FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/1, 61–68, LJUBLJANA 2020 RUTIN CONTENT IN BUCKWHEAT (FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM MOENCH, F. TATARICUM (L.) GAERTN. AND F. CYMOSUM MEISSN.) GROWTH IN THE FAR EAST OF RUSSIA VSEBNOST RUTINA V AJDI (FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM MOENCH, F. TATARICUM (L.) GAERTN. IN F. CYMOSUM MEISSN.) PRIDELANI NA DALJNEM VZHODU RUSIJE Alexey KLYKOV1*, Elena CHAIKINA2, Michail ANISIMOV2, Svetlana BOROVAYA1, Elena BARSUKOVA1 http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/fbg0068 ABSTRACT Rutin content in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moe- nch, F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn. and F. cymosum Meissn.) growth in the Far East of Russia The paper presents results of the complex research of different species of Fagopyrum (F. esculentum Moench, F. ta- taricum (L.) Gaertn., F. cymosum Meissn.) on rutin content and their usage prospects as a resource of flavonoids. Rela- tion between rutin content in the overground mass and the plant colour was found. Biological significance of rutin, prospects of its usage as a diagnostic trait in selection, are also shown in the article. Bio-chemical and technological traits of F. esculentum varieties cultivated in the Far East Russia were also studied and reflected in the paper. We therefore examined rutin content in the overground phyto- mass of the three species of Fagopyrum on the phase of mass f lowering and discovered that high indices belong to: F. esculentum (Izumrud variety) ‒ 3.8 %, F. tataricum (sam- ple k-62 from Canada) ‒ 4.4 % and F. cymosum (k-4231 from India) ‒ 4.1 %. Rutin content in the hull of common buckwheat ranged from 0.08 till 0.20 %. Maximum rutin quantity was deter- mined in the hull of Ussurochka (35.7 kg/ha), and minimum (17.8 kg/ha) in the hull of Pri 7. The studies show that the ash content, obtained after burning the hull of F. esculentum (600°C) is in average 2 %. The following elements were found in the ash: potassium, sodium, copper, silver, calcium, mag- nesium, zinc, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel, chromi- um, phosphorus, and their concentration depend on variety and type of raw material of F. esculentum. Key words: Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, F. cymosum, overground mass, hull, rutin. IZVLEČEK Vsebnost rutina v ajdi (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn. in F. cymosum Meissn.) pridelani na Daljnem vzhodu Rusije V prispevku so predstavljeni rezultati kompleksne ra- ziskave različnih vrst rodu Fagopyrum (F. esculentum Mo- ench, F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn., F. cymosum Meissn.) o vseb- nosti rutina in možnosti njihove uporabe kot vira flavono- idov. Ugotovljeno je bilo razmerje med vsebnostjo rutina v nadzemni masi in barvo rastlin. V članku je prikazan tudi biološki pomen rutina, možnosti njegove diagnostične upo- rabe pri selekciji oziroma njegov pomen pri selekciji. V delu so bile proučene tudi biokemijske in tehnološke lastnosti sort F. esculentum, ki jih gojijo na Daljnem vzhodu Rusije. Zato smo določali vsebnost rutina v nadzemnih delih treh vrst rodu Fagopyrum v fazi cvetenja in ugotovili, da visoki indeksi pripadajo: F. esculentum (sorta Izumrud) ‒ 3,8 %, F. tataricum (vzorec k-62 iz Kanade) ‒ 4,4 % in F. cymosum (k- 4231 iz Indije) ‒ 4,1 %. Vsebnost rutina v luščinah navadne ajde je znašala od 0,08 do 0,20 %. Največja količina rutina je bila določena v luščinah Ussurochka (35,7 kg/ha) in najmanjša (17,8 kg/ha) v luščinah Pri 7. Študije kažejo, da je vsebnost pepela, pridobljenega po upopelnjenju luščin F. esculentum (600°C), v povprečju 2 %. V pepelu so bili dolo- čeni naslednji elementi: kalij, natrij, baker, srebro, kalcij, magnezij, cink, aluminij, mangan, železo, nikelj, krom, fos- for, njihova koncentracija pa je odvisna od sorte in rastlin- skega dela vrste F. esculentum. Ključne besede: Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, F. cymosum, nadzemna masa, luščine, rutin. 