UDK 811.163.2'367
Svetlana Slavkova
Department for interpretation and translation Bologna University - Campus of Forli (Italy) svetlana.slavkova@unibo.it
HE3ABHCHMHE -®OPMbI B BOnPOCHTEnbHblX nPE^HO^EHH^X B BO.nrAPCKOM £3bIKE
(b COnOCTaBieHUU C pyCCKHM)
B CTaTbe npoaHaironpoBaHti He3aBncnMtie da-^opMti b öoirapcKux oömnx Bonpocax 6e3 HacTH^i mu. HcciegyroTca bo3moxhocth peaIH3a^HH oö^e^aKTnnecKoro 3HaneHna HecoBepmeHHoro Buga riaroiOB KaK b npe3eHce, TaK u b oöiacTH npomegmux BpeMeH. n0Ka3aH0 pacnpegeieHue pa3H0BngH0CTen oö^e^aKTnnecKoro 3HaneHna b paccMOTpeH-HLix TeMnopaibHtix ^opMax, onpegeiemi ciynan KOHKypeH^HH c coBepmeHHMM BugoM u BLiaBieHLI COOTBeTCTBHa ÖOirapCKHx da-KOHCTpy^HH B pyccKOM «3HKe.
Knwneeue cnoea: da-K0HCTpyKU,HH, BonpocHTeibHbie npegioxeHHa, öoirapcKHH a3MK, HecoBepmeHHLin Bug, oö^e^aKTnnecKoe 3HaneHne
The article analyzes independent da-forms in Bulgarian interrogative sentences without a li particle. The study focuses on the factors responsible for the realization of the general factual meaning of imperfective verbs in the present and in various past tenses. The distribution of different types of general factual value across different temporal forms is shown with regard to the aspectual concurrence and their Russian counterparts.
Keywords: da-constructions, interrogative clauses, Bulgarian, imperfective aspect, general factual meaning
1 Oß^He 3aMenaHHH
B HacToa^en CTaTbe mm paccMOTpHM HeKOTopwe ciynan ynoTpeöieHua pa3H0-BngHOCTen oö^e^arcruHecKoro 3HaneHna HecoBepmeHHoro Buga riaroia b oö^ux da-Bonpocax b öoirapcKOM a3bme b conocTaBieHuu c pyccKHM. CoriacHO oö^enpn-HaTOMy onpegeieHnM oö^e^aKTn^ecKoro 3HaneHua, oho Ha3MBaeT gencTBue «6e3 yneTa KOHKpeTHMx yciOBun ero ocymecTBieHna» (MaciOB 1984: 73) n n03B0iaeT cocpegoTOHHTb BHHMaHue «inmb Ha $aKTe ero Haiunua uiu OTcyTCTBua» (rpaMMaTHKa 80: 612). npu onucaHuu pyccKoro a3MKa oö^e^aKranecKaa riaroibHaa npeguKanna paccMapuBaeTca npe^ge Bcero b niaHe peTpocneKnuu, T.e. ^T0 nacraoe 3HaneHue riaroiOB HCB roynaeTca npe^ge Bcero c tohkh 3peHna KOHKypeHnuu BugoB b npo-megmeM BpeMeHu (DiOBHHCKaa 1982, PaccygoBa 1982, nagyneBa 1991, 2010a [1996], 2013, Meiur 2002, 2013, fflaiyHOBCKun 2009, Dickey 1995, 2000, Mehlig 2001).
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OgHaKO $aKTbi 6ojrapcKoro a3MKa roBopaT o tom, hto o6me$aKTHHecKoe 3HaneHne gon^HO paccMarpuBarbca KaK Bngo-BpeMeHHaa $opMa (0C06eHH0 b npomegmeM n Oygy^eM BpeMeHn). TpagH^H0HH0 oho onucMBaeTca He KaK OTgejbHoe 3HaneHue HCB, a KaK 3HaneHHe KOHKpeTHbix rpaMMamHecKHx BpeMeH (b ochobhom, npomegmnx) n b craBmnx y®e KjaccHHecKHMH pa6oTax AHgpeHHHH 1978 n MacjOB 1959, n b gpyrnx pa6oTax, nocBa^eHHbix ^eHOMeHy KOHKypeH^n BngoB (CraHKOB 1976). Hcxoga H3 TpagH^H0HH0^0 onucaHna yKa3aHHoro 3HaneHHH b pyccKOM a3MKe n npogon^aa HanaTHe HaMH conocraBHTeflbHbie uccjegoBaHua o6^e$aKTUHecKoro 3HaneHna HCB b npomegmeM BpeMeHH (CjaBKOBa 2015a), b tocthom Bonpoce (CjaBKOBa 2015b), b 6ygymeM BpeMeHH (CjaBKOBa, 2018), mm o6paTHMca k ^eHOMeHy Ha3MBaHHa ^arcra B HeKOTOpMx da-KOHcTpy^HHx B 60jrapcK0M 33MKe H B Hx pyccKHx cOOTBeTcTBHax, hto6m B^iHBHTb cjynan peanroaunn o6me$aKTUHecKoro 3HaneHua.
KoHcTpy^nn c da paccMaTpuBaroTca bo Bcex M^Hoc^aBaHcKux a3MKax KaK apeajbHoe aBjeHne 6ajKaHcKoro a3MK0B0r0 c0M3a, HMeromero ^HTp h nepn^epuro (AceHOBa 2002: 16). B pa60Tax no hctophh 6ojrapcKoro a3MKa npeo6jagaeT MHeHue o napa^^e^bHOM cymecTBOBaHun HH^HHHTHBa h da-$opM b cTapocjaBaHcKOM a3MKe (MuHneBa 1968, 1985) c nocnegyro^HM nocTeneHHMM BMTecHeHueM HH^uHUTUBa u OKOHHare^bHbiM yTBep^geHueM da-$opM b paHHun H0B060jrapcKHH nepuog (MupneB 1937, 1978, AceHOBa 2002).1
B c0BpeMeHH0M 60jrapcK0M pojb da KaK K0MnjeMeHTH3ar0pa, MapKnpyromero cy6opgHHa^HM (b tom nucne, b conocraBjeHun c gpyruMH cjaBaHcKUMn a3MKaMn) n0gp06H0 onucaHa b pa60Tax KpbnoBa 1998, ^aKbpoBa 2008). ,n,0cK0HaflbH0 onucaH nogHHHHTe^bHMH com3 da b cjOBeHcKOM npu HeKOTOpMx raaronax, o6o3HaHaromnx MeHTa^bHyM h peneByro geaTejbHocTb, b conocTaBjeHun c pyccKHM b pa60Te Uhlik, Žele 2018, rge, b nacraocrn, n0Ka3aHa B3auM03aBHcuM0cTb raabhoh h 3aBucuM0H npeguKaquH (b tom nucne c tohkh 3peHua BpeMeHH h HaKjOHeHHa) b cao^hmx npeg-jo^eHnax c Hecne^anronpoBaHHbiM c0M30M da. B 6ojee paHHux ucc^egoBaHuax OTMena^ocb, hto noBegeHue da b cjOBeHcKOM orannaeTca ot ^hkuhh ero cooTBeT-ctbhh b ^HTpa^bHOM 6ajKaHcK0M apeale, nocKOJbKy oh BegeT ce6a b ochobhom KaK H3bacHHTe^bHMH com3 (cm. 06 ^T0M ^eaHOBa 1982). B pa60Te Alvestad 2017 Ha 6a3e cnaBaHcKnx 33mkob aHajronpyeTca b conocTaBHTejbHOM njaHe ncn0Jb30BaHne Bnga raarona b HH^HHHTHBe n b cooTBeTCTByromnx HH^HHHTHBy b K>®HocjaBaHcKHx a3MKax da-KOHcTpyKqnax b 3aBncuMMx Kjay3ax. Oco6oe BHHMaHue ygejaeTca na-ctothocth HecoBepmeHHoro Bnga n o6cy®gaeTca ero yn0Tpe6jeHne, aHanornHHoe Ha3MBaHHM ^arcra gencTBna. nogpo6HenmuH aHajH3 cuHTaKcnHecKoro noBegeHna 6ojrapcKnx da-KOHcTpy^nn n nx pyccKnx cooTBeTCTBHH npegcraBjeH b pa60Tax E.ro. HBaHOBOH (2014, 2018).2
1	O cocy^ecTBOBaHun da-KOHcrpy^HH u HH^HHHTHBa b ^pKOBHocjaBaHcKux pyKonucax MaKegoHcKon pega^uu (XII-XIV bb.) cm. JaieBa-yunap 2014.
