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KINETIC AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THREE 
DIFFERENT EXECUTION MODES OF STAG LEAP WITH 
AND WITHOUT THROW- CATCH BALL IN RHYTHMIC 
GYMNASTICS 
 
 
Hounaida Akkari-Ghazouani1, Bessem Mkaouer1., Samiha Amara1, 
Mokhtar Chtara2 
 
1 Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, Manouba University, 
Manouba, Tunisia 
2 Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimization” of the National Centre of 
Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis Tunisia 
 
 
Original article 
Abstract 
Visual analysis of rhythmic gymnastics shows that the greatest difficulty lies in jumps. 
Performing jump with optimal speed, great amplitude, and better coordination and without any 
mistakes, does not depend only on the gymnast's capacity but also on the apparatus used, the 
jump made and the applied momentum. The objective was to study the qualities of strength, 
speed and flexibility developed during the three execution modes of stag leap with ring with 
and without throw-catch ball. Seven gymnasts from the national rhythmic gymnastics team aged 
between 15 to 21 years participated in this study. The protocol in making three stag leaps with 
rings consist of the following: the first without apparatus, the second with throwing ball during 
the chasse step, and the third with throwing ball at the time of pulse during stag leap with ring. 
The basic descriptive parameters and statistical significance of differences were determined by 
using the SPSS 20.0, statistical program for data processing. The results show a significant 
variation at p <0.05 in the execution factors when introducing apparatus such as, horizontal 
and vertical velocity, right knee angle, force, horizontal displacement of toe, the angular 
momentum of the centre of mass and angular velocity of right leg. This decrease differs 
according to the moment of throwing the ball. In conclusion, we can argue that introducing 
ball during the chasse step causes a change in the basic performance factors. 
 
Keywords: kinetic, kinematic, stag leap, chasse step, throw-catch ball.
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
Rhythmic gymnastics (GR) is an 
exclusively female Olympic sport that 
involves performing exercises with musical 
accompaniment. When a gymnast performs 
her competition routine, she coordinates her 
body movement with handling an 
apparatus, such as ball, hoops, ropes,  
 
 
 
