Original scientific article received: 2017-03-15
ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 8 • 2017 • 1
UDC: 612.741
DIFFERENCES OF THE TENSIOMYOGRAPHY-DERIVED BICEPS FEMORIS MUSCLE CONTRACTION TIME AND DISPLACEMENT BETWEEN DIFFERENT AGE AND FITNESS
GROUPS
Marko VIDNJEVIČ1, Rumiana TASHEVA2, Jure URBANC3, Urška GAŠPERIN4
'Alma Mater Europaea - ECM, Maribor, Slovenia 2National Sports Academy (NSA) "Vasil Levski", Sofia, Bulgaria 3University of Maribor, Faculty of Education, Maribor, Slovenia-4University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
Corresponding author: Urška GAŠPERIN University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences Polje 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia phone: +386 70 817 689 e-mail: urska.gasperin@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare tensiomyography-derived biceps femoris muscle (BF) contraction time (Tc) and maximal radial displacement (Dm).
Methods: Ninety male participants were divided into three age groups: young adults (YA; 23.7 ± 4.3 years), middle-aged adults (MA; 46.7 ± 5.6 years), and older adults (OA; 64.2 ± 6.5 years). Furthermore, the participants were divided in two physical activity groups - the sedentary and those who were regularly engaged in recreational sports activities (at least three times a week). Tensiomyography (TMG) method was used to measure the BF Dm and Tc during isometric single-twitch maximal contraction.
Results: We found shorter Tc in active YA than sedentary YA (P = 0.001). Active YA had also shorter Tc than active OA (P = 0.046). Active YA had also a lower Dm than sedentary YA (P = 0.031), while pooled YA showed a trend towards a lower Dm than pooled MA (P = 0.073) and pooled OA (P = 0.120).
Discussion and conclusions: TMG data indicates a transition towards higher slow-twitch muscle fibre type with age and sedentary lifestyle. Furthermore, TMG data also indicates a lower muscle tone with age and sedentary lifestyle. Data obtained with TMG can be used to assess muscle imbalances in human body, which may be of clinical importance.
Keywords: tensiomyography, biceps femoris, lifestyle, aging, sport.
15
ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 8 • 2017 • 1
Marko VIDNJEVIČ, Rumiana TASHEVA, Jure URBANC, Urška GAŠPERIN: DIFFERENCES OF THE ..., 15-22
Z METODO TENZIOMIOGRAFIJE IZMERJENE RAZLIKE MED ČASOM KONTRAKCIJE IN ODMIKOM MIŠICE MED RAZLIČNO STARIMI IN FIZIČNO AKTIVNIMI SKUPINAMI
IZVLEČEK
Uvod: Namen pričujoče študije je bil primerjati s tenziomiografsko metodo (TMG) pridobljen čas kontrakcije (Tc) in maksimalni odmik (Dm) trebuha dvoglave stegenske mišice (BF).
Metode: Devetdeset moških udeležencev je bilo razdeljenih v 3 starostne skupine: mladi odrasli (YA; 23.7 ± 4.3 let), odrasli v srednjih letih (MA; 46.7 ± 5.6 let) in starejši odrasli (OA; 64.2 ± 6.5 let). Nadalje so bili udeleženci razdeljeni v 2 skupini glede na rednost ukvarjanja s fizično aktivnostjo- sedeči in tisti, ki so se redno ukvarjali z rekreativno obliko športne dejavnosti (vsaj 3-krat na teden). Metoda TMG je bila uporabljena za merjenje odziva parametrov Dm in Tc mišice BF na en maksimalni dražljaj.
Rezultati: Ugotovili smo, da imajo aktivni YA krajši Tc od sedečih YA (P = 0.001) in tudi krajši Tc od aktivnih OA (P = 0.046). Aktivni YA imajo nižji Dm kot sedeči YA (P = 0.031). Za YA je značilen trend nižjega Dm v primerjavi z MA (P = 0.073) in z OA (P = 0.120).
Razprava in zaključki: Dobljeni podatki kažejo, da mišica BF z leti in s sedečim načinom življenja postaja počasnejša in manj tonizirana. Na osnovi pridobljenih TMG podatkov se lahko oceni mišična neravnovesja v človeškem telesu in rezultate se lahko interpretira tudi v okviru klinične pomembnosti.
Ključne besede: tenziomiografija, biceps femoris, življenjski slog, staranje, šport
INTRODUCTION
The world's population is aging, and the proportion of elderly people keeps increasing. In 2010, the proportion of people aged over 65 years accounted for about 8 % of the world's population. The forecast for 2050 projects that the percentage will increase to 16 %, which will represent some 1.5 billion people (2010 Revision of the World Population Prospects).
