Zbirka / Series OPERA INSTITUTI ARCHAEOLOGICI SLOVENIAE 42 Uredniki zbirke / Editors of the series Jana Horvat, Andrej Pleterski, Anton Velušček Benjamin Štular (ur. / ed.) Srednjeveški Blejski otok v arheoloških virih Medieval archaeology of Bled Island Recenzenti / Reviewed by Stefan Eichert, Jiří Macháček, Janez Dular, Slavko Ciglenečki Jezikovni pregled / Language Editors Špela Križ, Proof-Reading-Service.com Ltd Prevod / Translation Sunčan Patric Stone, Meta Osredkar, Andrej Pleterski, Maja Sužnik Tehnična ureditev in prelom / Technical Editor and DTP Mateja Belak Oblikovanje ovitka / Front cover design Tamara Korošec Založnik / Publisher Založba ZRC Zanj / Represented by Aleš Pogačnik Izdajatelj / Issued by ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo Zanj / Represented by Anton Velušček Tisk / Printed by Present d. o. o., Ljubljana Naklada / Print run 650 izvodov / copies Izid knjige sta podprla / Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost RS (Slovenian Research Agency), Published with the support of Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU (Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts) Fotografija na naslovnici / Tomaž Lauko Front cover photo Ljubljana 2020; prva izdaja, prvi natis / first edition, first print Prva e-izdaja knjige (pdf) je pod pogoji licence Creative Commons 4.0 CC-BY-NC-SA prosto dostopna tudi v elektronski obliki (pdf) / First e-edition of the book (pdf) is freely available in e-form (pdf) under the Creative Commons 4.0 CC-BY-NC-SA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/9789610502609 CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 904(497.4Bled)«653« SREDNJEVEŠKI Blejski otok v arheoloških virih = Medieval archaeology of Bled Island / avtorji prispevkov, contributors Polona Bitenc ... [et al.] ; urednik, edited by Benjamin Štular ; [prevod Sunčan Patric Stone ... et al.]. - 1. izd., 1. natis = 1st ed., 1st print. - Ljubljana : Založba ZRC, 2020. - (Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae ; 42) ISBN 978-961-05-0191-6 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. 2. Bitenc, Polona, 1958- 3. Štular, Benjamin COBISS.SI-ID 304268288 ISBN 978-961-05-0260-9 (pdf) COBISS.SI ID 304274176 Raziskava je del programa (P6-0064 (B)) in projektov Svetišča (J6-6836) in Poselitev jugovzhodnoalpske regije v zgodnjem srednjem veku (J6-9450), ki jih sofinancira Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije iz državnega proračuna ter ciljnega raziskovalnega projekta Popis, analiza in ovrednotenje primarnih in sekundarnih virov slovenskih raziskovalcev o posoškem staroverstvu (V6-1923), ki ga sofinancirata Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije in Ministrstvo za kulturo Republike Slovenije iz državnega proračuna. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding Nos. P6-0064 (B), J6-6836, J6-6836 and V6-1923) and the Ministry of Culture (research core funding No. V6-1923). © 2020, ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo, Založba ZRC SREDNJEVEŠKI BLEJSKI OTOK V ARHEOLOŠKIH VIRIH MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF BLED ISLAND Avtorji prispevkov / Contributors: Polona Bitenc, Timotej Knific, Benjamin Štular, Petra Leben-Seljak, Andrej Pleterski, Zvezdana Modrijan Urednik / Edited by Benjamin Štular LJUBLJANA 2020 VSEBINA Predgovor (Benjamin ŠTULAR) .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Srednjeveško grobišče na Blejskem otoku (Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC) ..................................................... 11 1.1 Uvod ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Zgodovina raziskav ................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Arheološko območje ................................................................................................................................................. 19 1.4 Starejše najdbe ........................................................................................................................................................... 22 2. Interpretacija grobišča in najdb (Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC) ...................................................................... 45 2.1 Interpretacija grobišča .............................................................................................................................................. 45 2.2 Interpretacija grobnih najdb .................................................................................................................................... 56 2.3 Interpretacija raztresenih najdb .............................................................................................................................. 74 2.4 Zaključki ..................................................................................................................................................................... 85 3. Stratigrafska analiza in analiza nestoječih stavbnih ostankov (Benjamin ŠTULAR) .............................................. 93 3.1 Uvod ............................................................................................................................................................................ 93 3.2 Metoda arheoloških izkopavanj med letoma 1962 in 1964 ................................................................................. 93 3.3 Metode analize ......................................................................................................................................................... 100 4. Stratigrafija najdišča (Benjamin ŠTULAR) ................................................................................................................. 115 4.1 Uvod .......................................................................................................................................................................... 115 4.2 Faza 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 116 4.3 Faza 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 120 4.4 Faza 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 121 4.5 Faza 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 122 4.6 Faza 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 122 4.7 Prazgodovina ........................................................................................................................................................... 123 4.8 Absolutna kronologija ............................................................................................................................................ 128 5. Stavbna analiza (Benjamin ŠTULAR) ......................................................................................................................... 129 5.1 Rekonstrukcija stavbnih tlorisov ........................................................................................................................... 129 5.2 Interpretacija ............................................................................................................................................................ 134 6. Morfometrične analize najdišča (Benjamin ŠTULAR) ............................................................................................. 137 6.1 Grobni atributi ......................................................................................................................................................... 137 6.1.1 Grobne jame ................................................................................................................................................ 137 6.1.2 Polnila grobnih jam ................................................................................................................................... 138 6.1.3 Pokopi v isto grobno jamo ........................................................................................................................ 141 6.1.4 Lega rok pokojnikov .................................................................................................................................. 142 6.2 Orientacija ................................................................................................................................................................ 143 6.2.1 Orientacija cerkva ...................................................................................................................................... 143 6.2.2 Orientacija pokopov .................................................................................................................................. 147 6.2.3 Orientacijske osi grobišča G1 ................................................................................................................... 166 CONTENTS Foreword (Benjamin ŠTULAR) ........................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Medieval burial ground on Bled Island (Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC) ......................................................... 11 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Research history ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.3 Arhaeological area ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 1.4 Earlier finds ................................................................................................................................................................ 22 2. IInterpretation of burial ground and finds (Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC) .................................................... 45 2.1 Interpretation of burial ground ............................................................................................................................... 45 2.2 Interpretation of grave goods .................................................................................................................................. 56 2.3 Interpretation of scattered finds .............................................................................................................................. 74 2.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................ 85 3. Stratigraphic analysis and analysis of non-standing building remains (Benjamin ŠTULAR) ............................... 93 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 93 3.2 The method of archaeological excavation between the years 1962 and 1964 ................................................... 93 3.3 Methods of analysis ................................................................................................................................................. 100 4. Site stratigraphy (Benjamin ŠTULAR) ........................................................................................................................ 115 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 115 4.2 Phase 1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 116 4.3 Phase 2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 120 4.4 Phase 3 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 122 4.5 Phase 4 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 123 4.6 Phase 5 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 124 4.7 Prehistory ................................................................................................................................................................. 124 4.8 Absolute chronology ............................................................................................................................................... 128 5. Building analysis (Benjamin ŠTULAR) ...................................................................................................................... 129 5.1 Building floor plan reconstruction ....................................................................................................................... 129 5.2 Interpretation ........................................................................................................................................................... 134 6. Morphometric analysis of the site (Benjamin ŠTULAR) .......................................................................................... 137 6.1 Grave attributes ....................................................................................................................................................... 137 6.1.1 Grave pits ..................................................................................................................................................... 137 6.1.2 Grave pit fil s ............................................................................................................................................... 138 6.1.3 Burials in the same grave pit ..................................................................................................................... 141 6.1.4 Position of the arms of the deceased ....................................................................................................... 143 6.2 Orientation ............................................................................................................................................................... 143 6.2.1 Orientation of churches ............................................................................................................................. 144 6.2.2 Orientation of burials .......................................................................................................................................148 6.2.3 Orientation axes of the G1 cemetery ....................................................................................................... 166 7. Kronologija (Benjamin ŠTULAR) ............................................................................................................................... 171 7.1 Uvod .......................................................................................................................................................................... 171 7.2 Tipokronologija nakitnih predmetov ................................................................................................................... 172 7.3 Cerkvene stavbe ....................................................................................................................................................... 180 7.4 Ostalo ........................................................................................................................................................................ 181 8. Blejski otok v srednjem veku (Benjamin ŠTULAR) .................................................................................................. 183 8.1 Interpretacija najdišča ............................................................................................................................................ 183 8.1.1 Pisni viri ...................................................................................................................................................... 183 8.1.2 Arheološka interpretacija najdišča Blejski otok v srednjem veku ........................................................ 186 8.2 Sklep .......................................................................................................................................................................... 198 9. Blejski otok: antropološka analiza (Petra LEBEN SELJAK) ..................................................................................... 201 9.1 Število skeletov ........................................................................................................................................................ 201 9.2 Spolna in starostna struktura okostij .................................................................................................................... 203 9.3 Morfološke karakteristike ...................................................................................................................................... 203 9.4 Ostale karakteristike ............................................................................................................................................... 204 9.5 Primerjalne analize in razprava ............................................................................................................................. 204 9.6 Zaključki ................................................................................................................................................................... 209 9.7 Popis skeletnega gradiva ......................................................................................................................................... 210 10. Mitična pokrajina. Preizkusi njenega obstoja z napovednima modeloma na primeru Bleda (Andrej PLETERSKI) .................................................................................................................................................... 235 10.1 Uvod in pojmi ........................................................................................................................................................ 235 10.2 Mitična pokrajina .................................................................................................................................................. 237 10.2.1 Sestavni deli mitične pokrajine .............................................................................................................. 237 10.2.2 Mitična zgodba, števila in spremembe v naravi ................................................................................... 238 10.2.3 Časovna razsežnost mitične zgodbe ...................................................................................................... 240 10.2.4 Matematika ............................................................................................................................................... 243 10.2.5 Kako nastane mitična pokrajina ............................................................................................................ 245 10.2.6 Radiestezijski vidik .................................................................................................................................. 246 10.2.7 Izvedba prostorske umestitve ................................................................................................................. 250 10.3 Napovedni model v mitični pokrajini Bleda ..................................................................................................... 255 10.4 Blejski otok kot napovedni model sam po sebi ................................................................................................. 265 10.5 Namesto epiloga, kaj je bilo potem ..................................................................................................................... 275 11. Bodešče (Zvezdana MODRIJAN) .............................................................................................................................. 279 11.1 Pod prežo ................................................................................................................................................................ 280 11.2 Došča ...................................................................................................................................................................... 281 11.3 Bodešče 28 .............................................................................................................................................................. 284 11.4 Zaključek ................................................................................................................................................................ 285 12. Katalog grobov in najdb (Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC) .............................................................................. 287 12.1 Grobovi in grobne najdbe .................................................................................................................................... 287 12.2 Raztresene najdbe ................................................................................................................................................. 326 12.3 Seznami .................................................................................................................................................................. 335 12.4 Dokumentacija ...................................................................................................................................................... 337 12.5 Terenske risbe ........................................................................................................................................................ 341 13. Literatura ....................................................................................................................................................................... 343 Table (Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC) ..................................................................................................................... 357 Seznam avtorjev .................................................................................................................................................................. 391 Načrt grobišča ..................................................................................................................................................................... 392 7. Chronology (Benjamin ŠTULAR) ............................................................................................................................... 171 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 171 7.2 Typo-chronology of jewellery ................................................................................................................................ 172 7.3 Church buildings ..................................................................................................................................................... 180 7.4 Other ......................................................................................................................................................................... 181 8. Bled Island in the Middle Ages (Benjamin ŠTULAR) .............................................................................................. 183 8.1 Site interpretatiom .................................................................................................................................................. 183 8.1.1 Written sources ........................................................................................................................................... 183 8.1.2 Archaeological interpretation of the Bled Island site in the Middle Ages .......................................... 186 8.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 198 9. Bled Island: Anthropological Examination (Petra LEBEN SELJAK) ...................................................................... 201 9.1 Number of skeletons ............................................................................................................................................... 201 9.2 Sex and age structure of the skeletons .................................................................................................................. 203 9.3 Morphological characteristics ............................................................................................................................... 203 9.4 Other characteristics ............................................................................................................................................... 204 9.5 Comparative analysis and discussion ................................................................................................................... 204 9.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................. 209 9.7 Inventory of the skeletal remains .......................................................................................................................... 210 10. A mythical landscape. Tests of its existence with predictive models for the Bled case (Andrej PLETERSKI) .....235 10.1 Introduction and terms ........................................................................................................................................ 235 10.2 The mythical landscapea ...................................................................................................................................... 237 10.2.1 The constituent components of the mythical landscape ..................................................................... 237 10.2.2 A mythical story, numbers and changes in nature .............................................................................. 239 10.2.3 The time dimension of mythical story .................................................................................................. 240 10.2.4 Mathematics .............................................................................................................................................. 243 10.2.5 How did the mythical landscape emerge? ............................................................................................ 245 10.2.6 Radiesthesia .............................................................................................................................................. 246 10.2.7 Placements ................................................................................................................................................ 250 10.3 The predictive model in the mythical landscape of Bled ................................................................................. 254 10.4 Bled Island as a predictive model in itself .......................................................................................................... 265 10.5 Instead of an epilogue, what was it then? ........................................................................................................... 274 11. Bodešče (Zvezdana MODRIJAN) .............................................................................................................................. 279 11.1 Pod prežo ................................................................................................................................................................ 279 11.2 Došča ...................................................................................................................................................................... 280 11.3 Bodešče 28 .............................................................................................................................................................. 284 11.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 285 12. del: Catalogue of graves and finds (Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC) ....................................................................287 12.1 Graves and grave goods ........................................................................................................................................ 287 12.2 Scatterd finds ......................................................................................................................................................... 326 12.3 Lists ......................................................................................................................................................................... 335 12.4 Documentation ..................................................................................................................................................... 337 12.5 Field drawings ....................................................................................................................................................... 341 13. Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................................. 343 Plates (Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC) ..................................................................................................................... 357 List of contributors ............................................................................................................................................................. 391 Cemetery plan ..................................................................................................................................................................... 392 PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD Knjiga, ki je pred vami, je nastala v sklopu več The book you are reading was written within the raziskovalnih projektov. Ideja in analiza arheoloških framework of three research projects. The idea was podatkov sta nastali v okviru temeljnega raziskoval- conceived and the analysis of archaeological data was nega projekta Svetišča. Med najobetavnejšimi najdišči performed within the scope of the seminal research pro- za iskanje dokazov o zgodnjesrednjeveških svetiščih ject Sanctuaries. Blejski otok (Bled Island), an island on je bil tudi Blejski otok. Vendar se je izkazalo, da je bila the Lake Bled, seemed one of the most promising sites potrebna celostna in poglobljena analiza najdišča kot for finding evidence of an Early Medieval sanctuary. It celote. Delo smo zato dokončali v okviru raziskovalnih turned out, however, that a comprehensive and in-depth projektov Poselitev jugovzhodnoalpske regije v zgod- analysis of the site as a whole would be needed. The work njem srednjem veku in Popis, analiza in ovrednotenje was therefore finished within the framework of research primarnih in sekundarnih virov slovenskih raziskovalcev projects, entitled The settlement of the Southeastern Alpine o ‘Posoškem staroverstvu’. Analiza grobišča je nastala v region in the Early Middle Ages and Inventory, analysis and okviru programa Arheološke raziskave. evaluation of the primary and secondary sources of Slovene V takšni knjigi bi običajno pričakovali enotno ar- researchers on ‘the old faith in the region of Soča river’. heološko in antropološko analizo, analizo pisnih virov Cemetery analysis took place within the programme ter v zaključku soočenje spoznanj. Vendar to v primeru Archaeological research. Blejskega otoka v srednjem veku ni mogoče. Arheološki Such a book would normal y be expected to contain viri so namreč najbolj natančni za 10. stoletje, precej a consolidated archaeological and anthropological analy- manj natančno lahko opredelimo dogajanje v 11. in 12. sis, an analysis of written sources, and a confrontation stoletju. Zaradi metode izkopavanja od 13. stoletja dalje of the findings in the conclusion. But, when it comes to kontekstualiziranih arheoloških podatkov nimamo. Ob- Bled Island in the Middle Ages, this is not possible. The ratno je s pisnimi viri. Najstarejši neposredni pisni vir o most comprehensive archaeological sources are those Blejskem otoku je iz leta 1185, sledita skromni omembi from the 10th century, and the events of the 11th and 12th v 13. stoletju. Šele od 14. stoletja so pisni viri dovolj iz- centuries cannot be identified with much accuracy. Due povedni, da je mogoče tkati kontinuirano interpretacijo. to the excavation method, there is no contextualised ar- Ob tem ostaja še druga, morda celo pomembnejša chaeological data from the 13th century onwards. When razlika med pisnimi in arheološkimi viri o zgodnjem in it comes to written sources, the situation is reversed. The visokem srednjem veku. Prvi so v veliki večini tenden- earliest direct written source for Bled Island dates to 1185 ciozni zapisi izpod peres izjemno ozkega in izoliranega and is followed by two brief mentions in the 13th century. družbenega sloja menihov in duhovnikov. Drugi so Only from the 14th century onwards do written sources njihovo nasprotje: nehote – ali vsaj brez zavedanja, da become informative enough to enable the creation of a jih bo kdaj mogoče brati – so jih producirali vsi živeči. continuous interpretation. Posledica je znana: zgodovinopisje srednjega veka se – There is a second, perhaps even more significant vsaj tisto, ki preučuje obravnavani prostor – osredotoča difference between the written and archaeological sources na preučevanje sosledja pravnih dejanj (prim. pogl. for the Early and High Middle Ages. The vast majority of 8.1.1). Arheologija se osredotoča na preučevanje mate- the former are biased writings produced by the extremely rialne kulture (prim. pogl. 2) ali zgodb posameznikov narrow and isolated social class of monks and priests. The in posameznih skupnosti v kontekstu procesov dolgega latter are exactly the opposite: they were unwittingly – or trajanja (prim. pogl. 8.1.2). at least without the knowledge that one day they would Pri slednjem smo se spotaknili še ob nepredvideno be readable – produced by all people. The consequences dihotomijo med arheologijo materialne kulture per se are well known: medieval historiography – at least when in arheologijo posameznikov ali posameznih skupnosti. it comes to the study of the discussed area – focuses on 9 PREDGOVOR FOREWORD Izjemen primer prvega pristopa je v to knjigo prišel the study of a sequence of legal acts ( cf. Chapter 8.1.1). izpod peresa Polone Bitenc in Timoteja Knifica, primer Archaeology focuses on the study of material culture ( cf. drugega je moje delo. V procesu nastajanja te knjige sem Chapter 2), on the stories of individuals and individual prišel do spoznanja, ki je morda tudi širšega pomena za communities within the context of long-term processes arheologijo: ne gre za boljšo ali slabšo, še manj za pravilno ( cf. Chapter 8.1.2). in napačno metodo, kot učijo nekateri univerzitetni pro- Here, we have stumbled upon an unexpected di- grami. Gre za veji arheologije, ki istemu arheološkemu chotomy between the archaeology of material culture per zapisu, arheološkim sledem istih ljudi iz preteklosti, se and the archaeology of individuals and communities. postavljata različna vprašanja. Več vprašanj prinese This volume contains an outstanding example of the več odgovorov in poznavanje preiskovane preteklosti first approach, written by T. Knific and P. Bitenc, and an je zato bogatejše. example of the second approach, written by me. During Slednje je ključno vplivalo na sestavo knjige. the process of the creation of this book, I have come to Omenjeni analizi sta nastajali vzporedno in neodvisno a realisation that might be of a broader significance for druga od druge. Prvotna razdelitev nalog na analizo archaeology: there is no better and worse method; even grobišča (Knific, Bitenc) in stratigrafsko ter stavbno less so a right and wrong method, as it is taught by some analizo (Štular) se je izkazala za neizvedljivo. Zaradi university programmes. What we are seeing are two prepletanja virov smo vsi raziskovali vse. Končna izdelka distinct scientific fields of archaeology that ask differ- smo nameravali združiti v homogeno celoto. Vendar ent questions of the same archaeological record about se je kmalu pokazalo, da so podvajanja prej izjema kot the same people from the past. More questions result in pravilo, bogastvo različnih pristopov pa neizmerno. Zato more answers and our knowledge of the studied past is sta oba dela predstavljena neokrnjena, uporabljata pa therefore enriched. seveda enoten znanstveni aparat: katalog grobov, table The above realisation had a key effect on the struc- predmetov, reprodukcije izvirne dokumentacije. ture of this book. Individual analyses were conducted Zaradi izjemno slabega stanja arhiva kostnega in parallel with, and independently from, each other. gradiva antropološke analize ni bilo mogoče enakovred- The original separation of tasks into a cemetery analysis no vključiti v proces interpretacije najdišča. Vendar z (Knific, Bitenc) and a stratigraphic and building analysis namenom pripraviti celostno objavo vsega dostopnega (Štular) proved infeasible. The intertwined archaeological gradiva v dodatku predstav ljamo tudi antropološko record forced everybody to investigate everything. Our gradivo (Leben Seljak). intent was to merge the two final products into a ho- Temu sledi širši pogled, ki nova spoznanja posta- mogeneous whole. Soon, however, it was found that vi v kontekst arheološke pokrajine mikroregije Bled duplications were the exception rather than the rule, (Pleterski). and the advantages of two different approaches were Pomemben element knjige so izsledki izkopavanj immense. Both the cemetery and the structures analysis pri Bodeščah (Modrijan). are therefore presented intact. Natural y, both exploit the same catalogue of graves, plates with artefacts, and reproductions of original documents. Benjamin Štular The very poor state of preservation of the bone ar- chive meant that an anthropological analysis could not be included in the process of interpretation of the site on an equal footing with archaeological data (Leben Seljak). This is followed by taking a broader perspective, where the new findings are placed in the context of the archaeological landscape of the Bled micro-region (Pleterski). Important for the book are the findings of the exca- vations near the vil age of Bodešče (Modrijan). Benjamin Štular 10 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC Jože Kastelic in Vinko Šribar med arheološkimi izkopavanji na Blejskem otoku. Jože Kastelic and Vinko Šribar during the archaeological excavations on Bled Island. 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.1: Blejska pokrajina, pogled od jugozahoda proti Kara­ Sl. 1.3: Blejski otok od jugozahoda, v ozadju grad, prvič omevankam. njen leta 1011 ( castellum Veldes), in župna cerkev sv. Martina. Fig. 1.1: Bled landscape, view towards the Karavanke mountain Fig. 1.3: Bled Island from the southwest, in the background we range, from the southwest. can see the castle, first mentioned in 1011 ( castellum Veldes), (Foto / Photo: J. Hanc) and the parish church of St. Martin. (Foto / Photo: J. Hanc) 1.1 UVOD 1.1 INTRODUCTION Na Blejskem otoku so v letih 1962–1965 raziskali The burial ground and the remains of the mediaeval grobišče in ostanke cerkvenih zidov iz srednjega veka. church wal s were researched between 1962 and 1965. Delo je potekalo pod vodstvom Vinka Šribarja iz Narod­ The work was headed by Vinko Šribar from the National nega muzeja v Ljubljani.1 Najdišče je eno od številnih Museum in Ljubljana.1 The site is one of many in the Bled v blejski mikroregiji,2 a je kot kraj – otok na jezeru – microregion,2 but as a location – an island in the middle posebnost med najdišči v Sloveniji. of a lake – it is one of a kind amongst the sites on Slovenia. Arheološko bogata pokrajina okrog Blejskega jeze­ The archeological y rich landscape surrounding ra je najviše ležeči del Ljubljanske kotline: na zahodu je lake Bled is the highest laying part of the Ljubljana baločena od gorenjskih ravnin z globokim koritom Save sin: to the west it is separated from the Gorenjska plains Dolinke, na drugih straneh jo obdajajo planote Jelovica, by the deep river bed of the Sava Dolinka, while on the Pokljuka in Mežakla ( sl. 1.1 in 1.2). Jezero v središču poremaining three sides it is surrounded by the plateaus of krajine je tektonsko­ledeniškega izvora, dolgo 2120 m, Jelovica, Pokljuka and Mežakla ( Figs. 1.1 and 1.2). The široko 1080 m in globoko do 30 m. Na jezeru je otok, lake in the centre of the landscape is of a tectonic­glacial od najbližjega brega oddaljen dobrih 500 m; otok se origin, 2120 m long, 1080 m wide and up to 30 m deep. * Translation Sunčan Patrick Stone. 1 The data on the site is gathered in Šribar's draft of the 1 Podatki o najdišču so zbrani v Šribarjevem osnutku betext on Bled Island for publication (see Chapter 12.4 , archive sedila o izkopavanjih na Otoku (glej pog. 12.4 , arhiv 489, str. 489, p. 339). – For data on the archaeological work per339). – O arheološkem delu V. Šribarja z bibliografijo: Svoljformed by V. Šribar and his bibliography see: Svoljšak 1998; šak 1998; Dular, Jerin 1998. Dular, Jerin 1998. 2 Knific 2008. 2 Knific 2008. 12 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.2: Zgornja Gorenjska z blejsko pokrajino. Fig. 1.2: Upper Gorenjska with the Bled landscape. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc) dviga 18 m nad gladino in je približno 170 m dolg in Slightly over 500 m away from the closest shore an island 90 m širok ( sl. 1.3). rises from the lake; at its peak it reaches 18 m above the Na ograjeni ploščadi na vrhu otoka stoji cerkev surface of the lake and is approximately 170 m long and Marijinega vnebovzetja (nekdaj cerkev sv. Marije na 90 m wide ( Fig. 1.3). jezeru Bled, cerkev Matere božje na Jezeru).3 Do cerkve The church of the Assumption of Mary (formal y in samostojno stoječega zvonika ob njej vodijo stopnice known as the church of St Mary on the lake Bled, Church z južne in severne strani, ob robu ploščadi sta hiši proof the Mother of God on the Lake) stands on the fenced­in štije in mežnarije ter hiša, imenovana Puščavica, tudi plateau at the top of the island.3 On the south and north “puščava” (nekdanje bivališče puščavnika).4 Arheološko two stairways lead up to the church and the independently izkopavanje je zajelo ploščad okoli cerkve, notranjost standing bell tower alongside it; the Provost’s house, the cerkve in območje zvonika ( sl. 1.4). caretaker’s quarters and the house known as the Puščavica or Puščava (‘Hermit’; the former residence of a hermit) are located at the edge of the plateau.4 The archaeological excavations covered the plateau around the church, the church interior and the area of the bell tower ( Fig. 1.4). 3 3 Zapisi o cerkvi in njeni zgodovini: Kimovec 1908, 17– Records on the church and its history: Kimovec 1908, 35, Gornik 1990, 147–240. 17–35, Gornik 1990, 147–240. 4 4 Puščavica: Kimovec 1908, 28–29; Gornik 1967, 172– Puščavica: Kimovec 1908, 28–29; Gornik 1967, 172– 175; Gornik, 1990, 164–171; “puščava”: Šribar 1972a, 6–7 (s 175; Gornik, 1990, 164–171; ‘Puščava’: Šribar 1972a, 6–7 tlorisom Blejskega otoka). (with the ground plan of Bled Island). 13 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.4: Območje arheoloških raziskav na Blejskem otoku (šrafirano). Obstoječe stavbe in objekti: 1 – cerkev Marijinega vnebovzetja, 2 – zvonik, 3 – Puščavica, 4 – proštija, 5 – mežnarija, 6 – južno stopnišče, 7 – severno stopnišče, 8 – zid okrog ploščadi. Fig. 1.4: The area of archaeological excavations on Bled Island (hatched). Existing buildings and objects: 1 – Church of Assumption of Mary, 2 – bell tower, 3 – Puščavica, 4 – Provost’s house, 5 – caretaker’s quarters, 6 – south staircase, 7 – north staircase, 8 – wall surrounding the plateau. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc; podlaga / source PISO Bled, DOF5 + DOF1) 14 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND 1.2 ZGODOVINA RAZISKAV 1.2 RESEARCH HISTORY Arheološko raziskovanje na Blejskem otoku je bilo The archaeological excavation on Bled Island was the prvo večje terensko delo Centra za staroslovanske in first large undertaking in the field carried out by the Cenzgodnjesrednjeveške študije, ki je bil tedaj ustanovljen tre for Ancient Slav and Early Mediaeval studies, which kot poseben oddelek Narodnega muzeja v Ljubljani.5 was at that time established as a special department at the Potek izkopavanj je v vseh letih nadzoroval direktor National Museum in Ljubljana.5 Throughout the years the Narodnega muzeja Jože Kastelic. Prvi dve leti je pri excavations were supervised by Jože Kastelic, the director terenskem delu sodeloval tudi arheolog Andrej Valič iz of the National Museum. During the first two years the Gorenjskega muzeja v Kranju. archaeologist Andrej Valič from the Gorenjska Museum Med 5. junijem in 18. avgustom 1962 so najprej in Kranj also cooperated in the fieldwork. izkopali tri poskusne jarke, sonde 1–3 ( sl. 1.5: S 1–S 3).6 Three trial trenches, trenches 1–3 ( Fig. 1.5: S 1–S 3) V njih so našli dele človeških okostij, prazgodovinske were dug between 5th June and 18th August 1962.6 These naselbinske sledi, ostanke kamnitih zidov in več drobnih trenches revealed parts of human skeletons, prehistoric najdb, predvsem lončene črepinje iz različnih obdobij. settlement traces, remains of stone wal s and several smal Sondo 3 so nato razširili v izkopno polje IP 1/1 in razfinds, mainly pottery fragments originating from an array iskali približno 200 m2 veliko zemljišče med cerkvijo of periods. Trench 3 was extended into excavation area IP in Puščavico ( sl. 1.5: IP 1/1). Izkopali so 64 skeletnih 1/1, within which an area measuring approximately 200 m2 grobov, zakladno najdbo 38 srednjeveških srebrnikov7 − between the church and Puščava − was researched ( Fig. in ostanke zidov iz srednjega veka ter prazgodovinsko 1.5: IP 1/1). 