337 Iz virni znans tv eni članek/ Article (1.01) Bogoslovni vestnik/Theological Quarterly 84 (2024) 2, 337—350 Besedilo pr eje t o/R eceiv ed:08/2022; spr eje t o/ Accep t ed:10/2024 UDK/UDC: 27-4:316.344.7(439) DOI: 10.34291/B V2024/02/Zsolt © 2024 Zsolt, CC B Y 4.0 Csutak Zsolt An Overview of the Special Nexus Between Progressivist Theorems and Mainline Christian Churches in Hungary Pregled posebne povezave med progresivističnimi teorijami in glavnimi krščanskimi Cerkvami na Madžarskem Abstract: The so-called Chris tian conser v ativ e political turn and allegedly anti-L GB T Q legisla tiv e measur es in gov ernmen t al politics in Hung ary ha v e aff ect ed the ma i n- line Chris tian chur ches, as w ell. Critic al W es t ern pr ogr essiv e theor e ticians and opinion leader s claim tha t the chur ches t end t o legitimiz e and mer ely ser v e the objectiv es of politics, particularly in Hung ar y . The s tudy analy z es the v arious clerical doctrines and statements concerning the new, progressive challenges, particularly the g ender -r ela t ed t opics and the issue of chur ch r ec ognition bles- sing of same-sex marriage. It also demonstrates the biblical fundaments and doctr inal r ig or tha t the mainline Chr is tian chur che s in the W e s t, and, e spe cial- ly in Hung ar y f ormula t e and t end t o base their dissen ting s t ance in these highly c on tr o v er sial ma tt er s. Key words: pr ogr essivism, secularism, tr aditionalism, L GB T Q issues, Chris tianity , Hungary Povzetek: T ak o imenov ani kr šč ansk o-k onser v a tivni politični obr a t in domne vno pr oti L GB T Q usmerjeni z ak ono dajni ukr epi vladne politik e na Madž ar sk em z a- de v ajo tudi osr ednje kr šč ansk e Cerkv e. Z ahodni pr ogr esivni t eor e tiki in pr ed- s t a vniki ja vneg a mnenja so do Cerkv e kritični, češ da se nagib a k legitimiz aciji t eh spr ememb in služ enju ciljem politik e, zlas ti na Madž ar sk em. Prispe v ek ana- lizir a r azlične klerik alne dok trine in izja v e v z v e zi z no vimi, pr ogr esivnimi izzivi, zlas ti t emami, po v e z animi z vpr ašanjem spola in cerkv eneg a priznanja blag o- slova istospolnih porok. Prikazuje tudi svetopisemske temelje in doktrinarno s tr og os t, ki jih gla vne kr šč ansk e Cerkv e na Z ahodu in zlas ti na Madž ar sk em iz- pričujejo in na k a t erih s v oje od klonilno s t ališče v t eh izr azit o polemičnih z ade- v ah obič ajno ut emeljujejo. Ključne besede : pr ogr esiviz em, sek ulariz em, tr adicionaliz em, vpr ašanja L GB T Q , kr- šč ans tv o , Madž ar sk a 338 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 1. Introduction It is a c ommonl y shar ed politic al wisdom tha t ideas and in t er es ts rule the w orld, sinc e t he im pa c t of ide a s la s t s long e r a nd t e nds t o be m or e pe r sis t e n t ly in flue n ti- al on the fabric of society, culture, and policy-makers, as well. The post-Cold war period of the late 20 th century resulted in the realm of secularism, liberalism and pos tmodernism, as f ar as the mainline W es t ern civiliz a tion has been c oncerned. In the er a of the digit al pos t -po s tmodern ag e (Nealon 2012) w e c ould also e xpe- rience the so-called revenge of God or the revisionism of classic and new forms of theism and religious revivalism, a strive for transcendental experiences among the alienated consumerist individuals of the Western and post-communist Europe- an c oun tries. Th e r a ther gloom y ins t ances of o v er -politiciz ed r eligions as per the e ff ect of la revanche de Dieu’ (K epel 1991) as w ell as the ple thor a of p seudo-r e- ligious forms of faiths, would immediately remind us of the various controversial violen t manif es t a tions inspir ed and g ener a t ed b y r eligious ha tr ed and diff er en t types of harms c arried out in the name of God. The r ela tivizing par adigm aligned with na tur al sciences and liber al pr ogr essiv e politic al theories t ends t o c ons titut e the major challenges of transcendental faith and biblical moral fundaments in the pos tmodern W es t ern w orld (Molnár 1987). This paper, on the one hand tends to highlight the main premises of the so-called 21 st century secular, progressive pseudo-religions, heralded by such much-cited ico- nic t erms as g ender iden tity theories or the c o-r ela t ed L GB T QI+ policies. Further- more, it also aims to provide an insight into the seemingly paradigm-changing im- pact, cultur al, politic al challeng es of the ne w theories and tr ends posed by v arious Chris tian chur ches and denomina tions in Hung ary . The h ypothesis claims tha t the mainline Chris tian chur ches and denomina tions in Hung ar y t end t o r eject the adop tion of ne w pr ogr essiv e ideas on biblic al and doctrinal fundamen ts and much less on dir ect politic al impac t fr om c onser v a tiv e ( g o v ernmen t al) policy -mak er s. The study is going to provide a brief outline of the responses given by the chosen chur ches e x amined, c oncerning their a ttitude and s t andpoin ts r ela t ed t o highly c on tr o v er sial issues, lik e same-se x marriag e, dec ons truction of he t er onorma tivity or the enf or cemen t of r ecen tly elabor a t ed and adopt ed L GB T QI+ righ ts and policies. The me thods applied thr ough this paper r ely on analy tic al c on t en t analy ses of the a v ailable primar y r esour ces in the ma tt er , including dir ect r esponses of cler- gymen, doctrinal documen ts, s ynod pr oclama tions issued and decisions made concerning the subject of the paper. 