19026 KB0 KB198620252024Ambrožič, Matjažštevilka:46str. 279-298ISSN:0351-2789DOI:10.34291/AES2024/AmbrozicCOBISSID_HOST:228055043URN:URN:NBN:SI:doc-3WWDL7JFslTeološka fakulteta Univerze v LjubljaniActa ecclesiastica Sloveniaebellsdruga svetovna vojnaFirst World Warprva svetovna vojnarekvizicija zvonovrequisition of bellsSecond World WarzvonoviZvonovi za topove|From the Middle Ages, bell-makers were frequently transformed into cannon casters. In the past, bells in our lands suffered much due to Ottoman invasions, and most of all during the time of both World Wars. When requisitioning bronze bells, the Austro-Hungarian authorities cited war conditions. They took into consideration artistically and historically important bells, the fate of which was to be decided by the monument preservation service. In 1915/1916, in agreement with the Ministry of Defence, the land authorities instructed diocesan ordinariates to make an inventory of bells throughout parishes according to a special form. In the summer of 1916, priests and believers wrote copious requests to ordinariates or bishops to intervene with the military authorities for the preservation of individual bells. They were also supported by some mayors and, in places, petitions were also signed by people from church communities. Prior to the second requisitioning of bells, which started in August 1917, the military command again asked ordinariates for help during the action. Priests had two weeks to present lists of the remaining bells. Only those bells cast prior to 1600 were exempt from requisition, while others escaped confiscation due to having extraordinary ornamental and figural decoration. Every church with regular pastoral care was to retain at least one bell. Generally, only those bells were left that were marked by the conservator. In Slovenia, only a very small number of original bells from prior to 1916 were preserved, since during both requisitions 90% of all bells were requisitioned. After the First World War, the Kingdom of Italy received war indemnity from Austria from which it financed the casting of the so-called compensation bells on the newly acquired Slovenian territory. In the years after the First World War, emptied bell towers in the Slovenian lands which were made part of the Kingdom of SCS were filled with bronze and steel bells. They were mostly cast by local bell foundries. On 23 April 1942, the Italian Fascist authority decided that bells from churches in Primorska and Istria be requisitioned for military purposes. Mostly, this was the requisitioning of compensation bells. Even some that had been exempted by Austro-Hungary or those returned from the Austrian collection centres after the First World War were now listed for requisition. In the territory of the so-called Ljubljanska pokrajina, Italians did not requisition bronze bells, similarly as the Hungarians in Prekmurje. The German occupier caused the most damage by requisitioning bronze bells primarily from churches in Štajerska and Zasavje and Posavje and to date that damage has not been repaired. Between 1941 and 1944, only those bronze bells were not requisitioned which were protected by the Austrian preservation service during the First World War; however, in Zasavje and Posavje, where the Slovenian population was forced out, almost all historical bells were requisitioned. Only bronze bells in certain churches in the Zgornja Savinjska, Šaleška, and Mežiška valleys were left untouched. In Gorenjska, bronze bells were preserved thanks to the master organist Franc Jenko. The Yugoslav Communist authorities demanded war indemnity from Italy. The Italian government paid 120,000,000 lira of compensation. Unfortunately, the demands of the Yugoslav authorities for the return of unmelted bells from