Acta Dermatovenerol APA
Acta Dermatovenerologic
Alpina, Pannonica et Adriatica
2018;27:65-69 doi: I0.i5570/actaapa.20i8.i5
Malassezia infection associated with chronic spontaneous urticaria without angioedema: a report on five cases
Vijay Zawar1, Manoj Pawar1 Shrikant Kumavat1
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a challenging condition to treat and it significantly affects quality of life. Bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal infections have been associated with triggering and/or perpetuating urticaria in certain individuals. There is a paucity of literature on CSU associated with Malassezia infection.
Methods and results: We present a case series of five patients with CSU without angioedema in whom we observed temporal association of Malassezia infection with CSU. The presence of Malassezia was confirmed by clinical examination, Wood's lamp, and KOH examination. The patients with CSU experienced improvement after specific antifungal therapy.
Conclusion: Malassezia infection may be associated with recurrent and chronic urticaria in a certain group of susceptible patients and thus specific targeted therapy against it might result in complete remission of urticaria along with clearing of the infection.
Keywords: Malassezia, chronic urticaria, association, antifungals
Received: 14 September 2017 | Returned for modification: 23 November 2017 | Accepted: 5 December 2017
Introduction
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as the occurrence of itchy wheals, angioedema, or both over a 6-week period independent of external stimuli (1). It is thought to have a more significant impact on patients' quality of life than any other allergic disease because it affects the activity of daily life and causes sleep disturbances, emotional problems, loss of energy, work absenteeism, and frustration in social relations (2). Activation of cutaneous mast cells, which contain preformed mediators such as histamine, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of urticaria. Many etiological factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CSU, including bacterial and viral infections, parasites, fungi, food and food additives, and autoantibodies directed against IgE receptors. Fungal infections are a less-recognized and less-reported cause of urticaria. There are isolated reports mentioning Candida and dermatophytes in association with urticaria (1, 3, 4). Tang et al. (5) observed the role of Malassezia furfur in the prevalence of chronic urticaria among a ship's crew. We report a
case series of five patients with CSU without angioedema possibly induced by Malassezia infection.
Methods and results
Five patients with CSU were identified with coexisting Malassezia infection: four males and one female (median age: 32 yrs, range: 16-40 yrs). The clinical data for the patients are summarized in Table 1. Investigations such as complete blood cell count, ESR, CRP, blood sugar, urine and stool analysis, liver, renal, and thyroid function test, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies, anti-thyroglobulin, autologous serum skin test, HIV antibody, autoantibodies (ANA, ds-DNA), and IgE were either normal or negative. The Helicobacter pylori profile and latex-IgE were negative. Serum tryptase and C3, C4 levels could not be studied due to a lack of resources.
All five patients presented with recurrent pruritic, evanescent, erythemato-edematous papules and plaques of prolonged duration (> 6 weeks) with fluctuating severity of symptoms suggestive of CSU with a significant compromise to their quality of life (Figs. 1-5).
Figure 1 | Malassezia folliculitis: erythematous papules and pustules with urticarial wheals a) over trunk and b) left arm (Patient no. 3).
1Nashik District Maratha Vidya Prasarak Samaj Medical College, Nashik, India. ^ Corresponding author: manojpawar624@yahoo.com
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Table 1 | Clinical profile and other relevant findings of the patients.
Variable
Case no.