2. Clash of paradigms in the West “ The sad duty of politics is t o es t ablish jus tice in a sin ful w orld” Reinhold Niebuhr 339 339 Csutak Zsolt - An Overview of the Special Nexus ... As the c ommon pious Chris tian wisdom sa y s times and mor als ar e changing , thou the word of God and the example of his Son and apostles do not. Neverthe- less, not r ar ely in the las t cen turies, fr om time t o time the secular earthly chal- lenges, like totalitarian ideologies, do pose serious hazards and intellectual, spi- ritual e xperime n ts, time and need f or r ec onsider a tion f or the chur ch leader s and common believers alike. The Chris tian chur ches and denomina tions f ollowing the biblic al herit ag e of Jesus Ch ris t and his apos tles ha v e oft en been r eg ar ded since the Enligh t enmen t by several intellectual, secular decision-makers and ideologues as rather weird un w orldly f ea tur es. Chris tians ha v e been c onsider ed almos t outsider s or r a ther not belonging t o the signific an tly diff er en t social s y s t em and habits of the mind and hearts of modern, secular socie ties. Ho w e v er , the mission and spiritual mes- sag e of both parties, namely the Chris tian chur ches and the ne w pr ogr essiv e, se- cular cluster of ideas, paradigm share some distant resemblance. On one hand, Chris tians cherish the idea of another perf ect w orld fulfilling either the words and promises of the Gospel in a sinful, imperfect human enviro- nment. While on the other hand, the progressivists await and urge the accompli- shment of a visionary utopian dreamland where everyone would be equal without r e s tr ictions, with an abundance of indiv idual ide n titie s and se lf -achie v ing z e al f or pur suing the ultima t e self -r e flectiv e ma t erialis tic jo y of lif e (Molnár 2022, 26). The ideologic al fr ame w ork behind the la tt er ideas c an be dir ectly r ela t ed t o postmodernism, post-liberalism, which are meant to be integral components of neo-Marxis t critic al theories as some sort of dis t ort ed ne w manif es t a tions of W e- s t ern secular r e ligion, also kno wn as w ok e pr ogr essivism (Malik 2022). The in t el- lectual r oots of these tr ends and theor e tic al disc our ses ha v e been embedded in the liber al arts and social s tudies milieu of W es t ern ac ademia ev er since the 1970s. The commonly shared postmodern theorem on the new technology and gen- der -driv en social, cultur al tr ends, basic ally r e-a ffirm the necessity and ine vit abili- ty of dec ons tructing both the c ollectiv e his t oric al memories and r eligious, spiri- tual fr ame w ork s, s till pr e v ailing in the W es t. The in t ellectual mas t erminds behind the new progressive discourses emerged more than half a century ago overseas, and were primarily heralded by European philosophers established in America, lik e Michel F ouc ault and Jacques Derrida (Derrida 1995, 9–63). The seeds of their thoughts have turned into full grown trees and their ideas seem to be paramoun- ting these da y s among W es t er n liber al ac ademia. The Ameri c an c ampus cultur e n o u ri sh ed b y th e n e w d i sci p l i n es o f d ec o n s tru ctio n i sm an d p o s tmo d ern i sm h as been also f ea tur ed b y the emer g ence of r adic al Le ftis t f eminism, queer and mi- nority s tudies, critic al r ace theor y (Ruf o 2021), in t er -sectionalism (CIJ 2020), as well as other co-related highly controversial theories. The new paradigm and un- finished an thr opologic al r e v olution g ained momen tum in ac ademia and liber al think t ank s, particularly during the unipolar momen t of Americ an heg emon y f ol- lowing the fall of the Soviet Union at the demise of the bipolar world order in 1991. 340 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 The former communist Soviet bloc countries of Central and East Europe, like Hungary, too, regarded the West, and especially the United States of President R eag an and Geor g e H. W . Bush as the a w e-inspiring land of fr eedom and a r ole model f or all the oppr essed people of the E as t. The r a ther nih ilis tic, a theis tic, se- culariz ed and ideologic ally indoctrina t ed pos t -c ommunis t socie ties s wiftly turned in t o a some wha t mor e pious, na tionalis tic me dle y of gr oup s of citiz e ns who ha v e been eagerly willing to incorporate any new input, spiritual, and intellectual trend and ide a s c om ing fr om t he W e s t (K r a s t e v a nd Holm e s 2 0 1 9 ). Chr is tian r e v iv alis t movements and new style of pseudo-transcendentalist pseudo-church organiza- tions, lik e the c on tr o v er sial Scien t ology mo v emen t of L. R on Hubbar d (Scien t olo- gy 2010 ) ha v e sprung in t o lif e acc ompanied b y the secular tr ends of c o v ert neo- Marxis t theories and their social, cultur al and politic al manif es t a tions. In the pos t - c ommunis t Eur opean c oun tries, the L GB T Q mov emen ts and their v arious civil righ ts activis t or g aniz a tions emer g ed in the 1990s, as part of the f amous bela t e- dness of the en tir e r egion depict ed b y Iv an K r as t e v and St ephen Holmes. The in t ellectual off springs of the 1968 new -Le ftis ts r ev olutionaries, aligned with the new scholarship and disciplines of the Frankfurt School overtook the social stu- dies ins titut es of