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10.2478/v10100-012-0004-x
Raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina – their status and perspectives 
for monitoring development
Ptice roparice v Bosni in Hercegovini – njihov status in perspektive za razvoj 
monitoringa
Dražen Kotrošan1 & Ena Hatibović2
1 National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Zmaja od Bosne 3, BA–71000 Sarajevo, e–mail: kotrosan@bih.net.ba
2  Ornithological Society “Naše ptice”, Semira Frašte 6, BA–71000 Sarajevo, e−mail: ena_simic@yahoo.co.uk
In the last 150 years, 49 raptor species belonging to the families Pandionidae, 
Accipitridae, Falconidae, Tytonidae, Strigidae and Laniidae have been recorded 
in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, little is known about their populations. 
In comparison with historical data, their status has changed significantly, while 
nine species became extinct or probably extinct as breeders. In this paper, data 
on the present status of raptor populations is presented, as well as problems and 
the possibilities of developing species monitoring in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
So far, no raptor monitoring has been established in the form of a long-term 
programme. The establishment of such programme is hampered by a number 
of reasons (lack of observers, lack of financial resources, lack of experience and 
knowledge, etc.). Monitoring of raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina is needed 
to improve knowledge of the local populations as well as to protect these 
birds and their habitats. Also, this programme would be significant for the 
studies concerning the construction of various facilities (e.g. wind turbines). 
One of the important points of the development programme is to mobilize 
international cooperation and projects to solve current problems.
Key words: raptors, history, research, monitoring, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ključne besede: ptice roparice, zgodovina, raziskave, monitoring, Bosna in 
Hercegovina
1. Introduction
Systematic studies of the avifauna of Bosnia and 
Herzegovina started in the second half of the 
19th century. These studies revealed that Bosnia 
and Herzegovina was one of the most important 
European countries concerning different raptor 
populations. This is supported by the studies carried 
out by Otmar Reiser, one of the leading European 
ornithologists at that time (Rajzer 1889, Reiser 
1939), who ascertained that Spain, Greece and Bosnia 
and Herzegovina were the only European countries 
where all four vulture species, Lammergeier Gypaetus 
barbatus, Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus, Black Vulture 
Aegypius monachus and Egyptian Vulture Neophron 
percnopterus, were known to breed.
In the last 150 years, significant changes concerning 
major impacts on raptor populations in Bosnia and 
Herzegovina have taken place. Even though no long-
term monitoring scheme is conducted in the country 
at the present time, the basic faunistic data collected 
in recent years on the distribution of observed raptor 
species show significant changes in the country’s 
raptor populations. The most drastic example of 
these changes is the fact that none of the four vulture 
species currently breeds in Bosnia and Herzegovina 
(Kotrošan et al. 2009).
2. Overview of raptor species
Based on the last historical review of the avifauna 
in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Kotrošan & Drocić 
2010/2011), 49 raptor species have been recorded 
(Table 1). Systematically, the species belong to three 
orders (Falconiformes, Strigiformes, Passeriformes) 
and six families (Pandionidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, 
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development
Table 1: Review of raptor species in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B – breeder, B? – probable breeder, Ex – extinct breeder, Ex? 
– probably extinct breeder, N – regularly occurring non-breeder, V – vagrant, V? – probable vagrant)
Tabela 1: Pregled ptic roparic v Bosni in Hercegovini (B – gnezdilec, B? – verjetni gnezdilec, Ex – izumrli gnezdilec, Ex? – 
verjetno izumrl gnezdilec, N – redno pojavljajo~i se negnezdilec, V – izjemen gost, V? – verjetni izjemen gost)
Species / Vrsta Status Distribution and estimate of population size/Razširjenost in ocena velikosti populacije
Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimate: 1,000–1,500 breeding pairs 
(Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Black Kite Milvus migrans B?, V Formerly bred locally in the Posavina region (Delić 1999). In 
recent years, it has been rarely recorded, with single individuals 
considered vagrants (N. Drocić pers. comm.). Breeding at 
potential sites in the Sava River region not confirmed in recent 
years.
Red Kite Milvus milvus Ex, V Formerly bred locally in the Sava valley. Rarely recorded in recent 
years, with single individuals considered vagrants (N. Drocić 
pers. comm.).
White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla B Regular breeder (e.g. in the Posavina region). Preliminary 
estimates indicate 5–10 breeding pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus Ex On the basis of recorded young individuals, it was believed to be 
a breeder at the end of the 20th century (Marinković et al. 2007). 
In the last 10 years, no presence of this species in Bosnia and 
Herzegovina has been confirmed (Kotrošan et al. 2009).
Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus Ex There are records of the species breeding in the late 20th century in 
Herzegovina. Last estimate for 1990 was three pairs (Marinković 
et al. 2007). It was allegedly seen in the early 21st century in 
Herzegovina, but recent surveys have failed to confirm the 
presence of this species (Kotrošan et al. 2009).
Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus Ex, N Recent examples of its breeding recorded in the late 20th century 
(Kotrošan et al. 2009). In the last 10 years, less than 10 records 
of individual birds flying over the country have been made. At 
the moment, satellite tracking data show that individual birds fly 
in from Serbia and Croatia (Kulijer 2007, Bešo 2011/2012, S. 
Marinković & G. Sušić pers. comm.).
Black Vulture Aegypius monachus Ex Although not fully proven, it was assumed a breeder in Bosnia 
and Herzegovina on the basis of the registered young individuals. 
Extinct in the early 20th century (Kotrošan et al. 2009).
Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 50–150 breeding 
pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus B Regular breeder. No estimations of its population size have been 
made so far. 
Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus N Regularly recorded in winter and on migration, with no 
estimations of its winter population made so far.
Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus V Less than 20 observations in the last 10 years (N. Drocić, I. 
Dervović & D. Kulijer pers. comm.).
Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate  100–150 breeding 
pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Goshawk Accipiter gentilis B Regular breeder. Estimations of its population size have not been 
made.
Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus B Regular breeder. Estimations of its population size have not been 
made.
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Species / Vrsta Status Distribution and estimate of population size/Razširjenost in ocena velikosti populacije
Levant Sparrowhawk Accipiter brevipes B? It has bred locally only in Herzegovina, with the last estimate 
for the 1985–1992 period indicating max. 5 pairs (Grubač & 
Rašajski 2000). No confirmation as to its breeding in the last 10 
years. If it does breed, its breeding is probably limited to a very 
small number of pairs.
Buzzard Buteo buteo B Regular breeder. Estimations of its population size have not been 
made. Generally, it is one of the most numerous raptors in the 
country.
Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus B Regular breeder (e.g. karst poljes). Preliminary estimates indicate 
20–40 breeding pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Rough-legged Buzzard Buteo lagopus N Regularly recorded during wintering and migration periods 
(e.g. Drocić 2005, Kotrošan et al. 2008). Estimations as to its  
winter population size have not been made.
Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina B Regular breeder. In the last 10 years, it has been known to nest at 
Livanjsko polje, with some pairs probably breeding along the Sava 
River (Kotrošan 2008/2009). Preliminary estimates indicate less 
than 10 breeding pairs (Kotrošan et. al 2012).
Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga V Rarely recorded, flies over a small number of sites (Obratil 
1972). No new data.
Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca Ex Once bred locally in the Sava valley. Went extinct during the 20th 
century. In the estimation for the 1985–1992 period marked as 
extinct (Ham & Puzović 2000). No new data.
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate less than 50 
breeding pairs (Kotrošan et. al 2012).
Booted Eagle Aquila pennata B?, V There has been no confirmation of this species breeding in the last 
20 years. Rarely registered in the last few years (e.g. Gašić & Ristić - 
Gašić 2010).
Bonelli’s Eagle Aquila fasciata Ex? At the end of the 20th century bred at a single locality in 
Herzegovina (Kotrošan 2008/2009). In the last 20 years, no 
confirmation as to its breeding has been made. It probably became 
extinct.
Osprey Pandion haliaetus Ex, N Reliable data on nesting lacking, but it is assumed that a small 
number of this species bred here in the 20th century. Obratil & 
Matvejev (1989) marked it as extinct breeder. In the last 10 years, 
it has been regularly recorded, but no breeding has been proven 
so far.
Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate breeding of less 
than 10 pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Kestrel Falco tinnunculus B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates refer to 3,000–4,000 
breeding pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus N Mostly recorded on migration. Estimations of migrating numbers 
have not been made.
Merlin Falco columbarius N Mostly recorded on migration. Estimations of migrating numbers 
have not been made.
Hobby Falco subbuteo B Regular breeder. Estimations as to its population size have not 
been made, but there is probably a small number of pairs.
Continuation of Table 1  / Nadaljevanje tabele 1
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development
Species / Vrsta Status Distribution and estimate of population size/Razširjenost in ocena velikosti populacije
Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus B Regular breeder locally in Herzegovina. Last estimation for 
1993 was 12 breeding pairs (Marinković & Grubač 2000). 
Estimations of its population size have not been made, but there is 
probably a small number of pairs.
Saker Falcon Falco cherrug Ex, V Breeding was recorded locally in the Posavina area. No breeding 
data in the last 20 years. Satellite tracking data indicate that this 
species rarely flies over Bosnia and Herzegovina today (http://
milvus.ro/en/tag/falco-cherrug).
