THE VAPER’S PERSPECTIVE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF E-CIGARETTE  
USERS AND SMOKERS IN SLOVENIA
»VEJPANJE«: KVALITATIVNA RAZISKAVA UPORABNIKOV  
IN KADILCEV E-CIGARET V SLOVENIJI
Danica ROTAR PAVLIČ1*   , Alem MAKSUTI2   , Nena KOPČAVAR GUČEK1   ,  
Islam ALBARADI1, 3   , Aleksander STEPANOVIĆ1 
1University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Poljanski nasip 58, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija
2Persuasion d.o.o., Medvedova cesta 28, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
3University of Wollongong in Dubai, UAE
Received: Jun 05, 2024
Accepted: Aug 08, 2024
Original scientific article
*Correspondence: danica.rotar@gmail.com
10.2478/sjph-2024-0026 Zdr Varst. 2024;63(4):198-204
198© National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia. 
Rotar Pavlič D, Maksuti A, Kopčavar Guček N, Albaradi I, Stepanović A. The vaper’s perspective: A qualitative study of e-cigarette users and smokers in Slovenia.  
Zdr Varst. 2024;63(4):198-204. doi: 10.2478/sjph-2024-0026.
ABSTRACT
Keywords: 
E-cigarettes
Vaping
Less harmful  
alternative
Qualitative studies
Slovenia
IZVLEČEK
Ključne besede: 
e-cigarete
vejpanje
manj škodljive 
alternative
kvalitativne študije
Slovenija
Background: The use of e-cigarettes has been rapidly expanding in recent years. The reasons people in Slovenia 
chose to use electronic cigarettes have not been studied to date. This study examines e-cigarette users’ attitudes 
regarding their health risks.
Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the users’ standpoint towards e-cigarettes and their 
understanding of the impact on people’s health.
Methods: This qualitative study consists of 15 semi-qualitative interviews. Fifteen active or former tobacco 
smokers and/or e-cigarette users were interviewed using semi-structured interviews between 1 December 2019 
and 30 April 2020. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The employed inductive analysis 
consisted of coding, creating categories and abstraction; that is, framing a general description of the research 
topic through generating categories.
Results: Data show that the interviewees do not have a unified opinion regarding the use and harmful effects 
of e-cigarettes. They agree that e-cigarettes are less harmful than regular cigarettes, but do not believe that 
they completely eliminate harmful effects for people that smoke regularly. The results also show that vaping is 
typical of young people, who use e-cigarettes as an important element of their subculture. 
Conclusions: The use of e-cigarettes in Slovenia is still a matter of public debate, because the advantages 
and harmful effects of using e-cigarettes are not yet well known. National guidelines for reducing the harmful 
effects of e-cigarettes are needed.
Izhodišča: Uporaba e-cigaret se v zadnjih letih hitro širi. Razlogi, zakaj se ljudje v Sloveniji odločajo za uporabo 
elektronskih cigaret, do danes niso bili raziskani. Ta raziskava preučuje odnos uporabnikov e-cigaret do njihovih 
zdravstvenih tveganj.
Cilji: Namen raziskave je bil preveriti stališče uporabnikov do e-cigaret in njihovo razumevanje vpliva na zdravje ljudi.
Metode: Kvalitativna študija je sestavljena iz 15 pol-kvalitativnih intervjujev. Med 1. decembrom 2019 in 30. 
aprilom 2020 je bilo s pol-strukturiranimi intervjuji anketiranih 15 aktivnih ali nekdanjih kadilcev tobaka in/
ali uporabnikov e-cigaret. Podatki so bili analizirani s kvalitativno vsebinsko analizo. Uporabljena induktivna 
analiza je bila sestavljena iz kodiranja, ustvarjanja kategorij in abstrakcije; to je oblikovanje splošnega opisa 
raziskovalne teme z ustvarjanjem kategorij.
Rezultati: Podatki kažejo, da anketiranci nimajo enotnega mnenja glede uporabe in škodljivosti e-cigaret. 