Age (yrs) / Sex Duration of urticaria DLQI and UAS7 on first visit Treatment received before consultation
Presenting complaints
Clinical diagnosis
P red is posi n g fa cto r fo r Malassezia infection KOH smear / Wood's lamp
Other findings Treatment received
Outcome
DLQI and UAS7at8th week of follow-up
38/male 10 weeks 19, 26
Oral levocetrizine 10 mg OD and topical calamine lotion
Hyperpigmented, scaly macules over axillae and trunk
Pityriasis versicolor
None
Malassezia spores and hyphae, Wood' lamp: yellowish-white fluorescence Prick test for extracts of pityriasis
versicolor scales: negative Oral fluconazole 400 mg once and repeated at weekends for 4 weeks
with continuous topical sertaconazole cream for 2 months
Complete resolution of pityriasis versicolor and remission of attacks of urticaria 2 weeks after addition of antifungal agents 1, 1
16/female 8 weeks 18, 24
Oral desloratidine 5 mg OD and topical calamine lotion, iron supplements
Erythematous dome-shaped comedo-papules over trunk
Malassezia folliculitis
Atopic familial background
Spores and hyphae consistent with Malassezia
Oral itraconazole, 200 mg/day for 2 weeks plus topical sertaconazole lotion for 2 months
3
28/male 12 weeks 20, 27
Oral levocetrizine 5 mg and montelukast 10 mg OD
Erythematous papules and pustules over trunk and left arm Chronic urticaria with: Malassezia folliculitis
Hyperhidrosis
Wood' lamp: yellowish-white fluorescence
Oral itraconazole, 200 mg/day for 2 weeks plus topical sertaconazole lotion for 2 months
4
40/male 20 weeks 21, 28
Oral combination of desloratidine 5 mg and montelukast 10 mg OD, oral ebastine and short course of oral steroid
32/male 26 weeks 25, 35
Oral combination desloratidine 5 mg OD and montelukast 5 mg, short course of oral steroid, topical calamine lotion
Hyperpigmented scaly macules over Hypopigmented, scaly macules over axillae and back	back
Pityriasis versicolor with symptomatic dermographism History of pityriasis versicolor in
brother and mother Malassezia spores and hyphae
Prick test for extracts of pityriasis versicolor scales: negative Oral fluconazole 400 mg once and repeated on weekends for 4 weeks with continuous topical
Pityriasis versicolor with symptomatic dermographism None
Malassezia spores and hyphae
Prick test for extracts of pityriasis versicolor scales: negative Oral fluconazole 400 mg once and repeated on weekends for 4 weeks with continuous topical
sertaconazole cream for 2 months sertaconazole cream for 2 months
Plus oral levocetrizine 10 mg OD for 6 weeks
Complete resolution of Malassezia folliculitis and remission of attacks of urticaria after 3 weeks
0, 0
Complete resolution of Malassezia folliculitis and remission of attacks of urticaria after 4 weeks
1, 2
Complete resolution of pityriasis versicolor and remission of attacks of urticaria after 6 weeks
2, 3
Complete resolution of pityriasis versicolor and remission of attacks of urticaria after 4 weeks
4, 5
yrs = years, DLQI = Dermatology Life Quality Index, UAS7 = Weekly Urticaria Activity Score, OD = once daily.
Acta Dermatovenerol APA | 2018;27:65-69
Malassezia associated with urticaria
Figure 2 | Pityriasis versicolor: a) hyperpigmented scaly macules over the upper back and right shoulder; b) over the right axilla with urticarial weals; c) KOH examination of scales showing spores and hyphae (Patient no. 1).
Figure 3 | Pityriasis versicolor: a) hypopigmented scaly macules over the left flank region with symptomatic dermographsim; b) Wood's lamp of the same showing bright yellow fluorescence (Patient no. 5).
Figure 4 | Pityriasis versicolor: hyperpigmented scaly macules over the axilla and Figure 5 | Malassezia folliculitis over the left arm with transient edematous back with symptomatic dermographsim (Patient no. 4).	plaques suggestive of urticaria (Patient no. 2).
E. Pekmezci et al.
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35 30 25 a> 8 20 15 10 5 0					
					
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	Casel	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4	Case 5
-DLQI -On 1st visit	19	18	20	21	25
-DLQI- At 8th week	1	0	1	2	4
-UAS7-On 1st visit	26	24	27	28	35
-UAS7 -At 8th week	1	0	2	3	5
Figure 6 | Graphic description of DLQI and UAS-7 scores on first visit and at 8th week showing a sharp decline in DLQI and UAS-7 scores at the 8th week after the addition of antifungal therapy. DLQI = Dermatology Life Quality Index, UAS7 = Weekly Urticaria Activity Score.
All patients had coexisting Malassezia infection (either in the form of pityriasis versicolor or Malassezia folliculitis), which was confirmed by Wood's lamp and 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount. They were treated with specific therapy directed against Malassezia with the addition of a systemic antihistaminic. After 6 weeks of therapy, all of the patients experienced remission of attacks of urticaria in addition to the elimination of Malassezia infection. None of the patients required further treatment with an-tihistaminics for the next 6 months of follow-up, and all of them remained symptom free with much improved quality of life.