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus B Regular breeder, with no estimations of its population size made 
so far.
Barn Owl Tyto alba B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 300–600 breeding 
pairs (Kotrošan et. al 2012).
Scops Owl Otus scops B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 8,000–12,000 
breeding pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Eagle Owl Bubo bubo B Regular breeder, with preliminary estimates indicating 400–500 
breeding pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Hawk Owl Surnia ulula V? Only one record of this species known (Drocić 2010). This 
registration, however, has not been fully proven. If some of 
the new findings confirm this species occurring in Bosnia and 
Herzegovina, it will definitely be marked as vagrant.
Pygmy Owl Glaucidium passerinum B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 50–100 breeding 
pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Little Owl Athene noctua B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 2,000–3,500 
breeding pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Tawny Owl Strix aluco B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 15,000–20,000 
breeding pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Ural Owl Strix uralensis B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 200–400 breeding 
pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Long-eared Owl Asio otus B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 5,000–10,000 
breeding pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate breeding of less 
than 10 pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Tengmalm’s Owl Aegolius funereus B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 100–300 breeding 
pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 45,000–90,000 
breeding pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 250–500 breeding 
pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor N Regularly recorded during wintering and migration periods. 
Estimations of its winter population size have not been made.
Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator B Regular breeder. Preliminary estimates indicate 100–300 breeding 
pairs (Kotrošan et al. 2012).
Continuation of Table 1  / Nadaljevanje tabele 1
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Tytonidae, Strigidae and Laniidae). 29 species breed 
here, three species are probable breeders (breeding not 
confirmed recently), while nine species are extinct or 
probably extinct breeders. The remaining species do 
not breed in Bosnia and Herzegovina and occur only 
as passage migrants or winter residents (Kotrošan 
2008/2009). The information on Steppe Eagle Aquila 
nipalensis (Sage 1964) occurring in the country is 
not included in the list, given that the record of this 
species is highly controversial.
3. Current research and monitoring of raptors 
After the last war (1992–1995), when all ornithological 
studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina were stopped, 
there was a tendency to refresh the research of local 
avifauna by following modern trends of research in 
ornithology. Of great significance was no doubt the 
founding of the Ornithological Society “Naše ptice” 
(Our Birds) in 2003, and the start of an informal 
network of birdwatchers in Bosnia and Herzegovina 
(Kotrošan & Papes 2007).
In 2000, systematic data collection for the 
preparation and development of long-term raptor 
monitoring began. After the war, no data on most 
raptor species were available to indicate the sizes of 
their populations. It was necessary, therefore, to collect 
the initial data to obtain recent estimates, in particular 
as there were significant changes as far as nesting of 
some species is concerned.
The first preliminary raptor data collection was 
made in the 2007–2009 period, when taking part in 
the “Balkan Vulture Action Plan” project (Kotrošan 
2009, Kotrošan et al. 2009), aimed at developing a 
long-term strategy for the recovery of the four vulture 
species in the Balkan Peninsula in cooperation with 
numerous international and local partners. Given that 
the data from 1991 indicated 20 breeding Griffon 
Vulture pairs (Marinković & Grubač 2000), one of 
the project’s aims was to determine the current status 
of the species in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since the 
beginning of 1990, this species has been exposed to 
severe potential threats (poisoning, harassment during 
the war, etc.), so it was assumed that it completely 
disappeared as a breeder. The same goes with Egyptian 
Vulture now that certain accounts as to its breeding 
in Herzegovina have been heard. Data on a number 
of other raptors were also collected during the project 
(e.g. Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus and Golden Eagle A. 
chrysaetos) in Herzegovina.
For some raptor species (e.g. Montagu’s Harrier 
Circus pygargus, Hen Harrier C. cyaneus), data on 
their distribution and population sizes are collected 
during the studies conducted at karst poljes, especially 
at Livanjsko polje (Stumberger & Schneider-
Jacoby 2010). The data were collected during the 
background studies necessary for the nomination 
of the site on the IBA list. On the basis of the data 
collected through other projects that started at a later 
date (e.g. “Monitoring of the bird population and 
vegetation communities at Livanjsko Polje” within 
the 2011–2012 KARST project, and the project 
“Identification and Promotion of Karst Poljes in 
Bosnia - Herzegovina as Wetlands of National and 
International Importance” implemented between 
2012 and 2013), collecting of data continued on 
the number of populations of individual species (e.g. 
Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor, Lesser Grey Shrike 
L. minor). At the same time, other data concerning 
the impacts of poaching and other negative factors on 
their populations began to be collected as well.
