CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, TOXICITY AND SIDE EFFECTS 
OF THREE ESSENTIAL OILS ON BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (L.) 
(HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ADULTS UNDER LABORATORY 
CONDITIONS
Mahdieh MOUSAVI 1, Shahram ARAMIDEH1
and Nariman MAROUFPOOR*2
1- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Science, 
Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
2- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Boukan Branch, 
Islamic Azad University, Boukan, Iran.
* Corresponding author, e-mail: nmaroufpoor@yahoo.com
Abstract - The insecticidal effects of essential oils namely Eucalyptus camaldulensis,
Azadirachta indica and Thuja occidentalis has been studied on Brevicoryne brassicae
adults as fumigants by determining LC50 and LT50 values. LC50 value of Eucalyptus,
Azadirachtin and Northern White Cedar fruit essential oils on cabbage aphid adults
were 15.12, 38.79 and 56.02 ml / liter of air, respectively. The LT50 value of the three
essential oils on cabbage aphid adults were 10.57, 11.90 and 13.86 hours, respectively.
Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between log-concentrations
and probit of mortality of T. occidentalis, E. camaldulensis and A. indica essential
oils with R2 (0.9995), (0.9779) and (0.9835), respectively. In essential oils of Euca-
lyptus, Azadirachtin and Northern White Cedar fruit 18, 35 and 22 components were
identified by GC-MS analysis. According to the insecticidal properties of the essential
oils on the cabbage aphid, the use of these oils as a safe pesticide is recommended.
KEY WORDS: Cabbage aphid, Eucalyptus, Azadirachta, Thuja, Insecticidal effect
Izvleček – KEMIJSKA SESTAVA, TOKSIČNOST IN STRANSKI UČINKI TREH
ETERIČNIH OLJ NA ODRASLE MOKASTE KAPUSOVE UŠI (BREVICORYNE
BRASSICAE (L.)) (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) V LABORATORIJSKIH RAZ-
MERAH
177
ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA
LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2017    Vol. 25, øt. 2: 177–190
Insekticidne učinke eteričnih olj vrst Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Azadirachta indica
in Thuja occidentalis smo preizkušali na odraslih mokastih kapusovih ušeh (Brevico-
ryne brassicae) kot fumigante z določevanjem vrednosti LC50 in LT50. Vrednosti
LC50 eteričnih olj evkalipta, azadirahtina in plodov ameriškega kleka na mokastih
kapusovih ušeh so bile 15,12, 38,79 in 56,02 ml / liter zraka. Vrednosti LT50 treh ete-
ričnih olj na odraslih mokastih kapusovih ušeh so bile 10,57, 11,90 in 13,86 ur. Re-
gresijska analiza je pokazala pomembno povezavo med koncentracijo eteričnih olj
vrst T. occidentalis (0,9995), E. camaldulensis (0,9779) in A. indica (0,9835) in
smrtnostjo. V eteričnih oljih evkalipta, azadirahtina in plodov ameriškega kleka smo
z analizo GC-MS določili 18, 35 in 22 sestavin. Glede na insekticidne lastnosti
eteričnih olj na mokaste kapusove uši priporočamo uporabo teh olj kot varnih pesti-
cidov.
KLJUČNE BESEDE: mokasta kapusova uš, Eucalyptus, Azadirachta, Thuja, insekticidni
učinek
Introduction
Cabbage aphid, B. brassicae is one of the most important cabbage pests in Iran
especially in the central areas and many other parts of the world that causes conside-
rable damage to the product (Khanjani, 2005; Rivnay, 2013). This aphid has a high
reproductive potential and increases its population quickly; resulting in direct damage
with the formation of large colonies, feeding on plant sap and causing complexity
and deformity of the leaves. On the other hand, with the transfer of plant pathogenic
viruses, it can lead to indirect damage (Ellis et al., 2000; Schliephake et al., 2000).
Chemical control is an effective and widely used method in pest control (Pavela,
2009). These compounds have adverse effects such as environmental pollution,
toxicity to non-target organisms; causing resistance in pests and leaving left overs
(Ogendo et al., 2003). Development of alternative strategies for avoiding pesticides
to manage phytosanitary problems is an important need mostly for agricultural activity
and tendency worldwide is a growing to organic productions  (Willer et al., 2010;
Marques-Francovig et al., 2014). These problems prompted the researchers to look
for alternative and environment-friendly control methods to control the pests (Ta-
pondjou et al., 2005; Laznik et al., 2010; Gombač and Trdan, 2014). The good candi-
dates for the substitution of chemical pesticides are essential oils that many studies
and patents for their use have been published in recent years (Isman, 2000; Chiasson
et al., 2001). Active ingredients derived from plant extracts and essential oils have
fumigation effects on pests (Maciel et al., 2010). The essential oils extracted from
aromatic plants, due to the intense aroma and low toxicity for mammals, lack of a si-
gnificant adverse impact on the environment and acceptance among the general
public, are considered very useful compounds for pest control (Isman, 2000). Currently,
more than 3000 essences have been identified, of which 300 essential oils and some
of their compounds have become commercially important in the pharmaceutical,
agricultural, food, health and cosmetics and perfume industries (Bakkali et al., 2008).
