279 KB75 KB201220252023Sablin, Ivan Valer'evichštevilka:2letnik:63str. 78-99ISSN:0353-0329DOI:10.51663/pnz.63.2.05COBISSID_HOST:170289667URN:URN:NBN:SI:doc-5X1VLU1IenInštitut za novejšo zgodovinoPrispevki za novejšo zgodovinoCouncil of EuropeDumaEUEuropean UnionNATOparlamentparliamentRusijaRussiaState DumaSvet EvropeThe European Union in Russian State Duma debates, 1994–2004|Although the European Union (EU) was occasionally presented in a positive light in the lower house of the Russian parliament (the State Duma) in 1994–2004, there were also numerous criticisms of the EU and the “European community” in a broader sense. The discussions were accompanied by vocally articulated anxieties by those factions that were oppositional to the President and the Government but had a strong foothold in the parliament, such as the conservative Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF), the rightwing populist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), and the rightwing Rodina (“Motherland”) Party and its predecessors. These anxieties pertained to Chechnya, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, and the Baltic states as the spaces of contestation between Russia and the EU. The projects of (re)building the Russian (Soviet) imperial formation on the basis of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) or the Union State (of Russia and Belarus) were presented as alternatives to Western European integration based on the EU and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The anti-EU rhetoric in the Duma, which came hand in hand with the denunciation of NATO, provided a discursive foundation for the eventual shift of the President’s and the Government’spolicy. The members of United Russia, the Government’s party without a clear ideology that won a constitutional majority in 2003, adopted elements of conservative and rightwing rhetoric of the formal opposition in 2004. This happened in the context of the EU enlargement when the issues of the accessibility of the Kaliningrad Region and the rights of the Russian speakers in Latvia and Estonia were discussed in the parliament. Later the same year, the start of the Orange Revolution in Ukraine became a further impetus for the Duma’s anti-EU discourse, a discourse that would soon become mainstream in Russian politicsČeprav je bila Evropska unija (EU) v obdobju 1994–2004 v spodnjem domu ruskega parlamenta (državni dumi) občasno predstavljena pozitivno, je bilo na splošno mogoče slišati veliko kritik EU in “Evropske skupnosti”. Razprave so spremljale glasno izražene skrbi tistih frakcij, ki so bile v opoziciji proti predsedniku in vladi, vendar so imele močno oporo v parlamentu, kot so konservativna Komunistična partija Ruske federacije (KPRF), desna populistična Liberalna demokratska stranka Rusije (LDSR) ter desna stranka Rodina (“domovina”) in njene predhodnice. Te skrbi so se nanašale na Čečenijo, Jugoslavijo, Ukrajino in baltske države kot dozdevne prostore merjenja moči med Rusijo in EU. Projekti (ponovne) izgradnje ruske (sovjetske) imperialne tvorbe na podlagi Skupnosti neodvisnih držav (SND) ali Zvezne države (Rusije in Belorusije) so bili predstavljeni kot alternativa zahodnoevropskemu združevanju v okviru EU in Organizacije Severnoatlantske pogodbe (NATO). Retorika v dumi, ki je bila usmerjena proti EU in jo je spremljalo obsojanje zveze NATO, je bila diskurzivna podlaga za končno spremembo politike predsednika in vlade. Člani Združene Rusije, vladne stranke brez jasne ideologije, ki je leta 2003 dobila ustavno večino, so leta 2004 prevzeli elemente konservativne in desničarske retorike formalne opozicije. To se je zgodilo v kontekstu širitve EU, ko so v parlamentu razpravljali o vprašanjih dostopnosti Kaliningrajske regije in pravicah rusko govorečih v Latviji in Estoniji. Pozneje istega leta je začetek oranžne revolucije v Ukrajini dodatno spodbudil protievropski diskurz Dume, ki je v ruski politiki kmalu prevladalTEXTznanstveno časopisjejournalsSlovenian National E-content AggregatorNational and University Library of SloveniaInštitut za novejšo zgodovino