F. WU et al.: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-BASED CONCRETE CONTAINING BLENDED PEACH SHELL ...
645–651
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-BASED CONCRETE
CONTAINING BLENDED PEACH SHELL AND APRICOT SHELL
WASTE
MEHANSKE LASTNOSTI BIOBETONA NA OSNOVI DODATKA
ME[ANICE ODPADNIH KO[^IC BRESKEV IN MARELIC
Fan Wu
1,2**
, Changwu Liu
3,4,*
, Wei Sun
3,4
, Lianwei Zhang
3,4
1
Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Institute of Disaster Management and Reconstruction, no. 24 South Section 1,
Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
2
Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards Mitigation for
Mountainous Highway and Waterway, no. 66 Xuefu Avenue, Nan’an District, Chongqing 400074, China
3
Sichuan University, College of Water Resource and Hydropower, no. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
4
Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, no. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road,
Chengdu 610065, China
*liuchangwu@scu.edu.cn, **wu_fan2017@163.com
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2018-04-04; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2018-05-18
doi:10.17222/mit.2018.065
The utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes as aggregates in concrete can reduce the negative impact of concrete on the
ecological environment. For manufacturing a more environmentally friendly concrete, a series of specimens was prepared with 0
%, 12.5 %, 25 %, 37.5 % and 50 % replacement of normal weight aggregate (NWA) and sand by peach shell (PS) and apricot
shell (AS), while the other parameters were set as constant. The results showed that for a 50 % replacement of NWA and sand
by PS and AS, the 28-day compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of the
concrete decreased by 34.3 %, 28.8 %, 33.6 % and 31.5 %, respectively. However, concrete containing 50 % PS and AS was
lighter by 19.37 %, which fulfilled the density requirement for lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC). In addition, the water
absorption and porosity of concrete increased by increasing the percentage of blended PS and AS content. Based on the results,
the utilization of blended PS and AS as coarse and fine aggregate, respectively, to produce LWAC with acceptable properties
seems to be a feasible option.
Keywords: peach shell, apricot shell, bio-based concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete
Uporaba industrijskih in kmetijskih odpadkov kot agregatov (dodatkov) v beton lahko zmanj{a njegov negativni vpliv na
ekologijo okolja. Avtorji prispevka so zato izdelali bolj okolju prijazen beton. Izdelali so serijo vzorcevz0%,12,5 %, 25 %,
37,5 % in 50 % dodatkom breskvinih (PS) in mareli~nih ko{~ic (AS), kot enakovredno masno zamenjavo za grobo frakcijo
kamna (NWA) in finej{i pesek, ostali parametri pa so ostali nespremenjeni. Rezultati raziskav so pokazali, da 50 % zamenjava
NWA in peska z me{anico PS in AS, zmanj{a 28-dnevno tla~no trdnost, cepilno natezno trdnost, upogibno trdnost in modul
elasti~nosti betona za 34,3 %, 28,8 %, 33,6 % oz. 31,5 %. Vendar je beton, ki vsebuje 50 % PS in AS, la`ji za 19,37 % in s tem
izpolnjuje zahteve za lahki agregatni beton (LWAC). Dodatno sta se pove~ali absorpcija vode in poroznost betona s
pove~evanjem koli~ine me{anice PS in AS. Na osnovi rezultatov avtorji ugotavljajo, da lahko uporaba me{anice PS in AS kot
zamenjave za grobo frakcijo kamna in finega peska predstavlja opcijo za izdelavo lahkega agregatnega betona s sprejemljivimi
lastnostmi.
Klju~ne besede: ko{~ice breskev in marelic, biobeton, beton z lahkimi agregati
1 INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most extensive building material used
for a variety of civil engineering projects, such as roads,
bridges, dams and other buildings.
1
More than 10 billion
tons of concretes is produced per year, and annual pro-
duction is approximately 1.5 t for each person,
2
thereby a
large number of raw materials around the world need to
be used for concrete production each year.
3
However, the
process of obtaining conventional natural aggregates
seriously damages the local ecological environment,
4
and
concrete industry has a significant negative impact on the
society, the economy and the environment.
5
An effective
way to achieve the sustainable development of concrete
is to use industrial and agricultural wastes as aggregate
to replaceme normal weight aggregate (NWA).
6
Because
a large amount of concrete is produced each year, even
the partial replacement of NWA with industrial and
agricultural wastes would be beneficial to the ecological
environment.
The development of world economy leads to a drastic
increase in industrial and agricultural wastes, which also
causes some environmental pollution problem. Recycling
of such wastes is an effective way to consider ecological
and economic benefits.
