SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Women and Men from Childhood to Old Age www.stat.si/eng Simply Not the Same. Women and Men from Childhood to Old Age Original title: Kako sva si različna. Ženske in moški od otroštva do starosti Authors: Brigita Vrabič Kek, Darja Šter, Tina Žnidaršič Infographics: Matjaž Erker Translated by Boris Panič The publication is available on the website http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/publications Information provided by the Information Centre: phone + 386 1 241 64 04 e-mail info.stat@gov.si @StatSlovenia CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 305(497.4)(0.034.2) 305(4)(0.034.2) 061.1EU:305(0.034.2) 311:305(497.4) VRABIČ Kek, Brigita Simply not the same [Elektronski vir] : women and men from childhood to old age / [authors Brigita Vrabič Kek, Darja Šter, Tina Žnidaršič ; translated by Boris Panič]. - El. knjiga. - Ljubljana : Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2016. - (Collection Brochures / Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia) Način dostopa (URL): http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/publications. - Izv. stv. nasl.: Kako sva si različna ISBN 978-961-239-345-8 (pdf) 1. Šter, Darja 2. Žnidaršič, Tina, 1968- 284519936 Issued and published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Litostrojska cesta 54 – © SURS – Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source in acknowledged – ISBN 978-961-239-345-8 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME FOREWORD 3 … What I love, you don’t care for, what you like, I don’t, The fact is we are different ... … Frane Milčinski - Ježek Women and men; the fact is we are different. Always. From early childhood to old age. We are determined not only by biological differences but also by different social roles. In our new publication we made use of statistical data to verify how much we actually differ. This is our fourth publication dealing with this topic; yet it differs from the previous three. Chapter 1 presents basic data for the total population with infographics and some of the findings. Further on women and men are put into different age periods (children/childhood, youth, adults/adulthood, elderly/old age) seeking similarities and differences between them, pointing out the main characteristics of individual periods and comparing data for Slovenia with data for the other EU-28 Member States. As always, our new publication is also our invitation to you for further study since the data it presents are only some of the available data. Although the original Slovene version was issued on the International Women’s Day, the brochure is not intended only for women but also for men, namely for anyone and everyone curious about and wanting to learn how much and in what way women and men are actually different or similar. Genovefa Ružić Director-General SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 5 CONTENTS WOMEN AND MEN ............................................................................................................................................ 7 CHILDREN .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 YOUTH ............................................................................................................................................................... 27 ADULTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 37 ELDERLY ............................................................................................................................................................. 49 ABBREVIATIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................... 60 LITERATURE ....................................................................................................................................................... 60 COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 60 WOMEN AND MEN 8 WOMEN AND MEN SIMPLY NOT THE SAME How different are we? The long-term new-born sex ratio in Slovenia (birth rate of In the school year 2014/15, most young women (46%) boys to girls) is 106 boys to 100 girls. attended general upper secondary education and most young men (48%) technical upper secondary education. For 16 years the most common boys’ name has been Luka. The most common girls’ names are Nika, Eva, Lana, Lara and Of ten tertiary graduates in 2014 six were women and four Sara. were men. A girl born in Slovenia in 2014 can expect to live 83.7 years At age 25 one in three women (35%) and one in two men and a boy almost six years less (78.0 years). (53%) were employed in 2014. In 2014, one in five 13-year-old girls (19%) and one in six At age 29 one in three women (36%) and one in two men 13-year-old boys (17%) in Slovenia were sitting more than (55%) were still living with their parents in 2014. four hours a day during leisure time during the school week. Lifeline The data are averages for 2014. Sources: SURS, NIJZ, ZRSZ, Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 18. 12. 2015) SIMPLY NOT THE SAME WOMEN AND MEN 9 How different are we? Of a hundred adult women 34 had tertiary education and of In 2015, the gender ratio at 65 years of age was 1 woman a hundred adult men 23 had tertiary education in 2014. per 1 man; at 100 or more years of age it was 6 women per 1 man. One in two women and two out of three men aged 50–59 were employed in 2014. In the age group 30–49 the shares of In 2015, 236 people in Slovenia were 100 or more years old, employed men and women were similar. 203 of them were women. In 2014, average monthly gross earnings of women were Average monthly old-age pensions received by women aged 94.7% of average monthly gross earnings of men, i.e. they 65+ in 2014 were EUR 157 lower than average monthly were EUR 89 lower. old-age male pensions. The most common female occupation in Slovenia in 2014 The mean age of women who died in 2014 was 80.9 years was a sales worker and the most common male occupation and of men 72.7 years, i.e. 8.2 years lower. was a driver. In 2014 the most common cause of death for older women Of the people who died in 2014 one in four men (26%) and was heart failure and for men lung cancer. one in nine women (11%) were less than 65 years of age. 10 WOMEN AND MEN SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Population of Slovenia yesterday, today, tomorrow 2015 men women number 1,022,229 1,040,645 number mean age 41 years 44 years mean age foreigners 6.6% 3.3% foreigners 1961 2061 Source: SURS SIMPLY NOT THE SAME WOMEN AND MEN 11 Household status 12 WOMEN AND MEN SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Most common names 0–14 years 15–29 years © SURS © SURS 30–64 years 65 years or more © SURS © SURS Data refer to 1 January 2015. Source: SURS SIMPLY NOT THE SAME WOMEN AND MEN 13 Education 14 WOMEN AND MEN SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Physical characteristics SIMPLY NOT THE SAME WOMEN AND MEN 15 Fruit and vegetables consumption Self-perceived general health status 16 WOMEN AND MEN SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Smoking and alcohol consumption Self-perceived overall life satisfaction CHILDREN 18 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Every year slightly more boys than girls are born Children, EU-281), 1 January 2014 We divided childhood into two periods: ¾ ¾ pre-school: from birth to 5 years of age or entering elementary school; ¾ ¾ elementary school: from 6 to 14 years of age. At the beginning of 2015 there were 304,310 children living in Slovenia, 147,703 girls and 156,607 boys. Together they represented 15% of Slovenia’s population. In the past 30 years the number of children (0–14 years) declined by almost a third. In mid-2003 the share of children in the total population was for the first time lower than the share of the elderly (aged 65+). Every year more boys than girls are born. This is a biological fact all over the world. However, usually more boys than girls die. The long-term new-born sex ratio (birth rate of boys to girls) in Slovenia is 106 boys to 100 girls. The most “girly” year was 1965 (102 boys to 100 girls) and the most “boyish” year was 1971 (110 boys to 100 girls). Children, Slovenia Source: SURS As regards the share of children in total population, in 2014 Slovenia was in the bottom third of EU-28 Member States. The share was the lowest in Germany (13%) and the highest in Ireland (22%). In all countries boys outnumbered girls. 