D V E D O M O V I N I • T W O H O M E L A N D S 5 9 • 2 0 2 4 TEMATSKI SKLOP / THEMATIC SEC TION MIGRACIJE DELOVNE SILE V UKRAJINI IN NA OBMOČJU NEKDANJE SOVJETSKE ZVEZE L A B O R M I G R AT I O N I N U K R A I N E A N D T H E P O S T - S O V I E T S PAC E Z h a n n a B o l a t I ntroduc t ion: Labor M igrat ion in Uk raine and the Post-Soviet Space Te t i a n a M a r u s i a k , O k s a n a K hy m ov yc h , Vo l o d y my r H o b l y k , Va s y l P i g o s h , U l i a n a Ro s o l a M igrat ion Abroad as a Socia l Consequence of Transformations of the I nst i tute of Educat ion in Modern Uk raine A k m a n a t A b u ova , N u r l a n B a i g a by l ov, M u k h t a r A b d i ka k i m ov, S a l t a n a t A u b a k i r ova , G u l n a r A s s y l k h a n ova Socia l -Economic I ntegrat ion of K azak h M igrants in Turkey Z hu l d y z I m a s h e va Explor ing Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Family Business of Taj ik M igrants O l e g Ya r o s h e n ko, Vo l o d y my r H a ra s h c h u k , O l e n a M o s ka l e n ko, G a l i n a Ya kov l e va , Vi t a l i i Sv i t l yc h ny i A Comparat ive Analys is of Forced M igrants’ R ights Abroad and in Uk raine and Control O ver Their Obser vance Under Condit ions of Mar t ia l Law A i g e r i m Ad i l g a z i n ova , Lya i l ya B a l a ka ye va , M a ra G u b a i d u l l i n a M igrant Issues in Contemporar y Japan G u l s a ra Ka p p a s s ova , M e i ra m g u l A l t y b a s s a r ova , G a n i Ye l m u ra t ov, M a d i n a Ra k h i m b a e va , B o r i s Po l o m a r c h u k M igrat ion Processes in the Republ ic of K azak hstan: Regular i t ies, Problems, and Prospec ts ČL ANKI / ARTICLES Lo r e d a n a Pa n a r i t i A H istor ical Analys is of Lef t-Wing Trade Union Posit ions Regarding Bangladeshi Workers in Monfalcone ( I ta ly) and Bosnian Workers in S lovenia V l a d i m i r I ve t a , M a r i j e t a Ra j kov i ć I ve t a M igrat ions, C i t izenships, and the R ight and Choice to Play for a Nat ional Footbal l Team with a Focus on the Croat ian Nat ional Team M a r j e t a Vr b i n c, D o n n a M . T. C r. Fa r i n a , A l e n ka Vr b i n c Or is s lovar jev in pr i ročnikov za učenje angleščine s lovensk ih izsel jencev v ZDA v obdobju 1895–1919 Ro k S m r d e l j Communicat ion Relat ions on Twitter Dur ing the M igrant “Cr is is” in S lovenia Ka t j a Ko b o l t Postmigraci jsk a estet ik a : Avtof ikc i jsko narat ivno delovanje v pisanju Di jane M atković in v izualnem ust var janju Anne Ehrenstein 592 0 2 4 9 7 7 0 3 5 3 6 7 7 0 1 3 ISSN 0353-6777 ISSN 1581-1212 59 2 0 2 4 D V E D O M O V I N I • T W O H O M E L A N D S 5 9 • 2 0 2 4 DD 59 ovitek final hrbet 15 roza pastel.indd 1-3 6. 02. 2024 13:29:31 Glavni urednici / Editors-in-Chief Kristina Toplak, Marijanca Ajša Vižintin Odgovorna urednica / Editor-in-Charge Marina Lukšič Hacin Tehnični urednik / Technical Editor Tadej Turnšek Mednarodni uredniški odbor / International Editorial Board Synnove Bendixsen, Ulf Brunnbauer, Aleš Bučar Ručman, Martin Butler, Daniela l. Caglioti, Jasna Čapo, Donna Gabaccia, Jure Gombač, Ketil Fred Hansen, Damir Josipovič, Aleksej Kalc, Jernej Mlekuž, Claudia Morsut, Ikhlas Nouh Osman, Nils Olav Østrem, Lydia Potts, Maya Povrzanović Frykman, Francesco Della Puppa, Jaka Repič, Rudi Rizman, Matteo Sanfilippo, Annemarie Steidl, Urška Strle, Adam Walaszek, Rolf Wörsdörfer, Simona Zavratnik, Janja Žitnik Serafin Lektoriranje in korektura / Copyediting and proofreading Jana Renée Wilcoxen (angleški jezik / English) Tadej Turnšek (slovenski jezik / Slovenian) Oblikovanje / Design Anja Žabkar Prelom / Typesetting Inadvertising d. o. o. Založila / Published by ZRC SAZU, Založba ZRC Izdal / Issued by ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za slovensko izseljenstvo in migracije / ZRC SAZU, Slovenian Migration Institute, Založba ZRC Tisk / Printed by Tisk Žnidarič, d. o. o. Naklada / Printum 150 Naslov uredništva / Editorial Office Address INŠTITUT ZA SLOVENSKO IZSELJENSTVO IN MIGRACIJE ZRC SAZU p. p. 306, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija Tel.: +386 (0)1 4706 485; Fax +386 (0)1 4257 802 E-naslov: dd-th@zrc-sazu.si Spletna stran / Website: https://ojs.zrc-sazu.si/twohomelands Revija izhaja s pomočjo Javne agencije za znanstvenoraziskovalno in inovacijsko dejavnost Republike Slovenije in Urada Vlade Republike Slovenije za Slovence v zamejstvu in po svetu / Financial support: Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency and Government Office for Slovenians Abroad ISSN 0353-6777 ISSN 1581-1212 DD 59 ovitek final hrbet 15 roza pastel.indd 4-6 6. 