7
Recently, a variety of industrial
and agricultural wastes have been used as replacements
for normal weight aggregate (NWA) in concrete, such as
oil palm shell, palm oil clinker, wood, mussel shell,
apricot shell (AS), peach shell (PS) and coconut shell,
etc. The use of these wastes in concrete has many advan-
tages, including decreasing the consumption of natural
aggregates and recycling these wastes.
8
In this method,
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 52 (2018) 5, 645–651 645
UDK 67.017:666:634.2:351.777.61 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 52(5)645(2018)

concrete can be considered as an environmentally
friendly building material.
9
In China, more than a thousand tons of PS and AS
needs to be discharged each year, and they are consid-
ered as an agricultural waste in orchards. To recycle
these wastes, many researches are on going, such as, Zhu
et al.
10
reported that an effective route including a
pyrolysis process and a reductive strategy to synthesize
high-performance hard carbons from AS. Kaynak et al.
11
reported that the combustion characteristics of PS used
as fuels, and suggested that the PS is a potential clean
energy. Hosseinabady et al.
12
reported that the use of AS
as soil amendments to adsorb some heavy metals from
contaminated soil, such as lead, cadmium and nickel, etc.
However, the most common way to deal with these
wastes is still landfill, and there are very few reports on
the use of PS and AS as aggregates for the production of
green sustainable concrete.
Due to huge demands for concrete, naturally avail-
able NWA is depleting very fast and becoming scarce.
PS and AS wastes are an abundant and low-cost natural
resource, which can be considered as one of the alter-
native aggregates in the production of bio-based con-
crete.
13
On the one hand, PS and AS wastes are difficult
to be biodegradable in a natural condition, and weather
resistant are better than other agricultural waste. On the
other hand, PS and AS wastes are lighter than that of
NWA, which can be used as a lightweight aggregate in
concrete and significantly reduce the density of concrete.
Furthermore, they are renewable aggregate resources that
can be continuously supplied from agricultural process-
ing plants. Previous researches mainly focused on the
utilization of single type of waste as a substitute for
coarse NWA, and there is less literature about the effect
of using two types of different wastes to replace the
coarse and fine aggregate in concrete simultaneously,
especially the incorporation of blended PS and AS in
bio-based concrete.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the
mechanical properties of bio-based concrete containing
blended PS and AS waste. Different percentages (0 %,
12.5 %, 25 %, 37.5 % and 50 %) of PS and AS were
used as a replacement for the coarse NWA and sand,
respectively. The properties investigated include work-
ability, density, compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, water
absorption and porosity.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Cement
Type-I 42.5 grade ordinary Portland cement was used
as a binder in this study and it was obtained from a local
cement company. The Blaine specific surface area and
specific gravity of the cement are 3532 cm
2
/g and
3.14 g/cm
3
, respectively.
2.1.2 Aggregates
Peach shell (PS) and normal weight aggregate
(NWA) were used as the coarse aggregate. Apricot shell
(AS) and local river sand were used as the fine aggre-
gate. The physical properties of these aggregates are
shown in Table 1. The crushed PS and AS aggregate was
flaky in shape, its inner surface was smooth, while the
outer surface was irregular and rough, as shown in
Figure 1. They were collected from a local orchard, and
before use they were cleaned and the residual dried pulp
and the dust on their surface were removed. Then the
dried PS and AS were crushed with a crushing machine.
Crushed PS and AS were sieved with 2.36 mm, 4.75 mm
and 9.5 mm sieves. PS particles between 4.75 mm and
9.5 mm were considered as a substitute for coarse
aggregate, and AS particles between 2.36 mm and 4.75
mm were considered as a substitute for fine aggregate.
Table 1: Physical properties of the aggregate.
Physical property
Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate
NWA PS Sand AS
Maximum size
(mm)
12 10 - 5
Specific gravity
(g/cm
3
)
2.66 1.26 2.65 1.42
Fineness modulus 4.9 5 2.7 5
Bulk density (kg/m
3
) 1449 536 1560 600
Water absorption
(24 h) (%)
0.5 16.7 1.2 13.8
Aggregate impact
value (%)
17.71 1.95 - 2.95
LA abrasion value
(%)
22.54 6 - 6.82
Flakiness index (%) 18 41 - 48
Surface texture Rough
Smooth&
rough
-
Smooth&
rough
Shape Angular Flaky Rounded Flaky
F. WU et al.: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-BASED CONCRETE CONTAINING BLENDED PEACH SHELL ...
646 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 52 (2018) 5, 645–651
Figure 1: a) Crushed PS aggregate (4.75–9.5mm), b) NWA, c)
crushed AS aggregate (2.36–4.75 mm) and d) river sand

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of
powdery PS and AS at 5000 × magnification are shown
in Figure 2. Both PS and AS have many microscopic
pore structures, and the PS has more porosity than AS,
which results in a specific gravity of PS lower than that
of AS. Due to the presence of pores, it also leads to high
water absorption of PS and AS, compared to the NWA.