1) Provisional data: EU-28, FR, IE; estimated: EU-28, RO. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 30. 10. 2015) SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 19 Almost exclusively female teaching staff in kindergartens and elementary schools Three out of four children aged 1–5 are included in kindergartens; in the past ten Elementary school teaching staff, years their number grew by more than a half. The number of children included in EU-281), school year 2012/13 kindergartens grows with their age; a year before entering elementary school only one in ten children does not attend a kindergarten. There is no gender difference. Children in kindergartens, Slovenia, school year 2014/15 Source: SURS The teaching staff in the pre-school period (kindergartens) is mostly female educators and assistant educators. In the school year 2013/14 men represented 2% of the teaching staff in both the first age period (1–3 years) and the second age period (4–5 years). Elementary schools or institutions with adapted curriculum are attended by almost all children aged 6–14. The gender structure of the teaching staff is slightly more balanced, but women (in 2013/14 88%) still outnumber men. As regards the EU-28, in the school year 2012/13 the share of female teachers in elementary education was the lowest in Greece and Spain (69% in each) and the highest in Latvia (89%). Professional staff in kindergartens and teachers in elementary schools, Slovenia, school year 2013/14 1) For DK, HR: data only for ISCED2, for IE only for ISCED1. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 7. 12. 2015) Source: SURS 20 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME More girls than boys attend music schools Children enrolled in music schools, At the end of the school year 2013/14, 13,000 girls and 7,300 boys attended verified gender ratio, Slovenia, end of school music school or dance training, i.e. one in seven (14%) elementary school pupils. year 2013/14 Two out of three children (64%) attending music school were girls. For decades most of the children attending music schools have been learning to play keyboard instruments; the second largest group are children learning to play woodwind instruments and the third those learning to play string instruments. Some of the instruments studied are recognised as “girly”, e.g. flute, cither, violin, and some as “boyish”, e.g. trumpet, accordion. Source: SURS © SURS Pupils learning instruments or ballet in music schools, Slovenia, end of school year 2013/14 Source: SURS SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 21 Boys use computers more frequently than girls Most of today’s kids have been growing up with digital technology since the early Children (10–14 years)1) using the childhood. It is therefore not surprising that almost all (99%) children aged 10–14 Internet, Slovenia, 2014 were regular computer users in 2014, meaning that they used computers in the last three months before the survey, and that 76% of children used computers every day or almost every day. Computer usage among children (10–14 years), Slovenia, 2014 Source: SURS Households with children are usually better equipped with computers and the Internet than households without children. The Internet is used by almost all children (98%), slightly more by boys than by girls. Internet usage among children (10–14 years)1), Slovenia, 2014 1) Regular Internet users. Source: SURS As regards online shopping, 23% of children were shopping online between April 1) Regular Internet users. 2013 and March in 2014. Girls were mostly buying clothes, footwear and sporting Source: SURS © SURS goods (85%), and goods such as cosmetics (24%). Boys were also mostly buying clothes, footwear and sporting goods (45%), followed by technical goods. 22 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Eva is the most common name of girls in kindergartens, Nika in elementary schools In the 1980s names started to become shorter, first the names of new-born girls. In the 1990s the trend of fashionable short names transferred to boys’ names and this is still true today. For 16 years the most common boys’ name has been Luka. In 2015, the most Nika Luka common name of girls under 15 years of age was Nika. Most common girls’ names, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 Most common double names of children, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 Source: SURS © SURS In addition to short names, double names are also characteristic of younger generations, which is true of both genders. According to the latest data, one in 29 girls and one in 33 boys aged 0–14 have double names. In recent years about 330 children per year have been given double names. According to the latest data, the most common double names include the most common names such as Luka, Jan, Jakob, Mark and Maj for boys and Ana, Eva, Sara and Lana for girls. The list of top five girls’ double names includes the name Marija, Source: SURS © SURS which is characteristic of older women and still the most common name in Slovenia. SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 23 Luka is the most common name of boys in kindergartens and in elementary schools Many parents choose for their new-borns less common (new) names. These names Some new names1), Slovenia, come from other cultural backgrounds, are Slovenised, are new name combinations, 1 January 2015 are made-up names or variations of existing names. For girls the most common new names in 2015 were Rubi, Inaja and Inaya and for boys Eman, Nai and Zal. Most common boys’ names, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 Alya Alin Amaya Danis Amelie Donart Elhana Eman Iman Eron Inaja Gael Inaya Ilan Issa Kaan Leoni Kimi Leonie Ledion Lilly Nai Nejša Noa Rinesa Ruj Rubi Taid Tarja Tanaj Tayra Tay Tinea Tio Tjara Vall Tuana Zal 1) Only names of the population aged 0–14 on 1 January 2015. Source: SURS Source: SURS © SURS In addition to double names, double family names are also characteristic of younger generations. Marriage is namely no longer the only living community and an increasing number of children of both genders get both their parent’s family names. Among the population younger than 15 years, at the beginning of 2015 about the same number of girls and boys (around 8,500) got both their parents’ family names. Two names and two family names were given to 340 girls and 306 boys. 24 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Many girls think they are too fat 13-year-old