© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), Ljubljana
ISSN 1581-0267
1
UDK/UDC: 627.15:627.4/.5(282.249)(497.14) Prejeto / Received: 21. 10. 2003
Strokovni članek – Professional paper Sprejeto / Accepted: 22. 3. 2004
MOŽNOSTI ZA REVITALIZACIJO URBANIH VODOTOKOV NA
PRIMERU GLINŠ ČICE V LJUBLJANI
RIVER REHABILITATION OF URBAN WATERCOURSES ON THE
EXAMPLE OF THE GLINŠ ČICA RIVER IN LJUBLJANA
Simon RUSJAN, Rok FAZARINC, Matjaž MIKOŠ
V članku so na konkretnem primeru ureditve odseka Glinš čice predstavljene možnosti sonaravnega
urejanja vodotokov v urbanem okolju. Glinš čica poplavno ogroža obdajajo če urbane površine
zaradi neustreznih regulacijskih posegov v preteklosti. Obmo čje struge Glinš čice je tako z
ekološkega kot tudi s krajinskega vidika mo čno degradirano. S pomo čjo hidravli čnega ra čunskega
modela struge Glinš čice, izdelanega s programom HEC-RAS verzija 3. 1, sta predstavljeni dve
variantni rešitvi ureditve odseka Glinš čice, od Jamnikarjeve do Brdnikove ulice. Glavni cilj
sonaravne ureditve Glinš čice je normalizacija preto čnih razmer, ki med letom zelo nihajo.
Predvidena je ureditev dvojnega pre čnega prereza struge, pri čemer osrednja poglobljena struga
prevaja nizke in srednje vode, razširjen prerez dvojne struge pa je namenjen odvodnji poplavnih
voda. S predvideno zaš čito brežin in dna struge vodotoka z inženirsko-biološkimi metodami bi za
obdajajo če urbane površine zagotovili primerno varnost pred poplavami, hkrati pa omogo čili
normalne življenjske pogoje za vodne organizme v strugi vodotoka. V okviru variantnih rešitev
sonaravne ureditve struge Glinš čice so predstavljene tudi možnosti ureditve sprehajalnih poti ob
strugi, kar bi omogo čilo vklju čitev obmo čja ob strugi Glinš čice v rekreacijske površine
predvidenega zelenega sistema mesta Ljubljana.
Klju čne besede: sonaravno urejanje vodotokov, inženirsko-biološke metode, živi konstrukcijski
materiali, re čni koridor, rehabilitacija, dvojni pre čni prerez struge
Some possible solutions of remediation of river courses on a detailed description of remediation
scheme for the channelized Glinš čica stream in the urban area of Ljubljana are presented in the
paper. The Glinš čica stream has been flooding the surrounding urban areas. This is a result of the
inappropriate river regulations in the past. The entire area of the stream channel is heavily
degraded both from ecological and landscape points of view. Using the hydraulic computation
model HEC-RAS version 3. 1, two solutions for a remediation scheme for the section of the
Glinščica stream channel from Jamnikarjeva street to Brdnikova street are presented. The primary
goal of the proposed solutions is a normalization of discharge conditions, which fluctuate
significantly during the year. A regulation of a two-stage channel is proposed. A first-stage channel
conducts low summer and normal water flows, the second-stage channel is widened and conducts
high flows up to floods with a return period of 100 years. The proposed regulation of the two-stage
channel and the use of bioengineering techniques for bank and channel bottom stabilization would
prevent the inundation of the surrounding urban areas. The proposed two-stage channel would also
enable normal living conditions for water organisms. Special emphasis is also given to a proposed
maintenance plan for the scheme, leaving a certain amount of vegetation in the cross section
untouched. In this way a partial rehabilitation of the river corridor would be possible.
Furthermore, both proposed solutions of the remediation scheme for the Glinš čica stream consider
the possibility to create a network of footpaths along the channel, so that the entire surrounding
area could be included in the recreational area of the planned green system of the city of Ljubljana.
Key words: remediation of river courses, water bioengineering techniques, live building materials,
river corridor, rehabilitation, two-stage watercourse channel

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
2
1. UVOD
Posledica preteklih ureditev mestnih
vodotokov je, da so vodotoki v urbanem
okolju pogosto obravnavani le kot
geometrijski arhitekturni elementi ter kot
odvodniki za odpadno komunalno in
padavinsko vodo. Na obmo čju Ljubljane so
vodotoki Ljubljanica, Gradaš čica in Glinš čica
umeš čeni v sterilne pre čne profile strug, ki so
z visokimi betonskimi brežinami lo čene od
obdajajo čih urbanih površin. Ureditve strug so
bile usmerjene v izboljšanje varnosti pred
poplavami in izboljšanje higienskih razmer, z
zagotovitvijo dovolj velikih preto čnih hitrosti
tudi v času nizkih voda, s čimer se zagotovi
zadovoljiva odvodnja raznih odpadnih snovi,
ki se nakopi čijo v strugi (dolvodno).
Za izboljšanje ekološkega stanja
vodotokov, ob zagotavljanju potrebne
protipoplavne varnosti, se vse pogosteje
uporabljajo sonaravni pristopi k urejanju
vodotokov (RRC, 2001; SEPA, 2000; SWCS,
1998). Sonaravno urejanje vodotokov je
usmerjeno v ohranjanje vodnih ter obvodnih
površin (obmo čja re čnega koridorja).
Ekološko sprejemljivo upravljanje z vodnimi
površinami zahteva pristope, pri katerih vodne
površine upoštevamo kot dinami čne
geomorfološke sisteme, ki niso namenjeni
zgolj prevajanju vode (Wharton, 2000). V
članku so na konkretnem primeru odseka
Glinščice, od Jamnikarjeve do Brdnikove,
predstavljene nekatere možnosti sonaravnih
ureditev manjših, mo čno degradiranih
vodotokov v urbanem okolju.
2. MATERIAL IN METODE
2.1 HIDROLOŠKA SLIKA POVODJA
GLINŠ ČICE
Glinščica izvira pod severovzhodnimi
obronki Toškega čela in pri Podutiku preide v
ravninski del Ljubljanske kotline. Topografska
slika pore čja je sestavljena iz gri čevnatega
dela na vzhodu in zahodu ter ravninskega dela,
ki se razširi v južnem delu. Relief pore čja
Glinščice je precej raznolik, od strmih
povirnih obmo čij do ravnic. Ravninski del
pore čja je slabo prepusten. Povirje Glinš čice
sega na severni strani v pobo čje Toškega čela
in Črnega vrha, razvodnica na vzhodu sega v
urbano obmo čje mesta Ljubljana (Dravlje,
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to past regulations, urban watercourses
are frequently considered only as architectural
elements or as conduits for sewer and rainfall.
In the area of Ljubljana the watercourses
Ljubljanica, Gradaš čica and the Glinš čica are
regulated in sterile channel cross sections with
high concrete banks, which separate the water
bodies from the surrounding urban areas.
Regulations of river channels were directed
towards an improvement of flood protection
and of hygienic conditions. Fast flowing water
in concrete channels enables washing off of all
waste that gathers in the channels downstream.
For the improvement of both, ecological
state and flood protection, the ecologically
sound approaches to watercourse regulations
are more and more widely used (RRC, 2001;
SEPA, 2000; SWCS, 1998). Rehabilitation of
watercourses is directed towards the
preservation of riparian areas (river corridors).
The ecologically sound management of
watercourses demands approaches that
consider water bodies as dynamic
geomorphological systems, going beyond the
sole performing of the function of urban
drainage (Wharton, 2000). In this paper, some
rehabilitation possibilities of heavily degraded
urban watercourses are presented by means of
a description of the remediation scheme of the
channelized Glinš čica stream.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 HYDROLOGICAL SITUATION OF THE
GLINŠ ČICA WATERSHED
The Glinš čica originates beneath the
northeast hillsides of the Toško čelo and at
Podutik enters the plain area of Ljubljana
basin. The topography of the watershed
consists of a hilly part on the east and west.
The plain area widens on the southern side of
the watershed. The relief of the Glinš čica
watershed is quite heterogeneous with steep
headwater areas and plains. The plain area of
the watershed is poorly permeable. On the
north side, the watershed border crosses the
hillsides of the Toško čelo and Črni vrh and