2	Ba^Hbie nojro^eHua o da-KOHcrpy^uax pa3pa6oTaH^i b pa6oTax Mac^OB 1981, HH^ogoBa 2007a, 2007b, 2008), nonoB 1963, »eKOBa 2001, 2002.
Svetlana Slavkova: He3aBHCHMbie ga-^opMti b BonpocmegbHbix npeggo^eHHaxB SograpcKOM a3biKe 443
Mto KacaeTca Buga rnarona, He06x0guM0 oco6o OTMeTHTb pa6oTy yxnuK, ®ene 2018,3 b kotopoh ygenaeTca c^e^HaflbHoe BHHMaHue Bbi6opy Bugo-BpeMeHHbix $opM b c^OBeHCKux da-npegno^eHuax, Bbipa^aromux no6y®geHue unu ^enaHue. nepenucnaroTca cnynau orpaHHHeHua Ha ucn0nb30BaHue BugoB, KaK b He3aBucuMbix, TaK u b npugaTOHHbix npegno^eHHax. Abtoph npuxogaT k BbiBogy, hto b no6ygu-TenbHbix npegno^eHHax npeo6nagaeT coBepmeHHbm Bug da-$opMbi, b to BpeMa KaK b onTaruBHMx da-KOHcTpyKquax Ha6nK>gaeTca 0TH0cHTenbH0e paBHOBecue Me^gy coBepmeHHMM u HecoBepmeHHbiM BugoM.
OgHaKO hh b 0gH0H H3 H3Becrabix HaM pa6oT He ygenanocb c^e^HanbH0^0 BHHMaHHa Bonpocy o KpuTepuax Bbi6opa u 0 ^yHKquax BugoBon xapaKTepucTHKH rnaronoB b BonpocuTenbHbix da-KOHCTpy^uax. Hu»:e mh He 6ygeM paccMaTpuBaTb nogHHHeHHbie óa-KOHcTpyKquu u He3aBucuMHe no6yguTenbHbie u onTamBHbie BbicKa3biBaHua, a c0cpeg0T0HHM cBoe BHHMaHue Ha caMocTOaTenbHbix da-Bonpocax 6e3 Hacraubi nu b conocTaBneHHH c pyccKHM 33hkom.
üpe^ge Bcero KpaTKO ocTaHOBHMca Ha TaK Ha3biBaeMbix da-KOHcTpy^uax (da-$op-Max rnaronoB) b 60nrapcK0M a3bme.
EonrapcKHe da-KOHcTpyKquu npegcTaBjaroT co6oh coneTaHue cny®e6Horo cnoBa da c $opMon rnarona b Hacroa^eM unu b 0gH0M H3 npomegmux BpeMeH: da omuda, da e omuMbM, da He 3acna (aopucT gonycKaeT TOJbKO OTpuuarenbHyro $opMy), da 6eme emanan no-paHo. Bonpocy o da-KOHcTpyKquax KaK b npocTOM, TaK u b npugaroHHbix npegno^eHuax b cocTaBe cno^Horo nocBa^eHO mho^ectbo HayHHbix uccnegoBaHun.
B nHTepaType, HaHHHaa c pa60T MacnoBa 1959, 1981 o6cy®ganca Bonpoc o npuHagne^HocTH da-$opM k c$epe gencTBua KOHbroHKTHBa / cy6iroHKTHBa, OgHaKO u cerogHa cpegu 60nrapucT0B HeT eguHoro MHeHua no Bonpocy. Eonee Toro, E.ro. HBaHOBa, ccbnaacb Ha pa6oTH HacKOBa 2009 h HuuonoBa 2008, OTMenaeT, hto «HeKO-TopHe yn0Tpe6neHHa cBa3aHH0H da-KOHcTpyKquu HMeroT u HeMoganbHoe 3HaneHue» (HBaHOBa 2014: 105). B HacTHocTH, b pa60Tax HacKOBa 2008 u 2009 peHb ugeT o tom, hto da, Hapagy c gpyruMH coro3aMH (KaK ne, HanpuMep), npu HeKOTOpbix rnaronax ucnonb3yeTca KaK npocTon coro3 b npugaTOHHbix H3'bacHHTenbHbix.
HeKceMa da TpaKTyeTca, KaK npaBuno, KaK $0pM006pa3yromaa nacm^ b cocTaBe cno^Hbix rnaronbHHx $opM (6ygymero b npomegmeM, 6ygymero npegBapuTenbHoro b npomegmeM, 0TpHuaTenbH00r0 6ygymero) hjh b cocTaBHOM rjiaronbHOM cKa3yeM0M nocne MoganbHHx unu $a30Bbix rnaronoB. B KanecTBe nog^HHHTe^bHoro coro3a (K0MnneMeHTH3aT0pa) da BBoguT H3'bacHHTenbHbie, onpegenuTenbHbie u o6cToaTenb-cTBeHHHe npugaTOHHHe npegno^eHua, b HacTHocTH, ueneBbie, onpegenuTenbHHe, ycnoBHa.
3 Bbipa^aro cBoro 6narogapHocTb aBTopaM 3a nro6e3H0 npegocTaBneHHyro B03M0®H0cTb 03HaK0MHTbca co cTaTben go ee ny6nHKa^H.
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B Hea3BHCHMOM ynoTpe6neHHH, T.e. b caMOCToaTenbHbix npocrbix npegno^eHuax da ^yH^uoHupyeT KaK MoganbHaa nacida, MapKupyromaa He^aKTHBHOCTb b bh-CKa3MBaHHHx c ceMaHTHKOH no6ygHTenbHOCTH (TaKHx KaK npocb6a, npHKa3, coBeT, no^enaHue, HanoMHHaHHe) unu ^enareflbHOCTH.