girls and their weight1) The shares of children aged 6–14 with normal weight in Slovenia in 2014 were – self-assessment and BMI, EU-282), similar for both genders (according to the Faculty of Sport data); differences were 2009/10 larger in the shares of underweight children (girls were much more endangered with one in 11, for boys the share was one in 15) and the obese (boys were more endangered with one in 13, for girls the share was one in 17). Nourishment of children (6–14 years), Slovenia, school year 2014/15 Source: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport (SLOfit 2015) The data collected with the international survey Health Behaviour of School-aged Children (HBSC) by countries for 2009/10 show that the opinions of 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds about whether they are overweight or obese differ from their body mass index (BMI) data. The differences between the self-assessment and the BMI are greater for girls. A similar situation is shown by HBSC data for 2014 for Slovenia. One in three (33%) 11-year-old girls and almost one in two (47%) 13-year-old girls thought that they were slightly or very overweight. As regards boys, one in four (26%) 11-year-olds and one in three (32%) 13-year-olds thought the same. 1) Share of 13-year-old girls who think they are too fat, and share of those who are overweight or obese according to the BMI. 2) No data for BE, BG, CY, MT and UK. Source: WHO (HBSC) SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 25 Girls eat fruit and vegetables more frequently than boys According to the HBSC, in 2014 girls in Slovenia were eating more fruit and 13-year-olds who drink alcohol at vegetables than boys, who consumed more energy drinks than girls. One in two least once a week, EU-281), 2009/10 13-year-old boys and one in ten 11-year-old girls were consuming energy drinks. Consumption of energy drinks grows with age. During the school week half of 11-year-old girls and boys were eating breakfast; at age 13 the share of girls was lower (39%) than the share of boys (45%). The data also show that most of the 11-year-olds and 13-year-olds were active at least two or three times a week during leisure time; the share for boys (over 80%) was higher than the share for girls. The share of young people spending more than four hours a day sitting during leisure time during the school week grows with age. Physical activity during leisure time, Slovenia, 2014 Source: NIJZ (HBSC) Sedentary behaviour during the school week, Slovenia, 2014 Source: NIJZ (HBSC) 1) No data for BE, BG, CY, MT and UK. Smoking and alcohol consumption are part of the transition from childhood to Source: WHO (HBSC) adolescence. According to the NIJZ (HBSC), in 2014 one in 33 13-year-old boys and one in 100 13-year-old girls were smoking at least once a week, while alcoholic beverages were consumed at least once a week by one in ten 13-year-old boys and one in 25 13-year-old girls. 26 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Most children live with parents who are married In 2015, 73,021 children under 15 years In 2015, of the 304,310 children under 15 years of age 1% were not living in of age did not have siblings. families, i.e. with at least one parent, but (most frequently) with grandparents, Twice as many children (157,033) were other relatives or in institutional care. living with one sibling in two-child The remaining 99% of the children aged 0–14 were living in 192,603 families, i.e. families. with both parents (married or unmarried) or with one parent. 51% of children were In 23,525 families with two children living with married parents, 24% with unmarried parents and 24% with only one at least one child was under 15 years parent (20% with mothers and 4% with fathers). Both younger (aged 0–5) and older of age and one was older. In 66,754 (aged 6–14) children were most often living with married parents; the share was families with two children both children lower for younger children. For younger children (aged 0–5) the share of those living were under 15 years of age. with unmarried parents and those living with only one parent were higher than for older children (aged 6–14). Families with two children younger than 15 years, Slovenia, Children aged 0–5 years by who they live with, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 1 January 2015 Source: SURS Children aged 6–14 years by who they live with, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 Source: SURS © SURS Source: SURS YOUTH 28 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME The number of young people is declining Young people, EU-281), 1 January 2014 Youth is a period between childhood and adulthood, a period during which a child is gradually included in all important social roles. We divided it into three periods: ¾ ¾ classical youth: 15 to 19 years of age ¾¾late youth: 20 to 24 years of age ¾ ¾ early adulthood: 25 to 29 years of age At the beginning of 1985 there were about 452,000 young people (15–29 years) living in Slovenia, which was 23% of the total population. Slightly more of them were men than women. Ten years ago (in 2005) young people still accounted for more than 20% of Slovenia’s population. By the beginning of 2015 their number has dropped to 335,499 or 16% of the total population, 48% of them were women. Young people, Slovenia Source: SURS At the beginning of 2015 young men represented 17% of all men in the country and young women 16% of all women in the country. The share of young people in the total population is declining in the other EU-28 Member States as well. In 2014, the shares of young people were the lowest in Southern Europe, Slovenia, Germany, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. On the other hand, the shares were the highest in Cyprus, Slovakia and Poland. 1) Provisional data: EU-28, FR, IE; estimated: EU-28, RO. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 24. 8. 2015) SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 29 Young people are generally satisfied with their lives In 2013, 80% of young people in Slovenia (16–24 years) were generally satisfied Average rating of overall life with their lives. This means that on a scale from 0 – completely unsatisfied to 10 satisfaction of young people – completely satisfied they assessed their lives with 7 to 10. The lowest marks (0–4) (16–24 years), EU-28, 2013 were selected by 5% of respondents. Young girls were mostly more satisfied than young boys, except as regards satisfaction with accommodation and time use. Young people in Slovenia (16–24 years) were on average slightly more satisfied with their lives (7.8) than young people in the EU-28 overall (7.6). The lowest result was recorded among young men in Bulgaria (5.5) and the highest among young men in Austria (8.4). Average rating of satisfaction of young people (16–24 years) by domain, Slovenia, 2013 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 24. 8. 2015) Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 24. 8. 