02. 2024 13:29:31 7 D V E D O M O V I N I • T W O H O M E L A N D S • 5 9 • 2 0 2 4 h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 3 9 8 6 / 2 0 2 4 . 1 . 0 1 I PhD in law, International Kazakh-Turkish University named after A. Yasawi, Turkistan, Republic of Kazakhstan; drzhnn3@gmail.com; ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1336-6238 @language: sl, en @trans-language: sl, en @publisher-id: id @doi: 10.3986/2024.1.01 @article-type: 1.20 @article-category: xx @pages: 7–10 @history-received: dd. mm. yyyy @history-accepted: dd. mm. yyyy * * * Ž u r n a l m e t a * * * @issue: 59 @volume: 2024 @pub-year: 2024 @pub-date: dd. mm. yyyy * * * O p r e m a * * * @avtorji: Zhanna Bolat @running-header: Labor Migration in Ukraine and the Post- Soviet Space LABOR MIGRATION IN UKRAINE AND THE POST-SOVIET SPACE Zhanna BolatI COBISS: 1.20 The migration movement of the population to other countries is often due to the presence of a high quantity of labor potential that is not in demand in the domestic labor market. Labor migration is currently one of the largest migrations worldwide (Sabluk, 2021). The globalization processes taking place worldwide coupled with each country’s economic, political, domestic, and national issues, are among the factors contributing to this high level of migration. After post-Soviet countries gained independence, their citizens could travel to other countries, particularly for employment. Increased labor migration to other countries was noticed in Ukraine, especially after the start of hostilities in the country’s east (Babets & Ruda, 2020; Kadriu, 2023). This themed section of Dve domovini / Two Homelands illuminates significant contemporary migration and labor migration trends in the post-Soviet space. Ukraine has experienced substantial emigration in recent decades, spurred by economic uncertainties and the conflict in eastern Ukraine since 2014. Labor migra- tion is a major phenomenon, partly facilitated by Ukraine’s visa-free access to the EU, which provides more opportunities for temporary work abroad (Kortukova, 2021). However, large-scale emigration of working-age Ukrainians poses risks of “brain drain” and other socioeconomic impacts (Spanger & Andersen, 2023). Kazakhstan has also seen substantial emigration and immigration, mainly to and from neigh- boring countries like Russia and Uzbekistan, for economic reasons. Newly restrictive residence permit regulations in Kazakhstan may alter these longstanding migration dynamics within the region. Japan is gradually easing some of its previously strict immigration policies to fill acute labor shortages in the construction, home health- care, and agriculture sectors. However, tensions remain around the integration of migrants into Japanese society. Public attitudes do not always align with govern- ment efforts to accept more foreign workers (Liu, 2023). Meanwhile, many Tajiks engage in temporary cyclical labor migration to Kazakhstan, working in trade sectors like markets or transportation. Their collective family-based migrant enterprises demonstrate resilience in the face of challenging conditions, though restrictive and unpredictable migration policies in Kazakhstan create precarity. 8 D V E D O M O V I N I • T W O H O M E L A N D S • 5 9 • 2 0 2 4Zhanna Bolat Complex economic, social, political, and demographic drivers shape migration patterns and experiences in the region. These countries address migration manage- ment through evolving legal frameworks to ensure migrant rights and sustainable development. The multifaceted factors influencing migration decisions and migrants’ lives resist straightforward policy solutions (Merho, 2019). More research and policy dialogue are needed to develop holistic, evidence-based approaches. Thus, this themed section aims to provide diverse scholarly perspectives on labor migration patterns in Ukraine and neighboring countries, highlighting migrants’ lived experiences and policy frameworks shaping the evolving regional migration system. The section contains six articles that raise and try to answer important questions. Marusiak et al. provide a critical analysis of the drivers of labor migration, specifically relating to education reforms, and examine broad trends and impacts of labor migration. Their paper outlines relevant sociological theories related to the social functions of education and its transformation, including from Durkheim, Weber, and Parsons. A comprehensive historical overview of migration periods in Ukraine, focusing on identifying the drivers and nature