64 skeletal graves, a treasure trove containing kurišče.8 Vzhodno od raziskanega zemljišča so z jarkom 38 medieval silver coins,7 the remains of a mediaeval wal ( izkop med apsido in oktogonom) sledili ostankom zidu and a prehistoric fireplace were unearthed in this section.8 vzdolž severne cerkvene stene med stransko kapelo in East of the research area, between the apse and the octagon, veliko zakristijo ( sl. 1. 5). another trial trench was created; the trench followed the Med 6. majem in 6. avgustom 1963 so delo nadaljeremains of the wall along the north church wall between vali v notranjosti cerkve in zunaj nje ob južni steni med the side chapel and the large sacristy ( Fig. 1. 5). stransko kapelo in malo zakristijo.9 Pod tlakom cerkvene The work continued between 6th May and 6th Au­ ladje ( sl. 1.5: 1) so našli prazgodovinske stavbne ostanke gust 1963 when it focused on the church interior and in odkrili deloma ohranjene zidove starejših cerkvenih along the south wall between the side chapel and the stavb in ob njih 9 grobov oziroma ostanke grobnih jam. small sacristy outside of the church.9 Prehistoric build­ Izkopane zidove so v času raziskovanja različno opredeing remains and partial y preserved wal s belonging to ljevali, najstarejše med njimi – ostanke podkvaste apside an earlier church, together with 9 graves or grave pit in temelje s polkrožno apsido – so pripisali predromanremains were found underneath the occupation surface skima10 oziroma romanskima cerkvama. 11 Grobove so in the church nave ( Fig. 1.5: 1). The unearthed wal s were našli tudi pod tlemi vhodnega preddverja ( sl. 1.5: 2), kjer given different categorisations during the excavations, so izkopali 27 grobov, 6 pa ob južni steni cerkve, kjer so the earliest wall – the remains of the horseshoe shaped sondo 2 razširili v izkopno polje IP2/2 ( sl. 1.5: IP 2/2). apse and the foundations of a semicircular apse – were Raziskovalni program za leto 1964 so razdelili na described as parts of Pre­Romanesque10 or Romanesque dve obdobji, poletno in zimsko. Med poletnim terenskim period churches.11 27 graves were unearthed below the delom, ki je potekalo od 25. maja do konca avgusta, occupation surface in the entrance lobby ( Fig. 1.5: 2), and so raziskali izkopni polji IP 1/2 in IP 1/3 na severni in 6 graves were excavated alongside the south wall of the vzhodni strani cerkve, na južni strani cerkve tri sektorje church, where Trench 2 was extended into excavation area izkopnega polja 2, označene IP 2/1– 3 ( sl. 1.5: IP 1/2,3; IP2/2 ( Fig. 1.5: IP 2/2). IP 2/1–3) , ter površini znotraj male zakristije in zvonika The 1964 excavation plan was divided into two ( sl. 1.5: 5, 6). Ob prazgodovinskih ostankih, različnih periods, summer and winter. During the summer excavations, which took place between 25th May and the end 5 5 Kastelic 1963; Šribar 1962–1964; Kastelic 1964–1965, Kastelic 1963; Šribar 1962–1964; Kastelic 1964–1965, 119. – Center je deloval do leta 1987, potem pa se je delo na119. The centre operated until 1987, after which the work daljevalo v okviru kustodiatov za arheologijo zgodnjega ter continued within the frame of the custodians of Archaeology visokega in poznega srednjega veka (Stare 1993). of the Early, High and Late Mediaeval periods (Stare 1993). 6 6 Šribar 1962; Kastelic 1963; Šribar 1962–1964. Šribar 1962; Kastelic 1963; Šribar 1962–1964. 7 7 Pegan 1965–1967. Pegan 1965–1967. 8 8 Šribar 1962; Šribar 1962–1964. Šribar 1962; Šribar 1962–1964. 9 9 Kastelic 1963; Šribar 1965. Kastelic 1963; Šribar 1965. 10 10 Šribar 1965, 158. Šribar 1965, 158. 11 11 Kastelic 1963. Kastelic 1963. 15 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.5: V letih 1962–1965 raziskano območje na Blejskem otoku z vrisanimi sondami (S 1–3), izkopnimi polji (IP 1–3), prostori v cerkvi (1–7) in zvonikom (8). Prostori v cerkvi: 1 – ladja, 2 – preddverje, 3 – prezbiterij, 4 – velika zakristija, 5 – mala zakristija, 6 in 7 – severna in južna stranska kapela. Fig. 1.5: The area on the Bled Island that was archeological y excavated between 1962 and 1965; trial tranches (S1–3), excavation areas (IP1–3), areas within the church (1–7) and bell tower (8). Areas within the church: 1 – nave, 2 – lobby, 3 – presbytery, 4 – large sacristy, 5 – small sacristy, 6 and 7 – north and south side chapels. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: I. Murgelj; po načrtu / supplemented after V. Šribar) 16 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND zidovih in jamah za lesene stebre so povsod (razen v IP of August, the work focused on excavation areas IP 1/2 1/3) odkrili skeletne grobove ali prazne grobne jame.12 and IP 1/3 to the north and east of the church, the three Med raziskavami v zimskem obdobju, ki so se sectors within excavation area 2, marked IP 2/1– 3 to the začele 2. novembra 1964 in se nadaljevale do 15. marca south of the church ( Fig. 1.5: IP 1/2,3; IP 2/1–3) , and the 1965, so raziskali tla v prezbiteriju in veliki zakristiji surfaces within the small sacristy and bell tower ( Fig. 1.5: ( sl. 1.5: 3,4). Odkrili so ostaline, povezane s cerkveno 5, 8). Alongside the prehistoric remains, various wal s and arhitekturo, ob njih pa še 5 grobov. holes for wooden pil ars, skeletal graves or empty grave Delo v prezbiteriju in veliki zakristiji, predvsem pits were found everywhere (except in IP 1/3).12 dokumentiranje ostalin, so nadaljevali tudi med 4. ma­ The floor in the presbytery and the large sacristy were jem in 5. avgustom1965,13 z izkopavanjem južno od researched during the winter excavations, which started zvonika, kjer so odprli izkopno polje IP 3/1 (ob sondi 2 on 2nd November 1964 and continued until 15th March iz leta 1962; sl. 1.5: IP 3/1) , pa so terenske raziskave na 1965 ( Fig. 1.5: 3,4). During this period remains linked to Blejskem otoku zaključili. church architecture and five graves alongside them were Dokumentacijo o izkopavanjih, najdbe in človeš ke unearthed. kostne ostanke hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije v Ljublja­ The work in the presbytery and the large sacristy, ni (NMS). Dokumentacijo lahko razdelimo na dva sklomainly focusing on documenting the remains, continued pa, na gradivo, ki je nastalo med izkopavanji, in gradivo, between 4th May and 5th August 1965.13 The fieldwork on ki je nastalo po terenskem delu; navedena je v Seznamu Bled Island was brought to an end with the excavation dokumentacije v Arheološkem oddelku NMS (pogl. 12.4). work south of the bell tower, where excavation area IP Osnovna dokumentacija obsega terenske zapiske ( arhiv 3/1 (alongside trial trench 2 created in 1962; Fig. 1.5: IP 476–486, 490, 493, 494), risbe ( Rn 221/1–118) in fotogra3/1) was opened. fije ( negativi 1–34, 232, 245–398, 949–960, 2826–2920, The documentation on the course of excavations, 2928–2964, 4427–4903, 5753–5821, 5832–5855, 5896– finds and human bone remains is kept in the National 6331, 6590–6656, 6698–6715, 8470–8553). Podatki o Museum of Slovenia in Ljubljana ( NMS). The documenizkopavanjih v posamez nih obdobjih so povzeti v letnih tation can be divided into two parts, i.e. the material that poročilih in različnih seznamih ( arhiv 487, 488, 491, emerged during the excavation process itself, and the 492, 495–497). Opisi grobov, arhitekturnih ostankov in material that emerged after the fieldwork was completed; arheoloških površin so zbrani v prvem delu Šribarjevega the documentation is listed in the List of Documentation in osnutka besedila za objavo ( arhiv 489); s tem besedilom the NMS Archaeological Department (Chapter 12.4). The so povezani številni prerisi terenskih risb in načrtov primary documentation consists of field notes ( archive ( Rn 222/1–100, 223/1–42, 224/1–4; 235–238). Drugi 476–486, 490, 493, 494), drawings ( Rn 221/1–118) and del omenjenega besedila je bil namenjen interpretaciji photographs ( negatives 1–34, 232, 245–398, 949–960, odkritih arheoloških ostalin. Najdbe z Blejskega otoka so 2826–2920, 2928–2964, 4427–4903, 5753–5821, 5832– v arheološkem depoju NMS vpisane pod inv. št. S 1796–S 5855, 5896–6331, 6590–6656, 6698–6715, 8470–8553). 2010, kostni ostanki iz grobov pa v osteološkem depoju The data on the excavations within individual periods NMS pod št. 1–161. Najdišče je bilo spomeniško urejeis summarised in the annual reports and various lists no v letih 1971 in 1972, ko sta bili po načrtih arhitekta ( archive 487, 488, 491, 492, 495–497). The descriptions of Toneta Bitenca prenovljeni notranjščina in okolica cergraves, architectural remains and archaeological surfaces kve na Blejskem otoku.14 Manjša kontrolna arheološka are gathered in the first part of Šribar’s draft of the text raziskava je bila opravljena v cerkvi oktobra 2016 med for publication ( archive 489); numerous copies of fieldobnovitvenim deli v mali zakristiji.15 work sketches and plans were created for this text ( Rn O arheoloških odkritjih v šestdesetih letih na Blej222/1–100, 223/1–42, 224/1–4; 235–238). The second part skem otoku so poročali zapisi v dnevnem16 in strokovof the aforementioned text was aimed at the interpretation nem tisku že med izkopavanji,17 njim pa je sledilo – ob of the unearthed areological remains. The finds from Bled člankih o zakladu srednjeveških srebrnikov18 in kostnih Island are recorded in the NMS archaeological depository 12 under inv. Nos. S 1796 – S 2010, while the bone remains Tipkopis “Izkopavanja na Blejskem Otoku – Poročilo found in the graves are recorded in the NMS osteological (elaborat o raziskovanjih poleti 1964)”, avtorja V. Šribar in J. depository under Nos. 1–161. The site was protected as a Kastelic (pogl. 12.4, arhiv 496). 13 Šribar 1966b . monument in 1971 and 1972, when the interior and the 14 Petru 1974. surroundings of the church on Bled Island were renewed 15 Brezigar 2017. according to the plans of the architect Tone Bitenc.14 16 Kastelic 1963. 17 12 Šribar 1962; Šribar 1962–1964; Kastelic 1964–1965, Typescript ‘Excavations on Bled Island – report (elabo119; Šribar 1965. O primerih zibljivih mandibul pri okostjih rate on the research carried out during the summer of 1964)’, iz grobov na Blejskem otoku, izkopanih v letih 1962–1963, je by V. Šribar and J. Kastelic (Chapter 12.4 , archive 496). 13 pisal V. Wolf (1964). Šribar 1966b . 18 14 Pegan 1965–1967. Petru 1974. 17 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND ostankih iz grobov19 – nekaj objav, v katerih je V. Šribar During the October 2016 renovation works within the obravnaval predvsem razvoj otoške cerkvene arhitekture, small sacristy, a small control archaeological excavation nazadnje leta 1972.20 was performed within the church.15 V. Šribar je pripravil tudi besedilo in slikovno gra­ Articles on the archaeological discoveries on Bled divo za monografijo o najdišču, ki naj bi izšla v zbirki Island appeared in daily16 and scientific newspapers and razprav Narodnega muzeja Situla ( arhiv 489). Delo je magazines already in the 1960s, at the time of the excapredložil uredniku J. Kastelicu, ki je ocenil, da je treba vations.17 These were followed – alongside the articles on besedilo precej spremeniti in dopolniti. V Šribarjevem the treasure trove consisting of mediaeval silver coins18 tipkopisu, ki ga hrani arhiv NMS, je veliko popravkov, and the bone remains found in the graves19 – in several vendar popravljanje in dopolnjevanje ni bilo zaključeno, publications in which V. Šribar focused on the developdelno spremenjeno besedilo ni avtorizirano, niti ni bila ment of church architecture on the island, the last of which predložena za natis nova inačica besedila. was published in 1972.20 Pozneje so bili z Blejskega otoka obravnavani V. Šribar also prepared the text and picture material nekateri predmeti iz zakladne najdbe21 in grobov22 ter for a monograph that was supposed to be published in človeški kostni ostanki.23 Stavbni razvoj otoške cerkve, Situla, a series of discussions published by the National kot ga je prikazal V. Šribar, je bil večkrat povzet,24 da­ Museum ( archive 489). He suggested the publication tacija najstarejše cerkve v čas zgodnjega srednjega veka to the editor J. Kastelic, who believed the text needed a se ni spremenila.25 Najdišče na Otoku je bilo vključeno thorough revision. Šribar’s typescript, which is kept in tudi v prikaze blejske mitične pokrajine.26 Celovito obthe NMS archive, includes numerous corrections, howjavo najdišča smo začeli ponovno pripravljati leta 2014 ever the corrections and additions were not finished, the v okviru raziskovalnega projekta “Svetišča”. partial y changed text was not authorised, nor was a new version of the text submitted for print. Certain artefacts from the treasure trove,21 the graves22 and human bone remains from Bled Island were discussed at a later stage.23 The development of the island church building, as shown by V. Šribar, was summarised on numerous occasions,24 and the date of the earliest church as one belonging to the Early Medieval period did not change.25 The site on the island was also included into the presentations of the Bled mythical landscapes.26 We started to prepare a detailed publication on the site in 2014, within the frame of the research project ‘Sanctuaries’. 15 Brezigar 2017. 16 Kastelic 1963. 17 Šribar 1962; Šribar 1962–1964; Kastelic 1964–1965, 119; Šribar 1965. V. Wolf (1964) wrote about the rocking mandibles found in the skeletons from Bled Island excavated in 1962–1963. 18 Pegan 1965–1967. 19 Tomazo, Teran, Filipič 1971–1972; in the article the 19 Tomazo, Teran, Filipič 1971–1972; v članku so avtorice authors summarised the conclusions from the graduation povzele ugotovitve iz diplomskega dela Filipič, Teran, Tomathesis of Filipič, Teran, Tomazo 1971. – V. Krušič (1970– zo 1971. – V članek o razvoju zobne gnilobe pri prebivalcih 1971) included the data into his article on the development Slovenije v preteklosti je V. Krušič (1970–1971) vključil tudi of caries in the inhabitants of Slovenia in the past. 20 podatke o tem pojavu pri umrlih z Blejskega otoka. Šribar 1967, Šribar 1972a, Šribar 1972b. 20 21 Šribar 1967, Šribar 1972a, Šribar 1972b. Šribar, Stare, Bregant 1972–1973, 39, 41, Pl. 1: 1. 21 22 Šribar, Stare, Bregant 1972–1973, 39, 41, t. 1: 1. Korošec 1979, 100/I, Fig. 10; Bitenc, Knific 2001, 108, 22 Korošec 1979, 100/I, sl. 10; Bitenc, Knific 2001, 108, Cat. No. 362–363; Knific 2004, 108, Fig. 20; Pleterski 2013b, kat. št. 362–363; Knific 2004, 108, sl. 20; Pleterski 2013b, 320, 320, 334. 23 334. Leben­Seljak 1996, 22, 85–101, 244–245, 301–311. 23 24 Leben­Seljak 1996, 22, 85–101, 244–245, 301–311. With pictures in, for instance, Enciklopedija Slovenije 1 24 S slikami npr. v Enciklopediji Slovenije 1, 1987, 285, in ( The Slovenian Encyclopaedia 1), 1987, 285 and in the Sloven­ v Slovenskem zgodovinskem atlasu, 2001, 49. ski zgodovinski atlas (Slovenian Historic Atlas), 2001, 49. 25 25 Korošec 1979, 164–166/I, 277–228/I, sl. 25, 34; Zadni­ Korošec 1979, 164–166/I, 277–228/I, Fig. 25, 34; Zadkar 1982, 53; Stopar 1987, 41; Knific 1998, 192–193. nikar 1982, 53; Stopar 1987, 41; Knific 1998, 192–193. 26 26 Pleterski 2004; Pleterski 2014, 243–244, 274–286. Pleterski 2004; Pleterski 2014, 243–244, 274–286. 18 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND 1.3 ARHEOLOŠKO OBMOČJE 1.3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREA Pri prikazu najdišča smo ohranili prvotno raz­ In our presentation of the site, we kept to the original delitev arheološkega območja, poimenovanje odsekov division of archaeological area, the original names for the in oštevilčenje grobov, pri meritvah se sklicujemo na sections as well as the original grave numbers, and we reuporabljeni koordinatni sistem. Ti podatki so ključni za lied upon the measurements that were obtained from the razumevanje dokumentacije o terenskih raziskavah na original coordinate system. This data is of key importance otoški ploščadi (glej pogl. 12.4). Raziskave so potekale for the understanding of the fieldwork documentation severno od cerkve na izkopnih poljih IP 1/1 in IP 1/2, from the island site (see Chapter 12.4). The excavations vzhodno od cerkve na IP 1/3, južno od cerkve na IP took place north of the church (excavation areas IP 1/1 2/1, IP 2/2 in IP 2/3 ter južno od zvonika na izkopnem and IP 1/2), east of the church ( IP 1/3), south of the church polju IP 3/1; raziskali so tudi tla v notranjosti Marijine ( IP 2/1, IP 2/2 and IP 2/3) and south of the bell tower cerkve, v ladji, preddverju, prezbiteriju ter v veliki in mali ( IP 3/1); they also took place within the nave, lobby and zakristiji, ter v zvoniku ( sl. 1.5). presbytery of St Mary’s church as wel as in its large and Pri meritvah so uporabljali standardni koordinatni small sacristy and the bel tower ( Fig. 1.5). sistem, po katerem so začrtali dve koordinatni mreži A standard coordinate system was used for the ( sl. 1.6: A, B), prvo na območju severno od cerkve (IP measurements. Two coordinate grids ( Fig. 1.6: A, B) were 1/1–2), drugo v cerkvi in zunaj nje na južni in vzhodni established within the system, the first in the area north strani (IP 1/3; IP 2/1–3, IP 3/1). Prva mreža, začrtana of the church (IP 1/1–2), the second to the south and east leta 1962, je pokrivala severni del baročne ploščadi of the church and in the church interior (IP 1/3; IP 2/1–3, med Puščavico, zidom okrog ploščadi in severno steno IP 3/1). The first grid, drawn in 1962, covered the north cerkve ( sl. 1.6: A). Prostor je bil razdeljen na kvadrante part of the Baroque platform between Puščavica, the wal 4 x 4 m, ki so v dokumentaciji oštevilčeni praviloma z surrounding the platform and the north church wall ( Fig. rimskimi številkami. Mreža je bila usmerjena S–J (v tej 1.6: A). The area was divided into quadrants measuring smeri je potekala os y), točko 0 so postavili 2 m južno od 4 x 4 m, which were marked in the documentation with Puščavice, na pravokotnici skozi točko, oddaljeno 2 m Roman numerals. The grid had a N­S orientation (the y od jugozahodnega vogala Puščavice; nadmorska višina axis ran in this direction), point 0 was set 2 m south of točke 0, izmerjena na tedanji hodni površini, je bila Puščavica, on the perpendicular line through the point, 2 493,70 m.27 Višine na tem območju so pozneje merili od m away from the southwest corner of Puščavica the altitočke z nadmorsko višino 493,97 m na severozahodnem tude of point 0, measured on the occupation surface at the vogalu stopnice pri severnem prehodu skozi preddverje time, was measured at 493.70 m.a.s.l.27 The heights in this cerkve28 in od točke z nadmorsko višino 494,07 m na area were later measured from a point in the northwest pragu tega prehoda ( sl. 1.6).29 corner of the step in the north passage through the church Zaradi izkopavanj v ladji in preddverju cerkve so lelobby28 (altitude of 493.97 m), and from a point on the ta 1963 koordinatno mrežo prilagodili orientaciji cerkve, threshold of this passage (altitude of 494.07 m; Fig. 1.6).29 tako da je bila točka 0 pri severozahodnem vogalu cerkve As a result of the excavations in the nave and the in je os y potekala po severni, os x pa po zahodni steni church lobby, the coordinate grid was adjusted to fit the cerkve ( sl. 1.6: B).30 Višinska točka 0 je bila odmerjena church orientation in 1963. The new point 0 was set at na pragu vrat v proštijo, na nadmorski višini 493,87 m. the northwest corner of the church with axis y running S koordinatami točk so določali predvsem lego profilov along the north, and axis x along the west church wal ( sl. 1.7), pri dokumentiranju tlorisov pa so meritve prak­ ( Fig. 1.6: B).30 The altitude point 0 was measured on the tično navezovali na zidove obstoječe cerkve in zvonika, threshold of the door into the Provost’s house, at an altikar kažeta tudi meji IP 2/1–3 in IP 3/1 ( sl. 1.5).31 tude of 493.87 m. The obtained coordinates of the points were primarily used to define the positions of the profiles 27 Chapter 12.4, archive 489, 491, in both occasions pg. 27 Pogl. 12.4, arhiv 489, 491, obakrat str. 18; Rn 221/03, 04. 18; Rn 221/03, 04. 28 28 Arhiv 482: meritve s te višinske točke v letu 1962 (od Archive 482: measurements from this point (from July julija) obsegajo podatke o grobovih (št. 23, 29–64), zakladu 1962 onwards) include the data on graves (Nos. 23, 29–64), srebrnikov in raziskanih površinah v IP 1/1. Severni prehod the treasure trove of silver coins and the researched areas in skozi cerkev s stopnico in pragom je dokumentiran npr. na IP 1/1. The north passage through the church, with the step Rn 321/04 in negativu 8533–4. and the threshold, is documented in Rn 321/04 and the nega29 Arhiv 477: meritve z višinske točke 494,07 m v letu tive 8533–4 amongst others. 29 1964 obsegajo podatke o grobovih (št. 26, 110, 111, 113, 115– Archive 477: measurements from the altitude point of 117) in raziskanih površinah v IP 1/2. 494.07 m (in 1964) include the data on graves (Nos. 26, 110, 30 Načrt z vrisano drugo koordinatno mrežo: arhiv 489, 111, 113, 115–117) and the researched areas in IP 1/2. 30 priloga št. 1 (označitvi za osi x in y sta na načrtu zamenjani). The map with the second coordinate grid: archive 489, 31 Arhiv 489, str. 156. appendix No. 1 (axes x and y were switched in the plan). 19 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.6: Koordinatni sistem raziskanega območja na Blejskem otoku: A – mreža severno od cerkve, usmerjena leta 1962 po straneh neba (os y v smeri S–J), B – mreža v notranjosti in južno od cerkve, navezana leta 1963 na potek severnega in zahodnega cerkvenega zidu (os y v smeri cerkve Z–V, azimut 78º), C – prvotna mreža severno od cerkve leta 1964 s spremenjeno smerjo osi y (Z–V). Izpisane so izhodiščne višinske točke meritev (nadmorske višine pri trikotnikih). Stavbi: 1 – Puščavica; 2 – proštija. Fig. 1.6: The coordinate grid for the researched area on the Bled Island: A – grid north of the church, created in 1962 in line with the four sides of the sky (axis y runs in the N­S direction), B – grid in the interior of the church and south of it, created in 1963 in line with the north and west church wal s (axis y runs in the direction of the church (W–E), azimuth 78º), C – original grid north of the church, created in 1964, with the changed direction of axis y (W–E). The starting points for measuring altitude are also recorded (the altitudes are marked next to the triangles). Buildings: 1 – Puščavica; 2 –Provost’s house. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: I. Murgelj; po načrtih / after V. Šribar). 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.7. V letih 1962–1965 dokumentirani profili na raziskanem območju. Njihova lega je določena s koordinatnimi točkami po sitemu iz leta 1963, usklajenim s smerjo cerkve. Označeni so z zaporedno številko profila v dokumentaciji (na prvem mestu) in številko terenske risbe v seznamu Rn 221 (na drugem mestu). Drugače je le pri profilih iz leta 1962, pri katerih je namesto prve številke navedena črka po abecednem zaporedju. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: I. Murgelj; po načrtih / afrer V. Šribar). Fig. 1.7. The profiles documented within the excavated area between 1962–1965. Their positions are defined by the coordinate points determined on the 1963 grid, adjusted to the orientation of the church. They are marked with the consecutive number of the profile as specified in the documentation (position one) and the number of the field drawing (list Rn 221; position two). A different system was used for the 1962 profiles, where the first number was replaced by a letter running in alphabetical order. 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Ko so leta 1964 nadaljevali izkopavanje na območju ( Fig. 1.7), while in the ground plans the measurements severno od cerkve (IP 1/2), so uporabili prvo koordiwere linked to the wal s of the existing church and bel natno mrežo in nadaljevali številčenje kvadrantov, zatower, which is clearly shown by borders IP 2/1–3 and menjali pa so smer osi y, ki je zdaj potekala v smeri Z–V IP 3/1 ( Fig. 1.5).31 ( sl. 1.6: C).32 Skladno s to mrežo so odmerili tudi več When the excavations in the area north of the church profilov, vendar so koordinate točke pozneje popravili in (IP 1/2) were continued in 1964, the first coordinate grid prilagodili mreži B iz leta 1963 ( sl. 1.6).33 Koordinatno was used and the numbering of the quadrants continued in mrežo B so uporabljali do konca izkopavanj leta 1965 the same way, however, the direction of axis y was changed in nanjo se veže večina izmerjenih koordinatnih točk, and now ran in the W–E direction ( Fig. 1.6: C).32 A numzapisanih v terenski dokumentaciji in njenih prerisih.34 ber of profiles were measured with this grid, however the Izkopavanje je potekalo po režnjih, debelino teh coordinate points were later corrected and adjusted to fit so določili glede na različne terenske okoliščine. Reženj grid B from 1963 ( Fig. 1.6).33 Grid B was used until the so dokumentirali z risbo in opisom na spodnji ravnini end of the excavations in 1965 and most of the measured ( planum), potek plasti, zgradbo zidov in lego nekaterih coordinate points recorded in the field documentation and grobov pa s presekom skozi zemljišče ( profil). Višine pocopies of its drawings are linked to it.34 vršin, plasti in grobov so nadmorske ( absolutna višina). They excavated through segments, the thickness of Na raziskanem območju je bilo največ srednjeveških which was determined by various circumstances in the ostalin, odkrili pa so tudi starejše najdbe, iz prazgodofield. The segment was documented with a drawing and a vinske in rimske dobe. description on the lower level ( planum), while the course of the layer, the structure of the wal s and the position of certain graves were documented with a cross­section of 1.4 STAREJŠE NAJDBE the area ( profile). The heights of the profiles, layers and graves were measured as heights above sea level ( absolute Površina okrog cerkve na Blejskem otoku je bila height). Mediaeval remains represented the most common zravnana in obdana s kamnitim zidom. Območje vrha finds in the researched area, however, earlier finds, from otoka je bilo tako urejeno že v 17. stoletju, v času šteprehistoric and Roman periods, were also found. vilnih gradenj, med katerimi so prezidali tudi Marijino cerkev ( sl. 1.8).35 Ploščad okrog cerkve je nastala, kot so pokazala arheološka izkopavanja, z nasipavanjem 1.4 EARLIER FINDS zemlje, v kateri je bilo veliko gradbenih ostankov. Otok iz anizijskega dolomita36 je bil nekdaj bolj strm, pobočja The area surrounding the church on Bled Island so se spuščala k jezerski gladini s skalnatega grebena, was levelled and encircled by a stone wal . The area at the ki poteka v smeri S–J. Razkriti greben je bil najvišji pri top of the island was arranged in this way already in the zvoniku, kjer je živa skala dosegla nadmorsko višino 17th century, in a period that saw a number of building 494,74 m; proti jugu se greben položno spušča proti stopprojects, including the rebuilding of Mary’s church ( Fig. nišču, proti severozahodu pa se nadaljuje pod cerkveno 1.8).35 Archaeological excavations have shown that the ladjo do severnega stopnišča, kjer je le za meter nižji kot platform surrounding the church was created when the pri stolpu ( sl. 1.9).37 31 Archive 489, pg. 156. 32 32 Arhiv 477, skica na str. 2. Archive 477, sketch on pg. 2. 33 33 Rn 221/57 in 221/62. Rn 221/57 and 221/62. 34 34 Koordinate točk na območju IP 1/1 so določili po mre­ The coordinates of points in area IP 1/1 were defined ži A (1962); profili v terenski dokumentaciji in pri prerisih with grid A (1962); the profiles in the field documentation niso bili oštevilčeni, zato smo jih zaradi lažje identifikacije and the copies of the drawings were not enumerated, thus navedli po abecednem zaporedju in črkam dodali številko we have listed them in alphabetical sequence (for the purterenske risbe v seznamu Rn 221 ( sl. 1.7: npr. a/18). Drugod pose of easier identification) and added the number of the so koordinate točk odmerjene po mreži B (1963). Z njimi field drawing as found in the list Rn 221 ( Fig. 1.7: e.g. a/18). je označeno predvsem mesto profilov, izmere so večinoma In other cases the coordinates of the points were measured zapisane pri prerisih terenskih risb ( Rn 222 in 223), na tewith grid B (1963). These points were used primarily to mark renskih risbah le redko ( Rn 221). Ti profili so bili označeni the locations of the profiles, while the measurements were z zaporedno številko profila v dokumentaciji in številko temainly recorded in the copies of the field drawings ( Rn 222 renske risbe v seznamu Rn 221 (sl. 1.7: npr. 1/57). Pozitivnih and 223), and only rarely in the field drawing themselves ( Rn (+) in negativnih (–) predznakov pri odčitkih koordinatnega 221). These profiles were marked by the sequential number sistema od osi x in y niso zapisovali dosledno. of the profile in the documentation and the number of the 35 Gornik 1990, 154–156, 158–160. field drawing in the list Rn 221 (Fig. 1.7: e.g. 1/57). When 36 Bavec, Novak, Herlec 2008, 42. reading the coordinate system from axes x and y, the positive 37 Podatke o reliefu Otoka povzemamo po terenski do­ (+) and negative (–) signs were not consistently applied. 35 kumentaciji, Šribarjevem tipkopisnem besedilu ( arhiv 489) Gornik 1990, 154–156, 158–160. 22 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.8: Upodobitev Blejskega otoka v Valvasorjevi knjigi Die Ehre des Herzogtums Krain iz leta 1689 (po J. V. Valvasor, Čast in s lava vojvodine Kranjske, 2010, 2. del, 8. knjiga, poglavje 5, slika na str. 805). Fig. 1.8: Depiction of the Bled Island in Valvasor’s book Die Ehre des Herzogtums Krain from 1689. Na vzhodni strani grebena so bile 3 kotanje s preearth which included abundant building remains was merom do 5 m, dna so bila prekrita s plastjo temno rdeče pil ed­up. The island, made of anisian dolomite,36 used to ilovice.38 Različno globoke kotanje so odkrili severno od be steeper, the slopes descended towards the lake surface cerkve in pod tlakom v cerkvi ( sl. 1.9: A–C). Zahodna from the rocky ridge that runs in the N­S direction. The kotanja (A) severno od cerkve je bila plitva, njeno razridge peaked at the bell tower, where the bedrock reached gibano dno je bilo za okrog 0,90 m nižje od najvišjih an altitude of 494.74 m; towards the south, the ridge skal v okolici (493,74 m n. m.; sl. 1.9: A). Veliko niže, gradual y descends towards the staircase, while towards približno 3,5 m pod zravnano površino okrog cerkve, na the northwest it continues underneath the church nave nadmorski višini 489,24 m, je bilo dno vzhodne kotanje to the north stairwel , where it is merely one meter lower (B) severno od cerkve ( sl. 1.9: B). Kotanja pod tlakom than at the bell tower ( Fig. 1.9).37 v cerkvi (C), na prehodu med ladjo in prezbiterijem, To the east of the ridge 3 hollows with a diameter je bila od vrhov skal v bližini (494,18 m n. m.) nižja za of up to 5 m were found; their bases were covered with a okoli 1,3 m ( sl. 1.9: C). layer of dark red clay38. Hollows of various depths were 36 Bavec, Novak, Herlec 2008, 42. 37 in zapisih v objavi (Šribar 1972a). The data on the island’s relief was summarised from 38 V. Šribar (1972a, 10) omenja 5 kotanj, od tega 3 južno the field documentation, Šribar’s draft of the text for publicaod cerkvenega zvonika (v osnutku besedila arhiv 489 o njih tion ( archive 489) and notes in publications (Šribar 1972a). 38 ni podatkov), 1 severno od cerkve (zdaj označena kot kotanja V. Šribar (1972a, 10) mentions five hollows, 3 of which B) in 1 v cerkvi “na prostoru pod zvonom želja” (zdaj kotanja were south of the church bell tower (no data was found in C). Kotanja na območju IP 1/1 (zdaj kotanja A) je omenjena the draft of the text for publication – archive 489), 1 north v osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 268). of the church (now marked as hollow B) and 1 in the church 23 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.9: Skalnat greben (svetlo sivo) in naravne kotanje (A–C) na območju arheoloških raziskav na Blejskem otoku. Fig. 1.9: Bled Island. Rocky ridge (light grey) and natural hollows (A–C) in the area of archaeological excavations. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: I. Murgelj, merski podatki / metric data V. Šribar) 1.4.1 PRAZGODOVINSKI OTOK discovered to the north of the church and underneath the walking area within the church ( Fig. 1.9: A–C). The west­ V vseh treh kotanjah (A–C) so našli prazgodovinern most hollow (A) north of the church was shallow, its sko kamnito orodje, lončenino in naselbinske ostanke uneven base was approximately 0.90 m lower than the tal ­ ( sl. 1.10). Največ najdb je bilo na območju kotanje A, est rocks in its surroundings (493.74 m.; Fig. 1.9: A). The vendar so podatki o njih okrnjeni, ker je bila humozna base of the eastern most hollow (B) north of the church plast, ki je pokrivala ilovico na dnu kotanje, deloma ( Fig. 1.9: B) was located much lower, approximately 3.5 m prekopana zaradi srednjeveških grobov, arheološko underneath the flattened surface surrounding the church, neraziskano pa je ostalo območje pod zidom 3 ( sl. 1.11: at an altitude of 489.24 m. The hollow underneath the c ; 2.2a: 3) ter pod zidom 6 in tlakom ob njem ( sl. 1.11: occupation surface within the church (C), in the passage e, f; 2.2a: 5a). Ob odkritju je bila kotanja A zapolnjena s prstjo, ki je bila zgoraj pomešana s številnimi gradbenimi ‘underneath the wishing bel ’ (now hollow C). The hollow in area IP 1/1 (now hollow A) is mentioned in the draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pg. 268). 24 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.10: Blejski otok. Prazgodovinske najdbe (zeleno): 1 – kamnito orodje, 2 – kamniti odbitki, 3 – keramika, 4 – ilovnat premaz, 5 – naselbinski ostanki. Rimskodobne najdbe (rdeče): 6 – keramika, 7 – steklo. Neopredeljeni starejši najdbi (črno): 8 – kovina. Ob znakih so kataloške številke najdb, brez njih so kamniti odbitki, za katere glej sl. 1.17. Fig. 1.10: Bled Island. Prehistoric finds (green): 1 – stone tools, 2 – stone flakes, 3 – pottery, 4 – clay coating, 5 – settlement remains. Roman period finds (red): 6 – pottery, 7 – glass. Uncategorised earlier finds (black): 8 – metal. Also marked are the catalogue numbers of the finds, except for stone flakes (for which see Fig. 1.17). (Izdelava / Elaborated by: I. Murgelj) ostanki, le pri dnu jih ni bilo; tu so se v prvotni humozni between the nave and the presbytery, was approximately plasti ohranili drobci oglja. 1.3 m lower than the peaks of the rocks in its vicinity V delu kotanje A je bila nad prvotnim humusom (494.18 m; Fig. 1.9: C). plast prepečene ilovice, ki je bila opredeljena kot ognjišče39 oziroma prazgodovinsko kurišče ( sl. 1.11: g; 1.12: a).40 V prerezu skozi najdebelejši del polnila v kotanji 1.4.1 PREHISTORIC ISLAND A, velik 1 x 0,8 m, je bila vidna 0,5 m široka poglobitev, v kateri je bila plast prepečene ilovice debela do 15 cm Prehistoric stone tools, pottery and settlement remains ( Fig. 1.10) were found in all three hollows (A–C). 39 Arhiv 489, str. 23, 24, 73 in 74; Rn 221/11. Most finds were located within the area of hollow A, 40 Šribar 1965. 25 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.11: Blejski otok, pogled od severa na IP 1/1. Dolomitna živa skala obdaja kotanjo A z zahodne in severne strani, na južni in vzhodni strani segajo v kotanjo temelji severne stene cerkve (a) in stranske kapele (b). Neraziskan je ostal del kotanje pod zidovi 3 (c), 4 (d) in 5 (e) ter pod tlakom (f). V raziskanem delu kotanje je plast prepečene ilovice (g), skozi katero je bil izkopan profil (h). Fig. 1.11: Bled Island, view of IP 1/1 from the north. To the west and north hollow A borders on dolomite bedrock, while on the south and east side, the foundations of the northern church wall (a) and the side chapel (b) reach into the hollow. The parts of the hollow underneath walls 3 (c), 4 (d) and 5 (e) and underneath the paving stones (f) remain unresearched. The researched part of the hollow contains a layer of burnt clay (g), through which a profile was dug (h). Sl. / Fig. 1.12 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.13: Blejski otok, IP 1/1, območje prepečene ilovice. A – prerez skozi plasti na območju ognjišča ( Seznam dokumentacije, Rn 221/11): a – prepečena ilovica, b – humus, c – ilovica, d – živa skala, e – kamen, f – tlak; 1–4 (zgoraj): odseki prereza; 1–4 (v plasti b): človeške kosti (označene modro). B – tloris plasti prepečene zemlje (pobarvano rdeče; Rn 221/7) in vrsta zloženih kamnov ob grobovih 40, 41 in 46: 1 – polkrožno zloženo kamenje, 2 – kamen za lobanjo v grobu 46, 3 – prepečena ilovica, 4 – tlak, 5 – zid 3, 6 – severozahodna stena stranske kapele. C – polkrožno zloženo kamenje (od juga). Fig. 1.13: Bled Island, IP 1/1, area of burnt clay. A – cross­section through the layers in the area of the fireplace ( List of documentation, Rn 221/11): a – burnt clay, b – humus, c – clay, d – bedrock, e – stone, f – paving stones; 1–4 (above): parts of the cross­ ­section; 1–4 (in layer b): human bones (blue). B – ground plan of the layer of burnt soil (red; Rn 221/7) and the line of stacked stones alongside graves 40, 41 and 46: 1 – semi­circularly positioned stones, 2 – stone behind the skull in grave 46, 3 – burnt clay, 4 – paving stones, 5 – wall 3, 6 – north­west wall of the side chapel. C – semi­circular stacked stones (from the south). Sl. 1.12: Blejski otok, IP 1/1, plast prepečene ilovice (a), v katero so vkopani grobovi 39, 40, 41 in 46. Za njimi je v prepečeni ilovici vrsta zloženih kamnov (b). Nad plastjo v ozadju sta tlak (c) in zid 3 (d). Fig. 1.12: Bled Island, IP 1/1, layer of burnt clay (a), with graves 39, 40, 41 and 46. A line of stacked stones (b) was discovered behind the graves. Paving stones (c) and wall 3 (d) can be seen in the background, above the layer of burnt clay. 27 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND however the data related to the finds is scarce, as the humus layer, which covered the clay on the base of the hollow, was partial y dug up when the mediaeval graves were created, and the areas under wall 3 ( Figs. 1.11: c; 2.2a: 3), wall 5 and the paving stones alongside it have not been archaeological y researched ( Figs. 1.11: e,f; 2.2a: 5,a). At its discovery hollow A was filled with soil, which was on the top mixed with abundant building remains, however no building remains were found at the base of the hol ow, where only charcoal fragments remained within the humus layer. A layer of burnt clay categorised as a fireplace39 or a prehistoric fireplace ( Figs. 1.11: g; 1.12: a) was discovered underneath the humus in a part of hollow A.40 A 0.5 m wide depression with a layer of burnt clay up to 15 cm thick ( Figs. 1.7: d/11; 1.11: h; 1.13a: a) was discovered in the cross­section through the thickest part of the fil ­in material in hollow A, measuring 1 x 0.8 m. The pieces of clay from the cross­section were badly charred, two of them showed remains of a roughly smoothened surface (cat. No. 32; Fig. 1.14). At the edge of the indentation lay a stone, measuring 20 x 25 cm ( Fig. 1.13a: e); this stone most likely originated from the semicircular stack of stones, which surrounded the highest part of the layer Sl. 1.14: Blejski otok, kosi prepečene ilovice iz prereza skozi on the west side ( Figs. 1.13b: 1; 1.13c).41 The layer was ognjišče (kat. št. 32). charred up to 6 cm deep, and lower down it was mixed Fig. 1.14: Bled Island, pieces of burnt clay from the cross­secwith dark humus that lay on sterile clay above the bedrock tion of the fireplace (cat. No. 32). ( Fig. 1.13a: b, c, d). Charred remains were found at the (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) highest point of the burnt layer. The layer of burnt clay was preserved in its entirety on the surface, measuring approximately 1.6 x 2.5 m ( Fig. ( sl. 1.7: d/11; 1.11: h; 1.13a: a). Kosi ilovice iz prereza so 1.13b: 3).42 The uneven surface was partial y dug up, as the močno prežgani, na dveh je videti ostanke grobo zglalayer included several mediaeval graves. The pits pertainjene površine (kat. št. 32; sl. 1.14). Na robu poglobitve ing to Graves 40, 41 and 46 ( Fig. 1.12) were clearly visible; je stal kamen, velik 20 x 25 cm ( sl. 1.13a: e); verjetno je the fil ­in material of these graves included large pieces of spadal k polkrožno zloženemu kamenju, ki je na zahodni burnt clay and fragments of charcoal. strani obdajalo najvišji del plasti ( sl. 1.13b: 1; 1.13c).41 Stone artefacts, unretouched flint flakes and pottery Plast je bila prepečena do 6 cm globoko, nižje je bila fragments ( Fig. 1.10) were found in the area with burnt pomešana s temnim humusom, ki je ležal na sterilni clay as well as elsewhere in hollow A. Most of the finds ilovici nad živo skalo ( sl. 1.13a: b,c,d). Na najvišjem delu were found in a secondary position, in the fil ­in mateprežgane plasti so našli žganino. rial of the graves, the pits of which were dug into burnt V celoti je bila prepečena ilovica ohranjena na clay or into the original humus layer.43 The finds include površini, veliki približno 1,6 x 2,5 m ( sl. 1.13b: 3).42 numerous stone artefacts, created by striking a core: a core Neravna površina je bila deloma prekopana, saj je bilo 39 Archive 489, pg. 23, 24, 73 and 74; Rn 221/11. v plast vkopanih več srednjeveških grobov. Dobro vidne 40 Šribar 1965. so bile jame grobov 40, 41 in 46 ( sl. 1.12), v zasutju teh 41 Archive 573, Excavation diary 1962, pg. 14. grobov so bili večji kosi prepečene ilovice in drobci oglja. 42 Archive 573, Excavation diary 1962, pp. 13, 24, 25. Na območju s prepečeno ilovico in tudi drugod v 43 Archive 489, pg. 252: ‘ The prehistoric flint arrows, kotanji A so našli kamnite izdelke, neobdelane odbitke scrapers and flakes discovered in the mentioned graves did not kremena in odlomke lončenine ( sl. 1.10). Najdbe so ve­ give the impression that they were intentional y placed along­ činoma ležale v drugotni legi, v zasutju grobov, katerih side a particular part of the body, for they were most commonly jame so vkopali v prepečeno ilovico ali pa v prvotno plast found in the fil ­in layer underneath the skeleton, exceptional y alongside it or on top of it … Thus, we will, as a rule, treat all humusa.43 Med najdbami je več kamnitih artefaktov, na­ flint artefacts found on the island as prehistoric and as chance 41 Arhiv 573, Dnevnik izkopavanj 1962, str. 14. additions to the Early Medieval grave pits.’ This statement is 42 Arhiv 573, Dnevnik izkopavanj 1962, str. 13, 24, 25. repeated another two times in the draft of the text for publi43 Arhiv 489, str. 252: “Prazgodovinske kremenčeve puš­ cation ( archive 489, pp. 265 and 269). 