HACQUETIA 11/1 • 2012, 47-89 DOI: 10.2478/v10028-012-0003-4 TWO NEW TALL HERB COMMUNITIES WITH THE DOMINANT LASERPITIUM SILER AND GRAFIA GOLAKA FROM THE SE ALPS (NE ITALY, W SLOVENIA) Igor DAKSKOBLER1 & Livio POLDINI2 Abstract The article describes two new tall herb communities in the Southeastern Alps, Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris and Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae. Both are long-term successional stages in the overgrowing of abandoned hay meadows in the altimontane and subalpine belt of the southern and southwestern Julian Alps (including the Julian Prealps), partly also the Carnic Alps, that have been abandoned for over 50 years. In the succession sere where the altimontane-subalpine Illyrian beech forest (Dentario pentaphylli-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum) is the potential natural vegetation on steep, sunny limestone (rarely dolomite) slopes, the species Laserpitium siler and (or) Grafia golaka act as inhibitors also due to their high allelopathic potential; in turn, spontaneous afforestation with spruce and some deciduous trees has been slow and gradual. Key words: Laserpitium siler, Grafia golaka, synsystematics, syndynamics, the Julian Alps, the Carnic Alps, Slovenia, Italy, Natura 2000. Izvleček Opisujemo dve novi združbi visokih steblik v Jugovzhodnih Alpah, Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris in Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae. Obe sta dolgotrajen sukcesijski stadij pri zaraščanju nekdanjih in že več kot 50 let opuščenih senožeti v altimontasnkem in subalpinskem pasu južnih in jugozahodnih Julijskih Alp (vključno z Julijskimi Predalpami) in deloma tudi Karnijskih Alp. V sukcesijskem nizu, v katerem je potencialno naravna vegetacija na strmih prisojnih apnenčastih (redkeje dolomitnih) pobočjih altimontansko-subalpinski ilirski bukov gozd (Dentario pentaphylli-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum), vrsti Laserpitium siler in (ali) Grafia golaka tudi zaradi svojega močnega alelopatskega potenciala delujeta zaviralno in je zato zaraščanje s smreko in nekaterimi listavci počasno in postopno. Ključne besede: Laserpitium siler, Grafia golaka, sinsistematika, sindinamika, Julijske Alpe, Karnijske Alpe, Slovenija, Italija, Natura 2000. 1. INTRODUCTION Several years ago (Dakskobler 2003), we studied forest development on abandoned hay meadows in the southern Julian Alps. These hay meadows were cleared in the belt of the subalpine beech forest classified into the association Polysticho lon-chitis-Fagetum and are gradually becoming overgrown, especially with spruce. Based on the flo-ristic-phytosociological analysis of 23 relevés the species-rich former hay-meadows were classified into the southeastern-Alpine alliance Caricion austroalpinae Sutter 1962 and, being a relatively long-term successional stage, described as a provisional new association Centaureo julici-Laserpiti-etum sileris nom. prov. Subsequent research conducted in the various parts of the Julian Alps (the upper Bača Valley, the Breginjski Stol ridge, the valleys of Bala and Loška Koritnica) confirmed our decision for an independent association as 1 Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Regional unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, SI-5220 Tolmin, Igor.Dakskobler@zrc-sazu.si 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Universita di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri, 5 - Edificio Q (stanza 104, primo piano), I-34127 Trieste, Italia, poldini@units.it these stands form a physiognomically (in their appearance) and floristically distinct community that can be spatially delimited and is relatively long-standing due to the slow rate of spontaneous afforestation. Latest research (comp. Kaligaric et al. 2011) has shown a strong allelopathic potential of Laserpitium siler, which in addition to other factors (snowslides) inhibits successional development back towards forest. A brief report on similar fringe communities from the Italian part of the Julian Alps and the Carnic Alps was published several years ago (Poldini 2003). A comparison of the collected relevé material from the whole region (W Slovenia and NE Italy) facilitated the typification of two new associations, Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris and Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae. 2. METHODS We inventoried the abandoned grasslands in the upper montane and subalpine belt (900 to 1900 m a.s.l.) in the western, southern and southwestern part of the Julian Alps (Figure 1) and partly also in the Carnic Alps. Phytosociological records were made according to the standard Central-European phytosociological method (Braun-Bl-anquet 1964) and entered into the FloVegSi database (Seliskar et al. 1993). Relevés from the Slovenian part of the Julian Alps (some of which have already been published as a separate subassociation Centaureo julici-Laserpitetum sileris asphodele-tosum albi nom. prov. - Dakskobler et al. 2007) were combined with the relevés of slightly similar stands in NE Italy: the Carnic Alps: M. Chiadin - Sappada, M. Talm, the western Julian Alps: Val Raccolana, the Julian Prealps: Mt. Matajur, the Stol ridge / Gran Monte: Punta Lausciovizza / Lanzevica; M. Cuarnan / Mali Karman, the Muzci ridge / Cime del Monte Musi: M. Cadin. Combined cover-abundance values were transformed into numerical values (1-9) according to van der Maarel (1979). Numerical comparisons were performed with the SYN-TAX 2000 program package (Podani 2001). The relevés were compared by means of "(unweighted) average linkage method" - UPGMA, "Incremental sum of squarres method" - MISSQ and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). Wishart's similarity Figure 1: Research area with approximate localities of relevés in scale 1: 500 000 (Map source: Jarvis & al. 2008). Slika 1: Raziskovano območje s približno lokacijo popisov v merilu 1: 500 000 (vir za zemljevid: Jarvis & al. 2008). 12°40' 12°50' 13°00' 13°10' 13°20' 13°30' 13°40' 13°50' 14°00' 46°42' 46°36' 46°30 46°18 46°12 ratio was used in all of the methods. The nomenclature source for the names of vascular plants is the Mala flora Slovenije (Martincic et al. 2007) - except for the taxa Knautia ressmannii (Pacher) Briq. and Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. carici-num (DC.) Arcang. - and Martincic (2003) for the names of mosses. The nomenclature of the syntaxa follows Silc & Carni (2012). In the classification of species into phytosociological groups (groups of diagnostic species) we mainly refer to the Flora alpina (Aeschimann et al. 2004 a, b, c). Coordinates of relevés are determined according to the Slovenian geographic coordinate system D 48 (5th zone) on the Bessel elipsoid and with Gauss-Kruger projection. 3. ECOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The predominant geological bedrock in the research area is limestone, in places admixed with marlstone and chert, rarely with dolomite. The soils are shallow fresh rendzinas, very rarely brown soils. Potential natural vegetation of the researched part of the Julian Alps is mainly beech forest classified into the associations Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, Dentario pentaphylli-Fagetum and Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum; the grasslands above the upper timberline are classified into the associations Avenastro parlatorei-Festucetum calvae and Ranunculo hybridi-Caricetum sempervirentis. The climate is relatively warm and very humid and mean annual precipitation usually exceeds 2500 mm. The slopes are mainly sunny and open to the influence of the Adriatic Sea (for more information on the climate of the study area see Daksko-bler 2003, Cusin 2006, Gobbo & Poldini 2005). 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Firstly, we compared 87 relevés of stands with dominant Laserpitium siler and (or) Grafia go-laka in the Julian Alps and their foothills (the so-called Julian Prealps) and the Carnic Alps -Figures 2 and 3. Stands with the dominant Grafia golaka from the Julian Prealps (Mt. Matajur, the Stol ridge / Gran Monte and the Muzci ridge / Cime del Monte Musi) clearly separated from the stands with the dominant Laserpitium siler from the western and southern Julian Alps and the Carnic Alps. Four main groups in the den- drogram (Figure 2) were interpreted as: 1 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris typicum, 2 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata, 3 Centaureo julici-Laserpitetum sileris as-phodeletosum albi and 4 Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae. Two-dimensional scatter-diagram (Figure 3) on the first axis partly indicates the phyto-geographical gradient and on the second axis the altitudinal gradient. This comparison formed the basis for the analytic tables (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4). The first table comprises typical stands of the association Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris, Table 2 encompasses fringe stands of this association which indicate possible transitions to similar tall herb and mountain grassland communities (for the time being treated as a variant Centaureo jul-ici-Laserpitietum sileris typicum var. Brachypodium rupestre^), the third table comprises subalpine stands with the dominant Laserpitium siler from NE Italy (Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata) and the fourth table the stands with the dominant Grafia golaka (Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae). The second step was to make a synoptic table (Table 5) into which we classified the above four syntaxa, the relevés of the subassociation Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris asphodeletosum albi nom. prov. (Dakskobler et al. 2007, Tab. 1, relevés 8-33) and two similar fringe communities from central and southeastern Slovenia: Scabioso