1 FSBSI “FSC of agribiotechnology in the Far East named after A.K. Chaika”, Russia 2 G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia * E-mail address of corresponding author: alex.klykov@mail.ru KLYKOV, CHAIKINA, ANISIMOV, BOROVAYA, BARSUKOVA: RUTIN CONTENT IN BUCKWHEAT 62 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/1 – 2020 Species of Fagopyrum Mill. genus have valuable edible and medicine traits. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench is a cereal and melliferous crop which is widely cultivat- ed in many countries of the world. The main producers of buckwheat are China, Russia and Ukraine. In some countries of the South-Eastern Asia (China, India) F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn., and F. cymosum Meissn. are used as an edible and medicine crop. Plants of species of F. esculentum are widely used in popular medicine. As a medicinal raw they use leaves and tops of shoots in blooming stage (Kreft et al. 2006, Hinneburg & Reinhard 2005). Representatives of Fagopyrum genus are prospective resources of flavonoids. The main fla- vonoids is 3-O-rutinozid quercetin (rutin or vitamin P), which has antioxidant, angioprotective, antibacte- rial and hepatoprotective traits (Odetti et al. 1990, Grinberg et al. 1994, He et al. 1995, Guardia et al. 2001, Holasova et al. 2002, Mashkovsky 2004, Sri- nivasan et al. 2005). In some countries (Russia, Canada, Ukraine, Japan) there were developed special buckwheat varieties for rutin production with its high content. As a result of the chemical analysis of buckwheat plants selected for co- lour, it was found that plants with red coloring of stems contain more rutin in comparison with green plants, green-red and red-green. Buckwheat plants are selected according to the stalk coloring in a fruit formation stage, choosing plants with dark red (anthocyanin) co- lour (Klykov & Moiseyenko 2005, Anisimova 2011). Our research has shown that intra-variety changes of the plants colour have a wide spectrum (red, red-green, green-red and green) and are affected not only by the variety genotype but largely by variability, which effect depends on various factors: sowing date, mineral fertil- izers, seeding rate and method of sowing (Klykov 2000, Klykov & Moiseyenko 2010). In our view, anthocyanin colour of the stalk is a good diagnostic indicator that can be used for the goal selection of buckwheat plants with high rutin content in the overground part. In connection with this fact, Fagopyrum esculentum is a promising domestic source of rutin for the pharmaceutical industry. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant materials: The field experiments were carried out at FSC of agribiotechnology in the Far East named after A.K. Chaika (44.34°N, 131.58°E), Ussuriysk dis- trict, Primorsky krai, Russia and in the Pacific Insti- tute of Bioorganic Chemistry named after G.B. Elyakov the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sci- ences. As the research object there were used represen- tatives of the family Polygonaceae Juss: cultivated spe- cies of the genus Fagopyrum Mill. (Fagopyrum esculen- tum Moench, Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn., Fago- pyrum cymosum Meissn.). Soil of the experimental field was meadow-brown, bleached. Power of the arable layer is 24 cm, humus content is 3.8 %, P2O5 – 17.1 mg/100 g of soil, K2O – 14.2 mg/100 g of soil, pH – 5.7. Representatives of Fagopyrum Mill. genus of do- mestic and foreign origin were received from the Gene Bank of the All-Russia Institute of Plant Growing named after N.I. Vavilov (St. Petersburg, Russia). There wase evaluated collection of 4 Tartary buckwheat (к-6, Germany; к-8, France; к-17, China; к-62, Canada) ac- cessions with