REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND SPORT ROADMAP FOR HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES IN SLOVENIA AND AUSTRIA REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND SPORT ROADMAP FOR HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES IN SLOVENIA AND AUSTRIA 4 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria The Roadmap for Hydrogen Technologies in Slovenia and Austria (the “Roadmap”) presents the perspectives held by a range of stakeholders from the respective governments and industry, as well as non-governmental organisations and academia with respect to cross-border cooperation on developing hydrogen technology until 2025. While the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport in Slovenia led the Roadmap’s development, it consulted broadly with the H GreenTECH 2 consortium partners, notably the National Institute of Chemistry and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Štajerska. The contents, challenges identified and recommendations found in the Roadmap are a combined view and might not be unanimously endorsed by each participating organisation or its employees. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright holder(s) provided acknowledgment of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose without the written permission of the copyright holder(s). Project H GreenTECH Acknowledgment 2 WEBSITE: www.h2greentech.eu This publication was issued as part of the PROJECT TITLE: Strengthening cross- H GreenTECH project. The project was 2 border R&I capacities in advanced hydrogen co-financed by the European Regional technologies by developing synergies Development Fund under the programme between enterprises, R&D centres and higher Interreg V-A SI-AT. education. ACRONYM: H GreenTECH Published by the Ministry of Education, 2 Science and Sport DURATION: 1 March 2020 – 31 August 2022 Edited by: Kumer Peter, Likozar Blaž, Marinič Project partners Dragica, Props Petra, Šegedin Urban, Žunič National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenia Vojka, Schönfeldinger Marion, Wolf Sigrid Ministry of Education, Science and Sport, Design: Minibig, Simon Trampuš s.p. Slovenia 1st electronic edition Chamber of Commerce and Industry of 2022 Ljubljana, Slovenia Štajerska, Slovenia Graz University of Technology, Austria Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Austria Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani Research Burgenland, Austria COBISS.SI-ID 112124419 ISBN 978-961-7065-17-6 (PDF) Please cite as Kumer Peter, Likozar Blaž, Marinič Dragica, Props Petra, Šegedin Urban, Žunič Vojka, Schönfeldinger Marion, Wolf Sigrid (eds) 2022: Roadmap for Hydrogen Technologies in Slovenia and Austria. Ljubljana: Ministry of Education, Science and Sport Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 5 1. FOREWORD TO THE ROADMAP FOR HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES IN SLOVENIA AND AUSTRIA 8 2. DRAFTING THE ROADMAP: CONTRIBUTORS AND MILESTONES 14 3. CHALLENGES 18 3.1 Technological challenges 18 3.1.1 Hydrogen producation 18 3.1.2 Distribution, storage and infrastructure 20 3.1.3 End-uses 22 3.2 Cooperation challenges 22 4. RECOMMENDATIONS 26 4.1 Transfer of research and innovation to the industry and vice versa 26 4.2 Opportunities for the joint financing of research, development and innovation of hydrogen technologies 30 4.3 The political framework and priorities 37 t 5. THE ROADMAP TO 2025 40 ten 6. REFERENCES 44 Con 6 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria ABBREVIATIONS AT Austria B2B Business to Business B2F Business to Finance B2R Business to Research CCS Carbon capture and storage CEETT Central and Eastern European Technology Transfer CF Cohesion Fund DSO Distribution system operator EIF European Investment Fund ERDF European Regional Development Fund ESF+ European Social Fund Plus EU European Union FCH JU Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking GHG Greenhouse gas GWh Gigawatt hours H Hydrogen 2 HBOR Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development IP Intellectual property JTF Just Transition Fund KET Key enabling technology ktoe kilotonnes of oil equivalent LEC Local energy communities MIZŠ Ministry of Education, Science and Sport NECP National Energy and Climate Plans NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PoC Proof of concept R&D Research and development Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 7 RES Renewable energy sources RRP Recovery and Resilience Plan SI Slovenia SID Slovene Export and Development Bank SME Small and medium-sized enterprises SMR Steam methane reforming subDSO sub-Distribution System Operator ŠGZ Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Štajerska TRL Technology readiness level 8 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria FOREWORD TO THE ROADMAP FOR HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGIES 1. IN SLOVENIA AND AUSTRIA The Roadmap for Hydrogen Technologies in Slovenia and Austria is H₂GreenTECH project deliverable number D.T3.3.1 and a joint cross-border strategic document that defines the development of hydrogen technology until 2025 with regard to guidelines and priorities in Slovenia and Austria. The aim is to provide a feasible plan for effective cross-border cooperation regarding the development of hydrogen technologies. The Roadmap was prepared by the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport in collaboration with the National Institute of Chemistry and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Štajerska, together with the coordinated participation of key stakeholders (who after stakeholder mapping joined the ‘pool of experts’) in Slovenia and Austria. End users of this strategic document include policymakers on the national, regional and local levels in each country, small and SMEs, and members of the Hydrogen Center network. HYDROGEN CENTER Many state-of-the-art research and development institutions and universities in the cross-border region of Slovenia and Austria are working to develop hydrogen and hydrogen technologies, yet their efforts often disconnected and fragmented. In order to deepen cooperation and networking and ensure a critical mass of hydrogen and hydrogen technologies capacities, a sustainable cross-border research-industry network in the form of a HYDROGEN CENTER was established in the region. The HYDROGEN CENTER is both a digital platform for B2B meetings and a One-Stop-Shop that gives companies access to the services, cutting-edge knowledge and research infrastructure of the research institutions. This will provide the basis for promoting the growth and development of low-carbon technologies, knowledge transfers to young people, and the transition to a carbon-neutral society. The HYDROGEN CENTER Network aims to bring different stakeholders in the field of hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria together in a long-term cross-border research and industrial network to support the development of hydrogen technology innovations and implement the Roadmap for Hydrogen Technology in Slovenia and Austria, the Hydrogen Center Development Strategy, and the Hydrogen Center Marketing Strategy. Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 9 Participation as a member of the HYDROGEN CENTER is cost-free and open to various prospective stakeholders like SMEs and larger companies, R&D organisations with their laboratories, competence centres, educational institutions, start-ups, researchers, students and other individuals from the programme area who, with their professional, development and research work, knowledge, skills and experience, can add significantly to the development of breakthrough hydrogen technologies and their increased use in the cross-border region and beyond. The Hydrogen Center is coordinated by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Štajerska in Maribor. It collaborates with support laboratories at the following locations: Ljubljana: National Institute of Chemistry; Graz: Technical University of Graz, and Villach: Carinthia University of Applied Sciences. b2b.h2greentech.eu hydrogencenter@stajerskagz.si Envisioning hydrogen technology in Slovenia and Austria in 2030 According to Slovenia’s NECP1, hydrogen can play a role in integrating the production of renewable electricity, strengthening the security of gas supply and helping to achieve the decarbonisation targets. Renewable hydrogen can be used to store large amounts of electricity produced during periods of low demand. Slovenia expects by 2030 to see final hydrogen consumption of 10 ktoe (116 GWh) in the transport sector and, by 2040, 63 ktoe (732 GWh) being consumed, mainly in the transport, but also progressively in the building and industry sectors2. Currently, only Industrial partners are looking for H energy as a medium for decarbonisation. Activities to prepare the 2 Slovenian Hydrogen Strategy are already underway. According to the NECP3, Austria holds an ambition of becoming a European leader in the deployment of hydrogen. The government has adopted a national Hydrogen Strategy. Its NECP considers renewable hydrogen “as a key technology for sector integration and coupling” and contains the specific target of renewable electricity-based hydrogen consumption of 1.1 TWh (4 PJ) in 2030. New regulatory and financial measures are to be announced to pave the way for renewable hydrogen in the industrial, building and transport sectors addressing the entire value chain from generation, storage, transport and distribution through to end-use. The FCH JU (https://www.fch.europa.eu/), in close cooperation with the European Commission – DG Energy, commissioned a study on the “Role of Hydrogen in National Energy and Climate Plans”. High and low scenarios regarding Hydrogen use were prepared for both countries. The estimations are presented in the table below. 