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Povzetek pomembnejših poudarkov iz referatov 
in razprav 
Boštjan ANKO*, Janez POGAČNIK** 
1. Veliki posegi v ekološke sisteme, kot je 
krajina, zahtevajo prostorsko in časovno 
vzeto zelo obsežne obravnave njihovih po-
sledic. Ne obravnavamo več le posameznih 
vrst niti ne posameznih ekosistemov, am-
pak procese. 
2. Fragmentacijo (pra)gozdne matice 
gledamo kot proces in kot spreminjanje 
vzorca prostorskega razporeda gozdov 
hkrati. 
3. Ne izginja pod novogradnjami le gozd, 
ki ga ne bo več - tudi tisti, ki ostaja, se 
včasih močno nepovratna spreminja zaradi 
takih posegov. 
4. Varovanje in razvoj funkcij gozdov 
lahko dosežemo le s celovitim urejanjem 
prostora, pri katerem bomo upoštevali ne-
posredno stopnjo pomembnosti posame-
zne funkcije v določenem prostoru. 
5. V desetletju 1981 -1990 smo evidenti-
rali 6.088 ha krčitev zaradi različnih pose-
gov v gozd. Prostorska dokumentacija na-
kazuje, da je predviden še večji obseg 
posegov v gozd in gozdni prostor. 
6. Na zakonodajnem področju je treba 
sprejeti normativno ureditev, pod kakšnimi 
pogoji je mogoče posegati v gozdni prostor, 
zlasti na območjih, kjer je ena al i več funkcij 
gozdov izjemno poudarjenih. 
7. Nujno je treba normativno urediti 
zmanjšanje emisij vseh škodljivih snovi v 
skladu z mednarodno dogovorjeni mi merili. 
8. Vnaprejšnja stališča o možnih reši-
tvah v prostoru so v osnovi napačna. Odgo-
vor na vprašanje o sprejemljivosti ali ne-
sprejemljivosti posega v prostor, je v vsa-
kem konkretnem primeru lahko različen. 
Tudi v odnosu do posameznih sestavin 
okolja. Za presojo sprejemljivosti posega v 
* Prof. dr. B. A., dipl. inž. gozd., Biotehniška 
fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo, Večna pot 83, 
Ljubljana, SLO 
** Mag. J. P., dipl. inž. gozd. , Splošno združe-
nje gozdarstva Slovenije, Miklošičeva 381111, Ljub-
ljana, SLO 
444 Gozd V 52, 1994 
prostor v pogledu varovalnih zahtev se je 
razvil instrument "Presoja vplivov na oko-
lje". 
9. Presoja vplivov na okolje ima neka-
tere značilnosti varstvenih zahtev: 
- smiselna je šele tedaj, ko je razvojni 
predlog, načrt, projekt ipd. pripravljen v 
alternativah; 
- izmika se ekonomski racionalnosti, saj 
je osnovna mera vrednosti stopnja sprejem-
ljivosti oziroma nesprejemljivosti procesa v 
določeno okolje; 
- vse varstvene zahteve je potrebno na 
splošni ravni obravnavati enakopravno, v 
skladu z zahtevo "če je le mogoče, varuj-
mo!". 
1 O. Okolje varujemo pred vplivi, zato v 
presojo vplivov vnašamo opis vplivov in ne 
zgolj opis sestavin okolja. Temeljna zahte-
va, ki naj omogoči premagati subjektivnost 
presoje, je jasnost postopka izvedbe pre-
soje in jasnost vrednostnih opredelitev. 
11. Za presojo vplivov na gozd je treba 
jasno opredeliti: 
- gozd kot naravno sestavino, katere. 
kakovost določajo stopnja njegove regene-
racijske sposobnosti za različne oblike emi-
sij ali posege vanj; 
- gozd kot naravni proizvodni vir in pro-
stor, v katerem se lahko uveljavlja vrsta 
dejavnosti; 
- gozd kot izraz prvobitnosti. 