of each period, is provided. It discusses how issues like the transition to distance learning and homeschooling may relate to emigration attitudes and draws meaningful connections between educational reforms, quality, and labor migration trends. “Social-Economic Integration of Kazakh Migrants in Turkey” and “Ethnic Entre- preneurship of Tajik Migrants: Strategies for Running a Family Business (on the Example of the ‘Green Bazaar’ in Almaty)” provide insights into the lived experiences of migrants and their economic and social integration. Abuova et al. examine the integration experiences of the Kazakh diaspora community and provide histori- cal context on the migration of Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Turkey, outlining the key factors driving their exodus. The high mortality rate highlights the journey and hardships the migrants face. The Kazakhs’ economic integration into Turkish society via leatherwork and manufacturing shows their adaptability. In contrast, Imasheva provides an in-depth look at Tajik migrant entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan, highlighting the collective family business strategies. The author outlines the historical context and prior research on post-Soviet Tajik migration patterns and experiences. Exam- ining the collective, family-based nature of many migrant enterprises showed their resilience and shed light on an important migrant community. This manuscript makes a solid contribution to the section’s theme by delving into the integration experiences of a key migrant group. Most articles also relate to migration policies, laws, and rights in various contexts. Yaroshenko et al. provide a timely comparative analysis of migrant rights in Ukraine versus other European nations (Poland, Germany, and the Czech Repub- lic) during the war. Their article discusses the concrete issues internally displaced persons (IDPs) face, like access to housing, employment, and education. Statisti- cal data on migration since 2014 helps frame the issue and current crisis. Tables/ charts help visualize the data. Adilgazinova et al. offer an interesting examination 9 5 9 • 2 0 2 4 Labor Migration in Ukraine and the Post-Soviet Space of contemporary immigration policies and migrant adaptation in Japan, providing an insightful comparative perspective. The authors describe the structure and roles of key immigration institutions in Japan. They also discuss the relevant economic factors driving demand for migrant labor in Japan, such as labor shortages in specific sectors, and cover social security, health insurance, and education regarding migrant experiences in Japan. Finally, Kappassova et al. broadly examine overall migration patterns, issues, and policy implications in Kazakhstan, outlining relevant histori- cal migration periods and contemporary data. The conceptual framework from the UN distinguishing different categories of migrants is helpful for analysis. Discussion of recent scholarly perspectives on migration governance and policy effects adds useful theoretical grounding. While each country grapples with unique dynamics, several common threads emerge. Economic uncertainties, conflicts, and demographic pressures drive high levels of both emigration and immigration in the region (Pityulych & Hoblyk, 2020; Chernobay et al., 2021). Migrants seek improved livelihoods and opportunities abroad, yet often face integration barriers and precarious legal status. Restrictive policies attempt to curb migration but frequently fail to address underlying struc- tural causes or protect migrants’ rights. These complex challenges resist simple solutions. As demonstrated by the articles’ diverse methodologies—from legal analysis to qualitative interviews—understanding contemporary regional migra- tion requires examining it from multiple academic vantage points and centering on migrants’ voices. This themed column provides a stepping stone to more nuanced perspectives and policy dialogues. Key priorities include developing evidence- based, humane approaches to managing migration, ensuring education access and labor rights for migrants, and facilitating social integration. As migration transforms communities and reshapes the post-Soviet space, inclusive policies that promote development for all represent the path forward. Much work remains, but construc- tive responses can emerge through insightful scholarly contributions and shared commitment to human dignity. 