8740 KB275 KB0 KB2012Milocco, AlbertoTrkov, AndrejXXVI, 143 str., 30 cmCOBISSID:260729344URN:URN:NBN:SI:doc-FUYR8VFHenA. Miloccovisokošolska deladonos nevtronovjedrska fizikanizkoenergijski devteroniMonte Carlo model for neutron production by the interactions of low energy deuterons in solid targets| doktorska disertacija|The construction of the nuclear fusion plant 'ITER' has started in 2009 at Cadarache, France. The ITER machine represents a milestone in the civil use ofthe nuclear fusion energy. The physics of ITER is based on the fusion reaction between deuteron and triton nuclei (D-T). The deuteron-deuteron reaction (D-D) is also interesting and is foreseen for the next generation of fusion reactors. The experimental activities carried out in the context of the ITER neutronics involve intense fields of neutrons produced with a linear accelerator for deuterons, a target containing tritium or deuterium and auxiliary structures, such as the detector system, cooling system, room walls,etc. The experimental sources of uncertainty cannot be eliminated, and what is requested for an experiment to be of benchmark quality is the accurateassessment of any uncertainty that is present in the measurements. Theuncertainties due the neutron source term are often referred by the experimentalists as 'resolution' uncertainties. The precise evaluation of the individual sources of uncertainty cannot be achieved with experimental techniques alone. The problem of modelling deuteron interactions in solid tritiated or deuterated targets represents an interesting case concerning the choice and use of physics models and nuclear data. It requires accurate treatment of elastic scattering processes (requiring physics models), inelastic electronic collisions (usually provided in the form of tabulated data) and fusion nuclear reactions data (for which evaluated nuclear data are available and should be used). A synopsis is included to make the reader acquainted with ion transport models and nuclear cross sections for deuteron and neutron interactions. The doctoral thesis is aimed at proving the hypothesis that a computational model can be developed, which would include the features observable in a fusion neutronics experiment and that their implementation would be based on solid physics ground and numerically stable. The software and databases generally available in nuclear engineering are often inadequate for solving problems of coupled ion/neutron transport because of the intrinsic limitations in physics (e.g. energy cut-offs, model limitations) or in the geometric details or in the nuclear data usage. It is necessary to model the deuteron interactions inside the target and get information on the deuteron energy and direction while slowing down. This issue is a problem of ion transport in matter. For the computer simulation of the slowing down and scattering of ions in materials, the Monte Carlo methods have a number of distinct advantages over deterministic formulations based on transport theory. For instance, the first allow more rigorous treatment of elastic scattering. Many codes for tackling this problem are available. Among these, the SRIM code (2008 version) and the MCNPX code (version 2.6) are well-established. Both codes rely on physical models for the deuteron transport in matter. The MCNPX models are designed for 200 MeV and higher deuteron energies and their application is not reliable below. In the MCNPX code, the deuteron transport and the nuclear reactions on deuteron interactionoccur above some energy threshold in the MeV energy region, so neutrons cannot be generated with MCNPX at the low deuteron energies of the neutron generators under discussion. On the other hand, SRIM has seen a thorough validation of the ion transport module till low ion energies because of its wide range of applications, but the SRIM code cannot be used to producethe source neutrons because it does not include nuclear reactions at all. These drawbacks can be overcome by modelling the nuclear reaction that yields the neutrons and introducing approximations in the ion transport (e.g. neglecting angular straggling) or even in the angular effects of the target and the nuclear reaction (e.g. resorting to independent evaluations of neutronangular emission) or