CnpaBegnuBbiM npegcTaBnaeTca 3aMenaHHe P. hh^aoboh o tom, hto pemaromee 3HaneHne gna HHrepnperauuH HflflOKyrHBHOH cunbi BbiCKa3biBaHua c da-KOHcrpyKuueH HMeeT neKCHHecKoe 3HaneHue raarona u KOHTeKCT: «nopagu MH0r03HaHH0CTTa u h noflH^yHKqHOHaOTOCTTa Ha da-$opMHTe [...], 3HaneHueTo hm He MO^e ga 6ige onpe-geneHO, 6e3 ga ce B3eMe npegBug 3HaneHHero u Hfl0Ky^H0HHara cuna Ha H3Ka3BaHero, b K0eT0 ca ynoTpe6eHu, a b pegu^ cnynau u neKCHKanHOTO 3HaneHue Ha rnaronHara $opMa, KaKTO h gpyru HenHu rpaMaruHecKH 3HaneHua. KoHTeKCT'bT u CHTya^HaTa oimo TaKa gonpuHacaT cimecTBeHO 3a onpegenaHe Ha 3HaneHHeTO Ha H3Ka3BaHHaia c da-$opMH» (Hu^noBa 2007a: 13-14).
MH0r03HaHH0CTb u MHoro^yH^HOHanbHOCTb da, b HeKOTopoM CMbicne ero a6-CTpaKTHOCTb, npuBena k TOMy, hto Ha 0CH0Be da b 6onrapcKOM a3bme TaK^e 06pa30-BaHO 6onbmoe KOflHHecTBO cno^Hbix HacTH^ (uem da, da He 6u da, ^e da) u C0ro30B (6e3 da, MaKap u da, BMecmo da, ue da, oceeH da, npedu da, aKO u da). Eonee Toro, cnumKOM 6onbmoe pa3H006pa3ue ^yHKquH 6onrapcKHx da-KOHCTpyKquH MemaeT ux OTHeceHuro k KaKon-nuOo nerKO orpaHHHeHHon 3OHe MoganbHoeTH unu k KaK0My-nu60 0gH0My HaKnoHeHuro (cm. TaK^e HBaHOBa 2014: 104-106).
KaK y^e 6bino CKa3aHO, da-KOHCTpyKquH 6biBaroT He3aBucuMHMH (Korga $opMa 'da + raaron' ynoTpe6naeTca caMOCToaTenbHo) u 3aBucuMHMH (b kotophx KOHcrpyK-^Ha 'da + raaron' ynpaBnaeTca gpyrM rnaronoM unu npegno^eHueM), a ux o6muM ceMaHTHHecKHM npu3HaKOM aBnaerca He^aKTHBHOcrb b caMOM mupoKOM noHHMaHHu: BO3MO®HOCTb, npegnono^eHue, Heo6xoguMOCTb, onTaTHBHoeTb, noBenuTenbHOCTb [pa3pemeHue, 3anpeT, npegociepe^eHue]) (Hu^noBa 2007: 14). He3aBHCHMbie da-KOHCTpy^uu MoryT cocTaBnaTb agpo noBecTBOBarenbHbix, no6yguTenbHHx u BonpocuTenbHHx BbiCKa3biBaHHH. KaK y^e 6bino CKa3aHO, b Hacroameñ pa6oie mh orpaHHHHMca aHanu3OM HeK0T0pHx He3aBucuMHx da-KOHCTpyKquH, npe^ge Bcero, o6mux BonpocoB, o^opMneHHbix npu noMomu da-$opM.
Mto KacaeTca Mop^onorHHecKux xapaKTepHCTHK raarona, Hago 3aMeTHTb, hto da-KOHCTpy^uu ucnonb3yroTca, b ochobhom, b $opMe HacToamero BpeMeHu, nep-$eKia unu nnrocKBaMnep^eKra rnaronoB HCB unu CB. bo3mo®hh pe3Kue, rpy6He npuKa3H c BHpa^eHHHM unu He Bbipa^eHHbiM, ho nogpa3yMeBaeMHM cy6ieKTOM b nuHHbix npegno^eHuax: (Tu) da Mbmum! Eonee MarKoe no6y®geHue (0C06eHH0 ecnu Tpe6yeMoe geñcTBue coBnagaeT c ^enaHuaMH naqueHca unu agpecara): fía My ce dadam mpu dHu nonuexa! MoganbHoerb Heo6xogHMOCTH npHcyrcrByer b Bonpocu-renbHHx npegno^eHuax, Bbipararomux CKpbnyro npocb6y: fía me (no)numaM He^o? CeMaHruKa co^aneHua npHcyrcrByer b BOCKnuuarenbHbix KOHcrpyKuuax: fía nanpaeu maxaea 6eMn! fía-KOHcrpy^HH c nnrocKBaMnep^eKTOM oo^ihho nepegaror ceMaHTHKy ^enarenbHOCTH, coBera unu (pe^e) HeoOxogHMoerH unu gon^eHCTBOBaHua: fía 6eme
Svetlana Slavkova: He3aBHCHMbie ga-^opMti b BonpocmegbHbix npeggo^eHHaxB SograpcKOM a3biKe 445
omuMbM Ha neKap! npu ^T0M bo3mo®hh u KoHTpa^aKTUBHbie ynoTpeöneHua: ffa 6xx My nucan naepeMe... B KOHTeKCTe 0Tpu^aHHa da-KoHCTpy^ua c rnaronoM b npe3eHce MO^eT Bbipa^arb 3HaHeHue onaceHua unu npegocTepe^eHua: ffa ne nadneM!
KaK y®e öbino CKa3aHO, b gaHHon CTaTbe mh orpaHUHUMca aHanu3oM ucnonb3oBa-HUa BHgOBHX $OpM B HeKOTOpHX He3aBHCHMHX da-KoHCTpy^Uax B ConoCTaBneHUU c pyCCKHM, npe^ge BCero, b oö^ux BonpoCax, o^opMneHHbix npu noMomH da-$opM, C ^nbro BbiaBneHua cnyHaeB peanu3a^uu oö^e^aKTUHecKoro 3HaHeHua HCB, KaK ogHoro H3 nacTHHx 3HaHeHUH HCB.4 B oö^ux Bonpocax c da-KoHCTpyKquaMu MoryT ucnonb3oBaTbca npe3eHC, aopucT (Tu da ne 3acna?) u nep^eKT, Bce nu^ u Hucna rnaronoB.
2 ^a-KOHCTpy^HH c r^aro^OM b <|)O|)\ic npe3eHca
B 3tom naparpa^e mh ocraHoBUMca CHaHana Ha da-Bonpocax öe3 BonpocuTenbHon Hacru^i nu b $opMe BToporo nu^ HacToa^ero BpeMeHu (1). TaKHe ^opMynupoBKu npegcraßnaroT coöon öonee MarKUH BapuaHT npaMbix BonpocoB c Hacru^H nu öe3 da (2):
(1)	ffa nosnaeame HaKoro ot TpeTu Kypc?
(2)	no3naeame nu HaKoro ot TpeTu Kypc?
npu o^opMneHun Bonpoca öe3 Hacra^i nu ucnonb3yK>Tca, KaK npaBuno, rnaronbi HCB, Ha3HBaro^ue cocroaHue unu geaTenbHocTb. B pyccKoM a3HKe npegno^eHHbiM öonrapcKHM npuMepaM cooTBeTCTBywT CTaHgapTHbie BonpocH, o^opMneHHbie npu noMo^u oTpu^Hua, KaK npaBuno, b HacroameM BpeMeHu (3):
(3)	Th HuKoro ne snaeMb c TpeTbero Kypca (HapaBHe c Th Koro-Huöygb snaeMb c TpeTbero Kypca?).
