npHMO^ Tpyöap h ero geaTenbHocTb b Tpygax pyccKux cnaBucroB
Marianna Leonidovna Bersadskaja
Saint Petersburg State University 7-9, Universitetskaya Nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, marber2@rambler.ru
CaHKm-^emep6yp^cKuü ^ocy^apcmBeHHMÜ yHUBepcumem Poccux, 199034 CaHKm-^emep6yp^, YHUBepcumemcKax Haö. 7-9, marber2@rambler.ru
- scn i/1 [2008], 88-101 -
B CTaTte paccMaTpHBaroTca pyccKue HcciegoBaHHA o geaTeiLHocra n. Tpy6apa, co3gaHHtie b TeneHHe 180 ieT, ot »En6iHorpa$HHecKHx ihctob« n. H. KenneHa, Btimegmnx b 1825 r., go MOHorpa^HH neTep6yprcKoro ucciegoBaTeia A. C. Tepga o cioBeHCKoM «3HKe XVI BeKa, ony6iHKoBaHHoft b 2005 rogy. KpoMe Toro, b cTaTte 3aTpoHyTH npo6ieMti pyccKo-cioBeHCKux HayHHtix u iHTepaTypHHx cBfl3eft.
This paper reviews research work on P. Trubar by Russian scholars through 180 years, starting from P. E. Keppen's Bibliographic Leaves in 1825 up to a monograph published in 2005 by Saint Petersburg researcher A. S. Gerd on the 16th century Slovenian language. The article also raises the issue of Russian and Slovenian scholarly and literary contacts.
Ključne besede: fleaTeitHocTt n. Tpy6apa b Tpygax pyccKux CiaBHCTOB
Key words: P. Trubar's activities in works by Russian Slavists
BnepBbie hmh n. Tpyöapa öbino BBegeHo b HaynHbrn oöuxog n. H. Kenne-HOM (1793-1864), H3BecTHWM pyccKHM cnaBHCTOM, öuönuorpa^oM, apxeorpa-^om, reorpa^oM h ^THO^pa$OM, ogHHM h3 ynpeguTeneH b 1816 r. BonbHoro oömecTBa nroÖHreneö pocchhckoh cnoBecHocTH, aKTHBHbiM nneHoM PyMHH-^bckoto Kpy^Ka, cwrpaBmero 3HanHTenbHyro ponb b pa3BHTHH pocchhckoh cnaBHcTHKH.
KenneH nepBbiM H3 pyccKHx ^unonoroB coBepmun gnurenbHoe nyTeme-cTBue no EBpone (1821-1824), 3apaHee cocTaBHB T^aTenbHo npogyMaHHyro
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npuMow Tpyôap u e^o dexmejihuocmh e mpydax pyccKux cjaeucmoe
HayHHyro nporpaMMy. Bo BpeMa ^T0H noe3gKu oh He T0nbK0 pa5oTan b My3eax u 5u5nuoTeKax, roynan cnaBaHcKue gpeBHocTu u coBpeMeHHbie KynbiypHbie gocTonpuMenarenbHocTu, ho u ycTaHaBnuBan lUHHrne KomaKTbi c yneHbiMu. nucarenaMu u o5mecTBeHHbiMu geaTenaMu cnaBaHcKux HapogoB — B. Ka-pag^uneM, E. KonuTapoM, n. H. ffla$apuK0M, KonnapoM, H. ,o5pobckum, B. raHK0H u gp. KenneH Hpe3BbiHañH0 BHUMaTenbHo mTygupoBan pa5oTw cboux 3apy5e®Hwx Konner, 3HaK0Mun ux c KHuraMu pyccKux cnaBucT0B, b cBoro onepegb uH^opMupya pyccKux yneHbix o5 ux geaTenbHocTu. Htotom ^T0^0 nyTemecTBua 5wno ycTaH0BneHue y KenneHa u — c ero noMoqbM
—	y MHorux HneH0B PyMaH^BcKoro Kpy^Ka npoHHbix HayHHbix u nuHHbix K0HTaKT0B c 3anagHoeBponeñcKUMu cnaBucTaMu. Bo3BpaTUBmucb U3 nyTemecTBua, KenneH npegnpuHan u3gaHue nepBoro Me^gyHapogHoro 5u5nuorpa-^unecKoro ^ypHana »Bu5nuorpa$unecKue nucTbi« (1825-1826; Bcero 3a ^T0T nepuog Bbimno 43 H0Mepa), rge nenaTanucb KpynHeñmue cnaBucTbi Poccuu u EBponw, gaBanacb HoBeñmaa uH$opMa^ua o5 uccnegoBaHuax u oTKpwTuax b o5nacTu cnaBaH0BegeHua.
OopMynupya ^nu u3gaHua, KenneH nucan: »rnaBHoe Ha3HaneHue cux nucT0B coctout b Tom, hto5m coo5maTb nonHbie 3arnaBua hobmx KHur, Ha pa3Hwx a3WKax b Poccuu u3gaBaeMbix, u npegnaraTb ux KpaTKoe cogep^a-Hue... no HacTu uHocTpaHHoñ nuTeparypw npegno^aTca u3BecTua T0nbK0 o Ba^Heñmux npegMeTax...«.'
Cyga no BceMy, k Hucny TaKux »Ba^Heñmux npegMeT0B«, T.e. TeM, KenneH 0TH0cun cygb5y cTaponenarabix cnaBaHcKux KHur, o K0T0pwx roBopunocb b nepB0M H0Mepe »Bu5nuorpa$unecKux nucT0B«. nepeHHro ^Tux KHur npeg-mecTB0Bana cTaTba KenneHa »CnoBeHcKaa [b gaHH0M cnynae »cnaBaHcKaa«
—	M. B.] nuTepaTypa«, b KoTopoñ 5wn gaH o53op HemcKoñ, nonbcKoñ, xop-BaTcKoñ u cnoBeHcKoñ cpegHeBeK0Bwx nuTepaTyp u nuTepaTyp no3gHero cpegHeBeK0BbH. KenneH roBopuT o Toñ ponu, K0T0pyro cwrpana geaTenbHocTb npuMaca Tpy5epa (raK oh uMeHyeT cnoBeHcKoro pe^opMaropa) b pa3BUTuu cnoBeHcKoro u xopBaTcKoro KHuronenaTaHua, b 3aKnagKe ochob cnoBeHcKoro H3biKa u cnoBeHcKoñ nuTepaTypw. »BecKopwcTHoñ peBHocTu Tpy5epa, me-gpoTaM 5apoHa YHraaga u xpucTuaHcK0My Tpygonro5uro reoprua ,anMaTUHa roro-3anagHwe cnaBaHe o5a3aHbi KaK nepeBogoM CBameHHoro nucaHua, TaK u Boo5me 0cH0BaHueM cBoeñ cnoBecHocTu«.2. B nepeHHe cTaponenarabix cnaBaHcKux KHur, 0ny5nuK0BaHH0M b HecKonbKux H0Mepax ^ypHana, gaeTca uH^opMa^ua o 29 KHurax, u3gaHHwx cnaBeHcKUMu pe^opMaTopaMu. »Boro-puH, — numeT KenneH, koMMeHTupya cnucoK, — cBoero rpaMMaTUKoro, U3-gaHHoro b 1584 r., yTBepgun npaBonucaHue KpañHcKoe u go cero to BpeMeHu (HaHUHaa c 1550 roga) y Hac goBegeH cnucoK nepBonenaTHbiM KpauHcKUM KHuraM. nocne 1584 r. noKa3aHa ogHa T0nbK0 KHura, BepoaTHo, nocnegHaa,
1	KenneH n. H. npegucnoBue//Bu6nuorpa$uHecKue nucTw, 1825, M1 (6.I). C. 2
2	KenneH n. H. CnoBeHcKaa nuTepaTypa// Buönuorpa^unecKue nucTw, 1825, M1 (6.I). C. 7
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Marianna Leonidovna Beršadskaja
rogahhaa b TroôuHreHe b 1595 r. Korga HanenaTam u cy^ecTByeT nu e^e rge-nu6o Tpy6epoBa Formula Concordiae, HaM He u3BecTHo«.3
TaKoBw nepBwe CBegeHua o Tpy6ape u CnoBeHCKoñ Pe$opMa^uu, npu-BegeHHwe KenneHoM.
