napa^nma npa'SjHiika b Tpy^ax B.fl. nponna h
M.M. BaxTHHa
3pwe6em KaMan
The authoress compares two monographs "Russian Agrarian Feasts"(1963) by V. Propp, and "Rabelais and his World" (1965) by M. Bakhtin. Both books deal from different angles with analysis of the carnival held after the winter solstice, celebrating life and the awakening of nature.
ConocTaBneHne M0H0rpa^HH B.R. nponna "PyccKHe arpapHbie npa3nHHKH" h M0H0rpa^HH M.M. EaxTHHa "TBopnecTBO OpaHcya Pa6ne h HaponHaa KynbTypa CpeflHeBeKOBba h PeHeccaHca» HHTepecHo nna Hac bo MHorHx oTHomeHHax. Pa6oTa Han hhmh npoxonHna napannenbHo b 30-e ronH, a 3ano3naBmee H3naHHe ocymecTBHnocb jHmb b 60-e ronH b nepHon TaK Ha3HBaeMoft "oTTenenH".
Pa6oTa EaxTHHa cKnanHBanacb b pycne ^Hnoco^cKoft acTeTHKH ^eHoMeHono-rHnecKoro HanpaBneHHa b Pocchh. nponn npononxan THnonormecKoe h HcTopmecKoe H3yneHHe cKa3KH h npyrHx ^onbKnopHbix ^opM, poxneHHbix pa3HHMH ypoBHaMH HaponHoro co3HaHHa h k H3yneHHro KpecTbaHcKHx npa3nHHKoB men nocTeneHHo, ho nocnenoBaTenbHo. nponymeHHaa b KHHre "Mop^onorHa cKa3KH" - no coBeTy nHTepaTypHoro penaKTopa B.M.XnpMyHcKoro - nocnenHaa rnaBa 6bina nononHeHa h 3a^H^eHa yneHbiM b 1939 rony, ho ony6nHKoBaHa nHmb nocne bohhh ("HcTopHnecKHe kophh Bonme6Hoft cKa3KH"). BonpocaMH MH^a pHTyana h pa3nHHHbiMH ^opMaMH Bep6anbHoro ^onbKnopa nponn npononxan 3aHHMaTbca b 30-e ronH h ony6nHKoBan nenbft pan pa6oT: "PHTyanbHbift cMex b ^onbKnope. no noBony cKa3KH o HecMeaHe." (1939), "MyxcKoft noM b pyccKoft cKa3Ke"(1939), "Mothb nynecHoro poxneHHa"(1941), "9nHn b cBeTe ^onbKnopa" (1944) h npyrHe.
KHHra M.M. EaxTHHa o TBopnecrae Pa6ne 6bina roToBa k nenaTH yxe b 1940 rony, ho yBHnena cBeT TonbKo Ha neTBepTb BeKa no3xe b 1965 rony. OHa nony^Hna mHpoKyro H3BecTHocTb oco6eHHo cpenH nHTepaTypoBenoB.
KHHra B.R. nponna "PyccKHe arpapHbie npa3nHHKH" 6bina H3naHa Ha nBa rona paHbme b 1963 rony b yHHBepcHTeTcKoM H3naTenbcTBe .Ey Bcero b onHoft Tbicane 3K3eMnnapoB, ho cTana HacTonbHoft KHHroft MHorHx noKoneHHft pyccKHx ^onbKnopHcToB. B "^HeBHHKe cTapocTH 1962" yneHbift nacre nHcan o He6narononynHH b HayKe, o naneHHH ypoBHa HaynHoft xh3hh. "HopManbHaa xH3Hb yneroro - He ot cna6ocTH npyrHx, a ot nocTHxeHHft. R nonxeH 3HaTb, hto nocTHrnH npyrHe, h caM BcTaTb b hx pan. HHane nonynaeTca HenponyKTHBHaa xH3Hb." (1995, 310) EoTOBacb k cnopy c KnonoM .eBH - Ctpoccom, oh 3aMenaeT, hto "pa6oTaTb a He Mory cTonbKo, KaK ohh, He Mory 6bTb Ha ypoBHe Toro, hto 3HaroT b EBpone h AMepHKe, noToMy hto 6H6nHoTeKH He
MoryT cHaöflHTb Hac TeM, hto Haao." (1995, 309) 3a aeHb ao 3toh 3anHcH oh paccKa3HBaeT o6 oöcyxaeHii TpyaoB A.H. BeceaoBcKoro b HHcTHTyTe PyccKoH aHTepaTypn h cniraeT H3aHmHHM cnopHTb "o B3raaaax" yneHoro. "KaK npo^eccioHaa" oh BbicKa3aaca o cBoeM HecoraacHH c BeceaoBcKHM oTHocHTeabHo "npoicxoxaeHia anoca, o KoMeaiax h nponeM", ho - 3anHcaa nponn - "S noaHHMaro Ha ^ht "nosTHKy croxeToB". (1995, 309)
OöcyxaeHie MipoBo33peHia aBTopa, Bceraa KoHnaBmeeca ero "pa3rpoMoM", xopomo 6biao H3BecTHo nponny, HaniHaa c ot3hbob Ha ero nepByro KHHry « Mop^oaoraa cKa3KH» b 1928 roay. B "6opb6e" npoTHB ^opMaaicroB npiHaa ynacrae h BaxTHH, coBMecTHo c n. MeaBeaeBHM H3aaBmiH b 1928 roay KHHry "OopMaabHbiö MeToa b aHTepaTypoBeaeHHH", oaHocTopoHHe paccMaTpiBaBmyro HoBoe HanpaBaeHHe b aiTepa-TypoBeaeHHH, oÖHoBHBmee ^laoaoriro, oöocHoBaBmee noaTHKy "coaepxaTeabHoH ^opMoro" (KaMaH 1971, 317 - 334). Bbimeamaa c BbrnyxaeHHbiM nepepbrnoM MoHorpa-^Ha "HcTopHnecKHe kophh BoameÖHoH cKa3KH" - no caoBaM yneHHKa nponna B.H. nyTHaoBa - "paaocTH aBTopy He npiHecaa... noaBaeHHe ee npHmaocb Ha Hanaao one-peaHoö KaMnaHHH 3aBHHHHBaHia HaeoaorHnecKHx raeK h oroaTeaoH öopböbi npoTHB «BaHaHHa 6ypxya3Hoö HaeoaorHH"...,D,aa pacnpaBbi roöipaaicb HMeHa KpynHbie, TpyaH HeopaHHapHbe, KoHnennii apKHe.B ocoöyro BHHy nponny cTaBHaocb, hto ero BaeKao He k ^oöpoaroöoBy, HepHbimeBcKoMy h IopbKoMy, a k "HaeaaHcTaM - no3HTHBHcTaM" Op33epy, .eBH - Bproaro h apyrHM h k TaK Ha3biBaeMoö ^hhckoh mKoae." (1995, 353)
H ToabKo b 1965 roay nocae noaBaeHHa Ha HTaabaHcKoM h aHraiöcKoM a3HKax "Mop^oaorHH cKa3KH" yneHbrä noay^aia peaKyro Bo3MoxHocTb cBoöoaHo BHcKa3aTbca. B aHeBHHKe oh 3anHcaa: «noayneHo pa3pemeHHe Ha HanenaTaHie Moero npeaHcaoBHa k HTaabaHcKoMy nepeBoay "Mop^oaorHH"...S noneMy - to oneHb cnacraHB h paa.» (1995, 309)
nponn cocpeaoTOHHa BHHMaHHe Ha BHaBHHyToM .eBH - CTpoccoM oÖBHHeHHH ero b ^opMaaH3Me, b oTcyTcTBHH icToprnecKoro B3raaaa Ha aBaeHHa ^oabKaopa. Oh oTBeTHa, hto onHcaHHe h rayneHie paaa (^ktob h hx cBa3eH nepepacTaeT b "pacKpHTHe aBaeHHa, ^eHoMeHa, a pacKpHTHe TaKoro ^eHoMeHa oöaaaaeT yxe He ToabKo nacTHbiM HHTepecoM, ho pacnoaaraeT h ^laoco^cKHM oöoömeHieM." (nponn 1976, 133 - 134). B KHHre öbiaH anirpa^bi h3 paöora TëTe o Mop^oaorii pacTeHiH, ho ohh noneMy -to öbiaH nponymeHH aHraiñcKHM nepeBoa^iKoM, xoTa aoaxHH 6biai, no 3aMHcay aBTopa, nocayxiTb HeKHM oöoömeHieM. CKa3Ka HccaeaoBaaacb nepe3 KoMno3iniro, a He nepe3 croxeT, neM h noa^epKHBaaocb oTamie ^yHKUHH ot MoTHBa, kotophh o6hhho raynaaca b cKa3Ke (^oabKaopicTaMH. nyTb k rayneHiro oTaeabHbix croxeToB, k hctoph-necKoö cBa3H croxeToB cTaHeT "noHaTHbiM h oöocHoBaHHHM, ecaH öyaeT rayneHa KoMno3HnHoHHaa cHcTeMa, k kotopoh croxeTH npiHaaaexaT. H3yneHie eaiHoH aaa BoameÖHbix cKa3oK KoMno3HUHH He oTKpbiBaeT pa3Hooöpa3ia croxeToB, b kotophx 3Ta KoMno3HnHa ocymecTBaaeTca, ho caMa KoMno3inia aaaeKo He "öecnpeaMeTHaa aöcrpaKma", He "vision formaliste", KaK ee Ha3Baa Kaoa .eBH - CTpocc. (nponn 1976, 138)