28 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.15: Blejski otok, kamniti artefakti. 1 (kat. št. 3); 2 (kat. št. 6); 3 (kat. št. 9); 4 (kat. št. 13); 5 (kat. št. 85); 6 (kat. št. 67); 7 (kat. št. 73); 8 (kat. št. 132); 9 (kat. št. 170); 10 (kat. št. 146); 11 (kat. št. 8); 12 (kat. št. 131). M. 1–10 = 1:1; 11,12 = 1:2. Fig. 1.15: Bled Island, stone artefacts. 1 (cat. No. 3); 2 (cat. No. 6); 3 (cat. No. 9); 4 (cat. No. 13); 5 (cat. No. 85); 6 (cat. No. 67); 7 (cat. No. 73); 8 (cat. No. 132); 9 (cat. No. 170); 10 (cat. No. 146); 11 (cat. No. 8); 12 (cat. No. 131). Scale: 1–10 = 1:1; 11,12 = 1:2. (Risba / Drawing: 1,2,5–12 D. Knific Lunder; 3, 4 [po stari risbi / after earlier drawing] I. Murgelj) 29 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.16: Blejski otok, kamnite najdbe. 1 – košček rude (kat. Sl. 1.17: Blejski otok, neobdelani odbitki iz tufa (1) in kremena št. 5); 2 – odlomek žrmelj (kat št. 7); 3 – klinica (kat. št. 13); (2–6). Shranjeni so v NMS: 1 (inv. št. S 1957a; kotanja B), 2 4 – obrušen kos peščenjaka (kat. št. 14). M. 1,3,4 = 1:1; 2 = 1:2. (S1922b; kotanja C), 3 (S 1982b; kotanja B), 4 (S 1836 a; grob Fig. 1.16: Bled Island, stone finds. 1 – ore (cat. No. 5); 2 –fra38, kotanja A), 5 (S 1853; grob 49, kotanja A), 6 (S 1849; grob gment of a quern (cat. No. 7); 3 – bladelet (cat. No. 13); 4 – po41, kotanja A). lished piece of sandstone (cat. No. 14). Scale: 1,3,4 = 1:1; 2 = 1:2. Fig. 1.17: Bled Island, unretouched flakes of tuff (1) and flint (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) (2–6). Kept in NMS: 1 (inv. No. S1957a; hollow B), 2 (S1922b; hollow C), 3 (S 982 b; hollow B), 4 (S1836 a; grave 38, hollow A), 5 (S1853; grave 49, hollow A), 6 (S1849: grave 41, hollow A). (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) rejenih z odbijanjem: v grobu 40 so našli jedrni odbitek (kat. št. 9; sl. 1.15: 3; t. 13: 3), zunaj območja s prepečeno ilovico pa v grobu 22 puščično ost (kat. št. 3; sl. 1.15: 1; t. 13: 1), v grobu 38 praskalo (kat. št. 6; sl. 1.15: 2; t. 13: 1) in tablet was found in Grave 40 (cat. No. 9; Fig. 1.15: 3; Pl. v grobu 49 ozko klinico (kat. št. 13; sl. 1.15: 4; 1.16: 3).44 13: 3), an arrowhead was found outside of the area with V grobovih so bili tudi neobdelani kremenovi odbitki, burnt clay in Grave 22 (cat. No. 3; Fig. 1.15: 1; Pl. 13: 1), na območju prepečene ilovice v grobu 41 ( sl. 1.17: 6), a scraper in Grave 38 (cat. No. 6; Fig. 1.15: 2; Pl. 13: 2) zunaj njega v grobovih 38 in 49 ( sl. 1.17: 4,5). V grobu and a narrow bladelet in Grave 49 (cat. No. 13; Figs. 1.15: 39, deloma vkopanem v prepečeno ilovico, sta ležala še 4; 1.16: 3).44 The graves also included unretouched flint odlomek glajene sekirice ali dleta (kat. št. 8; sl. 1.15: 11; t. flakes, found in the area of burnt clay in Grave 41 ( Fig. 13: 10) in del žrmelj (kat. št. 7; sl. 1.16: 2; 1.18: 1), v grobu 1.17: 6), and outside of it in Graves 38 and 49 ( Fig. 1.17: 29 pa obrušeni košček hematita (kat. št. 5; sl. 1.16: 1). 4,5). Grave 39, partial y dug into the burnt clay, contained a fragment of a smoothened axe or chisel (cat. No. 8; Fig. 1.15: 11; Pl. 13: 10) and a part of a quern (cat. No. 7; Figs. čice, strgala in odbitki v naštetih grobovih v nobenem primeru niso dajali vtisa, da so bili namenoma postavljeni ob določeni 1.16: 2; 1.18: 1), while a polished hematite fragment was del telesa, temveč so bili vedno v zasipni plasti pod skeletom, found in Grave 29 (cat. No. 5; Fig. 1.16: 1). izjemoma ob njem ali na njem … Zato bomo praviloma vse Alongside stone finds hollow A also contained smal kremenčeve izdelke z otoka opredelili kot prazgodovinske in and atypical fragments of prehistoric pottery. These were kot slučajen pridevek v zgodnjesrednjeveških grobnih jamah.” mentioned in Graves 24, 39, 41, 45, 46 and 49,45 a frag­ Ugotovitev je v osnutku besedila zapisana še dvakrat ( arhiv 44 489, str. 265 in 269). The stone objects from the Island were typological y 44 Kamnite predmete z Otoka je tipološko razvrstil Boštdefined by Boštjan Odar. 45 jan Odar. Archive 489, pp. 37, 43, 44, 47–49. 30 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.18: Blejski otok, odlomki kamnitih predmetov (1,2) in prazgodovinske lončenine (3–14). 1 (kat. št. 7); 2 (kat. št. 14); 3 (kat. št. 30); 4 (kat. št. 31); 5 (kat. št. 59); 6 (kat. št. 72); 7 (kat. št. 75); 8 (kat. št. 77); 9 (kat. št. 76); 10 (kat. št. 78); 11 (kat. št. 81); 12 (kat. št. 82); 13 (kat. št. 136); 14 (kat. št. 137). M. = 1:2. Fig. 1.18: Bled Island, fragments of stone objects (1,2) and prehistoric pottery (3–14). 1 (cat. No. 7); 2 (cat. No. 14); 3 (cat. No. 30); 4 (cat. No. 31); 5 (cat. No. 59); 6 (cat. No. 72); 7 (cat. No. 75); 8 (cat. No. 77); 9 (cat. No. 76); 10 (cat. No. 78); 11 (cat. No. 81); 12 (cat. No. 82); 13 (cat. No. 136); 14 (cat. No. 137). Scale = 1:2. (Risba / Drawing: 1,3,5–7,13,14 D. Knific Lunder; 2,4,8–12 Ida Murgelj) 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.19: Blejski otok, pogled od severa na IP 1/2. Dolomitna živa skala obdaja kotanjo B z zahodne in severne strani, na vzhodni strani prehaja v pobočje, ki se spušča k jezeru, na južni strani segajo v kotanjo temelji velike zakristije (a). Neraziskan je ostal del zravnanega zemljišča (b) pri zidu okrog cerkve (c) in plasti pod zidom 6 (d), vzdolž katerega je potekal prerez skozi kotanjo (e; Rn 221/61b). Fotografija prikazuje nivo izkopa približno 0,8 m nad dnom kotanje B. Fig. 1.19: Bled Island, view of IP 1/2 from the north. Dolomite bedrock borders on hollow B to the west and north. To the east the hollow transforms into the slope that descends towards the lake, while to the south the foundations of the large sacristy (a) reach into the hollow. Unresearched are the part of the levelled land (b) next to the wall around the church (c) and the layers underneath wall 6 (d), alongside which the cross­section though the hollow was dug (e; Rn 221/61b). The photograph shows the level approximately 0.8 m above the base of hollow B. Sl. / Fig. 1.20 32 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Ob kamnitih najdbah so bili v kotanji A tudi drobni ment of a vessel wall with a small handle (cat. No. 30; Fig. in neznačilni odlomki prazgodovinskih lončenih posod. 1.18: 3, Pl. 14: 1) and a fragment of a vessel base (cat. No. Ti se omenjajo v grobovih 24, 39, 41, 45, 46 in 49,45 v 31; Fig. 1.18: 4; Pl. 14: 2) were found in the cross­section prerezu skozi prepečeno ilovico pa so našli odlomek through the burnt clay. ostenja z ročajčkom (kat. št. 30; sl. 1.18: 3, t. 14: 1) in The concentration of smal prehistoric finds in natuodlomek z dna posode (kat. št. 31; sl. 1.18: 4; t. 14: 2). ral hollows is characteristic of the archaeological remains Koncentracija drobnih prazgodovinskih najdb v on the island. Hollow A is special in the fact that the naravnih kotanjah je ena od značilnosti arheoloških prehistoric finds were found predominantly in the fil ­in ostalin na otoku. Posebnost kotanje A je v tem, da so material of the mediaeval graves. Through the graves the prazgodovinske najdbe našli večinoma v zasutju srednjefinds can be reliably linked to the layer of original humus, veških grobov. Prek grobov je najdbe mogoče zanesljivo and most likely also with the layer of burnt clay. The conpovezati s plastjo prvotnega humusa, domnevno pa nection with the humus layer is shown through the finds tudi s plastjo prepečene ilovice. Povezanost s humozno in the graves, buried directly into the humus, outside of plastjo kažejo najdbe v grobovih, vkopanih neposredno the layer of burnt clay. The graves that were partial y dug v humus, zunaj plasti prepečene ilovice. Pri grobovih, ki into the layer of burnt clay, partial y into humus, did not so bili deloma vkopani v plast prepečene ilovice, deloma show a clear connection and the finds within them could v humus, povezave niso jasne in bi najdbe v njih lahko have originated from either of the layers.46 izvirale iz ene ali druge plasti.46 Even if these relationships aren’t clear, the finds Tudi če ti odnosi niso znani, ostajajo najdbe in and the layer of burnt clay remain important remains of plast prepečene ilovice pomembni ostanki prazgodoprehistoric activities in the area of hollow A. Fireplace vinske dejavnosti na območju kotanje A. Na najvišjem remains were found at the highest point of the burnt clay, delu prepečene ilovice so bili odkriti ostanki kurjenja, and alongside the remains lay a line of stones, which seem ob njih pa vrsta kamnov, za katere se zdi, da so bili tja to have been placed there intentional y, ‘to limit the surpostavljeni, “da bi omejili omenjeno površino, na kateri face, which undoubtedly represented a fireplace’.47 These je bilo brez dvoma ognjišče”.47 Ti ostanki pričajo, da so remains indicate that the floor in a large part of the hollow tla v velikem delu kotanje izravnali z ilovico, ki so jo nawas levelled with clay, which was applied over the original nesli na prvotno plast humusa, pozneje pa na njej kurili. layer of humus and that fires were burnt on this layer. Kotanja B, v kateri stojijo kamniti temelji velike At the beginning of the archaeological research, zakristije, je bila ob začetku arheoloških raziskav zasuta, hollow B, which included the stone foundations of the zemljišče je bilo zravnano z debelim nasutjem in ome­ large sacristy, was filled­in; the ground was levelled with a jeno z zidom, ki obdaja ploščad okrog cerkve ( sl. 1.19: thick layer of fil ­in material and encircled by the wall that a–c). Arheološka izkopavanja so odkrila, da nad dnom surrounds the plateau around the church ( Fig. 1.19: a–c). kotanje stoji zid 6, postavljen na plast rjavega humusa, Archaeological excavations revealed that wall 6 , placed debelo do 0,60 m ( sl. 1.19: d; 1.20: a; 2.2a: 6). Ta plast je on a layer of brown humus, up to 0.60 m thick ( Figs. 1.19: večidel ležala na dolomitni skali ( sl. 1.20: b,e), le najnid; 1.20: a; 2.2a: 6) stands above the base of the hollow. že, na dnu kotanje, kot kaže profil na južni strani zidu This humus layer lay mainly on dolomite rock ( fig. 1.20: 6 ( sl. 1.7: 9/61; 1.19: e), sta bili med rjavim humusom b,e), only at the lowest point, at the base of the hollow in živo skalo še plast čiste ilovice, debela do 20 cm, in (as shown by the profile on the south side of wall 6; Figs. tanjša plast temnega, skoraj črnega humusa, pomešana 1.7: 9/61; 1.19: e), a layer of pure clay, up to 20 cm thick z ilovico ( sl. 1.20: c,d). V plasti temnega humusa so bili and a thinner layer of dark, almost black humus mixed številni odlomki prazgodovinske lončenine ter koščki with clay were found between the brown humus and the bedrock ( Fig. 1.20: c,d). The dark humus layer contained several fragments of prehistoric pottery as well as pieces 45 Arhiv 489, str. 37, 43, 44, 47–49. 46 of burnt clay and charcoal.48 The oval base of the hollow Drobni keramični odlomki in različni “odbitki” iz tufa, ki se omenjajo v obeh plasteh, za opredeljevanje niso primerni. 46 Small pottery fragments and various tuff ‘flakes’, men47 Arhiv 573, Dnevnik izkopavanj 1962, str. 14. tioned in both layers, were not suitable for categorising. 47 Archive 573, Excavation diary 1962, pg. 14. 48 According to the documentation the data in the prehistoric layer in hollow B is open to various interpretations. Sl. 1.20: Blejski otok, IP 1/2, območje kotanje B. Prerez skozi The drawing shows the prehistoric finds in the layer of dark plasti na južni strani zidu 6 ( Rn 221/61b): a – zid 6, b – svetlo brown, almost black humus, lightly mixed with clay ( Fig. rjav humus, c – temno rjav humus z odlomki keramike in 1.20: c). The draft of the text for publication does not provide drobci oglja, d – ilovica, e – živa skala. a clear description ( Archive 489, pg. 67, 70): ‘ The base of the Fig. 1.20: Bled Island, IP 1/2, area of hol ow B. The cross­section hol ow was covered with clay, which was mixed with humus at through the layers to the south of wall 6 ( Rn 221/61b): a – wall the top. This layer included fragments of prehistoric pottery… 6, b – light brown humus, c – dark brown humus with pottery The base of the hol ow is covered with a layer of clay, 20 cm and charcoal fragments, d – clay, e – bedrock. thick and lightly mixed with humus. It is a prehistoric cultural 33 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND also reached underneath the foundations of the large sacristy,49 thus the lower levels remain unresearched, as does the narrow strip underneath wall 6. The pottery from the dark humus layer has been preserved in uncharacteristic fragments, which do not permit the reconstruction of the forms or determining the shapes of vessels. The surface of the soft, slightly porous pottery, is light brown to dark grey, while the centre is predominantly black ( Fig. 1.21). Two fragments reveal parts of the decoration, an applied wart (cat. No. 75; Fig. 1.18: 7; Pl. 14: 4) and incised lines (cat. No. 77; Fig. 1.18: 8; Pl. 14: 5). Some fragments belonged to everted rims (cat. Nos. 72 and 78; Figs. 1.18: 6,10; 1.21: 1,2), others to vessel bases (cat. Nos. 76, 81 and 82; Figs. 1.18: 9,11,12; 1.21: 3,4; Pl. 14: 6). Three stone artefacts were also found in the area of hollow B, all of them in the vicinity of the finds in the dark humus, but slightly higher up in the fil ­in material ( Fig. 1.10). The artefacts found were a drill (cat. No. 85; Fig. 1.15: 5; Pl. 13: 4), an arrowhead (cat. No. 67; Fig. 1.15: 6; Pl. 13: 5) and a scarper (cat. No. 73; Fig. 1.15: 7; Pl. 13: 6). A tuff flake ( Fig. 1.17: 1) was found not far from the dril , and a flint flake ( Fig. 1.17: 3) and a fragment of a hand­made pottery earthenware bowl (cat. No. 59; Fig. 1.18: 5; Pl. 14: 3) were found next to the scraper. Sl. 1.21: Blejski otok, odlomki prazgodovinske lončenine iz ko­ Hollow C, which was discovered during the excavatanje B: 1 (kat. št. 72); 2 (kat št. 78); 3 (kat. št. 81); 4 (kat. št. 82). tions underneath the occupation surface in the church, is Fig. 1.21: Bled Island, fragments of prehistoric pottery found in hollow B: 1 (cat. No. 72); 2 (cat. No. 78); 3 (cat. No. 81); 4 of a similar depth as hollow A, and both lay significantly (cat. No. 82). higher than hollow B. The altitudes of the bases of the (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) hollows were measured as follows: hollow C 492.88 m, hollow A 492.95 m, and hollow B 489.24 m ( Fig. 1.9). On the north side of hollow C, the layers were cut through prežgane ilovice in drobci oglja.48 Ovalno dno kotanje by the wal s of the existing church, while on the west and je segalo tudi pod temelje velike zakristije,49 a so spodnje east edges the base is covered by the remains of earlier plasti tam ostale neraziskane, tako kot v ozkem pasu church wal s. The original layers on top of the bedrock pod zidom 6. were preserved under the transition from the nave into Lončenina iz temne humozne plasti je ohranjena v the presbytery ( Fig. 1.22). neznačilnih odlomkih, ki ne omogočajo rekonstrukcije Several prehistoric finds were found in this area, oblik oziroma tipov posod. Mehka, nekoliko porozna alongside the most common stone artefacts pottery fragkeramika je na površini svetlo rjava do temno siva, ments ( Fig. 1.10) were especial y numerous. These lay sredica je večinoma črna ( sl. 1.21). Na dveh odlomkih underneath the occupation surface in the presbytery, in so vidni deli okrasa, aplicirana bradavica (kat. št. 75; sl. the layer of medium and dark brown humus ( Fig. 1.23a)50 1.18: 7; t. 14: 4) in vrezani črti (kat. št. 77; sl. 1.18: 8; t. 14: and in the ‘prehistoric cultural layer’ underneath the oc5). Nekateri odlomki so pripadali izvihanim ustjem (kat. cupation surface at the far east of the nave.51 The pottery št. 72 in 78; sl. 1.18: 6,10; 1.21: 1,2), drugi dnom posod finds include only a few characteristic fragments: a frag­ (kat. št. 76, 81 in 82; sl. 1.18: 9,11,12; 1.21: 3,4; t. 14: 6). ment of a vessel wall with a wart (cat. No. 136, Fig. 1.18: 48 13; Pl. 14: 7), a fragment of a vessel with an upright rim Podatki o prazgodovinski plasti v kotanji B v doku­ (cat. No. 137, Fig. 1.18: 14; Pl. 14: 8), a part of the wall at mentaciji niso povsem enoznačni. Po risbi so bile prazgodovinske najdbe v plasti temno rjavega, skoraj črnega humusa, the base of the vessel with a densely grooved exterior and rahlo pomešanega z ilovico ( sl. 1.20: c). V osnutku besedila interior surface (cat. No. 138, Fig. 1.24: 1; Pl. 14: 9) and a je opis manj jasen ( Arhiv 489, str. 67, 70): “Dno kotanje je bilo fragment of a rim with a rib (cat. No. 139, Fig. 1.24: 2; Pl. pokrito z ilovico, ki je bila na vrhu pomešana s humusom. V tej plasti so bili fragmenti prahistorične keramike … Dno kotanje layer, in which we have found multiple fragments of pottery, je pokrito s plastjo ilovice, ki je debela 20 cm in rahlo pomešana pieces of clay doub and coal. ” 49 s humusom. Gre za prahistorični kulturni sloj, v katerem smo Archive 489, pg. 67. 50 našli več fragmentov keramike, kose hišnega lepa in oglje. ” Archive 489, pg. 139. 49 51 Arhiv 489, str. 67. Archive 489, pp. 121–122. 34 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.22: Blejski otok, notranjost cerkve, pogled od vzhoda iz prezbiterija v ladjo. V ospredju je dno kotanje C. Fig. 1.22: Bled Island, church interior, view from the east, from the presbytery towards the nave. The base of hollow C is in the forefront. Na območju kotanje B so našli tudi 3 kamnite ar­ 14: 10). The stone finds from this area were a fan shaped tefakte, vse v bližini najdb v temnem humusu, vendar endscraper (cat. No. 132; Fig. 1.15: 8; Pl. 13: 7), a part of nekoliko više v nasuti ali že prekopani zemlji ( sl. 1.10). a smoothened axe (cat. No. 131; Fig. 1.15: 12; Pl. 13: 11) Ti izdelki so sveder (kat. št. 85; sl. 1.15: 5; t. 13: 4), pušand an elongated flake ( Fig. 1.17: 2). Alongside the pot­ čična ost (kat. št. 67; sl. 1.15: 6; t. 13: 5) in praskalo (kat. tery fragments a hole for wooden pil ars52 and scattered št. 73; sl. 1.15: 7; t. 13: 6). V tem okolju so nedaleč od pieces of burnt clay coating53 were found. svedra našli odbitek iz tufa ( sl. 1.17: 1), pri praskalu pa An approximately 20 cm thick layer with prehistoric kremenov odbitek ( sl. 1.21: 3) in odlomek lončene sklede finds was discovered south of hollow C, underneath the prostoročne izdelave (kat. št. 59; sl. 1.18: 5; t. 14: 3). occupation surface in the southwest corner of the smal Kotanja C, ki so jo raziskave razkrile pod tlakom v 52 cerkvi, je podobno globoka kot kotanja A, obe pa ležita Archive 489, pg. 220. 53 Archive 489, pp. 121–122, 139, 140, 243, 253. 35 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.23: Blejski otok, prazgodovinski ostanki pod tlakom cerkve. A – tloris kotanje C pod zahodnim delom prezbiterija ( Rn 221/95e): a – svetlo in temno rjav humus s prazgodovinskimi keramičnimi odlomki; b – živa skala; c – stopničast prehod iz prezbiterija v cekveno ladjo. B – tloris prazgodovinskih ostankov na prostoru male zakristije ( Rn 221/83c): 1 – s kamni obložena jama za kol v plasti s prazgodovinskimi najdbami; 2 – grobna jama št. 109; 3 – živa skala. Fig. 1.23: Bled Island, prehistoric remains underneath the walking surface in the church. A – ground plan of hollow C underneath the western part of the presbytery ( Rn 221/95e): a – light and dark brown humus with prehistoric pottery fragments; b – bedrock; c – gradual transition from the presbytery to the church nave. B – location of prehistoric remains in the area of the small sacristy ( Rn 221/83c): 1 – hole for wooden pil ar, fortified with stones, in the layer with prehistoric finds; 2 – grave pit No. 109; 3 – bedrock. precej više od kotanje B. Nadmorska višina dna je v sacristy ( Fig. 1.10).54 This layer lay on the bedrock, apkotanji C 492,88 m, v kotanji A 492,95 m, v kotanji B proximately 0.8 metres above the prehistoric layer in pa 489,24 m ( sl. 1.9). Na severni strani kotanje C so hol ow C.55 It fil ed and covered the oval hole for the plasti presekali zidovi obstoječe cerkve, na zahodnem wooden pil ar, carved 0.5 metres deep into the bedrock. in vzhodnem obrobju dno prekrivajo ostanki starejših The central part of the hole, measuring 20 x 15 cm, was cerkvenih zidov. Prvotne plasti nad živo skalo so bile 54 Archive 489, pg. 153–156. The geological composition ohranjene pod prehodom iz ladje v prezbiterij ( sl. 1.22). of the prehistoric layer was not described, but according to Na tem območju so našli več prazgodovinskih the colour in the fieldwork drawing we can assume that it was najdb, ob kamnitih izdelkih predvsem veliko odlomkov a layer of clay ( Fig. 1.23b). – The remnant of this layer was lončenine ( sl. 1.10), ki so ležali pod tlakom prezbiterija found during the 2016 archaeological excavation that was v plasti srednje in temno rjavega humusa ( sl. 1.23a)50 in performed due to the planned addition of an electric cabinet v “prazgodovinski kulturni plasti” pod tlakom na skrajinto the small sacristy (Brezigar 2017, 20): ‘Individual frag­ nem vzhodnem delu ladje.51 Med keramičnimi najdbami ments of prehistoric pottery which could not be typological y je le nekaj značilnih odlomkov posod: odlomek ostenja and chronological y more precisely defined and a green tuff s plastično bradavico (kat. št. 136, sl. 1.18: 13; t. 14: 7), flake were found in the layer of red clay, which was preserved just above the geological base in some places.’ odlomek posode s pokončnim ustjem (kat. št. 137, sl. 55 Due to the differences in height V. Šribar believed that 1.18: 14; t. 14: 8), del ostenja pri dnu posode z gosto the holes for the wooden pil ars which were discovered in the 50 Arhiv 489, str. 139. small sacristy and in the area of hollow C, did not belong to 51 Arhiv 489, 121–122. the same building ( Archive 489, pp. 220–221). 36 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.24: Blejski otok, odlomki prazgodovinske (1–9) in rimskodobne lončenine (10). 1 (kat. št. 138); 2 (kat. št. 139); 3 (kat. št. 141); 4 (kat. št. 142); 5 (kat. št. 143); 6 (kat. št. 144); 7 (kat. št. 145); 8 (kat. št. 149); 9 (kat. št. 151); 10 (kat. št. 159). M. = 1:2. Fig. 1.24: Bled Island, fragments of prehistoric (1–9) and Roman pottery (10). 1 (cat. No. 138); 2 (cat. No. 139); 3 (cat. No. 141); 4 (cat. No. 142); 5 (cat. No. 143); 6 (cat. No. 144); 7 (cat. No. 145); 8 (cat. No. 149); 9 (cat. No. 151); 10 (cat. No. 159). Scale = 1:2. (Risba / Drawing: 1–7,9 D. Knific Lunder; 8,10 I. Murgelj) 37 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND nažlebljeno zunanjo in notranjo površino (kat. št. 138, surrounded by quarry stones measuring from 15 x 15 cm sl. 1.24: 1; t. 14: 9) in odlomek ustja s plastičnim rebrom to 20 x 30 cm ( Fig. 1.23b).56 A stone arrowhead (cat. No. (kat. št. 139, sl. 1.24: 2; t. 14: 10). Kamnite najdbe s tega 146; Fig. 1.15: 10; Pl. 13: 8) and numerous pottery fragobmočja so pahljačasto praskalo (kat. št. 132; sl. 1.15: 8; ments, including a fragment of a straight rim (cat. No. 142, t. 13: 7), del glajene sekire (kat. št. 131; sl. 1.15: 12; t. 13: Fig. 1.24: 4), a fragment of a vessel wall and base with an 11) in podolgovat odbitek (sl. 1.17: 2). Ob keramičnih emphasised edge (cat. No. 145, Fig. 1.24: 7) and parts of odlomkih so bili ponekod kosci prežganega ilovnatega two strap handles (cat. Nos. 143 and 144, Fig. 1.24: 5,6; Pl. premaza,52 odkrili so tudi jamo za kol.53 14: 12) were found within the prehistoric layer, while the Južno od kotanje C so pod tlemi v jugozahodnem fil ­in material in the hole for the wooden pil ar contained vogalu male zakristije odkrili 20 cm debelo plast s a part of a jug with a strap handle (cat. No. 141, Fig. 1.24: prazgodovinskimi najdbami ( sl. 1.10).54 Ležala je na živi 3; Pl. 14: 11). skali, približno 0,8 metra više od prazgodovinske plasti In the researched part of the island the prehistoric v kotanji C.55 Zapolnila in prekrila je ovalno jamo za finds were mainly preserved in hollows A–C ( Fig. 1.10), kol, vsekano 0,5 metra globoko v živo skalo. Osrednji where numerous finds lay in the original humus layer del jame, velik 20 x 15 cm, je bil obdan z lomljenci, above the clay or bedrock. Elsewhere these finds were velikimi od 20 x 30 cm do 15 x 15 cm ( sl. 1.23b).56 V rare; a stone flake with a notch (cat. No. 170; Fig. 1.15: 9; prazgodovinski plasti so našli kamnito puščično ost (kat. Pl. 13: 9) was found south of the church, in IP 2/2, and a št. 146; sl. 1.15: 10; t. 13: 8) in številne črepinje lončenih fragment of an everted rim (cat. No. 149; Fig. 1.24: 8; Pl. posod, med njimi tudi odlomek ravno odrezanega ustja 14: 13) and a fragment of a vessel wall with a wart (cat. (kat. št. 142, sl. 1.24: 4), odlomek ostenja in dna s pou­ No. 151; Fig. 1.24: 9; Pl. 14: 14) were found amongst the darjenim obrobjem (kat. št. 145, sl. 1.24: 7) ter dele dveh uncharacteristic pottery fragments in trench 2. trakastih ročajev (kat. št. 143 in 144, sl. 1.24: 5,6; t. 14: The definitions of the prehistoric finds were changed 12), v zasutju jame za kol pa je ležal del vrča s trakastim during the research. At first V. Šribar believed that the stone ročajem (kat. št. 141, sl. 1.24: 3; t. 14: 11). artefacts from hollow A – he mentioned them alongside the Na raziskanem delu otoka so se prazgodovinske prehistoric fireplace – were a trace of a hunting post from najdbe ohranile predvsem v kotanjah A–C ( sl. 1.10), the Eneolithic period.57 Later, when a prehistoric layer kjer jih je veliko še ležalo v prvotni humozni plasti nad which included scattered and abundant pottery fragments ilovico oziroma nad živo skalo. Zunaj kotanj je bilo najdb was discovered, he concluded that the stone artefacts were malo, južno od cerkve so v IP 2/2 našli kamnit odbitek used during the period of the Iron Age settlement on the z izjedo (kat. št. 170; sl. 1.15: 9; t. 13: 9), v sondi 2 pa ob island,58 and assumed that they were used for ritual purneznačilnih koscih lončenine tudi odlomek izvihanega poses.59 He dated the earliest pottery finds into the period ustja (kat. št. 149; sl. 1.24: 8; t. 14: 13) in odlomek ostenja of the Late Urnfield Culture, but he believed that most of z bradavico (kat. št. 151; sl. 1.24: 9; t. 14: 14). the finds belonged to the Early Iron Age (he mentioned Opredelitev prazgodovinskih najdb se je med the design similarities with the pottery found in the graves raziskovanjem spreminjala. Sprva je V. Šribar menil, at Pristava, underneath the Bled Castle), while some fragda so kamniti izdelki iz kotanje A – omenja jih skupaj ments belonged to the Late Iron Age.60 Based on pottery s prazgodovinskim kuriščem – sled lovske postojanke iz finds he also categorised the discovered settlement remains eneolitskega časa.57 Pozneje, ko so na več mestih odkrili as belonging to the same period.61 prazgodovinsko plast s številnimi odlomki lončenine, je The prehistoric remains on the island were only fragmentarily preserved, mainly as a result of the build52 Arhiv 489, str. 121–122, 139, 140, 243, 253. ing and burial activities that took place in the Middle 53 Arhiv 489, str. 220. 54 56 Arhiv 489, str. 153–156. Geološka sestava prazgodo­ Šribar 1965, 156. – The hole for the wooden pil ar was vinske plasti ni opisana, po barvi na terenski risbi je mogorediscovered in 2016 (Brezigar 2017, 20, with picture). 57 če sklepati, da je bila plast ilovnata ( sl. 1.23b). – Ostanek te Šribar 1962, 241; Šribar 1962–1964. 58 plasti so našli med arheološko raziskavo, ki so jo opravili leta Archive 489, pg. 253: ‘ The period of prehistoric settle­ 2016 zaradi načrtovane vgraditve električne omarice v malo ment objects on the island will be conclusively defined by the zakristijo (Brezigar 2017, 20): “V plasti rdeče ilovice, ki je bila chronology of prehistoric pottery. The stratigraphy of flint artena nekaterih mestih ohranjena tik nad geološko osnovo, smo facts within the settled horizons indicates the use of stone arteodkrili posamezne odlomke prazgodovinske keramike, ki je facts in the period during which this settlement was used. Due ožje tipološko in kronološko neopredeljiva, ter odbitek iz zeleto the specific typology we have to al ow for the possibility that nega tufa.” these artefacts are earlier, but we will not treat them as such.’ 55 59 Zaradi višinske razlike V. Šribar misli, da jami za kol, Šribar 1971, 11. 60 odkriti v mali zakristiji in na območju kotanje C, nista spa­ Archive 489, pp. 242–244, 253. V. Šribar’s notes indali k isti stavbi ( Arhiv 489, str. 220–221). dicate that he intended to quote the comparisons found in 56 Šribar 1965, 156. – Jamo za kol so ponovno odkrili leta the publication on the burial ground in Pristava (Gabrovec 2016 (Brezigar 2017, 20, s sliko). 1960). – Šribar 1965, 156. 57 61 Šribar 1962, 241; Šribar 1962–1964. Šribar 1965, 155; Šribar 1971, 10–11. 38 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND sklepal, da so kamnite artefakte uporabljali v času želez­ Ages. The archaeological data is partial, the connections nodobne naselbine na otoku,58 domnevno celo z obredbetween the stone and pottery finds and the settlement nimi nameni.59 Najstarejše keramične najdbe je datiral remains are unclear. The buildings that were indicated v obdobje pozne kulture žarnih grobišč, v glavnem pa v by the holes for wooden pil ars and the pieces of the clay starejšo železno dobo (omenja oblikovne podobnosti z wall coating cannot be researched in greater detail, as lončenino iz grobov na Pristavi pod Blejskim gradom), the key parts of the layers were removed or covered by nekatere keramične odlomke opredeljuje tudi v mlajšo existing church wal s. železno dobo.60 Na podlagi keramičnih najdb je kot From the three mentioned sets of finds the stone sočasne opredelil tudi odkrite naselbinske ostanke.61 artefacts are the easiest to categorise. Amongst the arte­ Na otoku so se prazgodovinske ostaline ohranile facts created by striking a core we have: 3 scrapers, one fragmentarno, vzrok za to sta bila v veliki meri gradnja core tablet, a bladelet, a dril , a flake with a notch and 3 in pokopavanje v srednjem veku. Arheološki podatki arrowheads ( Fig. 1.15: 1–10). The latter are categorised as so okrnjeni, povezave med kamnitimi in keramičnimi deltoid arrowheads ( Fig. 1.15: 1) and arrowheads without najdbami ter naselbinskimi ostanki so slabo poznane. a thorn ( Fig. 1.15: 6, 10).62 The Bled deltoid flat arrowhead Tudi stavb, ki so jih nakazovale jame za kole in kosi is retouched ( Fig. 1.15: 1), i.e. created in a technology charilovnatega stenskega premaza, ni bilo mogoče raziskati v acteristic of the Late Neolithic period,63 but also found večjem obsegu, ker so bili ključni deli plasti odstranjeni in the Cooper Age, see for instance the stone arrowheads ali pa so prekriti z obstoječimi cerkvenimi zidovi. and daggers from the pile­dwelling settlement near Ig.64 Od omenjenih treh sklopov najdb so najbolj raz­ The arrowheads without a thorn ( Fig. 1.15: 6, 10) poznavni kamniti izdelki. Med artefakti, narejenimi were made in a similar way. The arrowhead with the z odbijanjem, so 3 praskala, jedrni odbitek, klinica, worn tip has an inexplicit design ( Fig. 1.15: 6), while the sveder in odbitek z zajedo in 3 puščične osti ( sl. 1.15: triangular arrowhead ( Fig. 1.15: 10) belongs amongst the 1–10). Slednje uvrščamo med deltoidne osti ( sl. 1.15: arrowheads with notches or a concave base (type 6 accord1) in osti brez trna ( sl. 1.15: 6, 10).62 Blejska deltoidna ing to Josipović).65 Such arrowheads appeared at the end ost ( sl. 1.15: 1) je ploskovno retuširana, torej izdelana v of the Neolithic period and were in use predominantly tehnologiji, značilni za čas mlajšega neolitika,63 a tudi during the Copper Age and later.66 There are several za bakreno dobo, o čemer pričajo kamnite konice in variants of these arrowheads; comparable to Bled Island bodala s kolišč pri Igu.64 arrowhead ( Fig. 1.15: 10; variant 6a) are the ones found Podobno sta bili narejeni tudi otoški puščični osti at the sites of Drulovka, Predjama, Samatorca (Pečina on brez trna ( sl. 1.15: 6, 10). Ost z izrabljenim vrhom je Lokavec or Grotta Azzura), Gradišče above Pivka near oblikovno neizrazita ( sl. 1.15: 6), ost trikotne oblike ( sl. Naklo and Kevderc on Lubnik.67 An additional triangular 1.15: 10) pa spada med osti z zajedo oziroma konkavno stone arrowhead (variant 6c) was found in the Bled area, bazo (tip 6 po Josipoviću).65 Takšne osti so se pojavile in a trial trench dug into the thin layer of clay at the top na koncu neolitika in so bile v rabi predvsem v bakreni of Gradišče in Bodešče.68 dobi in še pozneje.66 Obstajajo v več inačicah, primerjave At Hočevarica (on the Ljubljansko barje) a triangular za otoško ost ( sl. 1.15: 10; inačica 6a) so znane z najdišč arrowhead with wings (or a concave base) was found in Drulovka, Predjama, Samatorca (Pečina na Lokavcu the area of an Eneolithic pile­dwelling settlement.69 It oz. Grotta Azzura), Gradišče nad Pivko pri Naklem lay together with the finds from a later settlement phase, in Kevderc na Lubniku.67 V Blejskem kotu so našli še which included a preserved bow made from a yew tree.70 The remains from the pile­dwelling settlement were 58 Arhiv 489, str. 253: “Čas prazgodovinskih stanovanjskih roughly dated into the second quarter of the 4th millenobjektov bomo na otoku dokončno opredelili na temelju nium BCE. 71 krono logije prazgodovinske keramike. Stratigrafija kremen­ čevih izdelkov znotraj poselitvenih horizontov kaže tudi na 62 uporabo kamnitih artefaktov v času teh objektov. Zaradi Josipović 1984, 79, Fig. 4, type 1 and type 6. 63 specifične tipologije dopuščamo možnost, da so ti artefakti Josipović 1984, 79; see also Korošec 1960, 10–11. 64 starejši, vendar jih iz tega zornega kota ne bomo obravnavali.” Turk 2006, 29. 59 65 Šribar 1971, 11. Josipović 1984, 79, Fig. 4: 19–22. 60 66 Arhiv 489, str. 242–244, 253. V nakazanih opombah je Josipović 1984, 79; see also Velušček 2004, 49–50. 67 V. Šribar, kot je videti, nameraval citirati primerjave iz objave Josipović 1984, 79, note 40 (list with bibliography). 68 grobišča na Pristavi (Gabrovec 1960). – Šribar 1965, 156. Knific, Pleterski 1981b; Josipović 1984, 79, note 42; 61 Šribar 1965, 155; Šribar 1971, 10–11. Knific 2011, 80, Fig. 4 (left). 62 69 Josipović 1984, 79, sl. 4, tip 1 in tip 6. Velušček 2004, 49, 51, Fig. 3.1.23, cat. No. 105. – In line 63 Josipović 1984, 79; glej tudi Korošec 1960, 10–11. with the proposed typological scheme the arrowhead from 64 Turk 2006, 29. Hočevarica is the closest to variant 6b (Josipović 1984, 79, 65 Josipović 1984, 79, sl. 4: 19–22. Fig. 4: 20). 66 70 Josipović 1984, 79; glej tudi Velušček 2004, 49–50. Velušček 2004, 42–45, 216, Fig. 3.1.10, cat. No. 23. 67 71 Josipović 1984, 79, op. 40 (seznam z literaturo). Velušček 2004, 311. 39 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND eno kamnito ost trikotne oblike (inačica 6c), in sicer v Other retouched stone artefacts ( Fig. 1.15: 2–5, 7–9) sondi, izkopani v tenko plast ilovice na vrhu Gradišča and both fragments of polished axes ( Fig. 1.15: 11,12) can v Bodeščah.68 be placed into the Early Neolithic – Eneolithic period.72 Na Hočevarici na Ljubljanskem barju pa so našli The unretouched flakes indicate that stone tools were also trikotno puščično ost s krilci (oz. konkavno bazo) made on the island ( Fig. 1.17). Numerous comparitions na območju eneolitskega kolišča.69 Ležala je skupaj z have been found for the partial y preserved quern from najdbami iz mlajše naselitvene faze, med katerimi se je this period ( Fig. 1.16: 2), e.g. the quern from the pileohranil tudi lok iz lesa tise.70 Ostanki kolišča so okvirno dwelling settlement at Hočevarica.73 datirani v drugo četrtino 4. tisočletja pr. n. št. 71 The broad timescale, indicated by the stone artefacts, V poznoneolitski­eneolitski čas lahko umestimo can be narrowed down on the basis of the rare charactertudi druge retuširane kamnite artefakte ( sl. 1.15: 2–5, istic pottery fragments, which lay in the same settlement 7–9) in oba odlomka glajenih sekir ( sl. 1.15: 11,12).72 layer as the stone finds. An arrowhead ( Fig. 1.15: 10), a Najdeni neobdelani odbitki kažejo, da so kamnito orodje part of a jug ( Fig. 1.24: 3), fragments of two strap handles izdelovali tudi na otoku ( sl. 1.17). Za deloma ohranjene ( Fig. 1.24: 5,6), a rim fragment ( Fig. 1.24: 4) and a part of žrmlje so iz omenjenega obdobja znane številne primera vessel wall close to the base ( Fig. 1.24: 7) were all found jave ( sl. 1.16: 2), npr. s kolišča na Hočevarici.73 within a small area in the same layer underneath the Širok časovni okvir, ki ga zarisujejo kamniti izdelki, occupation surface of the small sacristy. We have found je mogoče zožiti na podlagi datacije maloštevilnih comparisons for the jug with the narrow neck and the značilnih keramičnih odlomkov, ki so ležali v isti handle, which connected the rim to the shoulder of the naselbinski plasti kot kamnite najdbe. Na majhnem vessel ( Fig. 1.24: 3), amongst the pottery from the pileobmočju pod tlakom male zakristije so bili v plasti dwelling settlements at Ig, dated into the 3rd millennium skupaj puščična ost ( sl. 1.15: 10), del vrča ( sl. 1.24: 3), BCE.74 Strap handles, similar to the ones found on Bled odlomki dveh trakastih ročajev ( sl. 1.24: 5,6), odlomek Island ( Fig. 1.24: 5,6), were common at Ig also on other ustja ( sl. 1.24: 4) in odlomek ostenja pri dnu posode types of vessels, for instance on pots.75 ( sl. 1.24: 7). Za vrč z ozkim vratom in trakastim ročajem, Most of the identifiable pottery finds from the ki povezuje ustje z ramo posode ( sl. 1.24: 3), poznamo prehistoric layer in hollows A–C could be dated into primerjave med posodjem s kolišč pri Igu, datiranih the Copper Age. These pottery finds share a light brown v 3. tisočletje pr. n. š.74 Trakasti ročaji, kot sta otoška surface and a centre ranging from grey to black in colour primerka ( sl. 1.24: 5,6), so tam pogosti tudi na drugih ( Pl. 14: 1,2,4–7,11,12). Decorations are modest, for only oblikah posod, npr. na loncih.75 the applied conical warts ( Pl. 14: 4, 7), traces of grooves V čas bakrene dobe bi lahko postavili tudi večino and the incision in the small fragment ( Pl. 14: 5) have značilnejših keramičnih najdb iz prazgodovinske plasti been found. The small handle ( Fig. 1.18: 3), found in the v kotanjah A–C. Skupni sta jim svetlo rjava površina cross­section through the prehistoric fireplace in hollow A, in siva do črna sredica ( t. 14: 1,2,4–7,11,12). Okras je and the rim fragment pertaining to a bowl found nearby skromen, le aplicirani stožčasti bradavici ( t. 14: 4, 7) ( Fig. 1.18: 5) could be parts of Copper Age vessels. ter sled žlebljenja in vreza na drobnem odlomku ( t. 14: Some ceramic fragments, which differ from the 5). Tudi ročajček ( sl. 1.18: 3), najden v prerezu skozi majority in their colour or decoration and were found in prazgodovinsko ognjišče, odkrito v kotanji A, in v bližini the area of hollow C, could be later, i.e. belonging to the najdeni odlomek ustja sklede ( sl. 1.18: 5) bi lahko bila Bronze or Iron Age. Such are for instance: the fragment of dela posod iz bakrene dobe. the brick red bowl, decorated with a rib with impressions Nekateri keramični odlomki, ki se po barvi ali ( Fig. 1.24: 2; Pl. 14: 10),76 the fragment of the vessel with okrasu razlikujejo od večine in so bili najdeni na oba straight rim ( Fig. 1.18: 14; Pl. 14: 8) and the fragment of the vessel wal , decorated with dense grooves ( Fig. 68 Knific, Pleterski 1981b; Josipović 1984, 79, op. 42; Kni­ 1.24: 1; Pl. 14: 9). fic 2011, 80, sl. 4 (levo). 69 Velušček 2004, 49, 51, sl. 3.1.23, kat. št. 105. – Puščič72 na ost s Hočevarice je po predlagani tipološki shemi najbliže Matija Turk (ZRC SAZU, Institute of Archaeology) beinačici 6b (Josipović 1984, 79, sl. 4: 20). lieves that the stone finds from Bled Island most likely origi70 Velušček 2004, 42–45, 216, sl. 3.1.10, kat. št. 23. nated from the Copper Age. 71 73 Velušček 2004, 311. Velušček 2004, 51, cat. No. 111–119, 216. 72 74 Po mnenju Matije Turka (ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arhe­ Korošec, Korošec 1969, 64, 67, Pl. 18: 2; 19: 3; 22: 7. – Peologijo) so kamnite najdbe z Blejskega otoka zelo verjetno iz ter Turk (National Museum of Slovenia, Ljubljana) drew attenbakrene dobe. tion to the comparison with the pile­dwelling settlements at Ig. 73 75 Velušček 2004, 51, kat. št. 111–119, 216. Korošec, Korošec 1969, 15. 74 76 Korošec, Korošec 1969, 64, 67, t. 18: 2; 19: 3; 22: 7. – Ribs with the impressions under the edge of the rim Na primerjave na koliščih pri Igu naju je opozoril Peter Turk were also found on two fragments from Gradec near Mirna, (Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana). in its earlier, Eneolithic settlement phase (Dular 2001, 95, Pl. 75 Korošec, Korošec 1969, 15. 3: 2,3) 40 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND močju kotanje C, so lahko tudi mlajši, iz bronaste ali 1.4.2 ROMAN PERIOD AND LATE ANTIQUITY železne dobe. Takšni so odlomek opečnato rdeče sklede, FRAGMENTS okrašene s razčlenjenim rebrom ( sl. 1.24: 2; t. 14: 10),76 odlomek posode s pokončnim ustjem ( sl. 1.18: 14; t. 14: There were merely a few Roman period finds on Bled 8) in odlomek ostenja, okrašen z gostim žlebičenjem Island ( Fig. 1.10). We are certain that the earthenware ( sl. 1.24: 1; t. 14: 9). bowl fragment, which was found in the fil ­in material in Grave 23 (cat. No. 4; Fig. 1.25: 2; Pl. 14: 16) belonged to this period. The fragment belonged to a semi­spherical 1.4.2 RIMSKODOBNI IN POZNOANTIČNI bowl with an everted rim, flat base and a glazed interior DROBCI surface. Such bowls (type LRG 27) were common amongst Late Roman glazed pottery, characteristic of the period Najdb iz rimske dobe je na Blejskem otoku malo from the second third of the 4th to the beginning of the 5th ( sl. 1.10). Zanesljivo je iz tega časa odlomek lončene century.77 The Bled bowl has a horizontal y everted rim, sklede, ki so ga našli v zasutju groba 23 (kat. št. 4; sl. 1.25: which places its amongst the bowls of variant a (LRF 27 a). 2; t. 14: 16). Odlomek je pripadal polkroglasti skledi z It is highly likely that a few other pottery fragments izvlečenim robom ustja, ravnim dnom in glazirano that lay scattered around the site also belonged to the notranjo površino. Med poznorimsko glazirano lonče­ Roman period. These are fragments of vessel rims and nino so takšne sklede (tip LRG 27) pogoste, značilne za a base, highly charred, made from purified clay, with a čas od druge tretjine 4. do začetka 5. stoletja.77 Blejska surface light brown to brick red in colour (cat. No. 62, 155, skleda ima vodoravno izvlečen rob ustja, kar jo uvršča 158, 165; Fig. 1.25: 4, 8–10; Pl. 14: 17–20). The fragments med sklede inačice a (LRF 27 a). belong to the hard to categorise everyday pottery. In the Iz rimske dobe je verjetno tudi nekaj drugih od­ Bled area small fragments of similar pottery were found lomkov lončenine, ki so ležali raztreseno po najdišču. also at Pristava (finds in secondary location), in Želeče To so odlomki ustij in dna posod, dobro žganih, iz pre­ (amongst the building remains and the skeletal graves čiščene gline, svetlo rjave do opečnato rdeče površine dug into it) and Zasip (settlement remains).78 (kat. št. 62, 155, 158, 165; sl. 1.25: 4, 8–10; t. 14: 17–20). The iron styluses found in mediaeval Graves 55 ( Pls. Odlomki pripadajo težko opredeljivi navadni lončenini. 