Through the International Waterbird Census 
(IWC) programme, data on the wintering White-tailed 
Eagle Haliaetus albicilla, Marsh Harrier C. aeruginosus, 
Hen Harrier and Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus 
have been collected since 2012. Part of the collected 
data was published in the IWC report for Bosnia and 
Herzegovina (Topić & Kotrošan 2011/2012), while 
the data on areas not included in the report (e.g. karst 
poljes) have not been published as yet.
Considering the lack of historical data on owls 
(Obratil 1977), it is of prime importance to determine 
the selected species’ distribution and population sizes. 
The only current monitoring scheme is conducted for 
the Long-eared Owl A. otus with winter roost sites 
census, which started in 2010 (Kotrošan et al. 2011a).
4. Issues and perspectives of monitoring in Bosnia 
 and Herzegovina
Regarding the establishment of monitoring of raptors 
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, several issues are to be 
underlined: (1) lack of observers (currently there 
are only 5–10 suitable  educated observers in the 
country), (2) lack of equipment (there is only basic 
equipment, such as telescopes, binoculars and GPS 
devices, available, but no night research equipment, 
as well as special vehicles necessary for the hardly 
accessible mountain areas, etc.), (3) low funding of 
field research (the State support for the projects is 
small and the possibilities of getting projects from 
the EU and other recourses are limited), (4) poor 
best-practice training in raptor monitoring, (5) safety 
during field studies (mine fields, political issues, 
conflicts with poachers).
Currently, monitoring of raptors in Bosnia and 
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D. Kotrošan & E. Hatibović: Raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina – their status and perspectives for monitoring 
development
Herzegovina is not established as regards long-term 
programmes. Research is mostly driven by short-term 
actions to establish status of individual species, but 
the above issues continue and hinder the development 
of a long-term programme. At this point, the only 
long-term monitoring has been established within the 
IWC and monitoring wintering Long-eared Owls. 
One of the possibilities of establishing long-term 
monitoring is to begin international cooperation 
and projects, needed to overcome current problems. 
Establishment of monitoring would have multifold 
meanings: to gain insight into the populations of 
certain species for the first time, and to use these data 
to define threat status of individual species and their 
placement on the national red list. On the other hand, 
the data would be extremely important for the needs 
of defining potential Natura 2000 sites (which is to 
start in 2013). Also, it would be important for the 
study concerning the construction of power plants, 
particularly 52 wind farms planned to be built in 
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Kotrošan et al. 2011b).
5. Povzetek
V zadnjih 150 letih je bilo v Bosni in Hercegovini 
zabeleženih 49 ptic roparic, pripadajočih družinam 
Pandionidae, Accipitridae, Falconidae, Tytonidae, 
Strigidae in Laniidae. Toda o populacijah teh vrst je 
še vedno malo znanega. V primerjavi z zgodovinskimi 
podatki se je močno spremenil njihov status, medtem 
ko je devet nekoč gnezdečih vrst že izumrlo ali verjetno 
izumrlo. V pričujočem prispevku so predstavljeni 
podatki o trenutnem statusu ptic roparic, a tudi 
problemi in možnosti, ki se pojavljajo med razvijanjem 
monitoringa v Bosni in Hercegovini. Tako še do 
danes ni bil vzpostavljen monitoring ptic roparic v 
obliki dolgoročnega programa, saj te poskuse ovira 
več dejavnikov (pomanjkanje popisovalcev, finančnih 
virov, izkušenj in znanja itd.). Sicer pa je monitoring 
ptic roparic nujno potreben, če želimo izboljšati 
znanje o lokalnih populacijah ter hkrati zavarovati te 
ptice in njihove habitate. Poleg tega bi bil ta program 
pomemben pri pripravi študij, potrebnih pri gradnji 
različnih objektov (npr. vetrnih turbin). Ena izmed 
pomembnih točk razvojnega programa je vzpostavitev 
mednarodnega sodelovanja in projektov za reševanje 
trenutno najbolj perečih problemov na tem področju.
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valley. – Ardea 3/4: 202–218.
Stumberger, B. & Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2010): 
International importance of three Adriatic Flyway 
priority sites: Livanjsko polje, the Neretva Delta and 
Lake Skadar-Shkoder with Bojana-Buna Delta. pp. 
53–59 In: Denac, D., Schneider-Jacoby, M. & 
Stumberger, B. (eds.): Adriatic flyway – closing the gap 
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Topić, G. & Kotrošan, D. (2011/2012): [Results of 
the international waterbird census from Bosnia and 
Herzegovina in 2012.] – Bilten mreže posmatrača ptica 
u Bosni i Hercegovini 7/8: 56–74. (in Bosnian, English 
summary)
Arrived / Prispelo: 27. 3. 2013
Accepted / Sprejeto: 1. 7. 2013