HHane Hago TpaKToBaTb öonrapcKue da-Bonpocbi c oTpu^HueM. Ohu oTflUHararca TeM, hto c ux noMo^bro roBopa^un BHCKa3HBaeT cbok» coöcraeHHyK) uHTepnpeTanuro HaönrogaeMoH cuTyaquu, bo3mo®hhh BHBog unu goragKy. TaK, HanpuMep, oöpa^eH-hhh k coöecegHuKy Bonpoc ffa ne nnaueM? (npuMep u3 Hu^noBa 2007) oTnuHaeTca ot coöcTBeHHo Bonpoca nnaueMnu? TeM, hto b HeM (a) cogep^urca npegnono^eHue 'th nnanemb' u (6) uMnnunupyeTca o^ugaHue roBopamero, hto coöecegHUK onpoBep-rHeT ero npegnono^eHue, BbrreKaromee U3 cooöpa»:eHua, hto gencTBue 'nnaKaTb' gna
4 HacTHHM 3HaHeHuaM HCB b pyccKoM a3HKe, u oö^e^aKTuHecKoMy b tom Hucne, nocBa^eHo MHo^ecTBo HCcnegoBaHHH [rnoBUHCKaa 2001, nagyHeBa 1991, 1996 u 2013, fflaTyHoBCKUH 2009]. Cne^anbHbie HCcnegoBaHHa öbinu nocBa^eHbi pe^epeHTHoMy CTaTycy rnaronbHoH ^peguKa^uu b HacTHoM Bonpoce [Mehlig 2001, Menur 2002 h 2013]. Hto KacaeTca öonrapcKoro a3HKa, ucnonb3oBaHuro Bugo-BpeMeHHHx $opM b oö^eM Bonpoce c^e^uanbH0^0 BHUMaHua He ygenanocb, xoTa oö^e^aKTUHecKoe 3HaHeHue HCB oTMeHanocb KaK gna $opM aopucTa, TaK u gna $opM nep^eKTa [AHgpeHHUH 1944 u 1976, MacnoB 1959, CTaHKoB 1976].
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coöecegHuKa aBjaeTca He^ejarejbHbiM. Hhhmu cjoBaMu, cnpamuBaromun o^ngaeT orpu^TejbHoro oTBeTa Ha cBoe npegnojo^eHue (He, He nnaua)?
B pyccKoM a3biKe nogoÖHoe npegnojo^eHue Mo^eT Bbipa^arbca npu noMomu KoHcTpyKquu c BonpocuTejbHHM MecTouMeHueM Hmo (Tu umo, mauemb?) u orpa-®aTb yguBjeHue roBopamero (4):
(4)	- KaKHMu ®e cygböaMu? Bbi hto, wueëme Tenepb Ha ^TOH BeTKe?
-	fía Hem, He wuey, a TaK, romy y ogHoro npnaTeja. ^a bh ero 3HaeTe. [ro.O. ^omöpobckuh. PyHKa, Ho^Ka, orypenuK (1977)] (HanuoHajbHbrä Kopnyc pyccKoro a3bma, gajee HKPH)
Bojee Toro, bo3mo®hm cjynaH, Korga npeguKaToM Ha3BaHo He^ejarejbHoe gja coöecegHuKa, ho u HenpnaTHoe, HenpueMjeMoe gja cnpamuBaromero gencTBue. B TaKHx Bonpocax KoHcrpyKquu c BonpocuTejbHbiM MecTouMeHueM umo b pyccKoM u c nacTu^H da b öojrapcKoM nognepKuBaror KaK 6h He^ejaHue roBopamero BepuTb b cBoe coöcTBeHHoe npegnojo^eHne (cp. oöpameHue ax, tm MygaK [Myxato TaKu] b npuMepe (5)) u nprobiBaror coöecegHuKa gaTb oTpu^TejbHbiH oTBeT Ha Bonpoc.
(5)
(а)	- Tbi He^o, co6upaembcx öaHguTaM geHbru Bo3BpamaTb? Ax tm, MygaK! [A.B. HuTBuHeHKo. nnr - .HyöaHcKaa npecrynHaa rpynnupoBKa (2002)]
(6)	- A6e da He cMxmam ga Bptmam napuTe Ha öaHguTuTe? Myx^to TaKu! (HKPH, pyccKo-öo^rapcKun napajjejbHHH Kopnyc)
B npuMepe (6), HaoöopoT, BbicKa3aHHoe cnpamuBaromuM npegnojo^eHue co6e-cegHuKoM nogTBep^gaeTca, a o tom, hto penb ugeT o He^ejarejbHoH, HenpuaTHon curyanuu, mo»:ho cyguTb no KoHTeKcTy (itiiiioitaTO noe^Hacn [bhhobho noTpinHa]):
(б)
(а)	- Bh umo, 6oumecb ugTu k cbiHy? - nepeöuj HuKojac. - BpeMa TaHeTe? yjHÖKa Ha ju^ ApKagua CepreeBuna u3 xuTpon cgejajacb cMymeHHon.
-	HecTHO roBopH, poßero. - ^enyTar BuHoBaTo noe^njca. [Bopuc AKyHuH.	M. (2006)]
(б)	- fía He eu e cmpax ga oTugeTe npu cuHa cu? - npeKbcHa ro HuKojac.
-	nenejuTe BpeMe Man? ycMuBKara Ha ApKagun CepreeBnn ot jyKaBa cTaHa cMyTeHa. - HecTHO uajano, He cMeH - buhobho noTptnHa genyTar-br. (HKPH, pyccKo-öo^rapcKun napajjejbHHH Kopnyc)
5 P. H^ogoBa oötacHaeT TaKyro HM^gHKa^Hro TeM, hto cury^ua 'njaKaTb' gja Go6eGegHHKa aBjaeTca He^ejaTejbHoH (2007: 17-18).
Svetlana Slavkova: He3aBHCHMbie ga-^opMti b BonpocmegbHbix npeggo^eHHaxB SograpcKOM a3biKe 447
B nepenucfleHHbix npuMepax c da He Ha3biBaeTca cocToaHue u ucnojb3yMTca raarojbi HCB. CoBepmeHHbiH Bug b TaKux Bonpocax He ynoxpe6jaeTca.6 B o6^ux nojo^HTejbHHx da-Bonpocax c rjiarojOM b $opMe 2 j. 6e3 nacTu^i ju b HacToa^eM BpeMeHH xo®e He BO3HUKaex ^eHOMeHa K0HKypeH^HH BugoB. KaK BugHO h3 npuBegeH-Hbix Hu^e npuMepoB, CB BO3MO®eH npu gonojHUTejbHOM Bonpoce (c go6aBjeHueM npu ^T0M nacra^i A) co cMe^eHueM ujjOKyTUBHOH cujbi b cTopoHy npegjo^eHua o gencTBuu, cKopee, ajbTepHaxuBHOM (8):
(8)	- Bu^gaju ju cTe gpyr ntx Te3u xopa? - nonuTa. [...]