different place of origin. Common buckwheat accessions in tested collec- tion were originated from the states of the former Rus- sia (Primorskaya local, Pri 7, Ussurochka, Pri 10 and Izumrud). The research objects were sample of F. cymosum (к-4231, India). Preparation of aqueous plant extracts: Max. 30 plants of each genotype were used for the analysis. Dry matter content and so called total rutin were deter- mined in whole plants. After drying the plants parts were ground finely. Three analytical methods for rutin determination were tested: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric method (Vysochina et al. 1987). The absorption of the extract solution was measured at 360 nm on spec- trophotometer Shimadzu UVmini–1240 (Japan) and compared to that of a standard rutin curve. Rutin determination by HPLC (Kreft et al. 2002). An amount of 0.1-0.5 g of ground plant material was extracted with 10 ml of a solution (methanol-acetic ac- id-water 100:2:100) for 1 hour on a shaker at laboratory temperature. 2 ml of the extract were centrifuged for 10 min. at 9 000 rot/min. A clear supernatant was filtered through a microfilter with a regenerated cellulose membrane, and it was analysed on a Waters Alliance 2690 liquid chromatograph. The filtrate was applied to a Lichrospher 100RP-18 column and eluted by gradient elution with a mixture of methanol-water: 0-2 min 20 % methanol 2-4 min 60 % methanol. Detection with a KLYKOV, CHAIKINA, ANISIMOV, BOROVAYA, BARSUKOVA: RUTIN CONTENT IN BUCKWHEAT 63FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/1 – 2020 UV detector was carried out at 360 nm. Rutin was elut- ed at the 6th min. and the peak area was compared with standard solutions of pure rutin. Rutin concentration in samples was determined by a calibration curve. For rutin identification there were used NМР 1Н spectrums, that were registered on spectrometer АС- 250 in CDCl3 and d6. Then they compared the spec- trums with the pure rutin (“Chemopol”, Czech Repub- lic). Mass-spectrums were produced on the equipment LKB-9000S (Sweden) with straight input under the energy of ionizing electrons equal to 18 and 70 eV(electron-volt). Polysaccharides were analyzed with the help of X-ray Diffractometer Shimadzu Lab XRD 6000. IR spectroscopy method high-efficient size-exclusion chromatography were used for studying structural pecularities of the found polysaccharides in Institute of Chemistry of Far East Branch of the Russian acade- my of Sciences (Zemnukhova et al. 2004 a, Zemnuk- hova et al. 2004 b). Statistical analysis: The means and standard de- viations were calculated using Microsoft Office Excel 2003. Significant differences of these data were calcu- lated using analysis of variance (ANOVA-Duncan’s multiple test, SIGMASTAT 9.0). The reliability of the results between the control and experimental samples was evaluated using Student’s t-test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rutin content depends on genus, species and variety (Кlykov et al. 2003, Jiang et al. 2007, Jinfeng Gao et al. 2007, Yan Chai et al. 2007). We investigated rutin content and productivity of overground part of different samples of three Fagopyrum species plants. The data show that high rutin content was present in overground part of F. esculentum (Izumrud variety) ‒ 3.8 %, F. tataricum (sample k-62 from Canada) ‒ 4.4 %, F. cymosum (k-4231 from India) ‒ 4.1 % (Table 1). Table 1: Productivity of the overground part in the mass flowering stage and rutin content in three distinguished samples of Fagopyrum species plants Preglednica 1: Pridelek nadzemnih delov v polnem cvetenju in vsebnost rutina v rastlinah treh vrst Fagopyrum Variety, number in the catalogue ARSRIPG, origin Green mass, ton /ha Dry matter, ton /ha Rutin, % Rutin, kg /ha lim X _ ± Sx_ lim X _ ± Sx_ lim X _ ± Sx_ lim X _ ± Sx_ Fagopyrum esculentum Izumrud (Russia) 21.1-28.4 25.3±0.2 2.8-3.5 3.2±0.1 