GEOLOGIJA 36,157-181 (1993), Ljubljana 1994
UDK561.263+563.12:551.761(497.12)=20
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled, Northwestern
Slovenia: Microfacies and Microfossils
Erik Flügel
Institut für Paläontologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Loewenichstraße 28, D 91054 Erlangen, Deutschland
Anton Ramovš
Katedra za geologijo in paleontologijo. Univerza v Ljubljani,
Aškerčeva 2, SLO 61000 Ljubljana, Slovenija
loan I. Bucur
Department of Geology-Mineralogy, University
M. Kogalniceanu str. 1, RO 3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Abstract
Microfacies types (predominantly intrabioclastic grainstones) and micro-
fossils (predominantly dasycladacean algae and diverse foraminifera) charac-
terize the Anisian carbonates near Bled (Castle Hill) and in the area westnorth-
west of Bled as subtidal to intertidal shelf sediments deposited in the irmer part of
the Julian carbonate platform. The age of the carbonates is Middle Anisian
(Pelsonian) according to the biozonation based on foraminifera and dasyclada-
ceans.
Introduction
The recovery of the "carbonate factory" after the Permian/Triassic crisis is still
poorly understood. It is generally assumed that carbonate producers started to
recover during the Anisian forming biogenic carbonate buildups as well as huge
carbonate platforms. Some of these platforms are found in the Southern Alps (e. g.,
Senow^bari-Daryan et al., 1993) and in the Dinarides, other in Southern China.
There are only a few studies dealing with the microfacies and the distribution of
facies-diagnostic microfossils.
One of these Anisian platforms is the early Julian Platform. To the north and
northeast, this platform was bounded by a reef zone (Ramovš, 1987), and to the
south by a deeperwater trough (Slovenian Trough), separating the Julian Platform
from the Binarie Platform (Buser et al., 1982).
158	Erik Flügel, Anton Ramovš & loan I. Bucur
Geological Framework
The studied area is located in northwestern Slovenia near Bled at the foothills of
the Julian Alps. This area was first studied by Diener (1884, p. 694): "Das älteste
Gebilde, das an dem Bau dieses Gebietes noch Antheil nimmt, ist der obere Muschel-
kalk, der hier durchaus in der Facies des Mendola-Dolomits erscheint und die
malerischen Hügelgruppen der Umgebung von Veldes zusammensetzt. Der Vintigar
Hrib (840 m) bei Asp, die kleinen Kuppen von Ober-Göriach, Retschitz und Pogel-
schitz, der Sirov und Visoinica Vrh (459 Meter) im Westen, die Straza (648 Meter), der
Kosare, Obroc und Pastrgannek (591 Meter) im Süden des Veldeser Sees, die beiden
Höhen endlich, auf welchen die "Villa Rikli" und das Alte Schloß Veldes stehen,
gehören diesem Dolomit des oberen Muschelkalkes an."
Fig. 1. Anisian carbonates near Bled, northwestern Slovenia: Location of the sampling
localities. Most samples studied are from locality 1 (Castle Hill cliff in Bled)
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...	159
Teller (1908) described Werfen Beds from the northern margin of the Bled Lake.
Se idi (1929, p. 10) published a geological map, based on studies of Teller,
Kossmat, Haertel and Winkler. The Castle Hill in Bled was believed to consist
of Permian and Permocarboniferous. The occurrence of Werfen Beds is indicated at
the northern margin of the Lake Bled and Middle and Upper Triassic strata north of
this area. Permian and Permocarboniferous are reported from the southern flank of
the Straža Mountain whereas other parts of this mountain are regarded as Middle
and Upper Triassic. Lower Triassic and Middle Triassic strata occur west of the Lake
Bled as well as in the Poljšica and Krnica area. In contrast, only Schiern Dolomite
and limestone equivalents are shown in this area in the provisional map prepared by
Vetters (1933).
According to Bus er (1980, p. 24), Middle Permian Neoschwagerina limestones
occur at the Castle Hill in Bled, at the Bledec Hill as well as in several localities west
of the village Recica. These limestones are separated by several northwest-southeast
trending faults from massive Anisian dolomites and Ladinian sediments (see B u s e r
& Cajhen, 1977).
On the north side of the Mežakla Plateau, Bus er (1980, p. 26) mentioned gray,
massive limestones with Physoporella pauciforata, P. minutoloidea and Mac-
roporella alpina from Baba north of Kočna.
The reinvestigation of the carbonates in the neighbourhood of Bled was initiated
by the study of the Middle Permian reef carbonates of the Straža quarry (Flügel et
ah, 1984).