hlad-nikianae-Grafietum golakae Carni 2007 from the Polhov Gradec Hills (Carni 2007) and Laserpiti-etum sileris Springer 1987 var. geogr. Dianthus cro-aticus from the Gorjanci hills (Carni et al. 2005). Some of the communities with the dominant La-serpitium siler, e.g. Carici humilis-Centaureetum ru-pestris Ht. 1931 laserpitietosum sileris Kaligaric & Poldini 1997 (Kaligaric 1997, Kaligaric & Poldini 1997), Libanotido-Laserpitietum sileris van Gils et al. 1975 (van Gils et al. 1975, Carni 1997), Laserpitio-Festucetum alpestris Pedrotti 1970 (Pedrotti 1970), Origano-Calamagrostietum variae Lippert ex Thiele 1978 (Grabherr et al. 1993: 431-433) and Laser-pitio-Seslerietum Moor 1957 (Oberdorfer 1978, Ewald 1996), were not included in our comparison as they are either communities of a different altitudinal belt (submontane, lower montane) and (or) communities of a phytogeographically entirely different environment and subsequently clearly floristically different. Some of the species common to all of the compared communities are Laserpitium siler, L. latifo-lium, Polygonatum odoratum, Silene nutans s. lat., 0 ,80 " 0 , 75 r 0 , 70 r 0 , 65 r 0 , 60 r 0 , 55-_ 0 , 50 r 0 , 45 r 0 , 40 r 0 , 35 "I 0,15 "I 0,10 ^ Laserpitium siler / Grafia golaka 2 3 4 Figure 2: Dendrogram of tall herb communities with dominant Laserpitium siler or Grafia golaka in the Julian and Carnic Alps (NE Italy, W Slovenia) - UPGMA, similarity ratio (1 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris typicum, 2 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata, 3 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris asphodeletosum albi, 4 Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae). Slika 2: Dendrogram združb visokih steblik z dominantnima vrstama Laserpitium siler ali Grafia golaka v Julijskih in Karnijskih Alpah (severovzhodna Italija, zahodna Slovenija) - UPGMA, similarity ratio (1 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris typicum, 2 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata, 3 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris asphodeletosum albi, 4 Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae). Laserpitium siler/Grafia golaka □ □ D □ í-1 □ D D □ □ ° □ □ o °°o o O ° 0° 0 u ru r> * O^ Cb ° 8 _0 O 0(3>0 " O s o 0°° o 0 % -0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 Axis 1 t" t" 0,2 0,3 Figure 3: Two-dimensional scatter-diagram of tall herb communities with dominant Laserpitium siler or Grafia golaka in the Julian and Carnic Alps (NE Italy and W Slovenia) -PCoA, similarity ratio (O - Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris - W Slovenia, O - Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris - NE Italy, □ - Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae). Slika 3: Dvorazsežni ordinacijski diagram združb visokih steblik z dominantnima vrstama Laserpitium siler ali Grafia golaka v Julijskih in Karnijskih Alpah (severovzhodna Italija, zahodna Slovenija) - PCoA, similarity ratio (O - Centaureo julici-Laserpitetum sileris - zahodna Slovenija, ❖ - Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris - severovzhodna Italija, □ - Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae). 0 Buphthalmum salicifolium, Koeleria pyramidata s. lat., Cirsium erisithales, Carlina acaulis s. lat. and Centaurea triumfettii. Differential species of the first miain cluster are Bromopsis transsilvanica, La-serpitiumpeucedanoides and Festuca calva. Differential species of the second main cluster are Scabiosa hladmikiana, Tephroseris longifolia, Prunella vulgaris, Mercurialis ovata, Betonica officinalis, Salvia praten-sis arid Euphorbia verrucosa. Differential species of the rirst four syntaxa (Centaureo julici-Laserpitetum sileril s. lat.) are Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyan-dra, Serratula tinctoria subsp. macrocephala, Prunella grandiflora, for the typical geographical variant also Arabis pauciflora. Comparison of the syntaxa from the synthetic table (Table 5) clearly demonstrates that these are different communities (Fig- ures 4 and 5). Stands of the association Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris are distinctly different from the stands of the association Laserpitietum sileris and the stands of the association Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae differ from the stands of the association Scabioso hladnikianae-Grafietum golakae. The differences are due to a different altitu-dinal belt and different potential natural vegetation. In terms of the association Laserpitietum sileris on the Gorjanci hills potential natural vegetation consists of submontane-montane beech forests from the associations Hacquetio-Fagetum, Arunco-Fagetum and Cardamino savensi-Fagetum; the stands of the association Scabioso hladnikiane-Grafietum golakae occur on the fringes of forest communities from the associations Ostryo-Fagetum, Arunco- Laserpitium siler/Grafia golaka Laserpitium siler/Grafia golaka 0,75 -0,7 ^ 0,65 -j 0,6 ^ 0,55 -j 0,5 -j 0,45 -j 0,4 ^ 0,35 -j 0,3 ^ 0,25 -j 0,2 -j 0,15 -j 0,1 0,05 -j 0,0 J CJLS1 CJLS2 CJLSaa CJLSLP GgLs ShGg 0, 550,5 ■ 0, 450,4 ■ 0, 350,3 ■ 0, 250,2 ■ 0,15 0,1 ■ 0,05 0,0 -0,05 ■ -0,1 ■ -0,15-0,2 • GgLs CJLS2 ■ ■ ■ CJLSLP ■ ShGg CJLS1 ■ CJLSaa Ls . Ls -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0,1 Axis 1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 Figure 5: Two-dimensional scatter-diagram of tall herb and fringe communities with dominant Laserpitium siler or Grafia golaka in NE Italy and Slovenia - PCoA, similarity ratio. Slika 5: Dvorazsežni ordinacij ski diagram združb visokih steblik in gozdnih robov z dominantnima vrstama Laserpiti-um siler ali Grafia golaka v severovzhodni Italiji in Sloveniji - PCoA, similarity ratio. Figure 4: Dendrogram of tall herb and fringe communities with dominant Laserpitium siler or Grafia golaka in NE Italy and Slovenia - UPGMA, similarity ratio. Slika 4: Dendrogram združb visokih steblik in gozdnih robov z dominantnima vrstama Laserpitium siler ali Grafia golaka v severovzhodni Italiji in Sloveniji - UPGMA, similarity ratio. Legend to Figure 4 and 5 CJLS1 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco typicum - the Julian Alps, Slovenia CJLS2 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco typicum var. Brachypodium rupestre - the Julian Alps, Slovenia CJLSaa Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco asphodeletosum albi subss. nov. - the Julian Alps, Slovenia (Dak- skobler et al. 2007, table 1, rel. 8-33) CJLSLP Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata - the Carnic and W Julian Alps, 0,25 NE Italy GgLs Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae ass. nov. hoc loco - the Julian Prealps, NE Italy ShGg Scabioso hladnikianae-Grafietum golakae Čarni 2007 - central Slovenia (Čarni 2007, Table 1) LS Laserpitietum sileris Springer 1987 var. geogr. Dianthus croaticus - southeastern Slovenia (Čarni et al. 2005, Tab. 1, rel. 47-56) 0 Fagetum and Querco-Ostryetum; contact meadow communities (Scabioso hladnikianae-Caricetum hu-milis) are classified into the alliance Bromion erecti. Significant differences are demonstrated also by the comparison of the composition according to phytosociological groups (groups of diagnostic species) - Table 6. Stands of the typical form of the association Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris are dominated by the species of subalpine-alpine grasslands and swards (Caricion austroalpinae, Ely-no-Seslerietea), followed by the species from classes Festuco-Brometea and Trifolio-Geranietea. Stands of the subassociation Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris asphodeletosum albi already have a predominant proportion of the species of classes Festuco-Brometea and Trifolio-Geranietea. Subalpine stands with the dominant Laserpitium siler from the Car-nic Alps and the western Julian Alps are very similar to other stands of the association Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris from the southern and southwestern Julian Alps (see Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5); however, Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica was not recorded there. These stands have a relatively large proportion of Erico-Pinetea species, indicating dolomite bedrock. The dominating species in the stands of the association Laserpitio sileri-Grafie-tum golakae are those of the class Festuco-Brometea, followed by the species of the classes Mulgedio-Aconitetea and Trifolio-Geranietea. Stands of the associations Scabioso-Grafietum and Laserpitietum sileris are clearly dominated by the species of the class Festuco-Brometea, followed by those from the class Trifolio-Geranietea. There is also a large proportion of the species of the class Erico-Pinetea, at least in the stands of the association Scabioso-Grafietum. Carni (2005, 2007) classifies the associations Scabioso-Grafietum and Laserpitietum sileris into the class Trifolio-Geranietea, order Origanetalia vulgaris, alliance Geranion sanguinei and suballiance Geranienion sanguinei. In our opinion, the proportion and abundance of diagnostic species of subalpine grasslands in the stands of the association Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris is still considerable enough for this association to be classified into the alliance Caricion austroalpinae and class Elyno-Seslerietea. Preserved grasslands that are still mown are rare in this altitudinal belt and their floristic composition features relatively equal proportions of species from the classes Ely-no-Seslerietea and Festuco-Brometea. This classification is somewhat questionable only for the stands in the lower altitudinal belt of their distribution, at 1100 to 1300 m a.s.l. (subassociation Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris asphodeletosum albi); alternatively, they could also be classified into the class Trifolio-Geranietea. In our opinion, classification of the association Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae into higher syntaxonomic units should be subject to the consideration of phytosociologi-cal affinity of Grafia golaka. According to Poldini (1991: 399) Grafia golaka is a species of montane pastures, while Aeschimann et al. (2004 a: 1104) consider it a diagnostic species of the alliance Calamagrostion arundinaceae Oberdorfer 1950, i.e. a character species of thermo-hygrophilous montane-subalpine tall herb communities of the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea. Wraber (1990: 93) mentions its frequent occurrence on secondary montane pastures under the ridge of Breginjski Stol and in forest fringe communities in the belt of black hornbeam and flowering ash, as well as in the beech belt. Under the Stol and Muzci ridges Grafia golaka often thrives also in subalpine beech stands from the association Polysticho lonchitis-Fa-getum. On its classic locality under Golaki Grafia golaka grows on very stony sites in natural clearings and in shrub stands with dominant Salix ap-pendiculata and Rhododendron hirsutum (Rhododen-dro hirsuti-Salicetum appendiculatae nom. prov.) in the belt of subalpine beech forest (Polysticho lon-chitis-Fagetum) - Table 7. Grafia golaka is therefore diagnostic for the tall herb communities from the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea and for the forest fringe communities from the class Trifolio-Geranietea. In our case, Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae is a montane-subalpine community, so a more appropriate classification would be into the class Mulge-dio-Aconitetea and into the alliance Calamagrostion arundinaceae. Systematic classification and typification of the described new syntaxa is the following: Elyno-Seslerietea Br.-Bl. 1948 Seslerietalia albicantis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Jenny 1926 corr. Oberd. 1983 Caricion austroalpinae Sutter 1962 Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris Daks-kobler in Dakskobler & Poldini ass. nov. hoc loco The nomenclatural type, holotypus, is relevé No. 13 in Table 1. Diagnostic species of the association: Laserpitium siler, L. latifolium (dominant species of the community), Serratula tinctoria subsp. macrocephala (= S. tinctoria subsp. monticola), Lilium carniolicum, Gentiana lutea subsp. symphiandra, Card-uus crassifolius, Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica (= C. jacea subsp. julica = C. julica) and Laserpitium peucedanoides (with their mainly eastern-Alpine or southeastern-Alpine-Illyrian distribution the last five species characterize the new association also phytogeographically). Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris typi-cum The nomenclatural type, holotypus, is relevé No. 13 in Table 1. Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris typi-cum var. Brachypodium rupestre var. prov. Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris aspho-deletosum albi subass. nov. hoc loco The nomenclatural type, holotypus, is relevé No. 15 in Table 1 (Dakskobler et al. 2007: 172-178). The differential species is Asphodelus albus. Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata Differential species of the geographical variant are Pedicularis elongata, Knautia ressmannii and Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri. Mulgedio-Aconitetea Hadac & Klika in Klika & Hadac 1944 Calamagrostietalia villosae Pawlovski in Pawlovski, Sokolowski et Wallisch 1928 (sin. Ade-nostyletalia alliariae G. & J. Br.-Bl. 1931) Calamagrostion arundinaceae Oberdorfer 1950 Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae Poldini in Dakskobler & Poldini ass. nov. hoc loco. The nomenclatural type, holotypus, is relevé No. 9 in Table 4. Diagnostic species: Grafia golaka, La-serpitium siler (dominant species; the first with its southeastern-European montane distribution characterizes the association also phytogeographically), Moloposper-mum peloponnesiacum subsp. bauhinii and Laserpitium peucedanoides (geographical differential species). 4. CONCLUSIONS The steep, sunny slopes of the southern and southwestern Julian Alps on the natural timberline are mainly dominated by beech. In the past, subalpine beech stands were often cleared for hay meadows. These have been abandoned for more than half a century and are gradually becoming overgrown with spruce, in places also with Austrian (black) pine, hazel and other deciduous trees. Abandoned hay meadows are dominated by tall herbs, especially Laserpitium siler and L. latifolium, in some localities in the Julian Prealps (the Stol ridge / Gran Monte, the Muzci ridge / Cime del Monte Musi) also by Grafía golaka. Considerable allelopathic potential has been determined for these species and this, in addition to other factors such as snowslides, slows down the succession process. Relatively long-term stages are physiognomically distinct; they can be clearly spatially delimited and should preferably be treated at the syntaxonomic level of association. We therefore described two new associations, Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris (presented in more detail but without a valid description some years ago - Dakskobler 2003, Dakskobler et al. 2007) and Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae. Despite some similarities they are two syndynamically different communities. In terms of succession, the first is becoming gradually overgrown by pioneer subalpine spruce stands (Adenostylo glabrae-Piceetum sensu Zupančič = Homogyno sylvestris-Piceetum sensu Exner - see Dakskobler 2003), while spontaneous afforestation in the second community proceeds through shrubs Rubus idaeus, Salix appendiculata and deciduous tree species (Sorbus aria, S. aucupar-ia, Acer pseudoplatanus, in places also Ostrya carpi-nifolia, Amelanchier ovalis), and only rarely through Picea abies or Pinus nigra. The newly described associations therefore belong to different classes, the first to the class of subalpine-alpine grasslands, and the second to the class of montane and subalpine tall herb communities. The stands of both, but especially those of the first association, Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris, are characterised by a species-rich composition and a diverse mixture of diagnostic species of montane and subalpine grasslands, forest fringes and tall herbs. They are a site of some rare and protected plants, such as Eryngi-um alpinum, Asphodelus albus and Iris sibirica subsp. erirrhiza, an important habitat type for some birds, e.g. corncrake (Crex crex), and in some areas (e.g. on the slopes of the Stol ridge) also a habitat type of European conservation concern. 5. POVZETEK Dve novi združbi visokih steblik z dominantnima vrstama Laserpitium siler in Grafia golaka v Jugovzhodnih Alpah (severovzhodna Italija, zahodna Slovenije) Pred nekaj leti (Dakskobler 2003) smo preučevali razvoj gozda na nekdanjih senožetih v južnih Julijskih Alpah. Te senožeti so bile izkrčene v pasu subalpinskega bukovega gozda in smo jih kot razmeroma dolgotrajen sukcesijski stadij opisali kot provizorno novo asociacijo Centaureo julici--Laserpitietum sileris nom. prov. Kasnejše raziskave v različnih delih Julijskih Alp (zgornja Baška dolina, greben Breginjskega Stola, dolini Bale in Loške Koritnice) so pokazale, da je bila naša odločitev za samostojno asociacijo upravičena, saj ti sestoji oblikujejo fiziognomsko (po zunanjem videzu) in floristično jasno prepoznavno združbo, ki jo je moč dobro prostorsko omejiti in ki je zaradi počasnega zaraščanja razmeroma dolgotrajna. Novejše raziskave (prim. Kaligarič et al. 2011) kažejo na močan alelopatski potencial vrste Laserpitium siler, kar poleg drugih dejavnikov (snežni plazovi) zavira sukcesijski razvoj nazaj v gozd. Naredili smo precej dodatnih popisov in jim pridružili popise nekoliko podobnih sestojev v italijanskem delu Julijskih Alp in deloma tudi v Karnijskih Alpah. Primerjava zbranega popisnega gradiva je omogočila tipizacijo dveh novih asociacije, Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris in Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae. Fitocenološke popise smo naredili po standardni srednjeevropski fitocenološki metodi (Braun--Blanquet 1964). Zbrane popise smo vnesli v bazo podatkov FloVegSi (Seliškar et al. 1993) in jih nu-merično obdelali s programskim paketom SYN--TAX 2000 (Podani 2001). V prvem koraki smo med seboj primerjali 87 popisov sestojev z dominantnima vrstama Laserpitium siler in Grafia golaka v Julijskih Alpah, vključno s prigorjem (t. i. Julijske Predalpe), in Karnijskih Alpah - sliki 2 in 3. Sestoji z dominantno vrsto Grafia golaka iz Julijskih Predalp so se jasno razlikovali od sestojev z dominantno vrsto Laserpitium siler iz Julijskih in Karnijskih Alp. Na podlagi tega smo izdelali štiri analitske tabele (tabele 1, 2, 3, 4). V prvi so tipični sestoji asociacije Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sile-ris, v tabeli 2 robni sestoji te asocicicije, ki kažejo na mogoče prehode k podobnim združbam visokih steblik in gorskih travišč (začasno jih vrednotimo kot varianto Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris typicum var. Brachypodium rupestre), v tretji tabeli so sestoji z dominantno vrsto Laserpitium siler iz severovzhodne Italije (Centaureo julici-La-serpitietum sileris var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata) in v četrti tabeli sestoji z dominantno vrsto Grafia golaka (Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae). V drugem koraku smo izdelali sintezno tabelo (tabela 5), v katero smo poleg zgornjih štirih sin-taksonov uvrstili še popise subasociacije Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris asphodeletosum albi nom. prov. (Dakskobler et al. 2007, tab. 1, popisi 8-33) in dve podobni robni združbi iz osrednje in jugovzhodne Slovenije: Scabioso hladnikianae--Grafietum golakae Čarni 2007 iz Polhograjske-ga hribovja (Čarni 2007) in Laserpitietum sileris Springer 1987 