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (2), 2017
178
Plant essences have repellent (Ogendo et al., 2008), insecticide (Papachristos and
Stamopoulos, 2002), fungicide (Kotan et al., 2008), antibacterial (Matasyoh et al.,
2007), antivirus properties (Schuhmacher et al., 2003), deter oviposition, stop deve-
lopment (Papachristos and Stamopoulos, 2002) and have anti-nutritional properties
(García et al., 2007). There have been many studies in this area, for example, the
lethal effect of plant essential oils Artemisia indica (Adr. Juss) against the cabbage
aphid, B. brassicae have been studied (Pavela, 2005). In another experiment, Ebrahimi
et al. (2013) showed that essential oil of azadirachtin (Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.),
eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) and laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) has si-
gnificant lethal effect on cotton aphid; in which azadirachtin and eucalyptus had
more of a lethal effect compared with laurel. Since ancient times, the natives of Ame-
rica have used different parts of northern white cedar such as leaves, fruit and bark of
the shrub as drug and pesticides and reports of their use have been presented as books
or articles during the investigation of researchers over the years (Moussa Kéïta et al.,
2001). 
Considering the advantages of using compounds of natural origin to control plant
pests, the insecticidal effect of three essences of eucalyptus, azadirachtin and northern
white cedar fruit on cabbage aphid was investigated.
Materials and methods
Extraction and analysis of essential oil
Fruits of northern white cedar T. occidentalis were collected from existing trees
in the Entomology area of Plant Protection Department of Agriculture Faculty of
Urmia University (latitude 37.53°N, 45.08°E and 1320 m above sea level) in the
spring of 2014. To prepare the essential oil, fresh fruits were crushed and 100 g of it
was extracted mixed with 700 ml of distilled water at a temperature of 100°C using
Clevenger apparatus in 90 minutes. Obtained essences were dehydrated with Rota
Evaporator-Buchi (R-3000) to a dark brown color and refrigerated in 2 ml glass con-
tainers with aluminum covers till use. Used Eucalyptus E. camaldulensis and Azadi-
rachtin A. indica essential oils in the tests were purchased and analyzed by Barij
Esans pharmaceutical company, Kashan. 
Insect rearing
The cabbage aphid rearing was started with aphids collected from gardens planted
with cabbage in Urmia University. It was reared on red cabbage plant, in 27 ± 2°C
and 65 ± 5% RH under a 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Cabbage plants and colony of the
aphids were maintained in a greenhouse. 
Determination of the 50% Lethal Concentration (LC50)
Different concentrations of the essential oils were poured on filter paper in three
replications based on Kéita et al. (2001) method and placed on the inside of the 305
ml glass container lids, each containing 20 adult insects with food (red cabbage
leaves). Also, in order to prevent direct contact between insects and the essential oil,
M. Mousavi, S. Aramideh, N. Maroufpoor: Chemical composition, toxicity and side effects of three essential oils 
179
a net was placed between the lid and container. Container lids were tightened using
special tapes (parafilm). In the tests, counting was done after 24 hours. Insects that
did not show any movement when nearing the brush were considered dead. Distilled
water was used in the control treatment.
Determining the 50% lethal time (LT50)
An experiment was designed to determine the median effective time to kill 50%
of adults (LT50 values) at different concentration of T. occidentalis, E. camaldulensis
and A. indica essential oils. The mortality was assessed by direct observation of the
insects in 5 times including 2, 7, 12, 18 and 24 hour to obtain the desired LT50. Time-
mortality data for each experiment were analyzed with time as the explanatory variable
to derive estimated hours for 50% adult mortality.
Data analysis
To determine the LC50 from six concentrations (five concentrations and control)
after 24 hours of essential oil administration and control mortality correction according
to Abbott (1925) formula and to determine the LT50, an oil concentration at various
time points (2, 7, 12, 18 and 24 hours) was used and analyzed statistically with Probit
program at SPSS (V. 20) software. All tests were conducted by fumigation method.