ribbons and clubs (Sierra-Palmeiro, Bobo-
Arce, Pérez-Ferreirós, & Fernández-
Villarino, 2019), according to the code of 
points FIG (2017-2020) the gymnast must 
include only elements that can be performed  
safely and with high degree of aesthetic and 
technical proficiency. There are four 
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difficulties components: Body Difficulty 
(BD), dance steps combination (S), 
dynamic elements with rotation (R), and 
apparatus difficulty (AD). BD elements are 
elements from the difficulty tables in the 
code of points FIG (2017-2020), and it is 
divided into three groups: leaps/jumps; 
balances and rotations. 
According to Gantcheva, Mineva, 
Locquet, and Léziart (2008), gymnasts 
choose 34.61% BD of jump prescribed by 
the code of points, and it’s the most globally 
exploited group. Polat (2018) defined RG as 
a high leap demanding, Hutchinson, 
Tremain, Christiansen, and Beitzel (1998) 
defined jumps as a fundamental movement 
that requires complex motor coordination of 
the upper and lower limbs, on the other 
hands, they have seen them an essential 
component in RG performance. All the 
difficulties of jumps/leaps must have a 
defined and fixed shape during the flight 
and height (elevation) of the jumps that is 
sufficient to show the corresponding shape 
since if the jump shape is not fixed and 
defined, it will not be valid, and this 
depends on the diverse elements; such as 
muscular strength, explosive power body 
build, muscular speed, elasticity and motor 
coordination (Çimen, 2012). Ttherefore, to 
be able to execute the jumps with this 
amplitude, it requires a fairly high speed of 
execution which needs some strength 
potential in order to accelerate or flourish 
the gymnast’s own body. Also, it is 
necessary to achieve a level of automation 
and a very high gestural coordination to be 
able to coordinate between the jump and the 
work of the selected apparatus. 
BD are valid when performed with a 
minimum of 1 fundamental apparatus 
technical element specific to each apparatus 
and/or without fundamental apparatus 
technical element, for the jumps they are 
mostly in connection with throwing 
apparatus, throwing is valid, if the apparatus 
is thrown at the beginning, during or 
towards the end of the difficulty, and with 
catch, if the apparatus is caught at the 
beginning during or towards the end of 
difficulty (FIG, 2017-2020). 
Regarding the technical aspects, 
according to Bobo-Arce and Méndez-Rial 
(2013) jumps are the skills mostly studied, 
from where many studies analyzed several 
aspects of the jump. The study conducted by 
Purenović, Bubanj, Popović, Stanković, 
and Bubanj (2010) determined the 
difference in the certain kinematics 
parameters, between two types of the leap, 
the front split leap with the trunk bended 
backward and both legs implied in the 
takeoff after the running. Another study that 
evaluated the variation of execution factors, 
is when performing gymnastics jumps split 
leap with and without throw catch of the 
ball (Mkaouer, Amara, & Tabka, 2012). 
The study conducted by Miletić, Katić, and 
Maleš (2004) established the probable 
influence of the characteristic motor’s  
ability and skill factors on the 
jumping/leaping performance. Another two 
studies conducted by (Sousa & Lebre, 1996, 
1998): the first analyzed the different 
techniques used by the gymnast to perform 
two jumps: the leap jump, and the leap jump 
with trunk extension, and the second, 
analyzed the fundamental kinematic 
parameters and the technique used in RG to 
perform four different jumps. The published 
study of Polat (2018) examined and 
compared the parameters of leaps executed 
with two different take offs on split leap and 
stag leap with ring, the first take off from 1 
foot and the second take off from 2 feet. 
Up to date in biomechanical literature, 
they have compared several jumps with 
stretch and/or bent legs with and without 
apparatus, but there is no existence of any 
study that compared the differences 
between throwing during the take-off and 
throwing during jump.  
As a result, strength, speed, flexibility 
and coordination have an important role on 
rhythmic gymnastics performance’s 
capability. In this regard, we propose to 
study, in this research, the qualities of 
strength, speed and flexibility developed 
during the three modes of execution of the 
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stag leap with ring, the first without 
apparatus, the second with throw-catch of 
ball on take-off, and the third with throw-
catch of ball on jumps. We will focus 
primarily on the degree of deployment of 
the execution factors with a special 
attention on the quality of execution, and in 
order to provide athletes and coaches 
feedback for better choices to the technique 
used since they have the same values. 
 