var. geogr. Dianthus croaticus z Gorjancev (Čarni et al. 2005). Primerjava sintaksonov iz sintezne tabele (tabela 5) jasno kažejo, da gre za različne združbe (sliki 4 in 5). Sestoji asociacije Centaureo julici-La-serpitietum sileris se očitno razlikujejo od sestojev asociacije Laserpitietum sileris in sestoji asociacije Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae od sestojev asociacije Scabioso hladnikianae-Grafietum golakae. Razlike temeljijo na drugačnem višinskem pasu in drugačni potencialno naravni vegetaciji. Očitne razlike kaže tudi primerjava sestave po fitocenolo-ških skupinah (skupinah diagnostičnih vrst) - Tabela 6. V sestojih nove asociacije Centaureo julici--Laserpitietum sileris (nomenklaturni tip, holotypus, je fit. popis št. 13 v tabeli 1) je delež diagnostičnih vrst subalpinskih travišč še tolikšen, da je smiselna uvrstitev te asociacije v zvezo Caricion austroalpi-nae in v razred Elyno-Seslerietea. Za uvrstitev nove asociacije Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae (no-menkaturni tip, holotypus, je popis št. 9 v tabeli 4) v višje sintakonomske enote je odločilna presoja, za katere združbe je značilna Grafia golaka. Uspeva tako v združbah visokih steblik iz razreda Mul-gedio-Aconitetea kot v združbah gozdnih robovih iz razreda Trifolio-Geranietea. V našem primeru je Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae montansko-subal-pinska združba, zato je bolj ustrezna uvrstitev v razred Mulgedio-Aconitetea in v zvezo Calamagrosti-on arundinaceae. Za sestoje obeh novo opisanih asociacij, še posebej prve, Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris, je značilna bogata vrstna sestava in pisana zmes diagnostičnih vrst montanskih in subalpinskih travišč ter gozdnih robov in visokih steblik. So življenjski prostor nekaterih redkih in zavarovanih rastlin, npr. alpske možine (Eryngium alpi-num), zlatega korena Asphodelus albus in kojniške perunike (Iris sibirica subsp. erirrhiza), pomem- ben habitatni tip za nekatere ptice, npr. za kosca (Crex crex) in na nekaterih območjih (npr. pobočja Stolovega grebena) tudi evropsko varstveno pomemben habitatni tip. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In our field work we were assisted by the late Prof. Dr. Tone Wraber, Mag. Boško Čušin and Dr. Jože Bavcon (relevés under Breginjski Stol), and Dr. Gino Gobbo (relevés under the Muzci ridge / Cime del Monte Musi). Associate professor Dr. Andraž Čarni helped with literature and his advice. Sincere thanks to two anonymous reviewers for their helpful remarks and improvements. Iztok Sajko made the synoptic picture of the study area and improved the Figure 2. English translation by Andreja Šalamon Verbič. 7. REFERENCES Aeschimann, D., Lauber, K., Moser, D. M. & Theurillat, J.-P. 2004 a: Flora alpina. Bd. 1: Lycopodiaceae-Apiaceae. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 1159 pp. Aeschimann, D., Lauber, K., Moser, D. M. & Theurillat, J.-P. 2004 b: Flora alpina. Bd. 2: Gentianaceae-Orchidaceae. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 1188 pp. Aeschimann, D., Lauber, K., Moser, D. M. & Theurillat, J.-P. 2004 c: Flora alpina. Bd. 3: Register. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 322 pp. Braun-Blanquet, J. 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3. Auflage. Springer, Wien - New York, 865 pp. Čarni, A. 1997: Syntaxonomy of the Trifolio-Ge-ranietea (Saum Vegetation) in Slovenia. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 32: 207-219. 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Regione Autonomo Friuli-Venezia Giulia & Università di Trieste, Udine, 898 pp. Poldini, L. 2003: Einige neue Saumgesellschaften aus dem Voralpenraum Friauls (NO Italien). In: Čarni, A. & Šuštar, B. (eds.): International symposium on vegetation in SE Europe. Otočec 2003. Abstract book, Otočec, pp. 7. Seliškar, T., Vreš, B. & Seliškar, A. 2003: FloVegSi 2.0. Računalniški program za urejanje in analizo bioloških podatkov. Biološki inštitut ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Šilc, U. & Čarni, A. 2012: Conspectus of vegetation syntaxa in Slovenia. Hacquetia 11(1): 113-164. Wraber, T. 1990: Sto znamenitih rastlin na Slovenskem. Prešernova družba, Ljubljana, 239 pp. Received 15. 12. 2011 Revision received 28. 2. 2012 Accepted 29. 2. 2012 m TZIfrXZ 0£S1 -t < G 9160Z1 O is Co JS IS. c IS. 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Brachypodium rupestre - the Julian Alps, Slovenia. Table 2: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris typicum var. Brachypodium rupestre - Julijske Alpe, Slovenija. Number of relevé 23 S 9 10 11 12 Working number of relevé 4 4 4 7 0 4 4 9 4 Altitude in m Aspect Slope in degrees Parent material Soil Stoniness in % Cover of shrub layer in % Cover of herb layer in % Number of species Relevé area E2 E1 SW 40 AR R 0 0 100 56 50 SW 30 AG E 0 0 S 35 A R 5 0 100 100 60 60 20 20 SW 40 ALR R 0 0 100 49 20 SS 35 40 ALR ALR RR 10 10 10 1 100 90 52 49 S 35 A Li 20 0 SE 10 A R 0 10 SSE SW SSW SSW 30 30 30 25 AR R 10 10 A Gr Gr R R R 5 5 5 0 0 2 100 90 90 100 100 100 57 41 72 S1 69 73 10 50 50 15 50 50 50 50 Date of taking relevé Locality £ = .a 3 e & (D — OŒ Quadrant Coordinate Y (Gauß-Krüger, D 4S) Coordinate X (Gauß-Krüger, D 4S) Diagnostic species of the association Pr. Fr. CA Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica E1 1 1 1 1 + + + + + 1 + + 12 100 TG Laserpitium siler E1 + + 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 11 92 ES Serratula tinctoria subsp. macrocephala E1 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 + + 10 S3 TG Laserpitium latifolium (subsp. asperum) E1 2 2 1 1 2 1 + 3 2 + 10 S3 ES Carduus crassifolius E1 + + + + 1 2 1 7 5S CA Laserpitium peucedanoides E1 + + 1 + r + 6 50 TG Lilium carniolicum E1 + + 1 + + 5 42 CA Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra E1 + + 1 2 4 33 CA Caricion austroalpinae Festuca calva E1 + + + 1 1 2 6 50 Scorzonera rosea E1 + + 1 + 1 1 6 50 Allium ericetorum E1 + 1 + + 4 33 Asperula aristata E1 + + + + 4 33 Linum julicum E1 + + 2 17 Heracleum austriacum subsp. siifolium E1 + 1 S Pedicularis elongata subsp. julica E1 + 1 S ES Elyno-Seslerietea Betonica alopecuros E1 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 100 Phyteuma orbiculare E1 + + + + + + + + + 9 75 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum E1 + + + + + + + + + 9 75 Scabiosa lucida subsp. stricta E1 + 1 + 1 + r 1 2 1 9 75 1 4 5 6 7 m m m Number of relevé 1 2 3 4 5 Campanula witasekiana E1 + + + Phleum hirsutum E1 + + + Sesleria caerulea subsp. calcaría E1 1 + 1 + Leucanthemum adustum E1 + Pulsatilla alpina subsp. austroalpina E1 + + 1 Carex sempervirens E1 + 1 + Galium anisophyllum E1 + + + Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris E1 + Carex ferruginea E1 + 2 Hieracium villosum E1 + Astragalus penduliflorus E1 2 + Campanula thyrsoides E1 Peucedanum austriacum subsp. rablense E1 + Anemone narcissiflora E1 + + Polygonum viviparum E1 + + + Rhinanthus aristatus E1 Acinos alpinus E1 + Bartsia alpina E1 + + Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus E1 + Astrantia bavarica E1 + Crepis bocconi E1 1 Ranunculus montanus E1 + Carduus defloratus E1 Thesium alpinum E1 Cerastium strictum E1 Pimpinella alpina E1 Festuco-Brometea Bromopsis transsilvanica E1 1 2 3 2 + Buphthalmum salicifolium E1 1 + + 1 Carlina acaulis E1 + + + + + Cirsium erisithales E1 2 + 1 + Koeleriapyramidata (s. lat.) E1 2 + + Brachypodium rupestre E1 2 Dianthus monspessulanus E1 + + Campanula glomerata E1 + + Centaurea triumfettii E1 + + + Gymnadenia conopsea E1 + + + + Prunella grandiflora E1 + Briza media E1 + + Carex humilis E1 1 1 Linum viscosum E1 + 1 Iris sibirica subsp. erirrhiza E1 + + Trifolium montanum E1 + Helictotrichon praeustum E1 Galium verum E1 Inula hirta E1 Allium carinatum subsp. carinatum E1 Cirsium pannonicum E1 Galium lucidum E1 Peucedanum oreoselinum E1 Plantago media E1 Veronica teucrium E1 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. obscurum E1 Thlaspi praecox E1 1 1 1 9 10 11 12 + + + + + 1 1 1 + + + + + + r + + + + 1 + + + + Dr. Fr. 8 67 8 67 7 58 6 50 5 42 4 33 4 33 4 33 4 33 4 33 4 33 4 33 3 25 3 25 3 25 3 25 2 17 2 17 2 17 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 + 1 1 10 83 1 + + 1 10 83 + + + + 10 83 + + 9 75 + 2 1 2 7 58 1 2 3 + 6 50 1 2 2 2 6 50 + + + + 6 50 + + + 6 50 + 6 50 + + + 6 50 + + 1 5 42 1 1 + 5 42 + + 4 33 3 25 + + 3 25 1 1 2 3 25 1 1 1 3 25 1 + + 3 25 + + + 3 25 + + + 3 25 1 2 2 17 + + 2 17 + + 2 17 + + 2 17 1 1 2 17 1 8 6 7 8 + + + + + 1 + + + + + + Number of relevé Allium carinatum subsp. pulchellum E1 Thymus pulegioides E1 Hippocrepis comosa E1 Sanguisorba minor E1 Hypochoeris maculata E1 Cirsium x linkianum E1 Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris E1 Teucrium chamaedrys E1 Euphorbia cyparissias E1 Asperula cynanchica E1 Veronica barrelieri E1 Stachys recta agg. E1 2 3 8 9 10 11 12 Pr. Fr. TG Trifolio-Geranietea Achillea distans Vicia sylvatica Verbascum lanatum Geranium sanguineum Thesium bavarum Origanum vulgare Digitalis grandiflora Silene nutans Verbascum lychnitis Trifolium medium Anthericum ramosum Hypericum perforatum Valeriana collina Vincetoxicum hirundinaria PoT Poo alpinae-Trisetalia E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 Trollius europaeus E1 1 1 1 1 2 Festuca nigrescens E1 1 1 1 1 1 Anthoxanthum odoratum E1 + 1 + + Ranunculus nemorosus E1 + 1 + Pimpinella major subsp. rubra E1 + 1 + Crocus albiflorus E1 r + + Traunsteinera globosa E1 + + Astrantia major E1 1 1 Agrostis capillaris E1 + + Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Galium album E1 + + Lotus corniculatus s. lat. E1 + 1 + Dactylis glomerata s. str. E1 + + Lathyrus pratensis E1 + Leontodon hispidus subsp. hispidus E1 + + Trifolium pratense E1 + Angelica sylvestris E1 Vicia sepium E1 Achillea roseoalba E1 Arabis pauciflora E1 . + ++ 1 1 Tanacetum corymbosum ag g. (T clusii ?) E1 1 + +1 + + Libanotis sibirica subsp. montana E1 .1 +1 + + Thalictrum minus E1 11 1 2 Trifolium rubens E1 +. .