Sampling localities
Fig. 1 shows the sampling localities in and near Bled (1 - cliff of the Castle Hill in
Bled, cf. Pl. 7, Fig. 2; 2 - above the road south of the Bledec Hill, 3 - 100m northwest
of the crossroads Bled-Recica-Castle Hill; 4 - Crossroads Bled-Grimščice and Bled-
Castle Hill) as well westnorthwest of Bled (5 - Grimščice, 6 - southern flank of the
Radoljca Mountain, 7 - several localities south of Poljšica, 8 - Stojiče).
The Castle Hill cliff was sampled by Flügel and Ramovš in 1983, the other
localities by Ramovš in 1984. Our study is focused on the Castle Hill cliff: About 40
large thin-sections have been prepared (up to lOx 15cm in size). Samples B-0 and B-1
to B-10 were collected at the top of the cliff within the court yard of the castle,
sample B-0 is from the rock forming the foundation of the castle's chapel. Samples B-
11 to B-30 were taken at the path connecting the castle with Bled, samples B-33 to B-
37 were collected near the parking lot. Most of the grey, indistinctly bedded car-
bonates are biolithoclastic grainstones (microfacies type 1). Other microfacies types
(algal fenestral bindstones, MF 2; lithoclastic-peloidal ñoatstones and rudstones, MF
3) are rare (see Fig. 2) and restricted to the higher and the lower parts of the cliff,
respectively.
Microfacies
Microfacies Types
The samples from the Castle Hill cliff as well the other samples represent three
microfacies types:
160
Erik Flügel, Anton Ramovš & loan I. Bucur
Fig. 2. Frequency of the microfacies
types recognized in the carbonates of
the Castle Hill cliff in Bled
MF 1: Biointraclastic grainstones with aggregate grains, dasycladacean algae and
foraminifera (PI. 6, Figs. 1-5, PI. 7. Fig. 4, 7): This microfacies is characterized by
aggregate grains (predominantly lumps, PI. 7, Fig. 5), dasycladacean algae (PI. 1; PI.
2, Figs. 1-4) and a diverse foraminifera fauna (PI. 2, Figs. 9-14; PI. 3; PI. 4; PI. 5, Figs.
1-11). The grains are surrounded by isopachous rim cements (PI. 7, Fig. 5). Interparti-
cle voids are filled by drusy calcite cement.
The biota, studied in more than 20 samples, consist of foraminifera (occurring in
85% of the total samples), dasycladaceans (in 60% of the samples), thin-shelled
ostracods (45%), echinoderm fragments (35%), gastropods (15%), encrusting organ-
isms {Bacinella, Pl. 7, Fig. 4, 15%), solenoporacean algae (15%), brachiopods (10%)
and porostromate algae (5 %).
In some samples the grainstone fabric grades into a packstone (PI. 6, Figs. 2 and 4)
and even a wackestone fabric. Many larger bioclasts, e.g., dasycladacean thalli, are
strongly micritized (PI. 6, Fig. 1). The size of the aggregate grains varies between 200
and 2500 цт. Most lumps exhibit the characteristic lobular shape caused by protrud-
ing particles (PL 7, Fig. 5); many grains are fixed by encrusting organisms. There are,
however, also larger aggregate grains, which have been cemented prior to final
deposition. These grains are angular, protruding inclusions are truncated.
MF 2: Fenestral algal bindstone (PI. 7, Fig. 3). This type, only known from the
higher part of the Castle Hill cliff, is characterized by open-space structures
developed as irregularly-shaped, spar-filled fenestrae between pelmicritic laminae.
These laminae consist of densely-packed peloids and vague, poorly preserved algal
filaments. Coalescing laminae may grade into large, irregularly shaped aggregate
grains. Interspace voids are filled with drusy and recrystallized blocky calcite
cements. Fossils are small agglutinated foraminifera, thin-walled ostracods and
small tube-like microfossils.
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...	161
MF 3: Lithoclastic-peloidal rudstone and floatstone (Pl. 6, Figs. 6, 7; Pl. 7, Fig. 6).
The main characteristic of this faciès type ia a multiple deposition of small pelmicri-
tic and micritic litho- and intraclasts, followed by the formation of lithoclastic
floatstones which were later affected by tectonical brecciation. Stylocontacts bet-
ween larger clasts are common. The size of the lithoclasts varies between 1 and about
25 mm. Together with pelmicritic and pelsparitic lithoclasts, clasts exhibiting fenest-
ral fabrics (MF 2) have been deposited. Some of the clasts are encrusted by
foraminifera.