Therefore, they were pre-soaked in water and kept
saturated and the surface in dry condition before mixing.
2.1.3 Superplasticizer
The naphthalene sulphonated superplasticizer (SP)
was used to improve the workability of concrete. For all
mixes, the content of SP was 1 % of the weight of ce-
ment.
2.1.4 Water
Normal tap water was used in this study and a
water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.35 was used for all
mixes.
2.2 Mix Proportioning and Specimen Preparation
The mix proportion of all the mixes is shown in
Table 2. A control mix without any PS and AS was also
prepared for comparison (P0). NWA was replaced with
PS and sand was replaced with AS by volume, respect-
ively. The volume percentages of sand and NWA
replaced by AS and PS were the same, and they were
0 %, 2.5 %, 25 %, 37.5 % and 50 %, respectively. Speci-
mens were prepared according to the procedure pre-
scribed in GB50081-2002. Specimens were removed
from the mold after 24 h, they were stored in a controlled
room with a relative humidity of 95 %±5 % and a tem-
perature of 20 °C±2 °C until the test age.
2.3 Test Methods
The workability of all the mixtures was measured
using the slump test according to ASTM C143/
C143M-12. The compressive strength test and splitting
tensile strength test were performed according to GB/T
50080-2016. The flexural strength test and modulus of
elasticity were measured in accordance with ASTM
C78-10 and ASTM C469-10, respectively. In addition,
the density was determined according to ASTM C138/
C138-14M. Water absorption and porosity were tested
according to the procedures prescribed in ASTM C642.
The average value of at least three specimens was taken
for each test result.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Workability
Relationship between blended PS and AS content and
slump value is shown in Figure 3. The results showed
that the slump of concrete decreased with an increase of
the blended PS and AS content. P0 mix had a slump
value of 103 mm, and the slump values of P12.5, P25,
P37.5 and P50 mixes were 80 mm, 55 mm, 45 mm and
35 mm, respectively, which reduced by 22.3 %, 46.6 %,
56.3 % and 66.0 %, respectively, compared to the P0
mix. This may contribute to the flakiness index of PS
F. WU et al.: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-BASED CONCRETE CONTAINING BLENDED PEACH SHELL ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 52 (2018) 5, 645–651 647
Figure 2: SEM image of powdery PS and AS at 5000 × magnification
a) PS and b) AS
Table 2: Mix proportion of concrete (kg/m
3
)
Mix code Cement Water W/C SP
Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
Sand AS
AS/total fine
aggregate ratio
NWA PS
PS/total coarse
aggregate ratio
P0 550 192.5 0.35 5.5 780 0 0 1000 0 0
P12.5 550 192.5 0.35 5.5 682.5 37.5 12.5% 875 46.25 12.5%
P25 550 192.5 0.35 5.5 585 75 25% 750 92.5 25%
P37.5 550 192.5 0.35 5.5 487.5 112.5 37.5% 625 138.75 37.5%
P50 550 192.5 0.35 5.5 390 150 50% 500 185 50%

and AS being higher than that of NWA, the irregular
angular texture of PS leads to lower fluidity, and reduces
the slump value of fresh concrete.
3.2 Density
The relationship between blended PS and AS content
and density is shown in Figure 4. The results showed
that the three types of density of concrete tended to de-
crease as an increase in blended PS and AS content due
to the specific gravity of PS and AS being lower than
that of NWA. If only the oven dry density (ODD) was
considered, the ODD of concrete varied from 2370 kg/m
3
to 1911 kg/m
3
, and they were 6.29 %, 10.68 %, 16.16 %
and 19.37 % lighter than the control concrete (P0),
respectively. Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) is
defined as a type of special concrete with a density in the
range 1600–2000 kg/m
3
and a compressive strength of
more than 15 MPa,
14
and concrete containing 37.5 % and
50 % blended PS and AS fulfills the density requirement
of LWAC.