In order to draw the graph and its regression lines, we used the SigmaPlot (V. 12.3)
software. The dendrogram similarity scales that are produced by the SPSS (V. 20)
software range from zero (most similarity) to 25 (least similarity). The method used
was ward’s (Ward, 1963). Cluster validity index called Silhouette index is applied to
validate the result by MATLAB Software (Rousseeuw, 1987).
Results
According to the gas chromatography (GC/MS) analysis of essential oils, it was
determined that E. camaldulensis essential oil is composed of 18 compounds, the
most important of which are 1,8-cineole (39.91%), Para-cymene (13.98%) and gamma-
terpinen (12.25%) (Table 2). A. indica essential oil is composed of 35 compounds,
the most important ones are Azadirachtin (26.55%), Palmitic acid (18.87) and Dea-
cetylazadirachtinol (17.22%) (Table 1). T. occidentalis essential oil is composed of
22 compounds and their most important ones are α-thujene (47.68%) and Fenchone
(15.13%) (Table 2).
Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between log-concentrations
of E. camaldulensis and A. indica and T. occidentalis essential oils and probit of
mortality with R2 (0.9779, 0.9835 and 0.9995), respectively (Fig. 1). The results sho-
wed that the essential oils of eucalyptus, azadirachtin and northern white cedar fruit,
controlled adult cabbage aphids well for 24 hours and the used concentration of these
essential oils on insects in this test are very low. LC50 values of the essential oils were
equal to 15.12, 38.79 and 56.02 ml per liter of air, respectively (Table 3). The results
obtained from the bioassay test of used LC50 concentration of eucalyptus, azadirachtin
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (2), 2017
180
and northern white cedar fruit essential oils at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours showed that
eucalyptus oil at a concentration of 15.12 ml per liter of air at 10.57 hours, azadirachtin
oil at a concentration of 38.79 ml per liter of air at 11.90 hours and northern white
cedar fruit oil at the concentration of 56.02 ml per liter of air at 13.86 hours caused
the death of 50% of adult cabbage aphids (Table 4).
Component analysis and hierarchical cluster
In order to study the likeness and relationship between essential oils (EO) compo-
sition of the previously reported samples and our studied oils, hierarchical cluster
analysis (HCA) and component analysis were carried out based on similar components
M. Mousavi, S. Aramideh, N. Maroufpoor: Chemical composition, toxicity and side effects of three essential oils 
181
No. Compound Retention Index Percentage No. Compound
Retention
Index Percentage
1 α-Cadinol 780 3.12 19 2,3-Butanedithiol 910 0.094
2 β-Pinene 902 2.11 20 Germacrene B 680 3.63
3 Anthracene 1311 0.093 21 α-Cadinene 788 0.18
4 Ethyl butyrate 2165 0.17 22 Azadirachtin 730 26.55
5 dl-limonene 1059 0.211 23 Sabinene 842 0.147
6 Eugenol 651 10.92 24 Isobutyl stearate 764 0.209
7 Phytol 621 10.84 25 α–Terpineol 1386 0.22
8 b-Caryophyllene 1455 0.113 26 Thiophene, 2-methoxy 878 0.078
9 Palmatic acid 1978 18.87 27 Deacetylazadirachtinol 561 17.22
10 Spathulenol 1572 0.172 28 Limonene 1521 0.188
11 Verdiflorol 1991 0.162 29 Lauric acid 1186 0.302
12 1-Octadecanol 1381 0.077 30 Valencene 1772 0.170
13 Carvone 796 0.231 31 α-Methyl-1,4-benzenedimethanol 926 0.096
14 Methyl stearate 1422 0.151 32 Aristolene 1561 0.201
15 β-Germacrene  1621 0.088 33 Cadalene 1569 0.108
16 Ethyl linoleate 2108 0.105 34 Ethyl palmitate 1822 0.076
17
1,2,4-
Trithiolane, 
3,5-diethyl
1359 0.11 35 Other Compounds - 2.608
18 Pentacosane 652 0.38
Table 1. Chemical composition of A. indica essential oil by gas chromatography
(GS/MS).