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
3
Šiška), preko Šišenskega hriba in Rožnika do
izliva v Gradaš čico, ki predstavlja najjužnejšo
to čko pore čja. V smeri proti zahodu poteka
razvodnica skozi urbano obmo čje, preko Brda
vse do Ti čnice, kjer se usmeri proti severu
preko Stražnega vrha, Prevala do Toškega
čela. Ve čji pritok Glinš čice je Pržanec, čigar
povirje sega v pobo čje Velike trate in Male
trate in odvaja vodo z ve činoma ravninskega
dela vzhodno od Glinš čice. Padavinsko
prispevno obmo čje Glinš čice obsega 17,4 km
2
.
Položaj odvodnice znotraj urbanega obmo čja
dolo ča odvodnja meteornih voda s
kanalizacijskim sistemom, zato orografska
razvodnica ne sovpada vedno s prispevnim
obmo čjem Glinš čice. Skupno prispevno
obmo čje Glinš čice je nekoliko ve čje in zajema
19,3 km
2
 površine. Padavinski odtok z
obmo čja med Guncljami, železnico in
orografsko razvodnico med pore čjema
Glinščice in Save ter del urbanih površin ob
izlivnem delu Glinš čice je namre č preko
kanalizacijskega meteornega omrežja speljan
na obmo čje pore čja Glinš čice. Ob tem se na
pore čje Glinš čice steka tudi ve čji del
meteornih vod z 1,9 km
2
 površin z obmo čja
Šentvida. Prispevno obmo čje Glinš čice je
prikazano na sliki 1.
S širitvijo tlakovanih neprepustnih urbanih
površin na ravninske predele obmo čja pore čja
Glinščice se je hidrološka slika povodja mo čno
spremenila, zlasti v obdobju zadnjih 20 let.
Obsežna urbana obmo čja so se razširila
predvsem na obmo čju Podutika, Dravelj,
Kosez in Brda. Ta ravninska obmo čja so pred
pozidavo le malo prispevala k izoblikovanju
vrhov hidrogramov odtoka. S pove čanjem
deleža neprepustnih površin (pozidava,
prometne površine) so se pove čali odto čni
koeficienti, izgradnja meteorne kanalizacije je
dodatno prispevala k zmanjšanju časa
koncentracije. Ocenjeno je bilo, da je na
celotnem pore čju Glinš čice delež urbanih
površin 38 % oziroma 6,6 km
2
. Groba ocena
povpre čnega koeficienta odtoka s prispevnega
obmo čja Glinš čice, izra čunana iz povpre čne
letne koli čine padavin (1376 mm) ter
povpre čnega letnega pretoka Glinš čice (0,383
m
3
/s), znaša 0,58, kar je pokazatelj
intenzivnega odtoka padavinskih voda v strugo
Glinščice.
enters the urban area of Ljubljana (Dravlje,
Šiška) on the east. The divide then crosses
Šišenski hrib and Rožnik towards the southern
point of the watershed and the outfall into the
Gradaš čica river. Westwards, the watershed
divide passes through the urban area of Brdo,
towards Ti čnica, where it turns north over
Stražnji vrh, Preval and the Toško čelo. A
major tributary of the Glinš čica is the Pržanec.
The watershed of the Pržanec includes the
hillslopes of Velika trata and Mala trata and
drains water from the plain area east of the
Glinščica. The orographic drainage area of the
Glinščica has an area of 17.4 km
2
. The
position of the watershed border inside the
urban area is defined by a drainage system
network. This is the reason why the orographic
border of the watershed does not always
coincide with the actual watershed area. The
actual watershed area is larger than the
orographic drainage area and measures 19.3
km
2
. Namely, the rainfall runoff from the area
between Gunclje, railway and the orographic
watershed border between the Glinš čica and
Sava rivers, and the rainfall runoff from the
urban area near the Glinš čica outfall, is
diverted to the Glinš čica watershed via the
urban drainage system. The Glinš čica also
conduits great part of the runoff from the
urban area in Šentvid, measuring 1.9 km
2
. The
Glinščica watershed is shown in Figure 1.
By extending the paved impermeable urban
areas on the plain parts of the watershed, the
hydrology of the entire watershed has changed
dramatically in the last 20 years. Extensive
urban areas have spread in the areas of
Podutik, Dravlje, Koseze and Brdo. Prior to
intensive urbanization, these plain areas did
not contribute in the formation of peaks of
runoff hydrographs. The increase in
impervious surfaces (extension of building,
traffic surfaces) brought about the
augmentation of the runoff coefficient,
furthermore, the drainage system caused a
further decrease in the concentration time of
rainfall runoff. Urban areas present 38 % of
the entire Glinš čica watershed, i. e. 6.6 km
2
.
The approximate value for the average runoff
coefficient, computed from the average annual
rainfall (1376 mm) and average annual
discharge in the Glinš čica River (0.383 m
3
/s),
is 0.58. This indicates an intensive
precipitation runoff into the Glinš čica River
channel.

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
4
Slika 1. Prispevno obmo čje Glinš čice z ozna čenim obravnavanim odsekom struge (VGI, 2001).
Figure 1. Catchment area of the Glinš čica River, the reach discussed is marked (VGI, 200 1).

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
5
2.2 STRUGA GLINŠ ČICE PRED
IZVEDENIMI REGULACIJSKIMI DELI IN
OPIS OBSTOJE ČEGA STANJA
Struga Glinš čica je po celotni dolžini trase
pred regulacijskimi deli blago vijugala. Struga
je bila široka 3 do 6 m in globoka 60 do 90
cm, bregova pa sta bila glede na višino vode
visoka 30 do 60 cm. Dno struge Glinš čice je
bilo muljasto. Glinš čica je v času obsežnejših
padavin poplavljala obdajajo če pozidane
površine vasi Vi č. Do konca druge svetovne
vojne je imela Glinš čica od Rožne doline
gorvodno še vedno ve činoma naravno
vijugajo čo strugo, ki se je vila v meljastih
glinah. Struga je bila zaraš čena, brežine in dno
naravno. Prisotno je bilo izmenjevanje globljih
odsekov struge – tolmunov in plitvin. Sestava
ribje populacije v strugi je bila raznolika, med
drugimi je bila v strugi prisotna tudi poto čna
postrv. Ve čji tolmuni so bili primerni tudi za
kopanje. Glinš čica je bila skupaj z Rožnikom,
Malim in Velikim Rakovnikom ter Ve čno
potjo privla čno naravno obmo čje, kjer so se
ljudje radi sprehajali. Takoj po koncu druge
svetovne vojne se je struga Glinš čice od že
nekoliko urejenega izlivnega odseka
(regulacija iz leta 1928) navzgor za čela urejati.
Pri tem ni šlo za na črtno regulacijo. Strugo so
čistili lastniki zemljiš č, posamezne re čne
zavoje so odrezali od mati čne struge, hkrati pa
so izkopavali melioracijske jarke. Struga
Glinščice je bila na obmo čju urbanih površin
(na Vi ču) pred ureditvijo iz leta 1974 zelo
zanemarjena.
Dno struge Glinš čice je na celotnem odseku
od izliva v Gradaš čico do dolvodno od mostu
Brdnikove ulice z regulacijo iz leta 1974
tlakovano z betonskimi ploš čami. Trasa struge
je bila izravnana. Na dnu struge je urejena
betonska kineta (korito), širine 1 m in globine
0,25 m, ki je namenjena odvodnji srednjih
letnih ter nizkih voda v sušnih obdobjih. Z
betonskimi ploš čami je obložen tudi del
brežin, katerih nagib se giblje med 1 : 3 in
1 : 2.
Izbira takšne ureditve struge je bila
utemeljena predvsem s tem, da se z ureditvijo
osrednje kinete na dnu tudi v času nizkih voda
zagotavljajo dovolj velike preto čne hitrosti in
tako onemogo či zastajanje umazanije na dnu
2.2 THE GLINŠ ČICA CHANNEL
BEFORE REGULATION WORKS AND
DESCRIPTION OF PRESENT CONDITION
Before the regulation works, the Glinš čica
River channel gently meandered along its
course. The channel was 3 to 6 m wide and 60
to 90 cm deep. The banks were 30 to 60 cm
above the normal water level and the river
bottom was muddy. The Glinš čica flooded the
areas of the village of Vi č in rainy periods.
Until the end of World War II, the Glinš čica
River was mostly unregulated upstream of
Rožna dolina with a natural meandering
channel. The channel area was overgrown and
both, the banks and bottom were natural.
Along the stream course, deep stream reaches
with pools and shallow reaches alternated. The
structure of fish population was varied and
among fish species, the trout could also be
found in the Glinš čica. Larger pools were
suitable for swimming. With Rožnik, Mali
Rakovnik and Veliki Rakovnik and Ve čna pot
the Glinš čica provided an attractive natural
gateway for promenading. After World War II,
regulations took place on the Glinš čica
channel from the outfall section (regulation
from 1928) upstream. This was not a planned
regulation. The channel was being cleaned by
landowners of the surrounding land, some
drainage ditches were excavated, and
meanders were cut off from the new
straightened river channel. Before the
regulation in 1974, the Glinš čica channel was
neglected, especially in the urbanized area
(Vi č).
The result of the regulation from 1974 is a
concrete channel bottom in the section from
the outfall into the Gradaš čica river to
Brdnikova street. The line of the channel was
completely straightened. In the channel bottom
a 1 m wide and 25 cm deep concrete ditch was
arranged. This ditch conveys the average
annual and low summer (dry) waters. A part of
the channel banks, with a slope from 1 : 3 to
1 : 2, is paved with concrete plates.
The decision of arranging a concrete ditch
on the channel bottom was based on the fact
that the central concrete ditch assures
sufficient velocity of flowing water in periods
of average annual and even low summer water
levels. In this way, the gathering of all sorts of
pollution and waste inside the channel cross