3.4-4.2 3.8±0.1 95.1-147.3 121.2±7.1 Primorskaya local (Russia) 18.3-24.5 22.4±0.2 2.5-3.2 2.8±0.1 2.9-3.5 3.2±0.1 72.5-112.3 92.5±4.7 Pri7 (Russia) 19.2-25.3 23.7±0.2 2.7-3.4 3.0±0.1 2.8-3.4 3.1±0.1 76.3-116.2 96.2±3.9 Fagopyrum tataricum к-6 (Germany) 17.1-26.2 20.1±0.2 2.5-3.0 2.8±0.1 3.7-4.4 4.1±0.2 92.1-132.3 112.1±6.0 к-8 (France) 20.4-24.3 22.3±0.2 2.2-2.8 2.5±0.1 3.9-4.6 4.1±0.2 86.1-129.6 107.4±5.1 к-17 (China) 25.0-28.5 26.2±0.2 2.8-3.4 3.1±0.1 3.2-4.8 4.2±0.2 89.4-163.3 126.3±7.2 к-62 (Canada) 24.1-32.2 27.1±0.2 2.6-3.3 2.9±0.1 3.6-5.0 4.4±0.1 94.2-165.4 129.1±7.9 Fagopyrum cymosum к-4231 (India) 18.4-24.3 20.3±0.2 1.9-2.4 2.2±0.1 3.2-4.4 4.1±0.1 61.3-106.7 83.2±4.4 Productivity of overground mass and dry matter differed between samples of F. tataricum k-17 (China), k-62 (Canada), F. esculentum − variety Izumrud (Rus- sia, Primorskiy Krai) and F. cymosum k-4231 (India). Procurement of raw materials is the most efficient when the maximum rutin concentration coincides with peak growth of the plant phytomass. Studied species of Fagopyrum genus undergo a complete cycle of development: vegetative (shoots- f lowering), generative (f lowering – seed filling). Total duration of the vegetation period of Fagopyrum is 72-90 days. Due to phenological observations it was noted that vegetation period was longer for samples of F. tataricum and F. cymosum (from 33 to 52 days) than those of F. esculentum (24-26 days). The genera- tive period duration for samples of F. tataricum ranged from 32 to 46 days, for F. cymosum – 38 days, for F. esculentum ‒ 48-49 days. The longest vegetation period was observed for F. cymosum (k-4231 from India ‒ 90 days), and the shortest period number 63 KLYKOV, CHAIKINA, ANISIMOV, BOROVAYA, BARSUKOVA: RUTIN CONTENT IN BUCKWHEAT 64 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/1 – 2020 days for sample of F. tataricum (k-6 from Germany). For the varieties of F. esculentum it ranged from 72 to 75 days. Rutin content in the vegetative and generative parts, roots of F. esculentum (Izumrud variety, Russia), F. tataricum (sample k-62, Canada) and F. cymosum (sample k-4231, India) during vegetation varies from the early stages of plant development. The hughest rutin content in all studied samples was observed in flowers (4.7-6.3 %), much less in the stems (0.6-1.4 %) and the lowest rutin content was found in the roots (0.3-0.8 %). The maximum rutin content was observed in leaves of F. esculentum in the budding stage (4.6 %), in F. tataricum - at the beginning of flowering (4.8 %), and minimum rutin content in the seed filling phase (2.8 %), as well as at the beginning of vegetation and seed filling phase (F. esculentum − 3.0 and F. tataricum − 3.1 %, respectively). To determine the optimal har- vesting time for the raw materials, when the most rutin from the overground phytomass of the studied species can be got, there was calculated rutin quantity derived from 1 ha of the experimental plot with the density of 120 plants per 1 м2 (Table 2). Table 2. Yield of overground part and rutin quantity of three Fagopyrum species in different development phases of the plants Preglednica 2: Pridelek nadzemnih delov in vsebnost rutina pri rastlinah treh vrst Fagopyrum glede na faze razvoja rastlin Species Development phase Overground mass yield, ton /ha Rutin, kg /ha Fagopyrum esculentum Vegetation beginning 0.48±0.3 12.0±1.8 Budding 0.84±0.4 25.2±2.6 Flowering beginning 1.68±0.5 62.2±5.0 Mass flowering 2.88±0.7 109.4±7.1 Seed filling 3.82±0.8 84.6±5.4 Fagopyrum tataricum Vegetation beginning 0.36±0.2 8.3±0.9 Budding 1.44±0.4 46.1±4.2 Flowering beginning 1.80±0.6 73.8±5.4 Mass flowering 3.00±0.7 117.0±8.3 Seed filling 4.00±0.8 104.0±8.1 Fagopyrum cymosum Vegetation beginning 0.24±0.2 4.6±0.6 Budding 2.28±0.4 66.1±5.8 Flowering beginning 2.88±0.7 100.8±7.3 Mass flowering 3.12±0.8 115.4±8.3 Seed filling 4.92±0.9 108.2±7.9 Maximum