flanbHeñmeMy 3HaKoMCTBy pyccKoñ oô^ecTBeHHocTu c ge^TenbHocTbro Tpy6apa cnoco6cTBoBan cnoBeHCKuñ yneHwiñ B. KnyH, ony6nuKoBaBmuñ b nepBoM cnaBHHo^unbCKoM xypHane »PyccKaa 6ecega« gBe CTaTbu. nepBaa u3 hux — »CnoBeH^i« — 6wina HanenaTam b TpeTbeM HoMepe xypHana 3a 1857 rog u onucwiBana HpaBwi u o6winau cnoBeH^B, coBpeMeHHoe nonoxeHue cnoBeHCKoro Hapoga, CTpeMH^erooa — no Mwicnu aBTopa — k eguHeHuro co cboumu cnaBHHCKuMu 6paTbHMu. »H TonbKo CTapancH, — nucan KnyH, 3aBepmaa CTarbro, — u, Hagerocb, ycnen hcho goKa3aTb, hto cnoBeH^i — gapoBuToe u ^Hep^eTUHecKoe nneMH, BwiCTynaro^ee Ha nonpu^e BceMupHoñ ucTopuu bo Bceñ cune mhoctu c xubhm co3HaHueM CBoeñ HapogHocTu u c ropanen nro6oBbro k Bepe. B ^TOM y6exgeHuu CMeno u necTHo npoxaruBaroT ohu gpyxecKyro pyKy conneMeHHwiM 6parbHM, ga6wi eguHCTBo gyxa u ^Hep-ruu npuBeno Bcex k ogHoñ o6^eñ ^nu, ga6wi Bce mwi cnunucb b eguHyro HapogHyro ceMbro«.4
BTopaa CTaTbH KnyHa, ony6nuKoBaHHaa b »PyccKoñ 6ecege«, nocBH^anacb ucTopuu CnoBeHCKoñ nureparypwi ot Opeñ3uHreHCKux otpwbkob BnnoTb go Havana XIX BeKa. KnyH Bwigenan b pa3BuTuu CnoBeHCKoñ nuTepaTypw gBa nepuoga — npoTecTaHTCKuñ (XVI b.) u KaTonunecKuñ (c koh^ XVI b. go coBpeMeHHoñ eMy ^^oxu).
O^eHUBaH cnoBeHCKyro Pe$opMa^uro, KnyH numeT: »XVI-wiñ BeK, CTonb 3aMenaTenbHwñ bo MHorux oraomeHuax, 6win, BMecTe c TeM, u HananoM npo-6y®geHua nuTepaTypw u HayKu... go BwcTynneHua Ha nonpu^e Tpy6epa He 6wno hu HanenaTaHo, hu HanucaHo Ha cnoBeHCKoM œwme hu ogHoro co-HuHeHua; u Tpy6ep b npegucnoBuu ko BTopoMy rogahuro CBoero nepeBoga HoBoro 3aBeTa (Tro6uHreH, 1582), uMen nonHoe npaBo CKa3aTb: »3a 34 roga He 6wno He TonbKo KHuru, gaxe nucbMa Ha HameM BuHgcKoM œwrne, u6o Bce cnuranu BuHgcKuñ u BeHrepcKuñ h3wku caMwMu rpy6wMu u BapBapcKuMu u gyManu, hto Ha hux Henb3H hu nurarb, hu nucaTb«.5
OcHoBHaa 3acnyra Tpy6apa coctout — no yTBepxgeHuro KnyHa — b tom, hto oh »nepBWH CTan nncaTb Ha cnoBeHCKOM iiji.ike, — BBen naraHCKHe öyKBw h ycTpoH^ b ^roö^HHe nepByro ranorpa^HM. TaKaa 3acnyra, ko-HeHHo, HaBcerga ynponuT 3a hum 6narogapHyro naMHTb u noneraoe MecTo Ha cipaHu^x ucTopuu CnoBeHCKoñ nuTepaTypw«.6
3	TaM xe. C. 7
4	KnyH B. CnoBeH^i//PyccKaa 6ecega, 1857, N°3. C. 122
5	KnyH B. CnoBeHuw. OnepK ucTopuu ux cnoBecHocTu// PyccKaa 6ecega, 1859, I (^eT-BepTwñ rog. KHura TpuHag^Taa). C. 100
6	TaM xe. C. 105
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npuMow Tpyôap u e^o dexmejihuocmh e mpydax pyccKux cjaeucmoe
Bocxu^aacb Tpy6apoM, KOToporo oh — noBTopaa cnoBa MeTenKo — Ha-3bBaeT »cnoBeHCKHM nurepaTypHbiM KonyM6oM«.7 KnyH, TeM He MeHee, OTMenaeT u oTpu^TenbHbie cTopoHb geaTenbHocTH Tpy6apa. PaccMaTpuBaa ^TOT nepuog, — numeT KnyH — BuguM, hto gyxoBHbñ o6MeH u nuTeparyp-Hoe TOBapu^ecTBO c repMaHueñ, xoTa h npo6ygunu y cnoBeH^B Bce cTopoHb yMCTBeHHoñ xh3hh, ho, BMecTe c TeM, HMenu h Ty HeBbirogy, hto pa3BHTue c caMoro Hanana cTano He HapogHbM u nyxe3eMHbiM. C ^T0^0-T0 BpeMeHu h cnegyeT, rnaBHbM o6pa3oM, cnuTaTb Hanano b KpañHe npeo6nagaromero BnHHHua repMaHcKoro ^neMeHTa Hag cnaBaHcKHM, KoTopoe, MeHaacb, ho, He cna6ea, npogonxaeTca bo Bcro nocnegyromyro ucTopuro. noaBneHue y Hac HeMe^oñ cthxhh h nocTeneHHoe BbTecHeHue ero pogHoñ, cnaBaHcKoñ, — rnaBHoro cBoero npunuHoro uMeroT, MoxeT 6bTb, HMeHHo ^TOT nepBbñ HayHHbiñ ge6roT KpañHb b XVI BeKe u Heo6xoguMbiñ Torga nHTeparypHbiñ pa3MeH c repMaHueñ«.8
BuguMo, Ha o^HKy KnyHa noBnuan KonuTap, ynpeKaBmuñ Tpy6apa b »repMaHH3Max« u penuruo3HoM $aHaTH3Me. KnyH npuBoguT KonuTapoBcKyro o^HKy geaTenbHocTH Tpy6apa: »Tpy6ap, flanMaruH u Boropun npuHagnexa-nu k penuruo3Hoñ napTuu, nogaBneHHoñ b 3gemHeñ cTpaHe MoqHoro Bonero OepguHaHga II. nucaTenaMH KpaHHcKHMH cgenan ux gyx penuruo3Horo $arnTH3Ma (3enoTH3Ma); a ot ^T0^0 3noro gyxa 6eryT cBo6ogHbie My3b. nep-BbM oTcroga cnegcTBueM 6bno to, hto npeHe6pexeHHbie My3b otomcthih 3a ce6a BapBapu3MaMu, a BTopbM, hto HeHaBucTb, rHaBmaa npoTecTaHTcKyro napTuro, nocTurna u ea conuHeHHa«.9
KnyH hh kohm o6pa3oM He KoMMeHTupyeT BbcKa3bBaHue KonuTapa; Be-poaTHo, oh cTpeMunca coxpaHHTb HeKoTopyro 6ecnpucTpacTHocTb b o^HKe KoH^nuKTa Mexgy npoTecTaHTH3MoM u KaTonrnecKoñ penurueñ. Bocxu^a-acb pe^opMaMu Tpy6apa, oh cTonb xe yBaxuTenbHo nucan o KaTonunecKoM gyxoBeHcTBe, yHHHToxaBmeM ero KHuru.