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
6
struge. Skupna dolžina odseka struge Glinš čice
od Jamnikarjeve (dolvodni konec odseka) do
Brdnikove ulice (gorvodni konec odseka) je
1173 m (slika 2). Dno tlakovane struge je
rahlo prekrito z drobnimi plavinami in drugimi
snovmi, ki jih voda nanaša iz gorvodnih
odsekov vodotoka, kjer je dno struge
netlakovano, in iz iztokov meteorne
kanalizacije. Intenzivnejše odlaganje plavin ob
nizkih vodah na obravnavanem odseku
onemogo ča enakomerna porazdelitev hitrosti
vodnega toka v osrednji betonski kineti. Na
posameznih poškodovanih delih tlakovanega
dna in brežin ter v razpokah med betonskimi
ploš čami se razraš ča zarast. Raznolikosti
vodnega toka tako reko č ni. Prav tako na
obravnavanem odseku ni sprememb v globini
vode in širini vodnega toka. Prisotna je
biološka obrast na dnu osrednje betonske
kinete. Struga je skoraj na celotnem odseku
nezasen čena. Glede na ekomorfološko
kategorizacijo vodotokov, s katero opisujemo
stopnjo naravne ohranjenosti vodotokov, je
obravnavani odsek Glinš čice uvrš čen v 4.
razred, v katerega so uvrš čeni z ekološkega
vidika najbolj degradirani odseki vodotokov
(VGI, 1994a; 2002).
section is disabled. The channel reach from
Jamnikarjeva street (downstream end point) to
Brdnikova street (upstream end point) is 1173
m in length (Figure 2). The bottom of the
paved channel is softly covered with fine
sediments and other particles, which are
transported from the upper reaches, where the
channel bottom material remained natural and
from the outlets of the urban drainage system.
As mentioned before, the intensive depositing
of sediments at low summer water levels is
disabled by a uniform water velocity profile in
the concrete ditch. Where the concrete
pavement is damaged, vegetation grows
through the cracks. There is no variety in the
water current and no changes in stream width
and depth. Some algae (periphyton) are
present on the concrete bottom. The channel is
almost completely unshaded on the reach
discussed. According to the ecomorphological
categorisation of the watercourse reaches,
which considers the degree of natural
conservation of a watercourse, the described
reach is placed in class 4. The class is reserved
for watercourses that are heavily degraded
from the ecological point of view (VGI,
1994a; 2002).
Slika 2. Glinš čica gorvodno od Jamnikarjeve ulice.
Figure 2. The Glinš čica upstream of Jamnikarjeva street.

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
7
Vpliv regulacijskih del na poslabšanje
življenjskih razmer v strugi Glinš čice na
obravnavanem odseku je razviden iz ihtiološke
raziskave, ki je bila opravljena v sklopu nalog
Voda in prostor (VGI, 1994b). Raziskava je
zajela odsek reke Glinš čice od Glinc do
Biološkega središ ča. Glavni namen raziskave
je bil pridobiti oceno dinamike ribjih populacij
v posameznih odsekih vodotoka. Rezultati
raziskave so pokazali, da obstaja velika razlika
v sestavi ribjih populacij med odsekom
Glinščice, kjer je dno struge in brežine
netlakovano, ob posameznih odsekih struge pa
je prisotna tudi delna preraš čenost struge z
grmi čevjem, ter odsekom dolvodno, kjer je
dno in del brežin tlakovano z betonskimi
ploš čami. Na odseku stare regulacije z
zemeljskimi brežinami je naseljenost z ribami
755 kg/ha, na odseku struge, utrjene z
betonskimi ploš čami, pa 260 kg/ha vodne
površine. Razlika v strukturi ribjih populacij in
v letnem naravnem prirastku posameznih
ribjih vrst je posledica spremenjenih
življenjskih pogojev po izvedbi regulacijskih
in melioracijskih del. Globljih tolmunov, v
katerih lahko svoj prostor najdejo ve čje ribe,
ni. Prav tako v strugi ni zatonov ter ribjih
zavetiš č, ki so primerna za razvoj ribjega
zaroda, hkrati pa se v njih lahko ribe skrijejo v
času visokih voda. Zaradi redne košnje brežin
struge ni obrežne vegetacije, ki bi zasen čila
strugo in s tem vplivala na znižanje
temperature vode in pove čane koncentracije
raztopljenega kisika v vodi, predvsem poleti.
Kjer je obrežna vegetacija prisotna (posamezni
krajši odseki), betonsko tlakovanje onemogo ča
prodiranje koreninskega sistema v strugo, s
čimer bi se popestrila struktura osiromašenega
vodnega življenjskega prostora.
Hidravli čna prevodnost struge na
obravnavanem odseku ni ustrezna. Visoke
vode s 5-letno povratno dobo (12,8 m
3
/s) že
preplavljajo predvsem levi breg in ogrožajo
objekte Biološkega središ ča. Pri 10-letni visoki
vodi (16,5 m
3
/s) so že poplavljene obsežne
obrežne površine na levi in desni strani struge
Glinščice. Glede na izvrednotene hidrološke
podatke z modelom HEC 2 (VGI, 1999) na
podlagi analize padavin, znašajo visoke vode s
100-letno povratno dobo 39 m
3
/s. Višina
brežin struge na tem odseku znaša od 1,5 do 2
The influence of channel regulations on the
deterioration of living conditions inside the
channel profile is evident from ichthyological
research. This research was performed within
the framework of Water and Space (VGI,
1994b). A channel reach from Glince to the
Biološko središ če was evaluated. The principal
objective of the research was to acquire an
estimation of dynamics of fish population
inside several channel reaches. Results have
shown that there is a great difference in
structure of fish population between the reach,
where the channel bottom remained natural
with dense vegetation on the banks, and the
reach, where the concrete channel bottom is
present. The abundance of fish in the more
natural reach is 755 kg/ha (weight per water
surface) in comparison to the reach where the
channel is confined, where the abundance of
fish is estimated at 260 kg/ha. Differences in
the composition of fish population and in the
annual natural accretion of different fish
species are a direct result of the changed living
conditions following the regulation and
melioration works. Deep pools, where fish can
live, were removed from the channel. There
are also no suitable places for propagation nor
any hiding places for fish during high water.
Due to regular clearing of the vegetation on
channel banks, the channel is not shaded, and
thus, water temperature in summer is high and
the concentration of dissolved oxygen is very
low. In short subreaches, where the vegetation
cover is present, the concrete paving of the
channel does not allow for advancement of
roots inside the channel, which could influence
and improve the monotone structure of poor
ecological conditions of the water body.
The hydraulic conductivity of the Glinš čica
channel is not sufficient. High water levels
with a return period of 5 years (12.8 m
3
/s)
inundate especially the area on the left side of
the channel and endanger the buildings of the
Biological Centre. Areas on both sides of the
Ginš čica channel are inundated during floods
with a return period of 10 years (16.5 m
3
/s).
Considering the hydrological data gathered
with the hydrological model HEC 2 (VGI,
1999) and based on the analysis of rainfall
events, the estimated floodwaters with a return
period of 100 years amount to 39 m
3
/s. The
height of the channel banks on the discussed
reach is from 1.5 to 2 m and the width of the
channel cross section on the top is estimated at