rutin quantity (117 kg/ha) is possible to be derived from overground phytomass of F. tataricum in the mass flowering stage. Rutin content in dry raw materials in this stage is high enough (4.4 %), and yield of dry phytomass in this period was 3.00 ton/ha. We consider it to be important for gathering rutin per hectar. Close to them there were rutin output indices of F. cymosum (1154.7 g) and F. esculentum (109.4 kg) ob- tained from 1 ha of the experimental plot in the same stage. During the seed filling phase there was also ob- served high rutin output in the overground phytomass of F. tataricum (104 kg) and F. cymosum (108.2 kg). Preparation of raw materials (overground phyto- mass) of studied Fagopyrum species is reasonable to perform in the stage of the plants mass flowering, be- cause during this period, the amount of rutin was the highest. At present time rutin content in the roots of Fagopyrum Mill. species is studied scarcely as well as its role in selection on lodging resistance. Therefore, we studied growth dynamics of overground and root mass, the root system maintenance, rutin content in roots of F. esculentum and F. tataricum. As a result of the research there were determined significant correlations of F. tataricum between rutin content in the roots with aboveground part (r = 0.92) and root mass (r = 0.93), and the root system mainte- nance (r = 0.89). Intensive growth of F. esculentum root mass takes place before the budding stage. Then decel- eration in growth is observed and reduction on seed filling phase. It is connected with ageing and decay of the roots. Increase of F. tataricum root mass was ob- served throughout the whole vegetation period. It was found that F. esculentum plants, resistant to lodging, contain 0.68 % of rutin in the roots (bright coloring of the root system), and sensitive plants con- tain ‒ 0.31 % (dark brown coloring of roots). Appar- ently, resistance to lodging of plants on a seed filling KLYKOV, CHAIKINA, ANISIMOV, BOROVAYA, BARSUKOVA: RUTIN CONTENT IN BUCKWHEAT 65FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/1 – 2020 phase, is connected to physiologically active root sys- tem (viable), which directly influences the intense ac- cumulation of rutin, in comparison with sensitive ones. The identified relation between rutin content, the roots coloring and the root mass became the basis for development of selection method of buckwheat plants on lodging resistance (Klykov & Moiseyenko 2003). This method provides selection of buckwheat forms on three indicators: 1) the root system colouring; 2) maintenance of the root system; 3) rutin content in the roots. At the starting stage of breeding visual selection was taking into account. These indicators will contrib- ute to increase efficiency in the samples selection with high resistance to lodging. The study showed that rutin content in seed of buckwheat plant depend on genotype varies from 0.07 to 2.4 % of the dry matter (Table 3). The seed of Tar- tary buckwheat contains higher amounts of rutin (about 0.8-1.7 % dry weight) than that of common buckwheat (0.01 %) and is rich in vitamins (Raina & Gupta 2015). It was observed that buckwheat groats were coloured in light brown, light green and green. The particular interest presents possibility of rutin content effect upon depend on colouring of buckwheat groats (green color implies increased rutin content). Varieties of F. esculentum with green colouring of buckwheat groats had the highest rutin content (0.10- 0.15%). Rutin content was significantly lower in F. esculentum than that of F. tataricum and F. cymosum. Wild species F. tataricum and F. cymosum are valuable in breeding as genetic rutin source. The studied spe- cies differed on colouring of buckwheat groats. Thus buckwheat groats of F. esculentum variety Pri 7 was light brown, variety Ussurochka ‒ light green, variety Izumrud - green, F. tataricum – yellow-green, and F. cymosum ‒ bright yellow-green. Colouring of buck- wheat groats can serve as a diagnostic sign of visual selection of forms with high rutin content. Our results show a relationship between rutin con- tent and colouring of the plant different parts (stem, flower, root system, buckwheat groats) of F. esculen- tum, which allows making some adjustments in exist- ing methods of selection of forms with high rutin con- tent, more adapted to abiotic and biotic stresses. There were identified very important diagnostic characteris- tics that should be used in selection in order to create new varieties with high rutin content in buckwheat groats for production functional foods. The above ground part of F. esculentum plant is reasonable to be used as prospective domestic source of rutin for phar- maceutical industry. Table 3: Rutin content in fruits of three Fagopyrum species Preglednica 3: Vsebnost rutina v plodovih pri treh vrstah Fagopyrum Species Variety, catalogue number of ARSRIPG, origin Rutin content in seed, % Buckwheat groats colouring Fagopyrum esculentum Pri 7 (Russia) 0.07±0.01 light-brown Ussurochka (Russia) 0.10±0.01 light-green Izumrud (Russia) 0.15±0.01 green (salad paint) Fagopyrum tataricum к-62 (Canada) 2.4±0.1 yellow-green Fagopyrum cymosum к-4231 (India) 1.1±0.1 bright yellow-green In common buckwheat (F. esculentum) production there are formed significant amounts of waste (second- ary resources) such as straw and fruit shells (hull), which so far have not been effectively implemented. Proportion of total overground weight of the plant straw depends on the variety and is 40-60 %. As for hull, it is 20-30 % from the grain weight. Straw is usu- ally crushed and remains in the fields or burned. Rutin content in hull of common buckwheat ranged from 0.08 till 0.20 %. Maximum rutin quantity one can get from the hull of Ussurochka (35.7 kg/ha), minimum (17.8 kg/ha) in hull of Pri 7 (Table 4). The cereal processing plant use hull as carburant. Recently it is used as a filling for pillows. It seems that the most promising would be their use as the secondary re- sources involvement as an additional source of raw materials for pharmaceutical industry to obtain rutin and micro-fertilizers, as well as to solve problem of en- vironmental pollution. KLYKOV, CHAIKINA, ANISIMOV, BOROVAYA, BARSUKOVA: RUTIN CONTENT IN BUCKWHEAT 66 FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/1 – 2020 Table 4: Rutin content in fruit shells (hull) of common buckwheat Preglednica 4: Vsebnost rutina v luščinah navadne ajde Variety Grain yield, ton/ha Filmness, % Rutin, % Number of hull, kg/ha Rutin, kg/ha Pri 7 1.12 20.3±0.2 0.08±0.01 223.3±2.3 17.8±0.1 Izumrud 1.34 23.8±0.2 0.10±0.01 309.4±2.9 27.8±0.1 Pri 10 1.63 19.5±0.1 0.15±0.01 312.0±3.0 31.2±0.2 Ussurochka 1.78 21.0±0.2 0.20±0.01 357.0±3.1 35.7±0.2 Buckwheat nowadays is widely used in various in- dustries. The most promising in the near future seems to be involvement in the processing of fruit shells (hull), which accumulates in large volume at cereal processing plants. Chemistry Institute the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences jointly with FSC of agribiotechnology in the Far East named after A. K. Chaika studied content and composition of polysaccharides of the fruit coating and straw of vari- eties Izumrud and Pri 7. For this purposes they used sequential extraction with water, solutions of ammo- nium oxalate and sodium hydroxide (Zemnukhova et al. 2004 a, Zemnukhova et al. 2004 b). Our study showed that content of polysaccha- rides depends on the type of raw material (fruit outer coating or straw) and variety. The largest output of polysaccharides derived from the wastes can be re- ceived in all the cases using the first (water) extrac- tion. The colour of dry product depends on the source of raw materials and ways of getting the polysaccha- rides and has