3.3 Compressive Strength
Table 3 shows the compressive strength of the con-
crete. The test results showed that the replacement of
NWA and sand with PS and AS, respectively, reduced
the compressive strength of concrete at ages of (3, 7, 28,
and 56) d. The compressive strength decreased as an
increase in blended PS and AS content due to the
strength and stiffness of PS and AS being lower than that
of the NWA. Compared to the control concrete (P0), the
P12.5, P25, P37.5 and P50 mixes showed 11.9 %,
19.0 %, 27.9 % and 34.3 % lower compressive strength
at 28 d, respectively. In addition, concrete containing
blended PS and AS attained approximately 67.7 % to
78.7 % of compressive strength at 3 d, and 76.8 % to
87.9 % of compressive strength at 7 d. However, the
control concrete (P0) attained approximately 80.8 % of
compressive strength at 3 d and 92.8 % of compressive
strength at 7 d. This indicated that the incorporation of
PS and AS in the concrete reduced the early compressive
strength of the concrete. This may be because PS and AS
are organic materials, which weakens the cohesiveness
between PS and AS aggregate and cement paste, and
eventually, the early compressive strength was decreased.
Table 3: Compressive strengths of concretes
Mix
code
Compressive strength (MPa) % decrease in
compressive
strength (28 d)
3d 7d 28d 56d
P0
37.9
(80.8%)
43.5
(92.8%)
46.9
49.5
(105.5%)
-
P12.5
32.5
(78.7%)
36.3
(87.9%)
41.3
46.2
(111.9%)
11.9
P25
25.7
(67.7%)
29.2
(76.8%)
38.0
41.0
(107.9%)
19.0
P37.5
23.1(68.3
%)
26.0
(76.9%)
33.8
35.8
(105.9%)
27.9
P50
22.4
(72.7%)
24.0
(77.9%)
30.8
33.5
(108.8%)
34.3
Note: Values in bracket denote the percentages of compressive
strength to the corresponding 28-day compressive strength.
The relationship between the compressive strength at
age of 28 d and the compressive strength at early ages of
(3 and 7) d are shown in Figure 5. Equation (1) and
Equation (2) show the linear relationship has a good
correlation coefficient between the compressive strength
at age of (3 and 7) d and the compressive strength at age
of 28 d, respectively:
(f
cu
)
28
= 0.81 (f
cu
)
3
+ 14.7 (1)
(f
cu
)
28
= 0.63 (f
cu
)
7
+ 17.24 (2)
Where (f
cu
)
3
,( f
cu
)
7
and (f
cu
)
28
are the cube compressive
strength of the concretes at ages of (3, 7 and 28) d
(in MPa), respectively.
3.4 Splitting Tensile and Flexural Strength
The splitting tensile and flexural strength of concrete
are shown in Table 4. Concrete containing blended PS
F. WU et al.: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-BASED CONCRETE CONTAINING BLENDED PEACH SHELL ...
648 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 52 (2018) 5, 645–651
Figure 3: Relationship between blended PS and AS content and slump
value
Figure 4: Relationship between blended PS and AS content and
density

and AS showed lower splitting tensile and flexural
strength than the control concrete (P0), and the splitting
tensile strength of P12.5, P25, P37.5 and P50 mixes
decreased by 8.1 %, 14.7 %, 25.6 % and 28.8 %, res-
pectively, and the flexural strength reduced by 4.4 %,
13.0 %, 26.4 % and 33.6 %, respectively, compared to
the control concrete. Generally, due to the low tensile
strength of the concrete, it tends to develop microscopic
cracks in the tensile stress condition, and these micro-
scopic cracks can easily propagate and penetrate into
macroscopic cracks under continuous loads, and event-
ually leading to the concrete failure.
15
The minimum
value of splitting tensile strength at age of 28 d for
LWAC is 2.0 MPa.
16
Based on the results, all the mixes
in this study had splitting tensile strength of more than
2.0 MPa.
Table 4: Splitting tensile and flexural strength and modulus of elasti-
city of concrete.
Mix code
Splitting
tensile strength
(MPa)
Flexural
strength (MPa)
Modulus of
elasticity
(GPa)
P0 2.86 4.32 15.93
P12.5 2.62 4.13 15.21
P25 2.43 3.76 13.86
P37.5 2.12 3.18 11.36
P50 2.03 2.87 10.91
According to the linear regression analysis, an effec-
tive relationship between the splitting tensile strength
and flexural strength and blended PS and AS content,
respectively, as shown in Equation (3) and Equation (4),
is established from Figure 6.
f
t
= –0.017V + 2.83 (3)
f
r
= –0.031V + 4.43 (4)
where f
r
is the splitting tensile strength of concrete
(MPa), f
r
is the flexural strength of concrete (MPa), and
V is the blended PS and AS content (%).
It is very important to predict the splitting tensile
strength from the compressive strength. Equation (5) and
Equation (6) established from Figure 7 can be used for
accurately predicting the splitting tensile strength and
flexural strength from compressive strength, respectively.
f
t
= 0.09f
cu
09 1 .