Austria for Styrian parishes were not successful. Bells from the Kočevje region from demolished churches were destroyed or got a new home in bell towers of some nearby churches. Many went to bell towers near LaškoZvonarji so se od konca srednjega veka večkrat prelevili v livarje topov. Po naših deželah so zvonovi v preteklosti mnogo trpeli zaradi osmanskih vpadov, najbolj pa za časa obeh svetovnih vojn. Avstro-ogrske oblasti so se pri odvzemu bronastih zvonov sklicevale na vojne razmere. V obzir so vzele umetnostno in zgodovinsko pomembne zvonove, o katerih naj bi odločala spomeniškovarstvena služba. V soglasju z obrambnim ministrstvom so deželna glavarstva škofijske ordinariate v letih 1915/1916 zadolžila, da preko župnij izvedejo popis zvonov po posebnem formularju. Župniki in verniki so ordinariatom oziroma škofom poleti 1916 množično pisali prošnje, naj posredujejo pri vojaških oblasteh za ohranitev posameznih zvonov. Podprli so jih tudi posamezni župani, ponekod pa so peticije podpisali tudi soseščani cerkvenih sosesk. Pred drugim odvzemom zvonov, ki se je začel avgusta 1917, je vojaško poveljstvo ordinariate zaprosilo za ponovno pomoč pri izvedbi akcije. Župniki so morali v dveh tednih predložiti sezname preostalih zvonov. Od odvzema so bili upravičeni tisti, ki so bili uliti pred letom 1600, ostali pa so se morali odlikovati po izrednem ornamentalnem in figuralnem okrasju. V vsaki cerkvi z redno dušnopastirsko oskrbo naj bi ostal vsaj en zvon. Načeloma so ostali le tisti zvonovi, ki jih je označil konservator. V Sloveniji so se ohranila le redka izvirna zvonila izpred leta 1916, saj je bilo pri obeh odvzemih cerkvam odvzeto 90 % zvonov. Kraljevina Italija je po prvi svetovni vojni od Avstrije dobila vojno odškodnino, iz katere je financirala ulivanje t. i. odškodninskih zvonov na slovenskem ozemlju, ki ga je na novo pridobila. Izpraznjene zvonike v slovenskih deželah, ki so prišle v okvir Kraljevine SHS, so v letih po prvi svetovni vojni predniki napolnili z bronastimi in jeklenimi zvonovi. Ulile so jih pretežno domače zvonarne. Italijanska fašistična oblast je 23. aprila 1942 sklenila, da cerkvam na Primorskem in v Istri odvzame zvonove v vojaške namene. V glavnem je šlo za odvzem odškodninskih zvonov. Med odvzetimi zvonovi so se znašli tudi nekateri, ki jih je Avstro-Ogrska pustila oziroma so bili po prvi svetovni vojni vrnjeni iz avstrijskih zbirnih centrov. Na ozemlju t. i. Ljubljanske pokrajine Italijani bronastih zvonov niso odvzeli, podobno pa so ravnali tudi Madžari v Prekmurju. Nemški okupator je z odvzemom bronastih zvonov škodo povzročil predvsem cerkvam na Štajerskem in v Zasavju ter Posavju, ki še do danes ni sanirana. Načeloma med letoma 1941 in 1944 niso odvzeli le tistih bronastih zvonov, ki jih je med prvo svetovno vojno zaščitila že avstrijska spomeniškovarstvena služba, vendar pa so zlasti v Zasavju in Posavju, kjer so izselili slovensko prebivalstvo, odvzeli skoraj vse historične zvonove. Nedotaknjeni so ostali bronasti zvonovi v nekaterih cerkvah v Zgornji Savinjski, Šaleški in Mežiški dolini. Na Gorenjskem so bronasti zvonovi ostali po zaslugi orglarskega mojstra Franca Jenka. Od Italije so jugoslovanski komunistični oblastniki za odvzete zvonove naknadno zahtevali tudi vojno odškodnino. Italijanska vlada je plačala 120.000.000 lir odškodnine. Zahteve jugoslovanskih oblasti po vrnitvi nepretopljenih zvonov iz Avstrije v štajerske župnije žal niso bile uspešno rešene. Kočevarski zvonovi iz porušenih cerkva so bili uničeni ali pa so svoje novo bivališče dobili v zvonikih nekaterih bližnjih cerkva. Številni so romali v zvonike v okolici LaškegaTEXTznanstveno časopisjejournalsSlovenian National E-content AggregatorNational and University Library of SloveniaUniverza v Ljubljani, Teološka fakulteta