white, light brown or almost black col- oring (Table 5). Table 5: Characteristics of polysaccharides from extracts of F. esculentum fruit shells (hull) Preglednica 5: Polisaharidi v ekstraktih luščin F. esculentum Variety Extragent (concentration) Soluble substances in raw materials, % Characteristics of polysaccharides Output of raw materials, % Colour Structure Pri 7 H2O 14.7 2.76 light brown amorphous (NH4)2C2O4 (0.5 н) 2.8 1.52 light brown crystal NaOH (0.5 н) 23.7 1.31 black amorphous Izumrud H2O 14.3 2.63 light brown amorphous (NH4)2C2O4 (0.5 н) 2.6 1.40 light brown crystal NaOH (0.5 н) 19.2 4.40 black amorphous Polysaccharides of water and oxalate extractions of all samples are characterized by a high content of glucose. Polysaccharides of alkaline extraction have a more complex monosaccharide structure and contain resi- dues of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose (Table 6). Inositol was found in trace amounts. Uronic acids are presented by D-Galakturonic and glucuronic acids. While extracting raw materials, metals which were in the plant, were extracted into the solution along with organic substances. Obtained data prove that pol- ysaccharides, allocated from the extracts in solid state, absorb metals from the solution. The rest of raw mate- rial, which was not dissolved in water, practically doesn’t form ashes. The studies show that the ash content, obtained after burning the hull of F. esculentum (600°C) is in av- erage 2 %. The following elements were found in the ash: potassium, sodium, copper, silver, calcium, magne- sium, zinc, aluminum, manganese, iron, nickel, chro- mium, phosphorus, and their concentration depends on variety and type of raw material of F. esculentum. It is important from the point of view of usage of F. esculentum fruit shells (hull) as secondary raw mate- rial as a source of macro- and micronutrients. KLYKOV, CHAIKINA, ANISIMOV, BOROVAYA, BARSUKOVA: RUTIN CONTENT IN BUCKWHEAT 67FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 61/1 – 2020 Table 6: Monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides from extracts of F. esculentum fruit shells (hull) Preglednica 6: Monosaharidna sestava polisaharidov v ekstrakti luščin F. esculentum Variety Extraction medium Monosaccharide composition, molar % The presence of uronic acids Rha Ara Xyl Man Glc Gal Int GalA GlcA Pri7 H2O сл сл сл 13 72 15 сл сл – (NH4)2C2O4 – 18 сл сл 61 21 сл + сл NaOH 8 13 17 10 33 19 – + + Izumrud H2O 3 4 сл 8 64 21 сл + сл (NH4)2C2O4 8 21 5 9 39 18 сл + – NaOH 10 18 25 7 22 18 – + + Notes: Rha – rhamnose, Ara – arabinose, Xyl – xylose, Man – mannose, Glc – glucose, Gal –galactose, Int – inositol; uronic acids: GalA – D-Galacturonic acid, GlcA – glucuronic acid – absent, сл – traces, + presents in small amounts. Pre-sowing preparation of Fagopyrum esculentum seeds is important for productivity increase. We found that treatment of the seeds with the hull ash of F. escu- lentum in quantities of 100 kg/ ton had the greatest harvest increase (0.22 ton/ha). The literature analysis and our research on test- ing the possibility of usage of F. esculentum waste as raw material in order to obtaining valuable chemical products, shows that the list of the proposed usage goals of the waste is great and, the waste has not yet been fully utilized. The integrated recycling of F. esculentum production waste may prove to be eco- nomically favorable. CONCLUSION The research defined that rutin content in over- ground part of F. esculentum depends on genus, species and variety. As a promising source of rutin we recom- mend: F. esculentum (variety Izumrud, Russia ‒ 3.8 %), F. tataricum (sample k-62 from Canada ‒ 4.4 and sample k-17 from China ‒ 4.2 %). There was defined the relation between forms of the plant and amount of rutin, and morphological and economically valuable traits. 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