Interpretation
The microfacies types are characteristic of subtidal and intertidal shelf car-
bonates. Microfacies 1 corresponds to the Standard Microfacies Types 17 and 18
(shelf lagoons with tidal flats), and microfacies 2 to the Standard Microfacies Type 19
(restricted ponds within the tidal flats). MF 3 may represent SMF type 24 (lag
deposits in tidal channels).
The possible occurrence of reefal facies is indicated by Olangocoelia otti
Bechstädt & Brandner (1970) (PL 5, Figs. 12-14; samples B-lOB and B-15),
a common frame-building organism in Anisian (and Ladinian) reef mounds (cf.
Senowbari-Dary an et al., 1993) and by Anisocellula fecunda Senowbari-
Daryan et al. (Poljšica, Pl. 7, Fig. 1), originally described from Anisian reef
limestones of the Northern Dolomites.
Most of the samples from the Castle Hill cliff indicate the existence of sand shoals.
Microfacies 2 includes grainstones as well packstones and samples with different
amounts of dasycladacean algae and foraminifera. A differentiation of the samples
according to texture types and the frequency of algae and foraminifera may exhibit
similar features as described from the Camorelli Carbonate Bank of Lombardy
(Gaetani & Gorza, 1989). This Anisian platform is characterized by dasyclada-
cean limestones, reefal limestones and foraminiferal limestones. Dasycladacean
limestones and the overlying foraminiferal limestones are interpreted as deposits of
different water depth, reflecting a transgressive event.
Because of the tectonical complications in the Bled area, the samples of the Castle
Hill cliff probably do not describe a normal stratigraphie section. It is not possible,
therefore, to transfer the model described from the Camorelli Platform zu the Anisian
carbonates studied. On the other hand, the subdivision of the Castle Hill samples in
about the same number of samples containing dasycladaceans and foraminifera and
samples containing only foraminifera may indicate the existence of comparable
depositional patterns. Alternating dasycladacean/foraminiferal grainstones and
foraminiferal packstones, interpreted as the results of different water depths are also
known from the Dinaric Platform (P a n t i ć, 1970), the Southern Alps (Bechstädt
& Brandner, 1970) and the Tatra Mountains (Belka & Gaždzicki, 1976).
Microfossils
List
Not all microfossils could be determined due to random sections or poor preserva-
tion. Many taxa, therefore, have been handled as cf. and aff. forms. Considering also
these forms as individual taxa, about 40 foraminiferal taxa and about 12 algal taxa
162	Erik Flügel, Anton Ramovš & loan I. Bucur
were recognized in the studied thin-sections. The following microfossils were iden-
tified in the limestones from the Castle Hill cliff and in other localities:
Algae: Macroporella alpina Pia (Pl. 1, fig. 4-6), Macroporella beneckei (Salo-
mon) (PL 1, fig. 2, 3), ? Teutloporella sp., Physoporella cf. pauciforata (Giimbel) (PI. 1,
fig. 10), Physoporella cf. varicans Pia, Physoporella cf. minutula (Giimbel) (PL 2, fig.
4), Physoporella cf. intusannulata Hurka, Oligoporella pilosa pilosa Pia (PL 2, fig. 3),
Oligoporella pilosa varicans Pia (PL 2, fig. 1), Oligoporella cf. pilosa Pia (PL 2, fig. 2),
? Oligoporella sp., ? Diplopora sp., ? Kantia sp., Poncetella hexaster (Pia) (PL 1, fig.
7-9), 'Griphoporella' sp. (PL 1, fig. 11, 12), Solenopora sp. (PL 2, fig. 5-7),
? Stenoporidium sp. (PL 2, fig. 8).
Foraminifera: Earlandia cf. tintinniformis Mišik, Earlandinita grandis Salaj
(PL 3, fig. 1, 2), Earlandinita elongata Salaj (PL 2, fig. 10), Reophax aff. asper
Cushman & Waters (PL 3, fig. 3), Nodosinella cf. libera (Trifonova) (PL 3, fig. 4),
? Valvulina sp. (cf. Valvulina azzouzi Salaj) (PL 2, fig. 11), ? Textularia sp.,
Trochammina almtalensis Koehn-Zaninetti (PL 2, fig. 12, 14), Trochammina jaunen-
sis Brönnimann &i Page (PL 2, fig. 13), Glomospira irregularis (Möller) (PL 5, fig. 4),
Glomospira cf. articulosa (Plummer) (PL 5, fig. 2), ? Glomospira sp. cf. Glomospira?