by tailoring a code for the specific problemGradnja fuzijske elektrarne ITER se je pričela leta 2009 5 Cadarachu v Franciji. ITER predstavlja mejnik v rabi fuzijske energije. Reaktor ITER bo deloval na osnovi zlitja jeder devterija in tritija (D-T). Naslednja generacija fuzijskih reaktorjev bo predvidoma delovala na osnovi reakcije zlitja dveh jeder devterija (D-D). Eksperimenti v zvezi z nevtroniko reaktorja ITER potekajo s pomočjo močnih nevtronskih polj, ki jih generirajo linearni pospeševalniki za devterone. Tarče vsebujejo tritij, devterij in pomožne sisteme kot so na primer detektorji, hladilni sistemi, stene in podobno. Pri eksperimentih negotovosti ne smemo zanemariti. Če želimo, da so eksperimenti referenčni eksperimenti je potrebna natančna ocena vseh negotovosti, ki se pojavijo pri meritvi. Eksperimentator negotovost zaradi nevtronskega izvora običajno označimo kot t.i. ločljivostno negotovost. Samo zeksperimentalnimi tehnikami ni mogoče doseči natančne ocene posameznih negotovosti. Problem modeliranja medsebojnega vpliva devterona v tritijevih in devterijevih tarčah predstavlja zanimiv primer uporabne fizikalnih modelov in jedrskih podatkov. Problem zahteva natančno obravnavo elastičnega sipanja (fizikalni modeli), neelastičnih elektronskih trkov (običajno so podani v obliki tabel) in fuzijskih jedrskih podatkov (kateri podatki so na voljo in kateri evalvirani podatki naj se uporabijo). Vključen je povzetek, ki bralca seznani z modelom transporta ionov in jedrskimi preseki med devteronom in tritijem. Namen doktorskega dela je, da pokaže, da se lahko razvije take računske modele, ki imajo trdno fizikalno osnovo in so numerično stabilni pri opisu podatkov iz nevtronskega fuzijskega eksperimenta. Programska oprema in podatki v jedrski fiziki običajno niso primerni za reševanje problemov ion/nevtronskega transporta zaradi fizikalnih omejitev (n.p. omejene energije,omejeni modeli), zaradi geometrijskih detajlov ali pa zaradi jedrskihpodatkov. Potrebno je modelirati interakcijo devterona v tarči in dobiti podatke o energiji in smeri devterona, ko se upočasnjuje. To je problemtransporta ionov v snovi. Metoda Monte Carlo ima nekaj posebnih prednosti pred determinističnimi metodami, ki temeljijo na transportni teorijipri simulaciji upočasnjevanja in sipanja ionov v snovi. Tako na primeromogoča bolj natančno obravnavo elastičnega sipanja. Na voljo je precej programov, ki rešujejo ta problem. Med drugim so to uveljavljeni program SRIM(verzija 2008) in MCNPX (verzija 2.6). Oba programa temeljita na fizikalnih modelih transporta devterona v snovi. Modeli v MCNPXu so načrtovaniza energije devterona 200 MeV ali višje in njihova uporaba ni zanesljiva pod to mejo. V programu MCNPX so transport devterona in reakcije lenad neko mejo MeV, zato nevtroni ne morejo biti generirani pri nizkih energijah. V programu SRIM je modeliran transport ionov tudi pri nizkih energijah, ampak ta program ne more biti uporabljen kot izvor nevtronov, ker je sploh nima vključenih jedrskih reakcij. To pomanjkljivost lahko zaobidemo tako, da modeliramo jedrsko reakcijo, ki proizvede nevtron tako, da uporabimo približek za transporta ionov (zanemarimo kotno raztresenost) ali pa celo v kotnem efektu tarče in jedrske reakcije (n.p. presortiramo v neodvisno evaluacijo kotnih nevtronskih emisij) ali pa prikrojimo program za določen problem. V nadaljevanju so predstavljene možnosti, ki so običajne dandanes. V FNG je bila razvita neodvisna metoda za simulacijo D-T spektra pri različnihkotih. FNGjev model izvora je bil prilagojen distribuciji MCNP programa, kjer uporabnik definira izvorni člen (bistvena sta SOURCE in SRCDX podprograma). Z ukazom RDUM na MCNP vhodni datoteki uporabnik določi energijo in širino curka devteronov ter dimenzije tarče in njeno materialno sestavo. Podprogram je bil pripravljen za verzijo MCNP-4B in MCNP-4C. FNG model izvora modelira Monte Carlo transport devteronov v trdnih tritijevih tarčah tako, kotje to v programu SRIM. Program je bil preveden iz BASICa v FORTRAN v katerem je napisan MCNPTEXTvisokošolska delatheses and dissertationsSlovenian National E-content AggregatorNational and University Library of SloveniaUniverza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za gradbeništvo, prometno inženirstvo in arhitekturo