2015) 30 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Almost all young people participate in upper secondary education Pupils in general upper secondary The number of young people participating in upper secondary education is declining education programs, EU-28, 2012 due to demographic changes, but the participation rate is high. In 2013 more than 96% of 17-year-olds were participating in upper secondary education, which was one of the highest shares in Europe. The share was the highest in Sweden (98%) and the lowest in Greece (69%). Pupils in upper secondary education by type of education, Slovenia, school year 2014/15 Source: SURS In Slovenia young people of both genders increasingly decide to participate in upper secondary technical education; enrolment in general education programs is declining. At the beginning of the school year 2014/15 75,325 pupils were enrolled in upper secondary education, most of them in technical education (46%), followed by general education (37%) and vocational and short-term vocational education (17%). Girls mostly chose general education (46%), followed by technical education (43%), whereas boys mostly chose technical education (48%), followed by general education (30%). Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 10. 9. 2015) SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 31 Girls are slightly more successful than boys An increasing number of pupils successfully complete the grade. In the school Early leavers from education and year 2013/14 91% of pupils in Slovenia successfully completed the grade; girls training aged 18–24, EU-281), 2014 were slightly more successful than boys. As regards the type of education, girls were slightly more successful than boys in short-term vocational and in technical education, while boys were more successful than girls in general education. In general education the success rate was the highest, since 94% of girls and 96% of boys studying at that level successfully completed it. Pupils who successfully completed the grade, by type of education, Slovenia, school year 2013/14 Source: SURS Despite the high share of young people participating in education and despite their success, some young people do not participate in education. At 18–24 years of age they have basic education or less. The share of the so-called early leavers from education and training was falling in Slovenia between 2009 and 2013. In 2014 it increased to 4.4%, but was still one of the lowest in the EU-28. Its value was the lowest in Croatia (2.7%) and the highest in Spain (21.9%), while the EU-28 average was 11.1%. However, there is a large difference between the genders. Young women in Slovenia less often leave school early; in 2014 the share was 2.7%, while the share for young men was 6.0%. 1) Low reliability – women: CY, LT, HR, LU, SI; men: HR. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 11. 12. 2015) 32 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME More female students than male students Female students per 100 male More than half of young people aged 20–24 in Slovenia are studying, which ranks students in tertiary education, Slovenia among the countries with the highest shares of young people participating EU-28, 2012 in tertiary education. In 2013, the lowest shares were recorded in the United Kingdom (31%) and Austria (35%). Poland 149.1 As regards students in the EU-28 in 2012, women outnumbered men everywhere Sweden 148.2 except in Greece. The difference was the greatest in Poland and Sweden, almost Slovakia 147.6 50% more female than male students. Latvia 147.6 Estonia 144.9 Tertiary education students by fields of education, Slovenia, academic year 2014/15 Lithuania 140.6 Slovenia 136.6 Italy 135.3 Denmark 134.8 Czech Republic 133.9 Croatia 130.8 United Kingdom 128.7 Malta 128.0 Hungary 124.7 Belgium 124.7 France 121.4 Bulgaria 120.4 Romania 118.9 Finland 115.9 Source: SURS Spain 115.6 In general, young people in Slovenia are still the most interested in studying Portugal 115.0 social sciences. These programs are attended by one in three students; however, Austria 114.8 the interest is declining. On the other hand, the interest in science, mathematics and Cyprus 113.0 computing is growing. Luxembourg 108.9 In the academic year 2014/15 83,700 students were enrolled in tertiary education in Slovenia, more than half of them (58%) were women. Female students most Netherlands 105.9 frequently studied social sciences, business and law (one in three or 34%), while Ireland 103.5 male students most frequently studied engineering, manufacturing and construction Germany 100.3 (one in three or 32%) and social sciences, business and law (one in four or 24%). Greece 96.6 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 18. 12. 2015) SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 33 More female graduates than male graduates The number of tertiary education graduates is increasing. This is a reflection Tertiary education graduates of high participation of young people in education, their success, the low share of (25–29 years), EU-28, 2014 early leavers from education and training and favourable conditions for studying. Ten years ago 24% of young people aged 25–29 had tertiary education, i.e. one in three women (33%) and one in seven men (15%) of that age completed tertiary education. In ten years the share of young people with tertiary education increased to 35%. 44% of women and one in four men (26%) aged 25–29 had tertiary education. The share for women was above the EU-28 average, while the share for men was below the EU-28 average. Tertiary education graduates by fields of education, Slovenia, 2014 Source: SURS Around 18,400 students graduated in Slovenia in 2014, 60% of them were women. More than half of female graduates (55%) graduated from social sciences, business and law, and education, while science, mathematics and computing, and engineering, manufacturing and construction were predominantly “male” fields, since almost half of male graduates (45%) graduated from them. As in Slovenia, in the other EU-28 Member States, too, more women than men graduate from tertiary education. In 2012, the gender difference was the largest in Latvia and Estonia, where the number of female graduates was twice as high as the number of their male colleagues. On the other hand, the difference was the smallest Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 7. 1. 2016) in Ireland, Austria and Germany (about 20% more female graduates). 34 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Young women leave their parents’ families earlier Young people (16–29 years) living It is characteristic of Slovenia that children leave their original families late; according with their parents, EU-28, 2013 to Eurostat data later than in other European countries. In 2013, young people in Sweden left their parents’ households the earliest, both genders before completing 21 years of age. In Slovenia, young women leave their parents’ families on average at 27.4 years of age and young men at 29.7 years of age. In 2015 as many as 73% of 15–29-year-olds in Slovenia were still living with their parents; 67% of young women and 78% of young men. Most of the people of this age were still in education; one in four was employed. One in three 29-year-old women and one in two 29-year-old men were still living with their parents. Young people living with their parents, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 Source: SURS In Slovenia the at-risk-of-poverty rate for young people living with their parents is lower than the rate for young people no longer living with their parents. There are no significant gender differences. The rate in 2014 was slightly higher for young men living alone and for young women living with parents (14.2%). At-risk-of-poverty rate for young people, Slovenia, 2014 % Living with at least one parent Not living with their parents Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, Women 14.2 24.9 21. 