Strinjajo se, da so e-cigarete manj škodljive od navadnih cigaret, vendar ne verjamejo, da popolnoma odpravijo 
škodljive učinke za ljudi, ki redno kadijo. Rezultati tudi kažejo, da je vejping značilen za mlade, ki uporabljajo 
e-cigarete kot pomemben element svoje subkulture. 
Zaključek: Uporaba e-cigaret je v Sloveniji še vedno predmet javne razprave, saj prednosti in škodljivosti uporabe 
e-cigaret še niso dobro poznane. Potrebne so nacionalne smernice za zmanjšanje škodljivih učinkov e-cigaret.
1 INTRODUCTION
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has 
been rapidly expanding worldwide in recent years (1). 
Although both tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes serve 
as nicotine delivery systems, they differ fundamentally 
in their composition, health risks, regulatory frameworks 
and social perceptions. E-cigarettes are often promoted 
as a less harmful alternative to conventional cigarettes; 
however, to date the commercialisation (sale, import, 
distribution or manufacture) of e-cigarettes as consumer 
products has not been proven to benefit public health. 
Instead, alarming evidence about their adverse health 
effects on the population is mounting. The WHO Study 
Group on Tobacco Regulation has published a number of 
reports that contain evidence-based recommendations on 
electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-
nicotine delivery systems (ENDS and ENNDS), colloquially 
referred to as e-cigarettes (2, 3). The use of e-cigarettes has 
dramatically increased over the last four years, particularly 
among young people (4). Etter (5) reported that 7.5 million 
people in the European Union currently use e-cigarettes. 
E-cigarettes have been marketed as a new method for 
smoking cessation or decreasing cigarette consumption 
because they are cheaper than normal cigarettes and they 
taste and smell better than normal cigarettes (6). The 
evidence base for e-cigarettes is certainly still emerging, 
particularly in relation to their effectiveness as quitting 
aids and the health impacts for long-term users (7). A 
study by Chen et al. (8) reported that most participants 
believed e-cigarettes had influenced their cigarette 
smoking behaviour, and stated that e-cigarettes had 
helped them temporarily cut back on smoking. They also 
added that e-cigarettes serve as a replacement for normal 
cigarettes and help alleviate their craving. Pokhrel et al. 
(9) found that e-cigarettes were perceived as an effective 
way to cut back on or quit smoking. On the other hand, 
adolescents that use e-cigarettes are more than twice as 
likely to later use conventional cigarettes, and there is a 
pattern of dual or multiple tobacco and nicotine product 
use among youth (10).
Some studies have shown that participants that used 
e-cigarettes failed to quit smoking, and, instead, many 
ended up using e-cigarettes in addition to normal 
cigarettes (11). Etter (5) concluded that 66% of vapers 
had no intention of stopping vaping. Buckell and Sindelar 
confirmed this and found that e-cigarettes encouraged 
participants that prefer vaping to keep vaping instead of 
quitting (12). Moreover, Coleman et al. (13) highlighted 
that adult e-cigarette users that wanted to reduce or 
quit normal cigarette smoking were less likely to say they 
would stop using e-cigarettes in the short or long term. 
Skelton et al. (14) found that less than half of their study 
participants believed that e-cigarettes were helpful for 
quitting or cutting back on smoking.
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Coleman et al. (13) found that the most frequently 
repeated point of discussion regarding e-cigarettes was 
the lack of stigma surrounding e-cigarette use compared 
to normal cigarettes; that is, the social acceptability of 
e-cigarettes. Most of these study participants had positive 
attitudes about e-cigarettes because e-cigarettes allow 
them to continue to enjoy the social aspects of smoking. 
Furthermore, studies by Gorukanti et al. (4) and Aghar et 
al. (6) revealed that e-cigarette users are more acceptable 
to their friends because e-cigarettes are considered 
trendier. It was found that 36.8% use e-cigarettes 
exclusively for social smoking purposes. The idea of 
using e-cigarettes to enhance social status was derived 
from Pokhrel et al. (10), who found that e-cigarette users 
perceive e-cigarettes as a way to enhance their social 
interactions, feel that they are more acceptable, believe 
they can be used around children and that children do not 
need to be left unattended while users go smoke, believe 
they allow users to enjoy the company of non-smokers 
without fear of harmful second-hand exposure, and 
believe that e-cigarette use could help them meet or get 
to know new people that also use e-cigarettes. Alexander 
et al. (15) found that younger users are more likely to use 
e-cigarettes with others compared to older users.