2: 16, 17: 7) and 56 ( Pls. 2: 18; 17: 8) could also belong to V Blejskem kotu so podobno lončenino našli v drobnih the Roman period. As there is no data on their precise odlomkih tudi na Pristavi (najdbe v drugotni legi), v Želocation within the grave they can be categorised as earlier lečah (ostanki stavbe in vanjo vkopani skeletni grobovi) finds found in the fil ­in material (for more on their posin Zasipu (naselbinski ostanki).78 sible Early Mediaeval dating see page 74). Comparisons Rimskodobni bi lahko bili tudi železni pisali iz for such writing implements from Roman times are srednjeveških grobov 55 ( t. 2: 16; 17: 7) in 56 ( t. 2: 18; known from Augst ( Augusta Raurica) in Switzerland; 17: 8). Ker manjkajo podatki o njuni natančni legi v they are categorised as type W 95 and dated into the end grobu, je mogoče, da sta se znašli v zasipu kot starejši of the 3rd and beginning of the 4th century CE.79 najdbi (o njuni morebitni zgodnjesrednjeveški dataciji Šribar’s draft of the text for publication defines the na str. 73). Primerjave za takšna pisala iz rimskega časa coin with a hole (cat. No. 140) which lay in the layer so znane iz Augsta ( Augusta Raurica) v Švici; uvrščena underneath Grave 12080 and a part of the stone tablet so v oblikovno skupino W 95 in datirana v konec 3. in from the fil ­in material in Grave 72 (cat. No. 135a) as začetek 4. stoletja.79 possible Roman finds.81 These finds are missing, and the V Šribarjem osnutku se med verjetno rimskimi documentation includes merely two short descriptions.82 najdbami omenjata preluknjan kovanec (kat. št. 140), 77 ki je ležal v plasti pod grobom 120,80 in del kamnite Cvjetićanin 2006, 34–39, LRG 27 a. 78 Pflaum 2010. plošče iz zasutja groba 72 (kat. št. 135a).81 Najdbi sta 79 Schaltenbrand Obrecht 2012, 190–192, Abb. 192. 76 80 Razčlenjeno rebro pod robom ustja imata odlomka z Archive 489, pg. 257: ‘A very poorly preserved and hard Gradca pri Mirni, najdena v najmlajši, eneolitski fazi naselbi­ to categorise, but most likely Roman coin, was found in the ne (Dular 2001, 95, t. 3: 2,3) layer underneath the bones of the legs, in the area of the presby­ 77 Cvjetićanin 2006, 34–39, LRG 27 a. tery. The coin had a hole on its outer edge and it seems that the 78 Pflaum 2010. surface showed traces of gilding. In a later period this coin was 79 Schaltenbrand Obrecht 2012, 190–192, Abb. 192. used as a pendant, similar to the coins found in Grave 95 at 80 Arhiv 489, str. 257: “V plasti pod kostmi nog je bil na the burial ground at Pristava. It measured 18 mm in diameter.’ 81 prostoru prezbiterija zelo slabo ohranjen nedoločljiv, verjetno Archive 489, pg. 254: ‘ The fil ­in material in grave pit rimski novec. Ob zunanjem robu je bil preluknjan in se zdi, da 72 contained a fragment of a worked sandstone tablet (inv. No. so na površini ostanki pozlatitve. Ni dvoma, da je ta novec, ki je 1934), which is the earliest worked on architectural element on bil v poznejšem času, podobno kot novci iz groba 95 z grobišča the island and most likely belongs to the Roman period.’ 82 na Pristavi, uporabljen kot obesek. V premeru je imel 18 mm.” The descriptions of the finds were written on index 81 Arhiv 489, str. 254: “V globini pl. 3, v zasipnem gradivu cards: S 1934 / Akc. No. 48 (stone tablet) and S 2001/ Akc. 41 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND Sl. 1.25: Blejski otok, rimskodobne najdbe: 2 (kat. št. 4); 3 (kat. št. 24); 4 (kat. št. 62); 5 (kat. št. 120); 6 (kat. št. 129); 8 (kat. št. 155); 9 (kat. št. 158); 10 (kat. št. 165). Neopredeljeni starejši najdbi: 1 (kat. št. 1); 7 (kat št. 64). M. = 1:2. Fig. 1.25: Bled Island, Roman period finds: 2 (cat. No. 4); 3 (cat. No. 24); 4 (cat. No. 62); 5 (cat. No. 120); 6 (cat. No. 129); 8 (cat. No. 155); 9 (cat. No. 158); 10 (cat. No. 165). Uncategorised earlier finds: 1 (cat. No. 2); 7 (cat. no. 64). Scale = 1:2. (Risba / Drawing: 1–9 D. Knific Lunder; 10 Ida Murgelj) 42 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND kat. št. / inv. št. / cat. No. inv. No. CuO ZnO As2O3 Br Rb2O SrO Y2O3 ZrO2 Sb2O3 BaO PbO 24 S 1988 0,007 0,002 0,001 0,0010 0,001 0,046 0 0,007 0 0 0,0005 44 S 1874 0,008 0,012 0,003 0 0,038 0,110 0 0,004 0 0,32 0,0041 120 S 1933b 0,005 0,002 0,002 0,0005 0 0,071 0,001 0,011 0,025 0 0,0013 121 S 1933c 0,005 0,006 0,001 0,0036 0,002 0,054 0 0,004 0 0 0,0024 129 S 1913 0,006 0,001 0,001 0,0004 0 0,048 0 0,006 0 0 0,0013 kat. št. / inv. št. / cat. No. inv. No. Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 SO3 Cl K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3 24 S 1988 19,2 1,08 1,91 68,3 0,55 0,83 0,59 6,14 0,08 0,84 0,43 44 S 1874 0,74 2,69 1,87 64,7 0,57 0,22 9,14 18,39 0,04 0,68 0,48 120 S 1933b 18,8 1,01 2,54 64,9 0,60 0,79 0,59 8,79 0,17 0,83 0,85 121 S 1933c 12,4 2,13 4,07 67,2 0,15 0,92 1,97 8,32 0,18 1,39 1,18 129 S 1913 19,3 0,94 1,94 68,2 0,64 0,79 0,43 6,37 0,09 0,75 0,49 Razpredelnica 1: Podatki o steklu z Blejskega otoka, pridobljeni z meritvami po kombinirani metodi PIXE­PIGE. Table 1: Data on the glass found on Bled Island. The data was obtained through combined PIXE­PIGE measurements. pogrešani, v dokumentaciji sta le kratka opisa najdb.82 V Šribar’s draft of the text for publication also mentions the Šribarjevem osnutku besedila je omenjena tudi “rimska wal ed in depression underneath the south church wal as grobna jama”, kot so označili obzidano vdolbino pod the ‘Roman grave pit’, however the fieldwork documenjužno steno cerkve, vendar v terenski dokumentaciji o tation does not provide any detailed data on this find.83 tej najdbi ni podrobnejših podatkov.83 V zvezi z “rim­ According to V. Šribar the mortar fragments which were sko grobno jamo” naj bi bili po mnenju V. Šribarja tudi found in the fil ­in material of the graves underneath the drobci malte, ki so jih našli v zasutju grobov pod tlakom occupation surface in the lobby (see Chapter 2.1.2 ) were v preddverju (glej pogl. 2.1.2 ).84 also connected to the ‘Roman grave pit’.84 Trije stekleni odlomki, najdeni na različnih mestih, The three glass fragments, found in various locapripadajo čašam z zataljenim robom ustja (kat. št. 24, tions, belong to glass vessels with a fire­rounded rim 120, 129; sl. 1.25: 3,5,6; t. 16: 5,6). Analiza z metodo (cat. No. 24, 120, 129; Fig. 1.25: 3,5,6; Pl. 16: 5,6). The PIXE­PIGE je pokazala, da so bile čaše narejene iz PIXE­PIGE analysis has shown that the vessels were natronskega stekla ( razpredelnica 1).85 V Sloveniji so made from natron glass ( Table 1).85 The remains of such ostanki takšnih čaš pogoste najdbe, povečini v poznoglass vessels are common in Slovenia, prevailing in Late antičnih višinskih naselbinah iz časa od konca 5. do Antiquity highland settlements dating between the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 7th century.86 Many grobne jame 72 je bil fragment obdelane plošče peščenca (inv. were found at Tonovcov grad above Kobarid, and the št. 1934), za katerega lahko trdimo, da je najstarejši obdelani arhitektonski element na otoku in je verjetno rimski. ” No. 2 (coin). 82 Opisa najdb sta na kartotečnih listih: S 1934 / Akc. št. 83 Archive 489, pg. 231: ‘ The wal ed in grave pit in the 48 (kamnite plošča) in S 2001/ Akc. št. 2 (novec). southeast corner of the church, underneath the south nave 83 Arhiv 489, str. 231: “Poseben problem predstavlja wall, between the side altar and the side chapel, represents a obzidana grobna jama v jugovzhodnem vogalu cerkve special problem. Only a small fragment of the pit was exam­ pod južno steno ladje med stranskim oltarjem in stransko ined. Primarily it was cut into the bedrock, and then tiled with kapelo. Od jame smo lahko odkrili le manjši delček. Bila je lime quarry stones and plastered. The wal s were rectangular. najprej vkopana v živo skalo, nato pa obložena s prirejenimi Due to the finds in the fil ­in material in Graves 66 and 72 we apnenčevimi lomljenci in ometana. Stene so bile pravokotne. assumed that this wal ed grave pit was created during the Ro­ Zaradi najdb v zasipnem gradivu grobov 66 in 72 domnevamo, man period.” da je bila ta zidana grobna jama rimska.” 84 Archive 489, pg. 89. 84 Arhiv 489, str. 89. 85 Glass fragments were analysed by Žiga Šmit from the 85 Odlomke stekla je analiziral Žiga Šmit na Institutu “Jo­ Jožef Stefan Institute in Ljubljana. žef Stefan” v Ljubljani. 86 Milavec 2011b, 99–100. 43 1. SREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE NA BLEJSKEM OTOKU 1. MEDIEVAL BURIAL GROUND ON BLED ISLAND začetka 7. stoletja.86 Veliko so jih našli na Tonovcovem analysis of 9 fragments from this site has shown that 8 of gradu nad Kobaridom, analiza 9 odlomkov s tega najthem were made from glass belonging to the Levantine dišča je pokazala, da jih 8 pripada čašam, narejenim iz I group.87 The glass from Bled Island is slightly differstekla skupine Levantine I.87 Steklo z Blejskega otoka je ent, in its composition closer to the glass group Foy 3.2 nekoliko drugačno, po sestavi bliže skupini stekla Foy (also known as Série 3.2), similar to some examples 3.2 (imenovani tudi Série 3.2), podobno kot nekateri from Korinjski hrib above Veliki Korinj.88 The PIXEprimerki s Korinjskega hriba nad Velikim Korinjem.88 Z PIGE analysis has been recently used to determine the analizami PIXE­PIGE so bili v zadnjem času ugotovljeni glass samples belonging to group Foy 3.2 at the Late vzorci stekla skupine Foy 3.2 na poznoantični višinski Antiquity highland settlement on Jelica in Serbia (glass naselbini na Jelici v Srbiji (skupina stekla Jel 1).89 group Jel 1).89 86 Milavec 2011b, 99–100. 87 Milavec, Šmit 2018, 356, 364, Fig./sl. 2; Pl./ t. 1: 5,7–13. 87 Milavec, Šmit 2018, 356, 364, Fig. 2; Pl. 1: 5,7–13. 88 Milavec, Šmit 2020. 88 Milavec, Šmit 2020. 89 Balvanović, Marić Stojanović, Šmit 2018, 1177, 1181, 89 Balvanović, Marić Stojanović, Šmit 2018, 1177, 1181, Table 3. Table 3. 44 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND AND THE FINDS Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC 2.1 INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA 2.1 INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND Arheološke raziskave so pokazale, da je bilo površje Blejskega otoka nekoč bolj razgibano, kot je zdaj. Na Archaeological excavations have revealed that the skalnatem grebenu na vrhu je bilo več kotanj. V njih so surface of Bled Island used to be more diverse. Several našli kulturne ostanke iz zgodnjega prazgodovinskega hollows were found on the rock ridge at the top of the obdobja, izraziti so predvsem sledovi iz bakrene dobe. island. The hollows contained cultural remains dating Odkriti so bili v tenki plasti temnega humusa, ki je po- back to various early prehistoric periods, most of which krivala ilovico na dnu kotanj, deloma pa tudi v ilovici. belonged to the Copper Age. These were discovered in Do zgodnjega srednjega veka se je v kotanjah nabrala the thin layer of dark humus that covered the clay at the približno 0,5 metra debela plast svetlo rjavega humusa, bottom of the hollows and to a certain degree also in v različni debelini je bila s takšno prstjo prekrita tudi the clay itself. By the Early Medieval period the hollows živa skala v njihovi okolici. Ko so na vrhu otoka začeli were covered by an approximately 0.5 m thick layer of pokopavati, je bil kotanjasti relief že precej zabrisan light brown humus, and the bedrock surrounding these ( sl. 1.13a; 1.20). hollows was covered with the same soil, but of a different thickness. At the time the top of the island was started to be used as a burial ground, the hollow relief was almost 2.1.1 GROBOVI invisible ( Fig. 1.13a; 1.20). Srednjeveški grobovi so bili na več mestih, v sku- pinah, prilagojenih naravni razgibanosti tal ali tedaj 2.1.1 GRAVES obstoječim stavbam ( sl. 2.1; N 24). V okolici zdajšnje cerkve in pod tlakom v njeni notranjščini so odkrili 124 Medieval graves were found in various locations, skeletnih grobov.1 Prevladujoča smer pokopavanja je bila laying in groups that were adjusted to the relief and the od Z (glava) proti V (noge). Na največjem delu grobišča, buildings that existed at the time ( Fig. 2.1; N 24). 124 na območju IP 1/1 severno od cerkve, so grobovi ležali v skeletal graves were discovered in the surroundings of 5 vrstah, potekajočih v smeri S–J ( sl. 2.1; 2.2). Na gosto the current church and underneath the paving stones so bili vkopani predvsem na prostoru kotanje A, kjer je in its interior.1 The prevailing orientation of burials was bilo prsti več, nekoliko redkeje pa na njenem obrobju, from W (head) to E (feet). In the largest part of the burial kjer so bili grobovi deloma vkopani v skalnato osnovo. * Translation Sunčan Patrick Stone. 1 V tem poglavju uporabljamo izraze “cerkev”, “preddverje”, 1 In this chapter we use the expressions 'church', 'lobby’, “ladja” itd. izključno kot prostorske in orientacijske podatke. 'nave' etc. explicitly as spatial and orientation data. The Izrazi se vedno nanašajo na obstoječo cerkveno stavbo ( sl. 1.5: expressions are always mentioned in relation to the existing 1–7). church building ( Fig. 2.5: 1–7). 45 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.1: Blejski otok, srednjeveško grobišče pri cerkvi (shematizirano in dopolnjeno po predlogi V. Šribarja, Rn 221/236). a – celo okostje; b – delno ohranjeno okostje; c – ostanki prekopanega okostja: lobanja, druge kosti ter lobanja z drugimi kostmi; d – grobne jame v skalni osnovi; e – območje prvih dveh cerkev (po V. Šribarju, Rn 221/237). Zeleno − grobovi s pridatki in ostanki krst (grobova 68 in 69). Zaradi nezadostnih podatkov niso vrisani grobovi 74, 75, 92 in 108. Fig. 2.1: Bled Island, mediaeval cemetery next to the church (schematised and supplemented with V. Šribar’s material, Rn 221/236). a – entire skeleton; b – partial y preserved skeleton; c – remains of a reburied skeleton: skul , other bones and skull with other bones; d – grave pits in the bedrock; e – the areas of the first two churches (after V. Šribar, Rn 221/237). Green – graves with grave goods and coffin remains (Graves 68 and 69). Due to insufficient data Graves 74, 75, 92 and 108 have not been included. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: I. Murgelj) Tretja vrsta grobov v IP 1/1 ni bila odkrita v celoti, ker ground, in area IP 1/1, north of the church, the graves lay so nekateri grobovi ležali pod ostanki zidu in tlaka, ki in 5 rows, in the N-S direction ( Fig. 2.1; 2.2). The graves jih med arheološkimi raziskavami niso odstranili ( sl. were particularly close together in hollow A, where there 1.11: e,f; 2.2a; N 24).2 was more soil, and somewhat less dense at its edges, where Nekatere grobne jame so bile vkopane v živo skalo the graves were partial y dug into the rock base. The third deloma ali v celoti,3 vkopi drugih grobov pa niso segli do row of graves in IP 1/1 was not unearthed in its entirety, as some graves lay underneath the remains of the walls 2 To je bilo ugotovljeno pri grobovih 12, 44, 48 in 63. and paving stones which were not removed during the 3 Delno ali v celoti so bili v skalno osnovo vkopani archaeological excavations ( Figs. 1.11: e,f; 2.2a; N 24).2 grobovi 1, 4, 9, 17, 30, 34, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 61, 65–69, 71, 72, 76, 78–82, 86–91, 93–95, 97–107, 109 in 118. 2 This was the case with graves 12, 44, 48 and 63. 46 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.2: Blejski otok, grobovi prve in druge skupine na severni strani cerkve in pod tlakom velike zakristije. A – ostanki zidov 1–6 in tlaka (a), pod katerimi je ostal neraziskan del grobišča. B – vrste grobov v prvi skupini. C – pridatki v grobovih (zeleno): a – nakit (poln krožec: najdbe köttlaške skupine; prazen krožec: drugo); b – nož; c – pisalo; d – žebelj; e – svinčena ploščica. Fig. 2.2: Bled Island, graves pertaining to the first and second group on the north side of the church and underneath the occupation surface of the large sacristy. A – remains of walls 1–6 and paving stones (a), underneath which a part of the burial site remains unresearched. B – lines of graves pertaining to the first group. C – grave goods (green): a – jewellery (filled circle: finds pertaining to the Köttlach group; empty circle: other); b – knife; c – stylus; d – nail; e – lead tablet. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: I. Murgelj) 47 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... dolomitne skale. V živi skali so se jame dobro videle, bile Some grave pits were partial y or entirely dug into so ovalne ali pravokotne oblike z zaobljenimi vogali, z the bedrock,3 while others failed to reach the dolomite bolj ali manj navpično vkopanimi stenami. Pri nekaterih rock. The pits were clearly outlined in the bedrock; they jamah so se še poznale sledi orodja, ki so ga uporabili were oval or rectangular in shape, with rounded corners pri kopanju, izrazito predvsem pri skupini grobov pod and more or less vertical wal s. Some pits still showed the tlakom preddverja ( sl. 2.5; t. 32: 3; 33: 2).4 Več jam so traces of the tools that were used for digging; especial y vsekali globoko v skalo, tudi do 0,8 m, bolj pogosto pa clear were the traces in the cluster of graves underneath plitveje.5 Ob okostjih so redko ležali večji kamni: v grobu the paving stones in the lobby ( Fig. 2.5; Pls. 32: 3; 33: 2).4 55 so bili razvrščeni ob stenah grobne jame kot obloga Some pits were cut up to 0.8 m deep into the rock, but ( t. 30: 3; N 1), v grobovih 66 ( N 7) in 72 ( t. 31: 6; N 8; 9) most of them were not as deep.5 Large stones occasion-zloženi v dveh vrstah drug na drugem v zidec, v grobu al y lay alongside the skeletons: in Grave 55 they were 46 pa je za lobanjo tičal oglat kamen ( t. 28: 3; N 5). organised along the wal s of the grave pit as tiles ( Pl. 30: Čistejši grobni zasip je bil le v tistih grobovih, ki 3; N 1), in Graves 66 ( N 7) and 72 ( Pl. 31: 6; N 8; 9) they so bili vkopani skozi naravno plast do ilovice: v njih je were stacked two rows high as a wall and in Grave 46 a bila prst, ilovica in kamnit drobir kot npr. v kotanji B square stone lay behind the skull ( Pl. 28: 3; N 5). (grobovi 111–118). Nekaj okostij je ležalo v plasti temne Pure fill-in material was found only in graves that zemlje, pomešane s prazgodovinskimi ostanki; na ob- were dug through the natural layer to the clay: for in- močju kotanje A so bili to kamniti izdelki in odbitki; ob stance, in hollow B (Graves 111–118) the fill-in consisted okostjih so jih našli večinoma v drugotni legi, zato najdb of soil, clay and gravel. A few skeletons lay in a layer of niso vključili med grobne pridatke. V zasutju nekaterih dark soil mixed with prehistoric remains; the fill-in mate- grobov so bili tudi odlomki prazgodovinske lončenine, rial in hollow A often contained stone artefacts and flakes, v kotanji B so takšni odlomki ležali tik ob jamah gro- most of which were found alongside the skeletons in a bov, izkopanih do nivoja prvotne hodne površine (glej secondary position, thus these findings were not treated pogl. 1.4.1). V skupini grobov v preddverju, vkopanih as grave goods. In some graves the fil -in material included dosledno v živo skalo, so bili v temno rjavem humusu fragments of prehistoric pottery; in hollow B, for instance, v zasipu drobci malte.6 these fragments lay right next to the pits of the graves dug Praviloma so umrle pokopali v samostojni grobni to the depth of the level of the original occupation surface jami; enojni pokop je viden v grobovih na severni strani (see Chapter 1.4.1 ). The graves of the group underneath cerkve, predvsem na zahodnem robu grobišča (v IP the lobby, dug into the bedrock, were filled in with dark 1/1), kjer so grobovi vkopani manj na gosto ( sl. 2.2). Pri brown humus mixed with mortar particles.6 grobovih 40 in 41 je mogoče sklepati na dvojni pokop v As a rule, the deceased were buried into an indi- skupno grobno jamo ( t. 27: 5). vidual grave pit; single burials can be seen in the graves Zelo pogosti so bili pokopi na mestu starejših gro- to the north of the church, especial y on the west side bov. Groba včasih niso izkopali do globine starejšega in of the burial ground (in IP 1/1), where the graves are je okostji ločevala tanka plast zemlje, kot pri grobovih not positioned so close together ( Fig. 2.2). In the case of 82 in 102, v primeru grobov 84, 93 in 105 pa so okostja Graves 40 and 41 we have ascertained a double burial into ležala drugo nad drugim v treh nivojih. Veliko je grobov, a shared grave pit ( Pl. 27: 5). ki so jih enkrat ali večkrat prekopali, ostanke okostij iz Burials in the locations of previous graves were very njih pa zbrali na enem ali pustili na več mestih v novih common. The new grave was sometimes not dug as deep grobovih. Zaradi zaporednih pokopov na skoraj istem as the earlier grave and the skeletons were separated by mestu se je ponekod prvotna jama v skali postopno a thin layer of soil, as is the case for instance in Graves povečevala; nazoren primer je “skupna” jama grobov 82 and 102, while in the example of Graves 84, 93 and 81, 82 in 102–104 ( sl. 2.5). Prekopanih grobov je bilo 105 the skeletons lay one above the other in three layers. največ sredi severozahodnega dela grobišča ( sl. 2.2), kjer There were numerous graves that were reburied once je bila plast zemlje debelejša, in pod tlakom cerkvenega or several times, and the bone remains from them were preddverja ( sl. 2.5), kjer so bile “skupne jame” vkopane gathered in one place or left in multiple locations in the v živo skalo. Nekatere grobove so deloma prekopali new graves. Due to the consecutive burials in roughly tudi pri postavljanju zidov, npr. grob 1 ( t. 22: 1; N 1,2), the same locations, the original pit dug into the rock was druge so razdrli v celoti, vendar so kosti pietetno zbrali 3 in zložili ob zid cerkve kot pri grobu 2 ( t. 22: 2,3). Partial y or entirely dug into the bedrock were graves 1, 4, 9, 17, 30, 34, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 61, 65–69, 71, 72, 76, 78–82, 86–91, 93–95, 97–107, 109 and 118. 4 4 Arhiv 489, str. 88, 229. Archive 489, pp. 88, 229. 5 5 Arhiv 489, str. 228. – Od 0,4 do 0,8 metra globoko v Archive 489, pg. 228. Graves 55, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 97, skalo so bili vkopani grobovi 55, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 97, 102 102 and 109 were dug between 0.4 m and 0.8 m deep into in 109. the rock. 6 6 Arhiv 489, str. 89. Archive 489, pg. 89. 48 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Okostja so slabo ohranjena, kosti so preperele in gradual y expanded; a clear example of this can be seen krhke, večkrat močno razlomljene. Vsa okostja so bila in the ‘shared’ pit belonging to Graves 81, 82 and 102–104 v hrbtni legi, roke iztegnjene ob telesu ali položene v ( Fig. 2.5). Most of the reburied graves were located in the naroč je. Po antropoloških podatkih so določljiva oko- centre of the northwest part of the burial ground ( Fig. 2.2), stja 26 moških, 20 žensk, 3 mladostnikov in 15 otrok.7 where the layer of earth was deeper, and under the paving V petih grobovih (4, 5, 9, 45, 90) je bila pri okostjih stones of the church lobby ( Fig. 2.5), where the ‘shared ugotovljena zibljiva spodnja čeljustnica.8 pits’ were dug into the bedrock. Some graves were par- Prevladujoča smer pokopa od zahoda (glava) proti tial y reburied when the wal s were erected, e.g. Grave 1 vzhodu (noge) je bila izmerjena pri 65 grobovih. Odklo- ( Pl. 22: 1; N 1,2), while others were dismantled entirely, ni od S se gibljejo v mejah od 59º do 134°, le grob 119 je however the bones were gathered with great respect to bil usmerjen S–J (azimut 175º), z glavo na severni strani the dead and stacked alongside the wal s of the church, ( N 20). Med grobovi s smerjo Z–V je bil najmanjši kot e.g. Grave 2 ( Pl. 22: 2,3). (59º) odmerjen pri grobu 72, ki je bil vkopan ob ostan- The skeletons were poorly preserved, the bones were kih apside starejše cerkve,9 odkritih pod tlakom v ladji decayed and brittle, often badly fractured. All skeletons zdajšnje cerkve, največji (134°) pri grobu 113, vkopanem were placed on their backs, the arms extended alongside globoko v kotanji B. Najpogostejši, pri 53 grobovih, je the torso or placed onto the pelvis. The skeletons belong- azimut med 70° in 100°. Dosledneje vzhodno usmerje- ing to 26 men, 20 women, 3 juveniles and 15 infants were nih, z majhnimi odkloni (azimut med 86° in 95°), je bilo defined from the anthropological data.7 Skeletons in 24 grobov, od teh kar 19 na območju severozahodno od five graves (4, 5, 9, 45, 90) were found to have a rocking cerkve (IP 1/1).10 Približno v smeri zdajšnje cerkve (78°) mandible.8 je med 74° in 83° ležalo 21 grobov, od teh 13 pod tlakom The prevailing W (head) - E (feet) orientation of preddverja, le dva pa na območju IP 1/1.11 Po prikazanih burials was established in 65 graves. The declinations from desetstopinjskih izsekih so bili grobovi v izraziti vzhodni the N ranged between 59º and 134°, with the exception smeri najpogostejši na območju IP 1/1, v smeri cerkvene of Grave 119 which showed a N–S orientation (azimuth stavbe pa pod tlakom v preddverju. 175º), with the head laying to the north ( N 20). Amongst Pridatki so bili v 33 grobovih ( t. 1; 2; 3: 1–13), veči- the graves with the W-E orientation the lowest angle na na območju kotanje A in v njeni okolici ( sl. 1.9; 2.1); (59º) was measured in Grave 72, which was dug into the poleg osebnih predmetov (predvsem nakit in noži) so ground alongside the remains of an apse belonging to an bili v grobovih 68 in 69 tudi ostanki krst (glej pogl. 2.2). earlier church,9 discovered underneath the paving stones Glede na podatke o smeri pokopavanja in raz- in the nave of the present day church, while the highest poreditvi pridatkov v grobovih se grobišče deli na angle (134°) was measured in Grave 113, dug deep into severni in južni del. Na načrtu grobišča približna meja hollow B. Most commonly (in the case of 53 graves), the med njima poteka po namišljeni črti med grobovi 56, azimuth ranged between 70° and 100°. 24 graves were ori- 58 in 122 ob severni steni zdajšnje cerkve ( sl. 2.1). ented towards the east (with small declinations, azimuth Na severnem delu grobišča je večina ozko vzhodno between 86° and 95°), out of which 19 lay in the area to usmerjenih grobov in grobov s pridatki, na južnem delu the northwest of the church (IP 1/1).10 21 graves showed pa večina grobov v smeri cerkve, v katerih so pridatki a declination between 73° and 83° and thus shared the le izjemoma. Velika gostota pokopov je na severnem approximate orientation of the present day church (78°), delu grobišča, na južnem delu je bolj strnjena le skupina out of which 13 were discovered underneath the paving grobov v preddverju. stones in the lobby, and only two in the area IP 1/1.11 Ac- cording to the ten degree sections it was more common for the graves to be more explicitly orientated towards the east in the area IP 1/1, while the graves under the paving stones in the lobby of the church were mostly oriented in the same direction as the church building. 7 7 Leben-Seljak 1996, 301–302. Leben-Seljak 1996, 301–302. 8 8 Wolf 1964. Wolf 1964. 9 9 Starejši arhitekturni ostanki (“apsida”, “zahodni zid”), Earlier architectural remains ('apse', 'western wall'), povezani z grobovi, so v tem poglavju vedno označeni kot connected to graves are in this chapter always categorised as deli, ki pripadajo “starejši cerkvi”. parts that belong to an 'earlier church'. 10 10 Grobovi severovzhodno od cerkve (IP 1/1): 5, 9–12, Graves laying to the northeast of the church (IP 1/1): 18, 20, 24, 29–32, 35, 40, 41, 50, 51, 56, 60, 61; drugi grobovi: 5, 9–12, 18, 20, 24, 29–32, 35, 40, 41, 50, 51, 56, 60, 61; other 65, 78, 86, 115. graves: 65, 78, 86, 115. 11 11 Grobovi pod tlakom preddverja: 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 87, Graves underneath the paving stones in the lobby: 77, 93–95, 102, 103, 105, 106; drugi grobovi: 4, 45, 67, 76, 109, 79, 80, 82, 84, 87, 93−95, 102, 103, 105, 106; other graves: 4, 118, 120, 122. 45, 67, 109, 118, 120, 122. 49 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Grave goods were found in 33 graves ( Pls. 1; 2; 3: 1–13), most of which were found in the area of hollow A and its surroundings ( Figs. 1.9; 2.1); alongside personal ob- jects (predominantly jewellery and knives) Graves 68 and 69 also contained the remains of coffins (see Chapter 2.2). Taking into account the orientation of the graves and the layout of the grave goods within the graves, the burial ground can be divided into the north and south part. The approximate border between them runs along the imagi- nary line between Graves 56, 58 and 122, alongside the north wall of the present-day church ( Fig. 2.1). Most of the narrow eastern oriented graves and graves with grave goods lay in the north side of the burial ground, while most graves in the south side share the orientation of the church and only exceptional y revealed grave goods. The north side of the burial ground reveals a high density of graves, while in the south only the group of graves under- neath the lobby are densely packed together. 2.1.2 BURIAL GROUND In the Early Medieval period the hollows were par- tial y filled with soil, thus their surface appeared more Sl. 2.3: Blejski otok, zaporedje pokopov: najstarejši je (preko- or less in line with the surroundings, which made the pani) grob 13 (modro), za njim je bil vkopan grob 5 (zeleno), top of the island a relatively good location for burials. najmlajši je grob 4 (sivo). (Risba / Drawing: Ida Murgelj) Fig. 2.3: Bled Island, sequence of burials: the earliest is (the The burial ground was not condensed, the graves were reburied) Grave 13 (blue), followed by Grave 5 (green), and organised throughout the area in several groups. Hol- the most recent is Grave 4 (grey). low A and its surroundings (area IP 1/1) consisted of 60 graves in 5 rows ( Fig. 2.2b). This is where 24 graves with grave goods (out of the total of 33 in the entire 2.1.2 GROBIŠČE burial ground) were found. Grave goods included the characteristic Early Mediaeval artefacts belonging to Ker so bile kotanje v zgodnjem srednjem veku de- the Köttlach group (see Chapter 2.2), which were found loma zapolnjene s prstjo in površina precej poravnana in 15 graves in the broader area of hollow A, while only z okolico, je bil vrh otoka razmeroma primerno mesto three graves in the rest of the burial ground contained za pokopavanje. Grobišče ni bilo strnjeno, grobovi so artefacts belonging to the same group. To the north the bili prostorsko razporejeni na več skupin. V kotanji A edge of this part of the burial ground was marked by 3 in okoli nje (območje IP 1/1) je bilo v 5 vrstah 60 grobov graves with grave goods belonging to the Köttlach group, ( sl. 2.2b). Tam je bila večina grobov s pridatki, 24 od i.e. Graves 1 ( Pl. 1: 1,2), 24 ( Pl. 1: 17,18) and 34 ( Pl. 1: skupno 33 na grobišču. Med pridatki so bili značilni 22). They were slightly distanced from the graves dis- zgodnjesrednjeveški predmeti köttlaške skupine (glej covered closer to the existing church, where the density pogl. 2.2), ki so jih na širšem območju kotanje A našli v of graves was much higher, which was why there were a 15 grobovih, drugje na grobišču pa le v 3 grobovih. Na lot of reburials. To the west the burial ground ended in severni strani so ta del grobišča zamejevali 3 grobovi z a group of graves in the fifth row, dug into the bedrock najdbami köttlaške skupine, in sicer grobovi 1 ( t. 1: 1,2), (Graves 54, 55, 60, 61). The last possible period for these 24 ( t. 1: 17,18) in 34 ( t. 1: 22). Bili so nekoliko odmak- burials is defined by the hoard of silver coins which were njeni od grobov, odkritih bliže obstoječi cerkvi, kjer je found scattered between Graves 54 and 55 and must have bila gostota grobov velika in je bilo zato tam tudi veliko been hidden between 1287 and 1292.12 The layout of the prekopov. Na zahodni strani je grobišče zaključevala graves in the south is unknown due to the remains of gruča grobov v peti vrsti, ki so jih vkopali v skalnato wal s Nos. 3 and 4 and the existing church building. In osnovo (grobovi 54, 55, 60, 61). Zadnji možni čas za two areas the graves with grave goods were positioned te pokope določa zakladna najdba srebrnikov, skrita in a stratigraphic sequence, i.e. Graves 4, 5 and 13 ( Fig. med letoma 1287 in 1292, ki so jo našli raztreseno nad 2.3) and 35, 36 and 45 ( Fig. 2.4). grobovoma 54 in 55.12 Razporeditev grobov na južni 12 12 Pegan 1965–1967, 66. Pegan 1965–1967, 66. 50 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... As previously mentioned, the graves in the broader area of hollow A (Graves 1–64; N 25: 1)13 are categorised within the first out of the five groups of graves on Bled Island. Alongside grave goods, the distinct orientation of the graves towards the east is also characteristic of this group: from the 37 graves, with a defined orientation of the burial, 30 revealed an azimuth between 80° and 100°. The second group of graves was located ( Fig. 2.2) to the east of the first group of graves, in hollow B (in area IP 1/2 and underneath the large sacristy).14 Theses graves lay approximately 3 m deeper than the graves in the first group, in the layers of soil and clay above the bedrock. The spatial y rounded cluster of graves was smal , condensed in the soil bottom of the hollow; burials into earlier graves were common (Graves 111–117, 121–123). The unexca- vated Grave 114 remained underneath the foundations of wall No. 6 that runs across the hollow. Some graves show a larger deviation towards the south (Graves 111–113). The only grave good to be found was a ring ( Pl. 3: 13), which has similarities with jewellery belonging to the Köttlach group. This group also includes two artefacts scattered in the area of hollow B ( Pl. 3: 15,16). The western rows of graves in area IP 1/1 were dug south of the graves belonging to the third group, which Sl. 2.4: Blejski otok, zaporedje pokopov: najstarejši je grob 45 lay underneath the paving stones in the lobby ( Figs. 2.1; (modro), za njim je bil vkopan grob 35 (zeleno), najmlajši je 2.5).15 Above the graves was a layer containing numer- grob 36 (sivo). (Risba / Drawing: Ida Murgelj) Fig. 2.4: Bled Island, sequence of burials: the earliest is Grave ous building remains, which covered the bedrock (to a 45 (blue), followed by Grave 35 (green), and the most recent greater extent in the area of the lobby), while dark brown is Grave 36 (grey). soil was found only next to the west wall of the nave, and it was here that a condensed row of graves was dug deep into the rock base (77–88, 93–95, 101–107), while Graves strani ni znana zaradi ostankov zidov 3 in 4 ter obstoječe 89 and 96 were slightly removed. Numerous Late Medi- cerkvene stavbe. Na dveh mestih so bili grobovi s pri- aeval pottery fragments (cat. Nos. 90–103, 108–118; see datki v stratigrafskem zaporedju, in sicer grobovi 4, 5 Chapter 2.3) were scattered in the layer above the graves in 13 ( sl. 2.3) ter 35, 36 in 45 ( sl. 2.4). (planes 6 and 7).16 The graves were dug up to 1 m deeper Grobove na širšem območju kotanje A (št. 1–64) than the graves in area IP 1/1, while their orientation was uvrščamo, kot je bilo že predlagano ( N 25: 1),13 v prvo od in line with the axis of the church building. This group petih skupin grobov na Blejskem otoku. Poleg pridatkov revealed merely a few finds: two Early Mediaeval temple je značilnost te skupine tudi izrazita usmerjenost grobov rings from Graves 83 ( Pl. 3: 9,10) and 96 ( Pl. 3: 11), which proti vzhodu: od 37 grobov, za katere je znana smer show characteristics of the Köttlach group, while the ring pokopa, jih je 30 imelo smer med 80° in 100°. found in Grave 77 ( Pl. 3: 7) shows less characteristics of Vzhodno od prve skupine grobov je bila v ko- this group. The graves in the lobby were filled-in with dark tanji B (na območju IP 1/2 in velike zakristije) vkopana brown humus, mixed with abundant mortar fragments, druga skupina grobov ( sl. 2.2).14 Ležali so okoli 3 m niže obviously signs of some sort of construction.17 The eastern od grobov v prvi skupini, v plasteh zemlje in ilovice 13 Archive 489, pg. 222–223. nad živo skalo. Prostorsko zaključena gruča grobov 14 In the draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, je bila maloštevilna, strnjena na zemljenem dnu ko- pg. 224) and in the plan ( N 25: 3) V. Šribar categorised these tanje, pogosti so bili pokopi v starejše grobove (grobovi graves into the third group of graves. He included Grave 124 111–117, 121–123). Pod temelji zidu 6, potekajočimi in the northeast part of the presbytery into this group. 15 prek kotanje, je ostal neraziskan grob 114. Pri nekaterih In the draft of the text for publication and in the plan grobovih je bil izmerjen večji odklon proti jugu (grobovi these graves are categorised as belonging to the second group of graves ( archive 489, pp. 223–224; N 25: 2). 13 16 Arhiv 489, str. 222–223. Archive 489, pg. 88. 14 17 V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 224) in na načrtu In the draft of the text for publication the ‘mortar’ ( N 25: 3) je V. Šribar te grobove uvrstil v tretjo skupino and ‘plaster’ are categorised as the remains of a Roman grobov. Vanjo je vključil tudi grob 124 v severovzhodnem construction, assumed to be connected to the enwalled pit delu prezbiterija. (‘grave pit’) underneath the south wall of the church ( archive 51 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... 111–113). Edina grobna najdba je prstan ( t. 3: 13), ki ima parts of the graves (at the legs of the deceased) were not primerjave med nakitom köttlaške skupine. V to skupino researched, as they are covered by the west wall of the predmetov spadata tudi dve raztreseni najdbi z območja church nave ( Fig. 2.5; N 25). The graves were very close kotanje B ( t. 3: 15,16). together, laid out in an organised row, alongside what ap- Zahodni vrsti grobov na območju IP 1/1 sta bili peared to be a solid border. On the other, western side (at na južni strani vkopani v bližini grobov tretje skupine, the heads of the deceased), the grave pits were aligned in ki so ležali pod tlakom preddverja ( sl. 2.1; 2.5).15 Nad two lines, Graves 76, 80–82, 86, 102, 104 and 106 ( Fig. 2.5a grobovi je bila plast s številnimi gradbenimi ostanki, ki :a) were aligned with the west line, while Graves 77–79, je v večjem delu na območju preddverja pokrivala živo 84, 87, 93–95, 105 and 107 ( Fig. 2.5a :b) were aligned skalo, le ob zahodnem zidu ladje je bila temno rjava prst, with the east line. Contacts between the variously dug in skozi ka tero je bila globoko v skalnato osnovo vkopana graves were found in two examples: the ‘eastern’ Graves strnjena vrsta grobov (77–88, 93–95, 101–107), grobova 77 and 84 (under the Grave 84 were “eastern” Graves 93 89 in 96 pa sta bila nekoliko odmaknjena. V plasti nad and 105) were dug into the ‘western’ Graves 80 and 86. grobovi (planuma 6 in 7) so bili raztreseni številni According to this stratigraphic relation the graves were odlomki poznosrednjeveške lončenine (kat. št. 90–103, firstly dug in alignment with the western line, while the 108–118; glej pogl. 2.3).16 Grobovi so bili vkopani do 1 m slight move towards the east occurred later. This is not globlje od grobov na območju IP 1/1, njihova usmeritev contradicted by the layout of the other graves in this area. se je ujemala z osjo cerkvene stavbe. Najdb je bilo v tej To the south, the narrow space that was used for burials skupini malo, zgodnjesrednjeveški predmeti köttlaške ended with the pit for Grave 76; towards the east the pit skupine so 3 naglavni obročki iz grobov 83 ( t. 3: 9,10) was set in line with Graves 67 and 71, dug underneath in 96 ( t. 3: 11), manj značilen je prstan iz groba 77 ( t. 3: the church nave ( Figs. 2.1; 2.5a). 7). Grobovi v preddverju so bili zasuti s temno rjavim The fourth group includes the graves and empty humusom, močno pomešanim z drobci malte, očitnimi grave pits discovered underneath the paving stones in sledovi neke zidave.17 Vzhodnih delov grobov (pri nogah the nave and the presbytery (Graves 65–73, 120, 123).18 pokopanih) ni bilo mogoče raziskati, ker nad njimi stoji The grave pits underneath the nave were dug into the zahodni zid cerkvene ladje ( sl. 2.5; N 25). Grobove so bedrock, approximately to the same depth, the bottoms vkopavali zelo na gosto, v urejeni vrsti, ob neki, zdi se, of the pits ranging between 439.05 and 493.39 m.a.s.l. trdni meji. Na drugi, zahodni strani (pri glavah poko- (Graves 65, 67–72). The empty pits and the pits with panih) so bile grobne jame poravnane v dveh linijah, disturbed skeletons share the orientation of the axis of do zahodne linije so segali grobovi 76, 80–82, 86, 102, the church (Graves 68, 69, 71), while the azimuth of one 104 in 106 ( sl. 2.5a :a), do vzhodne pa grobovi 77–79, of the preserved skeletons is in line with the orientation 84, 87, 93−95, 105 in 107 ( sl. 2.5a :b). Stik med različno of the church (Grave 67). Two graves deviate from this vkopanimi grobovi je znan v dveh primerih: v “zahodna” prevailing orientation: Grave 65 shows a strong eastern grobova 80 in 86 sta bila vkopana “vzhodna” grobova orientation (azimuth 91°), while the orientation of 77 in 84 (pod grobom 84 sta bila “vzhodna” grobova 93 Grave 72 (azimuth 59°) was adjusted, as the excavations in 105). Po tem stratigrafskem odnosu naj bi grobove have shown, to fit the apse of the earlier church, the najprej vkopavali do zahodne linije, pozneje pa je prišlo remains of which were found underneath the paving do manjšega pomika proti vzhodu. Temu ne nasprotuje stones in the nave ( Fig. 2.1; N 8; 9) . There were no grave razporeditev drugih grobov na tem območju. Na južni goods found next to the skeletons, however Graves 68 strani se je ozek prostor, ki so ga izbrali za pokopavanje, and 69 revealed pieces of wood and nails ( Pl. 3: 1–5), zaključil z jamo groba 76; jama je bila proti vzhodu most likely the remains of coffins, while Grave 68 also naravnana h grobovoma 67 in 71, vkopanima v ladji revealed fabric remains ( Fig. 2.6; Pl: 20). The wal s of the cerkve ( sl. 2.1; 2.5a). pit for Grave 69 were cladded with quarry stones, bound V četrto skupino uvrščamo grobove in prazne and covered with mortar ( Pl. 31: 5). During the excava- grobne jame, odkrite pod tlakom v ladji in prezbiteriju tions, Graves 68 and 69 were dated sometime after the (grobovi 65–73, 120, 123).18 Grobne jame v ladji so bile Early Mediaeval period,19 as was Grave 120, which was 15 discovered under the paving stones of the presbytery.20 V osnutku besedila in na načrtu so ti grobovi uvrščeni The pit of Grave 120 was dug into the prehistoric layer, v drugo skupino grobov ( arhiv 489, str. 223–224; N 25: 2). 16 Arhiv 489, str. 88. the skeleton shared the same orientation as the church, 17 V osnutku besedila so koščki “malte” in “ometa” opredeljeni kot ostanki rimskodobne gradnje, domnevno 489, pg. 89). See also Chapter 1.4.2 , note. 83. 18 povezani z obzidano vdolbino (“grobno jamo”) pod južno In the draft of the text for publication and in the plan steno cerkve ( arhiv 489, str. 89). Glej tudi pogl. 1.4.2 , op. 83. these graves were predominantly placed into the fifth group, 18 V osnutku besedila in na načrtu so ti grobovi večinoma except for Graves 65, 66, 72 and 73, which were included into uvrščeni v peto skupino, razen grobov 65, 66, 72 in 73, ki so the fourth group ( archive 489, pp. 224–226; N 25: 4,5). 19 bili vključeni v četrto skupino ( arhiv 489, str. 224–226; N 25: Archive 489, pp. 111–112, 114, 117–118, 226. 20 4,5). Archive 489, pp. 126, 226, 231. 52 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.5: Blejski otok, grobovi tretje (preddverje), četrte (ladja in prezbiterij) in pete skupine (ob južni steni cerkve in v mali zakristiji). A – zahodna (a) in vzhodna (b) linija okostij v tretji skupini grobov. B – pridatki v grobovih (zeleno): a – nakit (poln krožec: najdbe köttlaške skupine; prazen krožec: drugo); b – škarje; c – tkanina; d – ostanki krste. Fig. 2.5: Bled Island, graves pertaining to the third (lobby), fourth (nave and presbytery) and fifth group (alongside the south wall of the church and in the small sacristy). A – west (a) and east (b) line of skeletons in the third group of graves. B – Grave goods (green): a – jewellery (filled circle: finds pertaining to the Köttlach group; empty circle: other); b – scissors; c – fabric; d – remains of a coffin. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: I. Murgelj) 53 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.6: Blejski otok, tkanina iz groba 68. Fig. 2.6: Bled Island, fabric from Grave 68. (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) izkopane v živo skalo, približno do enake globine, dna so the bottom of the pit was dug to a similar depth as the bila v nadmorski višini med 439,05 in 493,39 m (grobovi graves underneath the nave (493.36 m.a.s.l.). 65, 67–72). Pri praznih jamah ali jamah z razdrtimi Characteristic of the fourth group is that most of okostji je bila ugotovljena lega v osi cerkve (grobovi the sparsely spaced graves were discovered in the vicinity 68, 69, 71), tudi azimut enega od ohranjenih okostij je of the architectural remains of the earlier church. The skladen z usmeritvijo cerkve (grob 67). Odklon pri dveh position of Grave 72, close to the remains of the apse grobovih odstopa od te prevladujoče smeri: grob 65 je ( N10), indicates a connection between the graves and imel izrazito vzhodno smer (azimut 91°), smer groba the church.21 The C14 analysis dated the skeleton in this 72 (azimut 59°) pa je bila prilagojena, kot so pokazala grave between 869 and 1013 CE (94.2% probability ).22 izkopavanja, apsidi starejše cerkve, katere ostanke so The fifth group included graves that were discovered odkrili pod tlakom ladje ( sl. 2.1; N 8; 9) . Ob okostjih ni alongside the south wal , outside of the church (Graves bilo pridatkov, so pa v grobovih 68 in 69 našli koščke 75, 90, 91, 97–100, 118, 119) and underneath the smal lesa in žeblje ( t. 3: 1–5), verjetno ostanke krst, v grobu 68 sacristy (Grave 109).23 The skeletons in these graves tudi ostanke tkanine ( sl. 2.6; t: 20). Stene jame v grobu 69 shared the same orientation as the church, with the so bile obzidane z lomljenci, vezanimi in premazanimi exception of Grave 119, which was the only grave in the z malto ( t. 31: 5). Grobova 68 in 69 so izkopavalci opre- entire burial ground to have a N–S orientation ( Figs. 2.1; delili v čas po zgodnjem srednjem veku,19 tako kot tudi 2.5). The ‘shared’ grave pits contained numerous burials grob 120, ki so ga odkrili pod tlakom prezbiterija.20 Jama (Graves 90–91 and 97–100). Graves 118 and 119, which groba 120 je bila vkopana v zemljeno prazgodovinsko were discovered under the entrances to the nave and the plast, okostje je ležalo v smeri cerkve, dno jame je bilo v lobby of the church respectively, were dated sometime podobni globini kot pri grobovih v ladji (na nadmorski after the Early Mediaeval period.24 The bronze ring from višini 493,36 m). Grave 75 ( Pl. 3: 6), the only grave good that was found in Za četrto skupino je značilno, da je bila večina red- this part of the burial ground, could be dated to the High ko razporejenih grobov odkrita v bližini arhitekturnih Mediaeval period. ostankov starejše cerkve. O povezanosti med grobovi in cerkvijo priča le lega groba 72 ob ostankih zidane apside ( N 10).21 Za okostje v tem grobu je analiza C14 pokazala 21 Archive 489, pp. 111, 118–119, 197, 225; Šribar 1972b, datacijo med letoma 869 in 1013 (verjetnost 94,2 %).22 390.22 Sample: Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poznan, 19 Arhiv 489, str. 111–112, 114, 117–118, 226. Poland, Lab. No. Poz-101617. 20 23 Arhiv 489, str. 126, 226, 231. The draft of the text for publication and the plan 21 Arhiv 489, str. 111, 118–119, 197, 225 Šribar 1972b, categorise these graves into the fourth group of graves, with 390. the exception of Graves 75, 118 and 119 ( archive 489, pp. 22 Vzorec št. Poz-101617 (Póznanjski radiokarbonski 224–225; N 25: 4). 24 laboratorij, Poljska). Archive 489, pg. 126. 54 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... V peto skupino smo uvrstili grobove, odkrite ob The five grave groups form a burial ground with a južni steni zunaj cerkve (grobovi 75, 90, 91, 97–100, 118, diverse spatial layout. Taking into account the various 119) in v mali zakristiji (grob 109).23 Okostja v njih so characteristics that we have ascertained within the indi- ležala v smeri cerkve, razen groba 119, ki je bil edini na vidual groups, this layout was planned. This is indicated by grobišču usmerjen S–J ( sl. 2.1; 2.5). V “skupnih” grobnih the graves laid out in 5 rows in the wider area of hollow A, jamah je bilo po več pokopov (grobovi 90–91 in 97–100). the high density of graves in the narrow space underneath Grobova 118 in 119, ki so ju odkrili pod vhodoma v ladjo the paving stones of the lobby, the area without graves oziroma preddverje cerkve, sta bila opredeljena v obdob je underneath the paving stones of the nave and the chosen po zgodnjem srednjem veku.24 Bronast obroček iz groba location for Grave 72 alongside the apse of the church 75 ( t. 3: 6), edini pridatek, ki so ga našli v tem delu gro- building that stood there at the time. bišča, je verjetno visoko srednjeveški. Obravnavanih 5 skupin grobov je sestavljalo grobišče z razgibano prostorsko ureditvijo. Sodeč po 2.1.3 THE RELATIONSHIP različnih začilnostih, ki smo jih ugotovili pri posa- BETWEEN THE BURIAL GROUND meznih skupinah, je bila takšna ureditev grobišča na- AND THE ARCHITECTURE merna. To kažejo grobovi v 5 vrstah na širšem območju kotanje A, velika gostota grobov na ozko zamejenem There were 2 areas in the island burial ground with- prostoru pod tlakom preddverja, območje brez grobov out any graves or where these were dug in very sparsely. pod tlakom ladje in izbrano mesto za grob 72 ob apsidi The first area was in the north of the burial ground, sočasne cerkvene stavbe. amongst the graves of the first and second group ( Figs. 2.1; 2.2). The graves of both groups were condensed in the area with a thick layer of soil above hollows A and B. 2.1.3 ODNOS The archaeological excavation revealed a vast and thick MED GROBIŠČEM IN ARHITEKTURO layer of ‘building rubble’ amongst the hollows, which lay above the rock base, declining towards hollow B.25 This Na otoškem grobišču sta bili 2 območji, kjer ni bilo area did not show any traces of burials, with Grave 58, grobov ali so bili ti vkopani zelo na redko. Prvo območje discovered alongside the north wall of the present day je bilo v severnem delu grobišča, med grobovi prve in church, being the closest to this area. druge skupine ( sl. 2.1; 2.2). Grobovi obeh skupin so bili The second area, with merely a few graves, was found zgoščeni na zemljišču z več prsti nad kotanjama A in in the church interior and encompassed the northern two B. Arheološko izkopavanje je med kotanjama razkrilo thirds of the nave, between its west wall and the presbytery obsežno in debelo plast “gradbene nasutine”, ki je ležala ( Figs. 2.1; 2.5). V. Šribar categorised the building remains nad skalnato osnovo, padajočo proti kotanji B.25 Sledov discovered in this area as the remains of two Early Me- pokopavanj ni bilo, najbližji temu območju je bil grob diaeval churches (see Chapters 4, 6 and 7).26 From the 4 58, ki so ga našli ob severni steni zdajšnje cerkve. graves in this area, Graves 68 and 69 belong to the time Drugo območje z malo grobovi se je pokazalo v after the Early Mediaeval period, while it is impossible notranjosti cerkve in je obsegalo severni dve tretjini ladje to ascertain whether Grave 70 is an ‘Early or Late Medi- med njeno zahodno steno in prezbiterijem ( sl. 2.1; 2.5). aeval burial’.27 The C14 analysis of the often mentioned Tam odkrite stavbne ostaline je V. Šribar opredelil kot Grave 72, close to the remains of the apse, with a unique ostanke dveh zgodnjesrednjeveških cerkev (glej pogl. orientation for this burial ground, indicated that this was 4, 6 in 7).26 Od 4 grobov, vkopanih na tem območju, an Early Mediaeval burial; the relationship between the sta grobova 68 in 69 iz časa po zgodnjem srednjem grave and the church confirmed that the first church also veku, za grob 70 pa ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti, “ali gre belonged to this period. za zgodnje- ali poznosrednjeveški pokop”.27 Za četrti, Grave pits 67 and 71 were dug deep into the rock to že večkrat omenjeni grob 72, vkopan tesno ob ostankih the south of the area in which the first church stood, while apside, v smeri, ki je posebnost na grobišču, je analiza Grave 58 ( Fig. 2.1), which included the ring ( Pl. 2: 20) that C14 pokazala, da je zgodnjesrednjeveški, kar je zaradi belongs to the Köttlach group, lay to the north, parallel to stika groba s cerkvijo potrjeno tudi za najstarejšo cerkev. the remains of the Early Mediaeval apse . It appears that the skull of the skeleton in Grave 58 was reburied when wall No.3 was being built. Archaeological excavations have 23 V osnutku besedila in na načrtu so ti grobovi večinoma revealed that this wal , together with all other wall remains uvrščeni v četrto skupino grobov, razen grobov 75, 118 in 119 ( wal s Nos.1– 6), as well as the paving stones, unearthed to ( arhiv 489, str. 224–225; N 25: 4). the north of the present-day church, were of a later date 24 Arhiv 489, str. 126. 25 25 Arhiv 489, str. 59–60. Archive 489, pp. 59–60. 26 26 Šribar 1972b, 389–392. – Arhiv 489, str. 196–202. Šribar 1972b, 389–392. – Archive 489, pp. 196–202. 27 27 Arhiv 489, str. 118. Archive 489, pg. 118. 55 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Ob prostoru, na katerem je stala najstarejša cerkev, than the graves. It is also extremely likely that a skeleton sta bili na južni strani globoko v skalo vkopani grobni was disturbed and the bones stacked next to the large jami 67 in 71, na severni strani pa, vzporedno z ostanki foundation stones when the foundations for the north zgodnjesrednjeveške apside, grob 58 ( sl. 2.1), v katerem wall of the Gothic church were created (these bones are je bil prstan ( t. 2: 20), ki spada med predmete köttlaške categorised as Grave 2; Pl. 22: 2,3). Both examples indicate skupine. Okostje v grobu 58 je bilo pri lobanji prekopano, that the graves from the first group were also found in kot je videti, ko so gradili zid 3. Zanj in za vse druge ostan- the vicinity of the Early Mediaeval church, possibly also ke zidov ( zidovi 1– 6) in tlaka, razkrite ob severni strani in the area that is today covered by the side chapel, for zdajšnje cerkve, so arheološke raziskave pokazale, da so when this was under construction a number of skeletons mlajši od grobov. Tudi pri gradnji temeljev za severni zid (in Graves 18, 26, 40, 41, 47, 110) were disturbed, partial y gotske cerkve so verjetno razdrli neko okostje in kosti reburied or covered. zložili ob velike kamne temeljev (označene so kot grob The graves that were discovered under the paving 2; t. 22: 2,3). Oba primera pričata, da so bili grobovi prve stones in the lobby were located ( Fig. 2.1) to the west, skupine razporejeni tudi v bližini zgodnjesrednjeveške next to the area where the Early Mediaeval church once cerkve, morda tudi na zemljišču, kjer zdaj stoji stranska stood. As the burials in this limited area were very dense kapela, saj so pri njeni gradnji razdrli, deloma prekopali and followed one another, it is obvious that the space ali prekrili več okostij (v grobovih 18, 26, 40, 41, 47, 110). for these graves was intentional y preserved. If we were Na zahodni strani so bili tik ob prostoru, kjer je stala to extend the outlines of the grave pits that are covered zgodnjesrednjeveška cerkev, vkopani grobovi, odkriti by the foundations of the west wall of the present-day pod tlakom v preddverju ( sl. 2.1). Ker so tam na zelo church nave, the reconstructed graves would come very omejenem prostoru pokopavali na gosto in zaporedoma, close to the west wall of the earlier church. The mortar je očitno, da so vrsto in prostor zanjo namerno ohranjali. in the fill-in material of the graves in this area is linked Če bi podaljšali obrise grobnih jam, ki jih prekrivajo to this church. The length of the row of graves under- temelji zahodne stene zdajšnje cerkvene ladje, bi se tako neath the lobby is most likely linked to the width of the rekonstruirani grobovi povsem približali zahodnemu zidu earliest churches. neke starejše cerkve. Z gradnjo slednje povezujemo tudi The division of the burial ground according to the pojav malte v zasipu grobov. S širino najstarejših cerkev je orientation of the graves and grave goods, the division of verjetno povezana tudi dolžina vrste grobov v preddverju. graves into groups, the various intensity of burials and the Podatki o razdeljenosti grobišča po usmeritvi in choice of the different locations reflect a planned layout pridatkih, o razporeditvi grobov na skupine, o različni of the burial ground and indicate the timespan of events. intenzivnosti pokopavanja in izbiri različnih prostorov zanj odsevajo namerno urejanje grobiščnega prostora in nakazujejo čas dogajanja. 2.2 INTERPRETATION OF GRAVE GOODS 2.2 INTERPRETACIJA Grave goods were found in 33 mediaeval graves on GROBNIH NAJDB Bled Island ( Pl. 1, 2, 3: 1–13). The location of the grave goods at discovery has been relatively well recorded in Na Blejskem otoku so bile najdbe odkrite v 33 21 graves,28 while the data for the artefacts in the re- srednjeveških grobovih ( t. 1, 2, 3: 1–13). Za predmete maining 12 graves with grave goods lacks precision.29 In iz 21 grobov so podatki o legi bolj ali manj natančni,28 Chapter 12.1 ( Graves and Grave Goods) the artefacts with za najdbe iz 12 grobov so pomanjkljivi.29 V poglavju precise location data are described under the heading 12.1 ( Grobovi in grobne najdbe) so zato predmeti z za- Grave goods, while the rest are found under the heading nesljivejšimi pridatki opisani v rubriki Pridatki, drugi Artefacts. The fill-in material in some mediaeval graves v rubriki Najdbe v grobu. V zasutju nekaterih srednje- included prehistoric and Roman period finds (see Chapter veških grobov so bile tudi prazgodovinske in rimsko- 1.4); their descriptions are included in the Catalogue of dobne najdbe (glej pogl. 1.4), njihovi opisi so vključeni Scattered Finds (Chapter 12.2). v Katalog raztresenih najdb (pogl. 12.2). The finds from graves are divided into jewellery and Najdbe iz grobov se delijo na nakit in uporabne useful artefacts. Jewellery consisted of earrings, temple predmete. Med nakitom so uhani, naglavni obročki, rings, a decorative fibula and finger rings, while useful okrasna zaponka in prstani, med uporabnimi predmeti artefacts comprised knives, two styluses, partially pre- noži, pisali, delno ohranjene škarje in žeblji, raba svin- served scissors and nails, while the use of lead tablets is čenih ploščic je neznana. Tudi nekaj značilnih nakitnih not known. There are also some characteristic jewellery 28 28 To so grobovi 1, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24, 27, 34–38, 41, 45, 49, 58, These are graves 1, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24, 27, 34–38, 41, 45, 49, 59, 61, 77, 83 in 69. 58, 59, 61, 77, 83 and 69. 29 29 Grobovi 3, 16, 30, 54–56, 68, 69, 75, 78, 100 in 111. Graves 3, 16, 30, 54–56, 68, 69, 75, 78, 100 and 111. 56 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... predmetov, ki so jih našli raztresene na grobišču, bi lahko pieces that were found scattered throughout the burial izviralo iz prekopanih grobov ( t. 3: 14–18). ground, which could originate from the reburied graves ( Pl. 3: 14–18). UHANI EARRINGS Na Blejskem otoku so našli uhane v treh grobovih: štiri polmesečaste uhane v grobovih 1 ( t. 1: 1,2; 15: 1,2) Earrings were found in three graves on Bled Island: in 45 ( t. 2: 11,12; 15: 3,4) ter uhan z odebelitvami na loku four crescent shaped earrings in Graves 1 ( Pl. 1: 1,2; 15: v grobu 4 ( t. 1: 6; 15: 5). Uhana iz groba 1 sta kovana in 1,2) and 45 ( Pl. 2: 11,12; 15: 3,4) and one earring with a enaka, uhana iz groba 45 ulita in različna. Po osteološki thickenings on the arch in Grave 4 ( Pl. 1: 6; 15: 5). The analizi sta bili v grobovih 4 in 45 pokopani ženski, v earrings from Grave 1 were forged and shared the same grobu 1, v katerem so ob okostju ležale tudi prekopane design, while the earrings from Grave 45 were cast and kosti, pa moški. of a different design. The osteological analysis revealed Polmesečasti uhani so ena od značilnih oblik nakita that Graves 4 and 45 contained female skeletons, while med zgodnjesrednjeveškim arheološkim gradivom z ob- Grave 1, which alongside the skeleton also included re- močja Vzhodnih Alp. Pri tipološki in kronološki delitvi buried bones, contained a male skeleton. tega gradiva, nekdaj znanega kot köttlaška kultura,30 je Crescent shaped earrings are characteristic jewellery Paola Korošec leta 1961 in 1979 polmesečaste uhane finds in Early Mediaeval archaeological material in the uvrstila med mlajše najdbe, v köttlaško skupino, katere Eastern Alps. In the typological and chronological catego- začetek je postavila v sredino 9., zaključek pa na konec risation of this material, previously known as the Köttlach 10. stoletja (s posameznimi najdbami še v zgodnjem 11. culture, 30 Paola Korošec categorised the crescent shaped stoletju).31 Pri novi delitvi, ki jo je leta 1980 predlagal earrings amongst later finds, into the Köttlach group, the Jochen Giesler, so bili polmesečasti uhani uvrščeni v beginning of which she placed in the mid-9th century, sklop najmlajših najdb, v skupino Köttlach II, datirano and its end in the end of the 10th century (with additional v drugo polovico 10. in prvo polovico 11. stoletja.32 Tudi finds in the early 11th century).31 The new categorisation, členitev gradiva z najdišč avstrijske Koroške, delo Stefa- which was proposed by Jochen Giesler in 1980, places the na Eicherta iz leta 2010, postavlja polmesečaste uhane crescent shaped earrings into the group of the latest finds, med najmlajše najdbe, značilne predvsem za skupino i.e. Köttlach II, dated in the second half of the 10th and C3, datirano v obdobje od leta 900 do 11. stoletja.33 Po first half of the 11th century.32 The categorisation of the klasifikacijskem sistemu za naglavni nakit, ki ga je leta material from the sites in Carinthia (Austria), the work 2013 predlagal Andrej Pleterski, so kovani uhani (tip NO of Stefan Eichert, places the crescent shaped earrings 0500_0710) datirani v obdobje od sredine 9. do začetka amongst the latest finds, characteristic predominantly of 11. stoletja, uliti uhani (tip NO 0600_0710) pa v čas od group C3, which is dated between the year 900 and the konca 9. do sredine 10. stoletja.34 11th century.33 According to the classification system for Naštete skupine, v katere so vključeni polmesečasti head jewellery, which was proposed by Andrej Pleterski, uhani, so tipološko podobno sestavljene, razlika, približ- the forged earrings (type NO 0500_0710) are dated in the no za stoletje, je pri dataciji. Zgornja časovna meja je pri period from the mid-9th century to the beginning of the vseh zgodnje 11. stoletje, spodnja pa sredina 9. stoletja 11th century, while the cast earrings (type NO 0600_0710) ( köttlaška skupina; skupina C3, klasifikacijski sistem) ali are dated in the period between the end of the 9th century sredina 10. stoletja ( Köttlach II). and the mid-10th century.34 V Blejskem kotu so polmesečaste uhane, poleg The groups that include crescent shaped earrings are najdb z Blejskega otoka, našli na grobiščih na Pristavi typological y similar, the difference can be found in their (v delu z mlajšimi pokopi),35 Sedlu na Blejskem gradu,36 date of origin, which varies by approximately one century. The latest cut off for all was the early 11th century, while 30 Giesler 2001. Pregled novejših raziskav: Pleterski the date of origin varies from mid-9th century ( Köttlach 2013b, 300–301; Ungerman 2016, 184–187, 225. group; group C3, classification system) to mid-10th century 31 Korošec 1961, 178–180, t. 4–6; Korošec 1979, 201– ( Köttlach II). 203/I, 306/I. 32 Giesler 1980, 87, Abb. 3: 12–17; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 30 Giesler 2001. An overview of more recent research: 2: 40–45. Pleterski 2013b, 300–301; Ungerman 2016, 184–187, 225. 33 Eichert 2010a, 170–173, Abb. 46. 31 Korošec 1961, 178–180, Pl. 4–6; Korošec 1979, 201– 34 Pleterski 2013b, 319–320, 334, sl. 16. 203/I, 306/I. 35 Knific 1974, 316, plan II, 3, op. 5. Kovani uhani: 32 Giesler 1980, 87, Abb. 3: 12–17; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. grobovi 6, 71, 95, 174, uliti uhani: grobovi 66, 176, 190. 2: 40–45. 36 Valič 1964, 18, 33, 39, t. 7: 5 (grob 29); t. 23: 13 (naključna 33 Eichert 2010a, 170–173, Abb. 46. najdba); Valič 1969a, 225–226, 227, t. 2: 31,32 (grob 166). 34 Pleterski 2013b, 319–320, 334, Fig. 16. 57 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.7: Zgodnjesrednjeveška najdišča v Blejskem kotu (glej seznam 1). a – grobišče z najdbami köttlaške skupine pri cerkvi; b – grobišče z najdbami köttlaške skupine; c – grobišče z najdbami iz starejšega zgodnjesrednjeveškega obdobja, d – naselbina; e – zakladna najdba. Fig. 2.7: Early Medieval sites in the Bled area (see List 1). a – burial site with finds pertaining to the Köttlach group, next to a church; b – burial site with finds pertaining to the Köttlach group; c – burial site with Early Medieval finds; d – settlement; e – hoard. 1 − Blejski otok / Bled Island, 2 − Bled, Sv. Martin, 3 − Žale (Bled), 4 − Brdo (Bled), 5 − Pristava (Bled, grobišče / cemetery), 6 − Sedlo na Blejskem gradu, 7 − Spodnje Gorje, 8 − Žale (Zasip), 9 − Mlino, 10 − Dlesc (Bodešče), 11 − Došca (Bodešče), 12 − Pristava (Bled, naselbina / settlement), 13 − Sebenje. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc) Žalah pri Zasipu37 in Dlescu pri Bodeščah.38 Pri cerkvi In Bled area crescent shaped earrings were − sv. Martina na Bledu je polmesečasti uhan ležal v plasti alongside the finds on Bled Island − found also in burial grounds at Pristava (in the part with later burials),35 Sedlo 37 Knific, Pleterski 1993, 246–247, t. 6: 32/1 (grob 32); 8: 36/1,4 (grob 36); 15: 2,3,5. 38 Knific, Pleterski 1981a, 490, sl. 23: 27; t. 9: 30/1,2 (grob 35 Knific 1974, 316, map II, 3, note 5. Forged earrings: 30). Graves 6, 71, 95, 174, cast earrings: Graves 66, 176, 190. 58 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... z ostanki prekopanih grobov,39 le po pripovedovanju je on the Bled castle,36 Žale near Zasip37 and Dlesc near znana najdba emajliranih uhanov na grobišču v Spod- Bodešče.38 At the church of St Martin in Bled a crescent njih Gorjah.40 Na omenjenih grobiščih prevladujejo shaped earing lay in the layer together with the remains najdbe, ki so tipološko značilne za köttlaško skupino from reburied graves,39 while the enamelled earrings from (ali za skupini Köttlach II in C3). Grobišča te vrste so the burial ground in Spodnje Gorje are known only by najpogostejša zgodnjesrednjeveška najdišča v Blejskem word of mouth.40 In the aforementioned burial grounds kotu, le dve, na Blejskem otoku in pri Sv. Martinu, sta finds prevail which are typological y characteristic of the bili odkriti ob zdajšnjih cerkvah, druga so stran od njih Köttlach group (or for groups Köttlach II and C3). Burial ( sl. 2.7: 1,2,5–8,10; seznam 1: 1,2,5–8,10). Na Dlescu pri grounds of this kind were the most common Early Me- Bodeščah, Žalah pri Zasipu in Sedlu na Blejskem gradu diaeval sites in the Bled area; only two, the one on Bled so našli polmesečaste uhane v grobovih, ki jih A. Pleter- Island and the one next to St Martin, were discovered ski s pomočjo stratigrafske in topografsko-kronološke alongside present-day churches ( Fig. 2.7: 1,2,5–8,10; List analize pripisuje tretji in četrti generaciji prebivalcev, 1: 1,2,5–8,10). At Dlesc near Bodešče, Žale near Zasip pokopanih na vaških grobiščih (brez cerkve) med letoma and Sedlo on the Bled castle crescent shaped earrings okoli 870 in 960.41 were found in graves, which A. Pleterski, with the aid of Polmesečasti uhani z vzhodnoalpskih najdišč stratigraphic and topographic-chronological analysis cat- so kovani ali uliti, kovani imajo večinoma črtni, uliti egorised as belonging to the third and fourth generation emajlni okras. Poleg dveh načinov izdelave in števil- of inhabitants buried in vil age burial grounds (without a nih oblikovnih podrobnosti je za polmesečaste uhane church) between approx. 870 and 960.41 značilna raznovrstna motivika okrasa.42 Ta je zlahka Crescent shaped earrings from the sites in the East- prepoznavna pri vrhunsko narejenih uhanih, manj pri ern Alps were forged or cast; the forged earrings are often izdelkih, ki te posnemajo. Pri kakovostnih ulitih uhanih decorated with linear motifs, cast earrings have enamelled je okras upodobljen v celičnem emajlu, kot palmeta na decorations. Even though crescent shaped earrings share paru uhanov z grobišča pri župni cerkvi v Kranju ( sl. 2.8: two common manners of production and numerous 1,2),43 na posnetkih, okrašenih z jamičastim emajlom, design similarities, they characteristical y have diverse je ta rastlinski motiv bolj zabrisan, npr. pri uhanih z decorative motifs.42 These are instantly recognisable with grobišča v Mostah pri Žirovnici ( sl. 2.8: 5,6),44 ali komaj the high-quality earrings, and less with products that try prepoznaven kot pri uhanu iz Križevske vasi ( sl. 2.8: to mimic them. With the high-quality cast earrings the 12).45 Na skrbno izdelanem kovanem uhanu z grobišča decoration is depicted in cloisonné, as found for instance pri župni cerkvi v Kranju je vrezan zoomorfni preplet, in the palm in the pair of earrings from the burial ground motiv dveh stiliziranih živali z iztegnjenima jezikoma at the parish church in Kranj ( Fig. 2.8: 1,2).43 On the ( sl. 2.8: 3),46 na podobnem uhanu z grobišča pri križišču imitations, decorated with enamel in pits (champlevé), Iskra v Kranju pa rastlinski motiv, ena od inačic palmete for instance earrings from the burial ground in Moste ( sl. 2.8: 4).47 Kovane uhane so krasili tudi z geometrij- near Žirovnica ( Fig. 2.8: 5,6),44 this vegetative motif is less skimi motivi, pogosto vrezanimi z drobnim cikcakom visible, or almost non-recognisable as is the case with the (tresoči vrez), kot so polkrogi na uhanih z grobišča v 39 36 Sagadin 1986, 285, sl. 65: 1. Valič 1964, 18, 33, 39, Pl. 7: 5 (Grave 29); Pl. 23: 13 40 Knific, Pleterski 1993, 235. (chance find); Valič 1969a, 225–226, 227, Pl. 2: 31,32 (Grave 41 Pleterski 2013b, 306–311, 315–320, 327–328, 331–334, 166).37 sl. 6b; 8b; 10; 15. Na sl. 15 sta pomotoma zamenjani najdišči Knific, Pleterski 1993, 246–247, Pl. 6: 32/1 (Grave 32); pri rumenem (pravilno Sedlo) in modrem stolpcu (pravilno 8: 36/1,4 (Grave 36); 15: 2,3,5. 38 St. Peter). Knific, Pleterski 1981a, 490, Figs. 23: 27; Pl. 9: 30/1,2 42 Podrobna obravnava uhanov: Eichert 2010a, 65–75. (Grave 30). 43 39 Uhana iz groba 132/1953 hrani Gorenjski muzej Sagadin 1986, 285, Fig. 65: 1. 40 Kranj, inv. št. GM KFC 1943a,b. Objava: Kastelic 1960, 46, sl. Knific, Pleterski 1993, 235. 41 6 (prvi na levi v zgornji vrsti, drugi z desne v spodnji vrsti); Pleterski 2013b, 306–311, 315–320, 327–328, 331–334, Šribar, Stare 1974, 31, t. 4: 3,4 = Šribar, Stare 1975, 31, Taf. 4: Figs. 6b; 8b; 10; 15. In Fig. 15 the burial grounds in the yellow 3,4; Pleterski, Štular, B elak, Bešter 2019, 84−86 . and blue column should be corrected to Sedlo and St Peter 44 Uhana hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2239 ( sl. 2.8: 5) in S 2240 respectively. 42 ( sl. 2.8: 6). Similar categorisation of earrings: Eichert 2010a, 65–75. 45 43 Uhan hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2020. Objava: Gabrovec The earrings from Grave 132/1953 are kept at the 1954, 132, risba 1. Gorenjska Museum in Kranj, inv. No. GM KFC 1943a,b. Pub- 46 Uhan iz groba 2/1953 hrani Gorenjski muzej Kranj, lication: Kastelic 1960, 46, Fig. 6 (first to the left in the upper inv. št. GM KFC 1537b. Objava: Kastelic 1960, 47–48, sl. row, the second from the right in the bottom row); Šribar, 4c; Pleterski, Štular, Belak, Bešter 2019, 39, 40. – Za motiv Stare 1974, 31, Pl. 4: 3,4 = Šribar, Stare 1975, 31, Taf. 4: 3,4; zoomorfnega prepleta glej Sagadin 2018, 180, sl. 3. Pleterski, Štular, Belak, Bešter 2019, 84−86 . 47 44 Sagadin 1988, 21, 83 (grob 90), t. 15: 10; 60: 12; Sagadin The earrings are kept by NMS, inv. No. S 2239 ( Fig. 2.8: 2018, 180, sl. 1c. 5) and S 2240 ( Fig. 2.8: 6). 59 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.8: Zgodnjesrednjeveške najdbe köttlaške skupine z nekaterih grobišč pri cerkvah v Sloveniji: 1–17 bron, 1,2,5,6,12 emajl. M. = 1 : 2. Fig. 2.8: Early Medieval finds pertaining to the Köttlach group, from some burial sites next to churches in Slovenia: 1–17 bronze, 1,2,5,6,12 enamel. Scale = 1:2. 1–3 Kranj, Župna cerkev, 4 Kranj, Križišče Iskra ( Sagadin 1988); 5–8 Moste; 9,10 – Spodnje Duplje; 11 – Ljubljana, Šempeter; 12 – Križevska vas; 13 – Breg; 14 Šentpavel pri Domžalah; 15,16 – Muljava; 17 – Batuje ( Svoljšak, Knific 1976). (Risba / Drawing: 1–3, 5–16 D. Knific Lunder) Mostah pri Žirovnici ( sl. 2.8: 7,8)48 ali trikotniki na earring from Križevska vas ( Fig. 2.8: 12).45 A zoomorphic uhanu iz Šempetra v Ljubljani ( sl. 2.8: 11).49 Omenjena motif, depicting two stylised animals with tongues hang- najdišča so bila odkrita pri zdajšnjih cerkvah, tako kot ing out ( Fig. 2.8: 3), was engraved in the meticulously večina grobišč z najdbami köttlaške skupine v Sloveniji, made forged earring found in the burial ground at the razen Blejskega kota, kjer so pogostejša grobišča brez parish church in Kranj,46 while a similar earring from cerkve ( sl. 2.9: 4,8,9,15,16; seznam 2: 4,8,9,15,16). the burial ground at the Iskra crossroads in Kranj shows Okras na paru kovanih uhanov z Blejskega otoka ( t. a vegetative motif, one of the palm variants ( Fig. 2.8: 4).47 1: 1,2; 15: 1,2) se opisani motiviki izmika, po vzpored- Forged earrings could also be decorated with geometric no vrezanih lokih ga lahko primerjamo z okrasom na motifs, which were often engraved with a slight zigzag, uhanih iz Spodnjih Dupelj ( sl. 2.8: 9)50 in Sankt Daniela such as the semi-circles in the earrings found at the v Ziljski dolini v Avstriji.51 Roglji so podobno okraše- ni, razlika je v srednjem delu okrasa, ki je na blejskem 45 The earring is kept by NMS, inv. No. S 2020. Publica- 48 Uhana hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2238 ( sl. 2.8: 7) in S 2237 tion: Gabrovec 1954, 132, drawing 1. 46 ( sl. 2.8: 8). The earring from Grave 2/1953 is kept by the Goren- 49 Uhan hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2233. Objava: Ložar 1937, jska Museum in Kranj, inv. No. GM KFC 1537b. Publication: 135, sl. 1g. Kastelic 1960, 47–48, Fig. 4c; Pleterski, Štular, Belak, Bešter 50 Valič 1969b, 231, sl. 2 (desni uhan). – Uhana hrani 2019, 39, 40. – For the motif of zoomorphic interlacement see Gorenjski muzej Kranj, inv. št. 1625 ( sl. 2.8: 9) in 1624 ( sl. Sagadin 2018, 180, Fig. 3. 47 2.8: 10). Sagadin 1988, 21, 83 (Grave 90), Pl. 15: 10; 60: 12; Sa- 51 Eichert 2010a, 239, Taf. 28: 1, Sankt Daniel. gadin 2018, 180, Fig. 1c. 60 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.9: Zgodnjesrednjeveška grobišča z najdbami köttlaške skupine v Sloveniji (glej seznam 2). a – grobišča pri cerkvi; b – druga grobišča. Fig. 2.9: Early Medieval burial sites with finds pertaining to the Köttlach group in Slovenia (see List 2). a – burial sites next to a church; b – other burial sites. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc) uhanu vrezan s pokončnimi črtami. Če je bil okras na burial ground in Moste near Žirovnica ( Fig. 2.8: 7,8)48 (zdaj poškodovanih) blejskih uhanih simetričen, njegova or triangles on the earring from Šempeter in Ljubljana zasnova spominja na uhane s krilatim motivom, kot je ( Fig. 2.8: 11).49 The aforementioned sites were discovered prikazan na uhanu iz Kanala ob Soči.52 next to present-day churches, as were most of the burial Ulita in z jamičastim emajlom okrašena polmese- grounds with finds belonging to the Köttlach group in časta uhana iz otoškega groba 45 spadata po obliki med Slovenia ( Fig. 2.9: 4,8,9,15,16; List 2: 4,8,9,15,16), except uhane s srednjim rogljem, eden je okrašen z živalskim in Bled area, where burial grounds without churches are ( t. 2: 11; 15: 3), drugi z rastlinskim motivom ( t. 2: 12; 15: more common. 4). Uhani s podobo živali so zelo značilna in razširjena The decoration on the pair of forged earrings from inačica, znanih je 20 primerkov z 10 najdišč ( sl. 2.10; Bled Island ( Pls. 1: 1,2; 15: 1,2) avoids the described seznam 3). Najdišča so najbolj strnjena na Gorenjskem motifs, however their parallel engraved arches are com- (poleg Mengša po dve na Bledu in v Kranju), druga so parable to the decorations found on the earrings from bolj razpršena – v Sloveniji še Ptujski grad, v Furlaniji Spodnje Duplje ( Fig. 2.8: 9)50 and Sankt Daniel in Gailtal Corno di Rosazzo/Koren, v severni Avstriji pa Krungl, in Austria.51 The prongs are similarly decorated, the dif- Köttlach in Micheldorf/Kremsdorf ( sl. 2.11; seznam 3). ference lies in the central part of the decoration, which is Uhane so našli na velikih grobiščih, največ, šest primer- represented by engraved vertical lines in the Bled earring. kov, na grobišču pri župni cerkvi v Kranju ( sl. 2.12: 2–6: If the decoration on the (now damaged) Bled earrings seznam 3: 6–11). 48 The earrings are kept by NMS, inv. No. S 2238 ( Fig. 2.8: Pri župni cerkvi v Kranju so par uhanov našli v gro- 7) and S 2237 ( Fig. 2.8: 8). bu 1965_z0193 skupaj z ulitima uhanoma z zvezdastim 49 The earring is kept by NMS, inv. No. S 2233. Publica- priveskom ( sl. 2.10: 7–10).53 Na tem grobišču so uhan z tion: Ložar 1937, 135, Fig. 1g. 50 Valič 1969b, 231, Fig. 2 (right earring). – The earrings 52 are kept by the Gorenjska Museum in Kranj, inv. No. 1625 Knific 2009–2010, 185–186, sl. 1: 1; 2: 1. 53 ( Fig. 2.8: 9) and 1624 ( Fig. 2.8: 10). Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 91–92, sl. 1–4. 51 Eichert 2010a, 239, Taf. 28: 1, Sankt Daniel. 61 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.10: Polmesečasti uhani s podobo živali z raznih najdišč (prim. seznam 3). M. = 1 : 2. Fig. 2.10: Crescent earrings with depictions of animals, various sites (compare List 3). Scale = 1:2. zvezdastim priveskom našli tudi v grobu 1971_z0098,54 was symmetrical, their design would be reminiscent of kot raztreseno najdbo pa na bližnjem grobišču Križišče the earrings with wing motifs, as found on the earring Iskra.55 V Sloveniji so takšen uhan našli tudi na Ptujskem from Kanal ob Soči for instance.52 gradu, v grobu 269, skupaj z ulitim uhanom, okrašenim Due to their shape, the cast crescent shaped earrings decorated in technique champlevé, found in Grave 45, 54 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 161, sl. 2. 55 Sagadin 1988, 50–51, 116, t. 44: 10; 60: 9. 52 Knific 2009–2010, 185–186, Figs. 1: 1; 2: 1. 62 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... 1– Blejski otok / Bled Island 2 – Pristava (Bled) 3 – Kranj, Župna cerkev 4 – Kranj Križišče Iskra 5 – Mengeš 6 – Ptuj, Ptujski grad 7 – Corno di Rosazzo 8 – Krungl 9 – Micheldorf / Kremsdorf 10 – Köttlach Sl. 2.11: Najdišča polmesečastih uhanov s podobo živali (prim. seznam 3). Fig. 2.11: Sites with crescent earrings with depictions of animals (compare List 3) (Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc) z jamičastim emajlom.56 Uhani z zvezdastim priveskom belong in the group of earrings with a central prong; in so imeli dolg razvoj, od 7. do 11. stoletja, ki se je končal this case one is decorated with an animal ( Pls. 2: 11; 15: z ulitimi izdelki, kot so omenjeni primerki s slovenskih 3), and the other with a vegetative motif ( Pls. 2: 12; 15: 4). najdišč.57 Earrings with animal motifs are characteristic and widely- Grobna celota s parom uhanov s podobo živali je spread, as 20 examples from 10 sites are known ( Fig. znana tudi s Ptujskega gradu ( sl. 2.10: 13–24).58 Poleg 2.10; List 3). The sites are the most densely concentrated ulitih polmesečastih uhanov je bil v grobu 183 še par in Gorenjska area (apart from Mengeš there are two in ulitih grozdastih uhanov, ki imata na krakih dvojno ode- Bled and two in Kranj), while the rest are more broadly belitev ( sl. 2.10: 18,19). Takšni uhani so na belobrdskih scattered – in Slovenia at Ptuj castle, in Friuli in Corno 56 di Rosazzo, in northern Austria in Krungl, Köttlach and Korošec 1999, 24, t. 31: 12,13. 57 Micheldorf/Kremsdorf ( Fig. 2.11; List 3). Earrings were Sagadin 1988, 50–51, 116. 58 found in large burial grounds, the most numerous find, Korošec 1999, 20, t. 19: 1–12. 63 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.12: Polmesečasti uhani s podobo živali (prim. seznam 3). M = 1 : 1. Fig. 2.12: Crescent earrings with depictions of animals. Scale = 1:1. 1 – Blejski otok, gr. 45 (z grafičnim obrisom podobe živali / with an outline of an animal), 2 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1965_z0117 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 59, sl. 1); 3, 4 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1965_z0193 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 92, sl. 1 in 2); 5 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, 1973, neznana lega / unknown location (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 272, sl. 2); 6 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, brez podatkov / no data (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 355, sl. 9); 7, 8 – Mengeš. (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) najdiščih v Sloveniji pogosti (na Ptujskem gradu so jih six earrings, was found in the burial ground at the parish našli 30),59 večinoma so grobo izdelani, le redko so bili church in Kranj ( Fig. 2.12: 2–6: List 3: 6–11). uliti v kakovostnem kalupu. Ti so bili blizu srebrnim pro- At the parish church in Kranj a pair of earrings was totipom volinjskega tipa, izdelanim v tehniki filigrana in found in Grave 1965_z0193 together with cast earrings granulacije, ki so se razširili okrog leta 1000 iz Kijevske with a star-shaped appendix ( Fig. 2.10: 7–10).53 An ear- Rusije tudi v Potisje, v 11. stoletju so njihove imitacije ring with a star shaped appendix was also found in Grave postale ena najbolj priljubljenih oblik nakita v medrečju 1971_z0098 at this burial ground,54 as well as amongst Drave, Donave in Save (tip 17b po J. Gieslerju).60 the scattered finds at the nearby burial ground Iskra Podobo živali na polmesečastih ulitih in emajlira- crossroads.55 In Slovenia a similar earring was also found nih uhanih so različno opisovali, kot štirinožno žival,61 in Grave 269 at Ptuj castle, together with a cast earring, decorated with pits filled with enamel.56 Earrings with a star shaped appendix have a long development, they emerged in the 7th century and lasted to the 11th century, when they were brought to an end with cast artefacts simi- lar to the aforementioned examples from Slovenian sites.57 59 53 Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 164–165. Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 91–92, Figs. 1–4. 60 54 Vinski 1970, 58–61; Giesler 1981, 94–103, 165–166, Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 161, Fig. 1. 55 Taf. 51: 2; Tomičić 1993, 552; Tomičić 1994–1995, 79. Sagadin 1988, 50–51, 116, Pl. 44: 10; 60: 9. 61 56 Giesler 1989, 235, Abb. 58b; Šribar, Stare 1979, 24 (uliti Korošec 1999, 24, Pl. 31: 12,13. 57 uhani skupine L). Sagadin 1988, 50–51, 116. 64 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... A grave with a pair of earrings with animal images is also known from the Ptuj castle ( Fig. 2.10: 13–24).58 Apart from the cast crescent shaped earrings, Grave 183 also included a pair of cast grape-shaped earrings with double thickening at the endings ( Fig. 2.10: 18,19). Such earrings were common in the Bijelo Brdo culture sites in Slovenia (30 were found at Ptuj castle),59 most of them rough in design, and only rarely were they cast from a high-quality cast. These were close to the silver prototypes of the Volyn type, made in filigree and granulation techniques, which spread around the year 1000 from Kiev all the way to the Tisa river basin, and by the 11th century their imitations became one of the most popular forms of jewellery in the area between the rivers Drava, Donava and Sava (type 17b in J. Giesler’s categorisation).60 There are various descriptions of the animal motifs found on cast and enamelled crescent shaped earrings, ranging from a four-legged animal,61 an animal with its head turned backwards62 to a panther.63 Alongside vegeta- tive motifs and geometrical patterns, animal figures were also very common on cast earrings; the depiction in metal, surrounded by pits fil ed with enamel, is often emphasised by an engraved outline of the animal.64 The second earring from Grave 45 on Bled Island, the cast crescent shaped example decorated with a dim- Sl. 2.13: Uhani z razčlenjenim obročkom. M = 1 : 2. pled enamelled vegetative motif ( Pls. 2: 12; 15: 4), belongs Fig. 2.13: Earrings with an articulated loop. Scale = 1:2. amongst the group of earrings with a central prong. 1 – Blejski otok, gr. 4; 2,3 – Moste (Žirovnica), gr. 10 (Valič 1982); 4,5 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1973_z0289; 6,7 – Kranj, Alongside earrings with animal motifs these also include Župna cerkev, gr. 1973_z0275; 8,9 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. a wide spread and numerous version with a downgraded 1984_z0008; 10 – Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr.1984_z0010; 11 – vegetative motif, e.g. the earring from Križevska vas ( Fig. Kranj, Župna cerkev, gr. 1965_z0243 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2.8: 12),65 while the example from Bled Island with a more 2016; 2017). prominent vegetative motif belongs amongst the rare finds, with comparisons in the damaged earring from the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj.66 58 Korošec 1999, 20, Pl. 19: 1–12. žival z nazaj obrnjeno glavo62 ali kot panterja.63 Ob 59 Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 164–165. rastlinskih motivih in geometrijskih vzorcih je živalska 60 Vinski 1970, 58–61; Giesler 1981, 94–103, 165–166, figuralika na ulitih uhanih običajna, upodobitev v kovini, Taf. 51: 2; Tomičić 1993, 552; Tomičić 1994−1995, 79. ki jo obdajajo jamice z emajlom, je pogosto dopolnjena 61 Giesler 1989, 235, Abb. 58b; Šribar, Stare 1979, 24 (cast z vrezanim obrisom živali.64 earrings belonging to group L). 62 Tudi drugi uhan iz otoškega groba 45, uliti in z Dinklage 1941b, 9; Korošec, P., 1950, 321; Sagadin jamičastim emajlom okrašeni polmesečasti primerek 1988, 49, 115. – The image of an animal with its head turned z rastlinskim motivom ( t. 2: 12; 15: 4), uvrščamo med backwards is a common decorative motif found in Early Mediaeval cast decorative fibulae decorated with enamel, uhane s srednjim rogljem. Med njimi je ob uhanih s discovered in present-day Slovenian territories (Preložnik podobo živali zelo številna in razširjena tudi inačica z 2018). Most fibulae were found in burial grounds together okrnjenim rastlinskim motivom, ki ji pripada npr. uhan with finds belonging to the Köttlach group. 63 Dinklage 1941a, 371; Šribar, Stare 1978–1979, 215; 62 Dinklage 1941b, 9; Korošec, P., 1950, 321; Sagadin 1988, Šribar, Stare 1979, 24 (cast earrings belonging to group L); 49, 115. – Podoba živali z nazaj obrnjeno glavo je pogost okrasni Šribar 1983, 299; Sagadin 1988, 49, 115; Sagadin 2018, 182, motiv na ulitih in z emajlom okrašenih zgodnjesrednjeveških Fig. 9. 64 okrasnih zaponkah z območja Slovenije (Preložnik 2018). Giesler 1989, 235, Abb. 58b. 65 Večino zaponk so našli na grobiščih z najdbami köttlaške Map and List of sites: Knific, Žbona-Trkman 1990, skupine. 