+ + Iris graminea E1 .1 1 1 Polygonatum odoratum E1 + 1 + 1 11 92 + 8 67 + + + 8 67 1 + + 7 58 1 + 1 7 58 + + 6 50 + 1 + 4 33 + 1 + 4 33 3 25 r + 3 25 1 + 1 3 25 1 + + 3 25 + 2 17 + 2 17 + + 2 17 + + 2 17 + 9 75 1 1 + 8 67 1 1 1 7 58 + + + 7 58 33 25 25 17 17 7 58 6 50 6 50 5 42 2 17 2 17 2 17 1 8 1 8 1 4 5 6 7 + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + 1 + + + + + 1 + + + + + 1 + + 1 + + + + Number of relevé 2 3 8 9 10 11 12 Pr. Fr. Veronica chamaedrys CU Calluno-Ulicetea Potentilla erecta Arnica montana Carex pilulifera Luzula multiflora MuAMulgedio-Aconitetea E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 + 11 1 8 TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Ligusticum seguieri Adenostyles glabra Viola pyrenaica AT Asplenietea trichomanis Primula auricula Sedum maximum Dianthus sylvestris Saxifraga crustata Saxifraga hostii Sempervivum tectorum Silene hayekiana Asplenium ruta-muraria Iris pallida subsp. cengialti EP Erico-Pinetea E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 4 33 18 18 18 Hypericum maculatum E1 1 + + + + + + . 7 58 Rumex arifolius E1 1 + + + . + + . 6 50 Lathyrus occidentals var. montanus E1 + + + 2 + 5 42 Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum E1 + + 1 1 . 1 . . 5 42 Pleurospermum austriacum E1 ++ + + + . . . 5 42 Veratrum album s. lat. E1 1 1 + . + r 5 42 Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum E1 2 1 + + . . . 4 33 Polygonatum verticillatum E1 1 . + 1 3 4 33 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 r + + 3 25 Carduus carduelis E1 + + + . . . 3 25 Senecio ovatus E1 + + . . . 2 17 Chaerophyllum villarsii E1 + 1 2 17 Silene dioica E1 . + + 2 17 Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium E1 + 2 2 17 Crepis pyrenaica E1 + + 2 17 Myrrhis odorata E1 + + 2 17 Poa hybrida E1 + 1 2 17 Allium victorialis E1 3 1 8 Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum E1 + 1 8 Geum rivale E1 + 1 8 Pedicularis hacquetii E1 + 1 8 Ranunculus platanifolius E1 + 1 8 Eryngium alpinum E1 2 1 8 Sorbus chamaemespilus E2 1 1 8 Aconitum angustifolium E1 + . . . 1 8 3 25 18 18 25 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Chamaecytisus hirsutus subsp. ciliatus E1 + + . .....+ + + + 6 50 Erica carnea E1 + 1 . .....+ . . . 3 25 Genista radiata E1 . . 3 + 3 . . . . 3 25 Calamagrostis varia E1 . 1 1 . . . . . . 2 17 Rubus saxatilis E1 . + . + . . . . . 2 17 Polygala chamaebuxus E1 ......+ + . 2 17 Carex ornithopoda E1 . + . 1 8 1 4 5 6 7 + + 1 + 1 + + r + + Number of relevé 2 3 8 9 10 11 12 Pr. Fr. Molinia caerulea susbp. arundinacea VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Aposeris foetida Calamagrostis arundinacea Luzula luzuloides Solidago virgaurea Picea abies Vaccinium myrtillus Clematis alpina Rosa pendulina EC Erythronio-Carpinion Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Helleborus odorus Galanthus nivalis Primula vulgaris AF Aremonio-Fagion Knautia drymeia FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Mercurialis perennis Lilium martagon Myosotis sylvatica Campanula trachelium Galium laevigatum Acer pseudoplatanus Lonicera alpigena QP Quercetalia pubescentis Melittis melissophyllum Primula veris subsp. columnae Peucedanum schottii var. schottii Convallaria majalis Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa Sorbus aria Peucedanum schottii var. petraeum Carexflacca QF Querco-Fagetea Cruciata glabra Veratrum nigrum Carex digitata Corylus avellana Anemone nemorosa Listera ovata Dactylorhiza fuchsii RP Rhamno-Prunetea Rhamnus catharticus O Other species Juniperus communis ML Mosses Tortella tortuosa Schistidium apocarpum Fissidens dubius E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E2a E2 E0 E0 E0 + 1 8 11 .+ ++ + .1 ++ +. ++ .r 11 ++ +. 7 58 3 25 2 17 2 17 2 17 1 8 1 8 1 8 3 25 3 25 1 8 1 8 11 92 9 75 4 33 2 17 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 3 25 3 25 3 25 2 17 2 17 2 17 1 8 1 8 3 25 3 25 2 17 2 17 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 2 17 1 8 1 8 A Limestone, D Dolomite, R Chert, L Marl, Gr Gravel, Re Rendzina, Li Lithosol 1 4 5 6 7 1 1 + + 1 + 1 + + + + + + + 1 1 1 + + + + + r 1 1 + + + 1 1 2 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + r + + Table 3: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata, the Camic Alps, W Julian Alps, NE Italy. Tabela 3: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata, Karnijske in zahodne Julijske Alpe, severovzhodna Italija. Number of relevé l 2 3 4 5 6 7 s Working number of relevé LPl LP2 LP3 LP4 LP5 LP6 LP7 LPS Altitude in m lSSO l72O l530 l55O l52O l470 l470 l24O Aspect SW S S S SSE S S S Slope in degrees 25 30 2O 45 3O 25 25 3O Parent material D D D D D D D D Soil Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Cover of herb layer in % lOO lOO lOO lOO lOO lOO lOO lOO Number of species S5 S5 S5 S5 S5 S5 S5 94 Relevé area 30 30 30 3O 3O 3O 3O 3O Date of taking relevé S. 22. 2003 9. 2l. 2003 9. 2l. 2003 9. 2l. 2OO3 9. 2l. 2OO3 9. 2l. 2OO3 9. 2l. 2OO3 9. 2l. 2OO3 Locality Quadrant M. Chiadin (Sappada) E E M. M. 9442 9442 9442 l 4 4 3 3 2 l l + + + + + + + > rt ta an ^ "č ^ O O o ra ■2 « § zA 9546 4 > Cd ta an ^ O o o ra ■S m v* 9546 4 > rt ta an ^ o o o ra ■S m v* 9546 4 > rt ta an ^ o o o ra & § ^ m v* 9546 4 > rt ta an ^ o o o ra ■S C* § ^ m v* 9546 4 TR ES TR CA ES CA ES EP TR CU ES Diagnostic species of the association Laserpitium siler E1 Carduus crassifolius E1 Laserpitium latifolium (subsp. asperum) E1 Laserpitium peucedanoides E1 Serratula tinctoria (cfr. macrocephala) E1 Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra E1 Geographical differential species Pedicularis elongata subsp. elongata E1 Knautia ressmannii E1 Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri E1 Caricion austroalpinae Festuca calva E1 Allium ericetorum E1 Linumjulicum E1 Elyno-Seslerietea Pr. S 6 5 B B 2 Fr. lOO 75 6B BS BS 25 B BS l l3 1 l3 2 25 2 25 l l3 Betonica alopecurus El 2 l l l l + l l S lOO Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum El + + l + + + + l S lOO Scabiosa lucida s. lat (cfr. stricta) El l + + + l + l + S lOO Sesleria caerulea subsp. calcaria El 2 2 l l l 5 63 Rhinanthus glacialis El + + + + + 5 63 Leucanthemum cfr. heterophyllum (? adustum) El l l + + 4 5O Carex sempervirens El l + l 3 3S Phyteuma orbiculare El + + + 3 3S Acinos alpinus El l + 2 25 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris El + + 2 25 Thesium alpinum El + + 2 25 Ranunculus hybridus El + l l3 Senecio abrotanifolius El + l l3 Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus El + l l3 Globularia cordifolia El + l l3 + + + + + + + + I. DaKSKOBLER & L. PoLDINl: Two NEW TALL HERB COMMUNITIES WITH THE DOMINANT LaSERPITIUM SILER AND GrAFIA GOLAKA ... Number of relevé 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pr. Fr. Helianthemum alpestre El + . . 1 13 Campanula thyrsoides subsp. carniolica E1 . . + 1 13 Galium anisophyllum E1 + 1 13 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. austroalpina E1 1 1 13 Senecio doronicum E1 1 1 13 Polygonum viviparum E1 + 1 13 FB Festuco-Brometea E1 Prunella grandiflora E1 1 1 1.+ + 1 + 7 88 Carex humilis E1 2 111 1 1 6 75 Bromus transilvanicus E1 1 1 + . 2 1 5 63 Buphthalmum salicifolium E1 + + .. + + 4 50 Koeleria pyramidata s. lat. E1 1 1 .. 1 1 4 50 Gymnadenia conopsea E1 1 + 2 25 Festuca rupicola E1 1 1 2 25 Cirsium erisithales E1 111 + 4 50 Centaurea bracteata E1 . 1 1 + + 4 50 Phleum phleoides E1 . 1 2 1 3 38 Asperula cfr. cynanchica E1 . + + 2 25 Carex caryophyllea E1 .+. 1 2 25 Brachypodium rupestre E1 .+. 2 2 25 Galium verum E1 .. + + 2 25 Stachys labiosa E1 .. + 1 13 Briza media E1 + 1 13 Galium lucidum E1 + 1 13 Bromus erectus s. lat. E1 1 1 13 Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. caricinum E1 1 1 13 Linum viscosum E1 1 1 13 Peucedanum oreoselinum E1 1 1 13 Centaurea triumfetti subsp. aligera (= C. axilaris) E1 + 1 13 Allium carinatum E1 + 1 13 Asperula purpurea E1 + 1 13 Carlina acaulis E1 + 1 13 Teucrium chamaedrys E1 + 1 13 TG Trifolio-Geranietea Valeriana collina E1 . + + 1 + + 5 63 Polygonatum odoratum E1 .. 2 + + 1 4 50 Thalictrum minus E1 .+. + + 3 38 Silene nutans s. lat. E1 + + 2 25 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1 + . . + 2 25 Clinopodium vulgare E1 1 + 2 25 Thesium bavarum E1 + . . 1 13 Viola hirta E1 .. + 1 13 Digitalis grandiflora E1 1 1 13 Origanum vulgare E1 + 1 13 PaT Poo alpinae-Trisetalia Ranunculus nemorosus E1 .1. 1 2 25 Festuca nigrescens E1 1 1 13 MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Lotus corniculatus E1 + + + 3 38 Lathyrus pratensis E1 + + 2 25 Trifolium pratense E1 + + 2 25 Vicia cracca E1 + . . 