Pa3ainaa KoMno3iniro h croxeT, yneHbiö HcxoaHa h3 cnopoB h onbiTa 10 - 20 -x roaoB o pa3aHHHH ^aöyabi h croxeTa. HcTopinecKie kophh BoameÖHoH cKa3KH npoaBaaroTca b ee "caoHcToM cTpoeHHH", ee "nepeMeHHbie BeaiHHHbi" HMeroT pa3aiHHoe npoHcxoxaeHHe. (nponn 1976, 148) CKa3Ka oTainaeTca ot Mi^a, kotophh h b ^opMe noBecTBoBaHHa HMeeT caKpaabHHH xapaKTep. npi aHaai3e KoHKpeTHHx npoöaeM cKa3Ki h MH^a, nponn ocoöoe BHHMaHie yaeaaeT pacxoxeMy oÖBHHeHiro b ^opMaai3Me. "KaK
yxe yKa3biBanocb, ^opManHcTHHecKHM npHHaTo Ha3HBaTb H3yneHHe ^opMbi b OTpbiBe ot conepxaHHa. ,D,onxeH npH3HaTbca, hto a He noHHMaro, hto sto O3HanaeT, He 3Haro, KaK sto peanbHo noHaTb, npHnoxHTb k MaTepHany. MoxeT 6HTb, a 6h sto noHan, ecnH 6h 3Han, rne b xynoxecTBeHHoM npoH3BeneHHH HcKaTb ^opMy h rne conepxaHHe." (146) Oh c^HTaeT, hto H3ynaeMaa hm Monenb KoMno3HnHH BonmeČHon cKa3KH MoxeT nenb b ocHoBy cTpyKTypHoro onncaHHa cTaÓHnbHbix h nepeMeHHHx BenHHHH xynoxecTBeHHoro npoH3BHfleHHa, coBMecTHo cocTaBnaro^Hx ero nonBHXHyro napanHrny, hto - b cbom onepe^b - nonBonHT Hac k "HCTopHnecKoMy croxeTocnoxeHHro". (nponn 1995, 346)
B oTBeTe K. .HeBH - CTpoccy oh BbinenaeT nBe cboh pačora, BaxHbie c tohkh 3peHHa o6cyxnaeMbix npočneM h He 3HaKoMHe onnoHeHTy. B npHMbiKaromen k "Mop^onorHH cKa3KH" cTaTbe "TpaHc^opManHa BonmeÓHbix cKa3oK" (1928) oh paccMaTpHBan H3MeHeHHe cKa3onHbix mothbob h 3nH3onoB, cBa3aHHHx He TonbKo c penyKnHen, KoHTaMHHanHen, ho h c HcxoflaqHMH H3 HMMaHeHTHon cKa3onHon cTpyKTypH oTKnoHeHHaMH, BapHaHTaMH. npočneMa HMMaHeHTHon ^opMbi, cBa3aHHon c BHyTpeHHeH npaBnon xynoxecTBeHHoro npoH3BeneHHa, Bcerna cToana b nearpe BHHMaHHa nponna. ".HHTepaTypa cHnbHa TeM, hto BH3HBaeT ocTpoe nyBCTBo cnacTba...B stom Bce neno, He b tom HTO, a b tom KAK. A cnacTbe o6naropaxHBaeT, h b stom 3HaneHHe nHTepaTypbi, KoTopaa nenaeT Hac cnacxnHBbiMH h TeM nonHMaeT Hac", 3anHcan oh b ^HeBHHKe 1967 roña. (1995, 326)
BTopaa pačoTa, Ha KoTopyro ccbinaeTca nponn - cTaTba "3nHn b cBeTe ^onbKnopa" (1944). OHa HanHHaeTca "MeTononorHnecKHMH npennocbinKaMH", rne craBHTca 3anana:
c o^hok ctopohh, "HaHTH B HcTopHH Te npHHHHH, KoTopbie BH3BanH K XH3HH caMbin ^onbKnop h oT^enbHHe croxeTbi". C npyron xe ctopohh, neno o6ctoht cnoxHee nocKonbKy "b ^onbKnope mh BCTpenaeMca c MoTHBaMH h croxeTaMH, KoTopbie aBHo HenocpencTBeHHo He BocxonaT hh k KaKon HcroprnecKon nencTBHTenbHocTH". (nponn 1976, 258) hhhmh cnoBaMH, b (^onbKnope, KaK h b nročoM xynoxecTBeHHoM npoH3BeneHHH HHbe, acTeTHHecKHe 3aKoHbi noBecTBoBaHHa.
B stok cTaTbe yneHbrn paccMoTpen mothb HHnecTa h oTneyÓHncHBa, kotophk co3nan oTn^naro^Heca npyr ot npyra HappaTHBHbie croxeTHbie KoHcrpyxnHH b cKa3Ke, b xpHcTHaHcKHx nereHnax h b nHTepaTypHon o6pa6oTKe Co^oKna, b ero TparenHax o6 9nHne.
OnHpaacb Ha MaTepHan rpenecKHx, pyMbrncKHx, pyccKHx, 6enopyccKHx, a^pH-KaHcKHx cKa3oK, mh^ob aMepHKaHcKHx HHnenneB, oh paccMoTpen mothb npoponecraa o6 HHnecTe h Hamen, hto oh no^TH He BCTpenaeTca b cKa3Kax, hto oh - 6onee no3nHee o6pa3oBaHHe. HcropHHecKyro ocHoBy mothbob o6 HHnecTe oh yBHnen b cMemeHHH, b y6HHcTBe cTaporo Boxna ( Kopona) MononHM, onHcaHHoM Op33epoM b "3onoTon BeTBH". CMemeHHe cTaporo Kopona MononHM, a HMeHHo - MyxeM nonepH Hamno oTpaxeHHe h b cKa3Kax. TaM Mononon repon 6narononynHo nonynan b xeHbi nonb Kopona h "nonnapcTBa" b npHnany, xoTa sto - no MHeHHro nponna - nonxHo noHHMaTbca KaK "aBneHHe MHcnHTenbHoro ^onbKnopHoro nopanKa". (nponn 1976, 271)
Mothb oTneyÓHHCTBa aBnaeTca yxe TpaHc^opManHen BHme onHcaHHoro MoTHBa h "npencTaBnaeT co6on MbicnHTenbHoe oTpaxeHHe npoTHBope^Ha Mexny nByMa ^opMaMH HacnenoBaHHa BnacTH: HacnenoBaHHa BnacTH MyxeM nonepH h HacnenoBaHHa
chhom nocne oTna". (nponn 1967, 271)
B TparenHH o6 9nHne b cBeTe cKa3onHon HappanHH nponn nonpoČHo paccMoTpen TaKHe croxeTHHe enHHHUH, KaK npoponecTBo o6 HHnecTe, oTc^inKy pečeHKa Ha cMepTb,
ero BocnHTaHHe, oöahk pa3AHHHbix BocnHTaTeAeö, croa^Hx 3a oöpa3oM kopmhahuh b Tpare^HH Co^oKAa, cnocoö noAyneHHa cBefleHHH o poflHTeAax (kotophxmh 3flHn cHHTaeT cbohx BocnHTaTe^eö), mothb c^HHKca h ero 3arafloK. Oh noflnepKHyA "co^oKnoBcKyro reHHaAbHyro, hhcto TparHHecKyro KoHuenuHro croxeTa". (285) PacKpHTHe TaÖHH o tom, hto oh HaöfleHbim, b TpareflHH MoTHBHpyeTca onbaHeHHeM BH^aBmero TaÖHy, b cKa3Ke xe oöhhho - a^^eKToM. Pa3y3HaBaHHe npaBflbi, npe^cKa3aHHa noHHMaeTca repoeM TpareflHH KaK npomAoe, ot KoToporo oh h öexHT. TaKoö caoxhoh mothbhpobkh yxofla repoa b (^oAbKAope HeT, b cKa3Ke - 3to cTaÖHAbHbrä 3^eMeHT.