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
8
m, pri tem pa širina struge merjena na vrhu
brežin 8 do 12 m. Padec dna struge na tem
odseku je majhen in znaša 0,19 %, kar dodatno
prispeva k slabši hidravli čni prevodnosti
struge.
2.3 OSNOVE ZA OBLIKOVANJE
SONARAVNE UREDITVE
STRUGE GLINŠ ČICE
Glavni namen sonaravne ureditve struge
Glinščice na odseku od Jamnikarjeve do
Brdnikove ulice je predvsem normalizacija
preto čnih razmer. Tako bi zagotovili potrebno
poplavno varnost obdajajo čih urbanih površin
in dosegli bolj raznolike preto čne razmere,
predvsem v času srednjih letnih voda ter
nizkih voda v sušnih obdobjih. Rešitev
problema visokih voda na obravnavanem
odseku Glinš čice ni zgolj v pove čanju
hidravli čne prevodnosti obstoje če struge na
odsekih, kjer je poplavna ogroženost obrežnih
urbanih površin najve čja (odsek ob Biološkem
središ ču ter Biotehni čni fakulteti). Tako bi se
še pove čal problem odtoka visokih voda na
dolvodnem odseku Glinš čice na obmo čju
Vi ča. Reševanje problematike visokih voda
Glinščice mora biti usmerjeno v normalizacijo
odto čnih razmer na celotnem prispevnem
obmo čju. V okviru projekta (VGI, 1999; 2001)
je predvidena ureditev suhega zadrževalnika v
profilu Brdnikove ulice. Z ureditvijo suhega
zadrževalnika na tem mestu bi neposredno
vplivali na preto čne razmere v dolvodnih
odsekih vodotoka na obmo čju Biološkega
središ ča in urbanih obmo čij ob izlivu v
Gradaš čico. Visokovodni val s povratno dobo
100 let bi se v profilu vodomerne postaje
Rožna dolina z 38 m
3
/s zmanjšal na približno
11 m
3
/s in ob izlivu z 39 m
3
/s na 17 m
3
/s.
 S pove čano raznolikostjo preto čnih razmer
je povezano izboljšanje ekološkega stanja v
vodotoku ter razvoj primernih življenjskih
prostorov za vodne in obvodne organizme. Za
zasnovo sonaravne ureditve struge Glinš čice
na obravnavanem odseku, ki upošteva
specifi čnost preto čnih razmer v sušnih
obdobjih, je bilo treba pridobiti vrednosti
nizkih pretokov. V juliju 2003 smo izvedli
meritve pretoka Glinš čice ob Biološkem
središ ču. V osrednji, 1 m široki betonski kineti
8 to 12 m. The gradient of the channel ground
is only 0.19 %. This is an additional reason of
the poor hydraulic conductivity.
2.3 BASES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE GLINŠ ČICA CHANNEL
REHABILITATION SCHEME
The primary purpose of the proposed
rehabilitation scheme on the discussed reach of
the Glinš čica from Jamnikarjeva street to
Brdnikova street is the normalization of
discharge conditions in sense of improvement
of flood protection for the surrounding urban
areas. The rehabilitation scheme also considers
the possibilities to improve the variegation of
flow conditions in time of mean annual and
low summer water levels. The problem of high
flows on the discussed reach, where the flood
threat of the surrounding urban areas (reach at
the Biological Centre and Biotechnical
Faculty) is greatest, cannot be solved only by
improving the hydraulic conductivity of the
existing channel. This could only enlarge the
flooding of the urban area on the downstream
reach (Vi č). The solution should be oriented
into a normalization of discharge conditions on
the entire Glinš čica catchment area. The
project (VGI, 1999; 2001) anticipates the
arrangement of a retention area for floodwaters
in the profile of Brdnikova street. The
retention area would directly influence the
discharge conditions downstream on the
discussed reach and further downstream in the
urban areas near the outfall section. The
highflow wave with a return period of 100
years on the section of the gauging station of
Rožna dolina would be reduced from 38 m
3
/s
to approximately 11 m
3
/s and in the outfall
section from 39 m
3
/s to 17 m
3
/s.
The increased variety of discharge
conditions would influence the improvement
of the ecological state of the water body and
would enable development of suitable habitats
for the riparian flora and fauna. To properly
draft the rehabilitation scheme, values of low
summer discharges were measured in July
2003 in the channel near the Biological Centre.
The depth of water in the concrete ditch was
only 6 cm. Measurements with the
hydrometrical wing or the acustic Doppler

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
9
je bila globina vode le 6 cm, kar onemogo ča
izvedbo meritve pretoka s hidrometri čnim
krilom ali profilnim ultrazvo čnim merilcem
hitrosti. Meritev pretoka je bila izvedena z
metodo razred čenja z instrumentom Flo-
Tracer, ki s pomo čjo beleženja spremembe
elektroprevodnosti vode ob vnosu sledila (v
našem primeru 1 litra raztopine NaCl) v
vodotok, dolo či pretok vode v strugi. Izmerjen
je bil sušni pretok 11 l/s.
V nadaljevanju sta predstavljeni dve
variantni rešitvi sonaravne ureditve struge
Glinščice na obravnavanem odseku.
Upoštevane so hidrološke razmere, kakršne se
bodo pojavile po ureditvi suhega
zadrževalnika v profilu Brdnikove ulice, ki bo
prispeval k znižanju konic poplavnih valov.
Merodajen pretok, ki ga bo po ureditvi suhega
zadrževalnika morala prevajati struga
Glinščice dolvodno od Brdnikove ulice, je
ocenjen na 18 m
3
/s (VGI, 2001). Obe variantni
rešitvi sonaravne ureditve predvidevata
odstranitev obstoje če betonske kinete ter
betonskega tlakovanja brežin. Premajhno
hidravli čno prevodnost obstoje če struge je
mogo če rešiti z razširitvijo struge in s
pove čanjem pre čnega prereza struge brez
obsežnejšega nadvišanja brežin. Dolvodno od
predvidene sonaravne ureditve struge se
nadaljuje obstoje ča ureditev tlakovane struge.
2.4 HIDRAVLI ČNI MODEL
Hidravli čni ra čunski model struge
Glinščice, ki zajema odsek Glinš čice od
premostitve severne obvoznice do izliva v
Gradaš čico, je bil izdelan v programu HEC-
RAS (Hydrological Engineering Center´s
River Analysis System), verzija 3.1. Geodetski
posnetek obravnavanega odseka smo pridobili
na Inštitutu za vode Republike Slovenije.
Podatke iz hidravli čnega modela obstoje če
struge, ki je bil izdelan na Inštitutu za vode
Republike Slovenije v programu HEC-2, smo
prenesli v program HEC-RAS. S programom
HEC-RAS smo nadalje v hidravli čni model
vnašali spremembe pre čnih prerezov ter
tlorisnega poteka sonaravno urejene struge na
obravnavanem odseku Glinš čice, kakršne so
predvidene v variantnih rešitvah 1 in 2. Tako
je bila omogo čena analiza preto čnih razmer ob
nastopu razli čnih pretokov. Obstoje ča struga z
velocimeter in such shallow waters cannot be
performed. Measurements of the discharge
were performed with Flo-Tracer, which
measures the change in electroconductivity of
water when dissolved salt (in our case 1 litre
of dissolved NaCl) is poured into the channel.
The measured low summer discharge in the
concrete ditch was 11 l/s.
In continuation, two solutions for the
rehabilitation scheme of the discussed reach of
the Glinš čica channel are represented.
Hydrological conditions that would be
established after the arrangement of a retention
area for floodwaters in the profile of
Brdnikova street, which would decrease peaks
of the discharge hydrogram, are considered. A
decisive discharge that would discharge out of
the retention area downstream is estimated at
18 m
3
/s (VGI, 2001). This is also the discharge
used to determine the cross section of the
rehabilitated channel. In both proposed
solutions, the existing concrete pavement of
the channel bottom and banks would be
removed. The problem of insufficient
hydraulic conductivity would be solved by
widening the existing channel and an
enlargement of the channel cross section
without an intensive elevation of the channel
banks. Downstream of the discussed reach, the
existing paved channel would remain
unchanged.
2.4 HYDRAULIC MODEL
Hydraulic computation model of the
Glinščica channel includes the reach from the
north motorway bridge to the outfall into the
Gradaš čica river. The model was made with
software HEC-RAS (Hydrological
Engineering Center´s River Analysis System),
version 3.1. Geodetic data of the discussed
reach were acquired at the Water Management
Institute. Data from the hydraulic model of the
existing channel made by the Water
Management Institute software HEC 2 were
transformed into the hydraulic model in HEC-
RAS software. The software was used to
determine the necessary changes of the
channel cross section and the ground plan
position of the rehabiliated channel in
proposed solutions 1 and 2, so that the
analyses of different discharge condition were