of reported EO in the papers. Due to lack of enough similar compounds for A. indica,
generating dendrogram was infeasible for it. The dendrogram for the HCA results
using Ward´s clustering algorithm for E. camaldulensis is shown in Figure 2. Accor-
ding to the Silhouette index the best clustering for E. camaldulensis is five clusters
(Table 5). In the first group (Cluster I), represented by six samples, α-pinene and ter-
pinen-4-0l were the main components (Pappas and Sheppard-Hanger, 2000; Chalchat
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (2), 2017
182
T. occidentalis E. camaldulensis
No. Compound RetentionIndex Percentage No. Compound
Retention
Index Percentage
1 α-pinene 1004 3.14 1 α-pinene 945.35 7.45
2 4-terpineol 1548 2.03 2 α-thujene 934.88 1.3
3 α-terpinene 1149 0.30 3 Trans-Geraniol 1260.66 0.28
4 Linalool 1506 0.17 4 Valencene 1474.60 2.11
5 Camphene 1041 3.38 5 α-copaene-8-ol 1620 4.80
6 α-terpineol 1642 0.45 6 β-pinene 989.92 0.70
7 Limonene 1167 1.97 7 β-Myrcene 994.19 1.32
8 β-thujone 1387 8.51 8 Viridiflorol 1628.82 5.12
9 bornyl acetate 1526 2.74 9 α-Ionone 1365 0.90
10 Sabinene 1094 4.19 10 α-Terpinene 1027.68 0.25
11 p-cymene 1231 1.44 11 1,8-cineole 1050.83 39.91
12 Fenchone 1345 15.13 12 a-phellandrene 1015.29 1.22
13 1,8-Cineole 1450 2.06 13 terpinen-4-o1 1196.04 3.59
14 α-fenchene 1034 1.90 14 alloAromadendrene 1497.35 0.72
15 α-thujone 1373 47.68 15 α-terpineol 1207.11 2.17
16 Myrcene 1139 1.12 16 p-cymene 1039.67 13.98
17 Thymol 2110 0.27 17 γ-terpinene 1071.90 12.25
18 γ-terpinene 1210 1.11 18 Other Compounds - 1.93
19 Borneol 1644 0.39
20 β-pinene 1079 0.21
21 α-terpinylacetate 1640 1.43
22 Terpinolene 1246 0.18
Table 2. Chemical composition of T. occidentalis and E. camaldulensis essential
oils by gas chromatography (GS/MS).
et al., 2001; Verdeguer et al., 2009; Grbović et al., 2010; Khubeiz et al., 2016;
Knezevic et al., 2016). Cluster II with one sample has α-pinene and p-Cymene as the
major compounds (Cheng et al., 2009). Cluster III included two samples with high β-
Pinene (Oyedeji et al., 2000; Coffi et al., 2012). Our studied EO formed an individual
group from the previous reports, characterized by 1,8-cineole (Cluster IV). In Cluster
V with one sample, 1,8-cineole was the main component (Faria et al., 2011).
M. Mousavi, S. Aramideh, N. Maroufpoor: Chemical composition, toxicity and side effects of three essential oils 
183
Fig 1. The relationship between log concentration of three essential oils and probit
of percentage mortality after 24 hours.
LC95(µL/L air) LC50(µL/L air) χ
2(df=3) Intercept(a)+5 Slope±SE Totalinsect Plant species
68.91
(51.88-105.24)
15.12
(12.89-17.52) 1.64 2.06 0.28±2.50 300 E. camaldulensis
138.97
(106.86-207.49)
38.79
(34.29-44.01) 1.24 0.28 0.34±2.97 300 A. indica
150.62
(122.98-203.98)
56.02
(50.88-61.94) 0.05 -1.69 0.42±3.83 300 T. occidentalis
Table 3. Estimated values of LC50 and LC95 of E. camaldulensis, A. indica and T.
occidentalis essential oils on adult cabbage aphid after 24 hours.
The Fig. 3 dendrogram presents the results from T. occidentalis. The dendrogram
was divided into three groups, according to the Silhouette index (Table 6). Our study
with one sample was the first cluster in the dendrogram with α-thujone as the main
component (Hosseinzadeh et al., 2014). Cluster II is divided into two groups (Cluster
II 1-2). Cluster II-1 included the ones with high α-thujone and β-thujone (Akkol et
al., 2015; Jasuja et al., 2015); while Cluster II-2 with one sample with α-thujone and
sabinene as the major constituents (Lis et al., 2016). Cluster III with one sample had
α-thujone and β-thujone as the main compounds (Szołyga et al., 2014).
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (2), 2017
184
LT95(h) LT50(h) χ2(df=3) Intercept(a) Slope±SE
Total
insect Plant species
38.16
(20.84-471.56)
10.57
(5.89-18.24) 12.41 1.98 0.30±2.95 300 E. camaldulensis
40.60
(31.10-57.26)
11.90
(10.49-13.53) 7.35 1.68 0.32±3.09 300 A. indica
47.69
(36.76-70.29)
13.86
(12.22-15.86) 4.19 1.5 0.34±3.07 300 T. occidentalis
Table 4. Estimated values of LT50 and LT95 of E. camaldulensis, A. indica and T.
occidentalis essential oils on adult cabbage aphid.