Although most people know that e-cigarettes contain 
nicotine, few individuals were able to mention specific 
ingredients in e-cigarette liquid, revealing a general lack 
of knowledge about the ingredients other than nicotine 
(13). In a study by Gorukanti et al. (4), 19.05% agreed 
that smoke from e-cigarettes is water vapor, and 23.03% 
thought e-cigarettes are not a tobacco product. Some 
participants did not know that e-cigarettes could contain 
nicotine. They were also unsure about the differences 
between the nicotine in e-cigarettes and the nicotine in 
normal cigarettes. They believed that normal cigarettes 
contain natural nicotine, derived from tobacco plants, 
as opposed to chemically synthesized nicotine in the 
e-liquid. E-cigarettes generate vapor by heating a liquid 
that is typically composed of nicotine, a humectant, and 
flavoring; however, nicotine itself is teratogenic, even in 
the absence of combustion by-products (8). On the other 
hand, because the delivery of nicotine in e-cigarettes takes 
place through heating but not burning the liquid, they do 
not expose individuals to as many toxins as combustible 
tobacco products (14).
Tobacco product marketing is prohibited in Slovenia, 
and the legislation became stricter in 2024. Except for 
tobacco, all flavourings, including menthol, are prohibited 
in heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes. 
Smoking rooms will be banned by the end of December 
2025. The main goal of the tightened restrictions is 
to prevent and reduce the use of tobacco and related 
products, especially among adolescents and children, who 
are the main target of the tobacco industry (16).
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Koprivnikar notes that after the introduction of effective 
tobacco control measures in Slovenia there has been 
a decrease in the prevalence of smoking among adults; 
currently, approximately one in five adult residents of 
Slovenia smokes. Due to the tightening of measures, to 
meet its goal of increasing sales and profits, the industry 
began marketing various types of products with tobacco 
or nicotine, such as electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco 
products and nicotine pouches, which are also present in 
Slovenia (17). The Slovenian medical profession has already 
been dealing with the harmful effects of e-cigarettes (18). 
However, the reasons people choose to use e-cigarettes 
are not well studied. This study examines e-cigarette 
users in Slovenia and their attitudes regarding the health 
risks of vaping. The study investigates how users perceive 
e-cigarettes and their understanding of the impact on 
people’s health. The primary research questions are why 
people start using e-cigarettes and whether their reasons 
are personal or social.
2 METHODS
2.1 Study design
This qualitative study uses semi-structured interviews. 
Qualitative interviews play an important role in research 
projects based on participant observation (18). The 
reasons for using a qualitative approach can be found in the 
specific characteristics of e-cigarette users, such as their 
specific reasons for using e-cigarettes (e.g., how useful 
e-cigarettes are if one wants to quit smoking, the belief 
that e-cigarettes are not harmful, family and subculture 
affiliation, etc.). Vaping is a relatively new phenomenon 
that justifies the use of this exploratory method, which 
has also been recognized by other researchers (3, 7, 9, 15).
2.2 Participants
The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with 
fifteen active e-cigarette users. Some participants used 
both normal cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and some have 
given up normal cigarettes and switched to e-cigarettes. 
Interviews were conducted between 1 December 2019 and 
30 April 2020, until saturation was reached (no more new 
views and opinions were forthcoming). The participants 
were between 30 and 59 years old. The following criteria 
were considered when selecting the participants: they 
are smokers that use e-cigarettes, they are capable of 
reflection (not biased), they have time available to be 
interviewed, and they are willing to take part in our study. 
All the interviews were audio recorded and transcribed 
verbatim by a trained administrator. The questionnaire 
was developed in the following manner: after studying the 
Slovenian and international literature on e-cigarettes and 
their impact on health and social life, the question set 
was developed. The researchers then discussed this set to 
narrow down the topics.