511, Fig. 3: 1–12. – The additions to the data for the site par- 63 Dinklage 1941a, 371; Šribar, Stare 1978–1979, 215; ish church in Kranj: Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 33, Grave Šribar, Stare 1979, 24 (uliti uhani skupine L); Šribar 1983, 1964_z0017, Fig. 1; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 201, 272, 299; Sagadin 1988, 49, 115; Sagadin 2018, 182, sl. 9. Grave 1972_z0224, Figs. 2,3; unknown position, Fig. 1. 64 66 Giesler 1989, 235, Abb. 58b. Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 220, quadrant XX, 65 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... iz Križevske vasi ( sl. 2.8: 12),65 primerek z Blejskega The earring from Grave 4, with astragal-shaped otoka z bolj jasnim rastlinskim motivom pa spada med thickenings on the lower part of the loop ( Fig. 2.13: 1; redke najdbe, s primerjavo v poškodovanem uhanu z Pls. 1: 6; 15: 5) stands out from the jewellery found on grobišča pri župni cerkvi v Kranju.66 Bled Island. Comparisons were found in the pair of Med nakitom z Blejskega otoka je posebnost uhan earrings from the burial ground at St Martin in Moste iz groba 4, s svitkastimi in valjastimi odebelitvami na near Žirovnica ( Fig. 2.13: 2,3).67 All three earrings are spodnjem delu loka ( sl. 2.13: 1; t. 1: 6; 15: 5). Primer- extremely finely crafted: the division is rhythmical, jave ima v paru uhanov z grobišča pri Sv. Martinu v only one half of the loop is decorated, the endings are Mostah pri Žirovnici ( sl. 2.13: 2,3).67 Vsi trije uhani so variously formed, one is pointed, the other thickened izdelani zelo natančno: členitev je ritmična, okrašena je (similar to the case with the crescent shaped earrings). le polovica obročka, zaključka sta oblikovana različno, According to the classification system used for defining eden koničasto, drugi odebeljeno (podobno kot pri typical characteristics, the rings with astragal-shaped polmesečastih uhanih). Po klasifikacijskem sistemu za thickenings are categorised as type NO 0700_0810.68 določanje značilnih lastnosti so obročki z astragalnimi The earrings from Grave 1973_z0289, which were odebelitvami opredeljeni kot tip NO 0700_0810.68 Ne- discovered at the parish church in Kranj were made koliko manj natančno, vendar z jasno členitvijo, sta bila somewhat less precisely, but with clearly articulated narejena uhana iz groba 1973_z0289, ki so ju odkrili pri thickenings ( Fig. 2.13: 4,5).69 Numerous rings from this župni cerkvi v Kranju ( sl. 2.13: 4,5).69 Pri več drugih site have a more superficial division of the loop, indi- obročkih s tega najdišča je členitev locna bolj površna, cated merely with incisions, however the loop endings nakazana le z vrezi, sta zaključka locnov prav tako različ- differ, one is pointed and the other thickened ( Fig. 2.13: na, eden, koničasti in drugi odebeljen ( sl. 2.13: 6–11).70 6–11).70 These examples are obviously copies of high- Ti primerki so očitno posnetki kakovostnih vzorcev, kot quality earrings, such as the ones found on Bled Island so uhani z Blejskega otoka in iz Most pri Žirovnici ( sl: and at Moste near Žirovnica ( Fig: 38: 1–3). The temple 38: 1–3). Drugačen je naglavni obroček iz St. Petra pri ring from St Peter near Spittal in Carinthia (Austria) Spittalu na avstrijskem Koroškem, ki je na enem koncu is different with its loop ornamented with transversal sicer razčlenjen s poševnimi žlebiči, vendar sta njegova grooves at one end, but both of its bulges are the same, zaključka enaka, z enojnima odebelitvama,71 zaradi česar with single thickenings,71 which makes the temple ring je obroček zgolj podoben uhanom z astragalnimi odebe- appear similar to earrings with astragal-shaped thicken- litvami.72 Namero po oblikovni spremembi naglavnega ings.72 The intent to change a temple ring into a crescent obročka (obsenčnika) v polmesečast uhan jasno kaže shaped earring can be clearly seen in the example from primerek z grobišča v Batujah ( sl. 2.8: 17).73 the burial ground in Batuje ( Fig. 2.8: 17).73 65 Karta in seznam najdišč: Knific, Žbona-Trkman 1990, 511, sl. 3: 1–12. – Dopolnitev podatkov za najdišče Kranj, Župna cerkev: Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 33, grob 1964_z0017, sl. 1; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 201, 272, grob 1972_z0224, sl. 2,3; neznana lega, sl. 2. Fig. 3. – Earrings with motifs of birds next to fountains are 66 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 220, kvadrant XX, sl. 3. – also rare (Sagadin 2018, 180; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, Maloštevilni so tudi uhani z motivom ptic pri vodnjaku žive 289, Grave 1984_z0013 Figs. 1,3). 67 vode (Sagadin 2018, 180; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 289, A pair of earrings was found in Grave 10, which was grob 1984_z0013 sl. 1,3). discovered underneath the occupation surface in the entrance 67 Par uhanov so našli v grobu 10, ki so ga odkrili v lobby. The rings in a pair of cast bronze ring earrings, with one vhodni lopi. Ulita bronasta obročasta uhana, pri katerih se end ending in a point and the other in a thickening, are in one en konec zaključuje koničasto, drugi z odebelitvijo, imata of the earrings divided by five long and five short thickenings obroča razčlenjena, eden s petimi dolgimi in petimi kratkimi (h. 3.35 cm, w. 3.25 cm, th. 0.37 cm) and in the other by four odebelitvami (viš. 3,35 cm, šir. 3,25 cm, deb. 0,37 cm), drugi long and four short thickenings (h. 3.31 cm, w. 3.27 cm, th. 0.4 pa s štirimi dolgimi in štirimi kratkimi odebelitvami (viš. cm). The earrings are kept by the Gorenjska Museum in Kranj, 3,31 cm, šir. 3,27 cm, deb. 0,4 cm). Uhana hrani Gorenjski inv. Nos. A 1454 and A 1455. Publication: Valič 1982. 68 muzej Kranj, inv. št. A 1454 in A 1455. Objava: Valič 1982. Pleterski 2013b, 315, 320; 331, 334; Fig. 16. 68 69 Pleterski 2013b, 315, 320; 331, 334; sl. 16. Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 266–267, Grave 1973_ 69 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 266–267, grob 1973_ z0289, Figs. 1,2. 70 z0289, sl. 1,2. Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 107, Grave 1965_z0243, 70 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 107, grob 1965_z0243, sl. 1; Fig. 1; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 263, 287–288, Grave1973_ Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 263, 287–288, grob 1973_z0275, z0275, Figs. 1,2; Grave 1984_z0008, Figs. 1,2; Grave 1984_ sl. 1,2; grob 1984_z0008, sl. 1,2; grob 1984_z0010, sl. 1. z0010, Fig. 1. 71 71 Eichert, Rogl 2010, 212, Taf. 36: 2, grab 85. Prim. Eichert, Rogl 2010, 212, Taf. 36: 2, Grave 85. Cf. Eichert Eichert 2010b, 169. 2010b, 169. 72 72 Prim. Pleterski 2013b, 315, 331. Cf. Pleterski 2013b, 315, 331. 73 73 Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 50, 65, t. 29: 1; 59: 3. Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 50, 65, Pl. 29: 1; 59: 3. 66 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... NAGLAVNI OBROČKI TEMPLE RINGS Med zgodnjesrednjeveškimi predmeti z Blejskega Temple rings, in literature also known as head otoka so najštevilnejši naglavni obročki, v literaturi circlets are amongst the most common Early Mediaeval znani tudi kot obsenčni obročki ali obsenčniki. V 12 artefacts found on Bled Island. 20 were found in 12 graves grobovih (št. 3, 12, 24, 27, 34, 36–38, 49, 59, 83, 96) so (Nos. 3, 12, 24, 27, 34, 36–38, 49, 59, 83 and 96), while jih našli 20, tri pa kot raztresene najdbe na severnem three were found as scattered finds in the north part of delu grobišča (kat. št. 69, 74 in 88; t. 3: 14–16). V osmih the burial ground (cat. Nos. 69, 74 and 88; Pl. 3: 14–16). grobovih sta bila po dva obročka: v šestih primerih gre Eight graves contained two rings: in six cases these were za pare, med seboj podobna obročka sta bila v grobu found in pairs, two rings of a similar design were found in 24 ( t. 1: 17,18), različna pa v grobu 49 ( t. 2: 13,14). Po Grave 24 ( Pl. 1: 17,18), while two different rings were found en obroček so našli v štirih grobovih, od katerih so bili in Grave 49 ( Pl. 2: 13,14). Four graves revealed a solitary trije deloma prekopani (grobovi 34, 59 in 96). V šestih ring; three of the graves have been partial y redug (Graves grobovih so bile pokopane ženske (3, 12, 36, 38, 49, 59), 34, 59 and 96). Women were buried in six of the graves (3, v štirih otroci (24, 27, 37, 83), v dveh primerih spola za- 12, 36, 38, 49 and 59), children in four (24, 27, 37 and 83), radi slabe ohranjenosti okostij ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti while the sex in two graves could not be determined due (grobova 34 in 96). to the poor condition of the skeletons (Graves 34 and 96). Večina naglavnih obročkov ima z odebelitvami Most of the temple rings have moulded endings, profilirana konca, z enojno odebelitvijo 14 obročkov ( t. 14 rings have single bulges ( Pls. 1: 3,4,14,17,18,22; 2: 1: 3,4,14,17,18,22; 2: 1–4,6,14; 3: 11,16). Pri dveh parih 1–4,6,14; 3: 11,16). Two pairs of rings (from Graves 27 obročkov (iz grobov 27 in 83) je bila enojna odebelitev and 83) have a single thickening at one end (in one of le na enem koncu (pri enem obročku sicer ni ohranje- the rings this was not preserved), while the other end is na), drugi konec je ravno odrezan ( t. 1: 19,20; 3: 9,10). straight ( Pls. 1: 19,20; 3: 9,10). The two rings that were Obročka, ki so ju našli zunaj grobov, sta razčlenjena z found outside of the graves had a double ( Pl. 3: 14) or dvojno ( t. 3: 15) oziroma trojno odebelitvijo ( t. 3: 14). triple thickening ( Pl. 3: 15). The pair of rings from Grave Par obročkov iz groba 36 ima na koncih enojno odebe- 36 has a single thickening at the end, however the engrav- litev, zareze ob njih pa dajejo vtis večkratne odebelitve ings next to it give the impression of multiple thickenings ( t. 2: 1,2). ( Pl. 2: 1,2). Obročki so različno veliki, najmanjši, 2,5 x 2,4 cm, The rings are of various sizes, the smallest, 2.5 x je obroček iz groba 38 ( t. 2: 6), največji, 5,1 x 4,4 cm, je 2.4 cm, is the ring from Grave 38 ( Pl. 2: 6), while the iz groba 34 ( t. 1: 22). Z drugimi najdbami so bili skupaj largest, 5.1 x 4.4 cm, was found in Grave 34 ( Pl. 1: 22). le v treh grobovih, dvakrat z nožem (grobova 3 in 38) in Only in three graves were they found together with other enkrat s prstanom (grob 37). V enem grobu (grob 49) je finds, twice with a knife (Graves 3 and 38) and once with bil obroček z odebeljenima koncema v paru z obročkom a finger ring (Grave 37). Grave 49 contained a ring with z S-zanko in ravno odrezanim koncem locna, edinim thickened endings paired with a ring with an S-shaped naglavnim obročkom drugačne oblike na grobišču. loop and a straight ending, the only temple ring of a dif- Med zgodnjesrednjeveškim arheološkim gradivom ferent shape at this burial ground. z območja Vzhodnih Alp so naglavni obročki s profili- Temple rings with moulded endings represent ranima koncema ena od značilnih oblik nakita. Datirani characteristic jewellery form within the Early Mediaeval so v pozno obdobje, v tipološke sestave najdb köttlaške archaeological material found in the area of the Eastern skupine,74 skupine Köttlach II,75 v koroško skupino C Alps. They were dated into the typological group of (780–11. stoletje).76 Koroški primerki so razdeljeni na finds belonging to the Köttlach group,74 Köttlach II,75 sedem tipov, na začetek njihovega razvoja, v pozno 8. and the Carinthian group C (780–11th century).76 The stoletje, so postavljeni obročki z enojnimi valjastimi Carinthian examples are divided into seven types; the odebelitvami (tip Kb), na konec, v 10. stoletje, pa obročki rings with singular cylindrical thickenings (type Kb ) z več odebelitvami (tip Kf).77 are placed at the beginning of their development, in the Po klasifikacijskem sistemu za naglavni nakit so late 8th century, while the rings with multiple thickenings obročki z enojno odebelitvijo opredeljeni kot tip NO (type Kf) are placed at the end of their development, in 0100_0808, obročki z večkratno odebelitvijo pa kot tip the 10th century.77 NO 0100_0909.78 Obe vrsti sta sočasni, s tem da so prvi According to the classification system for head jew- ellery the rings with a single thickening are categorised 74 Korošec 1961, 179, t. 6: 16; Korošec 1979, 189/I. as type NO 0100_0808, while the rings with multiple 75 Giesler 1980, 87, Abb. 3: 9; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 74 35. Korošec 1961, 179, Pl. 6: 16; Korošec 1979, 189/I. 76 75 Eichert 2010a, 1, Abb. 46. Giesler 1980, 87, Abb. 3: 9; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 35. 77 76 Eichert 2010a, 40–45, Abb. 10. Eichert 2010a, 1, Abb. 46. 78 77 Pleterski 2013b, 302, sl. 2. Eichert 2010a, 40–45, Abb. 10. 67 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... datirani v obdobje od zadnje tretjine 9. do začetka 11. thickenings are categorised as type NO 0100_0909.78 stoletja, drugi tip naj bi se pojavil nekoliko pozneje, v Both types were present at the same time, however the prvi tretjini 10. stoletja.79 first are dated between the last third of the 9th and the Zgornje opredelitve obročkov z odebelitvami se beginning of the 11th century, while the second type most kronološko ujemajo v drugi polovici 10. stoletja in v likely appeared at a slighter later date, in the first third of zgodnjem 11. stoletju. Ker so takšne obročke pogosto the 10th century.79 našli tudi na grobiščih s prevladujočimi najdbami t. i. The previously mentioned types of rings with thick- belobrdske kulture v Karpatski kotlini, jih je J. Giesler enings were present at the same time during the second vključil kot tip D v kronološko skupino Bijelo Brdo I, half of the 10th century and the early 11th century. Because datirano v drugo polovico 10. in prvo polovico 11. such rings were also common finds in burial grounds in stoletja.80 Tako pozna datacija je bila ugotovljena za the Carpathian valley, in which the finds of the so-called obročke z več odebelitvami na koncih, ki so jih na Bijelo Brdo culture prevailed, J. Giesler included them as avstrijskem Koroškem našli na grobiščih pri cerkvah.81 type D in the chronological group Bijelo Brdo I, dated in Obročki z enojnimi ali več odebelitvami so najštevil- the second half of the 10th and the first half of the 11th nejše najdbe tudi v Sloveniji, tako na grobiščih pri century.80 Such late dates were ascertained for rings with zdajšnjih cerkvah ali stran od njih ( sl. 2.9, seznam 2), multiple thickenings on the endings, which were found in pri nekaterih cerkvah so obročki skoraj edine znane burial grounds next to churches in Carinthia (Austria).81 najdbe köttlaške skupine, npr. na Bregu pri Žirovnici Rings with singular or multiple thickenings are the most ( sl. 2.8: 13),82 v Šentpavlu pri Domžalah ( sl. 2.8: 14)83 frequent finds also in Slovenia, in burial grounds next in na Muljavi ( sl. 2.8: 15,16).84 to present-day churches as well as away from them ( Fig. Izjema med naglavnimi obročki, ki so jih našli na 2.9, List 2), while at the sites next to some churches these Blejskem otoku, je primerk z esasto ali S-zanko iz groba rings are practical y the only known find pertaining to the 49 ( t. 2: 13; 15: 12). Grob je bil pri lobanji prekopan, Köttlach group, e.g. Breg near Žirovnica ( Fig. 2.8: 13),82 obroček je ležal ob kosteh levega komolca ( t. 29: 4). Šentpavel pri Domžalah ( Fig. 2.8: 14)83 and Muljava ( Fig. Po klasifikacijskem sistemu naglavnega nakita obroček 2.8: 15,16).84 uvrščamo v tip NO0100_0506.85 Za obročke tega tipa An exception amongst the temple rings found on je značilno, da je en konec locna ravno odrezan in se Bled Island is the example with the S-shaped loop found in ne stika z S-zanko, v katero je oblikovan drugi konec. Grave 49 ( Pls. 2: 13; 15: 12). The grave was dug up next to V Sloveniji so večino takšnih obročkov našli na the skul , the ring lay next to the bones of the left elbow ( Pl. grobiščih s prevladujočimi najdbami t. i. belobrdske 29: 4). According to the classification system for head jew- kulture v Podravju in Posotelju,86 in sicer na Ptujskem ellery this ring was categorised as type NO0100_0506.85 gradu, Spodnji Hajdini pri Ptuju, Cirkevci pri Središču For rings of this type it is characteristic that one end of ob Dravi, v Radvanju pri Mariboru ter na Svetih gorah the loop is straight and does not reach the S-shaped loop, nad Bistrico ob Sotli ( seznam 4: 9, 11, 12, 14, 15; sl. into which the other end is shaped. 2.14: 9, 11, 12, 14, 15). Na Ptujskem gradu, kjer so bili In Slovenia most of such rings were found in the obročki najštevilnejši, so bili v 53 grobovih, pogosto po Drava river basin and Posotelje region in burial grounds in več primerkov v enem grobu.87 which finds belonging to the so-called Bijelo Brdo culture Na Gorenjskem, na območju grobišč z večinskimi prevailed,86 i.e. at Ptuj castle, Spodnja Hajdina near Ptuj, najdbami köttlaške skupine, je obročkov z S-zanko in Cirkevca near Središče ob Dravi, Radvanje near Maribor ravno odrezanim koncem zelo malo. Na velikih gro- and on Svete gore above Bistrica ob Sotli ( List 4: 9, 11, 12, biščih pri župni cerkvi in na križišču Iskra v Kranju so 14, 15; Fig. 2.14: 9, 11, 12, 14, 15). At Ptuj castle, where the finds of these rings were most numerous, they were 79 Pleterski 2013b, 320, sl. 16. found in all 53 graves, and there was often more than one 80 Giesler 1981, 125, Taf. 52: D. example in an individual grave.87 81 Eichert 2010a, 40–45, Abb.10. 82 78 Sagadin 2013b, 21, t. 2: 12. Pleterski 2013b, 302, Fig. 2. 83 79 Sagadin 1996. Predmet je evidentiran v NMS, pod št. Pleterski 2013b, 320, Fig. 16. 80 ZN 124. Giesler 1981, 125, Taf. 52: D. 84 81 Neobjavljeno, obročka hrani NMS, inv. št. S 2027 ( sl. Eichert 2010a, 40–45, Abb.10. 82 2.8: 15) in S 2026 ( sl. 2.8: 16). Sagadin 2013b, 21, Pl. 2: 12. 85 83 Pleterski 2013b, 302, sl. 2. Sagadin 1996. The object is catalogued by NMS, under 86 Zgodovina raziskav in najdišča v Sloveniji: Knific, No. ZN 124. 84 Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 162–163, 167–168, 172–174, sl. 4. Unpublished, the rings are kept by NMS, inv. No. S 87 Obročki so bili v grobovih št. 10, 12, 13, 20, 25, 37, 42, 2027 ( Fig. 2.8: 15) and S 2026 ( Fig. 2.8: 16). 85 43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 64, 65, 68, 71, 77, 81, 97, 99, 100, 104, 113, Pleterski 2013b, 302, Fig. 2. 86 120, 122, 125, 143, 150, 156, 175, 178, 181, 191, 192, 204, 208, The history of research and sites in Slovenia: Knific, 209, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228, 237, 239, 244, 275, 296, 323, 338, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 162–163, 167–168, 172–174, Fig. 4. 87 385, 386, 395, 420. The temple rings were found in Graves 10, 12, 13, 20, 68 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.14: Najdišča naglavnih obročkov z S-zanko in ravno odrezanim locnom v Sloveniji, Furlaniji-Julijski krajini (I) in na Koro- škem (A). a – grobišča z najdbami t. i. belobrdske kulture, b – grobišča z najdbami köttlaške skupine, c – neopredeljena grobišča (glej seznam 4). Fig. 2.14: Sites containing temple rings with an S-loop and a straight ending in Slovenia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia (I) and Carinthia (A). a – burial sites with finds belonging to the so-called Bijelo Brdo culture, b – burial sites with finds belonging to the Köttlach group, c – uncategorised burial sites (see List 4). (Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc) jih našli devet, dva primerka pa na manjšem grobišču In Gorenjska, in the area of burial grounds with na Žalah v Srednji vasi v Bohinju ( seznam 4: 5, 7, 8; sl. prevailing finds belonging to the Köttlach group, there 2.14: 5, 7, 8). Nekaj takšnih obročkov so našli tudi v were very few rings with an S-shaped loop and a straight Veržeju, Črnomlju in na Črešnjevcu ( seznam 4: 10, 13, ending. Nine were found at the large burial grounds at the 17; sl. 2.14: 10, 13, 17), na najdiščih, ki jih zaradi majhne parish church and at the Iskra crossroads in Kranj, while raziskanosti ni mogoče natančneje opredeliti. two examples were found at a smaller burial ground in Zahodno in severnozahodno od najdišč v Sloveniji Žale in Srednja vas v Bohinju and one at Legen ( List 4: 5, 7, so obročki z S-zanko in ravno odrezanim koncem locna 8; Fig. 2.14: 5, 7, 8). A few rings of this type were also found redke najdbe, v Italiji so jih našli v Pordenonu v Furla- in Veržej, Črnomelj and Črešnjevec ( List 4: 10,13,17; Fig. niji-Julijski krajini ( seznam 4: 1; sl. 2.14: 1), v Avstriji 2.14: 10,13,17), i.e. in sites that cannot be more precisely pa na Judenbichlu pri Vil achu/Beljaku na Koroškem defined as they were not sufficiently researched. ( seznam 4: 3; sl. 2.14: 3). Na obeh grobiščih so bili skupaj West and north-west of the sites in Slovenia rings z najdbami, katerih večino uvrščamo v köttlaško skupino. with an S-shaped loop and a straight ending are rare, Na avstrijskem Koroškem so ob manj značilnih pred- however, in Italy these rings were found in Pordenone in metih našli dva para takšnih obročkov tudi na manjših the Friuli region ( List 4: 1; Fig. 2.14: 1), and in Austria in grobiščih v Puchu pri Vil achu/Beljaku in v Längdorfu/ Judenbichl near Vil ach in Carinthia ( List 4: 3; Fig. 2.14: Veliki vasi ( seznam 4: 2, 4; sl. 2.14: 2, 4). 3). In both burial grounds they were found together with Takšni obročki so zelo pogoste najdbe na grobiščih, finds that were categorised predominantly as belonging odkritih v velikem številu vzhodno in severovzhodno to the Köttlach group. In Carinthi a (Austria) two pairs od najdišč v Sloveniji, na Hrvaškem,88 Madžarskem,89 of such rings were found alongside less characteristic Slovaškem90 in v vzhodni Avstriji.91 Na območju Kar- artefacts in smaller burial grounds in Puch near Vil ach patske kotline so bili ena od značilnih oblik naglavnega and Längdorf ( List 4: 2,4; Fig. 2.14: 2,4). 88 Tomičič 1993, 546; Demo 2009, 447–448. 25, 37, 42, 43, 48, 50, 51, 52, 64, 65, 68, 71, 77, 81, 97, 99, 100, 89 Giesler 1981, 104; Obenaus 2010, 190–191. 104, 113, 120, 122, 125, 143, 150, 156, 175, 178, 181, 191, 192, 90 Hanuliak, Rejholcová 1999, 58–60. 204, 208, 209, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228, 237, 239, 244, 275, 296, 91 Obenaus 2010, 191–199 323, 338, 385, 386, 395, 420. 69 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... nakita, v tipološki shemi najdb t. i . belobrdske kulture so Such rings are very common finds in burial grounds razdeljeni po obsegu na večje (tip I) in manjše obročke to the east and northeast of Slovenia, i.e. in Croatia,88 (tip II), po debelini žice pa na več inačic (1–6).92 Blejski Hungary,89 Slovakia90 and east Austria.91 Within the Car- obroček po tej razdelitvi spada med primerke tipa I, 7/2, pathian basin these temple rings represented one of the glede na obseg 7,5 cm in debelino žice 0,18 cm. Obročki most characteristic jewellery forms, and in the typologi- tega tipa so kronološko postavljeni v fazo Bijelo Brdo I, v cal group of finds belonging to the so-called Bijelo Brdo obdobje, ki se je začelo kmalu po sredini 10. in končalo culture they were divided according to their circumference kmalu po sredini 11. stoletja.93 Obroček z S-zanko iz into large (type I) and small rings (type II), and into a groba 49 uvrščamo med predmete belobrdske skupine, number of variants depending on the thickness of the wire ki se v Sloveniji in še zahodneje pojavljajo posamično, (1–6).92 According to this categorisation the Bled temple a razmeroma pogosto na grobiščih s prevladujočimi ring, with a circumference of 7.5 cm and wire thickness najdbami köttlaške skupine.94 of 0.18 cm, belongs amongst the examples of type I, 7/2. Rings of this type are chronological y set into phase Bijelo Brdo I, in a period which started soon after the mid-10th OKRASNA ZAPONKA century and ended soon after the mid-11th century.93 The temple ring with the S-shaped loop from Grave 49 Za okroglo okrasno zaponko ( t. 1: 16; 16: 1), ki so jo is categorised as an object, typical for the the Bijelo Brdo našli ob premaknjenih kosteh v grobu 16, ni zanesljivo, group, which appear individual y in Slovenia and west of da je grobni pridatek tega groba. Na ploščici zaponke je Slovenia, and are found relatively often in burial grounds na več mestih vrezan gost in neenakomeren cikcakast with prevailing finds belonging to the Köttlach group.94 okras. Za tako imenovani okras volčjega zoba najdemo veliko primerjav na rimskih fibulah,95 tudi z najdišč v Sloveniji.96 Zgodnjesrednjeveški primer takšnega okrasa BROOCH je na srebrni križni fibuli iz groba 63 s Fraunberga pri Sondershausnu v Nemčiji, datirani v iztekajoče se 7. ali It is uncertain whether the round brooch ( Pls. 1: 16; zgodnje 8. stoletje.97 Gost cikcak je pogosto vrezan tudi 16: 1), which was found alongside the moved bones in na kovanih polmesečastih uhanih98 in okroglih okras- Grave 16, was a grave good. There is an engraved, dense nih zaponkah, okrašenih z vložki emajla,99 značilnih and irregular zigzag decoration on numerous parts of the najdbah iz poznega obdobja zgodnjega srednjega veka fibula plate. There are numerous comparisons in fibulae v Vzhodnih Alpah. originating from the Roman period for the so-called Na hrbtni strani zaponke z Blejskega otoka so na decoration of the wolf’s tooth,95 including the sites in dveh mestih ostanki kositrno-svinčeve spajke,100 s ka- Slovenia.96 An Early Mediaeval example of such decora- tero sta bila verjetno pritrjena nosilec in ležišče za iglo, tion can be seen on the silver cross fibula from Grave 63 ki se tako kot igla nista ohranila. Pritrjevanje naprave in Fraunberg near Sondershausen in Germany, which was za pripenjanje s spajkanjem je tehnološka posebnost, ki dated in the end of the 7th or beginning of the 8th century.97 so jo ugotovili pri petih okrasnih zaponkah z grobišča The dense zigzag pattern is often engraved onto forged crescent shaped earrings98 and round brooches, decorated 92 with enamel inlays,99 characteristic finds from the late Giesler 1981, 40, Abb. 7. 93 Early Mediaeval period in the Eastern Alps. Giesler 1981, 136–137, Taf. 53. 94 Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 167–168, 172–174, sl. 88 4; Knific, Mlinar 1014, 439–440, 457–458. Tomičič 1993, 546; Demo 2009, 447–448. 95 89 Pogosto na kolenčastih fibulah, npr. Jobst 1975, 63–68, Giesler 1981, 104; Obenaus 2010, 190–191. 90 Taf. 18–24. Hanuliak, Rejholcová 1999, 58–60. 96 91 Npr. Ptuj (Ciglenečki 1990, 158–160, sl. 7; Ciglenečki Obenaus 2010, 191–199 92 1993, 512, t. 2: 8), Kalce (Ciglenečki 1990, 160, t. 5: 4), Ilovica Giesler 1981, 40, Abb. 7. 93 pri Vranskem (Lazar 2006, 39, 44–47, sl. M5, M12, M13), Giesler 1981, 136–137, Taf. 53. 94 Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu (Milavec 2011a, 22, t. 1: 18). Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 167–168, 172–174, 97 Brieske 2017, 226–227, op. 21, Abb. 3: 5. Fig. 4; Knific, Mlinar 1014, 439–440, 457–458. 98 95 Korošec 1979, t. 38: 1a; 45: 9; 46: 6; 57: 2a; 66: 2a,b; Often found on knee fibulae, e.g. Jobst 1975, 63–68, 77: 3,4. Taf. 18–24. 99 96 Preložnik 2018, 162–163, sl. 5: 3; 7: 5; 9: 1,3; 11: 3. E.g. Ptuj (Ciglenečki 1990, 158–160, Fig. 7; Ciglenečki 100 Za obe mesti je meritev XRF pokazala sestavo, ki se 1993, 512, Pl. 2: 8), Kalce (Ciglenečki 1990, 160, Pl. 5: 4), Ilovi- razlikuje od drugih vzorcev, izmerjenih na površini okrasne ca near Vransko (Lazar 2006, 39, 44–47, Figs. M5, M12, M13), zaponke. Sestava elementov (v odstotkih): 1. mesto – Sn 65,56; Tonovcov grad near Kobarid (Milavec 2011a, 22, Pl. 1: 18). 97 Cu 16,35; Pb 8,95; Si 4,76; Al 2,42; Fe 0,87; Zn 0,59; P 0,44; W Brieske 2017, 226–227, note 21, Abb. 3: 5. 98 0,07; 2. mesto – Sn 46,62; Cu 25,32; Pb 11,51; Si 8,57; Al 4,77; Korošec 1979, Pl. 38: 1a; 45: 9; 46: 6; 57: 2a; 66: 2a, b; Fe 1,24; Zn 0,98; P 0,85; W 0,10; As 0,03. Meritev je opravila 77: 3,4. 99 Eva Menart, NMS. Preložnik 2018, 162–163, Figs. 5: 3; 7: 5; 9: 1,3; 11: 3. 70 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... na blejskem Sedlu,101 pri okrasni zaponki z grobišča The back side of the brooch from Bled Island shows pri Sv. Urhu v Tolminu je bila z analizo PIXE določena remains of tin-lead soldering in two places,100 which was podrobna sestava spajke.102 Spajkanje in cikcak otoško most likely used to attach the hinge and the loop for the zaponko povezujeta z drugimi okrasnimi zaponkami iz pin, which were not preserved (nor was the pin). Attach- köttlaške skupine. ing the clasp by soldering is a technological speciality that was ascertained with five brooches from the burial ground at Bled Sedlo,101 while the PIXE analysis revealed a detailed composition of the soldering material on the PRSTANI brooch from the burial ground at St Urh in Tolmin.102 Soldering and the zigzag engraving connect the brooch Na Blejskem otoku so našli prstane v šestih gro- from Bled Island to other brooches belonging to the bovih (št. 4, 37, 41, 45, 77 in 111), dva prstana pa sta Köttlach group. raztreseni najdbi (kat. št. 42 in 157). V grobovih 4 in 45 sta bili pokopani ženski, v grobu 77 moški, v grobu 37 otrok, v grobovih 41 in 111 spol pokopanega ni bil FINGER RINGS ugotovljen. V grobu 4 sta bila prstana z okrasnim kamnom: Finger rings were found in six graves (Nos. 4, 37, na bolje ohranjenem prstanu je ovalen vložek iz tem- 41, 45, 77 and 111) on Bled Island, while two finger rings nomodrega natronskega stekla ( t. 1: 7), na drugem were categorised as scattered remains (cat. Nos. 42 and prstanu, z obročkom, okrašenim z globokimi vrezi, je 157). Graves 4 and 45 contained female skeletons, Grave bil verjetno pritrjen okrogel vložek iz svetlomodrega 77 a male skeleton, Grave 37 an infant’s skeleton, while stekla s tremi belimi očesci ( t. 1: 9,10). Kovinski ležišči the sex of the buried could not be determined in Graves okrasnih kamnov se nista ohranili, so pa pod vložkom 41 and 111. na prvem prstanu vidni ostanki spajke. Tudi tretji pr- Grave 4 contained two finger rings with decorative stan iz tega groba je bil morda, kot je mogoče sklepati stones: the better-preserved finger ring contained an inlay po drobnem ostanku razširjenega dela, okrašen s “kam- made from dark blue natron glass ( Pl. 1: 7), while a light nom” ( t. 1: 8). Prstani so bili v grobu skupaj z uhanom blue inlay with three eyes most likely belongs to the second z astragalnimi odebelitvami ( t. 1: 6) in nožem ( t. 1: 11). finger ring, decorated with deep incisions. ( Pl. 1: 9, 10). The V zgodnjesrednjeveških grobovih na območju metal plates for attaching the decorative stones were not Vzhodnih Alp so prstani z okrasnim kamnom – kot tudi preserved, however there are visible remains of soldering uhani z astragalnimi odebelitvami – redke najdbe. Več underneath the insert on the first finger ring. The third primerkov obeh vrst so našli le na grobišču pri župni finger ring found in the same grave might have also been cerkvi v Kranju. Bronasti prstani z okrasnim kamnom decorated with a ‘stone’, which is indicated by the smal so bili v petih grobovih,103 vedno skupaj z naglavnimi remnant of the widened part ( Pl. 1: 8). These finger rings obročki köttlaške skupine: v štirih grobovih z obročki were found in a grave together with an earring with an z enojno odebelitvijo na koncih (tip NO 0100_0808), astragal-shaped thickening ( Pl. 1: 6) and a knife ( Pl. 1: 11). v enem z obročkoma z dvojno odebelitvijo (tip NO Similar to earrings with astragal-shaped thicken- 0100_0909). V grobu 1984_z0102 je bil obroček prstana ings, finger rings with a decorative stone are rare finds in (okrasni kamen ni ohranjen) okrašen s poševnimi preč- Early Mediaeval graves in the area of the Eastern Alps. nimi žlebiči,104 tako kot obročka pri blejskih primerkih Several examples of both types of artefacts were found ( t. 1: 7,10). Podoben prstan (brez kamna) so na grobiš- only at the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj. ču pri kranjski župni cerkvi našli tudi kot raztreseno Bronze finger rings with decorative stones were found in najdbo.105 Pri treh prstanih je okrasni vložek steklen, five graves,103 always together with temple rings belong- pri enem snov ni prepoznana. 100 The XRF measurement in both locations showed a com- Tudi v grobu 37 so našli prstan ( t. 2: 5) skupaj z position that differs from the other samples measured on the naglavnima obročkoma z enojno odebelitvijo na koncih surface of the brooch. The composition of the elements (in per- ( t. 2: 3,4). Prstan ima močno presegajoča zaključka, ker centages): 1. location – Sn 65.56; Cu 16.35; Pb 8.95; Si 4.76; Al 2.42; Fe 0.87; Zn 0.59; P 0,44; W 0.07; 2. location – Sn 46.62; Cu 101 Okrasne zaponke iz grobov 9, 24, 26, 85, 143, glej 25.32; Pb 11.51; Si 8.57; Al 4.77; Fe 1.24; Zn 0.98; P 0.85; W 0.10; Valič 1964, 15, 17, 18, 29; Valič 1969a, 221. As 0.03. The measurement was performed by Eva Menart, NMS. 102 101 Knific, Mlinar 2014, 427, op. 3. Brooches from Graves 9, 24, 26, 85 and 143, see Valič 103 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 185, 194–195, 262–263, 1964, 15, 17, 18, 29; Valič 1969a, 221. 102 302, 311, grob 1972_z0173, sl. 3; grob 1972_z0204, sl. 5; grob Knific, Mlinar 2014, 427, note 3. 103 1973_z0274, sl. 3; grob 1984_z0059, sl. 3; grob 1984_z0102, Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 185, 194–195, 262–263, sl. 3. 302, 311, Grave 1972_z0173, Fig. 3; Grave 1972_z0204, Fig. 104 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 311, sl. 3. 5; Grave 1973_z0274, Fig. 3; Grave 1984_z0059, Fig. 3; Grave 105 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 322, sl. 7. 1984_z0102, Fig. 3. 71 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... so njegov premer zmanjšali. Nesklenjeni prstani s trikot- ing to the Köttlach group: in four graves together with nim prerezom, ki so jih našli na grobiščih v Vzhodnih temple rings with a single thickening at the end (type Alpah, so uvrščeni v skupino Köttlach I, datirano v drugo NO 0100_0808) and in one grave with two temple rings polovico 9. in prvo polovico 10. stoletja.106 Pri župni with a double thickening (type NO 0100_0909). Grave cerkvi v Kranju so odkrili grobova, ki potrjujeta pove- 1984_z0102 contained a finger ring (the decorative stone zavo teh prstanov s predmeti, uvrščenimi v omenjeno was not preserved) decorated with transversal grooves,104 tipološko skupino: v grobu 1972_z0122 sta to naglavna similar to the finger rings from Bled ( Pl. 1: 7,10). A similar obročka z S-zanko, ki se zapenjata s kaveljčkom,107 v finger ring (without the stone) was found as a scattered grobu 1969_z0001 pa prstan z razširjenim zgornjim find in the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj.105 delom, drugi predmeti iz tega groba (dvoramni okrasni Three finger rings have a decorative glass inlay, while the zaponki, naglavna obročka z odebelitvami in velika material of the inlay has not been determined for one obročka z S-zanko in kaveljčkom) so značilni za skupino finger ring. Köttlach II.108 A finger ring ( Pl. 2: 5) was also found in Grave 37, Trije prstani z Blejskega otoka so masivni, ne- together with temple rings with a single thickening ( Pl. 2: sklenjeni, z okroglimi preseki: pri prstanu iz groba 41 3,4). The finger ring has strongly overhanging endings, as sta konca ravno odrezana ( t. 2: 8), pri prstanu iz groba the finger ring’s circumference was reduced. Open circle 45 rahlo stanjšana ( t. 2: 10), pri prstanu iz groba 58 finger rings with a triangular cross-section, which were pa koničasta ( t. 2: 20). Ta vrsta prstanov, odkritih na found in burial grounds in the Eastern Alps, are catego- najdiščih s prevladujočimi najdbami köttlaške skupine, rised into the group Köttlach I, dated in the second half kot sta Sedlo na Blejskem gradu109 in Križišče Iskra of the 9th and the first half of the 10th century.106 At the v Kranju,110 je povezana z arheološkim gradivom t. i. parish church in Kranj two graves confirm the connection belobrdske kulture. Jochen Giesler jih je vključil kot tip between these finger rings and artefacts belonging to the 25 v kronološko skupino Bijelo Brdo I (druga polovica aforementioned typological group: Grave 1972_z0122 10. in prva polovica 11. stoletja) , 111 Željko Demo pa jih revealed two temple rings with an S-shaped loop, which je pri objavi grobišča Vukovar – Lijeva Bara opredelil is fastened with a hook,107 while Grave 1969_z0001 re- kot inačice tipa 1.6a.112 vealed a finger ring with a widened upper part, while the Trakast prstan iz bronaste pločevine iz groba 111, remaining artefacts from this grave (equal-arm fibula, two okrašen z nizoma vrezanih črtic, ki ju na treh mestih temple rings with moulded ends and large temple rings prekinjajo prečno postavljeni nizi črtic ( t. 3: 13; t. 15: 15), with S-shaped loops and hooks) are characteristic of the ima primerjavo na grobišču pri župni cerkvi v Kranju, Köttlach II group.108 vendar je tamkajšnji prstan raztresena najdba.113 Tudi The three finger rings from Bled Island are massive, s primerjavo za otoška prstana iz groba 77 ( t. 3 :7) in open circle finger rings, with round cross-sections: the raztreseno najdbo iz kvadranta 15 ( t. 3: 18) je podob- finger ring from Grave 41 has straight endings ( Pl. 2: 8), no: podatki za primerljivi prstan iz kranjskega groba the endings on the finger ring from Grave 45 are slightly 1973_z0269 so nezanesljivi, verjetno gre za najdbo iz thinned ( Pl. 2: 10), while the endings on the finger ring premetane plasti.114 from Grave 58 are pointed ( Pl. 2: 20). This type of finger rings, discovered in sites with prevailing finds from the Köttlach group, such as Sedlo at the Bled castle109 and the NOŽI Iskra crossroads in Kranj,110 is linked to archaeological material belonging to the so-called Bijelo Brdo culture. Noži so bili pridatek v osmih grobovih (št. 3–6, 35, Jochen Giesler categorised them as type 25 within the 38, 41, 61). V štirih grobovih so bili edini pridatek (št. chronological group Bijelo Brdo I (the second half of the 5, 6, 35, 61), v štirih pa skupaj z nakitom, z naglavnimi 10th and first half of the 11th centuries).111 In the publica- obročki v grobovih 3 ( t. 1: 3–5) in 38 ( t. 1: 6,7), s prsta- tion on the Vukovar – Lijeva Bara burial ground, Željko nom v grobu 41 ( t. 1: 8,9), z uhanom in prstani v grobu Demo categorised them as variants type 1.6a.112 4 ( t. 1: 6–11). V treh grobovih z noži (št. 5, 6 in 61) so The ribbon finger ring made from bronze sheet metal, found in Grave 111, decorated with a series of 106 Giesler 1980, 86, Abb. 2: 10; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 104 2: 23. Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 311, Fig. 3. 107 105 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 169, sl. 1,2. Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 322, Fig. 7. 108 106 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 203–206. Giesler 1980, 86, Abb. 2: 10; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 23. 109 107 Valič 1964, 42. Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 169, Fig. 1,2. 110 108 Sagadin 1988, 54, 119. Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 203–206. 111 109 Giesler 1981, 110, 113, Taf. 4: 25; 53. Valič 1964, 42. 112 110 Demo 2009, 513, sl. 43: 1.6a1, 1.6a2. Sagadin 1988, 54, 119. 113 111 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 270, kvadrant III, sl. 4. Giesler 1981, 110, 113, Taf. 4: 25; 53. 114 112 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 260–261, sl. 3. Demo 2009, 513, Fig. 43: 1.6a, 1.6a. 72 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... bili pokopani moški, v vseh brez drugih najdb. Samo z engraved lines that are broken in three places by trans- nožem je bila pokopana ena ženska (v grobu 35), tri pa versal lines ( Pl. 3: 13; Pl. 15: 15), has a comparison from z nakitom (v grobovih 3, 4 in 38). Spol pokopanega v the burial ground at the parish church in Kranj, however grobu 41, v katerem je bil tudi prstan, ni znan. the finger ring found there belonged amongst scattered Štirje noži imajo značilen, proti konici poševno finds.113 The situation is similar when the finger ring zalomljen hrbet rezila ( t. 1: 5,12,23; 2: 7). Na grobiščih from Grave 77 ( Pl. 3: 7) and the finger ring found as a z najdbami köttlaške skupine so takšni noži pogoste scattered find in quadrant 15 ( Pl. 3: 18) are compared: najdbe. V Blejskem kotu so jih našli na Pristavi (v grobu the data for the comparative finger ring from the Kranj 108 in 149),115 na Sedlu (v grobovih 11, 25, 27, 31, 62, in Grave 1973_z0269 is unreliable, most likely it was found 163),116 na Dlescu pri Bodeščah (grobova 6 in 43)117 in in a layer of dug up material.114 v Zasipu (v grobovih 43 in 45).118 V Batujah v Vipavski dolini so našli nože v 12 grobovih, od teh jih je bilo šest s poševno zalomljenim rezilom.119 KNIVES Tako je oblikovano tudi rezilo noža z rogovinastim ali koščenim ročajem iz otoškega groba 38 ( t. 2: 7; 17: 5; Knives were found as grave goods in eight graves 27: 3). Platnici, pritrjeni na ročaj z železnima kovicama, (Nos. 3–6, 35, 38, 41 and 61). In four graves they repre- sta okrašeni s prečnimi in križajočimi se vrezi. Noži z sented the only grave good (Nos. 5, 6, 35 and 61), while in rogovinastim ali koščenim ročajem so pogosti na grobi- four they were found together with jewellery, with temple ščih iz karolinškega obdobja v zahodni Panonski nižini, rings in Graves 3 ( Pl. 1: 3–5) and 38 ( Pl. 1: 6,7), with a npr. v Sopronkőhidi in Zalavarju. Okrašeni so predvsem finger ring in Grave 41 ( Pl. 1: 8,9), and with an earring s koncentričnimi krogi s piko v sredini.120 and finger rings in Grave 4 ( Pl. 1: 6–11). Three graves with knives (Nos. 5, 6 and 61) contained male skeletons, and none of them had any other grave goods. One woman PISALI was buried only with a knife (Grave 35), while three were buried with a knife and jewellery (Graves 3, 4 and 38). Podatki o legi železni pisal v grobovih 55 ( t. 2: 16; The sex of the buried in Grave 41, which also included a 17: 7) in 56 ( t. 2: 18; 17: 8) so pomanjkljivi, možno je, finger ring, is not known. da sta raztreseni rimskodobni najdbi (glej pogl. 1.4.2). Four knives have a characteristic, towards the tip Poznoantične primerjave za otoški pisali, datirane od obliquely descending back of the blade ( t. 1: 5,12,23; 2: 5. do 7. stoletja, najdemo na Tonovcovem gradu pri 7). At the burial grounds with finds pertaining to the Kobaridu,121 Invillinu v Furlaniji122 in Hemmabergu / Sv. Köttlach group knives like this were common finds. In Hemi v Podjuni.123 Med zgodnjesrednjeveške najdbe pa Bled area they were found at Pristava (in Graves 108 je uvrščen železen stilus z Malega gradu v Kamniku.124 and 149),115 on Sedlo (in Graves 11, 25, 27, 31, 62 and 163),116 at Dlesc near Bodešče (Graves 6 and 43)117 and in Zasip (in Graves 43 and 45).118 In Batuje in the Vipava TKANINA valley knives were found in 12 graves, six of which had a obliquely slanting blade.119 V grobu 68, opredeljenem v čas po zgodnjem This was also how the blade of the knife with a bone srednjem veku, so se med prekopanimi kostmi ohranili or antler handle from Grave 38 ( Pls. 2: 7; 17: 5; 27: 3) was ostanki tkanine ( sl. 2.6; t. 20). Preliminarne preiskave designed. The two sides of the handle, attached to the tang tkanine je z lupo in presevnim mikroskopom opravila with iron rivets, are decorated with transverse and inter- Ana Motnikar (Slovenski etnografski muzej, Ljubljana). secting engravings. Knives with a bone or antler handle Po njenih ugotovitvah gre za več različnih tkanin z are common in Carolingian period burial grounds in the različno gostoto tkanja. Prevladuje platnena vezava, na west Pannonian plain, e.g. in Sopronkőhida and Zalavar. They are most commonly decorated with concentric 115 Kastelic, Škerlj 1950, 43, sl. 15. 