METHODS 
 
Seven volunteer rhythmic gymnasts 
from the Tunisian senior national team (age 
18.71 ± 2.69 years; height 1.67 ± 0.04 m; 
weight 58.43 ± 4.03 kg) (table1); (average 
training 20h/week) agreed to participate in 
this study. The subjects were in good health, 
without muscular, neurological or tendon 
injury. After being informed in advance 
with the procedures, methods, benefits, and 
possible risks of the study, each participant 
had to review and sign a consent form to 
participate in the study. The experimental 
protocol was performed in accordance with 
the Declaration of Helsinki for human 
experimentation (Carlson, Boyd, & Webb, 
2004) and was approved by the local Ethical 
Committee. 
The kinetic and kinematic study was 
performed at the Higher Institute of Sport 
and Physical Education of Ksar-Saïd 
(ISSEP Ksar Said), on an evolution mat 
wherein is integrated a force plate (Kistler 
Quattro Jump, type: 9290AD, ref. 2822A1-
1, sampling frequency 500 Hz). It is a two-
dimension "2D" study based on a reference 
(ox; oy). The stag leap with ring sequences 
were recorded using two cameras (50 Hz; 
Sony DCR-PC108E Mini DV, 1 million 
pixels CCD and Shutter speed, 1/4000th of 
a second) with wide conversion lens (0.6x; 
45.5 by 29 mm). Body markers using the 
Hanavan model (Hanavan, 1964) modified 
by De Leva (1996) were digitized using the 
video-based data analysis system 
SkillSpector® 1.3.2 (Brønd, 2009) (Odense 
SØ – Denmark) with quantic-spline data 
filtering. The body segments’ centres of 
mass (COM) were computed using the de 
Leva (1996) model. The video acquisition is 
accomplished through the FireWire bus 
(iLink / IEEE 1394), in full frame without 
compression. The construction of key 
positions and 3D kinogramme is developed 
by Curious Labs, Inc. Poser® Software 
4.0.3 (Figure 1). 
The gymnast is placed on the mat in 
front of the two cameras, one facing 5 m 
from the mat and the other in profile 3 m 
from the axis of movement. The gymnast 
wears 20 reflective markers glued to her 
body; she performs a momentum in the 
form of chasse step (Figure 2) while trying 
to be placed on force plate during the 
impulse to perform the stag leap with ring. 
Before the event, each gymnast 
performs the jump 3 times trying to 
calibrate its evolution to make the jump on 
force plate. It is a dual kinematic and 
dynamic approach, carried out over 3 days 
from 14 to 16 o’clock. The video 
acquisition is synchronized with the force 
platform through a mechanical system. 
Each gymnast, after a free warm-up of 15 
min, is called to make three different jumps: 
arm straight (a) Chasse Step + Stag Leap 
with ring Without  Ball (CS SL WB): 
The gymnast standing up, the body straight, 
feet tight on the half-point. She makes a 
chasse step followed by an elevation of the 
free leg flexed forward with attachment of 
the thigh to the horizontal, this action is 
followed by an elevation of the back leg 
support  in ring and also with a good fixing 
of the shape in order to achieve a stag leap 
with ring (Figure 2); (b) Throw the Ball 
during the Chasse Step + Stag Leap with 
ring (TB CS SL): the gymnast standing up 
with a ball in her hand, the body straight, 
feet tight on the half-point, she swings her 
hand backwards to take the momentum of 
throw, she  throws the ball during the chasse 
step with arm straight and catches it during 
the stag leap with ring without making 
technical mistakes (Figure 3); (c) Chasse 
Step + Throwing Ball during the Stag Leap 
with ring (CS TB SL): the gymnast standing 
up with a ball in her hand, the body straight, 
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feet tight on the half-point, She takes a 
chasse step with swinging her arms 
backwards to throw the ball during the stag 
leap with ring with arm straight and catches 
it during reception without making 
technical mistakes (Figure 4).
 
Table 1 
Descriptive statistics of anthropometric measurements. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1. Experimental device. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
Min Max Mean SD 
Weight (kg) 54 65 58.43 4.03 
Height (m) 1.62 1.74 1.67 0.04 
Age  16 21 18.86 2.03 
Years of practice 11 15 12.14 1.95 
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Figure 2. Chasse step stag leap with ring without throw-catch of the ball. 
 
Figure 3. Throwing ball during the chasse step. 
 
Figure 4. Throwing ball during the stag leap with ring. 
 
 
 
Figure 5. Randomized protocol, Latin Square (Zar, 1984). 
 