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
10
betonskim koritom na dnu struge in
zatravljenimi brežinami, ki so tudi delno
obložene z betonskimi ploš čami, ima zelo
nizke vrednosti Manningovega koeficienta
hrapavosti in omogo ča hiter in nemoten odtok
vode (VGI, 1999). V okviru sonaravne
ureditve struge Glinš čice na obravnavanem
odseku je predviden druga čen pristop k
vzdrževanju brežin struge Glinš čice, pri čemer
se vegetacija znotraj profila strugo selektivno
red či, tako da se v strugi še vedno zagotavlja
na črtovano hidravli čno prevodnost. Na podlagi
analize globin vode pri posameznih pretokih,
preto čnih hitrosti in pripadajočih strižnih
napetosti, ki so podane v izhodnih podatkih
hidravli čnega modela, so bili predvideni
ukrepi, s katerimi bi prepre čili morebitne
poškodbe predvidenih ureditev sonaravno
urejene struge Glinš čice.
3. REZULTATI
3.1 TLORISNI POTEK IN UREDITEV
PRE ČNEGA PREREZA SONARAVNO
UREJENE STRUGE
Ve čji del trase predvidene nove sonaravno
urejene struge v obeh variantnih rešitvah
poteka po obmo čju obstoje če struge, ki je
ve činoma speljana po terenu z najnižjimi
nadmorskimi višinami. Zaradi prostorskih
omejitev so spremembe v poteku trase nove
sonaravno urejene struge predvidene predvsem
gorvodno od Biološkega središ ča, kjer je
predvidena ureditev blagih zavojev, ki se
izmenjujejo na obeh straneh obstoje če ravne
trase struge. Dolžina obravnavanega odseka
struge bi bila po izvedeni ureditvi 1195 m.
Zaradi specifi čnosti preto čnih razmer z
izjemno nizkimi vodami poleti ter ob časnimi
izjemno visokimi vodami, je v obeh variantnih
rešitvah predvidena ureditev dvojnega
pre čnega prereza struge Glinš čice. Pri tem
razširjen dvignjen profil, ki je na vrhu brežin
širok 12 do 22 m (variantna rešitev 1) oziroma
15 do 28 m (variantna rešitev 2, slika 3),
ve činoma poteka skladno z obstoje čo traso
kanalizirane struge. Razširjen dvignjen profil
je namenjen odvodnji merodajnega pretoka 18
m
3
/s (variantna rešitev 1) (slika 4) oziroma 25
m
3
/s (variantna rešitev 2) (slika 5), ki bi se ga
ob nastopu visokih voda izpuš čalo iz suhega
possible. The existing channel with concrete
armouring of the bottom and banks has very
low values of Manning´s roughness
coefficient, which enable fast and undisturbed
outflow (VGI, 1999). In combination with the
rehabilitation scheme, a special emphasis is
also given to a proposed maintenance plan,
leaving a certain (admissible) amount of
vegetation in the cross section untouched,
having in mind the projected hydraulic
conductivity. Results of hydraulic computation
model, such as depth of water at different
discharges, velocity and combining shear
stress, were the basis for further analysis and
selection of protective measures, which would
prevent the possible damages of remediation
works in the rehabilitated Glinš čica channel.
3. RESULTS
3.1 GROUND PLAN AND THE
REGULATION OF THE REHABILITATED
CHANNEL CROSS SECTION
A greater part of the foreseen rehabilitated
channel on the discussed reach would coincide
with the existing channel, which passes on the
area with the lowest altitudes. The lack of
available space for channel rehabilitation in
the downstream part of the discussed reach
(the area around and downstream from the
buildings of the Biological Centre) is the main
reason, why the regulation of a few small-
sized meanders on both sides of the existing
lined channel is possible only in the upper part
of the reach (upstream of the Biological
Centre). The length of rehabilitated reach
would be 1195 m.
Due to specific discharge conditions with
extremely low water levels in summer and
periodic high water levels, in both proposed
solutions a regulation of a two-stage
watercourse channel is proposed. The
widened, elevated part of the cross section has
a width of 12 to 22 m (solution 1) and 15 to 28
m (solution 2, Figure 3), respectively. The
ground plan of the widened cross section
mainly coincides with the existing channel and
is planned for the conveyance of the decisive
discharge of 18 m
3
/s (solution 1) (Figure 4) or
25 m
3
/s (solution 2) (Figure 5), which would
discharge out of the retention area in the
section of Brdnikova street in periods of

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
11
zadrževalnika v profilu Brdnikove ulice.
Predvidena ureditev osrednje poglobljene
struge je v obeh variantnih rešitvah enaka.
Osrednji poglobljen del struge je širok 1,8 do
10 m in je namenjen prevajanju srednjih letnih
voda (Q
sr
 = 383 l/s) in nizkih voda v sušnih
obdobjih (Q
suš
 = 11 l/s). Trasa osrednje struge
je bolj razgibana s pogostim spreminjanjem
širine struge in oblike pre čnega prereza. Prav
tako so pogoste spremembe preto čnih globin
osrednje struge. Na odsekih, kjer je osrednja
struga ozka, je globina vode v strugi pri
srednjih pretokih 20 do 30 cm. Predvidena je
ureditev 10 tolmunov. Dno tolmunov je
dodatno razširjeno in poglobljeno. Globina
vode v tolmunih bi bila tudi v času ekstremno
nizkih pretokov 40 do 80 cm. Obstoje če
betonsko tlakovanje dna struge omogo ča hiter
odtok vode ter s tem posledi čno zelo majhno
vodnatost struge v sušnih obdobjih. S
predvideno ureditvijo tolmunov bi v sušnih
obdobjih dosegli po časnejši odtok vode ter
tako pove čali vodnatost struge.
Dodatno bi zadrževalno sposobnost struge
za nizke vode pove čali z vgradnjo nizkih
kamnitih pragov ali pragov, zgrajenih iz
lesenih oblic. Pragovi višine 20 cm bi se
nahajali dolvodno od posameznega tolmuna
ter na ta na čin prispevali k dvigu in umiritvi
gladine vode v tolmunu. Nizki pragovi in
stopnje bi obenem predstavljali fiksne to čke v
dnu struge ter na ta na čin ohranjali predvideni
padec dna struge na posameznih pododsekih.
Ob tem je treba poudariti, da nizki pragovi
vplivajo le na nivoje nizkih voda in nimajo
nobenega vpliva na poslabšanje preto čnih
razmer v času nastopa visokih voda.
3.2 HIDRAVLI ČNI IZRA ČUN
Z rezultati hidravli čnega modela struge
Glinščice smo prikazali vpliv predvidene
ureditve dvojne struge Glinš čice na
zmanjšanje poplavne ogroženosti obdajajo čih
urbanih površin ter možnosti za izboljšanje
življenjskih pogojev za vodne organizme v
strugi.
floodwaters.
The proposed regulation of the central,
lowered part of the cross section is in both
proposed solutions the same. The central,
lowered part of the cross section is 1.8 to 10 m
wide and is planned for the conveyance of low
summer water levels (Q
summer
 = 11 l/s) u p to
mean annual discharges (Q
mean
 = 383 l/s). The
central line of the lowered channel is not
straight, frequently changing in width and
shape of the central channel cross section. For
example, the water depth is approximately
equal to the mean annual discharge, ranging
from 20 to 30 cm in sections where the central
channel is narrow. The arrangement of 10
larger pools is anticipated. The bottom of each
pool is widened and deepened. Even in periods
of extremely low water (discharge
approximately 11 l/s), the depth of water in
pools would be from 40 to 80 cm. As
mentioned, the existing paved channel enables
fast flowing water, thus, the water abundance
of the existing channel is very low. The
proposed regulation of pools would reduce
water velocity and increase water abundance
especially in periods of extremely low water
levels.
Additionally, the water abundance would
increase by installation of low sills made of
stone or logs. These sills, approximately 20 cm
in height, would be positioned downstream of
each pool, and they would directly influence
the elevation and stabilization of water levels
in the pool upstream. Also, the sills would
present stable, fixed points of the rehabilitated
channel bottom and preserve the planned
gradient of the channel in the subreaches. It
should be emphasized that sills influence only
low water levels, however, they do not
decrease the hydraulic conductivity of the
rehabilitated channel during floodwaters.
3.2 HYDRAULIC COMPUTATION
The results of the hydraulic computation
model have shown the impact of the
rehabilitation scheme and two-stage channel
on the reduction of flood threat to the
surrounding urban areas and provided
guidelines for improvement of the ecological
role of the water body for the riparian flora
and fauna.