B o6pa3e c^HHKca - no MHeHHro nponna - accHMHAHpoBaAHcb "uapeBHa, 3aflaro^aa 3araflKy hah 3aflany, h 3Mea, Tpeöyro^aa ceöe HeAoBenecKoö xepTBH". (289) OTueyÖHÖcTBo, TaKHM oöpa3oM, HfleT ot uapeyÖHÖcTBa, ho b TpareflHH oho He repornHo, a 6ecco3HaTeAbHo h cAynaräo. Co^oka flonycTHA b TpareflHH flBe cAynataocra oflHy 3a Apyroö: ofloAeHHe c^HHKca h yÖHäcTBo oTua 3flHnoM, "caMH no ceöe hh c neM He cBa3aHHHe", BcAeflcTBHe nero "Becb croxeT npHoöpeTaeT xapaKTep nero - to pokoboto" (291). B pa3oÖAaneHHH TaÖHbi Co^oka npHMeHHA reHHaAbHbiä npHeM nocTeneHHoro ee pacKpHTHa: cHanaAa nepefl 3pHTeAaMH, 3aTeM nepefl 3flHnoM h noToM nepefl HoKacToö, rfle Be^ecTBeHHbie floKa3aTeAbcTBa, cToAb BaxHbie b ^oAbKAope, HrparoT BTopocTeneHHyro poAb. "Bca TpareflHa nocTpoeHa Ha pa3BepTHBaHHH oflHoro MoMeHTa anHHecKoö TpaflHUHH - MoMeHTa pa3o6AaneHHa_TpareflHa coctoht b oco3HaHHH". (294) CueHa npo^aHHa 9flHna "MoxeT öbTb, caMaa noTpacaro^aa bo Bceö TpareflHH, ecTb MoMeHT poxfleHHa b HeM HeAoBeKa, ecTb MoMeHT poxfleHHa neAoBeKa b eBponeöcKoö hctophh. HMeHHo 3flecb mh HaxoflHM Karon k ToMy, hto croxeT 6ha BocnpHHaT xpHcTHaHcTBoM h cTaA xphctmhckoh AereHfloö. CroxeT npHoöpeTaeT HoByro HcTopHHecKyro caKpaAbHocTb h npHoöpeTaeT ee yxe b TpeuHH. OTcrofla btophhhhh ano$eo3 3flHna... - norao^eHHe cTpaflaAbua 3eMAeö h ero oöoxecTBAeHHe". (nponn 1976,298)
B MoHorpa^HH "PyccKHe arpapHHe npa3flHHKH" b otahhm ot mhoíhx HccAefloBaTeAeö, raynaBmHx oöhhho pHTyaAH onpefleAeHHoro THna hah uHKAa, B.^. nponn paccMoTpeA cueHapHH npa3flHHKoB ueAoro rofla. CpeflH MHorooöpa3HHx KpecTbaHcKHx npa3flHHKoB, hx "repoeB" h ynacTHHKoB oh cyMeA yBHfleTb cxoactbo h noBTopHocTb ^yHKUHË h TeM caMHM Bocco3flaTb cAoxHyro ceMaHTHKy npa3flHHKa, BHaBHTb ero napflHrMy, a TaKxe ee BapHaHTH. nponn pa3HcKaA ee b pHTyaAbHHx Tpane3ax, npa3flHHHHbix oöbraaax, raflaHHax, conpoBoxflaBmHx ConeAbHHK, b necHax, Hrpax h pa3BAeneHHax MoAoflexH, b oöbmaax h noBefleHHH pa3AHHHbix Bo3pacTHHx rpynn. B3aB BpeMeHHyro KoHcTaHTy ot 3HMHero coAHueBopoTa flo oceHHero paBHofleHcTBHa, ocoöeHHo H3oÖHAyro^yro npa3flHHHHbiMH coÖHTHaMH, T^aTeAbHo npoaHaAH3HpoBaB chmboahky pHTyaAoB, oh yBHfleA, hto oöpaflH nocBa^eHbi oAHueTBoparo^eMy npa3flHHK aHTponoMop^HoMy cy^ecTBy: KyKAe h3 coaomh, TpaBH, uBeToB hah yKpameHHoMy flepeBuy, a TaKxe yKpameHHoö uBeTaMH h 3eAeHbro fleBymKe. B rAyÖHHe MHoronHcAeHHbix npa3flHHKoB oh paccMoTpeA pHTyaA npHHeceHHa b xepTBy, yÖHäcTBa, pacrep3aHHa hah coxxeHHa 3Toro cHMBoAHnecKoro cy^ecTBa hah ToAbKo HMHTauHro ero cMepTH c nocAeflyro^HM Bo3poxfleHHeM ero b 3AaKax h pacTHTeAbHocTH.
HMHTauHa MoTHBa cMepTH, ero peAHKTH, cBoeoöpa3Hoe "npeHHe xHBoTa h cMepTH" 3aMeTHH b npoBoflax MacAeHHUH, b oöpaflax noMHHoBeHHa poflHTeAeö Ha nocAe-nacxaAbHoö HefleAe, b MHoronHcAeHHbix fleBHHbHx oöpaflax c 6epe3Koö b PycaAbHyro
Heaearo, b o6biHaax 3axHraHHa "xHBoro" "HOBoro" orHa h b Kyabre aepeBbeB Ha HBaHa Kynaay (eme coxpaHHBmHxca y yKpaHHneB) h bo MHorHx apyrax caynaax, oTMeneHHbix yneHHM.
B.S. nponn npHBaeK k H3yneHHro ^oabKaop h pHTyaabi, öbiTyromHe HaH eme HeaaBHo öbiTOBaBmHe b ceBepHbix, neHTpaabHbix h roxH^ix oöaacrax Pocchh, oTMeTHB epeflH HHx HcKoHHbie H 3aHMcTBoBaHHbe y coceflHHx HapoaoB, B HacTHocTH y ^hhho -yropcKHx, a TaKxe 6oaee no3aHHe HaH nepeocMbicaeHHbie ^opMbi pmyaaoB. OcraBHB b cTopoHe Bonpoc o tom, noneMy npa3aHHHHbie nepcoHaxn HMeroT pa3aHHHbiö oöaHK h HMeHa, oh ocTaHoBHaca Ha aKcHoaorHHecKoM MoMeHTe 3thx oöpaaoB, cBa3aHHbix c npoayaHpyromeö MarHeö, poacTBeHHbix apxaHHecKHM o6binaaM HapoaoB EBponH. TaK cBaToHHaa Tpane3a coaepxHT pmyaa noMHHoBeHHa npeaKoB, hm xe nocBameHbi coaoMeHHbie koctph Ha paccBeTe bo aBope o6biHaö "rpeTb hokohhhkob", oTMeneHHbiH ,D,.K. 3eaeHHHHM (1909). CBaToHHaa Hrpa b "yMpyHa" Ha nocHaeaKax MoaoaexH Ha Cbatkh - o6biHaö öoaee no3aHHö, xoTa Kaxaaa aeTaab KocTroMa "noKoöHHKa" cBa3aHa c MH^oaorHnecKHMH noBepHaMH, ho 3to yxe Hrpa, h "yMpyH" oaeT h noanoacaH, KaK 3to xapaKTepHo aaa xhbhx. H 3aecb, h b "nepeKoBKe" cTapbix Ha Moaoabix, b KocTroMax paxeHbix apKo BHpaxeH ceKcyaabHbiö xapaKTep.