micans He & Yue (PL 5, fig. 1), Glomospira div. sp., Glomospirella cf. triphonensis
Baud et al., Glomospirella sp., Pilammina densa Pantić (PL 5, fig. 7, 8), Meandrospira
dinarica Kochansky-Devide & Pantić (PL 3, fig. 12-15), Meandrospira aff. dinarica
Kochansky-Devide & Pantić (PL 3, fig. 16, 17; PL 4, fig. 1, 2), Meandrospira
deformata Salaj (PL 4, fig. 4, 5), Meandrospira sp. aff. Meandrospira pusilla (Ho) (PL
3, fig. 5-7), Meandrospira insolita (Ho) (PL 3, fig. 9), Meandrospira sp. aff. Meandros-
pira insolita (Ho) (PL 3, fig. 8, 10, 11), ? Meandrospira sp., ? Agathammina sp. (PL 4,
fig. 14), Endothyra cf. brassica (Trifonova), Endothyra kuepperi Oberhauser (PL 4,
fig. 10, 13), Endothyra sp., Endothyranella wirzi (Koehn-Zaninetti) (PL 4, fig. 11),
Endothyranella robusta Salaj (PL 4, fig. 6), Endothyranella lombardi Zaninetti et al.
(PL 4, fig. 7, 9), Endothyranella cf. alpina Zaninetti et al. (PL 4, fig. 8), Parendothyra
sp., ? Endothyranopsis sp., ? Planiinvoluta sp., ? Aulotortus sp. cf. Aulotortus
pragsoides (Oberhauser) (PL 4, fig. 12), ? Aulotortus sp., Diplotremina astrofimbriata
Kristan-Tollmann (PL 5, fig. 9, 10), Duostomina alta Kristan-Tollmann, Nodosaria
aff. ordinata Trifonova, ? Austracolomia sp. (PL 5, fig. 11).
Incertae sedis: Olangocoelia otti Bechstädt & Brandner (PL 5, fig. 12-14),
Anisocellula fecunda Senowbari-Daryan et al. (PL 7, fig 1).
Biostratigraphic significance
1. Foraminifers
The most frequent foraminifers in the Castle Hill carbonates are species of the
genera Meandrospira, Glomospira-Pilamina and Diplotremina.
Meandrospira dinarica is particularly frequent in some levels (Samples B-3, B-5,
B-22, B-23, B-25, B-26). It is frequently accompanied by a form showing similar
morphological features but smaller dimensions. Such specimens were reported by
Oravecz-Scheffer (1987) as Meandrospira aff. dinarica.
The Glomospira-Pilamina species are frequent in the samples B-3, B-11, B-29,
Diplotremina astrofimbriata in the samples B-24, B-26 and B-27.
Many of the identified species have a relatively large stratigraphical range
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...	163
covering almost all Triassic stages. However, some species are restricted to specific
time intervals:
Pilamina densa was frequently described from the whole Anisian (Pantic, 1970;
Pantić-Prodanović, 1975; Trifonova, 1978; Salaj et al., 1983; Oravecz-
Scheffer, 1987), or only from parts of the Anisian (Illyrian: Salaj, 1969; Late
Anisian: Zaninetti et al., 1972; Pelsonian to Early Illyrian: Gazdzicki et al.,
1975; Pelsonian: Ramovš, 1975; Middle to Late Anisian: Zaninetti, 1976,1977;
Pelsonian to Early Illyrian: Strutinski et al., 1987). Only Dager (1978) mentions
this species from the Late Scythian to the Middle Anisian.
Meandrospira dinarica is known from the Middle Anisian (Pelsonian; Gažd-
zicki et al., 1975, Zaninetti, 1977), and from Middle to Late Anisian (essentially
Pelsonian to Early Illyrian: Pantic, 1970; Ramovš, 1972; Zaninetti et al., 1972;
Zaninetti, 1976; Dager, 1978; Trifonova, 1978: Salaj et al., 1983 and
Strutinski et aL, 1987).
Meandrospira deformata was reported from the Late Scythian to Pelsonian
(Gazdzicki etal.,1975; Zaninetti, 1977; Trifonova, 1978; Salaj etaL,1983).
Meandrospira pusilla is predominantly known from the Scythian to Early Anisian
(»Hydaspian«), but the species was also reported from the Pelsonian (Gaždzicki et
al., 1975) or, rarely, also from the Illyrian (Salaj et al., 1983).
Meandrospira insolita, a poorly known species, it is reported from the Early
Anisian (Aegean) and rarely also from the Pelsonian (Salaj et al., 1983).
Other species of stratigraphie importance are Endothyranella wirtzi known
mostly from the Middle to Late Anisian, and (rarely) also from the Lower Ladinian,
Endothyranella lombardi, (known from the same time interval), and Trochammina
almtalensis (Middle Anisian to Early Ladinian: Zaninetti et al., 1972; Gažd-
zicki etaL, 1975; Zaninetti, 1976,1977; Trifonova, 1978; Salaj etaL, 1983;
Oravecz-Scheffer, 1987).