sev er al W es t ern univ er sities, elabor a t ed not only a new , c ov ertly Mar xis t par adigm, but a hig hly indiv idualis tic philosoph y , a r adic al r e v olutionar y an thr opologic a ttitude. It also r esult ed in a marking new position or raison d’être for the f orthc oming pos t -w ar g ener a tions with an eag er appetit e f or something s trikin- gly new and r ev olutionary during the Cold w ar apa th y . The k ey t erms and principles, which ar e c ommonly used now ada y s in the mains tr eam media and politic al narr a ti- ves, were denoted by much revered liberal thinkers, most notably Jacques Derrida, John Mooney , Herbert Mar cuse, Michel F oucault, or Judith Butler . Mor e r ecently law pr of essor s lik e Kimberley Cr enshaw , Cheryl Harris, Br adley Mason (Lambs R eign 2020) and their numer ous in fluen tial disciples within Americ an ac ademia, lik e Ibr am X. K endi, as the primary tr end-sett er pr ogr essiv e in t ellectuals (Saad 2020). Their primar y pr emises r e v olv e ar ound ideas lik e: dec ons tructionism, s tructu- r alism, g ender , ne w mor ality , an ti-tr anscenden t alism, an ti-tr aditionalism, pos t - he t er onorma tivity , and social c ons tructivism. These c onsider ably Le ftis t, r e visit ed neo-Gramscian concepts have also been supplemented with the controversial theor y of s tructur al r acism, whit e privileg e s t a tus and oppr essiv e Chris tianity g e- ner ally pr e v ailing within the W es t ern socie ties (Lindsa y 2021). P e t er Boghossi an, an Americ an a theis t philosopher and a c ar eer - victim of pr o- gressivist cancelled cultural campaigns together with Rod Dreher, American Ortho- do x Chris tian author and journalis t on a c on f er ence panel discussion in Budapes t, ascert ained and c onsen t ed with the r ec ognition tha t the ne w secular pr ogr essiv e clus t er of theories, or w okism is basic ally a ne w p seudo-r eligious ideology (MCC 2022). Similarly t o the logic al pa tt ern of Gr amsci ’ s Marxis t c oncep t of r eligion — as the mos t c omple x ut opian ideology in human his t or y (Gr amsci 1970, 154), — the postmodern progressivist theorem can also be considered a totalitarian neo- Mar xis t par adigm, a ne w ty pe of social and cultur al an thr opology with e ff e ctiv e politic al implic a tions. 341 341 Csutak Zsolt - An Overview of the Special Nexus ... The recently elaborated set of norms had been properly and quite incompre- hensibly wr app ed in t o the par adigm of ne w W es t ern pos t -Chris tian mor ality , ba- se d on the cult of libe r a t e d se lf , r e de fine d and de c ons tr uct e d pos t -binar y g e nde r roles and principles of unchained sexual desire as driving force of history, culture and e v en of pr ogr essiv e politic al acts (Murr a y 2019). The W es t ern Chris tian chur ches, primarily the R oman Ca tholic and mainline pr ot es t an t chur ches and denomina tions ha v e tr aditionally adop t ed a v er y r eser- v ed, c autious positioning c oncerning the ne w , so-c alled pr ogr essiv e pos tmodern ideas and theories, un til r ecen tly . Although the v arious chur ch t eachings and bi- blic al fundamen ts pr o vide use ful and pr actic al guidelines the y c an adop t in mos t c ases some Pr ot es t an t denomina tions as it emer g ed in the c on tr o v er sies of the Chur ch of England (House of Bishop s 2019) and Chur ch of Sc otland (CoS 2022), or the Scandinavian Evangelical Lutherans tend to take into account and even embrace the new paradigms related to marriage norms and gender issues. The E as t ern Orthodo x chur ches (Orthodo x Eur ope 2021) ha v e e xpr essed their firm opposition and dismissal of the ne w spiritual and socio-cultur al challeng es (namely , on abortion, same-se x marriag e and tr ansg enderism) r elying on their dogma tic biblic al fundamen ts fr om the v er y beginning (Cour e t as 2019). Both or- g aniz a tions shar e the univ er salis t c onser v a tiv e c onceptuality echoed by the R oman Ca tholic firm s t ance, which claims tha t the r ole and mission of the Chur ch ex ini- tium ad finem 1 is t o fulfil God’ s will on E arth and ser v e the salv a tion of true beli- evers and not to adopt and align with the ephemeral human visions and sinful pr of ane misc onceptions. The r ec ognition and blessing of the marriag e of same-se x c ouples is c onsi der ed a r epellen t notion both f or E as t ern Orthodo x Chris tian, R o- man Ca tholic Chur ch principals and e v en f or the tr aditionalis t, Orthodo x Judaic Je wish c ongr eg a tions’ c ouncil of r abbis in the US, as w ell as in Eur ope (Dr eher 2021). 