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
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Slika 3. Odsek sonaravno urejene struge gorvodno od Jamnikarjeve ulice (variantna rešitev 2).
Figure 3. Section of the rehabilitated channel upstream of Jamnikarjeva street (Solution 2).

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
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Slika 4. Prečni prerez struge (P134) z nizkim pragom iz lesenih oblic (variantna rešitev 1).
Figure 4. Cross section of rehabilitated river channel (P 134) with sill made of logs (solution 1).

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
14
Slika 5. Pre čni prerez struge (P134) z nizkim pragom iz lesenih oblic (variantna rešitev 2).
Figure 5. Cross section of rehabilitated river channel (P 134) with a sill made of logs (solution 2).

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
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Poseben poudarek je bil na možnostih
ureditve osrednjega poglobljenega dela struge,
ki prevaja srednje letne in sušne vode. Z
ureditvijo osrednje struge bi dosegli
koncentriranje vode v sušnih obdobjih, tako bi
se zmanjšala temperatura vode in izhlapevanje
v poletnih mesecih. Na obmo čja tolmunov,
kjer bi prišlo do zadrževanja vode, bi se vodni
organizmi lahko umaknili v obdobjih izjemno
nizkih pretokov. Prav tako pa bi obmo čja
tolmunov z nekoliko nižjimi preto čnimi
hitrostmi predstavljala zavetiš če za vodne
organizme tudi v času visokih voda.
Prenos plavin v strugi Glinš čice bi bil
zaradi majhnih hitrosti vodnega toka ter
posledi čno šibkih strižnih napetosti tako reko č
zanemarljiv, zato ne bi bilo nevarnosti, da bi
prišlo do odlaganja plavin na obmo čjih
tolmunov. Na vmesnih odsekih med
posameznimi tolmuni, kjer je osrednja struga
široka le približno 2 m, bi prišlo do pospešitve
vodnega toka, kar bi popestrilo strukturo
preto čnih hitrosti v obdobjih srednjih pretokov
ter obdobjih, ko je v strugi izjemno malo vode.
Primerjava porazdelitve preto čnih hitrosti v
vzdolžnem profilu obravnavanega odseka v
obstoje či strugi ter v sonaravno urejeni strugi
pri pretoku 11 l/s je prikazana na sliki 6. Iz
slike je dobro razvidno zmanjšanje preto čnih
hitrosti na obmo čjih tolmunov ter pospešitev
vodnega toka na vmesnih odsekih med
posameznimi tolmuni.
Predvidena ureditev bi vplivala tudi na
pove čanje vodnatosti struge. Vodnatost je
izražena v m
3
 vode, ki se zadržujejo v strugi na
dolo čenem odseku ob sušnem pretoku 11 l/s.
Vodnatost obstoje če struge znaša 5,04 m
3
na
100 m (vodnatost 100 m dolgega odseka
struge). V sonaravno urejeni strugi se
vodnatost pove ča na vrednost 42,7 m
3
 na 100
m struge.
Razporeditev vegetacije v pre čnem
visokovodnem profilu struge je ključnega
pomena tako s stališ ča zagotavljanja
na črtovane hidravli čne prevodnosti struge kot
tudi z vidika zagotavljanja primernih
življenjskih pogojev za vodne in obvodne
organizme. V normalnem pre čnem prerezu
sonaravno urejene struge Glinš čice so bila
predvidena tri obmo čja, ki se razlikujejo glede
na vrednosti Manningovega koeficienta
hrapavosti (slika 7).
Special emphasis was given to the options
of remediating the central part of a two-stage
channel for low summer to mean annual water
levels. The regulation of the central channel
would accumulate water in periods of low
water level, and thus the water temperature
and evaporation would decrease. Areas with
pools would retain water. These would ensure
water organisms their survival in periods of
extreme low water levels. In periods of high
waters, the pools would provide shelter for
water organisms, because of slightly lower
flow velocity.
Due to low flow velocity in the
rehabilitated channel, the quantity of possible
sediment deposition in pools would be
negligible. On sections between two pools,
where the central channel is only about 2 m
wide, the water velocity would slightly
increase. These changes in the structure of the
longitudinal velocity profile of the
rehabilitated reach would contribute to the
variegation of habitat conditions. Comparison
of velocities in the longitudinal profile of the
discussed rehabilitated reach for low summer
discharge 11 l/s is shown in Figure 6. The
influence of pools (low water velocity) and
between reaches (high water velocity) with
narrow central channel on the structure of
longitudinal velocity profile is seen clearly.
As mentioned, the foreseen rehabilitation of
the discussed reach would also influence the
water abundance. The water abundance is
defined as quantity of water in m
3
, which is
retained in a particular reach of a channel (in
our case at a discharge of 11 l/s). Water
abundance of a 100 m reach of the existing
channel is 5.04 m
3
, in comparison to the
rehabilitated channel, where the water
abundance rises to 42.7 m
3
.
Distribution of vegetation cover inside the
rehabilitated channel cross section is essential
for assuring the planned hydraulic
conductivity of the channel and also to ensure
suitable habitats for riparian flora and fauna.
Inside the normal cross section of the
rehabilitated cross section, 3 areas with
different structure of vegetation cover and
therefore also different values of Manning´s
roughness coefficient, were defined (Figure 7).

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
16
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Odsek (Reach)
Preto čna hitrost (Velocity)
 (m/s)
Obstoje ča struga (Existing river channel)
Sonaravno urejena struga (Rehabilitated river channel)
Slika 6. Primerjava porazdelitve preto čnih hitrosti v vzdolžnem profilu obravnavanega odseka
v obstoje či ter sonaravno urejeni strugi pri pretoku 11 l/s.
Figure 6. Comparison of water velocity in the longitudinal profile of the reach in the existing river
channel and the proposed rehabilitated river channel with a discharge of 11 l/s.
obmo čje 1 obmo čje 2 obmo čje 3 obmo čje 2 obmo čje 1 
area 1 area 2 area 3 area 2 area 1 
Slika 7. Razdelitev normalnega pre čnega prereza sonaravno urejene struge na tri obmo čja z
razli čnimi vrednostmi Manningovega koeficienta hrapavosti.
Figure 7. Distribution of the Glinš čica channel cross section onto 3 areas with different values of
Manning´s roughness coefficient.
Intenzivnejše razraš čanje predvsem
emergentnih rastlinskih vrst bi bilo dovoljeno
predvsem na obmo čju 2, ki predstavlja
položen prehod iz ožje poglobljene struge,
namenjene odvodnji nizkih in srednjih voda v
Intensive growth of emergent vegetation
cover would be allowed, especially in area 2,
which represent a gradual transition from the
central deepened channel planned for
conveying water levels up to mean annual
discharge, to the widened elevated second