1 Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Slovenia. (2020). https://www.energetika-portal.si/dokumenti/strateski-razvojni-dokumenti/nacionalni-energetski-in-podnebni-nacrt/ 2 Opportunities for Hydrogen Energy Technologies Considering the National Energy & Climate Plans (2020). https://www.fch.europa.eu/publications/opportunities-hydrogen-energy-technologies-considering-national-energy-climate-plans 3 Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for Austria (2019). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Austria.pdf 10 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria High and low hydrogen use scenarios in Slovenia and Austria Estimated renewable/low carbon hydrogen demand by 2030 In the low scenario, renewable hydrogen In the low scenario, renewable hydrogen accounts for 0.1% of final total energy accounts for 0.6% of final total energy demand (i.e., 0.1 out of 51 TWh/a) or 0.9% of demand (i.e., 1.6 out of 281 TWh/a) or 3.2% final gas demand (7 TWh/a) according to of final gas demand (49 TWh/a) according EUCO3232.5 to EUCO3232.5. In the high scenario, renewable hydrogen In the high scenario, renewable hydrogen accounts for 0.3% of final total energy accounts for 2.0% of final total energy demand (i.e., 0.2 out of 51 TWh/a) or 2.7% demand (i.e., 5.6 out of 281 TWh/a) or 11.4% of final gas demand (7 TWh/a) according to of final gas demand (49 TWh/a) according EUCO3232.54 to EUCO3232.5. Number of passenger cars Low scenario: 6,300 Low scenario: 55,220 High scenario: 12,600 High scenario: 110,400 Number of buses Low scenario: 10 Low scenario: 100 High scenario: 30 High scenario: 200 Number of lorries Low scenario: 300 Low scenario: 2,900 High scenario: 700 High scenario: 5,900 4 New Commission modelling on 32.5% energy efficiency (2019). https://www.stefanscheuer.eu/energy-savings-on-the-ground/new-commission-modelling-on-32-5-energy-efficiency/1072/ Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 11 Slovenia’s advantages and opportunities Slovenia holds a unique position to become an exemplary case of a decarbonised society by 2050. Hydrogen can play a role in integrating the production of renewable electricity, making gas supply more secure, and contributing to the accomplishment of the decarbonisation targets. Renewable hydrogen can be used to store large amounts of electricity produced in periods of low demand. Slovenia expects final hydrogen consumption of 10 ktoe (116 GWh) in the transport sector by 2030 and that, by 2040, 63 ktoe (732 GWh) will be consumed mainly in the transport, but also gradually in the building and industry sectors. Slovenia has a high share of investment in R&D activities, primarily by companies. High-quality human resources are available along with ever more researchers, especially in the private sector. Research and innovation are strongly supported by public authorities. Slovenia exceeds the European Innovation Scoreboard average. A strong supporting environment for knowledge and technology transfer activities already exists. Social awareness of the damaging effects of global climate change is high. Slovenia has a well-developed ecosystem of support organisations, such as technology and science parks, (technology) business incubators, support organisations (NGOs), government agencies, chambers of commerce, etc.. It also possesses research and infrastructure that are high in scientific standards. Slovenia will be ranked by 2030 among innovation leaders in terms of environmental innovation and technology indicators, its targeted investments in R&D will close the knowledge gap, while 60% of research will contribute to sustainable development and 35% to climate change management and adaptation. To realise hydrogen’s full potential for decarbonising energy systems and to create a true hydrogen economy, industry and public authorities must increase their investments to drive the market forward. Hydrogen is already widely used in industry, and almost all of the hydrogen today is produced from fossil fuels. However, the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology could reduce the emissions from this production, while other methods using renewable energy would produce no CO emissions – green hydrogen. 2 H opportunity: 2 2030 H for H demand reduction of 2 energy 2 GHG emissions (compared to 2015) 116 GWh 10 ktoe 4 Mt CO2 1,100 GWh 95 ktoe 24 Mt CO2 12 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria Austria’s advantages and opportunities Austria has an ambition to become a European leader in the deployment of hydrogen. Austria’s NECP includes the target of renewable electricity-based hydrogen consumption of 1100 GWh in 2030. Austria is in a favourable position given its current investments in hydrogen research, pilot and demonstration projects, as well as in infrastructure, e.g., hydrogen refuelling stations, transport and delivery infrastructure decarbonising the steel industry, along with producing hydrogen from renewable sources. Here, Austria holds a good position by having many renewable sources like water power, photovoltaic and, above all, wind-power plants. At the end of 2021, 1,307 wind turbines with a total output of 3,300 megawat s were generating clean green electricity for some 2.2 million households; namely, about 50% of all households in Austria. With 1,200 MW, Burgenland produces one-third of this amount. This green electricity allows us to produce green hydrogen. By repowering the wind turbines, we are likely to obtain even more green electricity in the next few years. On 2 June 2022, Austrian federal ministers Gewessler and Kocher published the national hydrogen strategy. The strategy is essentially based on four pillars. Alongside specific expansion targets, guidelines are also set for the use of hydrogen and some declarations of intent for hydrogen imports and cooperation. Eight fields of action are additionally described for achieving the strategy’s goals. Specifically, the following expansion goals are mentioned in the strategy: ʯ By 2030, 1 GW of electrolysis capacity is to be installed in Austria. The strategy here assumes 50% utilisation. This corresponds to around 4.35 TWh. Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 13 ʯ By 2030, 80% of the current fossil hydrogen demand (140,000 tonnes) is to be converted to green hydrogen (112,000 tonnes or 3.7 TWh). This goal can be achieved with the capacities mentioned above. ʯ By 2040, hydrogen demand is expected to range between 67–75 TWh. Of this demand, 16–25 TWh can be covered exclusively with hydrogen. According to the strategy, the rest could also be covered with methane. The expansion path after 2030 remains unclear in the strategy, as to which no concrete goals are set. However, Green H only makes sense if it can be generated in sufficient quantities. The great 2 advantage of green hydrogen is the ability to seasonally storage energy because the expansion of renewable energy sources entails fluctuating availability depending on the weather and season. The approaches are hence manifold: they range from the direct reduction and use of electric arcs in the steel industry, methanation to green gas or further processing to e-fuels for all types of mobility. Especially in the heavy transport and industrial sectors, green hydrogen as a climate-neutral energy carrier is suitable for quickly bringing about a sharp cut in emissions. This makes fuel cells good solutions for heavy traffic, buses and trains as H can be stored in a gaseous state 2 in tanks that can be refuelled in minutes without compromising their reach. New regulatory and financial measures are to be announced that will pave the way for renewable hydrogen in the industrial, building and transport sectors while the entire value chain from generation, storage, transport and distribution through to end-use. Legal regulations are being drafted quickly for the fast implementation of H projects. The transition to green energy and a 2 hydrogen economy will then produce sustainable effects for the environment, health and finance in the whole cross-border region. 