According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2015), which summarizes Eurostat's data projections, it is expected that in the year 2060 a third of Slovenians will be aged over 65 years. In 2015, the proportion of Slovenians older than 65 amounted to 20 %, whereas it is estimated that this will increase to 30 % in 2060. Longer life spans as well as larger proportions of elderly population will likely lead to an increase in the number of diseases that are more prevalent with age.
16
ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 8 • 2017 • 1
Marko VIDNJEVIC, Rumiana TASHEVA, Jure URBANC, Urska GASPERIN: DIFFERENCES OF THE ..., 15-22
It is clear that physical inactivity significantly contributes to mortality, as the WHO (2013) reported that over 3.2 million people die each year due to physical inactivity. Many non-communicable chronic health conditions, prevailing in developed and developing countries are associated with physical inactivity (Blair, Sallis, Hutber, & Archer, 2012; Chodzko-Zajko et al., 2009; Paterson, Jones, & Rice, 2007).
In addition to the higher incidence of these risk factors with aging, a decline in many physiological systems occurs along with the loss of muscle mass, impaired balance, reductions of muscle strength and endurance (Sakuma & Yamaguchi, 2012) as well as cognitive capacities, all of which impacts functional independence (Salthouse, 2003).
There are various guidelines for physical activity of people aged 65 years and above: (i) The WHO's recommends (WHO, 2010) at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or at least 75 minutes of high intensity physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate and high intensity exercise; (ii) The American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM) and the American Heart Association (AHA) recommend 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic physical activity 5 times per week, or 20 minutes of high intensity physical activity 3 times per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate and high intensity exercise with a duration of at least 10 minute bouts is recommended (Nelson et al., 2007). While WHO is not specific, the ACSM and the AHA emphasize that it is also necessary to incorporate strength training twice per week, which should be composed of 8 to 10 exercises with 10 to 15 repetitions and 1 to 2 sets.
Simunic, Pisot, & Rittweger (2009) investigated the age and sport activity type on postural (VL, vastus lateralis) and non-postural (BF, biceps femoris) muscle contraction time in master athletes and non-athletes. Authors performed Tensiomyographic (TMG) assessment of 35+ years of control group, explosive athletes and endurance athletes. They found that the sport activity type significantly affects contraction time (Tc) only in non-postural BF muscle. BF muscle deteriorates in all groups, but least in explosive athletes, which emphasizes strength and power training to maintain skeletal muscle contractile properties. They explained that postural muscles receive enough daily stimuli to be prevented from major deterioration. Although they reported Tc data, they failed to report maximal displacement of TMG response (Dm).
Therefore, we decided to obtain TMG responses and calculate Tc and Dm of BF in 3 age groups and 2 fitness groups. We decided to measure BF as, according to Valencic & Djordjevic (2002) in Djordjevic, Rozman, & Pisot (2005), there are indications that BF muscle is one of the most sensitive to deterioration or improvement after physical inactivity or age and training, respectively.
17
ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 8 • 2017 • 1
Marko VIDNJEVIC, Rumiana TASHEVA, Jure URBANC, Urska GASPERIN: DIFFERENCES OF THE ..., 15-22
METHODS Participants
Ninety male participants were divided into 3 age groups and measured in the laboratory of the Institute for Kinesiology Research in Koper, using TMG: young adults (YA), middle-aged adults (MA), and older adults (OA). The selection of participants was based on the following criteria: 15 YA (age: 23.7 ± 4.3 years; body height: 172± 8.0 cm; body mass: 59±10.5kg), 15 MA (age: 46.6 ± 5.6years; body height: 182 ±6.7 cm; body mass: 88±7.0 kg), and 15 OA (age: 64.2 ± 6.5 years; body height: 175±2.6 cm; body mass: 87±5.0 kg). In each group, half of the participants were active 2 to 3 times in organized sport activities, while 15 were not.
Tensiomyography
Two contractile parameters, Dm and Tc of BF muscle were measured in ninety males by TMG (TMG - BMC, Ljubljana, Slovenia). The measurement point in BF muscle was defined at the midpoint of the line between the fibula head and the ischial tuberosity. Positioning the sensor directly on the skin above the muscle belly makes the method sensitive to mechanical displacement of the underlying muscle tissue. The measurements were performed isometrically in relaxed predefined position with fixed joint angle at 5 degrees kneeflexion, with the participants lying on their front. Self-adhesive electrodes were placed directly on the muscle belly: the cathode was placed 5 centimetres distally, while the anode was 5 centimetres proximally from the measurement point. The amplitude of the electrical stimulation was gradually increased to get maximal response. From the twitch response, theDm was analysed in mm and Tc was calculated in ms as time of the response reaching from 10 % to 90 % of the maximal amplitude.