116 circles with a dot in the centre.120 Valič 1964, 15, 17–19, 25, t. 4: 1; 7: 3; 8: 2,4; 14: 2; Valič 1969a, 225, t. 2: 23. 117 113 Knific, Pleterski 1981b, 484, 495, t. 2: 6/3; 14: 43/6. Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 270, quadrant III, Fig. 4. 118 114 Knific, Pleterski 1993, 247–248, t. 8: 43/1; 9: 45: 2: Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 260–261, Fig. 3. 119 115 Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 65, t. 14: 2; 15: 1; 16: 2; 21: 5; Kastelic, Škerlj 1950, 43, Fig. 15. 116 23: 7, 27: 2. Valič 1964, 15, 17–19, 25, Pl. 4: 1; 7: 3; 8: 2,4; 14: 2; 120 Szőke 2014, 37, 108, Figs. 26, 83. Valič 1969a, 225, PL. 2: 23. 121 117 Milavec 2011b, 53, 59,414, t. 18: 5–8, 10. Knific, Pleterski 1981b, 484, 495, Pl. 2: 6/3; 14: 43/6. 122 118 Bierbrauer 1987, 116, 172, 352, Taf: 57: 9–13. Knific, Pleterski 1993, 247–248, Pl. 8: 43/1; 9: 45: 2: 123 119 Ladstätter 2000, 258, Taf. 34: 42–45. Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 65, Pl. 14: 2; 15: 1; 16: 2; 21: 5; 124 Sagadin 2001, 370–371, t. 3: 12; Štular 2009, 121–122, 23: 7, 27: 2. 120 sl. 8.2: 25. Szőke 2014, 37, 108, Figs. 26, 83. 73 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... več mestih je videti vzorec, pridobljen s posebno tehniko STYLUSES tkanja. Na robu tkanine so bile v trak ali obrobo vtkane zlate ali pozlačene niti. Dobro je viden spoj dveh tkanin, The data on the location of the iron styluses in kar kaže, da so to ostanki oblačila, sodeč po gladkih in Graves 55 ( Pls. 2: 16; 17: 7) and 56 ( Pls. 2: 18; 17: 8) was ravnih vlaknih, zelo verjetno iz svile, vendar volne ne insufficient, and it is possible, that they were scattered moremo povsem izključiti. Roman period remains (see Chapter 1.4.2). Late Antiquity comparisons for the two styluses found on Bled Island, dated from the 5th to the 7th centuries, were found at 2.3 INTERPRETACIJA Tonovcov grad near Kobarid,121 Invillino in Friuli122 and RAZTRESENIH NAJDB Hemmaberg in Jauntal.123 The iron stylus from Mali grad in Kamnik is categorised as an Early Mediaeval find.124 Na Blejskem otoku so našli v zasutju grobov in dru- god na raziskanem območju veliko posamičnih najdb in delno ohranjenih predmetov, opisanih v poglavju FABRIC 12.2 ( Katalog raztresenih najdb). Opisi si sledijo glede na glavna območja arheoloških raziskav, ki so potekale Grave 68, categorised as post Early Mediaeval pe- severno od cerkve, v njeni notranjosti in južno od cerkve. riod, contained remains of fabric alongside the reburied Na začetku kataloga so posebej opisane najdbe iz zasutja bones ( Fig. 2.6; Pl. 20). The preliminary research of the grobov, znotraj arheoloških območij so opisi razdeljeni fabric was performed by Ana Motnikar (Slovenian Eth- na sklope po izkopavalnih odsekih (sonde 1–3, IP 1–3, nographic Museum, Ljubljana) who used a magnifying prostori v cerkvi). glass and a screening microscope. Her tests revealed that Raztresene najdbe iz prazgodovinske in rimske these were different fabrics with different thread density. dobe ter poznoantičnega obdobja so obravnavane v Plain weave prevails and a pattern created with the use poglavju 1.4. V tem poglavju interpretiramo srednjeve- of a special weaving technique can be seen in numerous ške in mlajše raztresene najdbe, ki se delijo na kovinske places. The edge of the fabric had a ribbon or a hem with predmete, odlomke lončenine in stekla, koščen obesek, golden or gilded threads woven into it. The connection of drobne stavbne ostanke, žitno zrnje in polžje hišice. the two fabrics is clearly visible and taking the smooth and straight threads into account these could be the remnants of an article of clothing made from silk − however wool KOVINSKI PREDMETI cannot be entirely excluded. Nakit 2.3 INTERPRETATION Trije naglavni obročki z odebelitvami na koncih OF SCATTERED FINDS (kat. št. 69, 74 in 88; t. 3: 14–16; 15: 8), ki so jih našli na grobišču severno od cerkve, lahko izvirajo iz prekopanih A lot of individual finds and partial y preserved zgodnjesrednjeveških grobov (glej Naglavni obročki). artefacts were found in the fill-in material of the graves Tudi prstan, okrašen z nizom pik (kat. št. 42; t. 3: 17; 16: as wel as elsewhere in the researched area on Bled Island; 10), ima primerjavo v bližnjem grobu 77, odkritem pod these are described in Chapter 12.2 ( Catalogue of Scattered tlakom preddverja (glej Prstani). Časovna opredelitev Remains). The descriptions fol ow one another in relation sklenjenega prstana iz sonde 2 (kat. št. 157; t. 3: 18) to the main areas of archaeological research, which took je široka, bronaste (ali še pogosteje srebrne) prstane z place north of the church, in the church’s interior and D-prerezom so našli na grobiščih z najdbami köttlaške south of the church. In the first part of the catalogue the skupine, 125 a tudi v poznejših srednjeveških grobovih.126 finds from the fill-in material of the graves are described, within the archaeological areas the descriptions are di- vided into groups according to the excavated areas (trial Predmeti za pritrjevanje trenches 1–3, IP 1–3, spaces within the church). Scattered finds from the Prehistoric, Roman and Late Na Blejskem otoku so našli dve vrsti železnih pred- Antique periods are treated in Chapter 1.4. This chapter metov za pritrjevanje, in sicer skobe in žeblje. S skobami focuses on the interpretation of mediaeval and later scat- so spenjali lesene dele predmetov in stavbne elemente, tered finds, which are divided into metal artefacts, pot- 125 121 Npr. Kranj, Križišče Iskra, grob 26 (Sagadin 1988, Milavec 2011b, 53, 59,414, Pl. 18: 5–8, 10. 122 16, 53, 78, 119–120, t. 6: 8); Komenda, naključna najdba št. Bierbrauer 1987, 116, 172, 352, Taf: 57: 9–13. 123 1999/25 (Sagadin 2013a, 261, 275, 285, t. 7: 25). Ladstätter 2000, 258, Taf. 34: 42–45. 126 124 Kranj, Župna cerkev, grobova 1972_p0875 in 1972_ Sagadin 2001, 370–371, Pl. 3: 12; Štular 2009, 121– p0878 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 82, 84, sl. 1, 2). 122, Fig. 8.2: 25. 74 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... najpogostejše so skobe v obliki polovice črke H. Takšna tery and glass fragments, a bone pendant, small building je tudi trakasta skoba, ki je ležala “v zasipnem gradivu” remains, grains and snail shel s. nad grobom 115 (kat. št. 25; t. 3: 19), skupaj z odlom- kom poznoantične čaše (kat. št. 24; sl. 1.25: 3, t. 16: 5) in delom zgodnjesrednjeveške lončene posode (kat. št. 23; METAL ARTEFACTS t. 6: 13; 18: 8). Poškodbe na konicah skobe kažejo, da je bila uporabljena. Podobni skobi so našli v grobu 43 na Jewellery Dlescu pri Bodeščah,127 kar bi dopuščalo domnevo, da je otoška skoba ostanek iz nekega prekopanega groba.128 It is possible that the three temple rings with mould- Skobe kot deli krst so znane v številnih poznoantičnih in ed ends (cat. Nos. 69, 74 and 88; Pls. 3: 14–16; 15: 8), which avarskodobnih grobovih, odkritih na ozemlju Panonske were found in the burial ground north of the church, nižine.129 Skobam podoben okov, očitno zabit v les in pri originate from the redug Early Mediaeval graves (see konici zapognjen, so našli med ostalinami srednjeveške Temple rings). The finger ring, decorated with a series of trdnjave Kostanjevica nad Starim gradom v Podbočju.130 dots (cat. No. 42; Pls. 3: 17; 16: 10), also has a comparison Druga otoška skoba, ki je ležala v bližini prve, nekje na in the nearby Grave 77, discovered under the occupation območju izkopnega polja IP 1/2, je močno zravnana surface in the lobby (see Finger rings). The time scale for (kat. št. 88; t. 4: 14). the closed finger ring from trench 2 (cat. No. 157; Pl. 3: Ročno kovani žeblji so bili raztreseni na celotnem 18) is broad, as bronze (and even more often silver) finger raziskanem območju. Pod tlakom cerkvene ladje so jih rings with a D-cross-section were found in burial grounds našli v grobovih 68 in 69, datiranih v čas po zgodnjem with finds belonging to the Köttlach group, 125 but they srednjem veku: v grobnih jamah so ležali skupaj s koščki were also found in later mediaeval graves.126 lesa in so verjetno ostanki krst ( t. 3: 1–5). V grobovih 55 in 56 sta bila žeblja skupaj z železnima pisaloma ( t. 2: 16–19), a je zapisana le približna lega žeblja v grobu 56, tj. Objects for attaching “nad glavo” okostja. V grobu 118 so žebelj našli v bližini vkopa, ki je poškodoval del okostja (kat. št. 26; t. 3: 20). Two types of iron objects for attaching were found Številnejši so bili raztreseni žeblji na območju IP 1/2 on Bled Island: staples and nails. Staples, which were (kat. št. 52–55, 60, 61, 71; t. 4: 3–6,8,9,12), pod tlakom usual y shaped as half of the letter H, were used to at- preddverja cerkve (kat. št. 104–107; sl. 2.15; t. 4: 16,17; tach wooden parts of objects or building constructions 5: 1,2), v ladji (kat. št. 124, 126, 133–135; t. 5: 3,5,7–9) together. This was also the case with the strip staple, which in južno od cerkve (kat. št. 152–154, 166–168, 185, 186; lay in the ‘fill-in material’ above Grave 115 (cat. No. 25; t. 5: 10–15,18,19). V preddverju so žeblji ležali v plasti Pl. 3: 19), together with a fragment of a Late Antique cup nad grobovi, v kateri je bilo med gradbenimi ostanki (cat. No. 24; Fig. 1.25: 3, Pl. 16: 5) and a part of an Early tudi veliko odlomkov poznosrednjeveške lončenine. Mediaeval earthenware vessel (cat. No. 23; Pl. 6: 13; 18: Nekateri žeblji so skrivljeni, zviti, pravokotno zapognjeni 8). The damages at the endings of the staple show that ali odlomljeni, kar kaže, da so bili uporabljeni (npr. sl. it was used. Similar staples were found in Grave 43 at 2.15; t. 4: 2,3; 5: 3,8). Dlesc near Bodešče,127 which would lead to the assump- Žeblji imajo oglato skovano steblo, večina podol- tion that the staple from Bled Island was a remnant of a govato ploščato glavico, primerno za zabijanje. Med reburied grave.128 As parts of coffins staples have been njimi so nekateri dolgi približno 10 cm ( t. 4: 4,15), kar found in numerous Late Antique and Avar period graves jih uvršča med žeblje, primerne za pritrjevanje večjih discovered in the Pannonian plain.129 Mounts similar to stavbnih elementov; pogosti pa so tudi žeblji dolžine a staple, obviously hammered into wood and bent at the okoli 8 cm ( t. 4: 8,9) in 6 cm ( t. 5: 2,9), ki so bili uporabni tip, were found amongst the remains of the mediaeval za zbijanje pohištva in stavbne opreme.131 125 E.g.. Kranj, Iskra intersection, Grave 26 (Sagadin 1988, 16, 53, 78, 119–120, Pl. 6: 8); Komenda, chance find No. 1999/25 (Sagadin 2013a, 261, 275, 285, Pl. 7: 25). 127 126 Knific, Pleterski 1981a, 495, t. 14: 4. Kranj, parish church, Graves 1972_p0875 and 1972_ 128 Pod grobom 115 so bili in situ deli okostja, ki so p0878 (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 82, 84, Figs. 1, 2). 127 označeni kot grob 116. Odlomki kosti so bili raztreseni tudi Knific, Pleterski 1981a, 495, Pl. 14: 4. 128 v okoli 0,5 m debeli plasti “nad grobno jamo s skeletoma 115 Parts of skeleton marked as Grave 16 were in situ un- in 116” ( arhiv 489, str. 65–67). der Grave 115. Bone fragments were scattered also through- 129 Cseh et al. 2005, 46, 117, 137–141, Taf. 15: 5,7; 35: out the approximately 0.5 m thick layer 'above the pit with 3,4 (Grab 2); 55: 3,5 (Grab 45); 60: 1 – 3 (Grab 60); Kiss 1977, skeletons 115 and 116' ( Archive 489, pg. 65–67). 129 74 – 75, 105, Pl. 28: 10 (grave 16), grave 12, grave 24, 1 (grave Cseh et al. 2005, 46, 117, 137–141, Taf. 15: 5,7; 35: 27); 29: 4 (grave 29); 30: 4 (grave 54); 42, grave 5. 3,4 (Grave 2); 55: 3,5 (Grave 45); 60: 1 – 3 (Grave 60); Kiss 130 Predovnik 2003, 191, t. 78, kat. št. 870. 1977, 74 – 75, 105, Pl. 28: 10 (Grave 16), Grave 12, Grave 24, 131 Predovnik 2003, 88–90; Štular 2009, 91. 1 (Grave 27); 29: 4 (Grave 29); 30: 4 (Grave 54); 42, Grave 5. 75 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... castle Kostanjevica above Stari grad v Podbočju.130 The second staple from Bled Island, which lay in the vicinity of the first, within the excavation area IP 1/2, was strongly flattened (cat. No. 88; Pl. 4: 14). Hand forged nails were scattered throughout the entire excavated area. The nails found in Graves 68 and 69 underneath the occupation surface of the church nave were dated to the post Early Mediaeval period: as they lay in grave pits together with pieces of wood, they were most likely parts of coffins ( Pl. 3: 1–5). In Graves 55 and 56 the nails were found together with iron styluses ( Pl. 2: 16–19), however only the approximate location of the nail in Grave 56 was recorded, i.e. ‘above the head’ of the skeleton. In Grave 118 the nail was found in the vicinity of the dug-in pit, which damaged part of the skeleton (Cat. No. 26; Pl. 3: 20). Scattered nails were more numerous in area IP 1/2 (Cat. No. 52–55, 60, 61, 71; Pl. 4: 3–6, 8, 9, 12), under- neath the occupation surface of the church lobby (cat. Nos. 104–107; Fig. 2.15; Pl. 4: 16,17; 5: 1,2), in the nave (cat. No. 124, 126, 133–135; Pl. 5: 3, 5, 7–9) and south of the church (cat. No. 152–154, 166–168, 185, 186; Pl. 5: 10–15, 18, 19). In the lobby the nails lay in the layer above the graves, which also included building material and numerous fragments of Late Mediaeval pottery. Some Sl. 2.15: Blejski otok, železni žeblji (kat. št. 104–107), najdeni nails were bent at various angles and in different places pod tlakom v preddverje cerkve. or broken off, which indicates that they were used (for Fig. 2.15: Bled Island, iron nails (cat. No. 104–107), found instance Fig. 2.15; Pls. 4: 2,3; 5: 3, 8). underneath the paving stones in the church lobby. The nails have a shank with a square cross-section (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) and most have an elongated flat head, suitable for ham- mering. The approximately 10 cm long ( Pl. 4: 4,15) nails were suitable for assembling large building elements; also V Blejskem kotu so takšne žeblje našli v Zasipu common were nails measuring approximately 8 cm ( Pl. ob zidovih stolpa iz poznega srednjega veka (13.–14. 4: 8,9) and 6 cm ( Pl. 5: 2,9) in length, which were suitable stoletje).132 for manufacturing furniture and carpentry.131 Dva žeblja imata koničasto glavico, ki je lahko In Bled area such nails were found in Zasip along- krasila predmet,133 v katerega sta bila zabita; žeblja so side the wal s of the Late Mediaeval tower (13th –14th našli v grobovih 69 in 118, pri obeh je steblo kvadratnega centuries).132 prereza, dolžina celega žeblja je 6,13 cm ( t. 3: 4,20; 17: Two nails have a pointed head which indicates that 11). Z žeblji, kot je primerek s pravokotno zapognjeno they could have been used as a decorative addition to an glavico (kat. št. 55, t. 4: 6), so verjetno pritrjevali kovin- object133 into which they were hammered; these two nails ske okove na leseno podlago.134 were found in Graves 69 and 118. Both ful y preserved nails measure 6.13 cm in length and have a shank with a square cross-section ( Pl. 3: 4,20; 17: 11). Nails such as Ključ z votlo nogo the example with the head bent at a right angle (cat. No. 55, Pl. 4: 6), were most likely used to attach metal mouts Med srednjeveškimi kovinskimi najdbami z into a wooden base.134 Blejskega otoka je tudi železen vrtljivi ključ z brado in votlo nogo (kat. št. 65; t. 4: 10; 17: 14). Takšni ključi so znani s številnih drugih slovenskih najdišč ( seznam 5; sl. 2.16). Vrtljivi ključi z brado so tehnološka iznajdba zgodnjega srednjega veka, v osnovni obliki so v rabi še 130 Predovnik 2003, 191, Pl. 78, cat. No. 870. 131 Predovnik 2003, 88–90; Štular 2009, 91. 132 132 Sagadin 1990, 382, t. 3: 12–15. Sagadin 1990, 382, Pl. 3: 12–15. 133 133 Predovnik 2003, 89. Predovnik 2003, 89. 134 134 Predovnik 2003, 90. Predovnik 2003, 90. 76 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.16: Najdišča ključev z votlo nogo in lečastih kresil v Sloveniji (glej seznam 5). Fig. 2.16: Sites where keys with hollow stems and lenticular tinder were found in Slovenia (see List 5). (Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc) zdaj.135 Ključi z votlo nogo so bili izdelani iz enega kosa Key with a hol ow stem pločevine: srednji del je bil zvit v steblo, zgornji uvit in skovan v glavo, spodnji, najširši del je bil oblikovan v Mediaeval metal finds from Bled Island include an brado; ta je pogosteje iz ene plasti pločevine, kot pri iron rotary key with a bit and a hollow stem (cat. No. 65; otoškem ključu, redkeje je narejena iz dveh stisnjenih Pls. 4: 10; 17: 14). Such keys are known from numerous plasti pločevine.136 Podobno razmerje med eno in drugo other Slovenian sites ( List 5 ; Fig. 2.16. Rotary keys with vrsto izdelave lahko opazimo na primer v Mikulčicah na a bit were an Early Mediaeval technological invention, Češkem, kjer so med več kot dvajsetimi ključi le trije z and in their basic design they are still in use today.135 dvoplastno brado.137 Ključi z votlo nogo se med seboj Keys with a hollow stem were made from a single layer razlikujejo tudi po obliki glave in brade. Najstarejši naj of sheet-metal: the central part was rol ed into a stem, the bi bili preprosti, s kapljasto oblikovano ploščato skova- upper part was rolled and forged into the bow, while the no glavo in nerazčlenjeno brado, postopoma je glava bottom, widest part was formed into the bit. Bits were postajala bolj okrogla in v preseku kvadratna, brada most commonly made from a single layer of sheet-metal, pa čedalje bolj razčlenjena. Te lastnosti niso povsem as is the case with the island key, and only rarely were they zanesljiv kronološki kazalec, lahko se pojavljajo v raz- made from two layers of sheet metal pressed together.136 ličnih kombinacijah; ključi s ploščato kapljasto glavo, a A similar ratio between the two types of manufacture razčlenjeno brado iz Paderborna v Nemčiji so datirani can be found for instance in Mikulčice in Czechia, where v 8./9. stoletje,138 z najdišča Emsdetten-Isendorf pa v only three out of the over twenty keys in total have a 9./10. stoletje.139 Številni preprosti ključi, datirani v dru- two-layered bit.137 Keys with a hollow stem differ also in the shapes of the bow and the bit. Earlier keys were 135 Štular 2009, 78. simpler in design, with a teardrop shaped flat bow and 136 Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 159–160, sl. 11. 137 135 Klima 1980, sl. 24–28. Štular 2009, 78. 138 136 Mecke, Westphal 1999, 131–132, kat. št. III.14. Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 159–160, Fig. 11. 139 137 Köhn 1999, 240, kat. št. IV.84. Klima 1980, Figs. 24–28. 77 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... go polovico 9. stoletja in 10. stoletje, so bili najdeni na a solid bit, and through time the bow became rounder Češkem, tako v naselbinskih plasteh140 kot v zakladnih and squarer in the cross-section, while the bit became najdbah.141 Manj pogosto so ključe našli na območju increasingly varied. These characteristics do not represent zgodnjesrednjeveških grobišč, v Sloveniji so znani kot a reliable chronological indicator, for they can appear in raztresene najdbe z Blejskega otoka, Brda na Bledu, iz various combinations; keys with a flat teardrop shaped Tolmina in Kranja. Pri župni cerkvi v Kranju so našli tri bow, but with bit indented with clefs, from Paderborn ključe, enega kot raztreseno najdbo in dva v grobovih,142 in Germany are dated to the 8th/9th centuries,138 while obakrat kot edini pridatek, položen umrlemu v dlan similar keys from Emsdetten-Isendorf were dated to the desnice oziroma levice.143 V Pordenonu v Furlaniji je 9th/10th century.139 Numerous simple keys, dated to the bil takšen ključ v grobu skupaj s parom polmesečastih second half of the 9th and the 10th centuries, were found in emajlnih uhanov.144 Vrtljivi ključi z votlo nogo nekoliko Czechia, in settlement layers140 as well as in hoards.141 Less bolj razvitih oblik so drugod po srednji Evropi datirani common were keys found in the area of Early Mediaeval od 11. do 13. stoletja.145 burial grounds; in Slovenia they are known as scattered Na Blejskem otoku so ključ našli severovzhodno finds from Bled Island, Brdo in Bled, Tolmin and Kranj. od cerkve, v bližini temeljev zidu 6, tako kot več drugih Three keys were found at the parish church in Kranj, one železnih predmetov, ki jih je mogoče opredeliti kot sred- as a scattered find and two in graves,142 both times as nje veške, poleg obeh skob ( t. 3; 19; 4: 14) in žebljev ( t. the only grave good, placed into the deceased’s right and 4: 8,9,12) še nož ( t. 4: 7), del lečastega kresila ( t. 4: 11) left palm respectively.143 In Pordenone in Friuli such a in prijemalko ( t. 4: 13). key was found in a grave together with a pair of crescent shaped enamel earrings.144 Rotary keys with a hol ow stem that show slightly more developed forms are elsewhere Lečasto kresilo in Europe dated between the 11th and 13th centuries.145 On Bled Island the key was found northeast of Med srednjeveškimi kovinskimi najdbami z Blej- the church, in the vicinity of the foundations of wall 6, skega otoka je tudi lečasto kresilo, ohranjeno v majhnem, similar to a number of other iron artefacts, which can be a prepoznavnem delu (kat. št. 70; t. 4: 11; 17: 15). V categorised as mediaeval, alongside both staples ( Pls. 3; Sloveniji so takšna kresila našli na različnih najdiščih 19; 4: 14) and nails ( Pl. 4: 8,9,12) as well as a knife ( Pl. ( seznam 5; sl. 2.16). Doslej edina grobna najdba je kre- 4: 7), a part of a lenticular strike-a-light ( Pl. 4: 11) and a silo iz Fijeroge pri Pomjanu, ki so ga našli v grobu pri tong ( Pl. 4: 13). razvalinah cerkve sv. Štefana, skupaj s kamnitimi kre- silniki ob kosteh leve podlakti.146 Zanj so bile navedene primerjave iz naselbinskih plasti na Otoku pri Dobravi Lenticular strike-a-light ( Gutenwerd), na Hrušici (nad plastmi rimskodobne trdnjave Ad Pirum), Pustem gradu nad Lipnico pri Ra- Mediaeval metal finds on Bled Island include a dovljici ( Waldenberg) in iz struge Ljubljanice pri Črni lenticular shaped strike-a-light, preserved in a smal , but vasi. Na podlagi slovenskih in bližnjih srednjeevropskih recognisable part (cat. No. 70; Pl. 4: 11; 17: 15). This type primerjav je bilo fijeroško kresilo datirano v 12. ali 13. of strike-a-light was found in various sites in Slovenia ( List stoletje.147 5; Fig. 2.16). So far the only grave good is a strike-a-light Pri objavi najdb z Malega gradu v Kamniku je from Fijeroga near Pomjan, which was found in the grave Benjamin Štular obravnaval tudi tamkajšnje lečasto alongside the ruins of the church of St Stephen, together kresilo na verigi.148 Ob drugih evropskih primerjavah je with a flint alongside left ulna bones.146 Comparisons for opozoril na najstarejša zanesljivo datirana lečasta kresila 138 Mecke, Westphal 1999, 131–132, cat. No. III.14. 140 139 Klima 1980, 54–65, 100, sl. 24–28. Köhn 1999, 240, cat. No. IV.84. 141 140 Bartoškova 1986, 43–44, sl. 21: 19, 20; Geisler, Klima 1980, 54–65, 100, Figs. 24–28. 141 Kohoutek 2014, 111, sl..21: D2/14. Bartoškova 1986, 43–44, Fig. 21: 19, 20; Geisler, Ko- 142 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 35 (pri grobu 1972_ houtek 2014, 111, Fig..21: D2/14. 142 p0672). Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 35 (alongside/near 143 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 277 (grob 1984_p0016, v Grave 1972_p0672). 143 desnici), 309–310 (grob 1984_z0095, v levici). Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 277 (Grave 1984_p0016, 144 Mader 1993, 247–248, Grab/tomba 23: 2. in the right hand), 309–310 (Grave 1984_z0095, in the left 145 Štular 2009, 78–85; Knific, Mlinar 2014, 436; Cavada hand). 144 1996, 100, 101; Raffaelli 1996a, 137–138 (t. i. normanski Mader 1993, 247–248, Grave 23: 2. 145 ključi, ki oblikovno izvirajo iz severnih območij Evrope); Štular 2009, 78–85; Knific, Mlinar 2014, 436; Cavada Raffaelli 1996b, 168–171; Schwoerbel 1998, 74–75. 1996, 100, 101; Raffaelli 1996a, 137–138 (so-called Norman 146 Knific 1994, 53–55, sl. 26: 6,8–17. keys, the style of which originates from northern Europe); 147 Knific 1994, 60, 62, sl. 28. Raffaelli 1996b, 168–171; Schwoerbel 1998, 74–75. 148 146 Štular 2009, 73, 189, t. 1: 3; sl. 5.3: a. Knific 1994, 53–55, Fig. 26: 6,8–17. 78 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... z vzhodnonemškega grobišča Penkun, ki je opredeljeno this find can be made with finds from the settlement lay- v čas od 1180 do okoli 1200. Kresilo z Malega gradu ers at Otok near Dobrava ( Gutenwerd), Hrušica (amongst stratigrafsko spada med najdbe iz faze 4b, datirane v the layers of the Roman period fortress Ad Pirum), Pusti večji del 13. stoletja.149 grad above Lipnica near Radovljica ( Waldenberg) and Na verigo je obešeno tudi lečasto kresilo z Ulake from the riverbed of the Ljubljanica river at Črna vas. nad Starim trgom pri Ložu; veliko kresilo (dol. 13,3 cm), Based on the comparisons in Slovenia and other nearby odkrito z iskalnikom kovin, je okrašeno z vrezano mre- Central European sites, the Fijeroga strike-a-light can be žo; okvirno je datirano v čas od 13. do 15. stoletja.150 Še dated to the 12th or 13th century.147 večje (dol. 14,8 cm) je kresilo z Gradišča nad Bašljem, In the publication of finds from Mali grad in prav tako okrašeno z vrezano mrežo in tudi najdeno z Kamnik, Benjamin Štular wrote about the lenticular iskalnikom kovin; na kresilo je nataknjen ovalen obro- strike-a-light on a chain.148 Alongside other European ček, na katerega bi bila lahko pripeta veriga, tako kot je comparisons he also drew attention to the earliest reliably pri kresilih z Malega gradu in Ulake.151 dated lenticular strike-a-lights found at the east German Lečasto kresilo so našli tudi na grobišču belobrdske burial ground in Penkun, dated between 1180 and 1200. kulture Vukovar – Lijeva Bara. Kresilo iz groba 89 ima Stratigraphial y, the strike-a-light from Mali grad belongs luknjico za obešanje, našli so ga skupaj s kresilnikom, amongst the finds from phase 4b, dated in the majority označeno je kot kresilo elipsasto-pravokotne oblike.152 of the 13th century.149 Zgodnje primerjave zanj iz hrvaškega Podonavja, spod- The lenticular strike-a-light from Ulaka above Stari njega Potisja in madžarske Baranje so datirane v prvo trg pri Ložu was also attached to a chain; the large strike- polovico 11. stoletja, za kresila iz širšega območja se a-light (length 13.3 cm), discovered with the use of a metal omenja datacija v čas 11.–12./13. stoletja.153 detector, is decorated with an engraved grid; it is roughly dated between the 13th and 15th centuries.150 Even larger (length 14.8 cm) is the strike-a-light from Gradišče above Noži Bašelj, which is also decorated with an engraved grid and also found with a metal detector; the strike-a-light had Od štirih nožev, ki so jih kot raztresene najdbe an oval ring around it to which a chain could have been našli na Blejskem otoku, je le delno ohranjeno rezilo ( t. attached, as was the case with the strike-a-lights from 4: 1), podobno nožem iz grobov 3, 5, 35 in 38, ker ima Mali grad and Ulaka.151 tako kot ti proti konici poševno zalomljen hrbet rezila A lenticular strike-a-light was also found at the ( t. 1: 5,12,23; 2: 7). Bijelo Brdo culture burial ground Vukovar – Lijeva Bara. Drugi trije noži so značilni za poznosrednjeveški The elliptical-rectangular shaped strike-a-light found in še mlajši čas. Najstarejši med njimi je nož s trnom together with flintstone in Grave 89 has a little hole that za ročaj in z vloženim bakrenim križem na rezilu (kat. was used for hanging.152 Early comparisons for this type št. 178; t. 5: 16; 17: 17). Srednjeveški noži s trnom, na were found in the Croatian Danube area, lower Tisa river katerega je bil nasajen enodelen ročaj, so bili običajni do area and the Hungarian Baranja, all of which are dated 14. stoletja, od začetka tega stoletja pa so izdelovali tudi into the first half of the 11th century, while similar strike- nože s trakastim nastavkom za dvodelne ročaje, ki so se a-lights from the broader area are dated between the 11th v tej obliki dokončno uveljavili šele v 15. stoletju.154 Ker and 12th/13th centuries.153 so nožarji začeli z žigi izdelovalca označevati kakovostne nože v 14. stoletju,155 lahko otoški nož datiramo najbolj zgodaj v to stoletje, zanesljivejšo datacijo pa bi verjetno Knives pokazale primerjave za enostranski znak na rezilu, križ z razcepljenimi kraki, ki pa jih ne poznamo. The partial y preserved blade with its back trans- Dva noža imata trakast nastavek za pritrditev versal y angled towards the tip ( Pl. 4: 1) belonged to the dvodelnega ročaja s kovicami (kat. 57 in 183; t. 4: 7; 5: only knife (out of the four found as scattered remains on 17; 17: 13,18). Spadata med jedilne nože, kakršne so v Bled Island) that was similar to the knives in Graves 3, 5, velikem številu našli v strugi Ljubljanice in so datirani 35 and 28 ( Pls. 1: 5,12,23; 2: 7). v 15. in 16. stoletje.156 The remaining three knives are characteristic of the Late Mediaeval and later periods. The earliest amongst 149 Štular 2009, 73–74, 150, 154, sl. 8.4. 150 147 Nabergoj 2013. Knific 1994, 60, 62, Fig. 28. 151 148 Kresilo hrani NMS, inv. št. S 4179. Štular 2009, 73, 189, Pl. 1: 3; Fig. 5.3: a. 152 149 Demo 2009, 106–107, 414, sl. 14: 2.3. Štular 2009, 73–74, 150, 154, Fig. 8.4. 153 150 Demo 2009, 414. Nabergoj 2013. 154 151 Predovnik 2003, 84–85; Štular 2009, 74–76. The tinder is kept by the NMS, inv. No. S 4179. 155 152 Predovnik 2003, 84. Demo 2009, 106–107, 414, Fig. 14: 2.3. 156 153 Veršnik 2009a; Knific, Nabergoj 2016, 119–120, sl. 144. Demo 2009, 414. 79 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Prijemalka them is the knife with the tang for the handle and the inlayed copper cross on the blade (cat. No. 178; Pls. 5: 16; Nenavaden predmet med otoškimi železnimi najd- 17: 17). Mediaeval knives with a tang, onto which the sin- bami je prijemalka s trakastima krakoma (kat. št. 80; t. gle part handle was impaled, were common until the 14th 4: 13; 17: 16). Ležala je v izkopu za zid 6, pod nivojem century; at the beginning of the 14th century knives with njegovih temeljev (planum 11).157 Dolga kraka prije- a strip tang used for two part handles appeared, however, malke sta na koncih poškodovana, uporaba predmeta ni they only became wide-spread during the 15th century.154 jasna, glede na lego je predmet verjetno srednjeveški.158 As knife makers only started putting their maker’s stamp on high quality knives in the 14th century,155 the earliest date for the island knife would be the 14th century, while Svetinjica in koščen obesek a more precise date could possibly be established with comparisons for the sign found on one side of the blade, Bronasta svetinjica z motivom Sv. Družine (kat. št. a cross with split ends, which we have not found so far. 163; t. 16: 15) je iz prve polovice 19. stoletja. Mrtvaška Two knives have a tang for applying a two-part glavica ( memento mori), izrezljana iz kosti (kat. št. 39; handle onto it with rivets (cat. Nos. 57 and 183; Pls. 4: 7; t. 5: 25; 16: 9), je bila verjetno obesek na molku s konca 5: 17; 17: 13,18). They belong amongst cutlery, which was 17. ali iz 18. stoletja. found in large quantities in the Ljubljanica riverbed and which is dated into the 15th and 16th centuries.156 LONČENINA Tong Od srednjeveških lončenih posod so se na Blejskem otoku ohranili večinoma manjši odlomki ( t. 6–12), The tong with two flat arms (cat. No. 80; Pls. 4: 13; nekoliko večja kosa sta ostala le od dveh posod ( t. 7: 17: 16) is an unusual artefacts amongst the metal finds 5; 12: 4). Raztresene lončene najdbe so bile pogostejše from Bled Island. It lay in the material dug up for wall 6, v zasutju nekaterih grobov, v okolici zakladne najdbe underneath the level of its foundations (planum 11).157 srebrnikov, v plasti nad grobovi pod tlakom prezbiterija The long arms of the tong were damaged at the ends; it in v izkopnem polju IP 1/2. is unclear what the object was used for, but taking the Odlomki lončenine so bili v zasutju sedmih grobov location in which it was found into consideration, it is (št. 1, 41, 45, 61, 71, 84 in 115). V zasipu groba 1 so našli most likely a mediaeval object.158 odlomek ostenja z razčlenjenim rebrom, nalepljenim pokončno pod ustjem posode (kat. št. 1; t. 6: 1; 18: 1). Vidni so sledovi prostoročne izdelave posode, glini je Pilgrim badge and bone pendant primešan kremenčev pesek. Podobno lončenino so našli na blejski Pristavi (najpozneje iz začetka druge The bronze holy pendant depicting the Holy Family polovice 10. stoletja),159 na Krvavcu (9.–10. stoletje)160 (cat. No. 163; Pl. 16: 15) is dated to the first half of the 19th in na planini Krstenica nad Bohinjem.161 Na poselitve- century. The skull ( memento mori), carved from bone (cat. nem območju 2 na Krstenici je največ odlomkov posod, No. 39; Pls. 5: 25; 16: 9), was most likely a pendant on a okrašenih s razčlenjenimi rebri, med njimi so tudi trije rosary in the end of 17th and in the 18th century. primeri s pokončnim rebrom.162 Odlomki pripadajo visokosrednjeveški kuhinjski lončenini, narejeni iz gline z dodanimi zrnci kremena, datirani v čas 10./11.–12. sto- POTTERY letja.163 Grob 1, v katerem sta bila polmesečasta uhana ( t. 1: 1,2), je bil delno prekopan pri vkopu za temelje zidu 2. Mainly smaller fragments of mediaeval pottery Podoben odlomek z vodoravnim razčlenjenim rebrom were preserved at Bled Island ( Pls. 6–12), with slightly je bil tudi v zasipu groba 84 (kat. št. 21; t. 6: 11; 18: 7). larger pieces remaining only from two vessels ( Pls. 7: 5; 157 12: 4). Scattered pottery finds were more common in the Arhiv 489, str. 248. 158 fill-in material in certain graves, the vicinity of the silver Primerjavo za prijemalko oziroma pinceto je V. Šribar videl v podobnem železnem predmetu, ki so ga našli na coin hoard, the layer above the graves underneath the Otoku pri Dobravi v izkopu za železarsko jamo ( arhiv 489, 154 str. 248). Predovnik 2003, 84–85; Štular 2009, 74–76. 159 Pleterski 2008a, 178, t. 25: 3; Pleterski 2010a, 175. 155 Predovnik 2003, 84. 160 156 Peršič 2005, pril. 39: 8, 40: 5; 41: 2,4; Pleterski, Peršič Veršnik 2009a; Knific, Nabergoj 2017, 119–120, Fig. 144. 157 2008, 139. Archive 489, pg. 248. 161 158 Lavrenčič 2015, 53–56. V. Šribar saw the comparison for the tong in a similar 162 Lavrenčič 2015, 52–53, sl. 30, t. 3: 6,12,16. iron object, which was found on Otok near Dobrava, in the 163 Lavrenčič 2015, 63–64. material dug up for the ironmonger's pit ( archive 489, pg. 248). 80 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... V grobu 41 je ob desni nadlahtnici ležal odlomek occupation surface in the presbytery and in excavation izvihanega ustja s strehastim, ravno odrezanim robom area IP 1/2. (kat. št. 10, t. 6: 2; 18: 2; 27: 5). Posoda je bila pod vra-Pottery fragments were found in the fill-in mate- tom okrašena z raztegnjenima enojnima valovnicama, rial in seven graves (Nos. 1, 41, 45, 61, 71, 84 and 115). ustje je obvrteno, na notranji strani ostenja so sledi A fragment of a vessel wall with a rib with impressions, prostoročne izdelave, in sicer odtisi navpičnih potegov attached vertical y below the vessel rim was found in s prsti, kar dopušča opredelitev odlomka med zgod- the fill-in material of the Grave 1 (cat. No. 1; Pls. 6: 1; njesrednjeveško lončenino, verjetno sočasno nožu in 18: 1). There are visible traces indicating that the vessel prstanu, pridatkoma v grobu ( t. 2: 8,9). Prostoročno sta was hand made; the clay had quartz sand mixed into bili narejeni tudi posodi, ki sta jima pripadala odlomka it. Similar pottery was found at Pristava in Bled (at the iz zasutja v grobu 45 (kat. št. 11 in 12, t. 6: 3,4; 18: 3,4), latest from the beginning of the second half of the 10th v katerem so našli polmesečasta uhana in prstan ( t. 2: century),159 on Krvavec (9th–10th century)160 and on the 10–12). Podobno izdelavo kažeta odlomka iz groba 61 Krstenica mountain above Bohinj.161 Settlement area 2 on (kat. št. 15 in 16; t. 6: 5,6; 18: 5,6), vidne so sledi gnetenja, Krstenica contained mainly vessels decorated with ribs a tudi dodelave na vretenu; pridatek v tem grobu je bil with impressions, including three examples with a verti- nož ( t. 2: 22). Vrezane valovite in ravne vodoravne črte, cal rib.162 Fragments belong to High Mediaeval period pasovi vodoravnih črt in glavničenje, ki se pojavljajo na kitchenware, made from clay with an addition of quartz obravnavanih odlomkih, so ustaljene vrste posamičnega grains, dated in the 10th/11th–12th centuries.163 Grave 1 on okrasa na zgodnjesrednjeveški lončenini npr. iz nasel- Bled Island, which included the crescent shaped earrings binskih plasti na blejski Pristavi.164 ( Pl. 1: 1,2), was partial y dug up when the foundations for Posoda, od katere se je v “zasipnem gradivu” nad wall 2 were created. A similar fragment with a horizontal grobom 115 ohranil večji odlomek, pa je bila okrašena rib with impressions was also found amongst the fill-in z redkejšo vrsto sestavljenega okrasa (kat. št. 23; t. 6: material in Grave 84 (cat. No. 21; Pl. 6: 11; 18: 7). 13; 18: 8). Odlomek so našli skupaj s skobo ( t. 3: 19) A fragment of an everted rim with a roof shaped, in odlomkom poznoantične steklene čaše ( t. 16: 5). straight edge (cat. No. 10, Pls. 6: 2; 18: 2; 27: 5) lay along-Okras sestavljajo ploščato izvlečeno rebro (videti je kot side the right humerus in Grave 41. Below its neck, the odebelitev ostenja), okrašeno z nizom kratkih poševnih vessel was decorated with elongated single wavy lines, vrezov, in tri vodoravne valovnice, vrezane nad njim, the rim was made on a slow wheel, while the inner side vso površino pa prekrivajo plitvi žlebiči, ustvarjeni z of the wall shows traces of being hand-thrown, as it glavničenjem. Primerjave za tako okrašene posode so s shows impressions of vertical finger traces, all of which Pristave na Bledu (rebro je nalepljeno)165 in s Krstenice enable the fragment to be categorised as Early Mediae- nad Bohinjem (z manj bogatim okrasom, večinoma val pottery, most likely from the same time as the knife prečnimi vrezi prek rebra).166 Skromneje okrašenim and finger ring, the grave goods found in the grave ( Pl. primerkom s Krstenice je podoben tudi naključno naj- 2: 8,9). The fragments from the fill-in material in Grave deni odlomek z otoka, na katerem je rebro okrašeno s 45 (cat. No. 11 and 12, Pls. 6: 3,4; 18: 3,4), in which the poševnimi vrezi (kat. št. 188; t. 12: 5; 19: 17). crescent shaped earrings and the finger ring were found Odlomki lončenine iz zasipa groba 71, vkopanega ( Pl. 2: 10–12), also belong to hand-thrown vessels. Similar pod tlakom ladje, so poznejši. Razen odlomka dna pri- workmanship was also noticed on the fragments from padajo lončenini, obdelani na vretenu, oziroma vrtenim Grave 61 (cat. Nos. 15 and 16; Pls. 6: 5,6; 18: 5,6); traces posodam (kat. št. 17–20: t. 6: 7–10). of kneading, as well as traces of working on the spinning Drugo mesto, kjer je bilo na Blejskem otoku več wheel are visible; the grave good in this grave was a knife raztresenih keramičnih odlomkov, je okolica zakladne ( Pl. 1: 22). The incised waves and straight horizontal lines, najdbe srebrnikov (verjetni zakop med letoma 1287 in belts of horizontal lines and combing, which appear in 1292). Z zakladom so povezovali del posode z izvihanim the addressed fragments, are established types of Early ustjem, vrezanim okrasom vodoravnih črt in luknjico Mediaeval pottery decorations, e.g. from the settlement na največjem obodu (kat. št. 36, t. 7: 5; 18: 9),167 vendar layers in Pristava in Bled.164 o takšni povezavi v terenski dokumentaciji ni podatkov. The vessel, a larger fragment of which was preserved Ostanki prismojene hrane na ostenju pričajo, da so in the fill-in material above Grave 115, was decorated with posodo uporabljali za kuhanje. Na notranji površini so a rarer type of complex decoration (cat. No. 23; Pls. 6: 13; vidni sledovi prostoročne obdelave, ustje z zaobljenim 159 robom je obvrteno, na notranji strani ustja se nakazuje Pleterski 2008a, 178, Pl. 25: 3; Pleterski 2010a, 175. 160 Peršič 2005, appendix 39: 8, 40: 5; 41: 2,4; Pleterski, 164 Pleterski 2010a, 41–44, sl. 2.42. Peršič 2008, 139. 165 161 Pleterski 2008a, 179; t. 26: 29; Pleterski 2010a, 47, sl. Lavrenčič 2015, 53–56. 162 2.46: 1. Lavrenčič 2015, 52–53, Fig. 30, Pl. 3: 6,12,16. 166 163 Lavrenčič 2015, 52, t. 2: 1–4,13; 4: 7,19. Lavrenčič 2015, 63–64. 167 164 Šribar, Stare, Bregant 1972–1973, 39, 41, t. 1: 1. Pleterski 2010a, 41–44, Fig. 2.42. 81 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... 18: 8). The fragment was found together with a staple ( Pl. 3: 19) and a fragment belonging to a Late Antique glass cup ( Pl. 16: 5). The decoration comprises a flat elongated rib (it appears as a thickening in the wall), decorated with a series of short slanting incisions, and three horizontal wavy lines, carved into the pottery above the rib, while the entire surface is covered by shallow grooves, created by combing. Comparisons for vessels decorated in this way were found at Pristava in Bled (the rib is attached)165 and on Krstenica above Bohinj (with poorer decoration, mainly consisting of slanting incisions on the rib).166 The accidental find of the fragment, on which the rib is decorated with slanting incisions (cat. No. 188; Pls. 12: 5; 19: 17) is similar to the more poorly decorated examples from Krstenica. Pottery fragments from the fill-in material in Grave 71, dug underneath the occupation surface of the nave, are of a later date. With the exception of the base frag- ments they belong to wheel-thrown pottery (cat. No. 17–20: Pl. 6: 7–10). The second location on Bled Island to include multiple scattered pottery fragments, was in the vicin- ity of the silver coin hoard (most likely buried between Sl. 2.17: Blejski otok, odlomki maltnega tlaka (1,2) in ometa 1287 and 1292). A part of a vessel with an everted rim, (3) iz IP 1/2 (kat. št. 83). an incised decoration consisting of horizontal lines and Fig. 2.17: Bled Island, fragments of mortar occupation surface a small hole on the largest circumference (cat. No. 36, Pl. (1,2) and plaster (3) found in IP 1/2 (cat. No. 83). 7: 5; 18: 9)167 was associated with the trove, however the (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) fieldwork documentation does not contain any data that would support this connection. The remains of charred food on the wall indicate that the vessel was used for cook- rob, ki bi bil lahko žleb za pokrovko (ustje je značilno ing. The inner surface revealed traces that indicated the za skupino S5 po A. Pleterskem).168 V bližini najdeni vessel was hand-thrown, while the rim with the rounded odlomek (kat. št. 38, t. 7: 6; 19: 1) ima strehast rob ustja edge was made on a slow-wheel. The inner side of the rim z napuščem ( skupina S4).169 Skupini sta datirani od okoli has an indication of an edge which could be a grove for leta 800 (v zvezi z opredelitvami lončenine s Pristave) a lid (according to A. Pleterski, the rim is characteristic do okoli leta 950 ( skupina S4) oziroma 1050 ( skupina of group S5).168 The fragment found in the vicinity (Cat. S5).170 Na najdišču Mali grad v Kamniku so ustja tak- No. 38, Pl. 7: 6; 19: 1) has a roof like rim edge with an šne oblike (tipa 1F in 5D), širše značilna za čas 12. in overhang ( group S4).169 Both groups are dated between 13. stoletja, datirana v večji del 13. stoletja (faza 4b).171 approximately the year 800 (dated in connection to the Nekaj odlomkov, najdenih v bližini otoške zakladne pottery from Pristava) and the year 950 ( group S4) or najdbe (kv. 4), je iz poznosrednjeveškega obdobja (kat. 1050 ( group S5).170 At Mali grad in Kamnik, rims of this št. 33–35; t. 7: 2–4). type (type 1F and 5D), were characteristic of the 12th and Iz poznega srednjega veka je tudi večina keramič- 13th centuries, and were mainly dated in the 13th century nih odlomkov iz plasti nad grobovi pod tlakom pred- (phase 4b).171 A few fragments, found in the vicinity of dverja (kat. št. 90–103, 108–118), z izkopnega polja IP the above mentioned hoard (quadrant 4), originate from 1/2 (kat. št. 46–51, 58, 63, 66, 68, 79), iz notranjosti the Late Mediaeval period (cat. No. 33–35; Pl. 7: 2–4). cerkve (kat. št. 122, 123, 147) in z območja južno od Most of the pottery fragments found in the layers cerkve (kat. št. 148, 150, 156, 162, 164, 174–177). above the graves and underneath the occupation surface 165 Pleterski 2008a, 179; Pl. 26: 29; Pleterski 2010a, 47, Fig. 2.46: 1. 