Based on foraminifers, several zonations have been proposed for the Early to
Middle Triassic: Salaj (1969), Zaninetti et aL (1972), Gaždzicki etaL (1975);
Trifonova (1978, 1983); Salaj etaL (1983) and Salaj etaL (1988). Salaj etaL
(1988) established seven biozones:
7) Aulotortus pragsoides zone (Illyrian)
6) Meandrospira dinarica zone (Pelsonian to Illyrian)
5) Pilammina densa zone (part of Bithynian to Pelsonian)
4) Meandrospira deformata zone (Aegean to part of Bithynian, hypersaline environ-
ment)
3) Meandrospira insolita zone (Aegean to part of Bithynian)
2) Meandrospira pusilla zone (Early Triassic corresponding to Spathian)
1) Meandrospira cheni zone (Early Triassic corresponding to Smithian-Lowermost
Spathian).
The foraminiferal assemblage from Castle Hill carbonates corresponds, to the
biozones 4, 5 and 6 of Salaj et al. (1988), i. e. the Meandrospira deformata,
Pilammina densa and Meandrospira dinarica zones. It is difficult to say whether all
the 3 zones are presented in the Castle Hill carbonates but, as a whole, the foramini-
feral assemblage points to an (Early ? to) Middle Anisian age of all samples studied.
164	Erik Flügel, Anton Ramovš & loan I. Bucur
2. Algae
The most frequent dasycladacean species is Macroporella alpina Pia (Samples B-
8, B-10, B-13, B-19, B22, B-23A, B-25), followed by Poncetella hexaster (Samples B-
5, B-23A, B-27) and species of the Physoporella-Oligoporella group (Samples B-3, B-
5, B-lOB, B12).
This association is typical for the Middle Anisian (more precisely for the Pelso-
nian to Early Illyrian: Pia, 1912; 1920; 1935; Bystricky, 1964; 1986; Ott, 1972;
1974; Dragastan et al., 1982; Senowbari-Daryan et al., 1993).
Based on dasycladacean algae, Bystricky (1986) distinguished three Middle
Triassic biozones:
3) Diplopora annulata zone (Ladinian)
2) Diplopora annulatissima zone (Late Illyrian)
1) Physoporella pauciforata-Oligoporella pilosa zone (Late Bithynian to Early Illy-
rian).
The first zone corresponds to the Meandrospira dinarica-Pilammina densa oc-
currence, and within this zone, the appearance of Diplopora hexaster (= Poncetella
hexaster) indicates the lower part of the Pelsonian.
In conclusion, the algal-foraminiferal assemblage from the Castle Hill in Bled
indicates an Anisian age, most probably an (Early?)-Middle Anisian (= Aegean(?)-
Pelsonian) age. The composition of the assemblage is very similar to those described
from the Alps and Prealps (Pia, 1920; Zaninetti et al., 1972; Zaninetti, 1976,
1977); Hungary (Oravecz-Scheffer, 1987); Carpathians (Slowakia, Poland,
Romania) (Bystricky, 1964, 1986; Gaždzicki et al., 1975; Salaj et al., 1983;
Strutinski et al., 1987); Apuseni Mountains (Romania) (Dragastan et al., 1982);
Balkans (Bosnia, Serbia,Bulgaria; Pia, 1935; Pantić, 1970; Trifonova, 1978,
1983) and Turkey (D ager, 1978).
Microfossil Associations
Dasycladacean algae and foraminifera are common microfossils in Middle
Triassic platform carbonates. The study of about 35 large thin-sections offers the
possibility to discuss the numerical diversity and the composition of the associations.
Regarding the total number of taxa belonging to foraminifera, algae and micro-
problematica, the numerical diversity varies between 1 and 19. Samples exhibiting
a very hight diversity (>10 species per sample; B-3 and B-5 from the top of the Castle
Hill cliff; B-24), however, are rare (4 samples out of the total of 35 samples). 17
samples are low-diverse (1 to 4 species), 14 samples higher diverse (5 to 9 species).The
taxonomic composition of the associations exhibits no distinct patterns except for
the absence of dasycladaceans in about 40 % of the samples. Samples with dasy-
cladacean algae and foraminifera are characterized by the frequent occurrence of
Earlandinita, Glomospira and Meandrospira. These taxa, however, occur also in the
samples which contain no dasycladacean algae.
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...	165
Conclusions
Age: Based on dasycladacean algae and foraminifera, the age of the studied
carbonates is Middle Anisian, most probably Pelsonian.