1 13 Orobanche minor E1 .. + 1 13 Achillea millefolium E1 + 1 13 Pimpinella major E1 + 1 13 Number of relevé 7 8 Pr. Fr. 1 13 + 2 25 1 13 + 6 75 + 3 38 2 25 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 1 13 + 2 25 1 13 1 13 2 2 7 88 + + 6 75 1 1 5 63 2 1 5 63 1 2 4 50 1 1 3 38 + 2 25 1 13 1 13 1 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 + 1 13 + + 4 50 2 25 1 13 1 13 + 3 38 1 1 13 + 1 13 Veronica chamaedrys E1 CU Calluno-Ulicetea Phyteuma zahlbruckneri E1 Potentilla erecta E1 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum E1 Heracleum sphondilium subsp. elegans E1 Geranium sylvaticum E1 Hypericum maculatum E1 Rumex alpestris E1 Thalictrum aquilegifolium E1 Lathyrus laevigatus E1 TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Biscutella laevigata E1 AT Asplenietea trichomanis Campanula spicata E1 Saxifraga hostii E1 EP Erico-Pinetea Calamagrostis varia E1 Peucedanum austriacum subsp. rablense E1 Erica carnea E1 Genista radiata E1 Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea E1 Chamaecytisus purpureus E1 Daphne cneorum E1 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi E1 Rubus saxatilis E1 Polygala chamaebuxus E1 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Larix decidua E1 Rosa pendulina E1 AF Aremonio-Fagion Cyclamen purpurascens E1 Anemone trifolia E1 FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Mercurialis perennis E1 Luzula nivea E1 Galium laevigatum E1 Poa nemoralis E1 QP Quercetalia pubescentis Carexflacca E1 Convallaria majalis E1 QF Querco-Fagetea Carex digitata E1 O Other species Fragaria vesca E1 13 D Dolomite Re Rendzina 2 3 4 5 6 + + + + + 1 + + + 2 + 2 + + + + 1 + Table 4: Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae Poldini ass. nov., the Julian Prealps, NE Italy. Tabela 4: Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae Poldini ass. nov., Julijske Predalpe, severovzhodna Italija. Number of relevé 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 215890 4 4 5 5 4 5 6 4 5 7 4 5 8 4 5 9 4 5 0 5 5 51 5 9 6 5 0 7 5 71 5 2 7 5 1450 1580 1040 1240 1100 1340 1360 6 8 8 1050 1410 1600 1300 1121 SEE S 0 0 S N N 0 SE SE SE S S 5 20 0 0 30-35 15 15 0 10 10 5 30 30 A A A A A A A A A A A A A Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 34 22 15 29 48 39 27 27 27 19 27 14 17 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 6/28/2007 8/20/2000 7/23/2001 8/2/2000 7/23/2000 8/2/2000 8/2/2000 7/23/2000 7/23/2000 8/6/2005 8/6/2005 2004 2004 /3 7/ 6/ /2 On /4 in On in /4 in /4 in /3 7/ /3 7/ /3 «/n /4 in Working number of relevé Altitude in m Aspect Slope in degrees Parent material Soil Cover of herb layer in % Number of species Relevé area Date of taking relevé Quadrant Author of the relevé 3 - J J in di in di in di in di in di in di in di in di in di in di S"3 S-S T3 ÖT3 C 2 o 2 d Diagnostic species of the association MuA Grafia golaka E1 TG Laserpitium siler E1 MuA Molopospermum peloponnesiacum subsp. bauhinii E1 CA Laserpitium peucedanoides MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea TG E1 Veratrum album subsp. lobelianum E1 1 Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium E1 + Hypericum maculatum E1 1 Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum E1 r Polygonatum verticillatum E1 Aconitum tauricum (inc. A. angustifolium) E1 r Senecio ovatus E1 Alchemilla xanthochlora E1 1 Geum rivale E1 1 Rumex arifolius E1 + Rumex alpinus E1 Pleurospermum austriacum E1 Ranunculus platanifolius E1 Salix glabra E1 Stemmacantha rhapontica subsp. rhapontica E1 Salix appendiculata E2 Dactylis glomerata subsp. slovenica E1 Trifolio-Geranietea Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1 Thalictrum minus E1 Anthericum ramosum E1 Libanotis sibirica subsp. montana E1 Polygonatum odoratum E1 44 43 44 Pr. Fr. 13 100 6 46 4 31 3 23 8 62 7 54 3 23 3 23 3 23 2 15 2 15 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 7 54 5 38 4 31 4 31 3 23 m 4 1 + r + + 1 + + + + 1 1 + + + 1 1 + + + + 1 + Number of relevé 1 2 3 4 5 6 l s 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. Achillea distans E1 2 + 2 15 Iris graminea E1 1. + 2 15 Trifolium rubens E1 1 + 2 15 Verbascum lanatum E1 r 1 s Thesium bavarum E1 .+ 1 s Trifolium medium E1 .+ 1 s Clinopodium vulgare E1 + 1 s Inula spiraeifolia E1 + 1 s Silene nutans E1 + 1 s Hypericum perforatum E1 + 1 s Petasites paradoxus E1 1 1 s Laserpitium latifolium E1 2 1 s Valeriana collina (V. wallrothii) E1 + 1 s Digitalis grandiflora E1 + 1 s Vicia sylvatica E1 + 1 s Libanotis daucifolia E1 + 1 s FB Festuco-Brometea Buphthalmum salicifolium E1 +. + + 1 + 1 + l 54 Brachypodium rupestre s. lat. E1 1 2 1 1 1 2 6 46 Cirsium erisithales E1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 46 Scabiosa columbaria E1 +. + 1 1 + 5 3s Dianthus monspessulanus E1 +. 1 + 1 4 31 Briza media E1 1 + + 3 23 Carlina acaulis subsp. simplex E1 + + 1 3 23 Centaurea triumfettii E1 + + + 3 23 Galium verum E1 + + 1 3 23 Peucedanum oreoselinum E1 1 + 1 3 23 Bromopsis transsilvanica E1 2. 1 2 15 Trifolium montanum E1 + + 2 15 Campanula glomerata E1 + + 2 15 Allium carinatum subsp. carinatum E1 + + 2 15 Asphodelus albus E1 1 1 s Gymnadenia conopsea E1 +. 1 s Ranunculus polyanthemophyllus E1 +. 1 s Bromopsis erecta E1 1 1 s Helictotrichon praeustum E1 + 1 s Stachys labiosa E1 + 1 s Thymus pulegioides E1 + 1 s Veronica teucrium E1 + 1 s Euphorbia cyparissias E1 + 1 s Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii E1 + 1 s Cirsium pannonicum E1 1 1 s Cirsium x linkianum E1 + 1 s Campanula rotundifolia E1 4 1 s Centaurea bracteata E1 + 1 s CA Caricion austroalpinae Scorzonera rosea E1 + + 2 15 Koeleria eriostachya E1 1. 1 2 15 Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica E1 + 1 2 15 Festuca calva E1 1 + 2 15 ES Elyno-Seslerietea Rhinanthus aristatus E1 + 1. 1 + 4 31 Betonica alopecuros E1 1 + 1 1 4 31 Leucanthemum heterophyllum E1 +. + 2 15 Sesleria caerulea subsp. calcaria E1 +. 1 2 15 Number of relevé 23 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pr. Fr. Galium anisophyllum E1 Carduus crassifolius s. lat. E1 Phleum hirsutum E1 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum E1 Pimpinella alpina E1 Carduus defloratus E1 Leucanthemum adustum E1 Carex sempervirens E1 Scabiosa lucida subsp. lucida E1 PaT Poo alpinae-Trisetalia Agrostis capillaris E1 Trollius europaeus E1 Campanula scheuchzeri E1 Festuca nigrescens E1 Ranunculus nemorosus E1 Traunsteinera globosa E1 Astrantia major subsp. carinthiaca E1 Cerastium fontanum E1 MA Molinio-Arrhenetheretea Angelica sylvestris E1 Dactylis glomerata s.str. E1 Lathyrus pratensis E1 Galium album E1 Trifolium pratense E1 Deschampsia cespitosa E1 Rumex acetosa E1 Stellaria graminea E1 Vicia cracca E1 Leontodon hispidus E1 Tragopogon orientalis E1 Festuca rubra E1 CU Calluno-Ulicetea Potentilla erecta E1 Phyteuma zahlbruckneri E1 Danthonia decumbens E1 TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Adenostyles glabra E1 Astrantia carniolica E1 EP Erico-Pinetea Rubus saxatilis E1 Calamagrostis varia E1 Chamaecytisus purpureus E1 Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea E1 Erica carnea E1 Peucedanum austriacum subsp. rablense E1 Genista radiata E1 Carex alba E1 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Calamagrostis arundinacea E1 + Gentiana asclepiadea E1 + Luzula luzuloides E1 + Rosa pendulina E1 . AF Aremonio-Fagion Knautia drymeia E1 1 .1 .+ .+ .+ 11 + . . +++ +. .+ 12 1. 2 15 2 15 2 15 8 8 8 8 8 8 38 38 38 15 15 8 8 8 4 31 3 23 23 15 15 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 15 18 18 8 8 38 38 15 15 8 8 8 8 4 31 4 31 23 15 11 +1 8 62 1 4 5 6 7 + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + Number of relevé e a S 9 10 11 1E la Pr. Fr. FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Lilium martagon E1 Mercurialis perennis E1 Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium E1 Luzula nivea E1 Lathyrus vernus E1 Laburnum alpinum E1 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 Melica nutans E1 Symphytum tuberosum subsp. angustifolium E1 Galeobdolonflavidum E1 Fraxinus excelsior E1 Daphne mezereum E1 QP Quercetalia pubescentis Convallaria majalis E1 Carex flacca E1 Peucedanum schottii var. schottii E1 QF Querco-Fagetea Serratula tinctoria subsp. tinctoria E1 Dactylorhiza fuchsii E1 Helleborus odorus E1 Cruciata glabra E1 Festuca gigantea E1 O Other species Rubus idaeus E2 Potentilla recta E1 Salix eleagnos E1 5 3S 4 al 3 E3 15 15 S S S S S S S 4 31 E 15 E 15 5 3S E 15 E 15 E 15 1 S 7 54 E 15 1 S A Limestone Re Rendzina 1 4 5 6 7 + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + E 1 + + + + Locality: 1 - Matajur 2 - Punta Lausciovizza - Lanževica 3 - M. Fara (Montereale Valcellina) 4 - M. Cuarnan - Mali Karman 5 - M. Cadin 6 - M. Cuarnan - Mali Karman 7 - M. Cuarnan - Mali Karman 8 - M. Cadin - Plan di Tapou - Tam za Topolom 9 - M. Cadin 10 - Matajur 11 - Matajur 12 - Cima di Campo 13 - M. Cadin Table 5: Synoptyc table of the tall herb and fringe communities with the dominant Laserpitium siler or Grafia golaka in NE Italy and Slovenia. Tabela 5: Sintezna tabela združb visokih steblik in gozdnih robov z dominantnima vrstama Laserpitium siler ali Grafia golaka v severovzhodni Italiji in Sloveniji. Successive number (Zaporedna številka) l 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of relevés (Število popisov) 3l l2 26 8 l3 l0 l0 l Sl 2 a a p- g Gg h Sign for the syntaxa (Oznaka sintaksonov) S S GgLs Ü Ü Ü o S J3 CA Caricion austroalpinae Centaurea haynaldii subsp. julica El 84 l00 85 l5 Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra El 55 33 88 25 Festuca calva El 52 50 l5 25 l5 Laserpitium peucedanoides El 32 50 38 38 23 Scorzonera rosea El 32 50 23 l5 Allium ericetorum El 29 33 62 25 20 Asperula aristata El 23 33 Linum julicum El l6 l7 4 l3 Pedicularis elongata subsp. julica El l0 8 Heracleum austriacum subsp. siifolium El 3 8 Gentiana lutea subsp. vardjanii El 3 ES Elyno-Seslerietea Betonica alopecuros El 97 l00 96 l00 3l l00 Sesleria caerulea subsp. calcaria El 94 58 8l 63 l5 80 Carduus crassifolius El 90 58 42 75 l5 70 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum El 87 75 8l l00 8 Scabiosa lucida subsp. stricta (inc. subsp. lucida) El 77 75 27 l00 8 Serratula tinctoria subsp. macrocephala El 74 83 8 38 Carex sempervirens El 65 33 38 8 Phyteuma orbiculare El 65 75 62 38 90 60 Campanula witasekiana El 6l 67 46 Phleum hirsutum El 45 67 l9 l5 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. austroalpina El 42 42 l3 Leucanthemum adustum (inc. L. heterophyllum) El 39 50 50 23 Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus El 39 l7 77 l3 Cerastium strictum El 32 8 8 Acinos alpinus El 29 l7 25 Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris El 29 33 4 25 Galium anisophyllum El 29 33 l3 l5 Ranunculus montanus El 29 8 Rhinanthus aristatus El 26 25 4 63 3l 30 Globularia cordifolia El l9 l3 Astrantia bavarica El l6 8 Hieracium villosum El l6 33 Polygonum viviparum El l3 25 l3 Thesium alpinum El l3 8 4 25 Pimpinella alpina El l3 8 8 Potentilla crantzii El l3 Gentiana verna El l3 Campanula thyrsoides (inc. subsp. carniolica) El l0 33 l3 Bartsia alpina El 6 l7 Polygala alpestris El 6 4 Achillea clavenae El 6 Successive