877 KB53 KB201820252025Rutar, Tiborštevilka:2/3letnik:8str. 27-55DOI:10.64651/8-2-3ISSN:2630-3426COBISSID_HOST:268325123URN:URN:NBN:SI:doc-TTSPEP9FenZdruženje za promocijo kulturne dediščine, raziskav in novih tehnologij- RetrospektiveRetrospektiveinequalityliving standardsnapredeknasiljeneenakostNew Optimistsnovi optimistiPinker, Stevenprogressviolenceživljenski standardViolence, living standards, and inequality in modern times| empirical notes on historical progress| Nasilje, življenjski standard in neenakost v modernem času| empirične opombe o zgodovinskem napredku|This paper examines the recent debates surrounding the “New Optimists,” who argue that the last few centuries have witnessed unprecedented human progress, particularly in terms of rising living standards. Their critics, by contrast, emphasize the persistence of violence and the continued presence of high inequality in modern societies. Using long-run cross-national data on war deaths, homicide, income, and inequality, the paper finds that violence remains low and relatively contained, real after--tax incomes for the world’s bottom half have more than doubled, and inequality has stabilized or declined since around 2005. Statistical analyses further show that improvements in property rights, the rule of law, and free trade consistently precede sustained increases in GDP per capita. Progress is neither teleological nor inevitable, but it is measurable, broadly ongoing, and closely tied to open economic and political institutionsanek obravnava nedavne razprave o t. i. »novih optimistih«, ki trdijo, da je pri lo v zadnjih nekaj stoletjih do izjemnega napredka lovetva, posebej kar zadeva nara ajo i ivljenjski standard. Nasprotno pa njihovi kritiki poudarjajo vztrajnost nasilja in trajno prisotnost visoke stopnje neenakosti v modernih drubah. Z uporabo longitudinalnih podatkov o umrlih v vojnah, umorih, dohodkih in neenakosti lanek izpostavi, da nasilje ostaja na nizki ravni in razmeroma omejeno, ter da so se realni dohodki spodnje polovice svetovnega prebivalstva ve kot podvojili, medtem ko se je neenakost od okoli leta 2005 ustalila ali zmanj ala. S statisti no analizo dodatno pokae, da iritev lastninskih pravic, vladavine prava in prostega trga prispevajo k dolgotrajni rasti BDP na prebivalca. Napredek ni niti teleoloki niti neizbeen, je pa merljiv, preteno trajen in tesno povezan z inkluzivnimi gospodarskimi in politi nimi institucijamiTEXTznanstveno časopisjejournalsSlovenian National E-content AggregatorNational and University Library of SloveniaZdruženje za promocijo kulturne dediščine, raziskav in novih tehnologij Retrospektive