Cluster 2 3 5
Index 0.7029 0.7999 0.9105
Table 5. The result of average Silhouette index for E. camaldulensis.
Fig 2. Dendrogram generated of cluster analysis from E. camaldulensis EOs based
on the chemical compounds of the investigated sample (A) and those from the articles.
Discussion
Aphid control is typically done using three main categories of pesticides containing
organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. Long-term use of these pesticides
has caused resistance in aphids and made their control difficult. Usage of essential
oils to control aphids is essential due to increased reports of pest resistance to chemical
pesticides and remainder of these toxins in products and environmental pollution
(Sadeghi et al., 2009).
The major components of T. occidentalis, E. camaldulensis and A. indica essential
oils in our research were the same as in previous studies and differences between this
analysis and other works can be related to the time and place of the plant harvested that
might influence the chemical composition of the plant essential oil (Kurose and Yatagai,
2005; Tsiri et al., 2009; Ashraf et al., 2010; Alzogaray et al., 2011; Szołyga et al., 2014).
In this study, the insecticidal properties of three essential oils of eucalyptus (E. ca-
maldulensis), azadirachtin (A. indica) and northern white cedar fruits (T. occidentalis)
have been studied on cabbage aphid. The results of this study show that these essential
oils have a lethal effect on the tested pest and mortality rate increased with increasing
concentration of oil. In recent years, extensive surveys have been carried out in order
to verify the insecticidal properties of essential oils and their compounds on various
pests and a number of them have had favorable effects. For example, Mareggiani et al.
M. Mousavi, S. Aramideh, N. Maroufpoor: Chemical composition, toxicity and side effects of three essential oils 
185
Cluster 2 3 4
Index 0.7029 0.7999 0.9105
Table 6. The result of average Silhouette index for T. occidentalis.
Fig. 3. Dendrogram generated of cluster analysis from T. occidentalis EOs based
on the chemical compounds of the investigated sample (A) and those from the articles.
(2008) proved the high insecticidal activity of Eucalyptus globules essential oil against
cotton aphid. In this regard, Ebrahimi et al. (2013) tested the plant essence of azadi-
rachtin (A. indica), eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis) and laurel (L. nobilis) to control
cotton aphid and concluded that azadirachtin and eucalyptus had more of a lethal
effect than laurel. Also, Kraiss and Cullen (2008) studied the insecticide effect different
formulations of essential oil of azadirachtin on bean aphid nymphs Aphis glycines
Matsumura and came to the conclusion that the essence has had a high controlling
effect on the pest. The findings of this study correspond with the results of the experi-
ments done by Mareggiani et al. (2008), Ebrahimi et al. (2013) as well as Kraiss and
Cullen (2008), stating that essential oils of eucalyptus and Azadirachtin show a signi-
ficant lethal effect on aphids from the family Aphididae. In another experiment, con-
trolling effect of azadirachtin and eucalyptus leaf powder on bean beetle was studied
and the results showed that they have significant insecticidal and egg-killing effect
(Javaid and Mpotokwane, 1997). Also Moussa Kéïta et al. (2001) proved the insecticidal
effect of northern white cedar fruit essential oil with kaolin powder on the eggs and
adults of bean beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus F. The results of these two studies
are consistent with the results of this research on the toxicity of eucalyptus, azadirachtin
and northern white cedar fruit on pests. In an experiment, Işık and Görür (2009)
proved the effect of plant essential oils against the cabbage aphid (B. brassicae). Also,
Pavela (2005) reported the lethal effect of Artemisia indica plant essential oil against
the cabbage aphid (B. brassicae) and insecticidal activity of both laurel (L. nobilis)
and eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis) essential oil on this pest (B. brassicae), respectively.
Therefore, the obtained results by this research correspond with the findings of these
researchers on insecticidal activity of essential oils such as eucalyptus on cabbage
aphid. According to recent findings, various studies have been done on the insecticidal
activity of essential oils on various species of aphids from the family Aphididae inclu-
ding the insecticidal effect of 23 plant essential oils and their main compounds against
adult turnip aphid (Lipaphis pseudobrassicae Davis) (Sampson et al., 2005), respiratory
toxicity of 12 Mediterranean species essential oils against pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon
pisum Harris) and green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) (Digilio et al., 2008), in-
tense insecticidal activity of a number of plant essences against foxglove aphid  (Au-
lacorthum solani Kalt.) (Gorski and Tomczak, 2010). 