-	He! CurypHa ctM.
-	A da mu Kaweme - KaK u3rae®gaxa? (BHK)
B TaKOH cuTya^uu HCB BO3MO®eH (xoTa u c 6ojbmon Haxa^KOH) TOJbKO npu noggep»:uBaeMOH KOHTeKcTOM HeonpegejeHHon KpaTHocTu gencTBua, KaK b npuMepe (9), ho He b 06me$aKTHHecK0M 3HaneHuu:
(9)	fía mu Kaseame BceKu geH MeHMTO?
fía-Bonpocbi c raarojom b $opMe l uju 3 ju^ MoryT o^opMjaTbca npu noMomu rjarojOB CB b npe3eHce - npuMepbi (lO) u (ll):
(10)	fía Kynx 6ujeTu(Te)?
(11)	fía (ro) Hanume EjeHa goKjaga? ce cnpaBu.
BonpocuTejbHHe no $opMe npegjo^eHua (lO) u (ll) OTjunaroTca ot co6cxBeH-Ho Bonpoca (l) TeM, hto b hhx cogep^uTca He co6cTBeHHo Bonpoc, a cKopee bo-npoc-npegjo»:eHue; ux HeBO3MO®HO 3aMeHuxb Ha Bonpoc c Hacxuuen ju 6e3 da (*Kym ju óujemu?, *Hanume ju EjeHa doKjada?), b03m0®hh TOJbKO Bonpocbi c da u ju ogHOBpeMeHHo - cp. npuMepbi (lOa) u (lla):
(lOa) fía xynx ju 6ujeTu?
(lla) fía Hanume ju EjeHa goKjaga? ce cnpaBu.
Bojee Toro, ecju yHuxbiBaxb h HHX0Ha^H0HH0e o^opMjeHue, xo $pa3bi (lO) h (ll) MO^HO paccMaTpuBaxb KaK yTBepguTejbHO-BonpocuTeflbHbie, b to BpeMa KaK (lOa) u (lla) npegcTaBjaroT co6on co6cTBeHHO Bonpocbi.
6 KoHcxpy^HH xuna da He + CB Hcnojjt3yroxca gja Bbipa^eHua npegocxepe^eHHa (fía He nadHem! [CMompu, He ynadu!]) h b Bonpocax h npegnojo^eHuax b npe3eHce HeB03M0®Hbi.
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B paccMaxpuBaeMbix <3a-Bonpocax c raarojOM b npe3eHce B03M0seH TaKse HCB, ecju penb ugeT 06 u3BecTHOM o6oum co6ecegHuKaM gencTBuu (cm. npuMepbi (12) u (13)):
(12)	ffa KynyeaM 6ujeTuTe?
(13)	ffa feo) nurne EjeHa goKjaga? ce cnpaBu.
B pyccKOM 33biKe 6ojrapcKHM npuMepaM (10) u (10a) cooTBeTcTByeT hh^hhhthb-hhï Bonpoc-npegjoseHue c rjiarojOM CB (106), a (npuMepy 12) - xaKon se hh^hhh-tubhhh Bonpoc c rjarojOM HCB (162). OTMeTuM npu ^T0M, hto nocKOJbKy b o6oux npuMepax cyôteKx HuKaK He BbipaseH, ohu Moryx oxHocuxbca xojbKO k roBopameMy:
(106) BujeTbi Kynumb? (MHe Kynumb 6ujeTbi?)
(126) BujeTH noKynamb? (MHe 6ujeTbi noKynamb?)
Ecju se cy6ieKT gencTBna He aBjaeTca ynacxHuKOM K0MMyHUKa^uu (T.e. rjaroj ctout b 3 ju^), KaK b npuMepax (11) u (11a), a TaKse b (13), to BonpocuTejbHbie ga-npegjoseHua, Bbipasaromue co6cxBeHHO Bonpoc, npegjoseHue uju nepMuccuB
Ha pyccKOM 6ygyx o^opMjaxbca mane - cm. cooxBexcxBeHHO, npuMepbi (116) u (136):
(116) MoseT, EjeHe goKjag nanucamb? OHa cnpaBuTca. (MoseT, EjeHe
goKjag nanucamb?)
(136) MoseT, EjeHe goKjag nucamb? OHa cnpaBuTca.
TaKMM 06pa30M, b óa-Bonpocax c raarojom b $opMe 1 uju 3 ju^ 6e3 Bonpocu-xejbHon Hacx^bi ju Mosex peajrooBaxbca o6me$aKxnHecKoe 3HaneHne HCB, Ha3bi-Baromee KOHKpeTHoe eguHn^Hoe gencxBue, MbicjuMoe KaK $aKT. HMeHHO ^0^T0My u BO3HuKaeT ^eHOMeH K0HKypeH^uu BugoB u b ogHux u Tex se KOHTeKcTax bo3moshh raarojbi o6oux BugoB. BonpocuTejbHbie óa-KOHcTpyKquu, b K0T0pbix rjaroj ctout b $opMe 1 ju^ cooTBeTcTByroT pyccKMM uh^uhutubhhm BonpocuTejbHHM npegjo-seHuaM, b K0T0pbix nogpa3yMeBaeTca, hto gencxBue coBepmaeTca roBopamuM; npu ^T0M cy6ieKT MoseT ocTaBaxbca HeBbipaseHHbiM. Ecju se raaroj ctout b 3 ju^, to areHc BbipasaeTca 06a3axejbH0.
B da-Bonpocax c nacra^H mu b npe3eHce TaKse MoryT HC^GJb3GBaTbca KaK raaroflbi CB, TaK u raarojbi HCB. npu ^T0M BonpocuTejbHaa da-KOHcxpyKqua c mu ucnojb3yeTca He b OTHomeHuu co6ecegHuKa, a KacaxejbHO caMoro roBopamero uju TpeTbero ju^:
(14)	ffa naxpanuM / naxpamm mu KyneTO?
Svetlana Slavkova: He3aBHCHMtie ga-^opMti b BonpocHTe^tHtix npeg^o^eHHaxB So^rapcKOM a3tiKe 449
npuMep (14) c raaronoM CB npegcraBjaeT co6oh o6biHHbra cnoco6 cnpocuTb o Heo6xoguMocTH coBepmeHua geñcTBHa, KOTopoe He o6a3areflbHO BxoguT b npecyn-n03^H0HHbIH $OH CHTya^HH. B pyCCKOM OgHHM H3 CaMMX HaCTOTHbix cOOTBeTCTBHH
TaKHM 06pa30M o^opMjeHHbix BonpocoB aBjarorca HH^HHHTHBHbie7 npegno^eHua c CB marola npu garejbHOM cyOteKTa, KOTopbin mo^et BbiparaTbca ^KC^JH^HTHO (16), ecju oraocHTca k 3 jjnuy, hjh nogpa3yMeBaTbca (15), ecju areHc - ^TO caM roBopa^un:
(15)	(HaM) noKopMumb co6aKy?
(16)	Hm noKopMumb co6aKy?
H b pyccKoM, KaK u b 6ojrapcKOM, 3agaeTca npaMon Bonpoc o Heo6xoguMocTH BMnojHeHHa onpegejeHHoro geñcTBHa caMHM cnpamHBaromuM hjh TpeTbHM ahuom. KpoMe Toro, ecju peHb ugeT o 1-m ah^, to 3to mo^t 6biTb TaK^e npegno^eHue caMoMy npou3BecTu geñcTBue.