Mb goBonbHo nogpo6Ho ocTaHaBnuBaeMca Ha BbcKa3bBaHuax cnoBeH-cKoro yneHoro, nocKonbKy ^Ta nepBaa nogpo6Haa HH$opMa^Ha Ha pyccKoM a3bKe oKa3ana BnuaHue Ha paccMoTpeHue ^THx npo6neM pyccKHMH uccnego-BaTenaMu, b HacraocTH A. flroBepHya (1839-1886). HuHrBucT, c^e^HanHCT b o6nacTu ucTopuu cnaBaHcKux KynbTyp, yneHUK O. M. BogaHcKoro, flroBepHya 3aKomun Mockobckhh yHHBepcHTeT u 6bn ocTaBneH npu Ka^egpe cnaBaHcKoñ ^unonoruu, KoTopyro BnocnegcTBuu (b 1869 r.) Bo3rnaBun.
B 1865 r. flroBepHya 6bn Ha gBa roga KoMaHgupoBaH 3a rpaHH^ (npara, BeHa, Tro6uHreH, BepnuH, reñgenb6epr) gna nogroToBKu no cpaBHHTenbHoñ rpaMMaTHKe HHgoeBponeñcKux a3bKoB. Bo BpeMa KoMaHgupoBKu flroBepHya ygenan oneHb 6onbmoe BHHMaHHe pyKonucHbM apxuBHbM MaTepuanaM, ucTopuu, nuTepaType u ucKyccTBy cnaBaH. Ero oTneTbi no cnaBucTHKe, npegcTaBneHHbe b YHHBepcHTeT no Bo3BpameHuu, 6bnu nocBa^eHbi onu-
7	TaM xe. C. 101
8	TaM xe. C. 112
9	Uht. no yK. cTaTbe KnyHa. C. 112
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Marianna Leonidovna Beršadskaja
caHuro cTapoö HemcKOH pyKonHCH ^Ha BnarocnaBa u TroöuHreHcKuM aKTaM cnaBHHcKOH Tunorpa^uu b BropTeMÖepre. nocnegHue oh onyönuKOBan b MOCKOBCKHX yHHBepCHTeTCKHX H3BeCTHHX 3a 1868 r.
OTgaBaH gonxHoe 3acnyraM TroöuHreHcKoro npo^eccopa A. fflHyppepa, nocBHTHBmero ^TUM MarepuanaM cBoro MOHorpa^uro »Slavischer Bücherdruck in Württemberg in 16. Jahrhundert« (1799), flroBepHya OTMenan, hto »npu BceH tohhoctu u goöpocoBecraocra cooömeHUM fflHyppepa... oh öwn, ecTe-CTBeHHO, Hyxg BonpocoB, BHymaeMHx^ b HacTOH^ee BpeMH coBpeMeHHoH ucTopuorpa^ueö u cnaBucTuKOH«.10
OÖ3op flroBepHya gaeT BecbMa ^HHbie cBegeHuH o noneMuKe n. Tpyöa-pa u M. KnoMÖHepa BOKpyr nepeBoga öuöneöcKux TeKCTOB Ha cnoBeHcKuö h3uk, o Tex ycnoBuHx, b KOTOpux npumnocb xuTb u paöoTaTb cnoBeHCKOMy pe^opMaTopy, o nonuranecKux u KOH^eccuoHanbHbix xuTpocnneTeHuHx ugeonorunecKoH öopböu ^T0^0 nepuoga. PyccKuö uccnegoBaTenb numeT o Tpyöape u ero öopböe c HecoMHeHHOH cuMnaTueö, b to xe BpeMH oh ocyxgaeT noBegeHue ero onnoHema
»KnoMÖHep, — numeT flroBepHya, — npuKpuBaH xaHxecKuMu $pa3aMu nuHHyro HeHaBucTb k Tpyöapy, cTapaeTcH BucTaBuTb ero KaK noMexy ycnem-HOMy TeneHuro gena, ceÖH xe c önuxaömuMu coTpygHuKaMu KaK nepBux ero gBuraTeneö u cipaganb^B 3a npaBgy.«11
B cBeTe BwmecKa3aHHoro HecKonbKO yguBuTenbHUM KaxeTcH ^uHanbHbrä BWBog flroBepHya, BecbMa BepoHTHO, o6"bHcHHromuöcH BnuHHueM yxe ^uTupo-BaBmerocH BbicKa3biBaHHH KonuTapa. >Otum mu 3aKnronaeM Hame oöo3peHue apxuBHoro HacneguH cnaBHHcKOH Tunorpa^uu b BropTeMÖepre, — numeT flroBepHya. Oho pacKpuno HaM BHyTpeHHue noöyxgeHuH geöcTByromux nu^ npegnpuHTuH, ocBeTuno HaM ux ^nu u cpegcTBa. KaxgoMy u3BecTHO, BnponeM, hto oho He öuno oöunbHO nnogaMu, 3aMepno BMecTe c YHrHagoM, KOToporo Ha ocHOBaHuu Bume pa3OÖpaHHbix aKTOB, He ycoMHuMcH npu3HaTb u nepBUM gBuraTeneM u gymoro npegnpuHTuH. B HeM xe TaÖHa ^T0^0 Heycnexa? Ee, OHeBugHO, HyxHO ucKaTb b HegocTaTKe BHyTpeHHero cornacuH u eguHcTBa ^neö Mexgy coynacrauKaMu. HeMe^OMy eBaHrenrnecKOMy nponoBegHuKy He OKa3anocb bo3mo®hum cgenaTb ^noe cnaBHHcKoe nneMH, OKpenmee b pogHux npegaHuHx, cnenuM opygueM cboux ^neö.«12
nepBOH nonuTKOÖ gaTb BcecTopoHHuö aHanu3 geHTenbHocTu Tpyöapa HBnHeTcH MOHorpa^unecKoe uccnegoBaHue A. A. CoKonoBa »3apoxgeHue nuTepaTypu y cnoBeH^B. npuMyc Tpyöep«, onyönuKOBaHHoe b KueBe b 1878 rogy13
10	flroBepHya A. .H. Tro6uHreH0Kue aKTU CnaBHHcKOH KHuroneHaTHu b BropTeM6epre// MocKOBcKue yHuBepcuTeTcKue u3BecTuH. 1868, N°4. C. 276
11	TaM xe. C. 289
12	TaM xe. C. 315
13	HccnegoBaHue 6tino HaneHaTaHO b KueBcKux yHuBepcuTeTcKux u3BecTuHx N° 3 (MapT) 1878. C. 249-275; N° 4 — anpenb 1878. C. 277-329. KpoMe 3Toro 6tinu OTneHaTaHU OTgenbHue ottucku 3toh pa6oTH, no KOTopoö o6hhho u npuBogHTcH ^uTaTH.
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npuMow Tpyôap u e^o dexmejihuocmh e mpydax pyccKux cjaeucmoe
A. A. CoKonoB (1848-?), nuHrBucT u nuTepaTypoBeg, 3aKornun ucT0puK0-^unonorunecKuñ ^aKynbTeT flepnrcKoro yHuBepcuTeTa, 3aTeM cnyman ne^uu no cnaBucTuKe b Mockobckom yHuBepcuTeTe, b 1876-1878 rr. Haxo-gunca b 3arpaHMH0H K0MaHgup0BKe (npara, 3arpe5, BeHa). B 1878 r. 5bin yTBepxgeH b 3BaHuu npuBaT-go^HTa no Ka^egpe cnaBaHcKoñ ^unonoruH b KueBe, c 1879 r. — npuBaT-go^HT flepnrcKoro yHuBepcuTeTa. B 1883 r. nepeexan b BapmaBy, rge cTan gupeKTopoM ruMHa3uu.