The results of this study indicate the high insecticidal activity of these essential
oils on adult cabbage aphid. Therefore, a place can be reserved for these essences in
pest control programs for the effective control of pests as well as reducing the use of
chemical insecticides.
References
Abbott, W., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of
Economic Entomology 18, 265-267.
Akkol, E.K., İlhan, M., Demirel, M.A., Keleş, H., Tümen, I., Süntar, İ., 2015. Thuja
occidentalis L. and its active compound, α-thujone: Promising effects in the treatment
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (2), 2017
186
of polycystic ovary syndrome without inducing osteoporosis. Journal of Ethnop-
harmacology 168, 25-30.
Alzogaray, R.A., Lucia, A., Zerba, E.N., Masuh, H.M., 2011. Insecticidal activity of
essential oils from eleven Eucalyptus spp. and two hybrids: lethal and sublethal
effects of their major components on Blattella germanica. Journal of Economic En-
tomology 104, 595-600.
Ashraf, M., Ali, Q., Anwar, F., Hussain, A.I., 2010. Composition of leaf essential oil of
Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Asian Journal of Chemistry 22, 1779-1786.
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., Idaomar, M., 2008. Biological effects of es-
sential oils–a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, 446-475.
Chalchat, J.C., Kundakovic, T., Gomnovic, M., 2001. Essential Oil from the Leaves
of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., Myrtaceae from Jerusalem. Journal of Essential
Oil Research 13, 105-107.
Cheng, S.S., Huang, C.G., Chen, Y.J., Yu, J.J., Chen, W.J., Chang, S.T., 2009. Che-
mical compositions and larvicidal activities of leaf essential oils from two eucalyptus
species. Bioresource Technology 100, 452-456.
Chiasson, H., Bélanger, A., Bostanian, N., Vincent, C., Poliquin, A., 2001. Acaricidal
properties of Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare (Asteraceae) essential
oils obtained by three methods of extraction. Journal of Economic Entomology 94,
167-171.
Coffi, K., Soleymane, K., Harisolo, R., Balo, T.B., Claude, C.J., Pierre, C., Gilles, F.,
Antoine, A.C., 2012. Monoterpene hydrocarbons, major components of the dried
leaves essential oils of five species of the genus Eucalyptus from Côte d’Ivoire. Na-
tural Science 4, 106-111.
Digilio, M.C., Mancini, E., Voto, E., De Feo, V., 2008. Insecticide activity of Mediter-
ranean essential oils. Journal of Plant Interactions 3, 17-23.
Ebrahimi, M., Safaralizade, M.H., Valizadegan, O., Amin, B.H.H., 2013. Efficacy of
three plant essential oils, Azadirachta indica (Adr. Juss.), Eucalyptus camaldulensis
(Dehn.) and Laurus nobilis (L.) on mortality cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover
(Hem: Aphididae). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 46, 1093-1101.
Ellis, P.R., Kift, N.B., Pink, D.A.C., Jukes, P.L., Lynn, J., Tatchell, G.M., 2000. Va-
riation in resistance to the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) between and
within wild and cultivated Brassica species. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
47, 395-401.
Faria, J., Lima, A., Mendes, M., Leiria, R., Geraldes, D., Figueiredo, A., Trindade,
H., Pedro, L., Barroso, J., Sanches, J., 2011. Eucalyptus from Mata Experimental
do Escaroupim (Portugal): evaluation of the essential oil composition from sixteen
species. Acta Horticulturae 925, 61-66.
García, M., Gonzalez-Coloma, A., Donadel, O.J., Ardanaz, C.E., Tonn, C.E., Sosa,
M.E., 2007. Insecticidal effects of Flourensia oolepis Blake (Asteraceae) essential
oil. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 35, 181-187.
Gombač, P., Trdan, S., 2014. The efficacy of intercropping with birdsfoot trefoil and
summer savoury in reducing damage inflicted by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci, Thy-
M. Mousavi, S. Aramideh, N. Maroufpoor: Chemical composition, toxicity and side effects of three essential oils 
187
sanoptera, Thripidae) on four leek cultivars. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
121, 117-124.
Gorski, R., Tomczak, M., 2010. Usefulness of natural essential oils in the control of
foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani Kalt.) occurring on eggplant (Solanum melon-
gena L.). Biochemical Engineering Journal 17, 345-349.