A B C
B C A
C A B
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Each jump is performed three times 
[randomized protocol, Latin Square Zar 
(1984), (Figure 3)], with a recovery of 2 
minutes between repetitions. Two 
international judges evaluate the exercises, 
based on the code of point FIG (2017-
2020). The best evolution of each gymnast 
was chosen for the comparative study. 
Data are reported as mean ± standard 
deviation (SD). Effect size (dz) was 
calculated using GPowerTM software [Bonn 
FRG, Bonn University, Department of 
Psychology (Erdfelder, Buchner, Faul, & 
Brandt, 2004)]. The following scale was 
used for the interpretation of dz: < 0.2, 
[trivial]; 0.2<0.6, [small]; 0.6<1.2, 
[moderate]; 1.2<2.0, [large]; and >2.0, 
[very large] (Scanlan, Dascombe, & 
Reaburn, 2012). The normality of 
distribution estimated by the Kolmogorov-
Smirnov test was acceptable for all 
variables. Therefore, ANOVA with 
repeated measures was applied to compare 
different stag leap with ring, Bonferroni test 
was applied to pair wise comparisons. The 
results were considered significantly 
different when the probability was less than 
or equal to 0.05 (p0.05). Statistical 
analyses were performed using the software 
package SPSS version 20.0 [SPSS, 
Chicago, IL, USA]. 
 
RESULTS 
 
The results are considered significantly 
different when the probability is less or 
equal to p≤0.05, performance factors when 
the stag leap with ring is executed without 
apparatus (CS SL WB) ware significantly 
different from those when stag leap with 
ring is executed with throw-catch of the ball 
on the chasse step (TB CS SL) or on the stag 
leap with ring (CS TB SL) (table 2). 
Table 2 shows the univariate analysis 
of CS SL WB, TB CS SL and CS TB SL. 
These were compared between the three 
modes and presented in table 3. 
Bonferroni post hoc test demonstrated 
that the three modes had different effect on 
the execution factors of the stag leap. The 
horizontal velocity of the COM (VxCOM) 
decreased when throwing ball on the chasse 
step (CS SL WB Δ TB CS SL = 17.25 % 
with p≤0.05). On the other hand, the vertical 
velocity of the COM (VyCOM) decreased 
when throwing ball on the stag leap (CS SL 
WB Δ CS TB SL = 13.27 % with p≤0.05). 
Indeed, we noticed a drop of the 
angular momentum of the COM (MaCOM) 
when throwing ball on the chasse step (CS 
SL WB Δ TB CS SL = -82.56% with 
p≤0.05). 
Alternatively, the horizontal 
displacement of the COM (dxCOM) 
decreased when throwing ball on the chasse 
step and also on the stag leap with ring (CS 
SL WB Δ TB CS SL = 25.19 % with p≤0.05 
and CS SL WB Δ CS TB SL = 19.66 % with 
p≤0.05).  
Similarly, the horizontal displacement 
of the toe (dxtoe) decreased during the two 
techniques with throw−catch of ball (CS SL 
WB Δ TB CS SL = 18.83 % with p≤0.05 
and CS SL WB Δ CS TB SL = 1.42 % with 
p≤0.05).  
 
Table 2 
ANOVA repeated measure. Univariate analysis of three modes execution of the stag leap with 
ring. 
  
df Mean Square D Sig. Effect Size (dz) Power 
COM Horizontal 
Velocity     
VxCOM (m/s) 
2 0.177 4.980 0.027 1.823 0.700 
 COM Vertical 
Velocity     
VyCOM (m/s) 
1.061 0.422 7.351 0.032 2.215 0.642 
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Table 3  
Post Hoc comparative study between the three modes of stag leap with ring execution. 
  Mean ± SD Mean Difference 
Standard 
Error Sig. 
Effect 
Size (dz) 
VxCOM 
(m/s) 
CS SL WB  
vs TB CS SL 
1.837 ± 0.126 0.317 0.088 0.034 3.602 1.520 ± 0.224
VyCOM 
(m/s) 
CS SL WB  
vs CS TB SL 
2.449 ± 0.209 0.326 0.034 0.000 9.588 2.124 ± 0.237
MaCOM 
(kgm²/s) 
CS SL WB  
vs TB CS SL 
-41.767 ± 84.171 197.742 58.743 0.045 3.366 -239.509 ± 194.205 
dxCOM (m) 
CS SL WB  
vs TB CS SL 
CS SL WB  
vs CS TB SL 
0.778 ± 0.142 0.195 0.042 0.011 0.464 0.582 ± 0.184
0.778 ± 0.142 0.152 0.043 0.035 0.353 0.625 ± 0.117
dxtoe (m) 
CS SL WB  
vs TB CS SL 
1.051± 0.187 0.199 0.051 0.025 3.901 0.853 ± 0.166
CS SL WB  
vs CS TB SL 
1.051± 0.187 -0.183 0.054 0.045 0.294 1.036 ± 0.114
(COM) Centre of mass; (Vx) Horizontal Velocity; (Vy) Vertical Velocity;(Ma) Angular Momentum; (dx) 
Horizontal Displacement; (dx toe) Horizontal Displacement of the toe; (CS SL WB) chasse step and 
stag leap without ball;(TB CS SL) Throw the ball during the chasse step and stag leap with ring; (CS 
TB SL) chasse step and throwing ball during the stag leap with ring. 
 