KaK BugHo H3 npuBegeHHbix HH^e npuMepoB, b o6oux a3biKax gja Bbipa^eHua ogHoKpaTHoro pe3yjbTaTHBHoro geñcTBHa bo3mo®hh h raaronbi HCB (cm. npuMepbi (17) H (18)):
(17)	ffa xpaHUM /xpamm m KyneTO?
(18)	(HaM) / Hm coóaKy KopMHTb?
H b ^TOM cjynae BO3MO®HocTb 3aMeHbi coBepmeHHoro Buga rjiaroja HecoBepmeH-hmm cBa3aHa c TeM, hto cymecTByeT ^pecy^^O3H^Ha Heo6xoguMocTH coBepmeHua gencTBHa u Bonpoc KacaeTca caMoro $aKra - 6biTb eMy hjh He 6biTb b ucnojHeHuu KOHKpeTHbix AH^ yHacTHHKOB CHTya^HH.
TaKHM o6pa3oM, b óa-Bonpocax c Hacru^H m b 6ojrapcKOM, KaK b npuMepe (17), Heo6xogHMocTb coBepmeHua gencTBua, ero o6hhhhh (bo3mo®ho, 3anflaHHpoBaHHbm) xapaKTep u o^ugaeMocTb genaroT bo3mo®hmm ucnoflb3OBaHHe óa-$opM raaronoB HCB b 3HaneHuu, 6jh3kom k o6me$aKTHHecKOMy c orreHKoM 3HaneHua 'npucTyn k gencTBHM'. He oraunaeTca ot joruKH Bbi6opa b 6ojrapcKOM TaK^e u Hcnojb3OBaHHe HH^HHHTHBa HCB b pyccKoM npuMepe (18). Cp. b 3toh cBa3u TaK^e 3aMenaHue O.n. PaccygoBoñ o tom, hto «geñcTBue, Ha3biBaeMoe hh^hhhthbom, mo^t npegnoja-raTbca caMon CHTya^HeH, u Torga mh TO^e BcTpenaeMca c ynoTpe6jeHueM HCB» (PaccygoBa 1982: 104).
3 ^a-KOHcrpy^HH c r^aro^OM b <|)O|)\ic iiC|)(|)CK"ia
B óa-Bonpocax c nep^eKTOM HCB "KaK (19)" peHb ugeT o BO3MO®Hbix KOHKpeTHbix (eguHHHHbx) gencTBuax, o kotophx roBopa^uñ npegnojaraeT, hto ohh motoh 6biTb
7 Boo6^e cHHTaeTca, hto b pyccKoM a3biKe ogHHM H3 caMbix HacToTHbix cootbctctbhh ga-KOHcTpy^HH aBjaeTca hh^hhhthb (cm. 6ojee nogpo6Ho o6 ^TOM HBaHOBa 2014).
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coBepmeHbi co6ecegHuK0M. npu ^T0M roBopamun uM^Ju^uTH0 nbrraeTca BbiacHuTb npunuHbi nocjegcTBun (bo3mo®ho HeraruBHbix - HanpuMep, nocyga rpa3Haa) npo-u3BegeHHoro gencrana, T.e. b Bonpoce cogep®HTca u cKpbrroe npegnojo^eHue, hto gencTBue 6bijo c0BepmeH0. HMeHHo ^0^T0My TaK nocTaBjeHHbm Bonpoc Mo^eT BM3BaTb u BcrpeHHbiH Bonpoc: fía, sa^o? /He, sa^o?
(19)	ma cu npaeuna (Bnepa) 6aHu^? (fía, sa^o? /He, 3aw,o?)
TaKuM 06pa30M c$opMyjiupoBaHHbm Bonpoc peaju3yeTca b MogajbHocru npegno-jo^eHua b oTjHHue ot o6braHbix BonpocoB c HCB aopucT0M (HanoMHuM, mto aopucT b da-Bonpocax He noaBjaeTca). Cp. npuMep (19a), npegcraBflawmuñ co6on npaMon Bonpoc, 0TBeT0M Ha K0T0pbiH Mo^eT 6bTb o6braHoefía /Hem. HnrepnpeTanua gen-cTBHa b (19) KaK o6me$aKTHHecKoro K0HKpeTH0-pe$epeHTH0r0 cBa3aHa eme u c TeM $aKT0M, HT0 b cooTBeTcTBywmeM Bonpoce 6e3 da (19a) ucnojb3yeTca HCB aopucT, nepegaromun uMeHHo K0HKpeTHyw pa3H0BugH0cTb o6me$aKTuHecKoro 3HaneHna (0606meHH0-$aKTuHecK0e 3HaneHue no Macj0By):
(19a) npaeu nu Bnepa 6aHu^?
B pyccK0M a3HKe Bonpocbi-npegnojo^eHna Tuna (19) nepeBogaTca npu noMomu
npomegmero BpeMeHu HCB b ero 06me$aKruHecK0M (K0HKpeTH0M) 3HaneHuu - cp. (20):
(20)	Tbl BHepa nupor He neKna? (fía, a umo? / Hem, a umo?)
npaMbie Bonpocbi, KaK (19a) He 06a3arejbH0 nepeBogaTca c 0TpunaHueM, cp. (21a):
(21a) Tbi neKna Bnepa nupor (KaK co6upajacb)?
Cjegywmue npuMepbi (22) - (25) u3 HKPH TaK^e noKa3biBawT, hto u b da-B0-npoce 6e3 nu, a u b co6cTBeHH0 Bonpoce c nu HecoBepmeHHbin nep^eKT nepegaeT o6me$aKTunecKoe (K0HKpeTH0e) 3HaneHue:
(22)
(а)	- Ax, ga... PuTKa mow MamuHy cjynaHHo He 6pana? [TaTbaHa nojaK0Ba. MujjuoHepma ^ejaeT n03HaK0MuTbca (2002)]
(б)	- Axa, ga... PuTa cjynanHo da e eseMana MoaTa K0ja? (HKPH, pyccKo--6ojrapcKun napajjejbHHn Kopnyc)
(23)
(а)	- Th 6pana mow MamuHy? - Ha Kon nepr 0Ha MHe? - b cepg^ax oTBeTuja PuTKa.
(б)	- BseMana nu cu Kojara mu? - 3a KaKbB gaB0j mu e Kojara tu? - agocaHo oTBtpHa PuTa. (HKPH, pyccK0-60jrapcKHn napajjejbHHn Kopnyc)
Svetlana Slavkova: He3aBHCHMtie ga-^opMti b BonpocHTe^tHtix npeg^o^eHHaxB So^rapcKOM a3tiKe 451
(24)
(а)	- A Tbi C-ivLiaeM geBonKy neKHCTaM He noKa3biecw?
(б)	- A c-ygaHHO da cu nomsean momento Ha neKHCTuTe? (HKPH, pyccKo--6oirapcKHH napaiieibHbm Kopnyc)
(25)
(а)	- 3axodun KTo-Hu6ygb? - TyTa-HH 3axogui,—CKa3aia ryTa, nyTOHKy noMeg-HB.