Grbović, S., Orčić, D., Couladis, M., Jovin, E., Bugarin, D., Balog, K., Mimica-
Dukić, N., 2010. Variation of essential oil composition of Eucalyptus camaldulensis
(Myrtaceae) from the Montenegro coastline. Acta Periodica Technologica 41, 151-
158.
Hosseinzadeh, J., Farazmand, H., Karimpour, Y., 2014. Insecticidal Effects of Thuja
Occidentalis L. Essential Oil on Adults of Lasioderma Serricorne F. (Col.: Anobiidae)
Under Laboratory Conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
30, 123-133.
Işık, M., Görür, G., 2009. Aphidicidial activity of seven essential oils against the cabbage
aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L.(Hemiptera: Aphididae).  Munis Entomology and
Zoology 4, 424-431.
Isman, M.B., 2000. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection
19, 603-608.
Jasuja, N.D., Sharma, S., Choudhary, J., Joshi, S.C., 2015. Essential Oil and Important
Activities of Thuja orientalis and Thuja occidentalis. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing
Plants 18, 931-949.
Javaid, I., Mpotokwane, S., 1997. Evaluation of plant material for the control of Callos-
obruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)  in cowpea seeds. African
Entomology 5, 357-359.
Kéita, S.M., Vincent, C., Schmit, J.P., Arnason, J.T., Bélanger, A., 2001. Efficacy of
essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. and O. gratissimum L. applied as an insecticidal
fumigant and powder to control Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)[Coleoptera: Bruc-
hidae]. Journal of Stored Products Research 37, 339-349.
Khanjani, M., 2005. Vegetable pests in Iran. Bu-Ali Sina University Publishing, Hamadan,
Iran.
Khubeiz, M.J., Mansour, G., Zahraa, B., 2016. Chemical Compositions and Antimi-
crobial Activity of Leaves Eucalyptus camaldulensis Essential Oils from Four Syrian
Samples. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 7, 251-257.
Knezevic, P., Aleksic, V., Simin, N., Svircev, E., Petrovic, A., Mimica-Dukic, N.,
2016. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and their in-
teractions with conventional antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant Aci-
netobacter baumannii. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 178, 125-136.
Kotan, R., Kordali, S., Cakir, A., Kesdek, M., Kaya, Y., Kilic, H., 2008. Antimicrobial
and insecticidal activities of essential oil isolated from Turkish Salvia hydrangea
DC. ex Benth. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 36, 360-368.
Kraiss, H., Cullen, E.M., 2008. Insect growth regulator effects of azadirachtin and neem
oil on survivorship, development and fecundity of Aphis glycines (Homoptera: Ap-
hididae) and its predator, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Pest Ma-
nagement Science 64, 660-668.
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (2), 2017
188
Kurose, K., Yatagai, M., 2005. Components of the essential oils of Azadirachta indica
A. Juss, Azadirachta siamensis Velton, and Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs and
their comparison. Journal of Wood Science 51, 185-188.
Laznik, Ž., Tóth, T., Lakatos, T., Vidrih, M., Trdan, S., 2010. Control of the Colorado
potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Say]) on potato under field conditions: a
comparison of the efficacy of foliar application of two strains of Steinernema feltiae
(Filipjev) and spraying with thiametoxam. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
117, 129-135.
Lis, A., Liszkiewicz, R., Krajewska, A., 2016. Comparison of chemical composition of
the essential oils from different parts of Thuja occidentalis L.‘Brabant’and T. occi-
dentalis L.‘Smaragd’. Herba Polonica Journal 62, 20-27.
Maciel, M., Morais, S., Bevilaqua, C., Silva, R., Barros, R., Sousa, R., Sousa, L.,
Brito, E., Souza-Neto, M., 2010. Chemical composition of Eucalyptus spp. essential
oils and their insecticidal effects on Lutzomyia longipalpis. Vet. Parasitol 167, 1-7.
Mareggiani, G., Russo, S., Rocca, M., 2008. Eucalyptus globulus (Mirtaceae) essential
oil: efficacy against Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), an agricultural pest.
Revista Latinoamericana de Química 36, 16-21.
Marques-Francovig, C.R., Mikami, A.Y., Dutra, V., Carvalho, M.G., Picareli, B.,
Ventura, M.U., 2014. Organic fertilization and botanical insecticides to control
two-spotted spider mite in strawberry. Ciência Rural 44, 1908-1914.
Matasyoh, L.G., Matasyoh, J.C., Wachira, F.N., Kinyua, M.G., Muigai, A.W.T.,
Mukiama, T.K., 2007. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the es-
sential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. growing in Eastern Kenya. African Journal of
Biotechnology 6, 760-765.
