{"?xml":{"@version":"1.0"},"edm:RDF":{"@xmlns:dc":"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/","@xmlns:edm":"http://www.europeana.eu/schemas/edm/","@xmlns:wgs84_pos":"http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos","@xmlns:foaf":"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/","@xmlns:rdaGr2":"http://rdvocab.info/ElementsGr2","@xmlns:oai":"http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/","@xmlns:owl":"http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#","@xmlns:rdf":"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#","@xmlns:ore":"http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/","@xmlns:skos":"http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#","@xmlns:dcterms":"http://purl.org/dc/terms/","edm:WebResource":[{"@rdf:about":"http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:doc-GDK8RO2U/b09d19dc-eba2-4bf3-b503-a836901332e0/PDF","dcterms:extent":"10860 KB"},{"@rdf:about":"http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:doc-GDK8RO2U/2ce87329-0f8b-4f96-9359-cfa656b1eb62/TEXT","dcterms:extent":"0 KB"}],"edm:TimeSpan":{"@rdf:about":"1974-2025","edm:begin":{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"1974"},"edm:end":{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"2025"}},"edm:ProvidedCHO":{"@rdf:about":"URN:NBN:SI:doc-GDK8RO2U","dcterms:isPartOf":[{"@rdf:resource":"https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:spr-MWCGR4RQ"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Acta carsologica"}],"dcterms:issued":"2021","dc:creator":["Mihevc, Andrej","Mihevc, Rok"],"dc:format":[{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"številka:1"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"letnik:50"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"str. 11-36"}],"dc:identifier":["ISSN:0583-6050","DOI:10.3986/ac.v50i1.9462","COBISSID_HOST:70550531","URN:URN:NBN:SI:doc-GDK8RO2U"],"dc:language":"en","dc:publisher":{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti"},"dc:subject":[{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"alpski kraški svet"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Bela krajina"},{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"catalogue of dolines"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"dinarski kras"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Dobrovlje"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Dolenjska"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"doline"},{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"dolines"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"grafični prikazi"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Hrušica"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Jelovica"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"katalog vrtač"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Kočevsko Ribniško polje"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Kras"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Krka"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"lidar"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Logaški ravnik"},{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"machine learning"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Menina planina"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Mežakla"},{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"number of dolines"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Planinsko polje"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Podgorski kras"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Podgrajsko podolje"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Pokljuka"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"reliefi"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Rinža"},{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"size of dolines"},{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"Slovenia"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Slovenija"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Slovenske gorice"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"strojno učenje"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Štajerska"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"število vrtač"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"tip vrtač"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Trnovski gozd"},{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"type of dolines"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Velika planina"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"velikost vrtač"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"visoki kras"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"visokogorski kras"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"vrtače"}],"dcterms:temporal":{"@rdf:resource":"1974-2025"},"dc:title":{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Morphological characteristics and distribution of dolines in Slovenia, a study of a lidar- based doline map of Slovenia| Morfološke značilnosti in porazdelitev vrtač v Sloveniji, študija vrtač na osnovi lidarskih podatkov|"},"dc:description":[{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Dolines are small to intermediate enclosed depressions and are the most numerous karst feature in Slovenia. Theay are circular in plan form and vary in diameter from a few metres to over a kilometre. They are developed in limestone, dolomite, carbonate breccia and conglomerate and occupy different geomorphic settings. They