(б)	- fía e udean hhkoh? - TyTa-HH ugBa—Ka3a ryTa cieg KpaTKO Koie6aHue. (HKPH, pyccKo-6oirapcKHH napa—-e-bHbin Kopnyc)
TaKHM o6pa3oM, mm BuguM, hto HeKoTopbie BonpocuTeibHbie da-KoHcrpyKquu c npe3eHcoM r-iaroia, a TaK^e Bonpocbi c nep^eKroM MoryT BbiparaTb o6^e$aKTHHecKoe 3HaneHHe b ero KoHKpeTHon (KoHKperao-pe^epeHTHoH, uiu, b hhoh TepMuHoioruu, egHHHHHHo-^aKTHHecKon) pa3HoBHgHocTH.
BonpocnTeibHHe da-KoHcrpyKUHH c r-iaroiaMu CB oTiHHaroTca oco6on nparMara-necKon Harpy»:eHHocTbro. TaK HanpuMep, b (26), b 3aBncnMocTH ot HHTOHauHH, Mo^eT Bbipa^arbca (a) Hage^ga Ha to, hto 6mio coBepmeHo He3aniaHupoBaHHoe gencTBue (h 6m— gocTurHyT ^eiaeMbin uiu, no KpaHHen Mepe, noio^HTeibHo oueHHBaeMbm pe3yibTar), u b stom ciynae mo^ho roBopuTb o KoHKypeHuuu c HCB, uiu (6) ynpeK 3a HegocTH^eHHe pe3yibrara (no cyTu ^TOT Bonpoc Mo^eT 6biTb puTopHnecKHM, a He HHcTbiH Bonpoc o tom, 6mio -u coBepmeHo gencTBue uiu HeT):
(26)	fía cu Hanpaeuna 6aHHua Bnepa?
BoirapcKon KoHCTpyKquu (26) b 3aBHcHMocTH ot uHTOHauuoHHoro o^opMieHHa u HiioKyTHBHon cuibi b pyccKoM a3MKe cooTBeTCTByroT (27), eciu ^TO co6cTBeHHo Bonpoc, uiu (28), eciu ^TO ynpeK:
(27)	Tbi nupor Bnepa (He) ucneKna?
(28)	Tbi (pa3Be) Bnepa ucneKna nupor?[Tbi hto, ucneKna Bnepa nupor?].
^to KacaeTca o6me$aKruHecKoro ^K3ucTeH^uaIbH0^0 3HaneHHa HCB nep^eKTa, to u BonpocM c da (29), u BonpocM 6e3 da (30), KaK u pyccKoe cooTBeTCTBue (31), nepegaroT ero 6e3 orpaHuneHun:
(29)	fía cu npaeuna HaKora 6aHuua?
(30)	npaeuna nu cu HaKora 6aHuua?
(31)	Tbi Korga-Hu6ygb nupor c 6pbiH3on denana?
Cp. TaK^e npuMepbi (32) - (34) u3 napaiieibHoro pyccKo-6oirapcKoro Kopnyca, b kotopmx Hepe^epeHTHMH xapaKTep gencTBua b pmopunecKux Bonpocax geiaeT bo3mo®hmm ux nepeBog (BHe 3aBHcnMocTH ot Buga ucxogHoro npeguKaTa) npu
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noMo^H HecoBepmeHHoro nep$eKTa, Bbipa^aromero ^K3ucTeH^uaflbHyro pa3HoBug-HocTb o6me$aKTHHecKoro 3HaneHHH.
(32)	Cpa3y CKa3aj: „3aneM noje3ju Ha TejeBugeHue? Kto Bac npocujf! Cugeju 6h ce6e thxo. - H BegHara go6aBu: „3a^o oTugoxTe b TejeBH3HHTa? ^a bh e mojuj HaKon? ^a ch 6axTe KporyBaju. (HKR3, pyccKo-6ojrapcKHH napajjejbHHH Kopnyc)
(33)	- Ho eudeju ju bh Korga-ju6o Koro-Hu6ygb Ha 6ajy 6e3 rajcryxa? [M. A. ByjraKoB. MacTep u Maprapura (1929-1940)]
-	Ho da cme euwdaju KaKoro Ha 6aj 6e3 nanunoHKa? (HKPH, pyccKo--6ojrapcKHH napajjeflbHbm Kopnyc)
(34)	- A kto MeHH cnpocuj? [TarbaHa nojaKoBa. MujjuoHepma ^ejaeT no3HaKoMHTbca (2002)]
-	A HaKon da Me e numaj? (HKPH, pyccKo-6ojrapcKHH napajjejbHHH Kopnyc)
KaK 6hjo y^e noKa3aHo b gpyrux Hamux pa6oTax (CjaBKoBa 2015a, 20156), nep^eKT HCB b noBecTBoBarejbHbix BbiCKa3biBaKuax, b o6^ux u nacTHbix Bonpocax 6e3 da Bbipa^aeT o6me$aKTunecKoe ^K3ucTeH^uaflbHoe 3HaHeHue, b to BpeMa KaK o6me$aKTHHecKoe KoHKpeTHoe (o6o6meHHo-$aKraHecKoe no MacjoBy) nepegaeTca npu noMo^u aopucTa HCB. ^to ®e KacaeTca BonpocoB c da, to curyanua HecKojbKo uHaa. HecoBepmeHHHË aopucT b da-KoHcrpyKquax He ucnojb3yeTca Booô^e, a coBep-meHHMH aopucT ucnojb3yeTca TojbKo b Bonpocax c oTpunaHueM: Tu da He 3acna? Tu da He ceydapu? HeBo3Mo®HocTb ucnojb3oBaHua da-KoHcrpyKnun HecoBepmeHHoro aopucTa oôhhho oótacHaeTca TeM, hto He$aKTuBHocTb BbiCKa3biBaHua HecoBMecTuMa c ceMaHTuKon CBugeTejbCKoro BpeMeHu (HunojoBa 2007b, 2008: 427).8 YMecTHocTb ®e b da-Bonpocax KaK pa3 $opMbi nep^eKTa mo»ho oôtacHuTb TeM, hto oHa ucnojb3yeTca He b CBoeM ochobhom (nep^eKTHoM) 3HaneHuu (KaK 6hjo HeogHoKparHo 3aMeneHo, b t.h. b pa6oTax Hu^joBa 2008, .acKoBa 2009, nep^eKT b da-KoHCTpyKnnax peaju3y-eT a6cojMTHoe 3HaneHue: «b da-ropeneHnara npe3eHTHuTe u nep$eKTHu $opMu ca a6cojMTHu u He curHaju3upar opuem^uaTa Ha gencTBueTo» (179), a b 3HaHeHuu KoHKjM3uBa, nocKojbKy BbiparaeT npegnojo^eHue roBopa^ero, ocHoBaHHoe Ha HeKoM jorunecKoM yMo3aKjK>HeHuu. B pe3yjbTare, $opMbi HecoBepmeHHoro nep^eKra b da-Bonpocax cooTBeTCTByror Bonpocy, kotophh BbiparaeTca oôhhho HCB aopncTOM, u nepeBoguT ero b MogajbHocTb npegnojo^eHua, T.e. npegcTaBjaroT co6on peryjap-Hyro 3aMeHy HCB aopucTa. Ecju ®e da-Bonpoc cooTBeTCTByeT o6biHHoMy Bonpocy c nep^eKTOM, to b o6oux cjynaax peaju3yeTca ^K3ucTeH^uaJbHaa pa3HoBugHocTb o6me$aKraHecKoro 3HaHeHua HecoBepmeHHoro nep^eKTa.