Discussion
Almost 50% of cases of CSU are idiopathic and up to 31% of cases are associated with infections (1, 3). An association between CSU and occult infection has been proposed, but with little evidence. Microorganisms such as Helicobacter pylori and Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Yersinia infections have been recognized as the cause of urticaria (1). Most reported infections in CSU are related to the gastrointestinal tract, and to the dental and ear, nose, and throat region (1). Fungi implicated in CSU are Candida spp. and dermatophytes (3, 4). Hiragun et al. (6) demonstrated elevated levels of IgE against MGL_1304, a protein component of Malassezia contained in sweat, which is an important antigen for patients with atopic dermatitis and cholinergic urticaria.
Pathogenic forms of Malassezia are linked with pityriasis versicolor (PV), seborrhoeic dermatitis, and Malassezia folliculitis, and they have also been implicated in exacerbation of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis in certain patients. Because of their affinity to lipids, sebum-rich areas of the skin such as the face, scalp, and upper trunk are predominantly affected (7). Two metabolic pathways—phospholipase production and indole pigment synthesis—are associated with strains isolated from diseased human skin. The latter pathway produces potent indolic arylhydrocarbon receptor ligands such as indirubin and indolo carbazole, which potentially modify the epidermal cells' functions and thus play
a major role in the pathogenesis of Malassezia infections (8). Indoles produced by Malassezia also downregulate the production of inflammatory mediators and antigen-presenting capacity (8).
The mechanism of causation of urticaria in our patients is unclear. The protein components of Malassezia include 67-kDa, 37-kDa, and 17-kDa. The 17-kDa component (i.e., MGL_1304) has a high histamine-releasing property and it is also an important antigen for patients with atopic dermatitis and cholinergic urticaria. In contrast, the glycoprotein Malg46b component of M. globosa acts as a major antigen for IgE antibodies in patients with atopic dermatitis (9). It can be speculated that the protein components of Malassezia may act as haptens under specific environmental conditions of stimulation.
In all five patients, there was a temporal relationship of CSU with active Malassezia infection. Symptomatic dermographism was also seen in patients 4 and 5. Although symptomatic dermog-raphism is present in 4 to 5% of the normal population, its prevalence in CSU is reported to be 22% (10). Anti-histamine treatment was only partially effective and urticaria readily recurred after it was discontinued. There was significant deterioration of quality of life, as evident by high Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) (11) and Weekly Urticaria Activity Scores (UAS7) (12, 13) on the first visit. Interestingly, 7 to 10 days after the addition of oral flucona-zole/itraconazole and topical sertaconazole, a sharp decline in the DLQI and the UAS7 was observed (Fig. 6), which was maintained for the next 4 weeks, and all patients showed complete resolution and recurrences were stopped for next 6 months with drastic improvement in their quality of life.
Malassezia yeast is susceptible to topical and oral antifungal agents. Commonly used topical agents include azoles, hydroxypyri-dones, allylamines, benzylamines, tacrolimus, and pimecrolimus. We preferred oral itraconazole and fluconazole in patients with extensive involvement and in those with topical treatment failure (7).
Unfortunately, we could not identify the subspecies of Malassezia spp., evaluate the anti-Malassezia IgE antibodies, or perform a radioallergosorbent test, which may provide more insight into the link of urticaria with Malassezia. More detailed, multicentric, and larger studies on Malassezia infection and its specific association with CSU will be of more value.
The literature on urticaria in association with Malassezia is scant. To the best of our knowledge, only one study is available in PubMed, in which the authors found the carrier rates of Malassezia furfur to be significantly higher in a ship's crew suffering from urticaria than in normal control subjects (5).
Conclusion
We report five cases of chronic spontaneous urticaria associated with Malassezia infection. All of them showed significant remission of urticaria, especially after antifungal therapy directed against Malassezia infection in addition to oral levocetrizine, and they remained free of disease for the following 6 months.
References
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Malassezia associated with urticaria
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