2.3 Recruitment and interview process
A literature review was conducted first, which included 
case reports, comparative studies, datasets, interviews, 
meta-analysis, reviews and systematic reviews written in 
English. Following the literature review, the scenario for 
interviews was developed in three rounds. The next phase 
was dedicated to training the interviewers in November 
2019. These trained interviewers conducted 15 interviews 
with e-cigarette smokers through purposive sampling. The 
sample size was determined using theoretical saturation, 
which is the point in the data collection process when new 
data no longer offer additional insights for the research 
question (19‒21). The saturation process was applied 
prospectively, during the course of data collection, which 
allowed us to stop interviewing after a certain period of 
time. Under this condition, the final number of interviews 
conducted was 16. All the interviews were audio recorded 
and transcribed verbatim.
2.4 Data analysis
Qualitative content analysis (QCA) was used for the 
systematic examination of the data collected. QCA is a 
method derived from the communication sciences that is 
useful for systematic analysis in a wide range of research 
domains (22), including for e-cigarettes and their health 
risks (9). This study used inductive content analysis, which 
includes coding, creating categories and abstraction: 
framing a general description of the research topic through 
generating categories (23‒25). The interviews were 
independently coded by two researchers. The study used 
a data-driven coding scheme and formed codes sorted into 
logical categories/themes to observe patterns in the data 
analysed and explain e-cigarette users’ attitudes toward 
health risks. During the coding process, consensus was 
sought between the two researchers. If consensus was not 
reached, we tried to achieve intercoder agreement about 
the differently perceived parts of the text analysed to fit 
the category created, also known as a “unitizing” process 
(24, 25).
3 RESULTS
Three categories were determined using QCA: 1) attitudes 
and beliefs about e-cigarettes; 2) subcultural determinants; 
and 3) awareness-raising measures. Themes were named 
according to the content they illustrate, as well as relying 
on the literature discussing previous empirical studies.
3.1 Attitudes and beliefs about e-cigarettes
Interviewees’ opinions regarding the use of e-cigarettes 
differed. There is virtually no consensus on whether 
e-cigarettes are harmful or not. Some of the interviewees 
believe that e-cigarettes are a “healthier alternative” 
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• Most people will start using these e-cigarettes because 
they look cool when people are vaping and stuff. To be 
honest, I took advice from a few people at work and 
then chose a nice colour. I can also choose the taste 
and not stink so much after smoking. (P14)
• I’ve heard of different shapes and flavours before, and I 
definitely think this adds to the appeal of these things. 
As people, we tend to get attached to things that we 
find pleasant, and thus safe. Young people are probably 
particularly susceptible to this. (P5)
• E-cigarettes are visually more attractive than regular 
cigarettes. Also, nobody likes to stink, and you can 
avoid it with an e-cigarette, for example. (P10)
Some interviewees pointed out that e-cigarettes are 
easier to choose because of the way one finds out what 
they are. One interviewee mentioned that he decided to 
switch to e-cigarettes so he would not bother others with 
the smell at the workplace. He also said that smoking gave 
him a feeling of belonging, and it helped his social life.
• And also, it didn’t stink. Because normal cigarettes 
stink. E-cigarettes don’t stink that much. The smell is 
annoying. It wasn’t for me because I don’t want other 
people, like non-smokers, to be affected by the smell. 
Because when you have a cigarette and you go back, 
the smell stays on you, and if the person sitting next to 
you doesn’t smoke, it bothers them. And this doesn’t 
have any smell. It doesn’t linger around. It’s just like 
no smoke. (P11)
Some of interviewees pointed out that smoking e-cigarettes 
gave them the feeling of belonging among peers. Similar 
to their attitude towards alcohol, young people do not 
want to be excluded from society, so they choose to have 
a drink or a cigarette. It means following generational 
norms and meeting the conformist expectations of youth 
subculture. In other words, by smoking an e-cigarette you 
are accepted among your peers.
• Because everyone in your circle of friends is smoking 
and you’re just standing there, and smoke is blowing 
in your face, and it’s just weird like that. Because 
everyone’s doing it, and then you’d be the only one 
who’s just standing there. (P11)
3.3 Awareness-raising measures
Some of our interviewees, as experienced vapers, 
pointed out the importance of raising awareness about 
the harmful effects of e-cigarettes and smoking as such. 