8 OgHaKo b cKo6Kax 3aMeTuM, hto BnojjHe bo3mo®ch oTp^aTegtHbin Bonpoc c uMnepCeKToM, kotophh KaK pa3 u aBjaeTca ogHuM u3 GBHgeTeTbGKHX BpeMeH: Tu da He cneme?
Svetlana Slavkova: He3aBHCHMbie ga-^opMti b BonpocmegbHbix npeggo^eHHaxB SograpcKOM a3biKe 453
4 3aK^roneHHe
npoBegeHHHH Bbime aHaiu3 n03B0iaeT cgeiarb ciegyro^ue BbiBogbi. B da-Bonpo-cax 6e3 BonpocnreibHon nacrunbi mu c riaroiOM b $opMe 2 i. HacToamero BpeMeHu He B03HHKaeT ^eHOMeHa KOHKypeHnuu BugoB, TaK KaK CB, xoTa oh u B03M0®eH, ucnoib3yeTca b niiOKyTUBHbix aKTax npegio^eHua 06 aibTepHaTUBHOM gencTBuu (c pacmupeHueM rpaMMaHTUHecKon KOHcrpyKnuu 3a CHeT nacTunbi a) uiu npocböbi.
B da-Bonpocax c npeguKaTOM b $opMe 1 uiu 3 i. b npe3eHce bo3mo»£h KaK CB, TaK u HCB, T.e. peaiu3yeTca oö^e^aKTunecKoe 3HaneHue HCB, Ha3biBaro^ee K0HKpeTH0e eguHHHHoe gencTBue, MbiciuMoe KaK $aKT. Bo3HUKaeT ^eHOMeH KOHKypeHnuu BugoB, u b 0gH0M u tom ®e KOHTeKCTe MoryT ynoTpeöiaTbca napHbie riaroibi oöoux BugoB (npaBga, c MUHUMaibHbiMu nparnaruHecKUMu HroaHcaMu9). TaKue KOHCTpyKnuu noiHOCTbro cuhohumuhhm BonpocaM c da u mu 0gH0BpeMeHH0. B pyccKOM Bonpocu-TeibHMM da-KOHCTpyKquaM c npeguKaTOM b $opMe 1 u 3 iuna C00TBeTCTByroT Bonpocbi c uh^uhutubom riaroiOB KaK CB, TaK u HCB u c cyöteKTOM b garuBe (gareibHbin cyöieKTa o6a3aTeieH, eciu areHCOM He aBiaeTca caM roBopamun). B oöoux a3bmax b TaKux Bonpocax peaiu3yeTca oöme^aKTunecKoe 3HaneHue HCB, Ha3biBaromee KOHKpeTHMn $aKT 0gH0KpaTH0r0 gencTBua (eguHUHHO-^aKTUHecKoe) c OTreHKOM 3HaneHHa 'npucTyn k gencTBuro' b KOHcrpyKnuax 'npegcToamero gencTBua'.
Eciu ®e Bonpoc KacaeTca niaHa npomegmero, to $opMbi nep^eKTa MoryT bm-pa^aTb oö^e^aKTHHecKoe K0HKpeTH0e u oö^e^aKTunecKoe ^K3ucTeH^uaIbHoe. B nepBOM ciynae ceMaHTUKa da-KOHcrpyKuuu npegnoio^eHua C00TBeTCTByeT aopucry HCB b Bonpocax öe3 da, T.e. öepeT Ha ceöa ^yHKuuu aopucTa b HecBugeTeibCKon KOHCTpyKUUU. B pyCCKOM TaKHM KOHCTpyKUUHM COOTBeTCTByeT oöbiHHbin BOnpOC c riaroiOM HCB b K0HKpeTH0n pa3H0BugH0CTu oö^e^aKTunecKoro 3HaneHua. npu 3tom gencTBua, Bbipa^eHHbie npomegmuM BpeMeHeM HCB b pyccKOM u nep^eKTHbiMu da-KOHCTpyKquHMu c riaroiaMu HCB b öoirapcKOM, mo^ho uHTepnpeTupoBaTb KaK 0gH0KpaTHMe u pe3yibraruBHbie. HMeeT MecTO TaKUM 0öpa30M KOHKypeHnua c CB.
Mto KacaeTca BonpocoB c da-$opMaMu b nep^eKTe, C00TBeTCTByromux He bo-npocy c aopucTOM HCB, a oöbiHHOMy Bonpocy c HCB nep^eKTOM, u ux pyccKux cooTBeTCTBun, b oöoux a3MKax riaroibHbie $opMbi OTHOcaTca k oö^e^arcraHecKOMy ^K3ucTeH^uaIbH0My u KOHKypeHnuu c CB He B03HUKaeT.
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POVZETEK
Prispevek obravnava posebnosti rabe nedovršnega vida, ki dejanje zgolj poimenuje (rus. oö^e^axmuuecKoe 3HaueHue 'splošnodejanski pomen') v bolgarskih odločevalnih vprašanjih s členkom da in brez členka li (ffa KynyeaM ßunemume? 'Naj kupim karte?'). Raba nedovršni-kov je lahko v teh primerih konkurenčna z rabo dovršnikov (ffa Kynn öunememel 'Naj kupim karte?'). Analiza kaže, da se nedovršniki dejanj s splošnim pomenom v tovrstnih vprašanjih uporabljajo v sedanjiku in pretekliku.
Sedanjiška oblika povedka v da-vprašanjih lahko označuje enkratno konkretno dejanje, obravnavano kot dejstvo (ffa nurneEnena doKnada? 'Ali naj Elena (sploh) piše referat?'). Vendar je tudi v tem primeru možna raba dovršnikov (ffa HanurneEnena doKnada? 'Ali naj Elena (sploh) napiše referat?'). V ruščini tem vprašanjem ustrezajo vprašanja z nedoločnikom v dovršniku ali nedovršniku (EneHe doKnad nucamhManucamb? >Ali naj Elena (sploh) piše/napiše referat?<)
Če se vprašanje nanaša na preteklost, lahko pretekliške oblike nedovršnikov v bolgarskih in ruskih odločevalnih vprašanjih izražajo tako enkratno konkretno dejanje, ki izpostavlja zlasti obstoj dejanja (bolg. ffa cu npaeu^a 6aHuw (BHepa)? = rus. Tli neKna BHepa nupor? = Ali si (včeraj) pekla pito?), kot tudi vprašanje o obstoju dejanja sploh (bolg. ffa cu npaBuna [HHKo^a] öaH^al rus. Tli Korga-Hu6ygL nupor neKna? = Ali si sploh kdaj pekla pito?). Pri prvem primeru s konkretnim dejanjem je v bolgarščini možna vidska konkurenca (ffa cu npaeuna ßauuqa (BHepa)?/ ffa cu nanpaeuna 6auuqa (BHepa)?), pri drugem, ki obravnava obstoj dejanja sploh, pa ne.