Statistics
All data are presented with mean values (± SD). After checking for normality of distribution with visual inspection, we proceeded with 3 x 2 analysis of variance with post hoc t-tests for independent samples and using Bonferroni corrections. All decisions were accepted with alpha set at 0.05.
RESULTS
In Table 1 we found shortest Tc in active YA that is increasing with age (P = 0.003) and lifestyle groups (P = 0.041). Dm was found to be higher in active YA than in se-
18
ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 8 • 2017 • 1
Marko VIDNJEVIC, Rumiana TASHEVA, Jure URBANC, Urska GASPERIN: DIFFERENCES OF THE ..., 15-22
dentary YA (P = 0.031). Post hoc analysis revealed also shorter Tc in active YA than in sedentary YA (P = 0.001). Active YA had also shorter Tc than active OA (P = 0.046). Active YA had also lower Dm than sedentary YA (P = 0.031), while pooled YA has trend towards lower Dm than pooled MA (P = 0.073) and pooled OA (P = 0.120).
Table I: Comparison between active / sedentary participants of three age groups in BF contraction time and maximal displacement.
Age group	Lifestyle group	Contraction time (ms)	Displacement (mm)
Young adults	Active	26.2 ± 10.2	5.5 ± 1.1
	Sedentary	49.0 ± 11.7	8.8 ± 4.3
Middle-age adults	Active	35.2 ± 16.4	6.4 ± 2.1
	Sedentary	42.8 ± 17.2	6.4 ± 2.5
Older adults	Active	33.6 ± 4.6	6.0 ± 2.5
	Sedentary	37.8 ± 7.1	5.9 ± 1.1
DISCUSSION
It is well established that aging leads to progressive changes in the human body, which causes a loss of muscle function, weakness, disease and death. Older people are also the most sedentary and physically inactive segment of society, according to certain evidence (Paterson & Warburton, 2010), therefore, it is hard to study the aging effect solely, independently of physical activity or fitness level. Therefore, it is important to study different age groups but levelled on physical or sport activity.
There are differences in skeletal muscles between physically active and inactive people, as evident in muscle composition analysis conducted with TMG. This method enables easy as well as selective measurements of contractile properties of the muscle belly and was recently shown to be a valid, repeatable and non-invasive assessment of muscle composition (Simunic et al., 2011; Simunic, 2012; Simunic, 2015).
Comparison of Dm between active / sedentary participants
The biggest differences are between active and sedentary YA. YA have expectedly lowest Dm, which indicates the highest BF tone. Pisot et al. (2008) provided evidence that Dm reflects physical activity or inactivity and demonstrated that Dm increases after acute muscle atrophy. There were no differences in Dm regarding the lifestyle between
19
ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 8 • 2017 • 1
Marko VIDNJEVIC, Rumiana TASHEVA, Jure URBANC, Urska GASPERIN: DIFFERENCES OF THE ..., 15-22
MA and OA. Pisot et al. (2008) further explained that the smaller the Dm value before bed rest, the larger the change induced by bed rest, which puts TMG amplitude Dm as a measure of muscle belly stiffness.
Comparison of Tc between active / sedentary participants
Shortest Tc was in active YA and was getting higher with age and sedentary lifestyle. Tc reflects muscle composition, whereas shorter Tc indicates lower proportion of myosin heavy chain type 1 (Simunic et al., 2011). Simunic, Pisot, Rittweger, and Me-kjavic (2008) found that BF muscle deteriorates in much greater scale than VL with age and sport group and they evaluated this with Tc calculated from mechanical response of muscle belly, using TMG.
The data obtained highlighted the importance of physical / sports activity and the importance of TMG as method of evaluating muscles status and as method for monitoring the effects of PA on the physical fitness of people.
Based on the data obtained it would be possible to choose the most optimal training method and the means to plan and modify the physical preparation of the individual or of homogenous groups and such adjusted physical / sporting activity can improve their physical condition. It consequently improves physical health of people and especially in elderly it contributes to increased stability, autonomy, mobility, self-confidence when moving, which has a great impact on both well-being and satisfaction of older adults.
It is well known that regular physical activity and exercise are beneficial for physical and mental health. Hence, it is important that people consider this already in their younger age and educate themselves about the positive effects of being active, the importance of maintaining motor abilities as well as the value of quality of life in older age.
Without data on movement, physical, physiological and biochemical characteristics, it is difficult to accurately design, programme and model exercise, adapted to the needs of individuals of a certain age and capacity.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Tc and Dm were found to be sensitive of age and fitness level in our participants. That makes TMG useful for a variety of purposes. Since TMG data correlates to muscle composition and muscle atrophy, it makes TMG useful in the field of aging, preventive assessment, sport training, rehabilitation, etc.