HccnegoBaHue o Tpy5ape cTano nepBoñ KpynHoñ pa5oToñ CoKonoBa. Bo BcTynneHuu aBTop M0TuBupyeT Bb5op TeMbi cnegyromuM 05pa30M: »CnoBeH-Ub... gonroe BpeMa ocTaBanucb KaK 5b 3a5bTbMu nacbHKaMu cnaBaHcKoñ HayKu... H3 pyccKux yneHbix, ecnu He omu5aeMca, nepBbñ o5paTun 5onee cepbe3Hoe BHuMaHue Ha hux H. H. Cpe3HeBcKuñ, a b nocnegHee BpeMa — Ka-3aHcKuñ npo^eccop Bogy^H ge KypTero b cBoeñ npeKpacHoñ M0H0rpa$uu o pe3uaHcK0M roBope... Bo bchkom cnynae, ocTaeTca eme rpoMagHbñ npo5en — nuTepaTypa cnoBeH^B.. ,«14
CrpeMacb BocnonHuTb ^T0T npo5en, CoKonoB bo BpeMa cBoero npe5bBa-Hua b BeHe gocK0HanbH0 roynun Bce Tpygb Tpy5apa, HaxoguBmueca b BeH-ckoh npugB0pH0H 5u5nuoTeKe, o5nagaBmeñ Hau5onee nonHbM co5paHueM coxpaHuBmuxca rogaHuñ. Hapagy c TpygaMu Tpy5apa, oh npomTygupoBan conuHeHua BanbBa3opa, KonuTapa, ffla^apuKa, flo5poBcKoro, KocTpeHnuna. KyKyneBrna-Ca^uHcKoro, fflHyppepa, CunneMa, fluMu^ u gp. Oco5e BHuMaHue oh o5paTun Ha M0H0rpa$uro CunneMa, cnuTaa, hto »Tpyg CunneMa u uHTepeceH, u cocTaBneH go5pocoBecTHo u TmaTenbHo«.15 BMecTe c TeM, CoKonoB He cornaceH c yTBepxgeHueM CunneMa o tom, hto Tpygb Tpy5apa cnoco5cTB0Banu ycuneHuro BnuaHua HeMe^oñ KynbTypb, nocKonbKy »uMenu o5meKynbTypHoe 3HaneHue, a orarogb He 5bnu npoBogHuKaMu c^e^uanbH0 HeMe^oñ 05pa30BaHH0cTu«.16 flaBaa o5myro o^HKy geaTenbHocTu Tpy5apa, CoKonoB BbipaxaeT cBoe Hecornacue c yxe ^uTupoBaBmuMca Bbme 3aKnro-HeHueM flroBepHya »o ^nax HeMe^oro eBaHrenunecKoro nponoBegHuKa«. »CornacuTca c ^TUM TpygHo, — numeT oh, — u5o TpygHo noHaTb, Koro r-H flroBepHya nogpa3yMeBaeT nog »HeMe^uM eBaHrenunecKuM nponoBegHu-K0M« u KaKue TauHcTBeHHbe >^enu« npecnegoBan ceñ nponoBegHuK, Koux »cnenbM opygueM« oh xoTen cgenaTb oKpenmee b pogHbx npegaHuax ^noe cnaBaHcKoe [T.e. cnoBeHcKoe — M. B.] nneMa. HaM KaxeTca, hto cnaBaHcKoe nneMa 5bno cnenbM opygueM b pyKax pumckoh Kypuu, BceMu cpegcTBaMH yxe HecK0nbK0 cot neT cTapaBmeñca 0K0rnaTenbH0 0TT0prHyTb ^T0 nneMa ot ero rpeK0-cnaBaHcKux 5paTbeB«.17 KaK BuguM, npu paccM0TpeHuu geaTenbHocTu Tpy5apa Hau5onee gucKyccuoHHbMu aBnaroTca gBa M0MeHTa: Bonpoc o tom, b KaKoñ cTeneHu pacnpocTpaHeHue ero ugeñ cnoco5cTB0Bano ycuneHuro TeHgeH^uñ ^epMaHU3a^uu cnoBeHcKoñ KynbTypb, u K0H$eccu0HanbHaa co-
14	CoKonoB A. 3apoxgeHue nuTepaTypbi y cnoBeH^B. üpuMyc Tpyöap. KueB, 1878. C. 1
15	TaM xe. C. 4
16	TaM xe. C. 4
17	TaM xe. C. 8
— 93 —
Marianna Leonidovna Beršadskaja
CTaBjaromaa npo6neMbi. Cokojob oTMenaeT ucTopunecKyro Heo6xoguM0CTb pacnpocTpaHeHua «gen HroTepa b CnoBeHuu, jjumeHHoS KaKHx 6b to hh 6bjo ycj0BuS gja pa3BuTua Ha^u0Ha^bH0H KyjbTypw. »rpycTHyro KapTHHy, — numeT yneHbiH, — npegcTaBjaeT cnoBeHCKoe njeMa b onucbBaeMyro ^^oxy: nacTbipeS go6pbx — HeT, mKon — HeT, KHur Ha pogHoM a3bKe — u HeT, u He 6biBano«18. HMeHHo ^0^T0My — cnuTaeT yneHWH — »6ypa, B03gBurHyTaa MoryHHM cjobom HroTepa«, Hamja TaKoS otkjuk b cj0BeHCKux 3eMjax. Oh [Tpy6ap — M. B.] Bepuj HroTepy Ha cjobo — u ^Ta Bepa cgenana ero pe-^opMaTopoM KpaSHbi; oh jro6uj cboS Hapog — u ^Ta jro6oBb cgenana ero nepBbM (no BpeMeHu) cnoBeHCKuM nucaTeneM«19 — TaK Cokojob onpegejaeT xapaKTep HanuHaHuS n. Tpy6apa u nognepKuBaeT, hto k nucny ero 3acjyr oTHocaTca co3gaHue nucbMeHHocTu u KHur Ha »npocTOM My®u^0M a3bKe« pogHoS eMy KpaSHbi, pacnpocTpaHeHue nepeBogoB cnoBeroKux 6orocny®e6-hmx KHur cpegu cep6oB u xopBaTOB, u3gaHue KHur Ha xopBaTCKoM a3biKe. co3gaHue mKon u nepBoS cnoBeHCKoS Tunorpa^uu b Hro6jaHe, 3aKjagKa ochob nepBoS cnoBeHCKoS ny6nuHHoS 6u6juoTeKu.
C HecKpbBaeMoS ropenbro Cokojob numeT o tom, hto b nepBoS nonoBuHe XVII b. Ha Pe$opMa^uro b cj0BeHCKux 3eMjax o6pymujucb ^ecTonaSmue KapaTejbHbe Mepb KaTonunecKoS K0HTppe$0pMa^uu; npoTecTaHTb 6bju npegaHb cygy, ux uMymecTB0 K0H$ucK0BaH0, KHuru co^^eHbi, a Tunorpa-$uu — yHuHT0®eHb. »... CH0Ba, — numeT uccnegoBaTenb, — nogBeprnacb yHu®eHuro cnoBeHCKaa HapogHocTb, a a3bK — roHeHuaM. H bot TyT-T0 CKa3anacb nojb3a, npuHeceHHaa Tpy6apoM: u HapogHocTb, u a3bK Bbigep-®anu Bce ygapb cygb6b; pa3 npo6y®geHHoe co3HaHue, hto mo^ho nuTaTb u nucaTb Ha cj0BeHCK0M a3bKe, hto oh o6nagaeT gocTaTOHHoS BHyTpeHHeS cujoS, — ^T0 co3HaHue, Bb3BaHHoe Tpy6apoM, oKpenmee 6narogapa TpygaM
ropua flajMaruHa, Ce6acTbaHa Kpeja, AgaMa Boxopuna, — He Morjo y®e
20
3araoxHyTb...«.