DISCUSSION  
 
The purpose of the present study was 
not only to examine the effect of 
introducing ball on the execution factors of 
stag leap with ring, but also to study which 
of the two techniques with apparatus allows 
a perfect execution of the jump, form 
where, kinetic and kinematic analysis show 
a difference in the degree of deployment of 
qualities speed and of displacement of the 
COM. 
Vertical velocity achieved by our 
gymnasts shows a significant difference 
between the technique without ball and with 
throwing ball during the stag leap with ring 
with a favour to the technique without 
apparatus. This drop can be explained by 
blocking the arms actions during the jump 
with throwing (CS TB SL). According to 
Rutkowska-Kucharska (1998) the arm 
swing caused a statistically increase in 
height in all kinds of jumps and since the 
amplitudes of displacement of the COM are 
on average more important at fast speed 
than at slow speed (Grandjean, 
Paparemborde, & Baron, 1985). Therefore, 
there is a positive correlation between the 
height (i.e., vertical displacement) and the 
vertical speed. This means that to have a 
higher vertical speed it is necessary to add 
the arms swinging from where the fall of the 
speed during the blocking of the arms on the 
techniques of throwing the ball during the 
 COM Horizontal 
Displacement 
dxCOM (m) 
2 0.074 10.011 0.003 2.582 0.948 
 Horizontal 
Displacement of 
toe dxtoe (m) 
2 0.085 8.966 0.004 2.444 0.923 
 COM Angular 
Momentum 
MaCOM (kgm²/s) 
2 93905.086 4.763 0.030 1.783 0.679 
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jump.  Since, this jump is realized with two 
legs flexes which requires better attention, 
while without apparatus, gymnast performs 
an asymmetrical movement of the arms to 
adjust her posture which increase the 
vertical velocity. This is different to the 
work of Mkaouer et al. (2012) who 
determined a significant difference but with 
a favour to the jump with throw-catch of 
ball, who explained this raise by the arm 
action when throwing while the speed of slit 
of the legs, since this jump is realized with 
two legs stretched, which explains the 
difference between two jumps. Also, stag 
leap with ring and split leap differs greatly 
in their biomechanical model, the first is 
mainly vertical jump while the second is a 
horizontal leap. According to these results, 
the vertical speed of LB CS SL is better than 
CS TB SL, which can be explained by the 
fact that in the first technique the gymnast 
has the free hand so she can swing her arms, 
in accordance to Feltner, Bishop, and Perez 
(2004) and Harman, Rosenstein, Frykman, 
and Rosenstein (1990) which showed that 
vertical jump was significantly larger in the 
arm swing jumps compared to the no arm 
swing jumps and was due to a larger vertical 
velocity of the COM. 
In addition, horizontal velocity shows 
also a significant difference between CS SL 
WB, with a drop when throwing ball, which 
conformed by the work of Mkaouer et al. 
(2012). This decrease can be explained by 
the fact that the gymnast throws the 
apparatus during the chasse step where it is 
necessary to adjust its position to be able to 
catch ball without execution errors. The 
tested gymnasts developed a horizontal 
velocity fairly low compared to the stag 
leap, this difference can be explained by the 
type of jump made since the split leap 
according to Sousa and Lebre (1998), is 
classified among the jump that have a high 
horizontal speed, while the stag leap with 
ring is classified among the jumps that have 
a low horizontal velocity. 
This decrease can be explained by the 
blocking of the arms action during the jump 
with apparatus. Without apparatus, the 
gymnast performs an asymmetrical 
movement of the arms to accelerate, while 
with a throw of the ball and especially when 
the apparatus is thrown during the jump. 
The gymnast cannot perform this 
movement to ensure the gesture with a good 
height and correct direction.  
The horizontal displacement of the toe 
(dxtoe) and COM (dxCOM) from the 
beginning to the end of the jump shows a 
significant difference between CS SL WB 
versus TB CS SL and between TB CS SL 
versus CS TB SL, almost similar to that 
found by Sousa and Lebre (1998) during a 
single stag leap with ring. In this respect, the 
analysis of the obtained results allows us to 
notice that the technique without apparatus 
(i.e., CS SL WB) make a greater horizontal 
displacement than those with ball (i.e., TB 
CS SL and CS TB SL), which can be 
explained by the introduction of a second 
task “throw / catch” of the ball, since the 
gymnast in these two techniques will adjust 
her body position to catch the apparatus, 
knowing that she does not have the right to 
realize an additional steps for catching ball. 
That's why we find a decrease in the 
distance travelled during the two techniques 
with apparatus. 
Angular momentum of the COM 
(MaCOM) shows also a significant difference 
between CS SL WB versus TB CS SL 
(MaCOM = -41,767 Vs -239,509 kgm²/s 
respectively). This decline according to 
Pascal (2003 ), can be explained by the fact 
that the kinetic moment can only be 
changed if a new external force is applied 
on the body; in other words, only the phases 
where we are in contact with the ground or 
tackle allow us to maintain or change the 
kinetic moment of the body. This notion is 
fundamental since the drop was introduced 
when the ball is thrown during the chasse 
step so the gymnast must bring her arm 
forward to catch the ball instead of placing 
it next to her ear. 
 