12. Sprejeta sta Zakon o varstvu okolja 
in Zakon o gozdovih, ki določata presojo 
vplivov na okolje, vendar sta oba še brez 
nekaterih podzakonskih predpisov in nista 
še usklajena z drugimi zakoni, ki pokrivajo 
področja, ki tudi zadevajo okolje. 
13. Nedorečenost zakonodaje povzroča 
organizacijsko, vsebinsko in izvedbeno 
zmedo pri tekoči obravnavi prostorske pro-
blematike, saj se vsi prizadeti ne vključujejo 
pravočasno. Premalo pa je tudi vključenih 
ustreznih kadrov in usposobljenih organiza-
cij, kvalitetnih podatkov znanj in izkušenj. 
14. Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije ni bil ne-
posredno in tudi ne pravočasno uradno 
vključen v načrtovanje izgradnje avtocest v 
RS, čeprav je to gozdarstvo zahtevsllo, pač 
pa se je lahko vključil le posredno, prek 
posameznih subakordantov. 
Kljub izredno kratkim rokom in skromnim 
sredstvom, je Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije 
sprejel ponudbe in uspel izdelati relativno 
dobre študije za domžalsko-trojanski, ra-
dovljiški in sežanski odsek. 
15. Razpad primarnih velikopovršinskih 
tipov habitatov v manjše izolirana frag-
mente ter onesnaženost okolja spadata 
med najpogostejše funkcionalne motnje, ki 
so jim izpostavljene populacije divjih živali 
pri posegih v krajino. 
16. Med pritiske na populacijo prosto 
živečih živali zaradi prometno obremenje~ 
nih cest, je treba posebej šteti: 
- zmanjšane uporabne površine habita-
tov; 
- nastajanje žarišč lokalne polucije in 
degradacijo kakovosti habitatov; 
- neposredno mortaliteto živali. 
17. Za prostoživeče živali je potrebno 
zagotoviti funkcionalne (ustrezne) prehode 
predvsem na območjih presečišč med mi-
gracijskimi koridorji živali in traso avtoceste. 
18. Z načrti za gospodarjenje z gozdovi 
se določijo pogoji za usklajeno rabo gozdov 
in poseganje v gozdove ter gozdni prostor. 
19. Z vsako krčitvijo gozda povzročimo 
rano v krajini in nedvomno tudi motnjo 
gozdnemu ekosistemu. Z vsako krčitvijo 
gozda za vedno izgubimo del varovalnih, 
ekoloških in socialnih funkcij, ki jih gozd 
nezamenljiva opravlja v prostoru. 
20. Ob načrtovanju avtomobilskih cest 
moramo v zvezi z gozdom posvetiti največ 
pozornosti zagotavljanju nematerialnih vlog 
gozda, torej njegovi ohranitvi. 
21. V ravninskem svetu, gričevju in pri-
mestni krajini, kjer je gozda malo (za 1/5 
SLO), obremenitev s koridorji in drugimi 
tujki pa je že zdaj veliko, je po prostorskih 
pianih predvideno največ posegov v pro-
stor. 
22. Načeloma se je mogoče vključiti v 
procese načrtovanja avtocest na šestih rav-
neh, in to: 
- v procesu prostorskega planiranja, 
- pri odločanju o izgradnji, 
- pri postavljanju pogojev pri pripravi 
lokacijskega načrta, 
- s sodelovanjem pri proučevanju va-
riant tras avtocest, 
- v postopku javne razgrnitve in ob izdaji 
soglasja za poseg v prostor. 
Vse te možnosti moramo izkoristiti, zato 
pa mora biti stroka dobro pripravljena s 
strokovnimi podlagami. 
23. Pri načrtovanju in odločanju o pose-
gih v gozd bo morala gozdarska stroka 
odigrati svojo vlogo: 
- strokovno pri načrtovanju in presoji 
vplivov na okolje, 
- upravno pri dajanju soglasij. 
24. Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor se 
odloča v procesu načrtovanja avtocest in 
dajanju dovoljenj takole: 
- avtoceste morajo predvsem služiti do-
mačemu prometu in prevz~mati prometno 
breme z regionalne in magistralne mreže 
cest; 
- celotna površina posegov v prostor 
mora biti minimalna; 
- potrebno je omogočiti renaturalizacijo 
obcestnih površin; 
- avtoceste služijo ljudem, zato naj bodo 
blizu naselij, s tehničnimi rešitvami proti 
hrupu; 
- kmetijska zemlja v primerjavi z narav-
nimi ekosistemi, predvsem habitati ogrože-
nih vrst, ne more biti absolutna vrednota; 
- zagotoviti je potrebno preživetje in nor-
malno delovanje živalskih populacij. 
25. Le počasi spoznavamo pomen var-
stva okolja. Omejevati moramo vse vrste 
škodljivih vplivov. 
26. Potrebno je urediti pravni sistem na 
področju urejanja prostora in čim prej vzpo-
staviti ustrezne mehanizme za uveljavljanje 
javnega interesa. Konflikte rešuje politika, 
·zato mora ta urejati javni interes na osnovi 
zakonodaje in objektivnih, strokovnih pre-
soj, da bi dobili racionalne rešitve. 
27. V Sloveniji je okoli 30.000 km cest, 
med katerimi je 42% gozdnih cest. Zaradi 
cest je oblikovano 30.000 km novih gozdnih 
robov. Pri tem pomenijo avtoceste močno 
spremembo v prostoru, saj opažamo, da 
razrezani segmenti gozda ob pomembnih 
prometnicah po 1 OO letih izginjajo, medtem 
ko se pri manjših koridorjih (do 20m) robovi 
po nekaj desetletjih utrdijo. 
GozdV 52, 1994 445 
28. V zvezi s posegi v gozd in izdajo 
soglasja, kar je določeno v 21. čl. Zakona 
o gozdovih, je treba pripraviti posebna na-
vodila. Gozdarska stroka mora pridobiti us-
trezna dopolnila glede znanja in vključiti 
sodelavce za interdisciplinarno obravnavo 
gozdnega prostora ter se pripraviti, da bi 
bila usposobljena prevzemati tudi naloge v 
zvezi s presojo vplivov na okolje (gozdar 
naj bo nosilec timskega dela ali učinkoviti 
sodelavec v timu). 
29. Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor pri-
pravlja med drugimi predpisi tudi predpis, 
ki bo določal , pod kakšnimi pogoji in kdo 
bo lahko izdelal presojo vplivov na okolje 
ter natečajno obliko pridobivanja strokovnih 
podlag oziroma študij. Kvaliteta strokovnih 
izdelkov se bo morala upoštevati in uvelja-
viti. 
30. Pri posegih v prostor bodo poleg 
presoje vplivov in soglasij, ki jih zahteva 
zakonodaja, še vedno potrebna določena 
navodila, priporočila, mnenja ipd. 
A SUMMARY OF SOME IMPORTANT 
EMPHASES IN THE PAPERS AND 
DISCUSSIONS 
1. Great interventions into ecologic systems, 
such as landscape, require extensive dealing with 
their effects from the aspect of space and time. 
Processes and not only individual specles or 
individual ecosystems are dealt with any longer. 
2. The lragmentation of (virgin) forest paren! 
tree area has been looked upon as a process 
and the alteralion of the sample of spatial distribu-
tion of forests at the same time. 
3. Not only the disappearing of forests can be 
established due to new constructions. The forest 
which remains sometimes strongly irreversibly 
changes because of such interventions. 
4. The protection and development of forest 
functions can only be achieved by means of 
integral environmental architecture, when a di reci 
significance stage of an individual function in 
individual environment is going to be taken into 
consideralion. 
5. ln the decade between 1981 and 1990 6088 
ha of forest cuttings were registered due to 
different interventions in forests. Spatial docu-
mentation indicates that even a greater extent of 
interventions into forests and forest space have 
been foreseen for the future. 