BcKope nocje ^y6^uKa^uu uccnegoBaHua CoKonoBa b ^ypHane Muhu-eTepeTBa HapogHoro npocBemeHua noaBujacb pe^H3ua Ha Hero, aBTopoM KoTopoS CTaj B. B. KanaH0BCKuS (1853-1901), MonogoS c^e^ua^ucT no cjaBaHCKoS nucbMeHHocTu u ucTopuu, 3aHuMaBmuS nocT noMoqHuKa 6u-6juoTeKapa b BapmaBCKoM yHuBepcuTeTe. BnocnegcTBuu oh 6bj MarucTpoM ^T0^0 yHuBepcuTeTa, npuBaT-go^HTOM Ka^egpb ^unonoruu Ka3aHCKoro yHuBepcuTeTa, npenogaBaTeneM ucTopuKo-^unonoruHecKoro uHCTuTyTa B He^uHe.
nognepKuBaa H0Bu3Hy u Ba^HocTb u36paHHoS CoKonoBbM TeMb, pe^H-3eHT yTBep®gan, hto 0Ha 0Ka3anacb cjumK0M cjo^hoh gja uccnegoBaTena. Begb »ga^e 6eccMepTHbM b cnoBeHCKoS nuTepaiype KonuTapoM He CTaBu-
18	TaM xe. C. 8
19	TaM xe. C. 19
20	TaM xe. C. 74
94	S&aviiO. (Centra. lis 2/2008
npuMow Tpyôap u e^o dexmejihuocmh e mpydax pyccKux cjaeucmoe
nacb 3agaHa ocBeTHTb 3apoxgeHue cnoBeHcKoH nuTepaiypbi«.21 CoKonoBy, no MHeHHro KaHaHOBcKoro, He yganocb BHecTH b pa3pa6oTKy ^TOH TeMb HuHe-ro HoBoro. EguHcTBeHHoe ucKnroHeHue — noneMuKa aBTopa c KonuTapoM, ynpeKaBmHM Tpy6apa 3a ynoTpe6neHue 6onbmoro KonrnecTBa repMaHH3MoB. CoKonoB yTBepxgan, hto ^TO cBa3aHo c oco6eHHocTaMu cnoBeHcKoro pa3-roBopHoro a3bKa XVI b. u He aBnaeTca c^e^u$HHecKOH HepTOH cnoBoyno-Tpe6neHua u cTuna caMoro Tpy6apa. rnaBHbH ynpeK, agpecoBaHHbH KaHa-hobckhm uccnegoBaTenro, nnoxoe 3HaHue nurepaTypbi no u36paHHOH TeMe: »nocne KonHTapa uccnegoBaHua o cnoBeHcKoH nuTepaType nucanu flaHHKo (1824), MeTenKo (1825), MypKo (1843), ^HexuH (1851 u 1854), KnyH u gp. ^TH cnoBeHcKue yHeHbie, paBHo KaK u cnaBucTb gpyrux cTpaH — H. H. Cpe3HeB-ckuh, B. H. ffla^apuK, Op. MuKnomuH u H. A. Bogy^H ge KypTero — MHoro pacHucTunu nyTb, Ha kotopom HameMy aBTopy He Morno npegcTaBuTbca oco6eHHbix 3aTpygHeHuH. r. CoKonoBy npegBapuTenbHo cnegoBano go6poco-BecTHo npomTygupoBaTb to, hto cgenaHo go Hero, xoTa y Hero BcTpeHaroTca ccbnKu Ha rnaBHeHmue uccnegoBaHua no uHTepecyromeMy ero Bonpocy. OTToro Tpyg ero cTpagaeT oTcyTcTBueM acHoro u onpegeneHHoro nnaHa«.22
KpoMe Toro, KaHaHOBcKuH cHuTan, hto ^epuogu3a^ua geaTenbHocTu Tpy-6apa, npegnoxeHHaa CoKonoBbM, aBnaeTca Hey6eguTenbHOH, a ^unonoruHe-ckuh acneKT uccnegoBaHua OHeHb cna6. H xapaKTep ynpeKoB, u toh, KOTopbM ohu 6bnu BbcKa3aHb, bo mhotom npegcTaBnaroTca HaM HeonpaBgaHHo Kpu-TuHecKuMu u HecnpaBegnuBbMu. flonycTuM, KaKue-To uctohhuku ycKonb3-Hynu ot BHuMaHua uccnegoBaTena, ho Begb u cnucoK npomiygupoBaHHbix u ucnonb3oBaHHbx BecbMa BHymuTeneH. B uccnegoBaHuu npocnexuBaeTca BecbMa HeTKo nnaH, xoTa ot Hero u uMeroTca HeKoTopbe oranoHeHua. KpuTu-Kya ^epuogu3a^uro CoKonoBa, KaHaHOBcKuH He npegnaraeT anbrepHaTuBHbix BapuaHToB, ynpeKu »b ^unonormecKOM cna6ocTu pa6oTb« He nogTBepxgeHb y6eguTenbHbMu goKa3aTenbcTBaMu. YTBepxgaa, hto »b cnaBucTuKe yxe uMeroTca Koe-KaKue Tpygb u MOHorpa^uu« no Bonpocy, »3aHuMaBmeMy r. CoKonoBa, u, npuroM, 3HanuTenbHo Bbmecioaque, HeM uccnegoBaHue Hamero aBTopa«,23 — KaHaHOBcKuH He npuBoguT hu ogHoro KoHKpeTHoro uMeHu unu Ha3BaHua Tpyga, hto genaeT ero yTBepxgeHue ronocnoBHbM. OHeHb xanb, hto Tpyg CoKonoBa cTan He npegMeToM go6poxenaTenbHoH KOHcTpyKTuBHOH KpuTuKu, a o6teKToM xecTOKoro HeMoTuBupoBaHHoro pa3rpoMa. Bepoarao. ^TO 6bno npMHuHOM Toro, hto A. CoKonoB 6onbme He BO3Bpamanca b cboux Tpygax k geaTenbHocTu Tpy6apa.
HeManaa 3acnyra b uccnegoBaHuu cnoBeHcKoH Pe$opMa^uu npuHagnexuT BbgaromeMyca yHeHoMy, ucTopuKy KynbTypb, nuTepaTypoBegy, ^y6nu^ucTy. ^THO^pa$y u apxeorpa^y A. H. nbnuHy (1833-1904). BbnycKHuK CaHKT-
21	KaHaHOBOKun B. B. 3aMeTKu o cnoBeHcKOM a3biKe 15 u 16 bb. 3apoxgeHue nuTepaTypb y cnoBeH^B. npuMyc Tpy6ap//®ypHan MuHucTepcTBa HapogHoro npocBe^eHua, 1878 N°9. C. 101
22	TaM xe. C. 101
23	TaM xe. C. 118
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neTep5yprcKoro yHUBepcuTeTa, oh 5wn npo^eccopoM Ka^egpw ucTopuu Bceo5meö nuTepaTypw, ho b 1861 rogy BMecTe c rpynnoñ npo$eccopoB nogan B 0TcTaBKy b 3HaK npoTecTa npoTUB pea^uoHHoñ nonuTUKu npaBUTenbcTBa no 0TH0meHUM k cTygernecTBy. YMgH U3 yHUBepcuTeTa, oh 3aHUMancH ucKnronuTenbHo nuTepaTypHoö u HayHHoñ geHTenbHocTbro. Hm HanucaHo 5onee 1200 HayHHwx pa5oT, k nucny K0T0pwx othochtch u uccnegoBaHUH no ucTopuu, nuTepaType, ^onbKnopy u ^TH0^pa$uu mkhhx u 3anagHwx cnaBHH. ^rnpanbHoe MecTo cpegu cnaBucranecKux TpygoB nwnuHa 3a-HUMaeT »O53op ucTopuu cnaBHHcKux nuTepaTyp«, HanucaHHwñ um npu ynacTuu B. fl. CnacoeBuna (aBTopa rnaB no ucTopuu nonbcKoö nuTepaiypbi). »O53op...« 5wn u3gaH b CaHKT-neTep5ypre b 1865 rogy u cpa3y ®e npuBneK k ce5e BHUMaHue HaynHoñ o5mecTBeHHocTu. BTopoe, gononHeHHoe u nepe-pa5oTaHHoe u3gaHue (tom 1-2, C.-n5, 1879-1881) nonb30Banocb mupoKoñ Me^gyHapogHoñ u3BecTHocTbro u BcKope nocne ^y5nuKa^uu 5wno nepeBe-geH0 Ha HeMe^uö, $paH^3cKuñ, nemcKuñ u ny^u^uM h3wku. »O53op...« HBuncH nepBWM Ha pyccK0M H3wKe cBogHWM TpygoM, 0Tpa3UBmuM ucTopuro Bcex cnaBHHcKux nuTepaTyp, HanuHaH c gpeBHux BpeMeH u KornaH ^^oxoñ Ha^u0HanbH0^0 Bo3po®geHHH. Bonbmoe BHUMaHue ygenHnocb ocBemeHuro cnaBHHcKux nuTepaTypHwx B3auMocBH3eö u conocTaBneHuro nuTepaTyp 3apy5e®Hwx cnaBHH c pyccKoö u yKpauHcKoö nuTepaTypaMu. TnaBaM no ucTopuu nuTepaTypw npegmecTB0Banu onepKu no cnaBHHcKoö ucTopuu, ^TH0^pa^uu u ^onbKnopy. ^Tu ®e ^puH^u^w u3no®eHUH MaTepuana 5wnu ucnonb30BaHw u bo BTopoM, gononHeHH0M u nepepa50TaHH0M u3gaHuu, rge ucTopuH cnaBHHcKux nuTepaTyp 5wna goBegeHa go 70-x rogoB XIX BeKa. flna HayHHoñ geHTenbHocTu nwnuHa xapaKTepHo rny50K0 geM0KparunecK0e noHUMaHue cMwcna cnaBHHcKoro Bonpoca, HenpuHTue ugeö cnaBHH0$un0B u naHcnaBucT0B.