were formed by various processes like dissolution, collapse, suffosion and transformation of caves to surface features by denudation. Publicy accessible lidar data, providet by nationwide laser scanning project of slovenia, was used for this study. To catalogue the dolines, we manually label a fraction of the digital elevation model (DEM) with a binary mask indicating if the area is a doline or not. We then train a slightly modified u-net, a type of machine learning algorithm, on the labelled territory. Using the trained algorithm, we infer the binary mask on the entire DEM. We convert the resulting mask into an ESRI Shapefile and manually verify the results. We note that the training and inference are error prone on types of relief that were less common in the training set (e.g., the relatively uncommon collapse dolines). We believe manual verification mitigates most of these errors, so the resulting map is a good basis for the doline study. We have made our georeferenced catalogue of dolines available at http://dolines.org/ (Mihevc / Mihevc 2021). Dolines are found in most of the karst areas, except mountains where they were eroded by glacial action or covered by glacial deposits. We detected 471,192 dolines and divided them into three genetic types. Most abundant are solution dolines (470,325). The average doline is 9 m deep, has a diameter of 42 m and volume of 14,098 m3. The density of dolines on levelled surfaces can be as high as 500/ per km2. They are absend from the floors of poljes and steeper slopes, and are less abundant on sloping surfaces. We have identified 314 dolines to be of collapse origin. The mean depth of collapse dolines is 49 m, and 20 of them are deeper than 100 m. The mean volume is 1.2 million m3, with the largest having a volume of 11.6 million m3. Most of the collapse dolines can be found close to ponors or springs or corridors where large underground rivers flow. We have detected 553 suffosion dolines formed by suffosion of sediments in blind valleys or on poljes. This basic data set for dolines enables further study and comparison of dolines with the geology and topography of the karst"},{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"Vrtače so majhne do srednje velike zaprte depresije in so najštevilčnejša kraška oblika v Sloveniji. So krožne oblike in imajo premer od nekaj metrov do več kot kilometer. nastanejo na apnencu, dolomitu, karbonatni breči in konglomeratu. Nastanejo v različnih geomorfnih okoljih, in to z različnimi procesi, kot so raztapljanje, grezanje, sufozija in pretvorba jam v površinske oblike z denudacijo. Za to študijo so bili uporabljeni javno dostopni lidarski podatki, ki so bili zajeti s skeniranjem celotnega ozemlja Slovenije. Za katalogiziranje vrtač del digitalnega modela višin ročno označimo z binarno masko, ki označuje, ali je območje vrtača ali ne. nato na označenem ozemlju učimo algoritem globokega strojnega učenja u-net. Z algoritmom napovemo binarno masko na celotnem ozemlju Slovenije. Nastalo masko pretvorimo v format SRI Shapefile in ročno preverimo rezultate. Pri delu smo ugotovili, da so napake strojnega učenja in napovedovanja binarne maske večja pri tistih vrstah vrtač, ki so bile manj pogoste v učnih podatkih (npr. pri razmeroma redkih udornih vrtačah). Menimo, da smo z ročnim preverjanjem odpravili večino napak, zato je dobljeni katalog vrtač dobro izhodišče za nadaljnjo študijo. Georeferencirani katalog vrtač je dostopen na spletnem naslovu https://dolines.org . Vrtače zasedajo večino kraških območij, razen planot, kjer so bile zaradi ledeniškega delovanja erodirane ali prekrite z ledeniškimi nanosi. Odkrili smo 471.192 vrtačin jih razvrstili v tri tipe glede na njihov izvor. najpogostejše so korozijske vrtače (470.325 primerkov). Povprečna vrtača je globoka 9 m, ima premer 42m in prostornino 14.098m3. Gostota vrtač na uravnanih površinah je lahko tudi do 500/ vrtač na km2. Vrtač ni na dnu polj in na strmih pobočjih, manj jih je na nagnjenih površinah. Določili smo 314 udornih vrtač. Povprečna globina udornih vrtač je 49 m, 20 pa jih je globljih od 100 m. Povprečna prostornina je 1,2 milijona m3, največja pa ima prostornino 11,6 milijona m3. Večina udornih vrtač je blizu ponorov, izvirov ali tokov velikih podzemnih rek. Odkrili smo še 553 sufozijskih vrtač, kin so nastale s spiranjem sedimentov v slepih dolinah ali na poljih. Narejeni katalog vrtač omogoča nadaljnje proučevanje in primerjavo vrtač z geologijo in topografijo krasa"}],"edm:type":"TEXT","dc:type":[{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"znanstveno časopisje"},{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"journals"},{"@rdf:resource":"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q361785"}]},"ore:Aggregation":{"@rdf:about":"http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:doc-GDK8RO2U","edm:aggregatedCHO":{"@rdf:resource":"URN:NBN:SI:doc-GDK8RO2U"},"edm:isShownBy":{"@rdf:resource":"http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:doc-GDK8RO2U/b09d19dc-eba2-4bf3-b503-a836901332e0/PDF"},"edm:rights":{"@rdf:resource":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"},"edm:provider":"Slovenian National E-content Aggregator","edm:intermediateProvider":{"@xml:lang":"en","#text":"National and University Library of Slovenia"},"edm:dataProvider":{"@xml:lang":"sl","#text":"ZRC SAZU"},"edm:object":{"@rdf:resource":"http://www.dlib.si/streamdb/URN:NBN:SI:doc-GDK8RO2U/maxi/edm"},"edm:isShownAt":{"@rdf:resource":"http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:doc-GDK8RO2U"}}}}