6. As to the l e~islation , statutory standards 
have to be adopted, defining the cond1tions under 
which interventions into forest space can be 
performed, which specially holds true of the 
regions where one or more forest functions are 
extremely stressed. 
7. Statutory regulations have to be set regar-
446 GozdV 52, 1994 
ding the reduction of emissions of harmful sub-
stances, in accordance with international stan-
dards. 
8. The standpoints as to possible solutions in 
the space formed in advanced are wrong in 
principle. Answers regarding the appropriateness 
or inappropriateness of an intervention in forest 
vary from case to case. This also holds good in 
the relation towards individual component parts 
of the environment. ln order to judge the appro-
priateness of an intervention into space regarding 
protection requirements an instrument called "The 
Estimalion of the Effects on the Environment" has 
been developed. 
9. The estimation of the effects on the environ-
ment has some of the characteristics of protection 
requirements: 
- it is sensible only then when there are 
alternative solutions of a developmental sugge-
stion, plan or project ; 
- it is economically irrational because the basic 
value standard is the acceptability or unaccepta-
bility degree of an alteration process into a ce rta in 
environment; 
- all protection requirements have to be dealt 
with equally on a general level, in accordance 
with the demand "Let us protect, il only possible !". 
10. Environment is being protected against 
effects, because of which the estimation of effects 
includes the description of effects and not only 
that of environmental component paris. Clarity of 
estimation procedure and value definitions is a 
basic precondition for the conquering of subjec-
tive element. 
11 . The estimation of the effects on forest 
requires the defining of: 
- forest as a natural component part, the 
quality of which is defined by the regeneration 
ability degree of the environment for different 
emission types or interventions; 
- orest as a natural production source and a 
space where a series of activities can be perfor-
med; 
- forest as the expression of the primeval 
character. 
12. The Act on Environmental Protection and 
Forestry Act have been adopted, defining the 
estimation of the effects on the environment. 
However, other subacts stili lack and they have 
not been brought into line with other acts dealing 
with environment. 
13. Lacking legislation is the reason for confu-
sed situation from the aspect of organization, 
contents and execution when dealing with current 
problems regarding environment because all su-
bjects concerned are not involved into discussion 
on time. Additionally, too few experts and expert 
organizations, high quality data, know-how and 
experiences are introduced therein. 
14. The Institute of Forest and Wood Economy 
of Slovenia has not been direclly, timely and 
officially consulted in the planning of highways in 
the Republic of Slovenia despite the demand of 
forestry. lts participation was only indirect, 
through individual subaccorders. 
ln spite of extremely short terms and small 
funds, The Institute for Forest and Wood Eco· 
nomy succeeded in keeping the tender and elabo· 
rating relatively good studies for the Domžale-Tro· 
jane, Radovljica and Sežana highway sections. 
15. The disintegration of primary habitat types 
of great areas into smaller isolated fragments as 
well as environmental pollution are the two most 
frequent fl.mctional disturbances which the popu· 
lations of wild animals are exposed to when 
intervefltions into landscape take place. 
16. The following are the most important stres· 
ses on the population of free-living animals, which 
is endangered by roads with busy traffic: 
- smaller useful areas of habitats; 
- the emergence of local population centers 
and the degradation of habitats' quality; 
- direct mortality of animals. 
, 17. Functional (suitable) passages have to be 
secured for free-living animals, first of all in the 
areas where migration corridors of animals and 
highway laying out overlap. 
18. Forest management plans define the terms 
of coordinated use of forests and the interventions 
in forests and forest space. 
19. Each cutting of forest causes a wound in 
forest landscape and undoubtedly a commotion 
in a forest system. Each cutting of forest is a final 
loss of a part of protection, ecologic and social 
functions, which are unsubstitutedly performed 
by the forest. 
20. ln the planning of highways most attention 
concerning forest has to be paid to the securing 
of unmaterial forest functions, i.e. its preservation. 