B.S. nponn TeM caMHM cMor BHecTH cymecTBeHHbie nonpaBKH b pa3MbimaeHHa fl.r. Op33epa o eBponeöcKoM KapHaBaae, o6 yMHparomeM h BocKpecaromeM öoxecTBe, Koraa "yMepmHÖ ayx pacTHTeabHocTH BH3HBaeT cKop6b h noHTeHHe" b ynacTHHKax pHTyaaa. Ho "c apyroö ctopohh ero HeHaBHaaT h öoaTca, ero cMepTH paayroTca". (Op33ep 1928, 33) KaxeTca, nponn cMor oTBeTHTb h Ha HeaoyMeHHbiö Bonpoc Op33epa. B ToMe o6 yMHparomHM öoxecTBe b cb«3h c noBeaeHHeH rpynnbi MoaoaexH npH noxopoHax coaoMeHHoö KyKabi oh nHcaa: "Toana nonepeMeHHo Beceaa, naaneT h noeT necHH...Ho hto moxho cKa3aTb o tom Beceabe, c kotophm Hacro bhhochtc« H3o6paxeHHe, o naaKax h KaMHax, kotophmh oho noÖHBaeTca, o HacMemKax h pyraTeabcTBax, kotophmh oho noHocHTca." (Op33ep 1920, 250, 264)
nponn oTMeTHa, hto b pyccKHx arpapHHx npa3aHHKax "öorH yMHpaaH He caMH co6oö, hx yÖHBaaH^B pyccKHx oöpaaax HHKaKoro npa3aHoBaHHa BocKpeceHba HeT. npa3aHHK coctoht He b BocKpeceHHH, a b yMepmBaeHHH^BoxecTBo BocKpecaeT He bo naoTH, oho BocKpecaeT b pacTHTeabHocTH...PyccKHH o6paa no cBoeö HaeoaorHH h no cbohm ^opMaM apxaHHHee, HeM BocTOHHbie h aHTHHHbie KyabTbi", xoTa "b pyccKHx arpapHHx pmyaaax KaKaa - to cBa3b Mexay npeacTaBaeHHeM o BocKpeceHHH H3 MepTBbix h o npoH3pacTaHHH 3aaKoB ecTb", ho 3to "cMyTHbie h HecKoabKo HeonpeaeaeHHbie npeacTaBaeHHa". (nponn 1963, 92, 95, 97)
B MoHorpa^HH "PyccKHe arpapHbie npa3aHHKH" h b npeamecrBoBaBmeö eö cTaTbe "PHTyaabHbH cMex b ^oabKaope" yHeHbiö oTMeTHa oco6hh xapaKTep cMexa, conpo-BoxaaBmero pHTyaabHoe yMepmBaeHHe. "Ha pyccKoM MaTepHaae mh He HMeeM naana Ha noxopoHax h cMexa npH BocKpeceHHH, mh HMeeM hx cMemeHHe: oaHH HMHTHpyroT naaH, apyrHe oaHoBpeMeHHo cKaHyT h cMeroTca. CMex HMeeT neabro oöecneHHTb yÖHBaeMoMy cymecTBy HoByro xH3Hb h HoBoe BonaomeHHe... Croaa xe moxho oTHecTH h apyrHe H3BecTHHe H3 3THorpa^HH ^aKTH cMexa npH noxopoHax, BHe3anHHH nepexoa ot naana k cMexy Ha PaayHHny, cMex Ha MorHaax b npa3aHHK Bceoömero BocKpeceHba. BocKpeceHbe npHpoaH h BocKpeceHHe öoxecraa o3HaHaeT, hto MepTBHe He yMepaH" (nponn 1963,103). TaKHM o6pa3oM oh cMor pacKpHTb aMÖHBaaeHTHyro npHpoay apxaHHecKoro KapHaBaabHoro cMexa. CaeayeT oTMeTHTb, hto b cbohx MHoroHHcaeHHbix paöoTax o cKa3Ke, a TaKxe b KHHre
"npo6aeMbi K0MH3Ma h cMexa" (1963) yneHbin onncaa npnpoay h HCTopnro KOMHnecKHx $opM.
B CTpyKType npa3aHHKa nponn noanepKHya cBa3b c npomabiM h oaHoBpeMeHHo c sthm ycTpeM^eHHocTb b 6yay^ee, caoxHyro BpeMeHHyro napaanrMy npa3aHHKa. OHa He Bceraa noaHocTbro h aBcraeHHo BbipaxeHa b KaxaoM caynae b paccMoTpeHHHx b KHHre o6paaax, o6binaax, ^oabKaope. OaHaKo BoccTaHoBaeHHaa yneHbiM noaHaa napaanraa npa3aHHKa noMoraa yBHaeTb apeBHroro ocHoBy arpapHon peanrHH h Marnn boctohhhx caaBaH Ha ee paHHen, e^e ao6oxecKon cTaann. Mororpa^na noaTBepanaa npaBH^bHocTb cncTeMHoro H3yneHna aBaeHHn KyabTypbi, Hanaroro e^e b "Mop^oaoran cKa3Kn". HeMHoronncaeHHHe sK3eMnaapbi sTon KHHrn aaan mo^hhi HMnyabc k H3yneHHro TpaannnoHHoñ KyabTypH, coaencTBoBaan noaBaeHHro MHornx nccaeaoBaHHn o MH^ax, pnryaaax h ^oabKaope : KHHrn E.M. MeaeTHHcKoro o6 apxeTHnax, repoax snoca h cKa3KH, A.K. Bañ6ypHHa o nepexoaHHx o6paaax b TpaannnoHHoñ KyabType, B.H. EpeMHHoñ o ceMenHbix o6paaax h MHornx apyrnx nccaeaoBaHHn.
TpyaH B.^. nponna xapaKTepHbi aaa TaK Ha3biBaeMon pyccKon ^opMaabHoñ mKoaH, aaa MeToaa nccaeaoBaHHa coaepxaTeabHoñ ^opMbi, ee HcTopnnecKon o6ycaoBaeHHocTH h yHHKaabHocTH, ncKaronaro^en Bce hhh ^opMbi, a TaKxe h Bce Heo^opMaeHHoe.
*
Pa3pa6oTKa ^naoco^cKon npo6aeMaTHKH cMexa b KHHre M.M. BaxTHHa "TBopnecTBo OpaHcya Pa6ae h HapoaHaa KyabTypa CpeaHeBeKoBba h PeHeccaHca", H3yneHne cBa3H poMaHa Pa6ae c HapoaHon KyabTypon npa3aHHKoB h Beceaba Bbi3Baan 6oabmoñ HHTepec. BaxTHH nncaa: "CMex HMeeT 6oabmoe MHpocoaepxaTeabHoe 3HaneHne, sto oaHa H3 cy^ecTBeHHenmnx ^opM npaBabi o MHpe, sto oco6aa yHHBepcaabHaa TonKa 3peHHa Ha MHp, BHaa^aa MHp no - HHoMy, ho He MeHee, ecan He 6oaee cy^ecTBeHHo, neM cepbe3HocTb" (BaxTHH 1990, 78). 9to 3Bynaao no - HoBoMy HMeHHo noToMy, hto noanepKHBaaacb poab cMexa b HapoaHon KyabType, xoTa sTa npo6aeMa HHTepecoBaaa MHornx yneHbix c apeBHHx BpeMeH. Mororpa^na BaxTHHa b Pocchh h Ha 3anaae H3ynaaacb b KoHTeKcTe apyrnx TpyaoB yneHoro, 3aTparHBaBmnx TeopeTHnecKHe npo6aeMbi scTeTHKH h norpaHHnHbie c Hero o6aacTH ryMaHHTapHHx HayK: sthkh, ncnxoaornn, KyabTypoaornn. npn eanHoaymHoM npH3HaHHH 3HanHTeabHocTH pa3pa6aTHBaeMHx yneHbiM npo6aeM, MopaabHon ctohkocth M.M. BaxTHHa Ha ero TpyaHoM xH3HeHHoM nyTH, cnopn o ero HaynHoM Hacaeann He yTHxaroT ao cnx nop.