3. The position of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary During the pr e vious dec ade the moder a t ely socially c onser v a tiv e Chris tian De- mocr a tic g ov ernmen t of Hung ary , led and de fined by the per sonality of prime minis t er Vikt or Orbán, has been f or ced in t o a c onsider ably de f ensiv e position from various sides by progressive pressure groups. The Hungarian Roman Catho- lic Chur ch, alon g with man y other Chris tian denomina tions ha v e been indir ectly in v olv ed in an in t ellectual r o w , so-c alled cultur e w ar since the c on tr o v er sies a ff ect such c or e ins titutions and c oncep ts as f amily , marriag e and the an thr opologic s t a- tus of men and women. The local progressive pressure groups, NGOs belonging to the designa t ed in t erna tional ne tw ork s in the ma tt er , as w ell as diploma tic c orp s and Eur ope an ins titutions alt og e the r ha v e de fian tly e xpr e sse d the ir disse n t and outr ag e on the r eligiously a ff ect ed, so-c alled discrimina t or y Chris tian c onser v a tiv e 1 from the beginning to the end. 342 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 legisla tion pr actices of the Hung arian P arliamen t, and particularly b y the decr e- es and amendments approved related to the Fundamental Law of Hungary since 2011, (pr actic ally , the ne w r ede fined c ons titution of Hung ar y). Ne v ertheless, the ne w amendmen t t o the Hung arian Child Pr ot ection Act of 1997, adop t e d b y the N a tional Asse mbly (P arliame n t) of Hung ar y in Augus t 2021 c aused the big g es t upr oar and in t erna tional w a v e of objections r esulting in f e w g ood poin ts and much mor e, r a ther gloom y implic a tions f or Hung ar y . The ne w Child pr ot ection act no. LXXIX/ 2021, also labelled as the not orious la w on banning the diss emina tion of L GB T Q t opics in schools f or minor s r aised serious c oncerns f or both major c on fr on ting gr oup s not only in Hung ar y but abr oad, as w ell. The Hung arian c onser v a tiv es, including the mainline Chris tian chur ches o v er whelmin- gly support ed the initia tiv e of leg ally barring the spr ead of sub v er siv e p seudo-sci- en tific g ender -based ideas in Hung arian schools (R eut er s-CNN 2021). The la w and the na tional r e f e r e ndum on this issue in 2022 ha v e alt og e the r de- mons tr a t ed the enormous in flu ence and soft po w er outr each of the pr ogr essiv e gr oup s and the indoctrina tion le v el of L GB T Q-issues in c ommon politic al disc our- se and media narr a tiv es. Americ an and Eur opean c onser v a tiv es fr om Florida t o Cr ac o w cheer ed f or the Hung arian s t ance and de fian t opposition ag ains t the ne w pr ogr essiv e norms in politics, sports (The A thle tic 2020) and educ a tion, though the g lobal an ti-Hung ar ian se n tim e n ts and pr og r e ssiv e m e dia c am paig ns o v e r sha- do w ed the g ain s in this r espec t (Lous t au 2021). In Hung ar y , also se v er al an ti-cle- ric al and Chris t ophobic c ases c aused an upr oar , lik e the sc andalous initia tiv e of an a theis t activis t c alled Gáspár Bék és. Mr . Bék és used t o be one of the y oung city clerk officials of the ne wly elec t ed pr ogr essiv e liber al ma y or of Budapes t Ger g ely K ar ácson y , and he wished t o dec or a t e the Budapes t St a tue of Liberty with ligh t - pain t ed L G TB T Q r ainbo w c olour s. Pr e viously , Bék és had se v er al an ti-Chris tian and blun tly de f ama t or y r emark s on r eligious f aith and pr actices including the idea of b an n i n g ch i l d b ap tism, t o o . T h e sc an d al o u s r emark s u l tima t el y l ed t o n a tio n wi d e public upr oar and his dismissal fr om the city hall office (Hor v á th 2021). The dark shadows cast by the alleged paedophile scandals of some members of the cler gy also had their c oun t erpr oductiv e neg a tiv e e ff ects on the chur ch and the r eligious lif e of Hung ary . Furthermor e, some domes tic c a tholic theologian critiques also r aised their v oices, which r esult ed in mor e harm than bene fit f or the s t ale r eput a tion and popularity of the R oman Ca tholic chur ch, which is in pal- pable decline in Hungary similarly to many post-communist countries in the regi- on. Mos t r emark ably the r a ther c on tr o v er sial activity of Ms. Rit a P erin tf alvi mus t be men tioned and t ak en in t o acc oun t. She t ends t o be acting both as a media in flue nce r and a f e minis t Ca tholic, libe r a tion the olog ian (MT ÖE 2022), ar g uably a sort of progressive Catholic spearhead and opinion-shaper of the church against the Ca tholic Chur ch itself . P erin tf alvi is a t eacher of r eligious s tudies and pos t -doc lecturer at the Theology Faculty, Old Testament Studies Departement of the Uni- v er sity of Gr az, Aus tria, and she has bec ome the mos t v oc al critique and w ell- known, pr o-L GB T Q r e f ormis t theologian of and ag ains t the Hung arian R oman Catholic Church. She also wrote a rather controversial, bestseller book on the 343 343 Csutak Zsolt - An Overview of the Special Nexus ... alleg edly c oncealed misdemeanour s, and paedophile crimes c ommitt ed b y v ari- ous member s of the cler gy in the pr e vious dec ades (P erin tf alvi 2021). On the opposit e spectrum, w e ma y find v arious think -thank s, y oung Chris tian c onser v a tiv e scholar s in Hung ar y and ac ademic or g aniz a tions, r esear ch gr oup s, which t end t o deal with the pr ot ection of tr aditional r eligious norms and r aise awareness on various hazards posed by new secular progressive phenomena. Mr . Ger g ely Szilv a y w as pr actic ally the fir s t Ca tholic c onser v a tiv e his t orian, a journalis t in Hung ar y who indulg ed hims elf in the critic al analy sis of g ender and other pr o- gr essiv e s tudies, writing his PhD dissert a tion on the politic al implic a tions of same- se x marriag e, mor eo v er , he also elabor a t ed a popular book en titled Critique of gender theory (Szilv a y 2021). F or the Hung arian chur ch leader s and c onser v a tiv e policy -mak er s the thema tic activity and public a w ar eness-r aising of Szilv a y , and a f e w y oung scholar s ha v e c onsider