number Crepis alpestris Gentianella anisodonta Orobanche reticulata Astragalus penduliflorus Carex ferruginea Anemone narcissiflora Senecio abrotanifolius Alchemilla fissa Androsace villosa Aster alpinus Carex mucronata Gentiana clusii Globularia nudicaulis Hieracium pilosum Myosotis alpestris Oxytropis neglecta Thesium pyrenaicum Carduus defloratus Crepis bocconi Pedicularis elongata Helianthemum alpestre Ranunculus hybridus Senecio doronicum Sesleria juncifolia subsp. kalnikensis FB Festuco-Brometea Buphthalmum salicifolium Bromopsis transsilvanica Carex humilis Koeleriapyramidata s. lat. (inc. K. eryostachia) Gymnadenia conopsea Prunella grandiflora Cirsium erisithales Carlina acaulis s. lat. Linum viscosum Dianthus monspessulanus Centaurea triumfettii Campanula glomerata Thlaspi praecox Stachys recta agg. (inc. S. labiosa) Hippocrepis comosa Allium senescens Briza media Galium lucidum Arabis hirsuta Allium carinatum subsp. pulchellum Teucrium chamaedrys Cuscuta epithymum Euphorbia cyparissias Helictotrichon praeustum Orobanche gracilis Brachypodium rupestre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 E1 6 E1 6 E1 6 E1 3 33 23 E1 3 33 E1 3 25 E1 3 13 E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 8 8 E1 8 E1 38 E1 13 E1 13 E1 13 E1 10 E1 94 83 62 50 54 50 90 E1 90 83 96 63 15 E1 90 42 96 75 10 10 E1 77 58 42 50 15 50 60 E1 74 50 19 25 8 10 60 E1 74 50 50 88 E1 71 75 38 50 46 50 30 E1 55 83 77 13 23 10 60 E1 55 33 96 13 E1 52 50 38 31 10 E1 48 50 19 13 23 90 20 E1 35 50 69 15 50 E1 32 8 E1 29 8 19 13 8 50 30 E1 23 8 4 10 30 E1 19 E1 19 42 27 13 23 40 40 E1 19 17 4 13 100 50 E1 13 10 E1 10 8 62 E1 10 8 31 13 30 20 E1 6 E1 6 8 58 8 40 10 E1 6 25 8 E1 6 E1 3 50 96 25 46 90 10 Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Trifolium montanum E1 3 25 42 15 60 Plantago media E1 3 17 12 50 Peucedanum oreoselinum E1 3 17 13 23 20 50 Thymus pulegioides E1 3 8 8 Sanguisorba minor E1 3 8 10 Dactylorhiza sambucina E1 3. 4 Salvia pratensis E1 3. 30 50 Pimpinella saxifraga E1 3. 30 20 Polygala comosa E1 3. 80 Teucrium montanum E1 3. Carlina vulgaris E1 3. Cirsium pannonicum E1 . 25 27 8 80 Inula hirta E1 . 25 58 Galium verum E1 . 25 25 23 20 50 Allium carinatum subsp. carinatum E1 . 25 13 15 10 Iris sibirica subsp. erirrhiza E1 . 25 Helianthemum nummularium subsp. obscurum E1 . 17 10 90 Veronica teucrium E1 . 17 8 Hypochoeris maculata E1 .8 35 10 Cirsium x linkianum E1 .8 23 8 Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris E1 .8 4 60 10 Asperula cynanchica E1 .8 25 60 70 Veronica barrelieri (Pseudolysimachion barrelieri) E1 .8 Asphodelus albus E1 100 8 Veronica jacquinii E1 27 40 20 Galium purpureum E1 12 13 Euphorbia verrucosa E1 4 90 40 Centaurea bracteata E1 50 8 Phleum phleoides E1 38 Festuca rupicola E1 25 20 80 Carex caryophillea E1 25 Bromopsis erecta E1 13 8 50 90 Bupleurum ranunculoides subsp. caricinum E1 13 Scabiosa columbaria E1 38 Centaurea scabiosa (inc. subsp. fritschii) E1 8 10 40 Campanula rotundifolia E1 8 Ranunculus polyanthemophyllus E1 8 Scabiosa hladnikiana E1 80 40 Centaurea pannonica E1 40 Euphrasia stricta E1 20 Dorycnium germanicum E1 10 Linum catharticum E1 10 30 Orchis tridentata E1 10 Muscari comosum E1 10 Filipendula vulgaris E1 40 Thymus praecox s. str. E1 40 Anthyllis vulneraria E1 40 Ranunculus bulbosus E1 20 Thymus longicaulis E1 30 Genista tinctoria E1 10 Erysimum odoratum E1 10 Successive number Anacamptis pyramidalis E1 10 Orchis ustulata E1 10 Scabiosa triandra E1 20 Scorzonera austriaca E1 10 Gentiana cruciata E1 10 TG Trifolio-Geranietea Laserpitium siler E1 100 92 50 100 46 50 100 Laserpitium latifolium (subsp. asperum) E1 68 83 100 63 8 50 60 Thalictrum minus E1 68 58 81 38 38 70 Lilium carniolicum E1 61 42 62 Polygonatum odoratum E1 55 33 73 50 23 60 30 Silene nutans E1 48 17 42 25 8 40 60 Iris graminea E1 45 50 96 15 20 Arabis pauciflora E1 42 92 58 Tanacetum corymbosum agg. (T. clusii ?) E1 29 67 69 40 Vicia sylvatica E1 29 25 54 8 Anthericum ramosum E1 26 8 42 31 90 30 Libanotis sibirica subsp. montana E1 26 67 4 31 Valeriana collina (V. wallrothii) E1 23 8 35 63 8 20 20 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria E1 23 8 65 25 54 90 Verbascum lanatum E1 19 25 58 8 Clinopodium vulgare E1 16 35 25 8 10 Trifolium rubens E1 16 58 85 15 Origanum vulgare E1 10 17 8 13 20 Orobanche laserpitii-sileris E1 10 Achillea distans E1 6 33 88 15 Viola hirta E1 6 12 13 20 Thesium bavarum E1 3 25 77 13 8 60 50 Digitalis grandiflora E1 3 17 15 13 8 10 Hypericum perforatum E1 3 8 8 8 40 Agrimonia eupatoria E1 3 Geranium sanguineum E1 25 65 50 50 Verbascum lychnitis E1 17 Trifolium medium E1 8 4 8 Campanula rapunculoides E1 19 Hypericum hirsutum E1 4 10 20 Inula spiraeifolia E1 8 Libanotis daucifolia E1 8 Tephroseris longifolia E1 20 30 Verbascum austriacum E1 20 20 Lilium bulbiferum E1 50 Vicia cassubica E1 50 Lembotropis nigricans E1 40 Verbascum nigrum E1 20 Coronilla coronata E1 10 Trifolium alpestre E1 10 Dianthus croaticus E1 70 Melampyrum nemorosum E1 10 Centaurea stenolepis E1 10 PoT Poo alpinae-Trisetalia Festuca nigrescens E1 58 67 77 13 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Astrantia major E1 39 17 8 10 Traunsteinera globosa E1 39 25 31 8 Trollius europaeus E1 32 75 4 38 Pimpinella major subsp. rubra E1 23 33 13 Ranunculus nemorosus E1 13 58 54 25 15 40 Anthoxanthum odoratum E1 13 58 50 Crocus albiflorus E1 13 25 15 Campanula scheuchzeri E1 13 38 Poa alpina E1 3 Polygonum bistorta E1 3 Agrostis capillaris E1 17 38 10 Cerastium fontanum E1 8 Dactylorhiza majalis E1 20 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Lotus corniculatus s. lat. E1 45 50 81 38 60 60 Galium album (inc. G. mollugo) E1 35 58 81 15 20 20 Dactylis glomerata s.str. E1 32 50 27 23 20 30 Leontodon hispidus subsp. hispidus E1 23 17 12 8 20 30 Trifolium pratense E1 13 17 4 25 15 20 Lathyrus pratensis E1 10 42 12 25 23 60 50 Vicia sepium E1 6 8 10 Veronica chamaedrys E1 3 8 13 30 Achillea millefolium agg. E1 3 13 10 20 Angelica sylvestris E1 17 31 Achillea roseoalba E1 8 Tragopogon pratensis subsp. orientalis E1 8 8 10 Vicia cracca E1 13 8 Orobanche minor E1 13 Festuca rubra E1 8 100 60 Rumex acetosa E1 8 20 10 Deschampsia cespitosa E1 8 Stellaria graminea E1 8 10 Leucanthemum praecox et L. ircutianum E1 30 10 Prunella vulgaris E1 20 60 Trisetum flavescens E1 20 10 Arrhenatherum elatius E1 20 Poa pratensis E1 10 Geranium phaeum E1 10 Centaurea jacea E1 40 Plantago lanceolata E1 30 Ranunculus acris E1 20 Colchicum autumnale E1 20 Taraxacum officinale agg. E1 10 Trifolium campestre E1 10 Helictotrichon pubescens E1 10 Veronica serpyllifolia E1 10 Calluno-Ulicetea Phyteuma zahlbruckneri E1 19 50 25 8 Carex pallescens E1 3 Luzula multiflora E1 3 8 Potentilla erecta E1 33 77 13 15 70 70 Hacqüetia 11/1 • 2012, 47 -89 Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Arnica montana E1 8 Carex pilulifera E1 8 Galium pumilum E1 35 Calluna vulgaris E1 4 Genista germanica E1 4 Coeloglossum viride E1 4 Danthonia decumbens E1 8 MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Silene vulgaris subsp. antelopum E1 58 42 75 Lathyrus occidentalis var. montanus (inc. L. laevigatus) E1 32 42 19 13 Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat. E1 29 17 4 54 10 Hypericum maculatum E1 23 58 27 13 23 Polygonatum verticillatum E1 19 33 12 23 Veratrum album s. lat. E1 19 42 4 62 Pleurospermum austriacum E1 13 42 65 8 Rumex arifolius E1 13 50 13 8 Salix appendiculata E2 13 8 Geranium sylvaticum E1 10 Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum (inc. subsp. elegans) E1 10 33 12 38 23 Allium victorialis E1 6 8 Centaurea montana E1 6 30 Aconitum angustifolium (inc. A. tauricum) E1 3 8 15 Chaerophyllum villarsii E1 3 17 Eryngium alpinum E1 3 8 Myrrhis odorata E1 3 17 Senecio ovatus E1 3 17 23 15 Sorbus chamaemespilus E2 3 8 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium E1 3 25 8 13 30 Urtica dioica E1 3 Carduus carduelis E1 25 Crepis pyrenaica E1 17 Poa hybrida E1 17 Silene dioica E1 17 Aconitum degenii subsp. paniculatum E1 8 4 Geum rivale E1 8 8 Ranunculus platanifolius E1 8 8 Pedicularis hacquetii E1 8 Chaerophyllum aureum E1 4 Grafia golaka E1 100 100 Molopospermum peloponnesiacum subsp. bauhinii E1 31 Alchemilla xanthochlora E1 8 Rumex alpinus E1 8 Salix glabra E1 8 Stemmacantha rhapontica E1 8 Dactylis glomerata subsp. slovenica E1 8 Cirsium waldsteinii E1 30 SCF Scheuchzerio-Cariceteafuscae Gentiana utriculosa E1 3 30 Parnassia palustris E1 3 Pinguicula alpina E1 3 Successive number TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Ligusticum seguieri Biscutella laevigata Viola pyrenaica Adenostyles glabra Rumex scutatus Astrantia carniolica Petasites paradoxus Leontodon hispidus subsp. hyoseroides Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa Euphorbia triflora subsp. kerneri AT Asplenietea trichomanis Primula auricula Saxifraga hostii Saxifraga crustata Dianthus sylvestris Iris pallida subsp. cengialti Sedum album Sedum maximum Asplenium ruta-muraria Silene hayekiana Carex brachystachys Festuca stenantha Rhamnus pumilus Asplenium trichomanes Sempervivum tectorum Athamantha turbith Campanula spicata Valeriana saxatilis Hieracium glaucum EP Erico-Pinetea Chamaecytisus hirsutus s. lat. Genista radiata Calamagrostis varia Erica carnea Peucedanum austriacum subsp. rablense Carex ornithopoda Aquilegia nigricans (inc. A. vulgaris) Rubus saxatilis Polygala chamaebuxus Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea Leontodon incanus Cotoneaster tomentosus Juniperus sibirica Pinus mugo Chamaecytisus purpureus Daphne cneorum Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Knautia ressmannii Carex alba 1 2 3 4 5 6 l E1 32 25 62 E1 19 23 2S 4O E1 16 % E1 6 % % E1 6 E1 3 % E1 3 % E1 3 E1 3 E1 13 E1 19 25 12 E1 16 % 13 E1 1O % E1 6 % 50 E1 6 % E1 6 E1 6 % 12 E1 6 % E1 3 % E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 3 E1 % E1 4 E1 13 E1 10 E1 10 E1 l1 so S4 so 10 E1 6s 25 63 % E1 61 1l 4 %% 3% 100 E1 