14 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 2. DRAFTING THE ROADMAP: CONTRIBUTORS AND MILESTONES The Roadmap is a joint cross-border strategic directional document based on consultations with stakeholders. For the past year, the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Government of Slovenia has been working with key stakeholders: researchers, private sector stakeholders, NGOs, and governments on all levels to inform the preparation of the Roadmap for Hydrogen Technologies in Slovenia and Austria. This Roadmap contains input from tens of universities, research organisations, companies, organisations and individuals sourced through interregional congresses, bilateral consultations, and the Policy Forum. NGOs local public authority General public regional public authority national public / Education / training POOL authority sectoral centre and school OF EXPERTS agency Higher education business support and research organisation SME enterprise excluding SME A subcontractor of the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport (Boštjan Grabner s.p.) led the initial consultations on behalf of the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport. The Roadmap summarises and integrates the stakeholder inputs to create a single cohesive document. Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 15 Milestones in the preparing the Roadmap for Hydrogen Technologies in Slovenia and Austria MILESTONE 1 June-July 2021 First workshop with stakeholders and developing guidelines MILESTONE 2 August-December 2021 Extension of the pool of experts and defining major challenges and objectives MILESTONE 3 January-March 2022 Follow-up consultations with stakeholders in the process of organising the Policy Forum MILESTONE 4 March-June 2022 Final version of the Roadmap 16 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria MILESTONE 1 (June–July 2021): First workshop with stakeholders and developing the guidelines On 17 June 2021, the H₂GreenTECH partners organised the 1st Interregional Congress of H GreenTECH (D.C.3.3.) entitled “Strengthening Slovenian–Austrian cross-border cooperation 2 for the development of low-carbon technologies”. The congress was coordinated by ŠGZ. The event took place in Maribor in hybrid form (on-site and virtual), with speakers and participants from Slovenia and Austria. The event was open to everyone. However, the aim was to attract stakeholders from groups identified as project target groups: local public authorities, regional public authorities, national public authorities, sectoral agency, business support organisation, enterprises excluding SMEs, SMEs, higher education and research, education/training centres and schools, the general public, and NGOs. The mapping of relevant stakeholders was prepared within the activity A3.2: cross-border networking of key stakeholders (‘pool of experts’”) and all stakeholders on this list were invited. The 1st interregional congress included the workshop “Paving the way for the Roadmap for low-carbon technologies: A shared Slovenian-Austrian agenda”, led by Peter Kumer from MIZŠ. Representatives of different stakeholders focused on developing guidelines (objectives, actions, expected outcomes, target groups, timeframes) for more effective interregional cooperation regarding hydrogen technologies. The workshop’s main findings were that the professional and scientific sector of the cross-border region is well developed, but lacks a common strategic document to realise the associated potential. A well-developed approach is needed to bring green technologies closer to the market (products and customers). The workshop participants stressed the need to fund cross-border projects and demonstration pilots that would enable bet er integration. Based on the workshop results, the first draft of the Roadmap was prepared in July 2022. MILESTONE 2 (August–December 2021): Expanding the ‘pool of experts’ and defining the major challenges and objectives After preparing the draft Roadmap with an emphasis on developing guidelines, the primary aims of the next step were to reach out to more stakeholders and obtain their feedback on the draft and (based thereon) to define the major challenges and objectives. Representatives of all stakeholder groups were contacted, although more effort was put into reaching out to the regional public authorities and SMEs in Slovenia and to the national public authorities, enterprises, excluding SMEs and NGOs, since representatives of these groups were absent from the 1st interregional congress. To gather further inputs, stakeholders were reached by e-mail. An invitation to submit comments about the draft version was also sent via the project’s media channels. They were provided with a description of both the project and the Roadmap. Based on that, stakeholders were asked to think of the biggest obstacles to be overcome to improve Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 17 interregional cooperation in the field of hydrogen technologies between Slovenian and Austrian companies, research centres, educational institutions, public administration, and NGOs. Moreover, they were asked to define the main activities/objectives that must be taken to overcome those obstacles. The collected responses were meaningfully included in the Challenges and Objectives sections. MILESTONE 3 (January–March 2022): Follow-up consultations with stakeholders in the process of organising the Policy Forum A further discussion with stakeholders from the ‘pool of experts’ with respect to the main challenges and objectives occurred while organising the Policy Forum. This time, all project partners were engaged in obtaining meaningful responses from the stakeholders with the use of specially designed e-forms. The final round of discussion about the Roadmap happened during three interactive workshops held on 16 March 2022 as part of the Policy Forum (D.T3.2.1). The above led to e final version of the Roadmap being prepared. MILESTONE 4 (March–June 2022): Final version of the Roadmap The final version was prepared after the editorial board members had carefully examined all of the different stakeholder feedback. Supporting chapters prepared by the editorial board are included in the final version. 18 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 3. CHALLENGES Hydrogen is a fuel for the future, yet its use is already well established. Still, to realise its full potential of decarbonising energy systems and create a true hydrogen economy, industry and governments must increase their investments to propel the market forward. Hydrogen technologies are not without their challenges, while the research and development of hydrogen technologies is an important step towards green energy production. To ensure these technologies become more accepted, it is important to determine the challenges in advance. This chapter provides a broad overview of such challenges, divided into two subchapters: technological and cooperation challenges. Technological challenges are further divided into Hydrogen Production, Distribution, Storage, Infrastructure, and End-uses. 3.1 Technological challenges 3.1.1 Hydrogen Production Overcoming the Valley of Death In the industry, concepts too often remain in the prototype stage: they are never implemented and fall into what is popularly known as the Valley of Death. This is because the regulations for upscaling the production sites are strict and quite costly to realise in money and time terms. Local authorities are currently partly overwhelmed by this type of new technologies and the related bureaucracy is thus quite an impediment. Another main issue facing the industry is the missing hydrogen economy and associated infrastructure. This means that at ention needs to paid to the following: ʯ The adaptation of regulation to bet er support the development of new hydrogen technology ʯ Initiation from the industry by supplying hydrogen-based technology products in the hope that they win over costumers. Unfortunately, this is risky for smaller competitors that often then do not invest. Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 19 ʯ The commitment of actors that implementation will occur on a comparable scale on both sides of the border. ʯ The development of projects should last long enough to allow phases from R&D to, say, pilot production. A known and good solution is for a project to be two-part, 100% subsidised in part 1 (R&D) and correspondingly less in part 2. One can also find examples of three-part projects. ʯ It is important, however, to support the project’s continuation after the development project has been completed. Distinguishing between core technology and application The usual EU approach is to establish a centre to support the companies and stakeholders. A bet er approach would be to establish a pilot project/region with direct benefits for the citizens and learning from day one about H by the following: 2 ʯ starting with an H core technology provider from the region; 2 ʯ listening to what society needs and create benefits for the citizen in combination with the core technology available in the region – establishing a project to harness this technology and learn, at ain volume, decrease costs. Using public administration and educational institutions to achieve volume and a citizen-centred approach; and ʯ building the ecosystem around this project, thereby providing a basis for know-how and future spinoffs (e.g., projects in Slovenia and Austria: Mebius, ReCatalyst, CONOT, HyCentA5) Alternative production of H2 A focus on considering and finding technologies for sustainable low-carbon hydrogen production other than electrolysis – especially on the research and innovation side of cooperation Project ideas for the local production and use of H 2 A need for examples and project ideas concerning ways that H can be produced and (ideally) 2 used locally. Only the best-suited projects for relatively quick implementation are e.g., to be selected. Upgrading H production capacities 2 An overwhelming majority of hydrogen is currently produced using fossil fuels, including natural gas and coal, with a process called steam methane reforming (SMR). Yet, the big drawback of the steam-methane reforming technique is that greenhouse gases are then released into the atmosphere. The challenge is to shrink the carbon footprint of the production of Hydrogen by CO capture and Green Hydrogen production based on RES. 2 5 www.mebius.si; www.recatalyst.si; www.conot.si; www.hycenta.at 20 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria Projects concerning efficient and affordable technologies, low-cost hydrogen models for the future, and follow-up carriers (CH , NH …) 4 3 Interesting technologies with thermodynamic aspects are seen on the labour research levels, but there is a need for a single, combining technology which can be offered to the marketplace. Investment in H technologies and their operation remains expensive and is too great a burden 2 for the companies alone. Research and development still needs public money and co-financing by the both state and the EU. Harmonising national and regional policy and research with the EU’s demands Slovenia will not only require its own national strategy (Austria has already adopted one), but a well-defined cross-border Hydrogen strategy that outlines the directions of development and economic stimulations for investing and operating in the area of hydrogen technology. 3.1.2 Distribution, Storage and Infrastructure Decarbonisation of the industry by creating a cross-border electrolysis sector The establishment of the electrolysis sector, which must evolve towards bigger-capacity projects, needs to be adequately promoted. Decarbonisation of the industry must be in line with the introduction of hydrogen technologies into production processes. This is also a cornerstone of the multiannual energy programme. How to integrate H into the Energy System of the future to ensure 2 the most efficient way of production Electrolysis and steam reforming – the two main hydrogen extraction processes – are extremely expensive. New at empts are being made to use direct electrolysis in solar panel cells by employing new catalyst material (nanomaterials) to lower the energy consumed in catalysis. A large share of RES on the electricity grid is and will remain inflexible Managing congestion and balancing each subsystem with a considerable share of inflexible RES, hydrogen prosumers (a prosumer is an individual who both consumes and produces) are of special importance. Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 21 The uncompetitive (high) production price of green hydrogen, well above the prices of other energy sources High prices are a key reason for the lack of demand as prospective consumers prefer other, cheaper energy sources. The lack of demand for green hydrogen reduces the interest of potential green hydrogen producers that would use their resources to develop competitive and more commercially attractive technologies. Subsidising the price of green hydrogen would encourage stakeholders in the production and consumption of green hydrogen to become more involved in various national and cross-border hydrogen projects, with the lat er leading to activities to establish cross-border hydrogen transfer infrastructure. Contributing to solving the problems of the storage, production and integration of H in regional energy systems and solutions for 2 seasonal storage For transportation, the overarching technical challenge concerning hydrogen storage is how to store the amount of hydrogen required for a typical driving range (>500 kms)6 within the vehicular constraints of weight, volume, efficiency, safety and cost. Durability over the performance lifetime of these systems must also be verified and validated, and acceptable refuelling times achieved. Requirements for off-board bulk storage are generally less restrictive than on-board requirements; e.g., there may be no weight requirements or less restrictive ones, but there may be volume or ‘footprint’ requirements. The biggest challenges include: ʯ Weight and Volume – the weight and volume of hydrogen storage systems are presently too high, resulting in inadequate vehicle range compared to conventional petroleum-fuelled vehicles; ʯ Efficiency – energy efficiency is a challenge for all hydrogen storage approaches. The energy required to move hydrogen in and out is an issue for reversible solid-state materials; ʯ Durability – materials and components are needed that allow hydrogen storage systems with a lifetime of 1,500 cycles; ʯ Refuelling Time – there is a need to develop hydrogen storage systems with refuelling times of less than 3 minutes over the system’s lifetime; and ʯ Cost – low-cost materials and components for hydrogen storage systems are needed along with low-cost, high-volume manufacturing methods. 6 No infrastructure for the cross-border transfer of pure hydrogen No infrastructure currently exists for the cross-border transfer of pure hydrogen, posing an obstacle for many companies interested in green hydrogen. Another limitation in connection with the neighbours’ transmission systems is the unclear/indefinite regulatory framework. 6 Hydrogen Storage Challenges (2022). www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage-challenges 22 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 3.1.3 End-uses Complete the harmonisation (vertical structuring) of the electricity market system The electricity market system is vertically structured in both the grid segment and market segment into subsystems that essentially have the same characteristics as their parent system (fractal-like subsystems). This implies: ʯ in the grid segment of the system that DSO (and subDSO) take responsibility for balancing its own grid ʯ in the market segment of the system that energy flexibility trading can be performed in local and regional markets, especially in local energy communities. Development of the transportation and industry sectors using decarbonised hydrogen The aim is to develop a range of hydrogen technologies in the transportation and industry sectors. The technology allows for greater storage capacity than electric bat eries, as well as the need for high motor power or longer autonomy. Introduction of energy flexibility trading on the level of prosumers and consumers Prosumers and consumers can offer their flexibilities on the market. The hydrogen prosumer trades flexibility directly with its consumer. 3.2 Cooperation challenges 3.2.1 Most important cooperation challenges in the cross-border region National border as an obstacle The area is divided by a border, which hinders the research competitiveness of the cross-border region. Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 23 Weak interaction between universities and research organisations –establishment of strong cooperation between the research community and industry Interaction between universities and research organisations is weak. Although isolated research cooperation already exists, on the whole the interaction between Slovenian and Austrian researchers is still poor. Combining demand in the industrial and mobile sectors on the regional level should be encouraged to accelerate the introduction of hydrogen mobility in each national territory. The goal is to establish strong partnerships between the research community and industry. Uncertain investment climate The need to: ʯ adopt a national Hydrogen Strategy (in Slovenia) ʯ establish a long-term stable regulatory environment both nationally and internationally/EU-wide ʯ provide investment security for early movers: no retroactive changes to regulation (e.g., the definition of “green hydrogen”) ʯ standardisation (if not meant in a long-term stable regulatory environment) Support for research, innovation and capability development to facilitate future hydrogen use There are few research programmes to promote cooperative research projects to bet er link the region together. Interregional projects are partly characterised by a very unclear definition of goals/milestones and an unclear distribution of tasks. This prevents effective cooperation. Identify priority research programmes, which also include education and training for capacity development to support the use of hydrogen in the territory, including technical staff, persons responsible for quality, safety, the environment, firefighters, engineers and researchers. Unclear regulatory environment The need for: ʯ demand-side measures (e.g., a demand quota for industry or mobility) to foster the development of hydrogen ʯ abolition of the carbon-leakage advantage for grey hydrogen ʯ establishing effective and cross-sectoral CO -price mechanisms 2 ʯ tax benefits for green hydrogen procedures 24 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria Harmonising the strategy on Hydrogen on both sides of the border Over the last three decades, the INTERREG/ETC programmes have crucially helped stimulate territorial development and reduce all sorts of border barriers in EU border regions7. Despite these efforts, the presence of national administrative borders creates inevitable constraints for citizens who cross EU borders. Ensuring that both countries have a ‘harmonised’ strategy would speed up investments and collaboration. For technological and economic cooperation, we need roadmaps and strategies on both sides, which must be accepted by both countries. We also need pilot projects in Austria and Slovenia to strengthen cross-border pilot and demonstration actions. These would be important for demonstrating the technologies to the national authorities to show their techno-economic and environmental benefits. The Research and Educational field is not sufficiently active There is a need for more active research and educational work and hence greater visibility and a bet er approach to projects for applying hydrogen technologies. This would create possibilities for them to breakthrough with test and demonstration projects (i.e., linking research and educational work with the economy). Without these, it will not be possible to build interregional cooperation. The future lies in greater integration and joint application projects with recognised added value. Unclear and non-strategically designed guidelines The challenge is to prepare clear and strategically designed guidelines for the development and introduction of green technologies for hydrogen production. Concentration and cooperation on R&D capacities to become visible on the EU scale The need for: ʯ increased cooperation across border (the area is divided by the border, which hinders the research competitiveness of the cross-border area); ʯ introduction of bet er legislation and policies; ʯ increased cooperation between universities and research organisations by encouraging cooperation and knowledge transfer with regard to market needs; and ʯ establishing an interregional hydrogen value chain. 7 Medeiros, E. (2018). Should EU cross-border cooperation programs focus mainly on reducing border obstacles? https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/pub_pap_em_should_eu_cross-border_cooperation_ programmes_focus_on_reducing_border_obstacles_documents_danalisi_geografica.pdf Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 25 The lack of legislative and financial support for implementing green hydrogen technologies The lack of legislative and financial support is (apart from the obvious technical and cost issues) a crucial obstacle that must be overcome swiftly if we are to accomplish the goals of decarbonisation and to reduce the impact on the global climate. Here, the complicated administrative procedures should also be mentioned as one of the biggest obstacles. Both Slovenia and Austria are committed to achieving carbon neutrality Slovenia prepared the NECP for reaching carbon neutrality by 20501 and Austria by 20402, 10 years ahead of the European Union’s target. To achieve these goals, both countries prepared legislation and policies that directly address the challenge. In this context, H plays 2 an important role. More efforts to integrate other stakeholders into the development of low-carbon technologies (NGOs, universities, research organisations, companies) – Greater flexibility of regional actors regarding solutions and technologies outside the mainstream to give such possibilities a chance Stakeholder integration provides real opportunities for organisations to achieve more than they could on their own and is a way to improve construction project productivity. The main challenges for stakeholder integration seem mostly related to the lack of trust and communication among stakeholders, and thus all stakeholders should be involved as soon as possible. The new reality and changes in the world call for new solutions to be developed and implemented quicker than ever before. This represents a problem, especially for authorities, learning institutions and big organisations, such as research institutes. New, fresh, unconventional ideas, particularly if they come from other fields like NGOs, should be given an opportunity and more chances. 26 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 4. RECOMMENDATIONS In each country, national NECP 1, 2 data were used to prepare the present document. The recommendations are divided into three tables: Transfer of research and innovation to the industry and vice versa; Opportunities for the joint financing of research, development and innovation of hydrogen technologies; and The political framework and priorities. 4.1 Transfer of research and innovation to the industry and vice versa OBJECTIVE A broad (thematic) scientific conference on hydrogen-related research Measures: Target groups: The conference could help identify Researchers from universities, public common research approaches and lead to research organisations, and companies; new collaborations. B2R, B2B and B2F (R – representatives from the business sector; research, B – business, F – finance) meetings, investors workshops and hackathons could also be organised within the proposed conference. Time Frame: Expected results: 1 year Increased cooperation; greater investments Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 27 OBJECTIVE Infrastructure sharing – preparation of concepts Measures: Target groups: Preparation of a concept note, including a Researchers from universities, public list of infrastructure, research capacities and research organisations, and companies willingness to be part of a sharing system Expected results: Time Frame: 1 year The prepared concept OBJECTIVE Finding the right support schemes to enable PoC and pilot projects Measures: Target groups: Support that will help transit from research Public authorities, investors and other to industry, enable regulated businesses stakeholders to invest in early technologies and thereby enable knowledge transfer; raising public Time Frame: awareness through pilot and demo objects 1 year Expected results: Increased investments; knowledge and technology transfer; raising TRL; raising public awareness OBJECTIVE Delta financing for H equipment 2 Measures: Expected results: In the short run, it would be beneficial if the Implementation of technologies – use public authorities compensate for the delta cases financing of traditional applications towards H technology: e.g. Diesel Bus – H Bus, 2 2 Target groups: Diesel Generator – H Generator etc. This 2 Public authorities incentive leads to use cases, providing the basis for applied sciences and technology development Time Frame: 1 year 28 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria OBJECTIVE Development of technological showcases on how to invest in H technologies for companies and other stakeholders 2 Measures: Target groups: A national agenda with attractive subsidy SMEs and larger companies, business possibilities entities, assisted by research and development institutions Expected results: 2–3 investments in each country Time Frame: 3 years OBJECTIVE Support for evidence-based decision-making about public