They highlighted the lack of educational programmes that 
are urgently needed to limit this phenomenon in the long 
run. They were practically united on the need to draw up 
national guidelines for raising public awareness about the 
harmful effects of e-cigarettes. They agreed that a ban on 
the sale of tobacco products and fines were not optimal.
that can help people quit smoking. They believe that 
e-cigarettes are less dangerous for smokers (because of 
the way they deliver nicotine) and for other people in 
the surrounding area. As an example, they emphasise 
improved breathing and reduced symptoms of cough or 
phlegm. Here are some typical responses:
• However, having used it for 4 or 5 months, I feel that 
my breathing is better. (P7)
• E-cigarettes or vapes are a better option or a better 
alternative to quit normal smoking. They are less 
dangerous than cigarettes, but still the healthier option 
would be not smoking at all. So this was a healthier—I 
mean not healthy, but less dangerous—alternative to 
normal cigarettes. (P12)
• If you smoked normal cigarettes in the past, what were 
the reasons for switching to e-cigarettes? There are two: 
that’s what health is, definitely. When, after so many 
years, you start to worry a little, even though the medical 
examinations, thank God, have always been fine. On the 
other hand, there’s also a financial reason. (P1)
• For me, this is a better alternative to completely cutting 
nicotine straight away or going back to cigs. (P13)
Some of our interviewees were less optimistic regarding 
the damage caused by e-cigarettes, which was associated 
with nicotine content.
• But for now, I’m still on a minimum amount of nicotine. 
Otherwise, between normal cigarettes and this, I think 
that the addiction to normal cigarettes is greater, in my 
opinion, cigarettes are significantly worse because it’s 
so much harder. . . I’ve already tried to quit smoking 
before. It’s harder to stop smoking normal cigarettes 
than this. Here you can still regulate how much nicotine 
you give yourself. (P2)
3.2 Subcultural determinants
Some of our interviewees described attractive 
characteristics of e-cigarettes, such as their cool 
appearance, and attractive packaging and colours, taste 
and smell. Practically all interviewees were convinced 
that this appeals to young people, who are the most 
enthusiastic about e-cigarettes. They are convinced that 
this is a subcultural element, which is also exploited by 
the tobacco industry. The visual appeal of these products 
seems to be more important to young users than the idea 
of e-cigarettes being less harmful than normal cigarettes. 
Below are some of the most indicative statements:
• But I think even younger people are more likely to try 
something like this at all because it’s visually appealing. 
(P1)
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• My doctors know that I smoke because this is always 
among the first questions when meeting them here. 
What else would be of benefit to you in e-cigarette 
prevention and use? Help with quitting. We’re supposed 
to have assistance service or support available through 
a facility. (P15)
• How familiar are you with prevention programmes such 
as Healthy Living workshops and Smoking Cessation 
workshops? I haven’t really heard about those. (P11)
• I’m not familiar with these things, so I haven’t been 
involved in any of these workshops. (P4)
4 DISCUSSION
The data presented here show that interviewees in Slovenia 
do not have a unified opinion regarding the use and 
harmful effects of e-cigarettes. Some of them agree that 
e-cigarettes are less harmful than regular cigarettes but 
not completely free of side effects for people that smoke 
constantly. The interviewees agreed that vaping is typical 
mainly among young people, which is confirmed by data in 
Slovenia (26). They attribute the use of e-cigarettes to the 
subculture and packaging (i.e. marketing) of such products.
Our research findings are in line with those of researchers in 
other countries. Smoking habits are affected by individual, 
psychological and social factors such as curiosity, the 
smoking behavior of friends or family members, and their 
social environment. At the social level, many factors, such 
as sales, education and knowledge, influence the use of 
e-cigarettes (27).
Most interviewees believed that e-cigarettes influenced 
their cigarette smoking habits, and stated that e-cigarettes 
temporarily helped them cut back on smoking. They also 
added that e-cigarettes served as a replacement for normal 
cigarettes and helped alleviate the craving for them. This 
is consistent with past research, in which researchers 
similarly found that e-cigarettes were perceived as an 
effective way to reduce or quit smoking (28). However, 
Duarte et al. (11) found that e-cigarette users failed 
to quit smoking. Furthermore, instead of encouraging 
smokers to switch from conventional cigarettes to less 
dangerous e-cigarettes or quitting altogether, e-cigarettes 
are reducing smoking cessation rates and even expanding 
the nicotine market by attracting young people (29).