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
17
razširjen profil struge, ki prevaja merodajni
pretok 18 m
3
/s. S tem bi dosegli boljšo
osen čenost osrednjega svetlega preto čnega
profila struge (obmo čja 3). Na obmo čju 1 je
predvideno redno čiš čenje zarasti.
Glede na gostoto vegetacijskega pokrova in
vegetacijske dobe, se vrednosti Manningovega
koeficienta hrapavosti gibljejo od 0,35 do
0,55.
3.3 STABILIZACIJA DNA
STRUGE IN BREŽIN
Sonaravno urejena struga bi po odstranitvi
obstoje čega betonskega tlakovanja v celoti
potekala v meljastem in glinenem materialu, ki
je prisoten na neutrjenem dnu struge gorvodno
od Brdnikove ulice. Iz obstoje če neutrjene
struge gorvodno od Brdnikove ulice ne prihaja
do občutnejšega dotoka plavin v dolvodne
odseke struge, kljub temu da dosežejo strižne
napetosti na dnu struge pri pretoku 18 m
3
/s,
glede na rezultate hidravli čnega modela struge,
vrednosti do 30 N/m
2
. Na podlagi
hidravli čnega modela struge Glinš čice je bila
pri merodajnem pretoku 18 m
3
/s na
obravnavanem odseku struge ugotovljena
kriti čna strižna napetost na dnu struge 70
N/m
2
. S pomo čjo Shieldsovega diagrama za
za četek prodnega premika, ob upoštevanju
kriti čne brezdimenzijske strižne napetosti
(obi čajno uporabljena vrednost po Shieldsu je
0,055) smo izra čunali srednji premer zrn
potrebnega nasutega lomljenca 7,9 cm, pri
katerem še ne pride do premeš čanja nasutega
materiala.
Z nasutjem sloja lomljenca bi odsekoma
popestrili zrnavostno sestavo plavin na dnu
struge. Pod krovni sloj lomljenca je
predvideno nasutje podložnega filtrnega sloja
drobljenca, s katerim bi prepre čili spiranje zrn
meljastih temeljnih tal skozi vrzeli med
posameznimi grobimi zrni nasutega krovnega
sloja.
Z izra čuni hidravli čnega modela so bili
predlagani tudi dodatni ukrepi, s katerimi bi
zaš čitili brežine struge vodotoka pred
erozivnim delovanjem vodnega toka. V
povezavi s sonaravnimi ureditvami vodotokov
naj se spodbuja uporaba inženirsko-bioloških
stage of the channel cross section, which
conveys discharges of up to 18 m
3
/s. The
purpose of such distribution of vegetation
inside the cross section is to assure a better
shading of the central clear part of the cross
section (area 3). The vegetation in area 1
would be regularly cleaned.
Values of Manning´s roughness coefficient
are between 0.35 and 0.55, depending on the
density of vegetation cover and time of the
year.
3.3 STABILIZATION OF THE CHANNEL
BOTTOM AND BANKS
After removal of the existing concrete
paving, a new watercourse channel would be
arranged in silt and clay, which is also present
upstream of Brdnikova street in the more
natural channel. There is no considerable
transport of sediments from the upstream reach
downstream to the discussed reach, even if in
some sections of the channel the values of
shear stress reach 30 N/m
2
, regarding the
results of hydraulic model for a discharge of
18 m
3
/s. Based on the results of shear stress on
the rehabilitated reach for a discharge of 18
m
3
/s, the critical shear stress on the bottom of
rehabilitated channel is 70 N/m
2
. Using
Shields´ diagram for evaluation of the starting
point of transportation for gravel and the value
for critical dimensionless shear stress (the
commonly used value proposed by Shields is
0.055), the mean diameter (7.9 cm) for
particles of the confining layer was computed.
Such granulometric structure of the confining
layer assures that the material is not
transported.
The confining layer of the quarry stone
would also variegate the granulometric
structure of bed material in some sections of
the channel. Beneath the confining layer, the
implementation of the underlying filter layer is
proposed. The underlying layer would prevent
the denudation of silt and clay material
through the gaps between the rough particles
of the confining layer.
Additional bank revetments were based on
the results of the hydraulic computating
model. The revetments would protect banks
from the erosive forces of water. In
combination with the regulations of
rehabilitated channels, the usage of
bioengineering techniques is advised. The
following bioengineering techniques are
included in the rehabilitation scheme:

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
18
metod zaščite brežin struge. Predvideni so
naslednji na čini zaš čite tvoriva brežin:
− Po zaklju čku zemeljskih del bi bilo treba
celotno obmo čje brežin zatraviti.
− Na odsekih struge, kjer se nagibi brežin
gibajo med 1 : 3 in 1 : 2, je v kombinaciji z
zatravitvijo brežine predvidena vgradnja
pletiva iz jute ali kokosovega pletiva, s
čimer bi dodatno zaš čitili zemljino v
brežini ter prepre čili izpiranje semen trav
takoj po vgradnji. Na najbolj kriti čnih
odsekih, kjer so nagibi brežin najve čji
(nagib brežin približno 1 : 2), je zaželeno
prekritje brežine struge z biorazgradljivo
geotekstilno mrežo. Pletiva in geotekstilna
mreža morajo biti dobro pritrjeni na
brežino, da ne pride do poškodb ali
njihovega odplavljanja ter posledi čnega
izpiranja zemljine z brežine.
− Kjer bi bil material v brežini sonaravne
struge na novo nasut, obstaja nevarnost
pronicanja vode skozi nasuti
nekonsolidiran material ter destabiliziranja
brežine. Priporo čena je obložitev teh
odsekov s plastjo komprimirane zaglinjene
zemljine, s katero bi se zmanjšalo možno
pronicanje vode skozi nasuti material v
brežini. Dodatno se brežino prekrije s
kokosovim pletivom ali pletivom iz jute ter
intenzivno zatravi. Ob tem mora biti
stabilizacija brežine izvedena na odseku, ki
je daljši od odseka brežin, kjer je bil
material na novo nasut.
3.4 UREDITEV SPREHAJALNIH POTI
Poleg razli čne hidravli čne prevodnosti
struge zaradi razli čne razširitve pre čnega
prereza struge (v variantni rešitvi 1 je
predvidena sonaravna struga sposobna
prevajati 18 m
3
/s, v variantni rešitvi 2 pa 25
m
3
/s) se variantni rešitvi razlikujeta tudi glede
na na čin preureditve obstoje čih sprehajalnih
poti ob strugi. V variantni rešitvi 1 je
predvidena ureditev sprehajalnih poti ob robu
sonaravno urejene struge Glinš čice (slika 3).
Variantna rešitev 2 predvideva umestitev
sprehajalne poti v profil sonaravno urejene
struge Glinš čice (slika 4). V obdobjih nastopa
poplavnih voda v strugi Glinš čice, bi bili
posamezni najnižji odseki sprehajalne poti
preplavljeni in nekaj dni na leto neprehodni.
− After the conclusion of construction works,
the entire area of the rehabilitated banks
should be grassed.
− On the sections, where the banks have a
slope of 1 : 3 to 1 : 2, in combination with
grass turf, an implementation of jute
matting or coconut coir is proposed. The
matting or coir would additionally protect
the bank material and prevent the washing
of grass seeds immediately after the
implementation. In the sections of the
channel, where banks are steepest (about
1:2), an implementation of the
biodegradeable geotextile is proposed.
Special attention must be given to a proper
implementation of the matting, coir or
geotextile to prevent the possible
dislocations and destabilization of bank
material.
− The water could seep through the
unconsolidated material in sections, where
the channel banks would be arranged
through the unconsolidated material. This
could cause the collapse of the new
channel banks. Thus, the implementation
of a layer of comprimated clay material on
the threatened sections of banks is
recommended. This layer would reduce the
seepage of water through the
unconsolidated bank material.
Additionally, a layer of the comprimated
clay material would be covered with jute
matting or coconut coir. The described
stabilisation method must be implemented
on the section, which is longer than the
section, where the material is expected to
be unstable.
3.4 ARRANGEMENT OF FOOTPATHS
Beside different levels of hydraulic
conductivity of the rehabilitated channel due to
different sizes of channel cross sections (in
solution 1, the channel conveys a discharge of
up to 18 m
3
/s, and in solution 2 up to 25 m
3
/s),
the essential difference between both solutions
is the proposed repositioning of the existing
network of footpaths. In solution 1, the
footpath is positioned beside the rehabilitated
channel (Figure 3). In solution 2, the footpath
is positioned inside the channel cross section
(Figure 4). In periods of elevated water levels
in the Glinš čica channel, some lowest parts of
the footpath would be flooded and thus

