahko služila ravno količina razpadajočega drevja. V primerjavi s florističnimi raziskavami širšega območja smo ugotovili relativno veliko število lišajskih vrst znotraj rezervata. To je posledica predvsem večje količine odmirajočega drevja v različnih fazah razgradnje, ki predstavlja ugoden substrat za kolonizacijo številnim lišajskim vrstam, ugodnejših svetlobnih razmer.
Relief je namreč v rezervatu precej skalovit in razčlenjen, gozdni sestoji pa so zato precej presvetljeni, ter prisotnosti starejših bukovih in javorjevih dreves.
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VIRI
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9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ZAHVALE
We are grateful for assistance in obtaining information and for other support to:
dr. M. Zupančič who has made some suggestions about renaming certain associations;
ing. Ivan Česnik (Zavod za gozdove Slovenije, enota Ilirska Bistrica) who helped us
during the fieldwork with their forest maps of Ždrode; A. Mayrhofer for correcting our English.