10 D V E D O M O V I N I • T W O H O M E L A N D S • 5 9 • 2 0 2 4Zhanna Bolat REFERENCES Babets, I., & Ruda, O. (2020). Impact of forced internal migration on the social security of Ukrainian regions. Social and Legal Studios, 3(1), 38–46. https://doi. org/10.32518/2617-4162-2020-1-38-46 Chernobay, L., Yessirkepova, A., & Malibroda, S. (2021). Estimation of labor migration impact on the economy of sending country. Economics, Entrepreneurship, Management, 8(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.23939/eem2021.02.001 Kadriu, A. (2023). Main activities of representatives of Ukrainian political emigration in France during the interwar period. Foreign Affairs, 33(2), 8–20. https://doi. org/10.46493/2663-2675.33(2).2023.8-20 Kortukova, T. (2021). Legal aspects of employment of highly qualified migrant workers in the European Union. Scientific Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, 26(1), 112–117. https://doi.org/10.33270/01211181.112 Liu, Y. (2023). Labor segmentation and outmigration in Japan: Evidence using firm– worker matching data. International Migration, 61(2), 123–137. https://doi. org/10.1111/imig.12988 Merho, A. (2019). Labor migration through the prism of value judgments of a worker. Economics of Development, 18(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.21511/ ed.18(1).2019.03 Pityulych, M., & Hoblyk, V. (2020). System approach to analysis of the essence of migration processes. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics”, 1(13), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-45-50 Sabluk, H. (2021). Challenges and possible solutions problems of labor migration of the rural population. Ekonomika APK, 28(3), 111–118. https://doi. org/10.32317/2221-1055.202103111 Spanger, M., & Andersen, M. (2023). Convoluted mobility: on the precarious movements of transnational migrant workers. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(13), 3473–3491. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2179463 D V E D O M O V I N I • T W O H O M E L A N D S 5 9 • 2 0 2 4 TEMATSKI SKLOP / THEMATIC SEC TION MIGRACIJE DELOVNE SILE V UKRAJINI IN NA OBMOČJU NEKDANJE SOVJETSKE ZVEZE L A B O R M I G R AT I O N I N U K R A I N E A N D T H E P O S T - S O V I E T S PAC E Z h a n n a B o l a t I ntroduc t ion: Labor M igrat ion in Uk raine and the Post-Soviet Space Te t i a n a M a r u s i a k , O k s a n a K hy m ov yc h , Vo l o d y my r H o b l y k , Va s y l P i g o s h , U l i a n a Ro s o l a M igrat ion Abroad as a Socia l Consequence of Transformations of the I nst i tute of Educat ion in Modern Uk raine A k m a n a t A b u ova , N u r l a n B a i g a by l ov, M u k h t a r A b d i ka k i m ov, S a l t a n a t A u b a k i r ova , G u l n a r A s s y l k h a n ova Socia l -Economic I ntegrat ion of K azak h M igrants in Turkey Z hu l d y z I m a s h e va Explor ing Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Family Business of Taj ik M igrants O l e g Ya r o s h e n ko, Vo l o d y my r H a ra s h c hu k , O l e n a M o s ka l e n ko, G a l i n a Ya kov l e va , Vi t a l i i Sv i t l yc h ny i A Comparat ive Analys is of Forced M igrants’ R ights Abroad and in Uk raine and Control O ver Their Obser vance Under Condit ions of Mar t ia l Law A i g e r i m Ad i l g a z i n ova , Lya i l ya B a l a ka ye va , M a ra G u b a i d u l l i n a M igrant Issues in Contemporar y Japan G u l s a ra Ka p p a s s ova , M e i ra m g u l A l t y b a s s a r ova , G a n i Ye l mu ra t ov, M a d i n a Ra k h i m b a e va , B o r i s Po l o m a r c hu k M igrat ion Processes in the Republ ic of K azak hstan: Regular i t ies, Problems, and Prospec ts ČL ANKI / ARTICLES Lo r e d a n a Pa n a r i t i A H istor ical Analys is of Lef t-Wing Trade Union Posit ions Regarding Bangladeshi Workers in Monfalcone ( I ta ly) and Bosnian Workers in S lovenia V l a d i m i r I ve t a , M a r i j e t a Ra j kov i ć I ve t a M igrat ions, C i t izenships, and the R ight and Choice to Play for a Nat ional Footbal l Team with a Focus on the Croat ian Nat ional Team M a r j e t a Vr b i n c, D o n n a M . T. C r. Fa r i n a , A l e n ka Vr b i n c Or is s lovar jev in pr i ročnikov za učenje angleščine s lovensk ih izsel jencev v ZDA v obdobju 1895–1919 Ro k S m r d e l j Communicat ion Relat ions on Twitter Dur ing the M igrant “Cr is is” in S lovenia Ka t j a Ko b o l t Postmigraci jsk a estet ik a : Avtof ikc i jsko narat ivno delovanje v pisanju Di jane Matković in v izualnem ust var janju Anne Ehrenstein 592 0 2 4 9 7 7 0 3 5 3 6 7 7 0 1 3 ISSN 0353-6777 ISSN 1581-1212 59 2 0 2 4 D V E D O M O V I N I • T W O H O M E L A N D S 5 9 • 2 0 2 4 DD 59 ovitek final hrbet 15 roza pastel.indd 1-3 6. 02. 2024 13:29:31