21. ln flat and hilly regions, in the vicinity of 
towns, where there is not much forest (1/5 of 
Slovenia), and the stresses caused by corridors 
and other unnatural factors are great enough, 
most of the interventions into space have been 
foreseen for the future. 
22. Gene rally, it is possible to participate in the 
process of highway planning on six levels, i.e.: 
- in the process of spatial planning, 
- in the deciding as to the construction, 
- in the setting of the terms with the prepara· 
tion of a location plan, 
- in the collaboration in the studying of various 
variants of the cut required by a highway, 
- in the procedure of a layout's public presen-
tation and at the issuing of a permission for an 
intervention in the space. 
All these possibilities have to be made good 
use of, because of which forestry profession has 
to be professionally well prepared. 
23. ln the planning and decision making as to 
the interventions in forests, forestry will have to 
do its part: 
- from the professional point of view, in the 
planning and estimating of the effects on the 
environment, 
- from the administrative point of view, in 
issuing permissions and consensuses. 
24. Ministry for Environment and Space makes 
decisions in the process of the planning of hig-
hways and the issuing of permissions in the 
fol!owing way: 
- highways must first of all serve home traffic 
and take over the traffic burden of regional and 
main road network;· 
- the entire area of interventions into space 
has to be minimal; 
- the renaturalization of roadside areas has to 
be enabled; 
- due to their role 
- serving the mankind • highways have to be 
laid in the vicinity of settlements, including techni-
cal solutions against noise; 
- agricultural !and in comparison with natural 
ecosystems 
- first of all the habitats of endangered species 
- can·not represent an absolute value; 
- the survival and normal functioning of animal 
populations have to be secured. 
25. Only gradually we become aware of the 
significance of the environmental protection. ln 
Slovenia, all types of harmful effects have to be 
limited. 
26. Legal system in the sphere of landscape 
architecture has to be regulated and appropriate 
mechanisms concerning the assertion of public 
interest have to be set as soon as possible. The 
conflict is being solved by the politics, therefore 
the latter must regulate the public interest on the 
basis of legislation and objective, professional 
judgments, taking into consideration severa! va-
riants in order to get suitable solutions. 
27. There are around 30 000 km of roads in 
Slovenia, 42% of which are forest roads. Due to 
roads 30 OOOkm of new forest edges have been 
formed. With all that, highways represent a severe 
change in the space. It can be established that 
fragmented forest segments along important tho· 
roughfares disappear after hundred years, white 
with smaller corridors (up to 20 m) edges get 
consolidated after a few decades. 
28. As to the interventions in forest and the 
issuing of permissions, which is being regulated 
by Article 21 of Forestry Act, special instructions 
have to be prepared. Forestry profession has to 
supplement appropriate amendments regarding 
the know·how and introduce collaborators for 
interdisciplinary dealing with forest space. It also 
has to prepare itself to be able to take over the 
tasks regarding the estimation of the effects on 
the environment ( a forester ·the bearer of team 
work or an efficient cooperator in a team). 
29. Among other regulations, the following are 
being prepared by the Ministry for Environment 
and Space is also the regulation that determines 
under which conditions and who is going to be 
able to work out the estimation of the effects on 
the environment, tender-like acquiring of profes-
sional bases or studies. The quality of professio· 
nal works will have to be taken into consideration 
and become valued. 
30. Apart from the estimation of the effects and 
permissions required by the legislation, certain 
instructions, recommenda tions and opinions, etc. 
are stili going to be necessary with the interven~ 
tions into forest space. 
GozdV 52, 1994 447 
Vetrolom pod Voglom ob smučarski vlečnici Žagarjev graben 
Sečnje brez sodelovanja gozdarjev so v letih sprejem.anja novega gozdarskega zakona zajele povečan 
obseg. Foto: V. Seška. Vse druge slike: foto: Ivan Zonta. 
448 GozdV 52, 1994