Moussa Kéïta, S., Vincent, C., Schmidt, J.-P., Thor Arnason, J., 2001. Insecticidal ef-
fects of Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae) essential oil on Callosobruchus maculatus
[Coleoptera: Bruchidae]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, 173-177.
Ogendo, J., Belmain, S., Deng, A., Walker, D., 2003. Comparison of toxic and repellent
effects of Lantana camara L. with Tephrosia vogelii Hook and a synthetic pesticide
against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stored maize
grain. International Journal of Insect Science 23, 127-135.
Ogendo, J., Kostyukovsky, M., Ravid, U., Matasyoh, J., Deng, A., Omolo, E., Kariuki,
S., Shaaya, E., 2008. Bioactivity of Ocimum gratissimum L. oil and two of its con-
stituents against five insect pests attacking stored food products. Journal of Stored
Products Research 44, 328-334.
Oyedeji, A.O., Ekundayo, O., Olawore, O.N., Koenig, W.A., 2000. Essential oil com-
position of two varieties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. from Nigeria. Journal
of Essential Oil Research 12, 102-104.
Papachristos, D., Stamopoulos, D., 2002. Repellent, toxic and reproduction inhibitory
effects of essential oil vapours on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)(Coleoptera: Bruc-
hidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 38, 117-128.
Pappas, R.S., Sheppard-Hanger, S., 2000. Essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Dehn. from south Florida: a high cryptone/low cineole eucalyptus. Journal of
Essential Oil Research 12, 383-384.
M. Mousavi, S. Aramideh, N. Maroufpoor: Chemical composition, toxicity and side effects of three essential oils 
189
Pavela, R., 2005. Insecticidal activity of some essential oils against larvae of Spodoptera
littoralis. Fitoterapia 76, 691-696.
Pavela, R., 2009. Larvicidal effects of some Euro-Asiatic plants against Culex quinque-
fasciatus Say larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Parasitology Research 105,
887-892.
Rivnay, D., 2013. Field crop pests in the Near East. Springer Netherlands.
Rousseeuw, P.J., 1987. Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of
cluster analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 20, 53-65.
Sadeghi, A., Van Damme, E.J., Smagghe, G., 2009. Evaluation of the susceptibility of
the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, to a selection of novel biorational insecticides
using an artificial diet. Insect Science 9, 1-8.
Sampson, B.J., Tabanca, N., Kirimer, N.e., Demirci, B., Baser, K., Khan, I.A., Spiers,
J.M., Wedge, D.E., 2005. Insecticidal activity of 23 essential oils and their major
compounds against adult Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) (Aphididae: Homoptera).
Pest Management Science 61, 1122-1128.
Schliephake, E., Graichen, K., Rabenstein, F., 2000. Investigations on the vector tran-
smission of the Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and the Turnip yellows virus
(TuYV). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 107, 81-87.
Schuhmacher, A., Reichling, J., Schnitzler, P., 2003. Virucidal effect of peppermint
oil on the enveloped viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Phyto-
medicine 10, 504-510.
Szołyga, B., Gniłka, R., Szczepanik, M., Szumny, A., 2014. Chemical composition and
insecticidal activity of Thuja occidentalis and Tanacetum vulgare essential oils
against larvae of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus. Entomologia Expe-
rimentalis et Applicata 151, 1-10.
Tapondjou, A., Adler, C., Fontem, D., Bouda, H., Reichmuth, C., 2005. Bioactivities
of cymol and essential oils of Cupressus sempervirens and Eucalyptus saligna
against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Tribolium confusum du Val. Journal of
Stored Products Research 41, 91-102.
Tsiri, D., Graikou, K., Pobłocka Olech, L., Krauze-Baranowska, M., Spyropoulos,
C., Chinou, I., 2009. Chemosystematic value of the essential oil composition of
Thuja species cultivated in Poland antimicrobial activity. Molecules 14, 4707-4715.
Verdeguer, M., Blázquez, M.A., Boira, H., 2009. Phytotoxic effects of Lantana camara,
Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eriocephalus africanus essential oils in weeds of
Mediterranean summer crops. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 37, 362-369.
Ward, J.H., 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of
the American Statistical Association 58, 236-244.
Willer, H., Yussefi, M., Sorensen, N., 2010. The world of organic agriculture: statistics
and emerging trends 2008. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Move-
ments (IFOAM) Bonn, Germany and Research Institute of Organic Agriculture
(FiBL), Frick, Switzerland.
Received / Prejeto: 8. 7. 2017
Acta entomologica slovenica, 25 (2), 2017
190