B roónaenHoM 1995 roay xypHaabi ony6aHKoBaan paa cTaTen h MaTepnaabi nocBa^eHHHx eMy KoH^epeHnnn. H.H. OpnaMaH b xypHaae Bonpocbi ^naoco^HH ("KapHaBaa b oanHonKy") npocaexHBaeT caoxHbie h npoTHBopenHBbie noBopoTH TBopnecKon Mbican yneHoro. Oh nnmer Koraa nHTaTeab b 6yay^eM cmoxbt nponecTb MHoroToMHHK TpyaoB BaxTHHa, "oh 6yaeT nopaxeH xoaoM aBHxeHna aBTopcKon Mbican: b KaxaoM nocaeayro^eM ToMe no cy^ecTBy oTBepraeTca KaK naeñHHñ na^oc, TaK h npeaMeT nccaeaoBaHHa npeabiay^ero". (Bonpocn ^naoco^HH 1994\12, 80) B pa6oTax 20 - x roaoB "Abtop h repon", "npo6aeMH TBopnecTBa ^ocToeBcKoro" MeToaoaornnecKne ycTaHoBKH BaxTHHa "oTannaroTca HeKoTopon aBoncTBeHHocTbro: c oaHon ctopohh, oh opneHTHpyeTca Ha KaaccnnecKyro Tpaannnro ^naoco^cKoro KoHcTpynpoBaHHa Ha ocHoBe 6a3HcHbix cy6teKTHo - o6teKTHHx oTHomeHHñ b KoopaHHaTax "a - aaa ce6a - apyron". C apyron ctopohh, b KanecTBe KoHKpeTHon
MeTOflOAorHH oh Hcno^b3yeT "^eHOMeHonoranecKoe onHcaHHe neHHocraoro c03HaHHa ceöa caMoro h c03HaHHa mhom Apyroro". (BaxTHH 1979, 163)
,fl,Hanor poMaHHHx repoeB, npoTHBonocraBneHHe "a" h "th", KOTopbie oh c^HTan xaHpoBOH npHHaflnexHocTbro poMaHa, b KHHre o Paöne cMeHHAHcb "poaobhm HapoAHHM TenoM", He pacnneHaeMbiM Ha HHAHBHAyanbHocTH. (BaxTHH 1990, 35) B 3tom MorAO cKa3aTbca h ycTapeBmee poMamranecKoe noHaTHe o KOAAeKTHBHocTH h 6e3HMaHHocTH HapoAHoro TBopnecTBa, AOBOAbHO e^ë pacnpocTpaHeHHoe b 30-e roAH, KorAa OTBne-neHHoe noHaTHe o HapoAe BOOÖ^e mhpho yxHBanocb c KnaccoBoä aoktphhoh.
npoÖAeMaTHHHHM 0Ka3aA0cb h noHaTHe KapHaBaAa, cToa^ee b neHTpe MOHorpa^HH o poMaHe Paöne h KyAbType cpeAHeBeKOBba h peHeccaHca. Ccbmaacb Ha onHcaHHe pHMcKoro KapHaBaAa b "HTaAbaHcKHx nyTemecTBHax" TëTe, yneHbrä He AaeT ero onHcaHHa, He onpeAeAaeT cTpyKTypH npa3AHHKa. Oh öepeT AHmb OTAeAbHHe nepra KapHaBaAa h H^eT hx OTpaxeHHa b poMaHe 'Tapramroa h HaHTarproanb". 9to, b nepByro onepeAb, nepra aMÖHBaneHTHocTH b pHTyane npa3AHHKa, xoTa aMÖHBaneHTHocTb noHaTHH xapaKTepH3yeT He TOAbKO KapHaBaA, a noAHocTbro MH^onoranecKoe MbimneHHe. BaxTHH He npocTO BHAeAaeT KapHaBaA b paAy apythx npa3AHHK0B, a cKopee OTpHBaeT ot ApyrHx npa3AHHK0B, oöpaAOB, oÖHnaeB, conpoBOXAaBmHx xH3Hb nenoBeKa TpaAHUHOHHOH KyAbTypH OT pOXAeHHa AO caMOH cMepTH. BaxTHH cHHTaA, HTO "MHOrHe HapoAHO - npa3AHHHHbie ^opMbi..., nepeAaB KapHaBaAy paA cbohx nepT, npHTOM b öoAbmHHcTBe cnynaeB HaHÖonee cy^ecTBeHHbix, npoAonxanH BnanHTb napaAAeAbHO KapHaBaAy xanKoe h oöeAHeHHoe cy^ecTBOBaHHe". (BaxTHH 1990, 243) H KapHaBaA, OTpHBaacb ot cBoeö nm-aTenbHOH cpeAH, HanHHaeT npHOöpeTaTb OTBneneHHbie, a BcKope h yTonHnecKHe nepra. KapHaBaAbHOMy cMexy npHAaeTca oahoctopohhhh h Aaxe nparMaTHHecKHH xapaKTep. no MHeHHro aBTopa, oh HanpaBAeH npoTHB o^HnHaAbHon ^eoAaAbHOH h uepKOBHOH npaBAH. PaAocTHbrä cMex BHcTynaeT b MOHorpa^HH BaxTHHa AHmb KaK noöexAeHHbrä cTpax, "b ^opMe yp0AAHB0 - cMemHoro, b ^opMe BHBepHyTHx HaH3HaHKy cHMBOAOB BAacTH H HacHAHa, B KOMHHecKHx 06pa3ax cMepTH, B BeceAHx pacTep3aHHax". (105) OAHaKO b KapHaBaAbHOM npa3AHecTBe oÖHOBneHHa xh3hh "BeceAbe pacTep3aHHa" cBa3aHH c TparanecKOÖ ctopohoh npa3AHHKa, c xepTBOH. BeAb Aaxe b onHcaHHH pHMcKoro KapHaBaAa y TëTe OTMeneHa onacHocTb, npHcyTcTBHe cMepTH, B03M0XH0cTb HeAOBeHecKOH cMepTH.