 
 
 
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CONCLUSIONS 
 
The results of this study have shown 
that the technique without apparatus (CS SL 
WB) is the best compared to the two other 
techniques in economy of effort, 
particularly in terms of vertical and 
horizontal velocity, horizontal 
displacement of the toe and of the COM and 
of the angular momentum of the COM in 
regards to the technique with apparatus, the 
values undergo a decrease which differs 
according to the moment of throwing of the 
ball, "to throw during the chasse step (TB 
CS SL) or to throw during the jump (CS TB 
SL)". The results showed that the technique 
with throw during the jump (CS TB SL) 
proves the best technique compared to the 
first one (TB CS SL) allowing a better 
vertical velocity (VyCOM) and an optimal 
horizontal displacement of toe and COM. In 
addition, the TB CS SL has only the best 
horizontal velocity (VxCOM) and angular 
moment of COM (MaCOM). 
In conclusion, we can argue that the 
technique with throwing ball during the 
jump (CS TB SL) is the best technique to 
have a stag leap with ring jump with optimal 
performance factors.  
In light of the results of this study, it is 
recommended for coaches and gymnasts to 
work on this technique at the beginning 
without ball, in order to improve it, and on 
the exercise they should choose the 
technique with throwing during the jumps  
since they have the same value according to 
the code of points (FIG, 2017-2020). 
 
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Corresponding author: 
 
Bessem Mkaouer  
Higher Institute of Sport and Physical 
Education of Ksar Saïd, Manouba 
University, Manouba, Tunisia  
Email: bessem_gym@yahoo.fr 
Phone: +216 23066716 
Fax: +216 71937437 
 
Article received: 2.5. 2020 
Article accepted: 21.8. 2020