8. 2015) Men 11.9 25.3 Source: SURS SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 35 Brides about two years younger than grooms The number of marriages in Slovenia is falling, including among young people. In Estimated average age of young 1988, 88% of brides and 79% of grooms were 15–29 years of age; in 2014, the people leaving the parental shares were 51% for brides and 36% for grooms. In 2014, first time brides were on household, EU-28, 2014 average two years younger than first time grooms. Family status of young people, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 Source: SURS Women who gave birth in Slovenia in 2014 were on average three years younger than the fathers of their children. Half of mothers were younger than 30 years of age, while among first time mothers the share was 60%. On average, women who gave birth in 2014 and were younger than 30 years were 26.4 years of age; those who had their first children were on average 26.0 years of age. In 2014, 3,818 young people aged 15–29 emigrated from Slovenia, which was 27% of all emigrants in that year. Women represented 45% and men 55% of young emigrants. Most of them emigrated to Austria, Germany and Croatia. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 18. 12. 2015) 36 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME More young men than women in employment Employment rate of young people The transition from education to the labour market is an important period in a (25–29 years), EU-28, 2014 person’s life, since it often represents the transition from youth to adulthood. It brings new dimensions to a person’s life: responsibilities, commitments, roles. The age of young people at this transition is rising; they are namely prolonging their studies to avoid unemployment, because due to lack of working experience they are more difficult to employ than other job seekers. In 2014, just over 100,000 young people in Slovenia were in labour force (employed or unemployed), i.e. three out of four people aged 25–29. Two out of three men aged 25–29 and just over half of women aged 25–29 were employed (i.e. employed or self-employed). 37% of young people were in temporary employment, more women than men. Almost half of young women were in temporary employment, which was one of the highest shares in the EU-28. As regards young men, one in three was in temporary employment. As regards the employment of young people, Slovenia is below the EU-28 average. In 2014, the shares were the lowest in Greece and Italy and the highest in Malta, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. In 2014, 15% of young people were unemployed, i.e. one in six young women and one in eight young men. Some young people aged 25–29 were still in education. The share of women (one in seven) was higher than the share of men (one in twelve). Young people (25–29 years) by activity, Slovenia, 2014 Source: SURS Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 2. 9. 2015) ADULTS 38 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME More adult men than women Adults, EU-281), 1 January 2014 At the begining of the 1980s there were around 800,000 adults or 42% of the total population in Slovenia, slightly more women than men. Twenty years ago the shares of adult women and men in total population were almost the same. Later on the share of men of this age grew faster than the share of women. Ten years ago (in 2005) adults represented half of the total population. Their number continued to increase, so that at the begining of 2015, 1,053,679 adults were living in Slovenia, which was 51% of the total population; 49% of adults in Slovenia were women. Adults, Slovenia Source: SURS The upward trend in the share of adults (30–64 years) in total population is also characteristic of the other EU-28 Member States. In addition to Slovenia, their share in 2014 was around half of the total population also in Spain, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Hungary, but it was the highest in Slovenia. 1) Provisional data: EU-28, FR, IE; estimated: EU-28,RO. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 27. 10. 2015) SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 39 More women with tertiary education than men The increasing participation of young people in higher levels of education and their Adults (25–64 years) with tertiary success in the past reflect in the increasing of educational attainment of the education, EU-28, 2014 adult population. Ten years ago the share of tertiary educated population (25–64 years) in Slovenia was below 20%. In 2014, it was almost 30%. Women were more successful than men, since more than 20% of them had tertiary education already ten years ago. In 2014, the share was over a third (34%), while the share for men was 23%. The 2014 share of men with tertiary education was achieved by women eight years before. In recent years the share of women with tertiary education has been growing more rapidly than the share of men. Adults (25–64 years) by educational attainment, Slovenia Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 2. 9. 2015) The share of women aged 25–64 with tertiary education was in 2014 above the EU-28 average, while the share of men was below the EU-28 average. At the same time Slovenia was among the countries with the highest difference between the shares of women and men with tertiary education. The difference was the highest in Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Sweden. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 16. 10. 2015) 40 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Fewer women than men in employment Temporary employees aged 40–64, The period between 30 and 64 years of age is the time of most intensive employment EU-281), 2014 activity (employed or self-employed persons). In 2014, two out of three adults in Slovenia were employed. Around 9% of adults were unemployed, while other adults were retired or inactive. There were no significant gender differences. The differences become clearer if people aged 30–64 are divided into several age groups. Adults by activity status, Slovenia, 2014 Source: SURS The employment rate is the highest in the age group 30–49 years; e.g. in 2014 more than 80% of adults were employed or self-employed and there were no significant gender differences. After age 50 the ratios start to change. At the ages of 50–59 two out of three men and one in two women were employed in 2014. At the ages of 60–64 only one in eight (13%) men and one in 25 (4%) women were still employed. Temporary employment gained ground in the past 20 years. Temporary employment is particularly characteristic of young people; nevertheless, in the age group 40–64 years the shares were 7% for women and 8% for men. With these shares Slovenia was in the middle of EU Member States and below the EU-28 average. In 2014, the shares of women in temporary employment were the lowest in Romania, Estonia and Latvia and the highest in Cyprus, Poland and Spain. 1) Low reliability – women: RO, LT. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 17. 11. 