B 1965 roAy nocAe BbixoAa b cBeT MOHorpa^HH o Paöne b peneH3HH Ha Hee A.S. TypeBHH nHcaA, hto npH Bceö H0BH3He b ocBe^eHHH KyAbTypHO - HcTopmecKon poAH cMexa b anoxy cpeAHHx BeKOB, cpa3y B03HHKaroT "HeKOTopbie Bonpocb, coMHeHHa h Aaxe B03paxeHHa" (rypeBHH 1966, 208). "HepBoe coMHeHHe: Hto TaKoe HapoA, kotophh öha HocHTeAeM cMexoBOH KyAbTypb". BeAb "caMa HapoAHaa KyAbTypa He 6bina TOAbKO cMexoBon", OHa coAepxana "He TOAbKO KapHaBanbHbrä xoxot, ho h rnyôoKyro penH-rH03H0cTb_". Hto KacaeTca onno3HnHH o^HnHanbHon AorMe, to "OHa Bbipaxanacb b nepByro onepeAb b Botocaobckoh epecH, noA^ac BecbMa AaneKOH ot cMexa h xH3HepaA0cTH0cTH OpaHnHcKa AccH3cKoro" (TypeBHH 1966, 208 - 209). TypeBHH Bbpa3HA coMHeHHe h b Tom, HTO TeMa "poAOBoro Tena" b KapHaBane 0Tpa3Hna "xHBoe omy^eHHe HapoAOM cBoero KonneKTHBHoro HapoAHoro öeccMepTHa" (BaxTHH 1965, 551), BeAb b KapHaBane npHHHManH ynacTHe Bce, a He TOAbKO HH3mHe caoh o6^ecTBa...CaM KapHaBan KaxeTca HaM BOBce He AHmeHHHM H3BecraoH HopMaTHBHocTH h, ecnH yr0AH0, HrpoBOH pHTyanbHocTH. HoBeAeHHe ynacTHHKOB KapHaBana, BepHO, öhao MaKcHManbHO cboöoaho ot 06biAeHH0H cKOBaHHocTH, ho h x0A npa3AHecTBa h ynoTpeönaeMbie TOAbKO
bo BpeMa Hero BHpaxeHHa h xecTH, MacKH h nocrynKH h "nno^aaHaa HoMHHanHa" ÖHnH aaHH ero ynacTHHKaM TpaaHnHeH... CMexoBoe Hanaro HapoaHoH KynbTypH nexano Ha ypoBHe MHpoo^y^eHHa, oô^ecTBeHHoH ncHxonorHH, Toraa KaK o^HnHanbHaa Kynbrypa ^HKCHpoBana oô^ecTBeHHHe HaeH, HaeonorHro, MHpoBo33peHHe. OcTaeTca HeacHHM, b neM kophh aMÖHBaneHTHocTH HapoaHoH KyflbTypH? "OnaceHHe" peneroema, nTo "pe3ynbraTH npe3BHnaHHo nnoaoTBopHoro Tpyaa BaxTHHa" ôyayT "TpaKToBaTbca o^HocTopoHHe", (rypeBHn 1966, 209 - 211) k coxaneHHro, noaTBepaHnHCb cnonHa.
A.^. TypeBHn KocHynca npoôneMH cpeaHeBeKoBoro rpoTecKa b cnenHanbHoH paôoTe 1975 roaa, nocBa^eHHoH naMarH M.M. BaxTHHa. B MoHorpa^HH "npoôneMH cpeaHeBeKoBoH HapoaHoH KynbTypH" oh nHcan, nTo BaxTHH npHaan HapoaHoMy noHHMaHHro He xapaKTepHHH ana Hero "napaMerp... HcropHnecKoro HapoaHoro co3HaHHa... HapoaHoe npa3flHecTBo ecTb nepepHB b HopManbHoM TeneHHH BpeMeHH, BHpaxaro^HH CBoeoôpa3HHH pHTM ero, ho sto - 3apyÖKH Ha Konece H3BenHoH noBTopaeMocTH, tohkh Kpyra, a He MoMeHTH, npHflaro^He xoay BpeMeHH HCTopHnecKyro CTpyKTypy (rypeBHn 1982, 169 -170). B CBoeH hoboH paôoTe "CpeaHeBeKoBHH MHp. Kynbrypa 6e3MonBCTByro^ero ôonbmHHCTBa" oh KocHynca h Bonpoca BnHaHHa ycTHoH HapoaHoH KynbTypH Ha nHCbMeHHyro nepKoBHyro KynbTypy h oTMeran, nTo "MaccoByro ncHxonorHro HaceneHHa 3anaaHoH EBponH b XVI h XVII BeKax xapaKTepraoBana BHcoKaa Bo3ÖyaHMocTb -cnyTHHna xpoHHnecKoro HeaoeaaHHa ôonbmHHCTBa HaceneHHa, ôeccHnHe nepea cthxhHhhmh CHnaMH npHpoaH, ...HecnocoÖHocTb oTnHnaTb ecTecTBeHHoe ot CBepxtecTecTBeHHoro", nTo "cnocoôcTBoBano yMHoxeHHro cyeBepHH, cnyxoB h HeKomponHpyeMHx naHHK". nosTOMy KapTHHa, pHcyeMaa coBpeMeHHHMH HCTopHorpa-$aMH, "cy^ecTBeHHo oTnHnaeTca ot toH, b kotopoH - cornacHo BaxTHHy -KoHCTpyKTHBHHM sneMeHToM ÖHn KapHaBanbHHH xH3HeyTBepxaaro^HH CMex.B oôcTaHoBKe penHrao3HHx boHh h conHanbHHx koh^hktob, npecneaoBaHHa BeabM h epeTHKoB ana CMexoBoH KynbTypH, BHpBaBmeHca - no BaxTHHy - Ha ypoBeHb "ôonbmoH nHTepaTypH" b poMaHe Paône, bo btopoH nonoBHHe XVI h nepBoH nonoBHHe XVII BeKoB ocTaBanocb HeMHoro MecTa". (rypeBHn 1990, 325)
Oô oaHocTopoHHecTH npoôneMH KapHaBana b MoHorpa^HH BaxTHHa nHcan aMepHKaHCKHH yneHHH - KoMnapaTHBHCT M.A. BepHCTeHH. Cboh 3aMenaHHa o "hh3kom repoe" y BaxTHHa oh HanHHaeT c noHaTHa "KapHaBanH3anHH", BBeaeHHoH BaxTHHHM, npHnaraBmHM nepTH KapHaBana k apyrHM aBneHHaM KynbTypH, nTo - no MHeHHro BepHCTeHHa - BeaeT "k Kpaxy HepapxHH h pa3nHnHH". B aHanrae BaxTHHHM poMaHa Paône "penb HaeT CKopee He o noMKe o^HnHanbHHx HepapxHH h ycTapeBmHx cyxaeHHH, a oô oTKnoHeHHH BHroaHoH TonKH 3peHHa, c kotopoH neHHocTb MoxeT ÖHTb Bce-TaKH yTBepxaeHa (BepHCTeHH 1985, 99 - 100) . "Hto yaHBHTenbHo, 3aMenaeT BepHCTeHH, b nHTepaTypHoH TpaaHnHH aHanoroB caTypHanHH, HanHHaa c hx KnaccHnecKHx hctokob h aonroe BpeMa nočne peHeccaHca, sto to, KaK peaKo CMex ("npa3aHHnHHH, yHHBepcanbHHH h aMÖHBaneHTHbrä" - no BaxTHHy) BH3HBaeT coMHeHHe y npHcyTCTByro^Hx b cnocoÖHocTH hx cyxaeHHH h oneHoK" (106). BepHCTeHH cnHraeT Henenecooôpa3HHM npHMeHeHHe noHaTHa "KapHaBanraanHH" h k poMaHy Paône, oh nHmeT, nTo "nroôoBb BaxTHHa k Paône h k ToMy, nTo oh paccMaTpHBaeT KaK ocBoôoxaaromyro SHepraro CaTypHanHH, co BpeMeHeM ocnenHnH ero. Beab HoBennH Paône MaHH^ecrapoBaHHo He MHMeTHnHH" (117).
HccneaoBaTenbHHna HaynHoro HacneaHa BaxTHHa H. BoHenKaa oTMenaeT, nTo y nponHTaBmero KHHry o Paône "He Bo3HHKno hh eaHHoH nepTonKH OpaHcya Paône...Bo BcaKoM cnynae ot Paône. ocTaeTca oaHa ^aMHnHa, oaHa nycTaa oôononKa, HanonHeHHe
dpxeßem KŒMŒH
xe 3toh oöonoHKH - CMexoBaa KynbTypa cpenHeBeKOBba h peHeccaHca" (BoHenKaa 1985, 85 - 86). B npyroH CTaTbe OHa OTMenaeT, hto "BaxTHH paccnnaeT poMaH Paöne Ha aneMeHTH, neTanH h HCcnenyeT hx CMbicnbi "b KapHaBanbHbix neöcTBax". HHTepecHo, hto Ha 3TOM HCcnenoBaHHe h 3aKaHHHBaeTca, aneMeHTH He coöHparoTca b nenoKynHOCTb, "cMbicn" poMaHa OTOxnecTBnaeTca co "cMbicnoM" KapHaBana" (BoHenKaa 1995, 22).