ably c on tribut ed t o legisla tiv e as w ell as t o in t ellectual r esponses, and de f ensiv e measur es f acing the ne w -Le ftis t, pr ogr essiv e secular challeng es. The Hung arian R oman Ca tholic Chur ch joined the univ er sal initia tiv e of the Holy See to tackle the ardent problem of sinful paedophilia cases that allegedly might a ff ect a signific an t r a tio of cler gy member s (with se v er al uno fficial and non- v eri- fied es tima t es cir cula ting). F ollowing the global out cry amplified by the r a ther hos tile, de f ama t or y liber al media and a f e w bene v olen t critiques, t oo , the chur ch simply cannot be deaf, dumb and blind anymore over the horrendous cases stret- ching fr om Canada thr ough Fr ance and e v en t o Hung ar y (R odrigue z 2021). A special in t erna tional c on f er ence w as or g aniz ed b y the Holy See in W ar sa w , Poland in September 2021 for the Church delegates from all the Central East Eu- ropean countries, solely dedicated to this inner disturbance and, especially for the pr ot ection of minor s and people in need within the r each of the chur ch. The keynote speaker and one of the main contributors of the conference Father Lom- bar di S. J . fr om the V a tic an Pr ess Office both thr ough his speech and in his writt en article as w ell emphasiz ed all the e x t ensiv e and empha tic e ff orts c arried out b y Pope Francis and the Holy See through the last decade to tackle this endemic pro- blem of the chur ch (Magy ar K urír 2021). A s F a the r F e de ric o Lombar di S. J ., also me n tione d, the pr ogr e ssiv e challe ng e s along with the paedophile scandals within the clergy are sinful diabolic acts that hinder and jeopar diz e the chur ch fr om fulfilling its r ole and mission in the w orld. T o dismiss one of these claims and implicit v ola tile accusa tions c oncerning the covert acceptance of homosexuality, Pope Francis issued a rare doctrinal policy s t a t emen t in 2021, which o v ertly declar ed the sanctity of solely he t er ose x ual mar- riag e. The not e fr om the V a tic an, which w as appr o v ed b y both P ope Fr ancis and the Pr e f ect of the Congr eg a tion f or the Doctrine of the F aith, Luis Fr ancisc o Ladaria F err er , s t a t ed tha t “it is not licit t o impart a blessing on r ela tionship s, or partner- ship s, e v en s t able, tha t in v olv e se x ual activity outside of marriag e (i.e., outside the indissoluble union of a man and a w oman open in itself t o the tr ansmission of lif e), as is the c ase of the unions be tw een per sons of the same se x ” (Pr oLif e 2021). 344 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 As r e v er end Lás zló Gájer , a y oung scholar of P é t er P ázmán y Ca tholic Univ er sity , Budapes t assert ed, the Hung arian Ca tholic Chur ch e viden tly fully undert ak es and f ollo w s the c once r ning pon tific al g uide line s which e v ide n tly c omply with the c or- r esponding Social T eaching of the Chur ch (RKE 2022) in this import an t ma tt er . The tw o mill ennia-old tr adition and wisdom of the Chur ch posses ses clear -cut guide- lines in all impo rt an t ma tt er s, insinua ting the f act tha t homose x uals (and people with div er se, non-binar y se x ual iden tities) ar e also sin ful human beings, jus t lik e an y one else, w orth being salv ag ed b y f aith in Chris t, no ma tt er of their g ender inden tities, unless the y c on v ert their iden tities in t o deliber a t ely sin ful activities. Though the pon tiff ’ s le tt er me n tioned abo v e also declar es expressis verbis on biblical grounds that “God neither blesses nor can He bless sin” adding, “for the a f or emen tioned r easons, the Chur ch does not ha v e, nor c an it dispose of , the power to bless unions of persons of the same sex in the sense understood abo- v e” (Pr oLif e 2021). In 2019 Hung arian bishop Andr ás V er es (Hung ar y T oda y 2022), on behalf of the Hung arian Bishop’ s Con f er ence also e xpr essed their unanimous and amic able su- pport towards their Polish Catholic brothers, who encountered a vicious discre- diting c ampaign f or the ir an ti-L GB T Q s t ance fr om v ar ious Eur ope an ins titutions, also r ein f or ced b y pr ogr essiv e global pr essur e gr oup s and v oc al an ticleric al NGOs. 4. The Position of the Calvinist Reformed Church in Hungary The R e f ormed Chur ch in Hung ar y (Hung arian acr on ym MRE) has t ak en an ob ser- ving , dis t ance-k eeping position in the c on t e xt of the pr ogr essiv e ideas and the intellectual, spiritual, cultural challenge posed by the postmodern phenomena. Ne v ertheless, the c ongr eg a tion leader s and bishop s ha v e e xpr essed their c onsen t and support f or the c ons titutional and legisla tiv e chang es initia t ed and adop t ed by the P arliamen t of Hung ary in r ecen t y ear s. The c ommon declar a tion of the mainline, so-c alled his t oric chur ches of Hung ar y on the pr ot ection of the tr adi- tion and norm of he t er ose x ual marriag e and ag ains t the bles sing of homose x ual r ela tionship, has also been c oin ciden tly signed b y the MRE on December 9, 2021 (P écsi Egyh ázmegy e 2021). T h e u n d er si gn ed ch u r ch es an d d en o mi n a tio n s c o m- monly expressed their commitment and belief in the biblical fundament revealed in Genesis 1:27-28 as f ollo w s “So , God cr ea t ed mankind in hi s o wn imag e, in the i mag e o f Go d h e