2015) SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 41 Women more often work part time than men In EU-28 Member States gender differences are even greater as regards full time Part-time employment as percentage employment and part time employment (in Slovenia 35 hours per week or less). of total employment (40–64 years), The share of women in part time employment is higher than the share of men EU-28, 2014 in all EU-28 Member States. In 2014, the share of women aged 40–64 in part time employment in Slovenia was 10%, while the share for men was 6%. With these shares Slovenia was among the countries with low shares of part time employment. The share for women working part time was in 2014 the lowest in Bulgaria (3%) and Slovakia (6%) and the highest in the Netherlands (79%), Germany (52%) and Austria (50%). At the same time these three countries recorded the largest differences between the shares of women and men in part time employment. Men work at unusual hours more often than women. In 2014, two out of three men and over a half of women worked on Saturdays, while almost one in three women and two out of five men worked on Sundays. Almost half of men and two out of five women worked in the evenings and one in four men and one in seven women at night. Adults (30–64 years) in employment working at unusual hours, Slovenia, 2014 Source: SURS Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 17. 11. 2015) 42 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Women earn on average less than men Professionals1) (SKP-08) as a share of In 2014, earnings of women were on average lower than earnings of men (by all women employees, EU-28, 2014 5.3% or EUR 89). The differences between male and female earnings were growing between 2009 and 2013. In different age groups the differences between male and female earnings vary. They grow with age and are the largest in the age group 45–54 years. In 2014, male earnings in this age group were on average 8% higher than female earnings. The differences in the age group 55–64 years were minimal. Male earnings were on average higher than female earnings in all major groups of occupations. The difference was the smallest in the group clerks, followed by the group legislators and managers, and the largest in the groups related to physical work. Difference between average monthly gross earnings1) of men and women by major groups of occupation, Slovenia, 2014 – provisional data 1) This is the most common occupational group for women in Slovenia. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 1) Observation units are persons in paid employment who worked full time for the same employer the 30. 11. 2015) whole year. Source: SURS © SURS SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 43 Women are most often sales workers, men are most often drivers The most common occupation of women in Slovenia in 2014 was a sales worker and Craft and related trades workers1) the most common occupation of men was a driver. Other common female occupations (SKP-08) as a share of all men were secretary, cleaner and helper in offices, hotels and other establishments, and employees, EU-28, 2014 early childhood educator, while other common male occupations were agricultural worker, commercial sales representative, and manufacturing labourer. The most common occupations, Slovenia, 2014 1) This is the most common occupational group for men in Slovenia. Source: SURS Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 30. 11. 2015) 44 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME In some activities women earn more than men Gender pay gap1), EU-28, 2013 As regards earnings by sections of activities, men earn on average more than women. In 2014, three sections (according to NACE Rev. 2) stood out, namely Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities (E), Construction (F), and Transportation and storage (H). In these three activities women earned on average more than men because they had jobs with greater responsibility that require higher education and were therefore better paid. Average monthly gross earnings1) in selected sections of activities, Slovenia, 2014 – provisional data 1) For sections: industry, construction and services (excl. public administration and defence, compulsory. social security) provisional data: DE, ES, HR, LU, PL, FI; estimated: RO; not 1) Observation units are persons in paid employment who worked full time for the same employer the available: EL; data for 2012: IE. whole year. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 27. 11. 2015) Source: SURS © SURS SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 45 Unemployment among adults the highest for women aged 30–34 As regards the age group 30–64 years, 9% of the population was unemployed in Unemployment rate (25–64 years), Slovenia in 2014. For both genders, unemployment was the greatest problem in EU-28, 2014 the age group 30–34 years; for women it was around 12% and for men around 9%. After 35 years of age unemployment starts to fall, particularly for women. For both genders it started to rise again in the age group 50–54 years, to about 11% for both. After 60 years of age the number of unemployed persons starts to fall (more distinctly for women) because some people start to retire. Unemployment, Slovenia, 1 January 2014 Source: SURS In 2014, the unemployment rate, both for men and for women, was the highest in Greece and Spain; for men it was the lowest in the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom, and for women in Germany and Malta. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 1. 12. 2015) 46 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME More men than women die before their 65th birthday Standardised premature mortality Premature mortality is an indicator showing mortality before 65 years of age. rate, EU-28, 2012 Of the 18,886 residents of Slovenia who died in 2014, one in five was younger than 65 years. Premature mortality in Slovenia is a greater problem for men than for women. Of all men who died in 2014 more than a quarter died before their 65th birthday. The leading causes of premature mortality were neoplasms (cancer), diseases of the circulatory system, and external causes of death. Premature mortality, Slovenia Source: SURS Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 18. 1. 2016) SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 47 Women eat fruit and vegetables more frequently In 2013, more than half of adults in Slovenia assessed their general health Self-perceived health (as very good status as very good or good, which ranked Slovenia below the EU-28 average. or good) for adults aged 45–64, There were no significant gender differences. The general health status was assessed EU-281), 2013 the highest by adults (45–64 years) in Sweden and Ireland and the lowest in Lithuania and Latvia. The older we are the more often we eat fruit and vegetables. And at the age of 30–64 many of us are doing sports. In 2014, fruit and vegetables were more frequently eaten by women. Eating fruit and vegetables, Slovenia, 2014 Source: NIJZ (EHIS) In 2014, more than half of adults were doing sports or leisure physical activities at least one day per week for at least 10 minutes continuously. Gender differences are smaller than as regards eating fruit and vegetables. Doing sports1), Slovenia, 2014 1) Doing sports fitness or recreational (leisure) physical activities at least one day per week for at least 10 minutes continuously. Source: NIJZ (EHIS) 1) Low reliability – women: HR; men: CZ, EE, HR, LT, UK. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 29. 12. 