Oh cnuTan, hto eguHcTBo cnaBHHcKux HapogoB Mo^eT 5wTb gocTurHyTo numb Ha 0cH0Be paBHonpaBUH, ucxogHWM M0MeHT0M K0Toporo HBnHeTcH »eBponeöcKaH ^uBunu3a^uH, a He cTpaHHo noHUMaeMwe npegaHUH naTpuap-xanbHwx BpeMeH unu npegpaccygKu o5cKypaHTU3Ma«.24 YneHwö oTHrogb He ugeanu3upoBan eBponeöcKyro ^uBunu3a^uK>, ogHaKo cnuTan, hto nognuHHaH HapogHocTb nuTepaTypw coctout He b npoTUBonocTaBneHuu cnaBHHcTBa HapogaM EBponw, a b ycBoeHuu Bcero nono^uTenbHoro, hto Bwpa50TaH0 eBponeñcKoñ KynbTypoö. nwnuH cTpeMuncH BKnronuTb ucTopuro cnaBHHcKux nuTepaTyp b paMKu cnaBHHcKoö u MupoBoñ ucTopuu, nognepKUBan opraHu-necKyro cBH3b nucaTeneö u ux TBopnecTBa c penuruo3HWMu TeneHUHMu u ux cpegoö, ucTopuu nuTepaTypw c ucTopueö yMcTBeHHoö ®u3hu. »Pa5oTw nwnuHa no ucTopuu cnaBHHcKux nuTepaTyp npegcTaBnHnu co5oö He nepe-neHb uMeH u gaT, KaK ^T0 5wBano y gpyrux aBTopoB; nuTepaTypa TpaKT0Ba-nacb KaK nnog HapogHoö ®u3hu, ecTecTBeHHwö pe3ynbTaT pa3BUTUH ugeö u
24 nwnuH A. H. u CnacoeBUH B. fl. OÖ3op ucTopuu cnaBHHcKux nuTepaTyp. C.-Ü6, 1865. C. 530
- 96 --Slavca. Centralis 2/2008
npuMow Tpyôap u e^o dexmejihuocmh e mpydax pyccKux cjaeucmoe
o5meoTBeHHwx OTHomeHuñ cBoero BpeMeHu. TaKoñ nogxog 5wn b to BpeMa coBepmeHHO hobwm«.25
^Tu ^puH^u^w uccnegoBaHHa nuTepaTypHoro npo^cca nwnuH ucnonb3y-eT u npu ocBemeHuu ucTopuu cnoBeHcKoñ nuTepaTypw. Hynaa geaTenbHocTb Tpy5apa, nwnuH aKTUBHO ucn0nb30Ban pa5oTw cnoBeHcKux u HeMe^ux ucTopuKOB KynbTypw, cTapaacb KaK moxho nonHee pacKpwTb xapaKTep npo-TecTaHTcKoro gBuxeHua b CnoBeHuu. nwnuH coBepmeHHO cnpaBegnuBO yTBep^gaeT, hto HacTOH^aa ucTopua cnoBeHcKoñ nuTepaxypw HaHUHaeToa co BpeMeH Pe$opMa^uu, Korga b ffl/rupuro, KopuHTuro u KpañHy npoHUKno yneHue HroTepa, KanbBUHa u ^uHrnu u Hamno TaM cboux ropanux no-cnegoBaTeneñ, 5opoBmuxca 3a caMocToaTenbHyro cnoBeHcKyro KynbTypy h npocBemeHue Ha HapogHOM H3WKe. »KaK B005me pe^opMa, — yTBepxgan nwnuH, — 5wna OTpu^HueM cpegHeBeKOBOH TeoKpaTuu u HanuHana 5o-nee cBo5ogHyro KpuTUKy, TaK b HapogHoñ xu3hu OHa 5wna B035yxgeHueM o5mecTBeHHwx cun. B Kparäe HanuHanocb to xe oxuBneHue, KaKoe 5wno y nexoB. H geñcTBUTenbHO, y Hapoga ManonucneHHoro, coBceM 5ecnucbMeH-Horo b TeneHue geBHTu BeKOB (c VII go XVI bb.) KaTonrnecKoro rocnogcTBa Bgpyr OTKpwBaeTca ^Hep^uHHaH pa5oTa, c03gaeTca nuTepaTypHwñ h3wk, HBnaeTca pag 3aMenaTenbHwx nrogeñ u TpygoB, HayHHwe 3HaHua BpeMeHH npuMeHaroTca k cnaBHHcKUM npegMeTaM, 3aBH3WBaroTca MexgycnaBaHcKue cbh3u, u gBu^eHue ot cnoBeH^B coo5maeTca k xopBaTaM u cep5aM Bochum u npuMopbH — Hanano, K0T0p0My Morna npegcTOHTb 5ygy^H0cTb«.26
nwnuH o5pamaeT BHUMaHue Ha to, hto b KpyxoK, crpynnupoBaBmuMca BOKpyr 5ap0Ha YHrHaga, Bxogunu He TonbKO xopBaTw u cnoBeHuw, ho u cep-5w, noMoraBmue b u3gaHuu KHur Ha Kupunnu^. »YHrHag, — numeT nwnuH, — peBHocTHO 3a5oTunca o pacnpocTpaHeHuu npoTecTaHTcKux KHur, ocHOBan Tunorpa^uro u gaBan cpegcTBa gna u3gaHua ^noMy KpyxKy cnoBeHcKux npoTecTaHTOB, K0T0pwe co5panucb 3gecb [b TepMaHuu, b BropTeM5yprcK0M rep^rcTBe — M. B.] u nenaTanu KHuru xopBaTcKue u KpauHcKue, rnaronu-necKue, naTUHcKue u KupunnoBcKue. ^T0T KpyxoK o5Hapyxun 3aMenaTenb-Hyro geaTenbHocTb, KOTopaa ocTaeTca npe3BwnaHH0 nro5onwTHwM ^^u30g0M ro^HocnaB^HcKOH nuTepaTypw«.27
B ^T0M »nro50nwTH0M«, no cnoBaM nwnuHa, ^^u30ge (b gpyroM MecTe oh Ha30BeT ero »ucToprnecKUM noBopoTOM«) b pa3BUTuu cnoBeHcKoñ nuTepaTypw nwnuH yBugen KanecTBeHHO HOBwe ^neMeHTw caMo5wTHoñ cnoBeH-ckoh HapogHoñ KynbTypw ^^oxu no3gHero CpegHeBeKOBba. Ero npuBneKaroT npo5neMw B3auM0geñcTBua penuruo3Horo u cBeTcKoro Mup0B033peHua. npo5yxgeHue Ha^u0HanbH0^0 caM0c03HaHua, npoaBUBmeeca b cTpeMneHUH cnoBeH^B co3gaTb co5cTBeHHyro ^pKOBb, co5cTBeHHyro nuTepaTypy Ha Ha-pogHOM a3wKe, OTKpwTb Ha^u0HanbHwe mKonw. PaccMaTpuBaa ^Tu Bonpocw,
25	HarcreBa H. n. HccnegoBaHua b oönacTU nuTepaTypw u 3TH0rpa$uu// CnaBaHOBegeHue b gopeBonro^HOHHOH Poccuu. H3yneHue bxhhx u 3anagHtix cnaBaH. M. 1988. C. 250
26	nwnuH A. H., CnacoeBUH B. fl. HcTopua cnaBaHcKux nuTepaTyp. T. 1. C. 286
27	TaM xe. C. 286
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Marianna Leonidovna Beršadskaja
oh BCTynaeT b noneMHKy co cbohmh npegmecTBeHHHKaMH b ^Toñ o6nacTH — E. KonurapoM u B. KnyHoM.