cr ea t ed th em; mal e an d f emal e h e cr ea t ed th em. Go d b l essed the m and said t o the m: Be fr uitful and inc r e ase in num be r ; fill the e ar th and sub- due it. Rule o v e r the fish in the sea and the bir ds in the sky and o v er e v er y living creature that moves on the ground.” Among man y other Hung arian Calvinis t minis t er s t ook an activ e part in a su- pportiv e demons tr a tion on F ebruar y 14, 2022, or g aniz ed f or a Finnish Chris tian democr a tic poli tician, wif e of a Luther an pas t or , dr . P aivi Raisanen. She had been 345 345 Csutak Zsolt - An Overview of the Special Nexus ... put on trial alleg edly f or her c onsecutiv e public ar gumen ts denot ed t o be an ti-g a y , an ti-minority ha t e crimes. Ms. Raisanen also had t o f ace an in t ensiv e and violen t smear -c ampaign f or her firm r emark s ag ains t L GB T Q and g a y Pride c ampaigns (Lee 2021) pur ely on biblic al gr ounds, amplified and vilified b y the Finnish pr ogr essiv es and s t a t e authorities (Visegr ád P os t 2022). In t er es tingly enough, man y Finnish Lutheran priests and common believers, too failed to support Ms.Raisanen publi- cly in her or deal and leg al ba ttle f or her biblic al vie w s, fr eedom of speech and r eligious belie f . F or man y c ons er v a tiv e pious people all ar oun d Eur ope as w ell as in Hung ar y , her leg al c ase signific an tly demons tr a t ed the po w er of the pr ogr essi- v e media and per suasiv e sensitivity c ampaigns which, indir ectly ma y as w ell r esult in self -censor ship and f ear of public humilia tion f or c onser v a tiv e dissen t er s. Ulti- mately, all the charges against Ms. Raisanen were dismissed by the Helsinki Cen- tral Court of Appeals in March 2022. 5. The Position of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hungary The Hun g arian E v ang elic Luthe r an Chur ch has f ound itself in a delic a t e situa tion r eg ar ding its a ttitude and ne x us with the ne w pr ogr essiv e ideas, which ha v e been par tly adap t e d b y sis t e r c ong r e g a tions in Finland, S w e de n and othe r W e s t e r n c o- un tries, t oo (E v ang elic al F ocus 2021). E viden tly , it has c aused c onsider able t ensi- on and c on flict, almos t a domes tic schism among the pious belie v er s and some more progressive clergy members and leaders of the various Lutheran congrega- tions in v olv ed. In Hung ar y some y oung Pr ot es t an t pas t or s (Luther ans, Calvinis ts, P en t ec os t als, Bap tis ts, fr ee Chris tians alik e) es t ablished a s trictly biblic al fundamen t alis t gr oup a few years ago, also labelled as Protestant Orthodoxy or “Evangelicals”, presided b y Calvinis t pas t or T amás Andr ás Márk us (E v ang elik alizmus 2020). One of the mos t v oc al and fier ce c oun t er -L GB T Q activis ts in this cleric al gr oup is a Luther an E v an- g elic al pas t or Má t é Kiss. He pr o v ed t o be one of the initia t or s and c o-author of the f amous “No v ember Pr ocla ma tion” of Hung arian chur ches on the pr ot ection of tr aditional f amilies and he t er ose x ual marriag e, in the turbulen t y ear of 2021 (Kiss 2021). Pastor Kiss and the Evangelical Group deliberately and clearly expressed in their manif es t o tha t their pr oclama tion is not ag ains t people with div er se g ender iden- tities and se x ual orien t a tion, r a ther the e v ang elic al cler gy and c ommunity demon- s tr a t e the ir fir m s t and on biblic al fundam e n ts ag ains t sin ful ac t s, suc h as hom o- se x uality , changing biologic al se x ual iden tity and c ondition of humans and the controversial idea of same-sex marriage. The las t poin t of their pr oclama tion means t o be r eally signific an t and e x em- plary for many other clergymen and women around the world who must face the challeng es of pos tmodern pr ogr essiv e lur e and t emp t a tions. As pries ts and pa- 346 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 s t or s, all of them ha v e r eceiv ed clear a tt ainmen t and duty fr om their c ongr eg a ti- ons to have exemplary life conducts as well as to show the way and light for the c o mmo n b el i e v er s o f th ei r c o n gr eg a ti o n s s tri ctl y o n b i b l i c al f u n d amen ts, an d n o t on the ne w tr ends of the ephemer al secular w orld. Basic ally , it c on firms the r e- it er a t ed classic Chris tian wisdom claiming tha t the true disciples of Chris t ar e tho- se who follow their creed on biblical teachings following God’s will and grace against or despite the wishes and prerequisites of the external world. Pastor Máté Kiss also e xpr essed his f ear and c oncerns about the dis tr essing v ola tile secular trends and postmodern liberal ideological challenges approaching the clergy and sneaking in t o his chur ch. Thus, the Hung arian Chris tian belie v er s and the Luthe- rans must prepare and brace themselves with good faith, too, as Christ preached “be wise as serpen ts and harmless as do v es” (Elek 2022). 