2015) 48 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Women retire about two years earlier than men Employment rate (55–64 years), Early retirement is characteristic of Slovenia. In 2014, 29% of women and 42% of EU-28, 2014 men aged 55–64 were in employment. Compared to the other EU-28 Member States Slovenia was among the countries with the lowest share of persons in employment of those ages. As regards men, Slovenia’s share was the lowest in the EU-28, followed by Greece and Croatia. The share of employed men was the highest in Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands. As a result, the average age of new pensioners in Slovenia is among the lowest in the EU-28. In the past ten years it did not change much. In 2014, women retired on average at age 59 years, i.e. 1 year and 9 months later than in 2005, while men retired on average at age 61 years and 2 months, i.e. 7 months earlier than in 2005. The youngest pensioners are 40–49 years of age. At 50–59 years of age 27% of women and 16% of men were retired in 2014. By age 64 almost nine out of ten women and more than three out of four men were retired. Average age of new pensioners, Slovenia, 2014 Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 16. 11. 2015) Source: ZPIZ © SURS ELDERLY 50 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME More women than men among the elderly The elderly, EU-281), 1 January 2014 As all developed countries, Slovenia is faced with population ageing. The elderly are people aged 65 years or more. Thirty years ago one in ten people in Slovenia was aged 65+, while in 2015 the share was one in six. Since mid-2003 the share of the elderly (65+) in Slovenia has been higher than the share of young people (0–14 years). On 1 January 2015, 369,386 people in Slovenia were aged 65+; they represented 18% of total population. More people of that age were women (59%) than men (41%). The elderly, Slovenia Source: SURS In Slovenia, women outnumber men in all age groups of the elderly people; the difference grows with age. On 1 January 2015 there were 33 men and 203 women aged 100 or more. In the other EU-28 Member States the highest share of the elderly (65+) in 2014 was recorded in Italy and Germany (over 20% in each) and the lowest in Ireland (13%). Slovenia ranked in the middle of EU-28 Member States. Gender ratio, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 1) Provisional data: EU-28, FR, IE; estimated: EU-28, RO. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 6. 1. 2016) Source: SURS © SURS SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 51 Elderly men are on average better educated than elderly women The average educational level is falling with age. As regards the elderly, contrary The elderly with basic education or to the total population, men are on average better educated than women. In less, EU-281), 2011 2014, one in two women in Slovenia aged 65+ had basic education or less and only one in 11 women had tertiary education. Most men of that age had upper secondary education (56%), while one in six men had tertiary education. In 2011, the share of women aged 65+ with basic education or less was higher than the share of men with basic education or less in all EU-28 Member States, except in Ireland. Educational level of the elderly, Slovenia, 1 January 2014 Source: SURS The so-called third life period, i.e. the period after the active period, gives people greater personal freedom, because external social pressures are diminished (the family nest is emptied, employment is terminated) and so older people are free to listen to their (unfulfilled) desires and find the possibilities of making them true. According to the latest data, the elderly mostly attended cultural performances. Attending performances and sightseeing in the past 12 months, Slovenia, 2015 1) No data for SE. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, Source: SURS 6. 1. 2016) 52 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Elderly women more frequently live alone The elderly living alone (one-person In 2015, one in three households in Slovenia was a one-person household. In general, households), EU-28, 2011 about the same number of women and men lived in one-person households. The differences are larger in individual age groups. Of the people aged 65+ living alone in 2015, 74% were women and 26% were men. Most of these women were widows (69%); the share of widowers was one in three. As regards people aged 65+ living alone, in all EU-28 Member States the share of women was higher than the share of men. In 2011, it was the highest in Latvia and the lowest in Ireland. Marital status of the elderly, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 % Single Married Widowed Divorced Women 6.9 39.5 45.1 8.5 Men 6.7 74.0 12.4 6.9 Source: SURS Of the 6,571 marriages that took place in Slovenia in 2014, in 89 one of the spouses was at least 65 years of age. In 22 marriages both spouses were elderly. In addition, 61 men aged 65+ married women younger than 65, and six women aged 65+ married men younger than 65. Households by the number of members, Slovenia, 1 January 2015 Source: Eurostat, (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 6. 1. 2016) Source: SURS © SURS SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 53 At-risk-of-poverty rate the highest for women living alone The elderly are the most exposed to the risk of poverty. In 2014, the at-risk-of-At-risk-of-poverty rate among the poverty rate in Slovenia was 14.5%, which means that about 290,000 people were elderly, EU-28, 2014 living below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold; around 55,000 (19%) of them were aged 65+. One in five elderly people in Slovenia was living in poverty. Elderly women living alone are the most vulnerable to poverty. In 2014, one in three older women (38.6%) living alone was living in poverty. The at-risk-of-poverty rate of older men living alone was 28%. However, the at-risk-of-poverty rate of elderly women living alone is declining. At-risk-of-poverty rate among the elderly living in one-person households, Slovenia Source: SURS In 2014, women aged 65+ were at the highest risk of poverty in Estonia and men aged 65+ in Croatia. Both women and men aged 65+ were at the lowest risk of poverty in Hungary. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 16. 12. 2015) 54 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Women retire earlier and receive lower pensions than men The elderly in employment, EU-28, Of all retired people in Slovenia in 2015 (537,828), two thirds (67%) were aged 2014 65+; 59% of them were women and 41% were men. In 2014, women retired on average at 59 years of age and men at 61 years and 2 months. Old-age pensioners (excluding pro-rata and partial pensions), Slovenia, 2014 Source: ZPIZ In 2014, old-age pensions (excluding pro-rata and partial pensions) were received by 235,668 people aged 65+ in Slovenia. The average old-age pension amounted to EUR 703.43; for women EUR 630.39 and for men EUR 787.83. Some of the elderly are still in employment. Persons in employment aged 65+ represented almost 3% of all persons in employment in Slovenia in 2014. More of them were men than women. The share of women was higher than the share of men in only four EU-28 Member States: Romania, Estonia, Lithuania and Croatia. Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 10. 12. 