B ^noM nwnHH nonoxurenbHo o^HHBan geaTenbHocTb Konurapa, nog-nepKHBan ero 3acnyru nepeg cnaBucTHHecKoñ HayKoñ co3gaHue cnoBeHcKoñ TpaMMaraKH, H3gaHue rnaronuTb Kno^HaHyc, uccnegoBaHue PeñMcKoro eBaHrenua, noMo^b B. Kapagxuny b H3gaHHH cep6cKoro ^onbKnopa h co3gaHHH cep6cKoñ a36yKH h npaBonucaHHH. OgHaKo yxe ^HTHpoBaBmeecH Bbime BwcKa3MBaHue o »gyxe penuruo3Horo $aHaTH3Ma«, ot KoToporo — no yTBepxgeHuro KonuTapa — »6eryT cBo6ogHbie My3b«, Bb3Bano y nbmuHa aKTHBHoe HenpuHTue. »CTpaHHo nuraTb o6BHHeHue b $aHaTH3Me npoTHB nepeBognuKoB Bu6nuu, u KaK 6ygTo He 6bnu ropa3go 3neñmuMH ^aHaTHKa-mh Te ue3yuTb, KoTopbie cxuranu Bu6nuK>, KaK 6ygTo ue3yuTbi, npecnegya npoTecTaHToB, 3aBoeBbBanu CBo6ogy gna My3!
Mto xe npuo6penu »My3b« nocne no6egb ue3yuToB? CaMH hctophkh co-rnamaroTca, hto cnoBeHcKaa nurepaTypa BnnoTb go HacToamero cToneTHH cocToana nonra H3 ogHux MonuTBeHHHKoB u gpyrux ^pKoBHbix KHur, to ecTb, HHbMu cnoBaMH, hto nuTepaTypb, co6cTBeHHo, BoBce He 6bno, hto »My3b« BoBce ymnu H3 KpañHb«.28
flanee nunuH Bo3paxaeT npoTHB BbicKa3biBaHHH KnyHa, yTBepxgaBmero, hto 6onbmuHcTBo cnoBeHcKoro Hapoga eme He nyBcTBoBano noTpe6HocTH b co6cTBeHHo nuTepaTypHbx npou3BegeHHax, neMy goBonbHo goKa3aTenbcTB
29
BuguM h Tenepb«.
nbnuH o6"bflcHHeT oTcyTcTBue cBeTcKoñ nuTepaTypb HMeHHo guKTaTOM ^pkbh. H c ^THM yTBepxgeHueM moxho cornacuTca. BcnoMHHM, xoth 6b, KaKHM HpocTHbM roHHTeneM cBeTcKoñ nuTepaTypb 6bn tot xe KonuTap.
nocne nbnuHa o6pameHue k nuTepaType cnoBeHcKoñ Pe$opMa^HH He gano KaKux-nu6o cepbe3Hbx pe3ynbTaToB b TeneHue pobho cTa neT.
B 1979 rogy b MocKBe coTpygHH^ñ HHcTHTyTa cnaBHHoBegeHHH u 6anKa-hhcthkh AKageMHH HayK M. fl. BenaeBoñ 6bna ony6nuKoBaHa MoHorpa^ua »^HTepaTypb HapogoB MrocnaBuu b Pochh«, nocBHmeHHoe BocnpuHTuro h H3yneHHro nurepaTyp rorocnaBcKux HapogoB b Pocchh b nocnegHeñ neTBepra XIX-Hanane XX BeKa. MoHorpa^ua ^Ta 6bna pe3ynbTaToM MHoroneTHux HayHHbx H3bcKaHuñ aBTopa, nepBbM u, HecoMHeHHo, ygaBmuMca onbToM o6o6maromero Tpyga o BocnpuHTuu u o^HKe rorocnaBcKux nuTepaTyp b pyc-ckoh nuTepaTypHoñ u KynbrypHoñ cpege. CTpyKTypa MoHorpa^uu, H36paHHaa M. fl. BenaeBoñ, no3Bonuna eñ BbgenuTb y3noBbe npo6neMb b pa3BHTHH ^THx Ha^HOHanbHbx KynbTyp, k nucny KoTopbx othochtch h geaTenbHocTb n. Tpy6apa. PaccMaTpuBaeMoñ npo6neMe aBTop cMorna ygenuTb Bcero He-cKonbKo cTpaHH^ hto h noHHTHo, ecnu ynecTb Heo6binañHo mupoKuñ Kpyr uccnegyeMbx b KHure MaTepuanoB. OgHaKo ^T0^0 6bno gocTaTOHHo, HTo6b gaTb rny6oKuñ u BcecTopoHHuñ aHanu3 cnoBeHcKoñ Pe$opMa^HH.
28	TaM xe. C. 289
29	KnyH B. CnoBeH^i. OnepK HcTopuu ux cnoBecHocTH. C. 112
- 98 --Slavia Cenarais 2/2008
npuMow Tpy6ap u e^o denmenbnocmb e mpydax pyccKux cjiaeucmoe
»HacunbCTBeHHaa ^epMaHU3a^ua, — numei uccnegoBarenbHu^, — CTone-TuaMu npoBoguBmaaca b cnoBeHCKux 3eMnax, Hagonro 3agep®ana pa3BHTHe CnoBeHCKon nHCbMeHHOCTH u nuTepaiypbi... »HacToa^aa ucTopua« cnoBeH-ckoh nuTepaTypbi, — KaK cnpaBegnuBo yKa3biBan nmnuH, — HanuHaeTca b ^^oxy Pe$opMa^uu«.30 Abtop paccMaTpuBaeT xapaKTepucTuKy, gaHHyro KnyH0M u nrnnuHHM, a TaK^e MoHorpa^uro A. CoKonoBa, ynoMHHaeT o CTaTbe »XopyTaHCKaa nuTepaTypa«, HanucaHHoH A. BygunoBuneM u npeg-Ha3HanaBmeHca gna aHTonoruu P. B. rep6ena »^o^3ua cnaBaH« u »OnepKe pa3BuTua nuTeparypbi y cnoBeH^B« Heu3BecTHoro aBTopa, 0ny6nuK0BaHH0M b »CnaBaHCKux u3BecTuax« 3a 1890 rog.