6. Other Denominations’ Standpoints Among the smaller denomina tions, Chris tian chur ches activ ely pr esen t in Hun- g ary the E v ang elic al T rinity Chur ch (Sz en thár omság 2021) shar es the though ts of his pas t or A ttila Hajdú fr om the Diósd c ongr eg a tion fully r ejecting the legiti- macy of so-c alled pr ogr essiv e ideas and pr actices (e. g. abortion and homose x ual r ela tionship s, tr ans-g ender iden tities) as mer ely sin ful acts. He r e f err ed among others to the biblical teaching proclaimed in the New Testament by apostle Paul as in R ome 1,18 -32: “/…/ thus God gave them over to shameful lusts. Even their w o men e x ch an g ed n a tu r al se x u al r el a tio n s f o r u n n a tu r al o n es. In th e same w a y the men al so ab andoned na tur al r el a tions wi th w omen an d w er e i n flamed wi th lus t f or one another . Men c ommitt ed shame ful acts with other men, and r eceiv ed in themselv es the due penalty f or their err or /…/. ” The most dynamically growing and developing protestant revivalist small church in Hung ar y is the Congr eg a tion of F aith (H. G y 2022). It has been oper a ting in Hun- g ar y and in R omania as w ell, half illeg ally , under gr ound since the early 1980s, f o- unded and s till led b y chie f pas t or Sándor Néme th. The y ar e an Americ an-s tyle r e viv alis t, a charisma tic P en t ec os t al denomina tion, with ar ou nd 70 thousand ac- tiv e belie v er s and a signific an tly in fluen tial educ a tional, charity and media or g a- niz a tional portf olio in and ar ound Hung ar y . The popular media outlets of the church, notably the periodical Hetek (Weeks) and Hit Rádió (Radio Faith), also c onsider the ne w pr ogr essiv e tr ends c onsider ably dang er ous and vicious (HitRádió 2020) c on tr adicting the biblic al t eachings and the charisma tic chur ches’ doctrines as w ell as basic univ er sal Chris tian v alues. P as t or Sándor Néme th c onsider s the pr omotion of same-se x marriag e and denial of he t er o-norma tivity as the wick ed ins t ances of earthly t em p t a tions the f aith ful mus t c ope with e x tr eme c autio n. These had been also pr oclaimed in the Book of R e v ela tions b y the apos tle John and ar e nothing mor e than w arning signs f or the apoc alyp tic times and the appr oaching sec ond r e turn of Jesus Chris t f or the true belie v er s (Hit Rádió 2021). 347 347 Csutak Zsolt - An Overview of the Special Nexus ... On the other hand, in r ela tiv ely sharp c on tr as t t o the biblic al c onser v a tiv e cle- rical responses presented above, the only Hungarian-founded historic church, the Hung arian Unit arian Chur ch (Unit árius 2022) also headquart er ed in K olo z s v ár -Cluj, Transylvania, Romania since the mid-16th century, seemingly tend to reconcile with the e xis t ence le t alone the legitimacy of homose x ual marriag es, similarly t o the righ t of w omen t o perf orm abortion in e x tr emely ur g en t c ases. Chie f not ar y of the T r ans ylv anian Unit arian Chur ch, pas t or Dá vid G y er ő in his individual pr o- clama tion claim ed tha t his chur ch should manif es t a t oler an t and mor e inclusiv e a ttitude t o w ar ds homose x ual r ela tionship s and same-se x marriag e, t aking tha t the Scrip tur es also e xpr ess quit e c on tr o v er sial, c on tr adict or y ideas in the ma tt er of marriag e (Obor ocea 2016). In this ma tt er , the unit arian pr ot es t an t e thics is cen t er ed ar ou n d th e san ctity an d v al u e of h uman e xi s t ence, ad or a tion of l i f e an d all living creatures as well as the Creator of life, as also proclaimed in the Sermon of the Moun t by Chris t (Ma tt 5–7). All the same, c on tr ary t o r ev er end G y er ő’ s s t anc e , the c hie f c us t odian of the Hung ar ian U nit ar ian Chur c h, Mr . Ele k e s B ot ond e xpr essed their t ot al dissen t c oncerning the inclusion and r ec ognition of same - se x r ela tionships within and by the Unit arian Chur ch (F őT ér 2017) despit e the writt en r eques t of their sis t er -c ongr eg a tions fr om the Unit ed St a t es, a ffirmed b y the Americ an Univ er salis t Unit arians (Univ er salis t Unit arians 2021). The almos t schisma tic domes tic c onflict among Unit arian cler gymen and Chur ch leader s ultima t ely led t o the Unit arian Chur ch S ynod sen t ence, issued on 28 Oc- t ober 2017. The s t a t emen t r eit er a t ed and r ea ffirmed the legitimacy and c onser- v a tiv e norm of solely he t er ose x ual marriag e, r ejecting the inclusion and r ec ogni- tion of Unit arian L GB T Q-people s t a tus (Unit arius 2021). Nevertheless, the Hungarian unitarians refrained from signing the common declar a tion of chur ches in 2021 on the pr ot ection of tr aditional marriag e and v a- rious se cular L GB T Q-challe ng e s. Along the se c on tr o v e r sial and dis tinct s t andpo- in ts, the Unit arians s till c an be c onsider ed one of the mos t inclusiv e, plian t, so- c alled liber al pr ot es t an t chur ches among the mainline his t oric al denomina tions serving in Hungary, Romania and in the United States. Furthermore, it is noteworthy the case of a famous intellectual, non-clerical in- dividual, an acclaimed Hung arian neur osur g eon, pr of Andr ás Csók a y , who is a w ell- kno wn and also not oriously de v out Chris tian medic f or man y of his c olleagues in ac ademic cir cles. He has been f acing serious a tt ack s, vilif ying smear c ampaigns against his person and professional career, based on his proclaimed faith in Christ and tr aditionalis t, an ti-L GB T Q and tr ansg ender principles, t oo (Csók a y 2021). 