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
19
Zaradi nevarnosti poškodb sprehajalne poti v
času visokih voda bi bilo treba sprehajalno pot
na odsekih, kjer bi prišlo do preplavitev,
tlakovati s poravnanim lomljencem, najbolj
strme odseke brežin ob sprehajalni poti pa
zaš čititi z geotekstilno mrežo oz. s popletom iz
kokosovega pletiva ali jute. Namen takšne
ureditve je približati vodno telo obiskovalcem
sprehajalnih poti ter omogočiti varen dostop
do vodnega telesa.
4. RAZPRA V A
Glavni pogoj za izvedbo sonaravnih
ureditev strug vodotokov in pripadajo čih
obvodnih površin v urbanem okolju je
predvsem zagotovitev razpoložljivega
prostora. Površine neposredno ob strugi
Glinščice na obmo čju Vi ča do Rožne doline so
pozidane. Na tem odsekih ni razpoložljivega
prostora za sonaravno ureditev vodotokov, kot
je izoblikovanje vijugaste trase struge in
ureditev razširjene struge. Gorvodno od Rožne
doline (Jamnikarjeva ulica) se ob regulirani
strugi Glinš čice kon ča strnjena pozidava, na
obeh straneh struge so predvsem travnate in
redke njivske površine. Z vidika pridobitve
potrebnih površin za razširitev obstoje če
struge in ureditev dvojnega pre čnega prereza
struge je torej izbrani odsek struge Glinš čice
primeren za izvedbo sonaravne ureditve. V
preglednici 1 je za obe variantni rešitvi podana
površina zemljiš č ob obstoje či strugi, ki bi jih
bilo treba pridobiti za ureditev pre čnega
prereza sonaravno urejene struge.
Poudariti je treba, da prostorski plan
Mestne občine Ljubljana (MOL, 2002) na
obmo čju obravnavanega odseka Glinš čice ne
predvideva obsežnejše širitve urbanih površin.
Cilji prostorskega razvoja na obravnavanem
obmo čju so usmerjeni v ureditev zelenih
površin, ki bi bile funkcionalno vklju čene v
predvideni zeleni sistem Ljubljane. Ta bi
skupaj z drugimi urbanimi grajenimi
površinami prispeval k izoblikovanju mestne
strukture. Sonaravna ureditev struge bi torej
prispevala k dvigu ekološke vrednosti kot tudi
privla čnejšemu izgledu že sedaj dobro
obiskanih zelenih rekreacijskih površin ob
regulirani strugi Glinš čice.
impassable for several days per year. Because
of possible erosion, the footpath should be
paved with quarry stone, steep sections of
banks beside the footpath should be
additionally protected with geotexstile, jute
matting or coconut coir. Such arrangement of
footpaths would bring the water body closer to
visitors and ensure safe access to the
watercourse channel.
4. DISCUSSION
The basic condition for the practical
implementation of the rehabilitation scheme of
watercourse channels and their surrounding
areas in an urban environment is to assure the
available space. On the reach of the Glinš čica
from the outfall section to Rožna dolina, the
areas along the existing channel are densely
urbanized. There is no available space for
regulations on this reach in the sense of
widening the existing channel or regulating the
meandering channel. Upstream of Rožna
dolina (Jamnikarjeva street), the surrounding
areas are not urbanized as densely as in the
downstream reach. The surrounding areas are
mainly meadows and fields. The area for
implementation of the rehabilitation scheme
(widening of the existing channel and
regulation of a two-stage cross section) is
available. The area of landed property along
the existing channel that should be acquired
for the proposed rehabilitation of the channel
in each solution is shown in Table 1.
The plan for future urban planning of the
Municipality of Ljubljana (MOL, 2002) does
not anticipate any extensive spreading of
urbanization onto the surrounding areas of the
discussed reach. Future urban planning aims at
regulating the green system of the city of
Ljubljana, which would, in combination with
other planned uses of urban space, contribute
to the formation of a complete image of the
city. The proposed rehabilitation scheme
would thus also contribute to the amelioration
of the ecological state of the urban
environment and to a more attractive
appearance of the existing recreational area
around the Glinš čica channel.

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
20
Preglednica 1. Površina zemljiš č, ki bi jih bilo treba pridobiti za ureditev
pre čnega prereza sonaravno urejene struge v posamezni variantni rešitvi.
Table 1. Area that should be acquired for regulation of a two-stage
rehabilitated river channel in each proposed solution.
Površina v m
2
Area in m
2 
of
obstoje če struge
(current river channel)
sonaravno urejene struge
(rehabilitated river channel)
potrebnih zemljiš č
(required land)
rešitev 1 – Solution 1 11 480 22 070 10 590
rešitev 2 – Solution 2 11 480 28 130 16 650
5. ZAKLJU ČEK
Na čela sonaravnega urejanja vodotokov so
v državah zahodne Evrope (Švica, Velika
Britanija, Nem čija, Danska) dobro
uveljavljena. Izkušnje, pridobljene na pilotnih
projektih sonaravnih ureditev vodotokov Cole
and Skerne (RRC, 1999), kažejo, da se projekti
ureditev vodotokov ne smejo zaklju čiti z
dokončanjem zemeljskih del, ampak mora biti
v okviru priprave sonaravnih ureditev
vodotokov predviden tudi program
predvidenih vzdrževalnih del. V sklop
vzdrževalnih del, poleg odprave možnih
poškodb, ki so posledica vodne erozije, spada
tudi kontrola razraš čanja vegetacijskega
pokrova znotraj preto čnih profilov strug
vodotokov. S selektivnim red čenjem vodne in
obvodne zarasti se ohranjata na črtovana
hidravli čna prevodnost struge in vloga
vodotoka kot habitata. Na obravnavanem
odseku Glinš čice se hidravli čna prevodnost
sonaravno urejene struge v primeru, da se
predvideno red čenje zarasti nekaj let ne bi
izvajalo, z 18 m
3
/s zmanjša na približno 12
m
3
/s. Nivo poplavnih voda se v tem primeru
dvigne za 25 do 40 cm. Sonaravna ureditev
struge Glinš čice na obravnavanem odseku
torej v primeru neizvajanja vzdrževalnih del
kljub pove čanju preto čnega prereza struge ne
prispeva k zmanjšanju poplavne ogroženosti
(predvsem objektov Biološkega središ ča),
ampak poplavno ogroženost celo pove čuje.
5. CONCLUSION
The basic principles of rehabilitation,
restoration and remediation of watercourses
are well known in the countries of Western
Europe (Switzerland, Great Britain, Germany,
Denmark). Experiences gathered with
experimental projects of watercourse
rehabilitation on the rivers Cole and Skerne
(RRC, 1999) show that rehabilitation projects
should not end with the completion of
construction works. The project of watercourse
rehabilitation must also consider a programme
of a further maintenance plan. The
maintenance plan should contain procedures
for repairing the possible damages of
revetments and also the control of growth of
vegetation cover inside the channel cross
section. A selective cleaning of riparian
vegetation assures that the hydraulic
conductivity does not deteriorate and that the
role of a watercourse as a habitat remains
unharmed. The hydraulic conductivity
evidently deteriorates when the maintenance
works are not carried out as planned. If the
vegetation cover would not be cleaned for a
few years, the hydraulic conductivity would
drop from the planned 18 m
3
/s to only 12 m
3
/s.
The level of floodwaters would rise by 25 to
40 cm. This shows that the rehabilitation of the
Glinš čica channel in case of unsuitable
maintenance, in spite of the enlargement of the
channel cross section, does not contribute to
the diminishment of the flood risk (especially
for buildings of the Biological Centre), on the
contrary, the flood risk increases.

Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
21
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Rusjan, S. et al.: Možnosti za revitalizacijo urbaniziranih vodotokov na primeru Glinš čice v Ljubljani – River
Rehabilitation of Urban Watercourses on the Example of the Glinš čica River in Ljubljana
© Acta hydrotechnica 21/34 (2003), 1–22, Ljubljana
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Naslovi avtorjev − − − − Authors’ Addresses
Simon Rusjan
Univerza v Ljubljani – University of Ljubljana
Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo – Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
Jamova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana
E-mail: srusjan@fgg.uni-lj.si
mag. Rok Fazarinc
Inženiring za vode – Water Engineering Ltd.
Teslova 30, SI-1000 Ljubljana
E-mail: rok.fazarinc@izvode.si
izr. prof. dr. Matjaž Mikoš
Univerza v Ljubljani – University of Ljubljana
Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo – Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
Jamova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana
E-mail: mmikos@fgg.uni-lj.si