An important finding in our study relates to the youth 
subculture: smoking e-cigarettes is acceptable among 
young people. They use e-cigarettes to express their 
belonging to a peer group. This finding is similar to that 
of Coleman et al., who found that most participants had 
positive attitudes towards e-cigarettes because they allow 
them to continue to enjoy the social aspects of smoking 
(13). E-cigarette users are better accepted among their 
friends because they are considered trendier (6).
In line with previous results, our interviewees also 
mentioned a lack of awareness and information about 
the harmful effects of e-cigarettes. General practitioners 
play an important role in providing patients with health 
information, support and treatment to encourage them 
to quit smoking. Despite conflicting evidence on the 
effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid, 
there is growing interest in the role e-cigarettes might 
play as an alternative to smoking tobacco (30). Clear 
guidance on the role of e-cigarettes is needed to inform 
and educate general practitioners about e-cigarettes for 
smoking cessation.
As in other countries, e-cigarettes are relatively new 
devices in Slovenia, and our interviewees stated that 
they are not well informed about the harms and benefits 
of e-cigarettes. They unanimously agreed that national 
guidelines for reducing the harmful effects of smoking 
need to be developed in the future, with a special focus 
on e-cigarettes.
4.1 Limitations
Some methodological limitations of our study could be 
related to the open research question, and the study’s 
explanatory character may have been hampered by the 
inductive creation of codes, categories and themes. 
In this regard, it is important to note that the study is 
subjective—which is, in fact, the most frequent criticism 
of qualitative research in general (23). However, all co-
authors relied on a careful and deliberate research 
strategy and respected the basic characteristics of 
qualitative research at the stage of data collection and 
analysis. Some of our findings may have also been limited 
due to the polarised and insufficiently researched area 
of e-cigarette use in Slovenia (17). As an example of 
recommendations for quitting e-cigarettes, we cite the 
publication “Clinical Guidance for E-Cigarette (Vaping) 
Cessation” in the journal Preventive Medicine Reports 
(31). In 2020, the Slovenian National Institute of Public 
Health published Elektronske cigarete – podrobnejše 
informacije za zdravstvene delavce (Electronic Cigarettes: 
More Detailed Information for Health Workers) (32).
5 CONCLUSION
Findings from this qualitative study provide insight 
into e-cigarette users’ standpoints and beliefs about 
e-cigarettes. Three themes were created based on 
the interviewees’ inputs. Attitudes and beliefs about 
e-cigarettes included seeing them as a way to reduce or 
quit smoking. The study also found that e-cigarettes are 
used for social enhancement. Most interviewees consider 
e-cigarettes a healthier alternative that improves breathing 
and is less dangerous. Under subcultural determinants, 
it was found that the attractive features of e-cigarettes 
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such as taste, smell, colours and appearance, along with 
being convenient to use, affect smoking behaviours and 
e-cigarette use. The interviewees especially pointed 
out the demographic group of young people. Cessation 
workshops tailored to new findings on e-cigarettes should 
be offered. Recommendations and guidance should be 
provided to physicians on e-cigarette cessation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank all the participating PhD students for taking 
the time to act as interviewers in our study, above and 
beyond their regular duties during the pandemic. We 
dedicate this article to all of them.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist.
FUNDING
This study did not receive any specific grants from funding 
agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit 
sectors.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
This study was approved by the Ethical Review Board in 
Slovenia under the number 0120-619/2019/8.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets 
were generated or analysed during the current study.
LLM STATEMENT
During the preparation of this work the authors did not 
use AI tools.
ORCID
Danica Rotar Pavlič: 
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7575-3195
Alem Maksuti: 
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9548-0790
Nena Kopčavar Guček: 
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2220-3541
Islam AlBaradi: 
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4751-7480 
Aleksander Stepanović: 
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4155-0001
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