support schemes Measures: Target groups: Cost–benefit analysis of hydrogen The research community, state and applications ministries, players in the energy sector, (top-down approach) Expected results: Targeted public investments, targeted achieving of EU and national climate and Time Frame: energy objectives 1 year OBJECTIVE Knowledge transfer to the general public Measures: Target groups: Publishing non-scientific articles, press Researchers from universities, public conferences and public roundtables, research organisations, companies, general demonstration objects (pilot scale) or public prototypes and more open and less scientific conferences and events including Time Frame: prototype demonstrations, identification of 2 years best practices Expected results: Boosting collaboration and financing; raising public awareness Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 29 OBJECTIVE Ensuring strong IP protection for newly developed technologies, technology transfer activities (i.e. licensing) and support for open innovation Measures: Target groups: Conducting through patent searches, Researchers from universities, public evaluation of new technologies, establishing research organisations and companies, patent protection, technology promotion supported by local technology and and licensing; support open innovation knowledge transfer offices where possible. Expected results: Time Frame: Protection of newly developed technologies, 3 years establishing a competitive advantage in the market, avoiding competition blockages within the designated territory OBJECTIVE Build up knowledge databases for hydrogen-related technologies Measures: Target groups: Establishment of a platform where new Researchers and enterprises technologies from research are shared and their potential TRL is discussed Time Frame: Expected results: 1–2 years Increased insight for industrial partners to evaluate business cases Greater investments in newer technologies 30 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria OBJECTIVE Introduction of hydrogen prosumers into the electricity market system on all levels of a harmonised (vertically structured) system as the most promising option Measures: Expected results: Consequently, local energy communities A vertically structured system of (LEC) in Austria and in Slovenia can be prosumers included in the energetic grid formed that trade energy flexibilities to established balance their operations. The objective of introducing hydrogen prosumers in LEC Target groups: on both sides would stimulate cooperation State, authorities, and the business sector between the two countries on the local and regional levels. Fuel cells also generate heat that can Time Frame: be used for energy (individual prosumer 3 years objects or distance heating models). 4.2 Opportunities for the joint financing of research, development and innovation of hydrogen technologies OBJECTIVE Monitoring and drafting proposals to improve financial mechanisms Measures: a) the European Regional Development Funding mechanisms: Fund (ERDF), for investing in the social and review existing funding mechanisms on economic development of all EU regions the national, cross-border region SI-AT, and cities transnational, and EU levels and analyse b) the Cohesion Fund (CF), for investing in and propose more targeted mechanisms the environment and in transport in less in the field of hydrogen and hydrogen prosperous EU countries technologies; in Slovenia, there is a Smart Specialisation Strategy giving opportunities c) the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+), for the joint financing of research, for supporting jobs and creating a fair and development and innovation of hydrogen socially inclusive society in EU countries technologies. The Cohesion Policy EU d) the Just Transition Fund (JTF), for budget 2021–2027 is delivered through supporting the regions most affected by specific funds: the transition to climate neutrality Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 31 e) Calls for a tender starting in Q4 2022 (e.g. Expected results: Eureka, M-ERA.NET…); List of funding mechanisms for projects focused on H Austrian Ministry (BMK) funded platforms 2 with reference to hydrogen: Target groups: a) A3PS – Austrian Association for All stakeholders Advanced Propulsion System – www.a3ps. at; Time Frame: b The Hydrogen Initiative Flagship Region 3 years Austria Power & Gas – www.wiva.at OBJECTIVE Financial support for newly established companies and spin-offs Measures: ʯ Primarily proof-of-concept projects, Overview and analysis of existing co- ʯ Beneficiaries of the funding must be financing opportunities for newly in the seed, start-up or later stages of established companies (start-ups) and development, spin-offs. For example: ʯ the project must be the result of research at universities or other 1. The cases of Slovenia: research institutions. a) spin-offs: ʯ The CEETT Platform will invite also Central Eastern European Technology private investors to participate8 Transfer (CEETT) platform to which the EIF will contribute €20 million and SID Bank and b) start-ups: HBOR €10 million each, aims to establish Key public funding products for start-ups and invest these funds in a regional venture ʯ P2 – €54,000 start-up incentive for capital fund. The fund will be designed start-ups. to finance research projects, technology ʯ SK75 – €75,000 convertible loan for development and intellectual property market entry. with potential commercial value for the economy, at their earliest stage, when they ʯ SI-SK – From €100,000 to €600,000 are still in the domain of research teams at co-investment money for rapid growth. universities and research institutes. This will ʯ Vouchers – Simple small value enable their successful development and incentives for SMEs. commercialisation into final products and ʯ SME Facility – Grants for concept and services of high added and market value product development9. for the economy. For whom the platform is intended: 8 Central Eastern European Technology Transfer – CEETT platform. https://www.sid.si/mala-srednja-podjetja/ regionalna-platforma-za-prenos-tehnologij-central-eastern-european-technology 9 Key public funding products for start-ups. https://www.startup.si/sl-si/za-startupe/javni-viri-financiranja 32 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 2. The cases of Austria: exploitation strategies and knowledge a) start-ups and spin-offs: valorisation were communicated to the The most important funding sources interested public, including World IP Day in Austria are the Austrian Research and the Phoenix competition11 Promotion Agency (FFG) and Austria Expected results: Wirtschaftsservice GmbH (AWS). They Projects, focused on H , offer non-repayable grants, guarantees 2 cooperation between R&D, start-ups and or subsidised loans. Domestic risk capital spin-offs. firms such as Speedinvest and numerous business angels repeatedly assist start- ups by providing financing, and investing Target groups: millions of euros in capital10 R&D organisation universities, companies, investors b) spin-offs: Spin-off initiative: At the same time, in Time Frame: the environment of academic spin-offs, 3 years priorities in the area of creating sustainable OBJECTIVE Financial instruments for elevating TRLs to bring technologies closer to the market and to bridge the “valley of death” Measures: and services. It combines the two issues Funding mechanisms: national, regional, of deployment and re-industrialisation transnational, EU levels into an approach that distinguishes three Smart Specialisation Strategy of Slovenia fundamental stages in the innovation chain and Smart Specialisation in Austria; of KETs and KETs-based products: European Commission declares that a) Technological research, transforming Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) are fundamental research into technologies crucial for the competitiveness and renewal of European manufacturing. The core of b) Product development, transforming KETs is bridging the “Valley of Death” as technologies into product prototypes a vital aspect of the KETs strategy, which c) Competitive manufacturing, creating addresses Europe’s biggest weakness: the production systems to commercially translation of its knowledge base into goods produce the products12 10 Start-ups and spin-offs: The most important funding sources in Austria: the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) and Austria Wirtschaftsservice GmbH (aws). https://www.ffg.at/en/Start-up/Foerderungen; https://www.aws.at/ 11 Spin-off initiative, Austria. https://www.spin-off-austria.at/sponsors 12 Horizon 2020: Key Enabling Technologies, Booster for European Leadership in the Manufacturing Sector. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/536282/IPOL_STU%282014%29536282_EN.pdf Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 33 Expected results: Target groups: Research projects – to use the KETs: R&D organisations, companies, start-ups, searching for solutions to 2 types of the spin-offs valley of death: a) the technological Valley of Death - it Time Frame: is about the research, development, and 3 years innovation of the product, b) the commercialisation Valley of Death is about the development of a commercial production system. Product development, transforming technologies into product prototypes of H 2 on the national or cross-border level OBJECTIVE To define sustainable and profitable business models, especially if we want to establish electric heating prosumers Measures: Expected results: 1. Preparation of an interest study to 1. New business models develop proposals of the solutions for 2. Financial support for the development decentralised structured small-scale and implementation the new business hydrogen production (prosumers) in models in companies interregional area 2. Funding mechanisms in Slovenia and Austria such as The Recovery and Target groups: Resilience Plan (RRP) All stakeholders, particular companies, a) Slovenia: experts greener economy, maximise the benefits of the digital transformation and ensure Time Frame: social-economic cohesion and resilience13. 3 years b) Austria: green, sustainable, digital14 13 The Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP) in Slovenia. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility/slovenias-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en 14 The Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP) in Austria. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/at_rrp_summary.pdf 34 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria OBJECTIVE Ambition for a joint investment project on H close to the 2 national border between Austria and Slovenia Measures: Expected results: 1. Joint interregional coordinated planning Project proposal for H with investment 2 and implementation of the development jointly prepared on the government level and preparation of a project proposal on H of Slovenia and Austria according to needs 2 in the cross-border region for H in Slovenia and Austria in the cross- 2 2. Funding mechanisms on the cross- border region border level such as Interreg SI-AT; Horizon Europe, European Innovation Funds for Target groups: large and small projects; private investors Cross-border cooperation between states, 3 Funding mechanisms in governments SI-AT (strategic solutions), Slovenia and Austria such as The Recovery R&D organisations, companies, private and Resilience Plan (RRP) investors Time Frame: 3 years OBJECTIVE Further promotion of decentralised, small-scale structured hydrogen production (prosumers) to solve the infrastructure problem while simultaneously expanding photovoltaic areas Measures: Target groups: Seeking opportunities for cross-border All stakeholders cooperation on small-scale hydrogen production, yet also decisions on the Time Frame: government and regional level according to 3 years the needs of an application, e.g., for mobility and the economy Expected results: Analysis of hydrogen needs in the cross- border region, preparation of a feasibility study for such production and presenting it to decision-makers on the government level Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 35 OBJECTIVE Based on the availability of H core technology 2 in the region, pilot projects to solve citizens’ issues and scale by the involved stakeholders are needed Measures: Expected results: Defining a list of pilot projects. Pilot projects on H2 The list should be available to show the extent of the cost and the problems. Due Target groups: to the higher support available from the All stakeholders EU compared to local authorities, it may be worthwhile defining a package of projects and obtaining support from European Time Frame: institutions. 3 years OBJECTIVE A cross-national or harmonised regional model (hydrogen mobility concept) for the transportation and industry sectors Measures: Expected results: The interregional coordinated planning and Joint feasibility study for the H pilot project 2 implementation of a pilot project such as subject to intergovernmental agreement refuelling infrastructure for trains, trucks, cars, buses etc. and industry along the Target groups: main transport routes. This includes the The state/governments of SI and of Austria interregional coordination of hydrogen pilot (particularly the Interreg region in AT), projects in the truck and bus sector. R&D organisations, companies, experts, A scaled sector coupling regional model decision-makers consisting of green power energy suppliers (possibly fed from a large number of Time Frame: small photovoltaic areas with excess 2-3 years capacities) with more efficient large-scale electrolysis plants (high temperature) and local businesses that also use hydrogen vehicles in the fleet for bus, heavy-duty or long-distance applications is conceivable. 36 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria OBJECTIVE Business cases to bring technology closer to the market (set up 2–3 pilot projects) Measures: Target groups: Prepare the economic and financial State, authorities, business sector background for demonstrators Expected results: Time Frame: Projects used to demonstrate the technical 3 years and economic and environmental benefits OBJECTIVE Promote the coordinated funding for cross-border research Measures: Target groups: Increasing the attractiveness of calls Research institutions, scientific institutions, for tenders between the neighbouring industry, educational institutions countries through promotional activities Time Frame: Expected results: 1–2 years Promotion of activities and cross-border research projects through the Hydrogen Center cross-border network OBJECTIVE Development of ‘Hydrogen Valley’ Measures: Target groups: A review of initiatives and opportunities to Researchers, the community, state and establish a cross-border Hydrogen Valley ministries, players in the energy sector, policymakers, business sector Expected results: Review prepared Time Frame: 2–3 years Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 37 OBJECTIVE Supporting investments at critical points in the value chain (fuel stations, electrolysis) Measures: Target groups: Investments that would enable hydrogen to Policymakers, state/ government, business have a competitive price sector, investors Expected results: National support schemes that would Time Frame: increase the chances of acquiring EU or 3 years other external funding and blending ** Hydrogen Valleys typically entail a multi-million-euro investment in a defined geographic area and cover a substantial part of the hydrogen value chain, from hydrogen production, storage and transport through to its use in sectors like industry, mobility and energy. 4.3 The political framework and priorities OBJECTIVE Improved dissemination and communication between Slovenia and Austria Measures: Target groups: Task force All stakeholders Expected results: Time Frame: Increased cooperation 3 years 38 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria OBJECTIVE Clear commitment to and support for H technology 2 Measures: Target groups: High-level political support Policymakers Expected results: Legal documents showing support for the Time Frame: development of H technology 1 year 2 OBJECTIVE Priorities should be the future energy mix and basic role of hydrogen-related technologies Measures: Target groups: Investments in infrastructure and the All stakeholders promotion of prosumers Expected results: Time Frame: 2 years A stronger hydrogen economy Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 39 OBJECTIVE Upgrading the regulatory and legislative framework by introducing hydrogen technologies Measures: Expected results: A subsidy and a tax reduction on the price An upgraded regulatory and legislative of green hydrogen would encourage framework, including national Hydrogen interested actors. Strategies A clear or specific regulatory framework would indicate the direction, rules and Target groups: possibilities of developing the hydrogen All stakeholders economy. The simplification of administrative procedures. Time Frame: 2 years OBJECTIVE A shift from focusing on traffic and electricity production to currently less considered solutions Measures: Target groups: A new policy focus Policymakers Expected results: A focus on different sectors of end users Time Frame: 1 year 40 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 5. THE ROADMAP TO 2025 The Roadmap for Hydrogen Technologies in Slovenia and Austria has been prepared as part of the Interreg SI-AT H₂GreenTECH project. The Roadmap is a joint cross-border strategic document that