26 25 62 63 % 100 20 E1 42 25 4 l5 % E1 1O % 23 E1 1O 2O 30 E1 6 1l 12 13 3% 20 E1 6 1l 4 13 60 10 E1 3 % 19 50 15 50 20 E1 3 l0 E2 3 E2 3 E2 3 E1 3% 15 E1 2S E1 13 E1 13 E1 % Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Genista januensis E1 Vaccinio-Piceetea Picea abies E2 32 17 8 Aposeris foetida E1 23 58 38 30 Calamagrostis arundinacea E1 6 25 88 31 Luzula luzuloides E1 3 17 27 23 Rosa pendulina E2 3 8 31 13 15 40 Solidago virgaurea E1 17 10 Clematis alpina E1 8 Vaccinium myrtillus E1 8 Veronica urticifolia E1 15 Maianthemum bifolium E1 4 Larix decidua E1 13 Gentiana asclepiadea E1 31 Hieracium sylvaticum E1 20 Homogyne sylvestris E1 20 Valeriana tripteris E1 10 Erythronio-Carpinion Ornithogalum pyrenaicum E1 39 25 19 Primula vulgaris E1 16 8 27 40 Galanthus nivalis E1 3 8 Helleborus odorus E1 25 15 10 Aremonio-Fagion Knautia drymeia E1 48 92 58 62 70 Cyclamen purpurascens E1 32 15 13 100 Rhamnus fallax E2 10 Dentaria enneaphyllos E1 3 Anemone trifolia E1 13 Helleborus niger E1 20 Omphalodes verna E1 20 Hacquetia epipactis E1 20 Euphorbia carniolica E1 20 Fagetalia sylvaticae Mercurialis perennis E1 71 75 58 50 31 10 Melica nutans E1 19 Symphytum tuberosum E1 16 58 8 Fagus sylvatica E2 10 15 10 Lilium martagon E1 10 33 23 38 Myosotis sylvatica E1 10 17 Luzula nivea E1 6 25 Euphorbia amygdaloides E1 3 Galium laevigatum E1 3 8 31 13 Lathyrus vernus E1 3 8 15 Poa nemoralis E1 3 13 Salvia glutinosa E1 3 10 Scrophularia nodosa E1 3 Tilia cordata E2 3 Acer pseudoplatanus E1 3 8 4 8 Hesperis candida E1 3 Campanula trachelium E1 8 Lonicera alpigena E2 8 10 10 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 7 Successive number Prenanthes purpurea E1 . . 12 . . 10 Melica nutans E1 . . 4 . 8 60 Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium E1 . . 4 . 23 Daphne mezereum E1 . . 4.8 Festuca heterophylla E1 . . 4.. 40 Neottia nidus-avis E1 . . 4.. Luzula nivea E1 . . . . 15 Fraxinus excelsior E1 . . . . 8 Galeobdolon flavidum E1 . . . . 8 Laburnum alpinum E1 . . . . 8 Phyteuma spicatum E1 . . 10 20 Epipactis helleborine E1 . . 10 Galeobdolon montanum E1 . . 10 Ranunculus lanuginosus E1 . . 10 Euphorbia dulcis E1 . . 10 QP Quercetalia pubescentis QF Querco-Fagetea Peucedanum schottii var. schottii E1 42 25 85 15 Convallaria majalis E1 13 17 65 13 31 100 Primula veris subsp. columnae E1 13 25 92 Carex flacca E1 10 8 58 38 15 30 Sorbus aria E2 10 17 46 Melittis melissophyllum E1 6 25 81 30 Ostrya carpinifolia E2 3 15 Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa E1 17 12 Peucedanum schottii var. petraeum E1 8 Fraxinus ornus E1 11 10 Hypericum montanum E1 8 Arabis turrita E1 4 Mercurialis ovata E1 100 Clematis recta E1 10 Campanula persicifolia E1 10 Acer obtusatum E1 Tamus communis E1 Quercus pubescens E1 Anemone nemorosa E1 16 8 27 20 Carex digitata E1 16 17 15 13 40 Listera ovata E1 13 8 8 Corylus avellana E2 3 17 8 Cruciata glabra E1 3 25 15 30 Dactylorhiza fuchsii E1 3 8 27 15 Veratrum nigrum E1 25 Cephalanthera longifolia E1 42 Carex montana E1 38 30 Chamaecytisus supinus E1 4 Populus tremula E1 4 Platanthera bifolia E1 4 Crategus monogyna E1 4 Viola riviniana E1 4 Serratula tinctoria subsp. tinctoria E1 38 20 Festuca gigantea E1 8 10 70 40 30 20 20 10 10 20 50 50 70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HAcquETiA 11/1 • 2012, 47- -89 Successive number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Betónica officinalis E1 50 50 Hepatica nobilis E1 40 Melampyrum pratense E1 10 Euphorbia angulata E1 10 RP Rhamno-Prunetea Rosa glauca E2 3 8 Rosa canina E1 3 Rhamnus catharticus E2a 8 Rubus fruticosus E2 10 O Other species Rubus idaeus E2 10 19 54 Juniperus communis E2 6 8 Fragaria vesca E1 3 15 13 80 Hieracium sp. E1 3 Poa sp. E1 3 SM Myosotis arvensis E1 3 Sorbus aucuparia E1 8 Potentilla recta E1 15 Salix eleagnos E1 8 Orobanche sp. E1 10 M Mosses Tortella tortuosa E0 10 17 Schistidium apocarpum E0 3 8 Fissidens dubius E0 8 Polytrichum formosum E0 1: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco typicum - the Julian Alps, Slovenia 2: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco typicum var. Brachypodium rupestre - the Julian Alps, Slovenia 3: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco asphodeletosum albi subass. nov. hoc loco - the Julian Alps, Slovenia (Dakskobler et al. 2007, table 1, rel. 8-33) 4: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata, W Julian Alps, the Carnic Alps, NE Italy 5: Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae ass. nov. hoc loco, the Julian Prealps, NE Italy 6: Scabioso hladnikianae-Grafietum golakae Carni 2007 - central Slovenia - Polhograjsko hribovje (Carni 2007, Table 1) 7: Laserpitietum sileris Springer 1987 var. geogr. Dianthus croaticus - southeastern Slovenia - Gorjanci (Carni et al. 2005, Tab. 1, rel. 47-56) Table 6: Phytosociological groups in the tall herb and fringe communities with the dominant Laserpitium siler or Grafiagolaka in NE Italy and Slovenia (relative frequencies). Tabela 6: Fitocenološke skupine v združbah visokih steblik in gozdnih robov z dominantnima vrstama Laserpitium siler ali Grafia golaka v severovzhodni Italiji in Sloveniji (relativne frekvence). Successive number (Zaporedna številka) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Number of relevés (Število popisov) 31 12 26 8 13 10 10 Sign for the syntaxa (Oznaka sintakosnov) CJLS1 CJLS2 CJLSaa CJLSLP GgLs ShGg Ls Caricion austroalpinae 6.49 6.41 5.30 3.72 2.56 0.41 0.00 Elyno-Seslerietea 24.10 19.50 9.87 26.81 6.97 6.91 2.37 Festuco-Brometea 20.22 19.50 22.75 22.73 19.49 27.03 41.23 Trifolio-Geranietea 14.04 14.80 22.04 13.02 13.72 17.68 15.64 Poo alpinae-Trisetalia 4.76 6.27 3.05 1.51 6.33 1.22 0.47 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 3.28 4.60 3.79 4.13 6.14 9.15 13.27 Calluno-Ulicetea 0.49 0.97 3.77 1.12 1.17 1.42 1.66 Mulgedio-Aconitetea 5.33 9.60 3.06 4.87 16.06 2.85 1.42 Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71 Thlaspietea rotundifolii 1.79 0.70 1.43 1.12 0.90 0.81 0.00 Asplenietea trichomanis 1.79 1.53 0.47 0.77 0.00 0.20 1.42 Erico-Pinetea 6.10 3.20 3.06 13.40 5.20 8.74 4.03 Vaccinio-Piceetea 1.30 2.65 3.55 0.77 3.77 2.64 0.24 Erythronio-Carpinion 1.11 1.11 0.77 0.00 0.57 1.02 0.95 Aremonio-Fagion 1.79 1.53 1.23 0.77 2.34 5.08 1.66 Fagetalia sylvaticae 3.28 2.65 3.86 2.98 6.71 2.64 3.32 Quercetalia pubescentis 1.86 2.37 8.03 1.51 2.30 5.89 4.98 Querco-Fagetea 1.05 1.81 3.12 0.38 2.86 4.67 6.16 Rhamno-Prunetea 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 Other species (Druge vrste) 0.56 0.14 0.71 0.38 2.90 1.63 0.24 Mosses (Mahovi) 0.25 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total (Skupaj) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco typicum - the Julian Alps, Slovenia 2: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco typicum var. Brachypodium rupestre - the Julian Alps, Slovenia 3: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco asphodeletosum albi subass. nov. hoc loco - the Julian Alps, Slovenia (Dakskobler et al. 2007, table 1, rel. 8-33) 4: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris ass. nov. hoc loco var. geogr. Pedicularis elongata, W Julian Alps, the Carnic Alps, NE Italy 5: Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae ass. nov. hoc loco, the Julian Prealps, NE Italy 6: Scabioso hladnikianae-Grafietum golakae Carni 2007 - central Slovenia - Polhograjsko hribovje (Carni 2007, Table 1) 7: Laserpitietum sileris Springer 1987 var. geogr. Dianthus croaticus - southeastern Slovenia - Gorjanci (Carni et al. 2005, Tab. 1, rel. 47-56) Table 7: Two stands with Grafia golaka on its classical locality under the Mt. Golaki (the Trnovski gozd plateau, W Slovenia). Tabela 7: Dva sestoja z vrsto Grafia golaka na njenem klasičnem nahajališču pod Golaki (Trnovski gozd, zahodna Slovenija). Number of relevé MuA TG ES CA FB EP AF FS Working number of relevé 24106S 241069 Altitude in m 1390 1400 Aspect SW SSE Slope in degrees 30 30 Parent material A A Soil Li Li Stoniness in % 90 50 Cover of tree layer in % E3 5 Cover of shrub layer in % E2 40 Cover of herb layer in % El 20 50 Number of species 33 22 Relevé area m2 200 100 Date of taking relevé 6/21/2011 6/21/2011 Locality Veliki Golak Veliki Golak Quadrant 0049/1 0049/1 Coordinate Y (Gauß-Krüger, D 48) m 413255 413174 Coordinate X (Gauß-Krüger, D 48) m 5093056 5093092 Mulgedio-Aconitetea Pr. Grafia golaka El 2 4 2 Salix appendiculata E2b 3 1 Salix appendiculata E2a 1 + 2 Geranium sylvaticum El + + 2 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium El + 1 Trifolio-Geranietea Laserpitium latifolium El + 2 2 Elyno-Seslerietea Betónica alopecuros El + + 2 Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra El + 1 Scabiosa lucida subsp. stricta El + 1 Festuco-Brometea Buphthalmum salicifolium El + 1 2 Cirsium erisithales El + + 2 Carlina acaulis El + 1 Erico-Pinetea Calamagrostis varia El + 1 2 Rubus saxatilis El + + 2 Rhododendron hirsutum E2a 3 1 Erica carnea El + 1 Aremonio-Fagion Cyclamen purpurascens El + + 2 Omphalodes verna El + 1 Knautia drymeia El 1 1 Fagetalia sylvaticae Symphytum tuberosum El + + 2 Acer pseudoplatanus E2a + 1 Acer pseudoplatanus E2b + 1 Acer pseudoplatanus El + 1 Actaea spicata El + 1 1 2 Number of relevé 1 2 Pr. Fagus sylvatica E2a + 1 Lonicera alpigena E2a + 1 Tilia platyphyllos E3 r 1 Viola reichenbachiana E1 + 1 Dryopteris filix-mas E1 r 1 Lilium martagon E1 + 1 Melica nutans E1 + 1 Phyteuma spicatum subsp. coeruleum E1 + 1 QP Quercetalia pubescentis Melittis melissophyllum E1 + + 2 QF Querco-Fagetea Anemone nemorosa E1 1 1 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Rosa pendulina E2a 1 1 Gentiana asclepiadea E1 + 1 Picea abies E3 + 1 TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Adenostyles glabra E1 1 + 2 Hieracium bifidum E1 r 1 AT Asplenieta trichomanis Paederota lutea E1 1 1 2 Asplenium ruta-muraria E1 + 1 M Mosses Ctenidium molluscum E0 + 1 Tortella tortuosa E0 + 1 A Limestone Li Lithosol