33 KB3711 KB31 KB198120222001Južnič, Stanislavštevilka:2letnik:218 stranistr. 17-24ISSN:0351-9716COBISSID:16214311URN:URN:NBN:SI:doc-JQENI3JNslDruštvo za vakuumsko tehniko SlovenijeVakuumistbiografijeBošković, Ruđer Josip, 1711-1787poskusivakuumska tehnikaVakuumski poskusi na Boškovićevem Rimskem kolegiju| Vacuum machines at Bošković's Collegio Romano|According to "Ratio Studiorum", physics was thought as a part of the three years study fo phylosophy, devoted successively to logic, physics and metaphysics. That system was abolished in Austrian province during the early 50s, but was in use in Collegio Romano until its very end in 1773. Most of theprofessors in Colleio Romano taught physics just for one year. Just some ofthem returned to physics later, after they lectured in other two parts of phylosophy or in some other area. But anyway they had to maka a plan for their physics lessons. Some of those lessons were published and widely used inminor colleges as textbooks, like Semery's in Ljubljana. But it was not possible to publish all physics texbooks produced in Collegio Romano, because it would mean nearly to publish a new one every year. Therefore most of them were preserved just as manuscripts written by professors themselves or by their most distinguished students. About two dozens of manuscripts about physics ofthe professors from the Collegio Romano and much more from other Italian schools are preserved in APGU and were filmed between the years 1963 and 1965 for SLU. They filmed altogether nearly a hundred manuscript textbooks of physics, which was then taught as a part of phylosophy. The professors and their students of physics produced most of them during their lessons. But somebooks about physics were written by professors of scholastic theology and in one case by perfect of scolars, who did never teach physics in Collegio Romano. In some dozen cases manuscripts about physics written by professors in Collegio Romano were not preserved and copied, but they copied just manuscripts containing other parts of philosophy: metaphysics, logic, or both.More than half of manuscripts copied for SLU were written in other Jesuit and in some cases also Benedictine schools. We compared the content of those manuscripts, especially in their relation to interpretation of vacuum experiments of the mid 17th century and in their relation to Bošković's physic. The instrumets for vacuum research were drawn in about ten manuscriptsfilmed for SLU. We proved that although they had some elements in instruments build in the centrs of that type of research in Parid, Holland, London and Oxford, they were also different enough to show some perculiarities of Jesuit type of vacuum research. The Jesuit drawings showing vacuum instruments were compared to show that Boyle's and not Guernicke's typeof the air pump was predominately used in Jesuit universities of Italy. Time development of the Jesuit manuscript pictures showing vacuum instruments were used to illustrate development of concept of vacuum in Italian Jesuit schools form the philosophic rejection of peripatetic and even Cartesian in the mid 17th century to the experimental acceptance with the modern Bošković's views half a century later. This is supposed to be one of the firststudies of history of physics based on the pictures of scientific instruments drawn in the manuscriptsRaziskali smo razvoj vakuumske tehnike s primerjanjem skic vakuumskih naprav v neobjavljenih učbenikih z začetka 18. stoletja. Napisani so bili med predavanji fizike na Rimskem kolegiju, kjer je pozneje matematiko poučeval tudi Rudjer Bošković. Ker so profesorje fizike tam menjavali vsako leto, je bilo napisanih veliko učbenikov oziroma letnih priprav za pouk, ki jih večinoma niso natisnili. Nekatere med njimi so sestavili prizadevni dijaki medpoukom. Rokopise hrani Arhiv Gregorijanske univerze v Rimu. Sredi šestdesetih let so jih posneli za Iniverzo Saint Louis, kjer so jih preučili. Primerjava med vakuumskimi črpalkami je pokazala, da so na Rimskem kolegiju inna drugih italijanskih kolegijih uporabljali črpalke, bolj podobne Boylovi kot Guernickovi s posebnostmi, ki do sedaj niso bile raziskane. Na Rimskem kolegiju so študentom kazali tudi naprave za demonstracijo Robervalovega poskusa, ki so ga po Pascalovem naročilu opravili na hribu Puy-de-Dôme. Tudi umetniško zanimiva rsiba nam daje nekaj vpogleda v izvedbo poskusa in v način,kako so si skupine na različnih delih hriba sporočale čas meritve pred uporabo prenosnih ur. Guernickov poskus y magdeburškimi polkroglama so skupaj s sprijemanjem marmornih plošč uvrščali v poglavje o adheziji in ne v poglavje o vakuumu. Raziskava ni potrdila domneve , da so pod vplivom zgodnjih florentinskih poskusov z barometri v Italiji zaostajali pri uporabi vakuumskih črpalk. Dokazali smo, da so se na jezuitskih višjih študijah zanimali za vakuumske poskuse, vzporedno z drugimi evropskimi središči. Zanje so bili pripravljeni plačati tudi visoke cene tedanjih vakuumskih črpalk. Ugotovili smo, katere vakuumske poskuse je v času svojega šolanja na Rimskem kolegiju videl mladi Bošković in kako so ti vplivali na njegovo spremenjeno pojmovanje vakuuma v primerjavi s predhodno peripatetično in kartezijansko fiziko, ki sta odklanjali obstoj vakuuma v naravi. Naprav za vakuumske poskusena jezuitskih višjih študijah v Italiji ne moremo primerjati z napravami na podobnih kilegijih v Ljubljani in Zagrebu, o katerih imamo premalo podatkov. Prikazujemo tudi najstarejšo skico vakuumske črpalke in magdeburškega poskusa, objavljeno s komentarjem v slovenskem jeziku, ki ga je sestavil Slovenec Tušek, profesor na višji realki v ZagrebuTEXTznanstveno časopisjejournalsSlovenian National E-content AggregatorNational and University Library of SloveniaDruštvo za vakuumsko tehniko Slovenije