20
ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 8 • 2017 • 1
Marko VIDNJEVIC, Rumiana TASHEVA, Jure URBANC, Urska GASPERIN: DIFFERENCES OF THE ..., 15-22
REFERENCES
Blair, S., Sallis, R, Hutber, A., & Archer, E. (2012). Exercise therapy - the public health message. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 22(4), e24-e28. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01462.x VIEW ITEM Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R, Salem, G. J. et al. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 41(7), 1510-1530. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c VIEW ITEM Nelson, M. E. et al. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(8), 1435-1445. doi: 10.1249/ mss.0b013e3180616aa2 VIEW ITEM Paterson, D., Jones, G., & Rice, C. (2007). Ageing and physical activity: evidence to develop exercise recommendations for older adults. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism, 32(Suppl. 2E), S69-S108. VIEW ITEM Paterson, D. H., & Warburton, D. E. (2010). Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 7(38), 1-22. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-7-38. VIEW ITEM Pisot, R., Narici, M. V., Simunic, B., De Boer, M., Seynnes, O., Jurdana, M., ... Mekjavic, I. B. (2008). Whole muscle contractile parameters and thickness loss during 35-day bed rest. European journal of applied physiology, 104(2), 409-414. doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0698-6 VIEW ITEM Sakuma, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2012). Sarcopenia and age-related endocrine function. International journal of endocrinology, 2012: 127362. doi: 10.1155/2012/127362 VIEW ITEM
Salthouse, T. A. (2003). Memory aging from 18 to 80. Alzheimer disease and associated
disorders, 17(3), 162-167. PMID: 14512830 Simunic, B. (2012). Between-day reliability of a method for non-invasive estimation of muscle composition. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology, 22(4), 527-530. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.04.003 VIEW ITEM Simunic, B. (2015). Tensiomyography amplitude - a potential non-invasive skeletal muscle pre-frailty parameter. In U. Marusic, B. Simunic, R. Pisot (Eds.), Hip fracture in the elderly: reasons, consequences and rehabilitation (pp. 47-63). Koper: University of Primorska, Scientific and research centre of Koper, Publishing house Annales. Simunic, B., Degens, H., Rittweger, J., Narici, M., Mekjavic, I. B., & Pisot, R. (2011). Noninvasive estimation of myosin heavy chain composition in human skeletal muscle. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 43(9), 1619-1625. doi: 10.1249/ MSS.0b013e31821522d0 VIEW ITEM Simunic, B., Pisot, R., & Rittweger, J. (2009). The effect of ageing on contraction time of postural and non-postural skeletal muscles in master athletes. In M. Mikalacki (Ed.), Proceedings book, 1st International Scientific Conference "Exercise and Quality of Life", Novi Sad, Serbia, March 26-28, 2009 (pp. 185-190). Novi Sad: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. Retrieved from http://www.eqol. uns.ac.rs/1steqol/2%20elderly/023%20simunic%20pisot%20rittweger.pdf
21
ANNALES KINESIOLOGIAE • 8 • 2017 • 1
Marko VIDNJEVIČ, Rumiana TASHEVA, Jure URBANC, Urška GAŠPERIN: DIFFERENCES OF THE ..., 15-22
Šimunič, B., Pišot, R., Rittweger, J. & Mekjavic, I. B. (2008). Regular sport activity does not prevent skeletal muscle contraction time loss in master athletes. In M. Blahutkova (Ed.), Sport a kvalita života 2008 = Sport and quality of life 2006 : sbornik abstrakt me-zinarodni konference konane 6.-7. listpopadu 2008 v Brne : proceedings of abstratcts of International Conference 6th - 7th November 2008 in Brno (p. 154). Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Fakulta sportovnich. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (2015). International day of older persons.
Retrieved from http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/News/Index/5477 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). World population prospects: the 2010 revision, Volume I: Comprehensive tables. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ trends/WPP2010/WPP2010_Volume-I_Comprehensive-Tables.pdf Valenčič, V. & Djordjevic, S. (2002). Maximal velocity and biceps femoris muscle contraction time dependence - tensiomyographic analysis in elite sprinters. Salzburg: European College of Sport Science (ECSS). In Djordjevič S., Rozman, S. & Pišot, R. (2005). Monitoring of biceps femoris (BF) activation pattern changes between maximal and supramaximal sprints. Book of Abstracts of the 10th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science in Belgrade, Serbia from 13-16 July 2005. WHO - World Health Organisation (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. ISBN 978-92-4-159-997-9. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysica-lactivity/global-PA-recs-2010.pdf WHO - World Health Organisation (2013). Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/ index.html
22