2015 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 55 Women receive pensions longer than men Expected number of years in retirement, selected EU-28 Member States, 2014 Women who retired in Slovenia in 2014 could expect to receive pensions for 25.4 years, similarly to women in Austria and Italy. Women in France could expect to receive pensions the longest (27.2 years) and women in Portugal the shortest (19.4 years). Men who retired in Slovenia in 2014 could expect to receive pensions for 18 years, similarly to men in Sweden (18.2 years). Men in France could expect to receive pensions the longest (23 years) and men in Estonia the shortest (14.9 years). Source: OECD (2015), Pensions at a Glance 2015 56 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Most of the recipients of long-term care are women Elderly long-term care reipients in The more frequent appearance of various chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, institutions, selected EU-28 Member respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases, cancer, etc., is characteristic of old age. States1), 2012 And accumulation of chronic diseases can lead to more frequent hospitalisation. Measured with the hospitalisation rate (ratio between the number of hospital cases and the number of people in a calendar year), the prevalence for men was higher than the prevalence for women in all age groups. According to the NIJZ data for 2012, the hospitalisation rate per 1,000 population aged 65+ was for men more than a third higher than for women. Greater prevalence for the elderly is linked with the increasing need for long-term care, which is a form of assistance for people needing the assistance of other people over a longer period in basic activities of daily living. Services and recipients of formally organised long-term care are divided into four groups of services: inpatient (institutional) long-term care, day cases of long-term care, home-based long-term care, and cash benefits for long-term care. At the end of 2013, 33,699 people aged 65+ were receiving long-term care, most of them women (71%). 51% of them were included in inpatient (institutional) long-term care, 75% of them were women, 48% were receiving home-based long-term care, the gender ratio was 2 women to 1 man, and 1% were day cases of long-term care. Long-term care recipients aged 65+, Slovenia, 2013 Women Men Inpatient (institutional) long-term care 12,947 4,339 Day cases of long-term care 230 65 Home-based long-term care 10,797 5,321 Source: SURS 1) Estimated: DK, LU. Source: OECD In 2012, the share of people aged 65+ included in inpatient (institutional) long-term care was for both genders the highest in the Netherlands and the lowest in Poland. SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 57 More women than men in old people’s homes 16,554 people aged 65+ were living in old people’s homes in 2013, which was 94% Elderly long-term care recipients of all people living there; 24% of them were men and 76% were women. at home, selected EU-28 Member As regards people in old people’s homes aged 70 or less, men outnumber women. States1), 2012 From age 70 on women outnumber men, particularly as regards people aged 80+, where the ratio in 2013 was 82% of women to 18% of men. People living in old people’s homes, Slovenia, 2013 Source: SURS The most common reason for admission to old people’s homes in 2013 was the age of applicants who were sick (67%). Living in old people’s homes was mostly paid by the people in care themselves, by their relatives or by the people in care together with their relatives (78%). For the others the payer was the municipality (22%). The share of people aged 65+ included in home-based long-term care in 2012 was for both genders the highest in the Netherlands and the lowest in Portugal. 1) Estimated: LU, SI. Source: OECD 58 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME Heart failure the most common cause of death for women, lung cancer for men 18,886 people died in Slovenia in 2014, 9,678 women and 9,208 men. 81% of the people who died were 65+ years of age; 56% of them were women and 44% of them were men. The mean age at death for men was 72.7 years and for women 80.9 years. Most common causes of death for the elderly, Slovenia, 2014 Source: NIJZ © SURS SIMPLY NOT THE SAME 59 Women live longer than men If mortality remained the same, in 2014 a woman in Slovenia aged 65 could expect Life expectancy at age 65, EU-28, to live for 21 more years and a man for just over 17 more years, i.e. four years less. 2013 According to EUROPOP2013 projections, in 2080 a woman aged 65 could expect to live for 27 more years and a man of the same age for 24 more years, i.e. three years less. Life expectancy for women and men will gradually draw closer, since life expectancy for men is growing faster than life expectancy for women. In a hundred years (since 1980) life expectancy for people aged 65 is expected to increase by 11 years; for women by 11.4 years and for men by 11.1 years. Life expectancy1) at age 85, Slovenia 1) The indicator measures how many years a person of a certain age is expected to live on average. Sources: SURS, Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 2. 9. 2015) © SURS Source: Eurostat (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat, 18. 12. 2015) 60 SIMPLY NOT THE SAME ABBREVIATIONS AND COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS UNITS OF MEASUREMENT EU-28 28 EU Member States IE Ireland + or more (years, members, etc.) AT Austria IT Italy % percent BE Belgium LT Lithuania BMI body mass index BG Bulgaria LU Luxembourg EHIS European Health Interview Survey CZ Czech Republic LV Latvia EUR euro Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Union CY Cyprus MT Malta HBSC Health Behaviour in School-aged Children DE Germany NL Netherlands NIJZ National Institute of Public Health DK Denmark PL Poland OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and EE Estonia PT Portugal Development EL Greece RO Romania SKD 2008 Standard Classification of Activities 2008 SKP-08 Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 ES Spain SE Sweden SLOfit national system for monitoring physical and FI Finland SI Slovenia motor development of children and adolescents FR France SK Slovakia SURS Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia HR Croatia UK United Kingdom WHO World Health Organisation HU Hungary ZPIZ Pension and Disability Insurance Institute of Slovenia ZRSZ Employment Service of Slovenia LITERATURE Currie C et al., eds. Social determinants of health and well-being among young people. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2009/2010 survey. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2012 (Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 6). Retrieved on 14. 12. 2015 from the website: http://www.euro.who.int/en/countries/armenia/publications/social-determinants-of-health-and-well-being-among-young-people.-health-behaviour-in-school-aged-children-hbsc-study Jeriček Klanšček, H. et. al. (2015). Z zdravjem povezana vedenja v šolskem obdobju med mladostniki v Sloveniji: izsledki mednarodne raziskave HBSC, 2014. Ljubljana: Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje. Retrieved on 23. 11. 2015 from the website: http://www.nijz.si/sites/www.nijz.si/files/publikacije-datoteke/hbsc_2015_e_verzija30_06_2015.pdf OECD (2015), Pensions at a Glance 2015: OECD and G20 Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/pension_glance-2015-en Document Outline SIMPLY NOT THE SAME FOREWORD CONTENTS WOMEN AND MEN CHILDREN YOUTH ADULTS ABBREVIATIONS ANDUNITS OF MEASUREMENT COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS LITERATURE