(5)
f
r
= 0.09f
cu
09 9 .
# (6)
where, f
t
is the 28-day splitting tensile strength (MPa), f
r
is the 28-day flexural strength (MPa), f
cu
is the 28-day
cube compressive strength (MPa).
3.5 Modulus of Elasticity
Table 4 shows the MOE for all the concretes, which
ranges between 10.91 GPa and 15.93 GPa. The results
showed that the incorporation of PS and AS in concrete
reduced the MOE due to the stiffness of PS and AS
being lower than that of the NWA. The MOE of P12.5,
P25, P37.5 and P50 mixes reduced by about 4.5 %,
13.0 %, 28.7 % and 31.5 %, respectively, compared to
the P0. However, the MOE of LWAC ranges between 10
GPa and 24 GPa is acceptable according to the CEB/FIP
F. WU et al.: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-BASED CONCRETE CONTAINING BLENDED PEACH SHELL ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 52 (2018) 5, 645–651 649
Figure 6: Relationship between blended PS and AS content and
tensile strength
Figure 5: Relationship between early age (3 and 7)-day and 28-day
compressive strength
Figure 7: Relationship between compressive strength and tensile
strength

manual, and the MOE of concrete containing 50 % PS
and AS in this study was still more than 10 GPa.
The relationship between the compressive strength
and the MOE is presented in Figure 8, and Equation (7)
is proposed to predict the MOE of concrete containing
blended PS and AS.
E = 0.3968(f
cu
)
0.97
(7)
where E is the MOE of the concrete (GPa) and f
cu
is the
cube compressive strength (MPa).
3.6 Water Absorption and Porosity
The 24-hour and 72-hour water absorptions for all
mixes are shown in Figure 9. The results showed that the
water absorption of concrete significantly increased with
increasing the blended PS and AS content, and the
24-hour and 72-hour water absorption values of all the
concretes were 3.82 % to 6.59 % and 4.12 % to 7.64 %,
respectively, and the open porosity varied from 8.2 % to
14.6 %. In addition, the 24-hour water absorption
accounted for 41.7 % to 46.8 % of the open porosity,
while the 72-hour water absorption accounted for
50.2 %–57.3 % of the open porosity. Due to water that
penetrates into concrete and other harmful ions, the
water can react with concrete to affect the durability of
concrete, thereby the water absorption of most of
good-quality concretes usually is much lower than 10 %
by mass.
17
As shown in Figure 9, all concretes in this
study had less than 10 % water absorption.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The incorporation of blended peach shell (PS) and
apricot shell (AS) in concrete decreases the slump,
density, compressive strength, splitting tensile and
flexural strengths and the modulus of elasticity, while
increasing the water absorption and porosity of concrete.
When 50 % blended PS and AS are used instead of
normal weight aggregate (NWA) and sand, respectively,
the reductions in slump, density, compressive strength,
splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus
of elasticity are 66.0 %, 19.37 %, 34.3 %, 28.8 %,
33.6 % and 31.5 %, respectively, and the 24-hour water
absorption and porosity are 6.59 % and 14.6 %, res-
pectively.
The main advantage of using blended PS and AS in
concrete is to reduce the density of the concrete and
recycle these wastes. When the content of blended PS
and AS incorporated into concrete exceeds 37.5 %, the
oven dry density of the concrete is less than 2000 kg/m
3
,
which fulfills the requirement for a lightweight aggregate
concrete (LWAC).
The properties of the aggregate have an important
influence on the mechanical properties of concrete. Due
to PS and AS containing many microscopic pore struc-
tures on their surface, the result is a lower strength than
the NWA. In addition, they are an organic matter, which
also easily weakens the bond strength between the
aggregate and the cement paste. However, it is feasible to
produce lightweight aggregate concrete with acceptable
properties by replacing the NWA and sands with PS and
AS at 37.5 % content.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by Graduate Student’s
Research and Innovation Fund of Sichuan University
(grant no. 2018YJSY091), and the China Scholarship
Council (CSC) Fund (grant no. 201806240037), and the
Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards Mitigation for
Mountainous Highway and Waterway, Chongqing
Municipal Education Commission Chongqing Jiaotong
University. The authors also would like to appreciate Dr.
Ai Ting from the College of Architecture and Environ-
ment, Sichuan University for her assistance in conduct-
ing some of the tests in this study.
F. WU et al.: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-BASED CONCRETE CONTAINING BLENDED PEACH SHELL ...
650 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 52 (2018) 5, 645–651
Figure 9: Percentage values of water absorption and open porosity of
concrete
Figure 8: Relationship between the compressive strength and the
MOE

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