refers to the expected development of hydrogen technology until 2025 through guidelines and priorities in the two countries. The absence of national hydrogen strategies in each country means national NECP1, 2 were used while preparing the present document. Since 2025 is fast approaching, the predictions for 2030 from the NECP and FCH Opportunities for Hydrogen Energy Technologies for Slovenia and Austria documents were considered. Stakeholder experts identified the main challenges and objectives concerned with the implementation of hydrogen technologies, the Roadmap for hydrogen technologies was reviewed by experts and presented for consideration at the policy forum. The Roadmap you are now holding was then finalised. A set of technological and cooperation challenges is listed, including the production, distribution, storage of hydrogen and associated infrastructure, end-uses and cooperation issues in the cross-border region of Austria and Slovenia. Further, a set of recommendations is proposed, including improved knowledge and technology transfer between academia, research organisations, industry and to the general public, the increased financing of R&D for hydrogen technologies, while new incentives and priorities have been established to create an encouraging policy framework. The HYDROGEN CENTER is both a digital platform for B2B meetings and a One-Stop-Shop that gives companies access to the services, and the cutting -edge knowledge and research infrastructure. Its aim is to bring different stakeholders in the field of hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria together in a long-term cross-border Interreg SI-AT region research and industrial network to promote the development of innovations using hydrogen technologies and to implement the Roadmap for Hydrogen Technology in Slovenia and Austria, the Hydrogen Center Development Strategy, and the Hydrogen Center Marketing Strategy. Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 41 2022–2023 The organisation of a broad scientific conference on hydrogen-related R&D and technologies, involving all stakeholders and investors, will increase cooperation and investments. The preparation of concepts for infrastructure sharing. Support schemes for PoC and pilot projects will lead to increased investments, knowledge and technology transfer and raise the TRL. Knowledge transfer to the general public, raising overall public awareness. Implementing new technologies (KETs, use cases) through delta financing for H equipment. Build up knowledge databases for H 2 2 technologies. Identifying sustainable and profitable business models through the development of new business models. Determining new funding opportunities for cross-border research activities. A review of initiatives and opportunities to establish a Hydrogen Valley in the interregional Slovenia-Austria area or beyond. Strengthen the H economy with national support schemes to increase 2 investments at critical points of the value chain (fuel stations, electrolysis) and legislative support for H technology implementation, including national H strategies. Focus should also be given to 2 2 other areas of application that currently are considered less represented, avoiding a sole focus on transport and electricity production. 2024–2025 Showcasing H technology investments to companies and other stakeholders. Ensuring strong IP 2 protection for newly developed technologies, licensing activities, and support for open innovation, avoiding competition blockages within the region. The introduction of H prosumers into the 2 electricity market system through a vertically structured system. Preparation of a list of funding mechanisms suitable for projects based on H , including financial support for start-ups and spin-2 offs, and financial instruments for elevating TRLs. Joint investment projects on the government level to support cross-border collaboration. Analysis of hydrogen needs in the cross-border region, preparation of a feasibility study for such production and presenting it to decision-makers on the government level, promoting small-scale prosumers while simultaneously expanding photovoltaic areas. Development of the H mobility concept for the transport and industry sectors through 2 feasibility studies of the pilot projects. Establishing 2–3 pilot projects to be used to demonstrate the technical and economic and environmental benefits of cross-border collaboration in the Interreg SI-AT area. Greater cooperation between Slovenia and Austria in the field of H technologies in the 2 Interreg region. 42 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria The vision for 2030 SOLAR ONSHORE WIND PHOTOVOLTAIC NEW JOBS 50–140 GWh/a 50–140 GWh/a 270–690 2110–7470 GWh/a 2110–7470 GWh/a 3300–10500 ELECTROLYSERS 61–180 GWh/a 1590–5620 GWh/a LOWER EMISSIONS 33–78 ktCO /a 2 1100–3400 ktCO /a 2 ADDED VALUE IN THE LOCAL ECONOMY 12–31 mEUR/a 300–1000 mEUR/a INDUSTRY BUILDING TRANSPORT POWER 61–180 GWh/a 1-10 GWh/a 56–128 GWh/a 0,1–1 GWh/a 1590–5620 GWh/a 81–813 GWh/a 474–1207 GWh/a 12–121 GWh/a Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 43 SOLAR ONSHORE WIND PHOTOVOLTAIC NEW JOBS 50–140 GWh/a 50–140 GWh/a 270–690 2110–7470 GWh/a 2110–7470 GWh/a 3300–10500 ELECTROLYSERS 61–180 GWh/a 1590–5620 GWh/a LOWER EMISSIONS 33–78 ktCO /a 2 1100–3400 ktCO /a 2 ADDED VALUE IN THE LOCAL ECONOMY 12–31 mEUR/a 300–1000 mEUR/a INDUSTRY BUILDING TRANSPORT POWER 61–180 GWh/a 1-10 GWh/a 56–128 GWh/a 0,1–1 GWh/a 1590–5620 GWh/a 81–813 GWh/a 474–1207 GWh/a 12–121 GWh/a 44 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 6. REFERENCES 1 Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Slovenia. (2020). https:// www.energetika-portal.si/dokumenti/strateski-razvojni-dokumenti/nacionalni-energetski-in-podnebni-nacrt/ 2 Opportunities for Hydrogen Energy Technologies Considering the National Energy & Climate Plans (2020). https://www.fch.europa.eu/publications/opportunities-hydrogen-energy-technologies-considering-national-energy-climate-plans 3 Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for Austria (2019). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/ files/resource/LTS1_Austria.pdf 4 New Commission modelling on 32.5% energy efficiency (2019). https://www.stefanscheuer.eu/ energy-savings-on-the-ground/new-commission-modelling-on-32-5-energy-efficiency/1072/ 5 www.mebius.si; https://recatalyst.si; http://www.conot.si; www.hycenta.at 6 Hydrogen Storage Challenges (2022). https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage-challenges 7 Medeiros, E. (2018). Should EU cross-border cooperation programs focus mainly on reducing border obstacles? https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/pub_pap_em_should_eu_ cross-border_cooperation_programmes_focus_on_reducing_border_obstacles_documents_ danalisi_geografica.pdf 8 Central Eastern European Technology Transfer – CEETT platform. https://www.sid.si/mala-srednja-podjetja/regionalna-platforma-za-prenos-tehnologij-central-eastern-european-technology 9 Key public funding products for start-ups. https://www.startup.si/sl-si/za-startupe/javni-viri-financiranja 10 Start-ups and spin-offs: The most important funding sources in Austria: the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) and Austria Wirtschaftsservice GmbH (aws). https://www.ffg.at/en/ Start-up/Foerderungen; https://www.aws.at/ 11 Spin-off initiative, Austria. https://www.spin-off-austria.at/sponsors 12 Horizon 2020: Key Enabling Technologies, Booster for European Leadership in the Manufacturing Sector. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/536282/ IPOL_STU%282014%29536282_EN.pdf 13 The Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP) in Slovenia. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/recovery-coronavirus/recovery-and-resilience-facility/slovenias-recovery-and-resilience-plan_en 14 The Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP) in Austria. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/ at_rrp_summary.pdf Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria 45 NOTES 46 Roadmap for hydrogen technologies in Slovenia and Austria REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND SPORT H₂GreenTECH in figures Duration: 30 Months Start: 01. 03. 2020 End: 31. 08. 2022 Number of partners: 6 Overall budget: 584.500,00 EUR Contribution of the ERDF: 496.825,00 EUR PROJECT COORDINATOR National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana, Slowenien dr. Blaž Likozar +386 1 4760 281 blaz.likozar@ki.si The project is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund within the Cooperation program Interreg V-A Slovenia-Austria. www.h2greentech.eu @H2GreenTECH www.linkedin.com/in/h2greentech-project HYDROGEN CENTER b2b.h2greentech.eu www.h2greentech.eu @H2GreenTECH www.linkedin.com/in/h2greentech-project