7. Conclusion As it has been r e v ealed fr om the findings pr esen t ed in the s tudy , the gr ea t majority of the Hung arian mainline chur ches and denomina tions fr om the R oman Ca tholic Ch ur ch t o th e r e vi v al i s t Con gr eg a tion of F ai th d o n ot embr ace th e n e w p r ogr essi- 348 Bogoslovni vestnik 84 (2024) • 2 v e g ender -based theories and iden tity policies in an y f orm, as it being c onsider ed contradictory to fundamental biblical doctrines and teachings of Christ. Even the non-Chris tian Judaism and Islam, as part of the Abr ahamic r eligions, shar e the same s t ance and pr ot e s ting a ttitude v e r sus the ne w -Le ft is t, libe r al, pos tmode r n discourses and pseudo-religious ideas. The majority of the Hungarian society can be c onsider ed t o be cultur ally Chris tian, with a slo w but c on tinuously shrinking r a tio of belie v er s among the member s of under –40, Z and millennial g ener a tion (B a log h 2 0 1 7 ). The r a tio of r e g ula r c hur c hg oe r s, a nd de v out pr a c titione r s of f a it h is less than 10% among the Hung arian adult popula tion (Csepr egh y 2022), who n o n -su rp ri si n gl y r ej ect th e n e w g en d er -r el a t ed i d eas an d p r actices i n ed u c a tio n and in socie ty in g ener al. Ho w e v er , the 2022 April r e f er endum on child pr ot ection — r a ther unique and e x emplar y in the en tir e w orld in this ma tt er – ultima t ely tur- ned out t o be in v alid, 95% of the r esponden ts (3.3 million people) also e xpr essed their full dissen t with L GB T QI+ a w ar eness r aising curricular pr ogr ams in educ a tion f or Hung arian minor s (Magy ar Hírlap 2022). As the findings ha v e de mons tr a t e d in the pr e vious pag es, the primar y aim of the s tudy has been fulfilled. Namely , t o e x amine and highligh t the v arious r espon- ses and r eactions of the major Hung arian Chris tian Chur ches and denomina tions concerning the new secular, pseudo-religious progressive ideas and gender-based iden tity theories. The ascert ained r esults pr o vide a clear -cut r esponse, seemingly r eactionar y c onser v a tiv e, biblic ally fundamen t alis t a ttitude, which c annot be r e- c onciled or harmoniz ed with the “ne w songs of the ne w times” as a Hung arian protestant poet Endre Ady would famously recite. The Hungarian religious con- ser v a tiv e peopl e and ins titutio ns do seem t o shar e the martyr poe tic pr oclama ti- on of r eno wned T r ans ylv anian E v ang elic poe t Sándor R emén yik fr om 1925 tha t “ do not abando n y our chur ch, the chur ch and the school” (R emén yik 2019, 289). Mos t of the pious belie v er s of the e x amined Chris tian chur ches find c om f ort and c on fidence in withs t anding the ne w secular pr ogr essi v e challeng es, also r e- c al l i n g th e t each i n g o f Jesu s, tr an smi tt ed b y ap o s tl e Jo h n th a t “ I h a v e gi v en [m y disciples] y our w or d. And the w orld ha t es them bec ause the y do not belong t o the world, just as I do not belong to the world. I’m not asking you to take them out of the w orld, but t o k eep them sa f e fr om the e vil one” (John 17:14-16). References Balogh, Adél. 201 7 . A m a g y a r fi a t a l o k v a l l á s o s s á g a é s v é l e m é ny e az e g y e s v a l l á s o k r ó l [ T h e r e l i g i o- usness of Hungarian youth and their opinions o n s o m e s p e c i fi c r e l i g i o n s ]. I n : ELTE Folyóira- tok, Kiadványok [Journals Publications] , 3 1 7 – 3 35. B u d a p e s t: Eö t v ö s L ó r á n d U n i v e r s i t y . C.I.J. 2020. What is intersectionalism? B e r li n : C e n t e r f o r I n t e r s e c ti o n a l J u s ti c e. CoS. 2022. Church of Scotland General Assembly approves scheme to conduct same-sex marria- ges. Church of Scotland. ht tp s :/ /w w w .c hu r- c h o f s c o t l an d . o r g . uk / n e w s - an d - ev e n t s / n e w s /2 0 2 2 / ar t i c l es / g e n e r al - a s s e mb l y - ap p r o- ves-scheme-to-conduct-same-sex-marriages ( a c c e s s e d 8 . 8 . 202 2 ). Couretas, John. 201 9. A Patriarch who generally speaking respects human life. American Ortho- d o x I n s ti ti t u t e. ht tp s :/ /w w w . a o iu s a . o r g / a - p at r iar c h - w h o - g e n e r all y - sp e ak i n g- r e- sp e c t s - h um an - li fe / ( a c c e s s e d 3 1 . 7 . 202 2 ). 349 349 Csutak Zsolt - An Overview of the Special Nexus ... Csepregi, Botond. 2022. Vallásosság, individua- l i zác ió , sz e k u l a ri zác ió M a g y a ror szá g on [ P iet y , i n di v i du ali z a ti o n , s e c ul ar i z a ti o n i n Hun g ar y ] . 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Swedish Lutherans say t h e y a r e a “ t r a n s c h u r c h ” a s t h e y a tt a c k c o n- s e r v a ti v e C hr i s ti ans . h t t p s : / / ev an g e li c al fo c u s . c o m / e ur o p e / 1 18 2 7 / s w e di sh - lu t h e r ans - s a y- -they-are-now-a-trans-church-as-they-attack- -views-of-conservative-christians ( a c c e s s e d 9 . 8 . 202 2 ). Evangelikalizmus.2020. Protestáns Ortodoxia. h t t p s : / / w w w . ev an g e li k al c s o p o r t .h u / b e m u t at- koz a s / ( a c c e s s e d 2 8 . 7 . 202 2 ). FőTér. 201 7 . A z u n i t á r i u s e g y h áz fi n o m a n k i h á t r á l t a m e l e g h áz a s s á g v é l t t á m o g a t á s á b ó l [ T h e Unitarian Church gently withdrew from the a l l e ge d l y s u p p o r ti v e s t a n c e o f s a m e s e x m a r r i- a g e] . H t t p s : / /fo t e r .r o / k e z m u v e s - h i r e k / a z - un i- tarius-egyhaz-finoman-kihatralt-a-melegha- zassag-velt-tamogatasabol ( a c c e s s e d 2 8 . 7 . 202 2 ) . 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