Facies: Microfacies types (predominantly intrabioclastic grainstones and
packstones; a few algal fenestral bindstones and lithoclastic floatstones and rud-
stones) correspond to those of subtidal (and intertidal) platform carbonates which
might have been deposited in slightly different water depths. There are only a few
indications (Olangocoelia, Anisocellula) for the existence of reefal facies in the Bled
area.
Acknowledgements
The investigation of the Anisian carbonates is a part of research projects dealing
with the 'Evolution of Reefs' and supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-
schaft (Project Flügel 42/69, Project Bechstädt and Flügel 641/17). Thanks are due to
the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung for the support of the micropaleontological
research of one of the authors (LI.B.).
166	Erik Flügel, Anton Ramovš & loan I. Bucur
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Pantić-Prodanović, S. 1975: Les microfaciès triassiques des Dinarides. - Soc. Sci.
Arts Montenegro, Monographies, Cl. sci. nat. IV/i, 9-56, 1 fig., 100 pis., Titograd.
Pia, J. 1912: Neue Studien über die triadischen Siphoneae Verticillatae. - Beiträge zur
Paläontologie und Geologie Österreich-Ungarns, und des Orients, 25, 25-81, 7 pis., Wien.
Pia, J. 1920: Die Siphoneae Verticillatae vom Karbon bis zur Kreide. - Abhandlungen
Zool.-Botan. Ges. Wien, 11/2, 263 pp., 27 figs., 8 pis., Wien.
Pia, J. 1935: Die Diploporen der anisischen Stufe Bosniens. - Annales Géol. de la Péninsule
Balkanique, 12/2, 190-246, 55 figs., 5 pis., Beograd.
Ramovš, A. 1972: Mikrofauna der alpinen und voralpinen Trias Sloweniens. - Mitt. Ges.
Geol. Bergbaustud., 21, 413-426, 3 pis., Innsbruck.
Ramovš, A. 1975: Kamenotvorna Glomospira densa (Pantić) v aniziju pri Konjšici.
-	Geologija, 18, 99-104, 4 figs., Ljubljana.
Ramovš, A. 1987: The Anisian reef development between Kranjska gora and Mojstrana
(Slovenia, NW Yugoslavia). - Razprave IV. razreda SAZU, 27/1, 3-13, 6 pis., 1 fig., Ljubljana.
Salaj, J. 1969: Essai de zonation dans le Trias des carpathes occidentales d'après les
foraminifères. - Geologické práce, 28, 123-128, Bratislava.
Salaj, J., Borza, K. & Samuel, A. 1983: Triassic foraminifers of the West Carpathians.
-	Geologicky Ustav D. Stura, 213 pp., 23 figs., 157 pis., Bratislava.
Salaj, J., Trifonova, E.,& Gheorgian, D. 1988: A biostratigraphic zonation based on
benthic forminifera in the Triassic deposits of the Carpatho-Balkans. - Revue de Paléobiologie,
vol. spec. 2 (Benthos '86), 153-159, 3 figs., Genève.
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...	167
SeidL F. 1929: Zlatenska ploča v Osrednjih Julijskih Alpah. - Glasnik Muzej. dr. za Slov.,
10, 3-29, Ljubljana.
Senowbari-Daryan, B., Zühlke, R., Bechstädt, T. & Flügel, E. 1993: Anisian
(Middle Triassic) buildups of the Northern Dolomites (Italy): The recovery of reef communities
after the Permian/Triassic crisis. - Facies, 28, 181-256, pis. 40-65, 17 figs., Erlangen.
Strutinski, C., Bucur, L L, Nicu, M., Pop-Stratila, D. & Török, L 1987: New
data on the stratigraphy and tectonic position of the Triassic deposits from Sasca Montana
(Banat hills, Romania). - Studia Univ. Babes-Bolyai, Geol.-Geogr., 23/2, 61-69, 4 figs., 2 pis.,
Cluj-Napoca.
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16, Wien.
Trifonova, E. 1978: The Foraminifera zones and subzones of the Triassic in Bulgaria. I.
Scythian and Anisian. - Geologica Balcanica, 8/3, 85-104, 2 figs., 4 pis., Sofia.
Trifonova, E. 1983: Correlation of Triassic foraminifers from Bulgaria and some
localities in Europe, Caucasus and Turkey. - Geologica Balcanica, 13/6, 3-24, 3 figs., Sofia.
Vetters, H. 1933: Geološka rokopisna karta Radovljica, 1 : 75 000 - Geologische Manus-
kriptkarte Radmannsdorf. - Geol. Bundesanstalt Wien.
Zaninetti, L. 1976: Les foraminifères du Trias. Essai de synthèse et corrélation entre les
domaines mésogéens européen et asiatique. - Riv. Ital. Paleont., 82/1, 1-258, 12 figs., 3 tab., 24
pis., Milano.