»Bo Bcex ^Tux pa6oTax Hau6onbmee BHuMaHue 3aKoHoMepHo ygenaeTca npuMo®y Tpy6apy, ugeonory CnoBeHCKon Pe$opMa^uu. Ourypa Hpe3BbinaM-ho KonopuTHaa. Tpy6ap cnpaBegnuBo paccMaTpuBaeTca KaK pogoHananbHuK CnoBeHCKon nuTeparypbi, KaK pe^opMaTop cnoBeHCKoro nuTeparypHoro a3bi-Ka, ero np0CBeTuTenbCKaa geaTenbH0CTb b ^noM — KaK Hanano hoboh ^pw b ucTopuu CnoBeHCKon Ha^u0HanbH0H Kynbrypbi... KaK npo6y®geHue goTone gpeMaBmux b Hapoge cun u CBoeo6pa3HbiH moct b 6ygy^ee — k ganbHeH-meMy pa3BuTuro CnoBeHCKon Ha^u0HanbH0H nuTepaiypbi«.31 B 1986 rogy b MocKBe BHmna MoHorpa^ua uCTopuKa H. B. MypKuH0M, TaK^e CoTpygHuKa HHCTuTyTa cnaBaH0BegeHua Poccuhckoh AKageMuu HayK, »PyCCKue u cno-BeH^i. HaynHbie CBa3u koh^ XVIII BeKa — 1914 rog«, no3®e ragahhaa Ha CnoBeHCKoM a3bKe (Rusko-Slovenski kulturni stiki od konca 18. stoletja do leta 1914. Ljubljana, 1995). HccnegoBaTenbHu^ yCnemH0 pemaeT nocTaBneHHyro 3agany: »B0CC03gaTb Ha 0CH0Be bo3mo®ho 6onee mupoKoro KoHKpeTHoro MaTepuana, KaK apxuBHoro, TaK u nenaraoro, ucTopuro pyCCK0-Cn0BeHCKux HayHHbix CBa3eH b 19 BeKe«.32
noMuMo pa6oT, paCCMaTpuBaeMbx M. fl. BenaeBoH, H. B. MypKuHa ocTa-HaBnuBaeTCa Ha »Bu6nuorpa$unecKux nuCTax« n. H. KenneHa, npuBoguT uHTepeCHbe CBegeHua 06 yHuBepCuTeTCKux KypCax no CnoBeHCKon nuTepaType, K0T0pbe nuTanucb b neTep6yprCK0M (n. A. .aBpoB), Mockobckom (P. O. BpaHgpT), KueBCK0M (T. fl. OnopuHCKuH) u BapmaBCKoM (B. B. MaKymeB) yHuBepCuTeTax. B geBaH0CTbie rogbi KypC no cnaBaH0BegeHuro b BapmaBCKoM yHuBepCuTeTe CTan BeCTu n. A. KynaK0BCKuH. »TeKCT KypCa no CnoBeHCKon nuTepaType nonHocTbro C0xpaHunCa b apxuBe B. H. Kopa6neBa, — coo6^a-eT uccnegoBaTenbHu^ — ... C ropaneH cuMnaTueH KynaK0BCKuH nuCan o geaTenbHoCTu Tpy6apa, cnuTaa ee Ba^Hon He TonbKo gna cnoBeH^B, ho u gna Cep6oB u xopBaT0B. Tpy6ap »nepBbin HaMeTun nuTeparypHbiM unnupu3M,
30	BenaeBa M. fl. .uTepaTypbi HapogoB MrocnaBuu b Poccuu. BocnpuaTue, royneHue, o^HKa. nocnegHaa HeTBepTb 19, Hanano 20 BeKa. M., 1979. C. 96-97
31	TaM xe. C. 99, 102
32	^ypKuHa H. B. PyccKue u cnoBeH^i. HayHHbie CBa3u koh^ 18 b. — 1914 rog. M., 1986
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Marianna Leonidovna Beršadskaja
KaK 6m npegyragwBaa gBuxeHue, KOTopoe o6o3Hanunocb yxe Tpu cToneTHH nocne ero«.33
KpaTKyro, oneHb nerayro xapaKTepucTuKy geaTenbHocTu n. Tpy6apa gaeT b KpaTKoM nuTepaiypHoft ^H^uKno^eguu (1972) roBecraaa cnoBeHucTKa M. H. PbixoBa. nog BnuaHueM uccnegoBaHueM M. Pynena co3gaeT nopTpeT cnoBeH-CKoro pe^opMaTopa H. K. raBpromuHa b nepBoM ToMe »HcTopuu nuTepaiyp 3anagHwx u msh^ix cnaBHH« (M., 1997).
Yctomubmh HHTepec k H3WKy conuHeHuM Tpy6apa u ero coBpeMeHHHKoB M. flanMaTuHa u C. Kpena npoaBnaeT npo^eccop CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoro rocygapcTBeHHoro yHUBepcuTeTa A. C. Tepg. Hm rogaHbi gBe MOHorpa^uu — »HMeHHoe cKnoHeHue b cnoBeHcKoM H3biKe 16 BeKa« (C.-n6, 2003) u »Me-CTouMeHue b cnoBeHcKoM H3biKe 16 BeKa«. KHuru ocHOBaHbi Ha MaTepuane cnoBeHcKux CTaponenaTHbix KHur 16 BeKa, KOTopwe cpaBHuBaroTca c gpyruMH (6onrapcKuMu, pyccKuMu u cep6cKuMu) naMSTHuKaMH gpeBHecnaBHHcKoM nucbMeHHocTu. Abtop geMoHcTpupyeT npeKpacHoe 3HaHue c^e^uanbHoM nuTepaTypw Ha pyccKoM, HeMe^oM, aHrnuMcKOM u cnoBeHcKoM H3biKax. BaxHO OTMeTuTb ucnonb3OBaHue b yKa3aHHwx uccnegoBaHuax nuHrBO-cTaTucTunecKux MeTogoB, hto no3Bonuno noKa3aTb oco6eHHocTu H3biKa cnoBeHcKux nucaTeneM 16 BeKa Ha mupoKOM h3mkobom $OHe.
3a KHuraMu nocnegoBanu gBe HOBeMmux cTaTbu neTep6yprcKoro yneHoro: »Mogenu cnoBOo6pa3OBaHua uMeH cyqecTBuTenbHbix b cnoBeHcKux TeKcTax 16 BeKa« (BecTHuK CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoro yHuBepcuTeTa, 2005. Cepua 9, Bwn. 3) u »K Mop^onoruu uMeH npunaraTenbHwx b naMHTHuKax cnoBeHcKoM nucbMeHHocTu 16 BeKa (BecTHuK CaHKT-neTep6yprcKoro yHuBepcuTeTa, 2008. Cepua 9, Bwn. 4 HOMep 1).
flaxe KpaTKuS o63op pyccKux cnaBucTOB, nocBaqeHH^ix Tpy6apy, no-3BonaeT yTBepxgaTb, hto b hux npoaHanraupoBaHbi ocHOBHwe oco6eHHocra cnoBeHcKoM Pe$opMa^uu, noKa3aHO orpoMHoe o6qecTBeHHoe u KynbTypHoe 3HaneHue geaTenbHocTu Tpy6apa u ero nocnegoBaTeneM gna pa3BuTua cno-BeHcKoro a3WKa u cnoBeHcKoro Ha^u0HanbH0^0 caMoco3HaHua.
SUMMARY
Primož Trubar and His Work in Papers by Russian Slavonic Scholars The first Russian records on Trubar date back to 1825. In "Bibliographic Leaves", P. I. Keppen wrote a short review of works written by Trubar, the Slovene reformer who published the first books in Slovene. Interest in Trubar's personality increased after a paper by Slovenian researcher V. Klun "The Slovenes; Essay upon Their History and Literature" appeared in the "Russkaya Beseda" journal (1859). In 1868, Moscow Slavonic scholar A. Devernois published Tubingen Acts of Vurtemberg
33 TaM xe. C. 153
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npuMow Tpyôap u e^o dexmejihuocmh e mpydax pyccKux cjaeucmoe
Slavonic printing house (?) that presented a clear idea of circumstances faced by the developing Slovene Reformation.
In 1878, A. A. Sokolov published in Kiev his monograph entitled "Origin of Slovene Literature" concerning the leader of the Slovene Reformation. Sokolov considers Trubar one of the forefathers of Slovene literature and literary language, while his work as an enlightener is, according to Sokolov, the beginning of a new age in the history of Slovene national culture.
The outstanding Russian Slavonic scholar A. N. Pypin paid much attention to Trubar's personality in his "History of Slavonic Literatures", published in 1869. Among Russian philologists, he was the first who defined Slovene literary process in detail. He emphasized the significance of the Protestant movement advocating for an independent Slovene culture and enlightenment in the national language. In the second half of the 20th century, a specialist in literature studies, Yu. D. Bely-aeva, discussed Slovene Protestantism, Trubar, and their interpretation by Russian scholars in her monograph "Literatures of Yugoslavian Peoples in Russia", 1979, as did the historian I. V. Churkina in "Russian Slovenes", 1986, 1995 in Slovene. M. I. Ryzhova's and L. K. Gavryushina's papers contain short reviews on the subject. The 16th century-development of Slovene and the role of Trubar, Dalmatin, and Krel in this process are described in the monographs of Saint Petersburg University professor A. S. Gerd, "Noun Declension in 16th Century Slovene", StP, 2003, and "Pronouns in 16th Century Slovene", StP, 2005.
Even a short review of Russian Slavonic scholars' works on Trubar allows us to state that researchers have analysed the specifics of the Slovene Reformation and shown the immense public and cultural relevance of everything Trubar and his followers achieved in the development of Slovene language and Slovene national self consciousness.
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