B aHanH3e poMaHa Paöne BaxTHH KaK öynTO ynycTHn h3 BHny ero "cepbe3HHe CTOpOHH, ^HnOCO^CKHe HneH, CKpHTHe non nHHHHOH CKOMOpOmbHx BHxOnOK", O HeM nHcan A.H. BecenoBCKHH, BHneBmHH b HeM « nymeBHyro ÖHorpa^Hro Paöne, HneanbHyro ÖHorpa^Hro BeceHHeö nopbi $paHny3CKoro BO3poxneHHa, HpaBCTBeHHyro ÖHorpa^Hro nenoro nepHona BO3poxneHHa" (BecenoBCKHH 1939, 402, 463).
BeHrepcKHH HCcnenoBaTenb TBopHecTBa Paöne 9... BaHoMH nonHepKHBaeT npexne Bcero to, hto aBTop poMaHa o TapraHTroa h HaHTarproane önn "npeBOcxonHHM noBecTBOBaTeneM", "3HnHKnonenHHecKH oöpa3OBaHHbiM HenoBeKOM PeHeccaHca", KOToporo HHTepecoBano Bce: ynpaBneHHe rocynapcTBOM, nonHTHKa, reorpa^HHecKHe HCcnenoBaHHa, KonoHHanbHHe 3KcnenHnHH, HpaBCTBeHHHe nHneMMH h penHrHO3Hbie nHcnyTH.Ero nonoxHTenbHbie ^Hrypbi, c onHOH CTopoHH, Mynpbie ryMaHHCTH, c npyroH CTopoHH, nonHOKpoBHHe HaponHHe oöpa3bi, a oTpHnaTenbHbie - öonee npocTOBaTbi". Monroe BpeMa HCcnenoBaTenH h nyönHKa 3aMeHanH b npoH3BeneHHH BenHKoro nHcaTena TonbKO roMop HnH ocMeaHHe. "Paöne h BnpaBny CMeeTca, Korna cepnHTca, CMeeTca, Korna panyeTca, nna Hero xapaKTepHbi h nbromaaca Hepe3 KpaH x3HepanocTHOCTb, HrpHBoe Becenbe h nnyTOBCTBO, h naxe O3opcTBo" (BaHoMH 1965, 216).
E.M. MeneTHHCKHH 3aMeTHn, hto BaxTHH « HecKonbKO paöne3HpyeT cpenHeBeKOBoe HapOnHOe MHpOBO33peHHe, B KOTOpOM H KapHaBanbHbIH "UHKnH3M" H 3CxaTOnOrHHeCKHH "onTHMH3M" Ha caMOM nene coHeTaeTca co CTpaxoM cMepTH, c yHHHToxaromeö caTypHa-nbHOH HacMemKOH, HaTypanH3MOM KaK TaKOBbiM. He cnynaÖHO Bce 3th KapHaBanbHbie nepeBopaHHBaHHa ycTaHOBneHHOH HepapxHH öbinH CTporo orpaHHHeHbi bo BpeMeHH" (MeneTHHCKHH 1986, 218). "yHHBepcanbHHH komh3m", o KOTOpOM roBopHn BaxTHH, "BHnaHHBaHHe HH3MeHHbix HHCTHHKTOB, BCaKOrO pona "rpa3HHx" nOnpOöHOCTeH, CBa3aH-hhx c xanHOCTbro, apoTHKOH h t. n. npoTHBOCTOHT nepBoöbrraoMy cnHpHTyanH3My, nonyHHBmeMy b HacTHOCTH pa3BHTHe b maMaHH3Me. Oh cponHH toh "KapHaBanbHOCTH", KOTopaa npoaBHnacb b aneMeHTax caMonaponHH, HMeBmHxca h b pHTyanax aBCTpanHËneB, h b phmckhx caTypHanHax, b cpenHeBeKOBbix "npa3nHHKax nypaKOB", onpoKHnbiBaromnx HepapxHHecKHH nopanoK, b myTOBCKOM BOcnpoH3BeneHHH nepKOBHOH cnyxöbi h t. n." (MeneTHHCKHH 1986, 23). OnHaKO, no MHeHHro MeneTHHCKoro, KapHaBanbHbiH CMex, co3naro^HH öynTO öh poMaH Paöne ("Ero npoH3BeneHHe - 3to nenaa 3HnHKnonenHa HaponHOH KynbTypb" BaxTHH 1990, 67) He npHnoxHM k poMaHy CepBaHTeca, k KOTopoMy "He npHMeHHMH Te3HCH o TOM, hto MaTepHanbHO - TenecHaa CTHxHa BHCTynaeT b KaHecTBe Hanana cyryöo nonoxHTenbHoro, hto "BcaKHH ynap no CTapoMy MHpy noMoraeT poxneHHro HOBoro" (BaxTHH 1990, 228).
M.M. BaxTHH npononxan paöoTaTb Han npoöneMoH CMexa h b "^ononHeHHax h H3MeHeHHax k "Paöne" oh HCKan npoaBneHHa KapHaBanbHoro CMexa y Torona, b cönHxeHHH TparHHecKoro h KOMHHecKoro b poMaHax ^ocToeBCKoro, b TparenHax ffleKcnHpa, b npo3BH^ax, b öpaHH h T.n. Ho HenonHOCTbro BOCCTaHOBneHHaa yHeHHM napanHrMa npa3nHHKa, aöcTparHpoBaHHe OnHOH CTopoHH KapHaBanbHoro CMexa npHBeno ero k onHOCTopoHHHM BHBonaM OTHOCHTenbHO nanbHeömeö cynböb CMexoBbix ^opM, b kotophx oh yBHnen TonbKO nHmb "penyKnHro", oöenHeHHe CMexa. TeM caMHM yMananHCb h naxe
Tepann cMbicn oco6aa ceMaHTHKa, acTeTnnecKne KanecTBa n bo3moxhocth BbipaxeHna pa3pocmenca yxe b Hamn nHn cMexoBon nanmpbi : roMopa, carnpbi, npoHnn, capKa3Ma, pa3flBHHyBmnx nonroca cMemHoro n cTpamHoro b apxannecKoM rpoTecKe. (KaMaH 1988, 1996)
KpañHe HHTepecHH 3aMenaHna Kapnn 9MepcoH - nepeBonnnnbi n nccnenoBa-TenbHnnbi TpynoB BaxTnHa. KHnra o Pa6ne crana 6ecrcennepoM b aHrnoa3HHHoM Mnpe n "o6ocHoBana nHTepec k HeMy KaK neBny Tena n TenecHocTn", hto KoHeHHo nMeno oTHomeHne "k Hpe3MepHoMy n 6one3HeHHoMy nHTepecy k BonpocaM nona b Hamn nHn", k npoöneMe rpoTecKa n aporaKn (K. 9MepecoH 1996, 76 - 77). Co BpeMeHeM, nnmeT K. 9MepcoH ee "Hanano pa3npaxaTb...noHaTne KapHaBana", npoTnBocroamee pyccKon Tpannnnn "nyxoBHoro xpncTnaHcKoro nnanora". (78) KapHaBan - b noHnMaHnn Kapnn 9MepcoH - 3acTaBnan 3anyMaTbca: c KeM Ben nnanor caM aBTop. ByHTapcKne mothbh KapHaBana, nonxBaneHHbie M. KpncTeBon, cbirpann cBoro ponb b co6brrnax bo OpaHnnn b 67 - 68 rony, a b Poccnn npoaBnnn ce6a KaK "nBe yxacaromne pyccKne KpaHHocrn: yTonna n aHapxna" (K. 9MepcoH 1996, 73).