Zaninetti, L. 1977: La micropaléontologie dans le Trias de France: domaines alpin et
provençal. Foraminifères, Conodontes, Coprolithes de Crustacés: inventaire et possibilités de
corrélation. - Bull. B. R. G. M., deuxième série. IV/3, 257-264, 2 tab., Paris.
Zaninetti, L., Brönnimann, P., & Baud, A. 1972: Essai de zonation d'apès les
Foraminifères dans L'Anisien moyen et supérieur des Préalpes médianes rigides (Préalpes
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Bale.
168	Erik Flügel, Anton Ramovš & loan I. Bucur
Plate 1
Anisian carbonates from the Castle Hill cliff, Bled, northwestern Slovenia: Dasycladacean
algae
1 Macroporella beneckei (Salomon). Sample BIO, x 10
2, 3 Macroporella cf. beneckei (Salomon)
2	Sample B19, x 22
3	Sample B25, x 22
4-6 Macroporella alpina Pia
4	Sample B8, x 11
5	Sample B8, x 10.5
6	Sample BlOB, x 15
7-9 Poncetella hexaster (Pia). Sample B3
7, 9 X 22
8 xlO
10 Physoporella cf. pauciforata (Gümbel). Sample B5, x 11
11, 12 »Griphoporella« sp. Sample B27, x22
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...
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Plate 2
Anisian carbonates from the Castle Hill cliff. Bled, northwestern Slovenia: Calcareous algae
and foraminifera
1	Oligoporella pilosa Pia var. varicans Pia. Sample ВЗ, x 11
2	Oligoporella cf. pilosa Pia. Sample B12, x 17
3	Oligoporella pilosa Pia var. pilosa Pia. Sample BlOB, x 9
4	Physoporella cf. minutula (Gümbel). Sample B12, x 30
5-7 Solenopora sp.
5 Sample B24, x 22
6, 7 Sample B28, x 15
8	IStenoporidium sp. Sample B26, x45
9	Trochammina alpina Kristan-Tolmann (lower part of the photo), and Glomospira sp.
Sample B3, x 90
10	Earlandinita elongata Salaj. Sample B2, x 37
11	Valvulina? sp. cf. Valvulina azzouzi Salaj. Sample B24, x90
12, 14 Trochammina almtalensis Koehn-Zaninetti
12 Sample B26, x 150
14 Sample Bll, x 90
13 Trochammina jaunensis Brönnimann & Page. Sample B3, x 90
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...
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Plate 3
Anisian carbonates from the Castle Hill cliff. Bled, northwestern Slovenia: Foraminifera
1, 2 Earlandinita grandis Salaj
1	Sample B25, x 37
2	Sample B20, x26
3	Reophax aff. asper Cushman & Waters: Sample B15, x45
4	Nodosinella cf. libera Trifonova. Sample B15, x22
5-7 Meandrospira aff. pusilla Ho
5 Sample B26, x 120
6, 7 Sample B5, x 90
8, 10, 11 Meandrospira att. insolita Ko
8 Sample B34A, x 82
10	Sample B5, x 150
11	Sample B30, x 120
12-15 Meandrospira dinarica Kochansky-Devide & Pantić
12	Sample B4B, X 96
13	Sample B4B, x 82
14	Sample 84b-R, x 75
15	Sample B5, x96
16, 17 Meandrospira aff. dinarica Kochansky-Devide & Pantić. Sample B5, x 96
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...
173
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Plate 4
Anisian carbonates from the Castle Hill cliff, Bled, northwestern Slovenia: Foraminifera
1, 2 Meandrospira aff. dinarica Kochansky-Devide & Pantić
1	Sample B26, x 120
2	Sample B5, x 120
3 Meandrospira aff. samueli Salaj. Sample B5, x 120
4, 5 Meandrospira deformata Salaj
4	Sample B6, x 82
5	Sample B24, x 82
6 Endothyranella robusta Salaj. Sample B5, x 18
7, 9 Endothyranella lombardi Zaninetti et al.
7 Sample B5, x 45
9	Sample B22, x48,
9 Endothyranella cf. alpina Zaninetti et al. Sample 84c-R, x 75
10, 13 Endothyranella kuepperi Oberhäuser
10	Sample B6, x 90
13 Sample B22, x 100
11	Endothyranella wirzi Koehn-Zaninetti. Sample BOA, x 90
12	lAulotortus cf. pragsoides Oberhauser. Sample B22, x22
14 lAgathammina sp. Sample B 26, x 90
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...
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176	Erik Flügel, Anton Ramovš & loan I. Bucur
Plate 5
Anisian carbonates from the Castle Hill cliff. Bled, northwestern Slovenia: Foraminifera
and Olangocoelia sp.
1	Glomospira? sp. cf. Glomospira? micas He & Yue. Sample B15, x 130
2	Glomospira cf. articulosa (Plummer). Sample Bll, x50
3	Glomospira sp. Sample B29, x 50
4	Glomospira irregularis (Moeller). Sample B3, x 96
5, 6 Pilammina cf. densa Pantić. Sample Bll, x 85
7, 8 Pilammina densa Pantić. Sample B29, x 62
9, 10 Diplotremina astrofimbriata Kristan-Tolman
9	Sample B26, x 90
10	Sample B24, x 67
11 ?Austracolomia sp. Sample B15, x 110
12-14 Olangocoelia otti Bechstädt & Brandner
12 Sample BlOB, x 11
13, 14 Sample B15, x22
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...
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Plate 6
Anisian platform carbonates from Bled, Slovenia: Microfacies types and microfossils
1-5 Microfacies Type 1. Intrabioclastic grainstone and packstone with aggregate grains,
foraminifera and dasycladacean algae.
1	Intrabioclastic grainstone with aggregate grains, dasycladacean algae, ostracods and
foraminifera. Note the strong micritization of the bioclasts. Castle Hill Bled. Top of the
cliff. Sample B-3. x 11
2	Intrabioclastic packstone with dasycladacean algae {Macroporella alpina Pia) and fine-
grained aggregate grains. Castle Hill cliff. Bled; upper part. Sample B-8. x 4
3	Intrabioclastic grainstone with agglutinated foraminifera. Castle Hille Bled. Sample B-
8. The same sample as in Fig. 2! Note the difference in the depositional texture, x 19
4	Sediment-filled burrows in intrabioclastic packstone. Castle Hill Bled. Samplè B-15.
X19
5	Detail of a large aggregate grain. The individual grains are bound together by micritic
laminations (arrow). Castle Hill, Bled. Sample B-22. x 9
6, 7 Microfacies Type 3. Lithoclastic-peloidal rudstones and floatstones
6	Lithoclastic rudstone, consisting of pelmicritic lithoclasts with few foraminifera and
dasycladacean fragments. Castle Hill, Bled. Sample B-29. x 11
7	Detail of a lithoclastic floatstone. Note the difference in the microfacies of the sub-
rounded clast as compared with Fig. 6. Castle Hill, Bled. Sample B-24. x 5
8	Meandrospira dinarica Kochansky-Devidé & Pantić. Bioclastic grainstone. South of
Poljšica northwest of Bled. Sample 20-P-G. x 75
9	Earlandinita sp. Bioclastic grainstone, MF Type 1. South of Poljšica northwest of Bled.
Sample 20-P-G. x 75
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...
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180	Erik Flügel, Anton Ramovš & loan I. Bucur
Plate 7
Anisian platform carbonates from Bled, Slovenia: Microfacies types and microfossils
1	Anisocellula fecunda Senowbari-Daryan et al., an enigmatic microfossil, first
described from the reef facies of the Northern Dolomites. South of Poljšica. Sample 20-
P-C. X40
2	The Castle Hill at the Lake Bled. Samples B-0 and B-1 to B-10 were collected within
the court yard area at the top of the cliff, samples B-11 to B-30 at the path between the
castle and the parking lot. Samples B-33 to B-37 are from the area near the parking lot
3	Microfacies Type 2. Algal fenestral bindstone. Irregularly distributed micritic struc-
tures with relicts of filamentous algae border large interspace voids filled with drusy
and recrystallized blocky calcite cement. Upper part of the Castle Hill cliff. Bled.
Sample B-34A. x 4
4, 5, 7 Microfacies Type 1. Intrabioclastic grainstone
4	Bacinella sp. forms crusts within the grainstones attributed to MFl. Castle Hill,
Bled. Sample B-5. x 7
5	Intraclastic grainstone, predominantly composed of lumps, surrounded by isopach-
ous rim cements. Castle Hill, Bled. Sample B-12. x 11
7 Intrabioclastic grainstone with agglutinated foraminifera and small dasycladaceans
(arrows). Castle Hill cliff, Bled. Sample B-25. x 7.
6 Microfacies Type 3. Lithoclastic rudstone, composed of brecciated limestone clasts
exhibiting various microfacies types (note the fenestral fabric of the clast, top left, 2,
MF2). Small lithoclasts and peloids (1) have been several times reworked, resulting in
the formation of composite clasts (3). Castle Hill cliff. Bled. Sample B-21. x 2
Middle Triassic (Anisian) Limestones from Bled...
181