KaK Mb BnnnM, oneHKa nnen n TpynoB yneHoro ocTaeTca cnopHa, a KpnTnnecKaa nnTepaTypa o HeM yxe TpynHo o6o3pnMa. Ecnn npnHaTb bo BHnMaHne ee ocHoBHbie TeHneHnnn, to 3to npexne Bcero Bonpoc o ^nnoco^cKnx ocHoBax Tpyna BaxTnHa. OnHaKo cornacna HeT n 3necb, n pa3Hbie nccnenoBaTenn oTHocaT yneroro k pa3HbiM ^nnoco^cKnM HanpaBneHnaM Hanana XX BeKa, n Hanöonee nHTepecHbi Te pa6oTbi, b kotophx TpynH M.M. BaxTnHa paccMaTpnBaroTca b KoHTeKcTe anoxn, b conocTaBneHnn c TpynaMn ero coBpeMeHHnKoB.
OnnH n3 n3BecTHbx nnTepaTypoBenoB Hamnx nHen C. BonapoB, MHoro cnenaBmnn nna n3naHna n rayneHna TpynoB BaxTnHa, cKa3an: "Ho mKonbi BaxTnHa b Teopnn nnTepaTypb HeT". H, nonxHo 6biTb, hto6h cMarnnTb 3tot ^aKT, no6aBnn: "BepoaTHo, mKonbi b HameM nene o6pa3yroTca BoKpyr 6onee HeTKoro n KoHKpeTHoro Kpyra nnen nonpome", b pone "TaKoro oTKpbrrna" KaK "MaTepnan n npneM", KaK HaöneHHbiH Enron, npocTaa oTMbiHKa k TanHe xynoxecTBa" (BonapoB 1995, 214 - 215). C 3thm MHeHneM TpynHo cornacnTbca, oco6eHHo c pacxoxnM onpeneneHneM TpynoB TaK Ha3HBaeMHx "pyccKnx ^opManncTOB" (KaMaH 1971). Ho coBepmeHHo cnpaBennnBo 3axnroneHne C. BonapoBa o tom, hto BaxTnH "oTKpbin noBonbHo o6mnpHbin MaTepnK... npo6neM, KaK HoBHe 3eMnn Ha KapTe ryMaHnTapHon HayKn" (BonapoB 1995, 215).
TBopnecKoe Hacnenne yneroro cBnneTenbcTByeT o ero HeycTaHHHx noncKax b o6nacrn ^nnoco^cKoñ acTeTnKn, cMenoM xone MHcnn b hobom, nacro npoTnBono-noxHoM HanpaBneHnn, ocTaBnaromnM otkphthmh nyTn npyrnM nccnenoBaTenaM, a TaKxe - n He3aBepmeHHHe KoHnennnn. BaxTnH ynnn yrny6neHHoMy npoHTeHnro nnTepaTypHoro TeKcTa, nocTaHoBKe Ha ero ocHoBaHnn acTeTnnecKnx npo6neM. B naHHoM cnynae aHanranpyeMbin b Hamen cTaTbe onHocropoHHnn nonxon yneroro k npo6neMe npa3nHnKa yBneK MHornx noBepnnBbix "yneHnKoB" cBoen KBa3n-npocToTon n nocnyxnn otmhhkoh b pacKpbrran "nro6bix" BonpocoB xh3hh, Kynbrypbi, nnTepaTypbi. O6 3toh onacHocTn eme 30 neT ToMy Ha3an npenynpexnan A.^. TypeBnn. Bonpoc o "KapHaBann3annn" npencraBnaeTca H.n. OpnnMaHy "3anyTaHHHM" (OpnnMaH 1994, 87). B HeKoTopbix nccnenoBaHnax mh MoxeM BcTpeTnTb TaKne yTBepxneHna, 6ynro 6h BaxTnH "ocBo6onnn npo6neMy KapHaBana ot MeTa^rannecKon oKpameHHocTn" n noKa3HBan ncTopnro KapHaBanbHoro co3HaHna "b xaHpax 6ynHnHHon nneonornn" (.H. Cnnapn 1989, 85). Ho y BaxTnHa "KapHaBanbHoe co3HaHne" He TepaeT cBoero
npa3aHHHHoro xapaKTepa. H xoTa 3BynaHHe caKpaabHocTH b HeM h npHraymeHo, yneHbrä HHrae He cHHxaeT noHaTHa KapHaBaaa ao "KapHaBaabHo - 6yaHHnHbix ^opM", "KapHaBaabHHx ^opM öyaHHHHoö xh3hh", hto oTKpHBaeT aopory yxe 6e36pexHoö "KapHaBaaH3anHH" (.H. Cnaapa 1989, 38, 65). noaoÖHoe c6aHxeHHe aro6oro aBaeHHa XH3HH h KyabTypH c npa3aHHKoM BeceHHero o6HoBaeHHa "pemaeT" Bonpoc jHmb Ha caoBax, Beab apabineK "KapHaBaaraanHH" aeaaeT H3JimHHM KaKoH 6h to hh 6biao aHaaH3.
B BeHrpHH, KaK h noBcroay npo6aeMH acTeTHKH, TeopHH poMaHa b Tpyaax BaxTHHa H3ynaroTca MHorHMH. B 1976 roay BHmea nepeBoa KHHrH "9cTeTHKa caoBecHoro TBopnecTBa", b 1982 roay - MoHorpa^HH o Pa6ae. O cnopHoM h 6eccnopHoM b Tpyaax yneHoro nHcaa nepeBoanHK h HccaeaoBaTeab ero pa6oT Ha6a KëHnëa, a TaKxe flbroaa KHpan, Apnaa KoBan, Hoxe^ Taaaap h apyrHe. O3HaKoMaeHHe h H3yneHHe TpyaoB BaxTHHa npoaoaxaeTca.
npHMenaHHa
ABepHHneB C.C.: M. BaxTHH - peTpocneKTHBa h nepcneKTHBa. "^pyx6a HapoaoB" 1994\12.
AaeKcaHapoBa P.H.: 9THnecKoe h acTeTHnecKoe b TBopnecTBe M.M. BaxTHHa.// BonpocH
oh^oco^hh" 1994\12. BaxTHH M.M.: TBopnecTBo OpaHcya Pa6ae h HapoaHaa KyabTypa CpeaHeBeKoBba h
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The Paradigm of the Feast in the Work of V. Propp and M. Bakhtin
Erzsebet Kaman
This study deals with a comparison of two monographs: "Russian Agrarian Feasts" (1963) by Propp, and " Rabelais and his World" (1965) by M. Bakhtin.
Both books deal from different angles with analysis of the carnival held after the winter solstice, celebrating life and the awakening of nature. Both books were written in the thirties but were not published until the sixties.
Vladimir Propp's historical typological investigation of archaic culture, folklore, and the tale was made within the frame of what was known as the "Russian formalist school". He focused his attention on determining the structure of the "substantive form" (tale, epic). This determination excluded all other artistic formulations as well as phenomena not formulated aesthetically.
Using the method he elaborated in "The Morphology of the Folktale ", Propp surveyed the multitude of Russian feasts, and in "Russian Agrarian Feasts" he examined the behaviour of the leading figures (symbols) and participants of feasts throughout the year and found functional coincidences. In the light of rites, customs and folklore, he classified the main elements alluding to the archaic Eastern Slav religion.
The study also deals with Propp's methodological conclusions, his observations challenging the views of J.G.Frazer on the victim and archaic comedy, and his debate with C. Levi - Strauss.
Mikhail Bakhtin's work was carried out in the context of phenomenologically inspired Russian philosophical criticism. His monograph on Francois Rabelais' novel and its links with popular culture made an innovative study of the tradition of the carnival in the Middle Ages and at the time of the French Renaissance. However Bakhtin's carnival theory is being increasingly criticised as a one-side interpretation of the carnival which neglected the sacral character of the feasts and its catharsis, and culminated in the notion of carnivalization.
Bakhtin linked carnivalization with the ambivalence of carnival and carnival humour, and applied it to the artistic and literary phenomena of different ages. The study cites the observations of E. Meletinsky, A. Gurevich, M.A. Bernstein, Carl Emerson and other researchers evaluating the work of Bakhtin and criticising his carnival theory.