166 Lavrenčič 2015, 52, Pl. 2: 1–4,13; 4: 7,19. 167 Šribar, Stare, Bregant 1972–1973, 39, 41, Pl. 1: 1. 168 168 Pleterski 2010a, 74, sl. 3.25: PO2A8. Pleterski 2010a, 74, Fig. 3.25: PO2A8. 169 169 Pleterski 2010a, 72, sl. 3.22: PO5D1. Pleterski 2010a, 72, Fig. 3.22: PO5D1. 170 170 Pleterski 2010a, 159. Pleterski 2010a, 159. 171 171 Štular 2009, 125–128, 153–154, sl. / Fig. 6.3. Štular 2009, 125–128, 153–154, Fig. 6.3. 82 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... in the presbytery (cat. No. 90–103, 108–118), excavation area IP 1/2 (cat. No. 46–51, 58, 63, 66, 68, 79), the church interior (cat. No. 122, 123, 147) and the area south of the church (cat. No. 148, 150, 156, 162, 164, 174–177) also belong to Late Mediaeval period. WINDOW GLASS A partial y preserved circular crown glass fragment, a window pane from a leaded window (cat. No. 169; Pls. 5: 24; 16: 16) was found alongside the south church wal , while numerous fragments of flat window panes (cat. No. 128; Pl. 21) were found underneath the occupation surface of the church nave. A few fragments of the flat glass window were also found underneath the lobby (cat. No. 119; Pls. 5: 22; 16: 13) and in area IP 1/1 (cat. No. 44; Pls. 5: 21; 16: 11). The PIXE–PIGE analysis performed on a fragment of the flat window pane from area IP 1/1 showed that this was potassium glass, i.e. Late Mediaeval or modern glass. Sl. 2.18: Blejski otok, odlomki ometa z rdečo poslikavo iz IP REMAINS OF PLASTER, PAVING STONES 1/2 (kat. št. 87). AND A PILLAR Fig. 2.18: Bled Island, fragments of plaster with red painting, found in IP 1/2 (cat. No. 87). In area IP 1/2, northeast of the present-day church, (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) in the vicinity of wall 6, small pieces of a mortar occupa- tion surface (cat. No. 83; Fig. 2.17) and red wall plaster (cat. No. 87; Fig. 2.18) were found amongst the multiple OKENSKO STEKLO scattered mediaeval finds, both of which belonged to an earlier church building. The small stone pil ar, of which Ob južni steni cerkve so našli delno ohranjeno only a small fragment was preserved, was most likely okroglo steklo (kat. št. 169; t. 5: 24; 16: 16), eno od a part of the church furnishings, however the precise ploščic iz okenskega satovja, pod tlakom cerkvene ladje location of this find is unknown (cat. No. 189; Pl. 12: 6). pa številne odlomke ravnih okenskih šip (kat. št. 128; t. 21). Nekaj odlomkov ravnega okenskega stekla so našli tudi pod preddverjem (kat. št. 119; t. 5: 22; 16: 13) in na WHEAT GRAIN območju IP 1/1 (kat. št. 44; t. 5: 21; 16: 11). Za odlomek ravne šipe z območja IP 1/1 je PIXE– Radiocarbon dating of the charred grains of barley PIGE analiza pokazala, da gre za kalijevo, torej pozno- and millet (cat. No. 56; Fig. 2.19), which lay underneath srednjeveško ali novoveško steklo. the remains of wal 5, showed they originate from between 1215 and 1282 (95,4% probability).172 V. Šribar concluded that the carbonised wheat ‘was from the period during OSTANKI OMETA, TLAKA IN STEBRIČKA which wall 5 was under construction or before’.173 Na območju IP 1/2, severovzhodno od zdajšnje cerkve, kjer je bilo v okolici zidu 6 raztresenih več sred njeveških najdb, so našli tudi manjše kose maltnega tlaka (kat. št. 83; sl. 2.17) in stenskega, rdeče slikanega ometa (kat. 87; sl. 2.18), ki so pripadali neki starejši cerkveni stavbi. Del cerkvene opreme je bil verjetno tudi kamnit stebriček, od katerega se je ohranil majhen odlomek, natančnejše mesto najdbe pa ni znano (kat. 172 Sample No. Poz-107997 (Poznań Radiocarbon Labo- št. 189; t. 12: 6). ratory, Poland). 173 Archive 489, pg. 73. 83 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.19: Blejski otok, zoglenelo žitno zrnje iz IP 1/2 (kat. št. 56). Sl. 2.20: Hišice polžev vrste navdani pasar (kat. št. 127), najdene Fig. 2.19: Bled Island, charred wheat grains found in IP 1/2 pod tlakom v ladji cerkve. (cat. No. 56). Fig. 2.20: Shel s of true glass snails (cat. No. 127), found un- (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) derneath the walking surface in the church nave. (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) ŽITNO ZRNJE SNAIL SHELLS Zoglenela zrna ječmena in prosa (kat. št. 56; sl. Shel s of true glass snails (cat. No. 127; Fig. 2.20), 2.19), ki so ležala pod ostanki zidu 5, so z analizo C 14 which were found next to the foundations of the Early datirana med leti 1215 in 1282 (verjetnost 95,4 %).172 Mediaeval apse, could indicate the snail aestivation dur- V. Šribar je sklepal, da je karbonizirano žito “iz časa ing the summer heat. They could have hidden in the cold postavljanja zidu 5 ali neposredno pred njim”.173 provided by the church wal , when the apse was in the open, before its remains were surrounded by a wall and covered by the occupation surface of the newer church. POLŽJE HIŠICE C14 analysis is unreliable for terrestrial snail shel s.174 Hišice navadnega pasarja (kat. št 127; sl. 2.20), ki so jih našli ob temeljih zgodnjesrednjeveške apside, bi lahko pričale o estivaciji polžev v poletni vročini. V hlad cerkvenega zidu bi se lahko zalezli, ko je bila apsida na prostem, preden je njene ostanke obdalo zidovje in prekril tlak mlajše cerkve. Datiranje z analizo C 14 je za hišice kopenskih polžev nezanesljivo.174 172 Vzorec št. Poz-107997 (Póznanjski radiokarbonski laboratorij, Poljska). 173 Arhiv 489, str. 73. 174 174 Informacija Tomasza Goslarja (Póznanjski radiokar- Information passed on by Tomasz Goslar (Poznań bonski laboratorij, Poljska). Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poland). 84 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... 2.4 ZAKLJUČKI 2.4 CONCLUSIONS Prvi sledovi človekove navzočnosti na Blejskem The first traces of human presence on Bled Island otoku so iz tretjega tisočletja pred našim štetjem, iz reach into the third millennium BCE, into the Copper obdobja bakrene dobe. Nekateri odlomki lončenine so Age. Some pottery fragments most likely originate from verjetno iz železne dobe, nekaj najdb je rimskodobnih the Iron Age, while some finds belonged to the Roman in poznoantičnih. Arheološki ostanki so se ohranili and Late Antique periods. The archaeological remains v kotanjah, deloma napolnjenih s plastjo zemlje, ki je have been preserved in hol ows, partial y fil ed with a pokrivala skalnato osnovo otoka (glej pogl. 1.4). layer of soil, which covered the island’s rock base (see V zgodnjem srednjem veku so na otoku začeli Chapter 1.4). pokopavati. Za grobišče so izbrali edino večje in raz- People were first buried on the island in the Early meroma ravno zemljišče na vrhu otoka, na območju Middle Ages. The only larger and relatively flat area at the deloma zapolnjene kotanje ( kotanja A), kjer je bila top of the island, the area of the partial y filled-in hollow plast zemlje debela okoli 0,6 m. Pokopavanje je bilo ( hol ow A), where the layer of soil was approximately prostorsko urejeno, skeletni grobovi so bili razpore- 0.6 m thick, was chosen as the burial ground. The burials jeni v petih vrstah ( sl. 2.2), odkritih je bilo 64 grobov were planned in advance, for the 64 unearthed skeletal ( prva skupina grobov). Grobovi so ležali v prevladujoči graves ( the first group of graves) were laid out in five rows vzhodni smeri, na osrednjem delu kotanje so bili vko- ( Fig. 2.2b). Most of the graves were oriented towards the pani na gosto, redkeje na obrobju, kjer so grobne jame east; in the central part of the hollow the graves were vsekali v živo skalo ( sl. 2.2a). Na severni strani so ta del packed closely together, while towards the edges of the grobišča zamejevali trije nekoliko odmaknjeni grobovi, hollow, they were laid further apart, as the grave pits na zahodnem robu so nekaj grobov vkopali v skalnati were carved into the bedrock ( Fig. 2.2a). To the north, greben. Povezave z grobovi v globoki vzhodni kotanji this part of the burial ground ended with three slightly ( kotanja B, druga skupina grobov) na vzhodni strani ni remote graves, while to the west a few graves were dug bilo mogoče ugotoviti, ker je bilo zemljišče med kota- into the rocky ridge. It was impossible to ascertain any njama prekopano. Na južni strani so bili grobovi odkriti connection with the graves in the deep hollow ( hol ow v bližini cerkvenih temeljev. Pomembna značilnost B, second group of graves) located on the east side, as the prve skupine grobov so pridatki ( sl. 2.2c): na grobišču area between the hollows has been dug up. The graves to s 124 grobovi so veliko večino vseh pridatkov našli v the south were unearthed in the vicinity of the church’s grobovih te skupine, in sicer v 24 od skupno 33 grobov foundations. Grave goods ( Fig. 2.2c) represent an impor- s pridatki (glej pogl. 2.1). tant characteristic of the first group of island graves: even Arheološki podatki kažejo, da so pridatki predvsem though the entire burial ground on the island consists of osebni predmeti, s katerimi so največkrat pokopali 124 graves, the majority of grave goods were found in ženske. Med najdbami je v glavnem naglavni nakit, the graves belonging to this group, for this is where 24 obročki (naglavni) in uhani. Obe vrsti nakita se poja- graves of the total of 33 graves containing grave goods vljata v parih, ob njih je bil v grobu ponekod še prstan were found (see Chapter 2.1). ali pa nož. Noži so bili kot edini pridatek tudi v treh Archaeological data revealed that most of the grave moških grobovih. Pridatke uvrščamo v köttlaško sku- goods were represented by personal belongings, which pino (po P. Korošec), ki se tipološko v glavnem ujema were most commonly added into female graves. The s časovno skupino Köttlach II (po J. Gieslerju) oziroma grave goods were most likely to be head jewellery, such s koroško skupino C3 (po S. Eichartu). Časovni okvir, as temple rings (head circlets) or earrings. Both jewel- v katerem so zajete te tipološke skupine, je dvestoletno lery types appear in pairs, and sometimes the grave also obdobje od sredine 9. do sredine 11. stoletja. V to ob- contained a finger ring or a knife. Knives were found as dobje so po klasifikacijskem sistemu za naglavni nakit the sole grave good in three male graves. The grave goods (po A. Pleterskem) datirani tudi polmesečasti uhani in belong to the Köttlach group (according to P. Korošec), obročki z odebelitvami na konceh, značilne najdbe vseh which typological y matches the period group Köttlach II omenjenih tipoloških skupin (glej pogl. 2.2). (according to J. Giesler) or the Carinthian group C3 Prva skupina grobov na Blejskem otoku ima (according to S. Eichart). The time frame, which en- več primerjav med zgodnjesrednjeveškimi najdišči v compasses these typological groups, spans two hundred Blejskem kotu ( sl. 2.7; seznam 1). Ob žganem grobu z years, from mid-9th to mid-11th century. According to the Došce pri Bodeščah, naselbinskih ostankih na Pristavi classification system for head jewellery (as defined by A. in zakladni najdbi iz Sebenj ( sl. 2.7: 11–13; seznam 1: Pleterski), the crescent shaped earrings and the temple 11–13) so bila tam odkrita večinoma skeletna grobišča. rings with thickenings, characteristic finds in all of the Starejša od otoškega so bila grobišča na Žalah pri Ble- previously mentioned typological groups, also belong to this period (see Chapter 2.2). 85 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... du, Brdu, Pristavi (starejši del grobišča)175 in Mlinem The first group of graves on Bled Island has numer- ( sl. 2.7: 3,4,5,9; seznam 1: 3,4,5,9). Za starejša grobišča ous comparisons amongst the Early Medieval sites in Bled v Blejskem kotu je značilno zgodnjesrednjeveško area ( Fig. 2.7; List 1). Alongside the cremation grave from gradivo, ki je na območju Vzhodnih Alp opredeljeno Došca near Bodešče, the set lement remains at Pristava and kot karantanska skupina najdb (od 7. do prve polovice the Sebenje hoard ( Fig. 2.7: 11–13; List 1: 11–13) this area 9. stoletja),176 oziroma kot tipološko primerljivi sklopi mainly revealed skeletal burial grounds. The burial grounds najdb v časovnih skupinah Vor-Köttlach in Köttlach I at Žale in Bled, Brdo, Pristava (the earlier part of the burial (pozno 8.–prva polovica 10. stoletja)177 ali v koroške ground)175 and Mlino ( Fig. 2.7: 3,4,5,9; List 1: 3,4,5,9) pre- skupine B in C 1–2 (740–900).178 Takšnih najdb, kot dated the burial ground from Bled Island. Earlier burial so jih našli na starejših blejskih grobiščih, na Blejskem grounds in the Bled area revealed characteristic Early Me- otoku (razen prstana v grobu 37) ni bilo. diaeval material defined as the Karantania group of finds Mlajša grobišča v Blejskem kotu so odkrili na (between the 7th and the first half of the 9th century in the Pristavi (mlajši del grobišča), Sedlu na Blejskem gradu, area of the Eastern Alps),176 and the typological y compara- v Spodnjih Gorjah, na Žalah pri Zasipu in Dlescu pri ble groups of finds from chronological groups Vor-Köttlach Bodeščah ( sl. 2.7: 5–8,10; seznam 1: 5–8,10). Spadajo and Köttlach I (late 8th – first half of the 10th century)177 or med vaška grobišča brez cerkve, praviloma v ravninskem the Carinthian groups B and C 1–2 (740–900).178 With the svetu, ob sočasnih naselbinah, kar so za najdišče na Pri- exception of the finger ring found in Grave 37, there were stavi potrdile arheološke raziskave.179 Tem grobiščem je no other finds on Bled Island that would be similar to those po urejenosti v vrste, številu grobov in pridatkih podob- found at the earlier Bled burial grounds. na prva skupina grobov na Blejskem otoku. Posebnost Later burial grounds in the Bled area were discovered med vaškimi grobišči je višinska lega grobišča na Sedlu, at Pristava (the later part of the burial ground), Sedlo on ki smo jo poskušali razložiti z domnevnim premikom the Bled castle, Spodnje Gorje, Žale near Zasip and Dlesc neke naselbine iz nižine (iz bližine grobišča na Brdu) na near Bodešče ( Fig. 2.7: 5–8,10; List 1: 5–8,10). These were naravno dobro zavarovan grajski hrib.180 vil age burial grounds without a church, which were as Na mlajših grobiščih v Blejskem kotu so v grobovih a rule located on plains, next to settlements – which tudi redke najdbe, ki tipološko sodijo v karantansko was confirmed for the site at Pristava by archaeological skupino (oziroma skupini Vor-Köttlach in Köttlach I excavations.179 The organisation of graves into rows, the ter skupine B in C 1–2). Za naglavne obročke z grobišč number of graves and grave goods, make these burial na Žalah pri Zasipu, Dlescu pri Bodeščah in Sedlu na grounds similar to the first group of graves on Bled Island. Blejskem gradu je bilo s pomočjo stratigrafske in topo- The one standing out from the vil age burial grounds is grafsko-kronološke analize pojasnjeno, da so to starejši the burial ground on Sedlo with its higher altitude, which predmeti, najdeni v grobovih, v katerih so bili pokopani we tried to explain with the presumed move of the set- prebivalci prve in druge generacije iz bližnje naselbine, tlement from the lower lying grounds (in the vicinity of približno v času med letoma 790 in 870.181 Na Blejskem the burial ground at Brdo) to the natural y well protected otoku grobov, ki bi bili po starejšem naglavnem nakitu castle hil .180 sočasni z grobovi prve in druge generacije na vaških The graves in the later burial grounds in the Bled grobiščih (brez cerkve), niso našli, na podlagi naglav- area included rare finds, which typological y belong to the nega nakita je mogoče ugotavljati sočasnost z grobovi Karantania group (or groups Vor-Köttlach and Köttlach I prebivalcev tretje in četrte generacije, pokopanih med and Carinthian groups B and C 1–2). The stratigraphic and letoma okoli 870 in 960. topographic-chronological analysis performed for the Med prvimi pokopanimi na Blejskem otoku je bil temple rings from the burial grounds at Žale near Zasip, verjetno otrok, čigar kostne ostanke so našli v grobu Dlesc near Bodešče and Sedlo on Bled castle revealed that 37. V grobu je bil par naglavnih obročkov z enojno these were earlier artefacts, found in graves in which the odebelitvijo na konceh ( t. 2: 3,4) in prstan trikotnega settlers from the first and second generations of the nearby preseka ( t. 2: 5). Tipološko prstan spada med najdbe settlement were buried, approximately between 790 and skupine Köttlach I (druga polovica 9. in prva polovica 10. 870.181 On Bled Island no graves that would be contem- 175 175 Za delitev zgodnjesrednjeveškega grobišča na Pristavi For the division of the Early Mediaeval burial ground glej Knific 1974. in Pristava see Knific 1974. 176 176 Korošec 1979, 55–91/I, 305/I. Korošec 1979, 55–91/I, 305/I. 177 177 Giesler 1980, 86–87, Abb. 1, 2; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. Giesler 1980, 86–87, Abb. 1, 2; Giesler 2002, 402, Abb. 2: 1–26. 2: 1–26. 178 178 Eichert 2010a, 164–170, Abb. 45, 46. Eichert 2010a, 164–170, Abb. 45, 46. 179 179 Pleterski 2008a, 159–161. Pleterski 2008a, 159–161. 180 180 Knific 1983, 72–74. Knific 1983, 72–74. 181 181 Pleterski 2013b, 306–311, 315–320, 327–328, 331– Pleterski 2013b, 306–311, 315–320, 327–328, 331– 334, sl. 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 16. 334, Figs. 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 16. 86 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... stoletja), naglavni obročki te vrste pa se po kronologiji porary with the graves of the first and second generation klasifikacijskega sistema pojavijo po letu 870182 oziroma v in the vil age burial grounds (without a church) were koroškem sklopu najdb (tip Ka) v pozni stopnji skupine found; based on head jewellery it is possible to ascertain C2 (830–900).183 Najzgodnejša datacija za grob 37 bi contemporaneity with the graves of the inhabitants of the lahko bila pozno 9. stoletje. third and fourth generation, buried between 870 and 960. Najmlajši v prvi skupini grobov na Blejskem otoku It is highly likely that one of the first to be buried so grobovi z najdbami, ki imajo primerjave med gradi- on Bled Island was the infant whose bone remains were vom t. i. belobrdske kulture, v kronološki skupini Bijelo found in Grave 37. The grave contained a pair of temple Brdo I (druga polovica 10. in prva polovica 11. stoletja). rings with a single thickening at the endings ( Pl. 2: 3,4) To so grob 49 z naglavnim obročkom z S-zanko ( t. 2: 13), and a finger ring with a triangular cross-section ( Pl. 2: 5). ki ima več primerjav na grobiščih z najdbami köttlaške Typological y this finger ring belongs amongst the finds skupine ( sl. 2.14; seznam 4), ter grobovi 41, 45 in 58 z belonging to the group Köttlach I (second half of the 9th masivnimi ulitimi prstani ( t. 2: 8, 10, 20). Za te grobo- and first half of the 10th century), while temple rings of ve je utemeljena datacija v drugo polovico 10. stoletja, this kind, according to the classification system chronology možna pa je tudi poznejša datacija, v prvo polovico 11. appear post 870182 or in the Carinthian group of smaller stoletja (glej Prstani). finds (type Ka) in the late stage of group C2 (830–900).183 V prid pozni dataciji prve skupine otoških grobov The earliest date for Grave 37 could be the late 9th century. govori najdba dveh ulitih in emajliranih polmeseča- The latest in the first group of graves on Bled Island stih uhanov s srednjim rogljem, ki sta bila v grobu 45 are the graves with finds that are comparable to the finds skupaj z masivnim prstanom ( t. 2: 10–12). Eden od from the so-called Bijelo Brdo culture, to the period group uhanov iz groba, okrašen s podobo živali, ima številne Bijelo Brdo I (second half of the 10th and first half of the primerjave ( sl. 2.11; seznam 3); na Ptujskem gradu so 11th century). These are Grave 49 with the temple ring takšna polmesečasta uhana našli v grobu 183 skupaj with an S-shaped loop ( Pl. 2: 13), which has multiple z ulitima grozdastima uhanoma z dvojno odebelitvijo comparisons in burial grounds with finds pertaining to na krakih ( sl. 2.10: 18,19). Grozdasti uhani te vrste (tip the Köttlach group ( Fig. 2.14; List 4), and Graves 41, 45 17b po J. Gieslerju) so se v Karpatski kotlini razširili and 58 with massive cast finger rings ( pl. 2: 8, 10, 20). po letu 1000.184 Na Ptujskem gradu so našli tudi ulite These graves can be dated in the second half of the 10th polmesečaste uhane s srednjim rogljem, ki so okrašeni century, however a later date, in the first half of the 11th z rastlinskim motivom, poleg treh primerkov iz groba century is also possible (see Finger rings). 183 ( sl. 2.10: 15–17) še par uhanov iz groba 79.185 V The find of two cast and enamelled, crescent shaped tem grobu so bili skupaj z masivnimi prstani z oglatim earrings with a central prong, which were found in Grave presekom (tip 27 po J. Gieslerju), ki so datirani od 45 together with a massive finger ring ( Pl. 2: 10–12), sup- druge četrtine 11. stoletja.186 Ti primeri pričajo, da port the late dating of the first group of island graves. One so polmesečaste uhane s srednjim rogljem nosili še of the earrings from this grave, the one decorated with a v prvi polovici 11. stoletja. Uhan s srednjim rogljem zoological motif, has numerous comparisons ( Fig. 2.11; in takšnim rastlinskim okrasom so našli tudi v grobu List 3). At Ptuj castle such crescent shaped earrings were 29 na Sedlu na Blejskem gradu,187 pri razčlenitvi gro- found in Grave 183 together with the cast grape-shaped bišča na podlagi stratigrafije je bil uhan uvrščen med earrings with a double thickening at the endings ( Fig. 2.10: najmlajše najdbe.188 18,19). Grape-shaped earrings of this type (type 17b ac- Prva skupina otoških grobov ima več podobnih cording to J. Giesler) spread through the Carpathian basin značilnosti z grobiščem na Sedlu. Poleg nenavadne after the year 1000.184 At the Ptuj castle, three cast crescent lege (na otoku in pod vrhom hriba) je primerljivo tudi shaped earrings decorated with a vegetative motif with a pokopavanje na izrazito skalnatih tleh. Zaradi tega so central prong were found in Grave 183 ( Fig. 2.10: 15–17) bili na obeh grobiščih pogosti zaporedni pokopi v jame, and a pair of similar earrings was found in Grave 79.185 vkopane v živo skalo ali, kot je zapisano za grobove This grave also contained massive rings with an angular na Sedlu, v “škrape in majhne kraške jame”.189 Ob cross-section (type 27 according to J. Giesler), which are veliki raznovrstnosti najdb köttlaške skupine na Sedlu, dated to the second quarter of the 11th century.186 These examples indicate that crescent shaped earrings with a 182 Pleterski 2013b, 320, 334, sl. 16 (NO 0100_0808). central prong were still worn in the first half of the 11th 183 Eichert 2010a, 44–45, 169; Abb. 10, 46. century. An earring with a central prong and vegetative 184 Giesler 1981, 165–166, Taf. 3: 17b; 51: 2; 53: 17b. 185 182 Korošec 1999, 17, t. 8: 14–19. Pleterski 2013b, 320, 334, Fig. 16 (NO 0100_0808). 186 183 Vinski 1970, 58–61; Giesler 1981, 110–111, 113, Taf. Eichert 2010a, 44–45, 169; Abb. 10, 46. 184 4: 27; 53: 27. Giesler 1981, 165–166, Taf. 3: 17b; 51: 2; 53: 17b. 187 185 Valič 1964, 18, 39, t. 7: 5. Korošec 1999, 17, Pl. 8: 14–19. 188 186 Pleterski 1982, 141, sl..3–5. Vinski 1970, 58–61; Giesler 1981, 110–111, 113, Taf. 189 Valič 1964, 8, priloga 2; Valič 1969a, 218. 4: 27; 53: 27. 87 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... posebno okrasnih zaponk s krščansko motiviko,190 se decoration was also found in Grave 29 on Sedlo at the osnovne oblike naglavnega nakita večinoma ujemajo, Bled castle,187 where it was, as a result of the division of na obeh grobiščih pa so našli tudi najdbe t. i. belobrdske the burial ground based on stratigraphy, categorised as kulture. one of the most recent artefacts found at this site.188 Na grobišču Sedlo sta bila v grobu 56 ulit grozdast The first group of Bled Island graves has numerous uhan (tip 16) in masiven prstan s stanjšanima koncema similarities with the burial ground on Sedlo. Apart from (tip 25),191 ki tipološko spadata med gradivo skupine their unusual locations (on the island and under the top Bijelo Brdo I in ju datiramo v drugo polovico 10. in prvo of the hill) they also share the fact that the graves were tretjino 11. stoletja.192 V grobu 143 so našli grozdasta dug into explicitly rocky grounds. This resulted in com- uhana z dvojno odebelitvijo na krakih (tip 17b)193 in mon multiple burials into pits carved into the bedrock in ulit prstan s prečno členjeno zunanjo površino (tip both burial grounds or, as stated for the graves at Sedlo, 33); po kronologiji J. Gieslerja so takšni predmeti into ‘limestone pavements and small Karst sinkholes’.189 pojavijo okoli leta 1000 in se razširijo v prvi polovici Alongside the diverse finds pertaining to the Köttlach 11. stoletja.194 group on Sedlo, especial y decorative fibulae with Chris- Po analizi stratigrafskih odnosov med grobovi tian motifs,190 the two sites have the same basic forms of na Sedlu je A. Pleterski presodil, da ti pripadajo štirim head jewellery, as well as finds belonging to the so-called generacijam prebivalcev, začetek pete generacije je videl Bijelo Brdo culture. v grobu 143 z belobrdskima uhanoma. Za časovno mejo Grave 56 at the burial ground Sedlo contained a med četrto in peto generacijo je predlagal leto 960,195 grape-shaped earring (type 16) and a massive ring with pokopavanje pa naj bi se domnevno končalo pred zad- thinner endings (type 25),191 which typological y belong njo tretjino 10. stoletja.196 Vendar med tem datumom to the group Bijelo Brdo I and are dated in the second in datacijo za oba tipa belobrdskih predmetov, ki so half of the 10th or the first third of the 11th century.192 jih našli na Sedlu v grobu 143 (uhani tipa 17b, prstani Grape-shaped earrings with a double thickening at the tipa 33), ostaja nesoglasje, ker takšnih predmetov do endings (type 17b)193 and a cast finger ring with a trans- časa, predlaganega za prenehanje pokopavanja, še niso versal y divided exterior (type 33) were found in Grave izdelovali. Najzgodnejša datacija za otroški grob 143 bi 143; according to J. Giesler’s chronology such objects zato lahko bila začetek 11. stoletja. appear approximately around the year 1000 and become Posebnost med nakitom v prvi skupini grobov na wide-spread during the first half of the 11th century.194 Blejskem otoku je uhan iz groba 4 z astragalnimi ode- Taking into account the stratigraphic relations be- belitvami na spodnjem delu loka ( t. 1: 6; 15: 5). Ta tip tween the graves on Sedlo, A. Pleterski concluded that uhana, ki bi ga po eponimnem najdišču lahko poime- these graves belonged to four generations of inhabitants, novali tip Blejski otok, ima enako kakovostni primerjavi while the fifth generation graves started with the burial in na grobišču v Mostah pri Žirovnici, nekoliko manj na- Grave 143, which included the Bijelo Brdo type earrings. tančno sta izdelana uhana z grobišča v Kranju, kjer so For the chronological border between the fourth and fifth našli tudi več površnih posnetkov ( sl. 2.13). V Kranju je generation he proposed the year 960,195 while the last bil par kakovostnih uhanov v grobu skupaj z naglavnim burial in this site is believed to have taken place before obročkom z dvojno odebelitvijo na konceh,197 kar uhane the last third of the 10th century.196 However, there is a postavlja med pozne najdbe köttlaške skupine. Vsi znani discord between this date and the date of the two types primerki uhanov z astragalnimi odebelitvami na loku of the Bijelo Brdo artefacts that were found in Grave 143 so z grobišč pri cerkvah. (earrings type 17b, rings type 33), as artefacts like these Za nekatere najdbe iz prve skupine otoških grobov were not made until after the proposed last burials. The – za pisali, svinčeni ploščici in žeblje – ni zanesljivo, da earliest date for the infant Grave 143 could thus be the so grobni pridatki, v grobove bi lahko prišli tudi kot beginning of the 11th century. raztresene najdbe z zasutjem. Večino najdb smo kljub The earring from Grave 4 with an astragal shaped včasih pomanjkljivim terenskim zapisom opredelili kot thickenings on the lower part of the loop ( Pls. 1: 6; 15: 5) grobne pridatke. Spadajo med značilne najdbe köttlaške stands out amongst the jewellery finds in the first group 187 Valič 1964, 18, 39, Pl. 7: 5. 190 188 Knific, Mlinar 2014, 433–434, 453–454, sl, 9: 5–9. Pleterski 1982, 141, Figs..3–5. 191 189 Valič 1964, 23–24, t. 13: 2,5. Valič 1964, 8, appendix 2; Valič 1969a, 218. 192 190 Giesler 1981, 165–166, Taf. 3: 16; 51: 2; 53: 16. Knific, Mlinar 2014, 433–434, 453–454, Figs, 9: 5–9. 193 191 Glej op. 60. Valič 1964, 23–24, Pl 13: 2,5. 194 192 Giesler 1981, 111, Taf. 4: 33; 53: 33. Giesler 1981, 165–166, Taf. 3: 16; 51: 2; 53: 16. 195 193 Pleterski 2013b, 317, 319, sl. 15 (napisa St. Peter in See note 60. 194 Sedlo sta zamenjana). Giesler 1981, 111, Taf. 4: 33; 53: 33. 196 195 Pleterski 1982, 146. Pleterski 2013b, 317, 319, Fig. 15 (the inscriptions St 197 Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 266–267, grob 1973_ Peter and Sedlo are switched around). 196 z0289, sl. 3. Pleterski 1982, 146. 88 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... of graves on Bled Island. This type of earring, which could be named type Bled Island according to its eponymous site of discovery, has equal y qualitative comparisons at the burial ground in Moste near Žirovnica, while the two earrings from the burial ground in Kranj, where also numerous imitations were found ( Fig. 2.13), were not as finely made. In Kranj the two high-quality earrings were found in the grave together with the temple ring with double thickenings at the ends,197 which places the ear- rings amongst the late Köttlach group finds . All known examples of earrings with astragal shaped thickenings are from burial grounds next to churches. It is uncertain whether some finds from the first group of Bled Island graves (styluses, lead tablets and nails) were grave goods, as they could have found their way into the graves as scattered finds in the fill-in mate- rial. Regardless of the − at times deficient − fieldwork records, most of the finds were defined as grave goods; they are characteristic finds belonging to the Köttlach group, which included a few artefacts belonging to the so called Bijelo Brdo culture. The finds from the first group of graves are dated between the late 9th century and the first half of the 11th century, however, most can be dated Sl. 2.21: Zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče s cerkvijo pri Batujah more precisely, i.e. in the second half of the 10th and the v Vipavski dolini (Svoljšak, Knific 1976). Fig. 2.21: first half of the 11th century. Early Medieval burial site next to a church from the same period, Batuje in the Vipava valley. As regards the time of origin, the graves belonging to the first group were linked to the Early Mediaeval church. The church’s architectural remains were dated with Grave 72, which was dug close to the apse of the church, with skupine, med katerimi je bilo tudi nekaj predmetov iz an orientation (azimuth 59°) that stands out at this burial arheološkega sklopa t. i. belobrdske kulture. Najdbe ground. C14 dating of the skeleton in Grave 72 showed a iz prve skupine grobov datiramo v čas od poznega 9. temporal 2Σ span between the years 869 and 1013 (94.2% stoletja do prve polovice 11. stoletja, za večino pa je probability), which – as a result of the contact between the možna tudi ožja datacija, tj. čas druge polovice 10. in grave and the church – confirmed the time period of the prve polovice 11. stoletja. church’s existence. The architectural remains indicate that Grobovi prve skupine so bili časovno povezani z the first group of graves spread from the Early Mediaeval zgodnjesrednjeveško cerkvijo. Njeni arhitekturni ostanki church towards the northwest. so datirani z grobom 72, ki so ga vkopali tesno ob apsidi In Slovenia, Early Mediaeval burial grounds next to cerkve, v smeri (azimut 59°), ki je posebnost na grobišču. the churches of the same period were discovered in Batuje Za okostje v grobu 72 je datacija C14 pokazala časovni in Vipavska dolina and in Legen near Slovenj Gradec. 2Σ razpon med letoma 869 in 1013 (verjetnost 94,2 %), Archaeological excavations in the fallow next to the kar je zaradi stika groba s cerkvijo časovna potrditev za church of St George, west of Batuje, revealed the remains obstoj cerkve. Po arhitekturnih ostankih je mogoče skle- of an old church and a burial ground with 104 graves pati, da se je prva skupina grobov širila severozahodno ( Fig. 2.21). The church remains are modest, as it was od zgodnjesrednjeveške cerkve. demolished to its foundations. Taking into account the V Sloveniji sta bili zgodnjesrednjeveški grobišči ob layout of the graves, the partial y preserved wal s and the sočasni cerkvi odkriti v Batujah v Vipavski dolini in na locations of the shallow ditches, in which the wal s stood, Legnu pri Slovenj Gradcu. one can conclude that this was a single nave church with Na ledini Pri svetem Juriju zahodno od Batuj so od- a semi-circular apse on the east side.198 Stone fragments krili z arheološkimi izkopavanji ostanke cerkve in okoli with guilloche ornaments were discovered in the vil age nje skeletno grobišče s 104 grobovi ( sl. 2.21). Ostanki already prior to archaeological excavations; they were cerkve so skromni, ker so jo podrli do temeljev. Glede built into two houses in Batuje, but according to oral tra- na razporeditev grobov, delno še ohranjene zidove in dition they originated from the old church of St George, potek plitvih jarkov, v katerih so zidovi stali, se je dalo 197 razbrati, da je bila cerkev enoladijska, s polkrožno apsido Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 266–267, Grave 1973_ z0289, Fig. 3. 198 Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 71–77. 89 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... na vzhodni strani.198 Že pred arheološkimi izkopavanji which was demolished in 1764 or slightly before.199 Most so v vasi odkrili kamnite odlomke s pleteninasto orna- of the graves were dug close together, south of the church, mentiko; vzidani so bili v dveh batujskih hišah, a naj bi however, alongside the apse, Grave 79 showed a similar po izročilu izvirali iz stare cerkvice sv. Jurija, ki so jo orientation (azimuth 69°) as Grave 72 on Bled Island. podrli leta 1764 ali malo pred tem.199 Največ grobov The grave goods belong to the Köttlach group, the finds of je bilo na gosto vkopanih južno od cerkve, ob apsidi je which are dated into the 9th and 10th centuries, however bil vkopan grob 79 v podobni smeri (azimut 69°) kot the dating in the second half of the 10th and 11th centuries grob 72 na Blejskem otoku. Pridatki iz grobov spadajo is more likely.200 The church patron, St George, to whom v köttlaško skupino, najdbe so časovno opredeljene v the church could be dedicated only after the mid-10th 9. in 10. stoletje, vendar je verjetnejša datacija v drugo century also speaks in favour of the later date.201 polovico 10. in 11. stoletje.200 Slednjemu v prid bi govoril The second Early Mediaeval church with a burial tudi cerkveni zavetnik sv. Jurij, ki mu je bila cerkev lahko ground, St George on Legen, overlooking the Mislinja posvečena šele po sredini 10. stoletja.201 valley, stood on a terrace on the edge of the western Druga zgodnjesrednjeveška cerkev z grobiščem, Sv. Pohorje ridge. The excavations which took place during Jurij na Legnu, je stala na terasi na obronku zahodnega the renovation works in the church interior, revealed Pohorja nad Mislinjsko dolino. Izkopavanja, ki so po- the foundations of a church built from stacked stones tekala ob obnovitvenih delih v notranjščini cerkve, so without the use of binding material.202 This was a simple odkrila temelje cerkve, zgrajene iz naloženega kamenja single nave church with a rectangular ground plan, an brez veziva.202 Gre za preprosto enoladijsko cerkev pra- apse that was narrower than the nave and rectangular vokotnega tlorisa, apsida je bila ožja od ladje in zunaj on the outside. Comparisons for this church are known pravokotno obzidana. Primerjavi za tako oblikovano from Jenins in Switzerland203 and Fischingen in Germa- cerkev sta znani iz Jeninsa v Švici203 in Fischingena v ny.204 The date of the church was confirmed by the Early Nemčiji.204 Datacijo cerkve dopolnjujejo zgodnjesred- Mediaeval graves which are laid out around the church’s njeveški grobovi, razporejeni okrog njenih temeljev. foundations. The grave goods belong amongst the finds of Pridatki v grobovih spadajo med najdbe köttlaške sku- the Köttlach group (temple rings with a single thickening, pine (naglavni obročki z enojno odebelitvijo, okrasne enamelled brooches). They also found a temple ring with zaponke z emajlom). Našli so tudi naglavni obroček z an S-shaped loop and a straight ending and jewellery in S-zanko in ravno odrezanim locnom ter nakit v obliki the form of pelta, which has comparisons in 10th and 11th pelte, ki ima primerjave v Porenju, datirane v 10. in 11. century Rhineland.205 The burial ground was not explored stoletje.205 Grobišče ni do konca raziskano, razteza se še to the end, for it expands outside of the foundations of zunaj temeljev sedanje cerkve. the present-day church. Ob zgodnjesrednjeveških cerkvah z grobišči ozi- Alongside the Early Mediaeval churches with roma s pokopališči v Batujah, na Legnu in Blejskem burial grounds or graveyards in Batuje, on Legen and otoku206 je v osrednji in zahodni Sloveniji veliko grobišč Bled Island,206 central and western Slovenia have numer- z najdbami köttlaške skupine, ki so jih v veliki večini ous burial grounds with finds belonging to the Köttlach odkrili pri cerkvah ( seznam 2; sl. 2.9).207 V teh primerih group, most of which were discovered next to churches časovni odnos med zgodnjesrednjeveškim grobiščem ( List 2; Fig. 2.9).207 In these examples the temporal rela- in cerkvijo večinoma ni znan, vsekakor pa postavitev tion between the Early Mediaeval burial ground and the (tudi veliko mlajše) cerkve na starem grobišču priča church is usual y unknown, however, the positioning of o navezanosti okoliških prebivalcev na kraj pokopa- (the much later) church on the early burial ground indi- vanja. Ta pojav ni značilen le za Slovenijo, ampak za cates the attachment of the local inhabitants on the burial celotno območje Vzhodnih Alp, kje so pri nekdanjih location. This phenomenon is not characteristic merely in zdajšnjih cerkvah odkrili veliko grobišč z najdbami for Slovenia, but can be found throughout the territory of the Eastern Alps, where numerous burial grounds 198 Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 71–77. 199 Höfler 2019, 43–47. 199 Höfler 2019, 43–47. 200 Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 60–71; Höfler 2019, 45. 200 Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 60–71; Höfler 2019, 45. 201 Höfler 2013, 392–393. 201 Höfler 2013, 392–393. 202 Strmčnik Gulič 1994. 202 Strmčnik Gulič 1994. 203 Sennhauser 1979, 137, Abb. 11: 7. 203 Sennhauser 1979, 137, Abb. 11: 7. 204 Scholkmann 1997, 457, sl. 522 b: g. 204 Scholkmann 1997, 457, Fig. 522 b: g. 205 Wamers 1994, 147–148; Pleterski 2003a, 365. 205 Wamers 1994, 147–148; Pleterski 2003a, 365. 206 Arhiv 489, str. 269: “Posebnost otoškega grobišča je v 206 Archive 489, pg. 269: ‘The speciality of the island burial njegovi razbitosti na pet skupin, ki so vse v določenem odnosu ground can be found in its division into five groups, which are do dveh oziroma treh najstarejših cerkvenih stavb na otoku, all in a certain relation to the two or three oldest church build- tako da grobove na otoku lahko opredeljujemo kot grobišče ings on the island, thus, the graves can be defined as a burial okoli cerkve.” ground next to a church.’ 207 Knific, Mlinar 2014, 440–443, 458–459, sl. 15. 207 Knific, Mlinar 2014, 440–443, 458–459, Fig. 15. 90 2. INTERPRETACIJA GROBIŠČA IN NAJDB 2. INTERPRETATION OF THE BURIAL GROUND ... Sl. 2.22: Grobišča z najdbami köttlaške skupine pri cerkvah na severnojadranskem in vzhodnoalpskem ozemlju (glej seznam 6). Fig. 2.22: Burial sites with finds pertaining to the Köttlach group, next to churches in the Northern Adriatic and Eastern Alpine regions (see List 6). (Izdelava / Elaborated by: V. Bitenc) köttlaške skupine ( časovni horizont Köttlach II, skupina with finds belonging to the Köttlach group ( time horizon C 3). Najdišča so najštevilnejša na Koroškem in Go- Köttlach II, group C 3) have been found next to former renjskem, v obsežnih kotlinah ob zgornji Dravi in Savi or present-day churches. Such sites are most common in ( seznam 6; sl. 2.22). Koroška and Gorenjska regions, in the large basins along- side the upper Drava and Sava rivers ( List 6; Fig. 2.22). 91 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE IN ANALIZE NESTOJEČIH STAVBNIH OSTANKOV 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND ANALYSIS OF NON-STANDING BUILDING REMAINS Benjamin ŠTULAR 3.1 UVOD 3.1 INTRODUCTION Namen tega sklopa knjige sta stratigrafska analiza The purpose of this part of the book is to present najdišča in interpretacija nestoječih stavbnih ostankov the stratigraphic analysis, and the interpretation of non- na najdišču Blejski otok. Osnovni znanstveni vprašanji standing building remains, on the Bled Island site.* The tega dela sta morebiten obstoj predkrščanskega svetišča two primary scientific questions involve the possible na Blejskem otoku in – v neposredni povezavi s tem – existence of a pre-Christian sanctuary on Bled Island kronologija cerkva. and the – directly related – chronology of the churches. Kot nestoječe stavbne ostanke obravnavamo tiste, Non-standing building remains are those that are ki niso sestavni del današnje cerkvene stavbe in za katere not constituent parts of the present church building je najpomembnejši vir podatkov arheološki zapis. Ven- and for which the most important source of data is the dar so ti stavbni ostanki neločljivo prepleteni z arheo- archaeological record. These building remains, however, loškim zapisom srednjeveškega grobišča. Zato smo za are inseparably intertwined with the archaeological record razumevanje sosledja stavbnega razvoja v stratigrafsko of the medieval cemetery. The cemetery was therefore in prostorsko analizo pritegnili tudi grobišče. Celostna included in the stratigraphic and spatial analysis in order analiza grobišča, posameznih grobov in artefaktov je to understand the sequence of building development. An predstavljena zgoraj (glej pogl. 2). integral analysis of the cemetery, individual graves and artefacts, was presented above (see Chapter 2). 3.2 METODA ARHEOLOŠKIH IZKOPAVANJ 3.2 THE METHOD MED LETOMA 1962 IN 1964 OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION BETWEEN THE YEARS 1962 AND 1964 Na tem mestu bomo na kratko predstavili metodo arheoloških izkopavanj na Blejskem otoku med letoma Here, we will briefly present the method of archaeo- 1962 in 1964. S stališča moderne analize je ključen logical excavation on Bled Island between the years 1962 podatek, da je šlo za tako imenovana izkopavanja po and 1964. From the point of view of modern analysis, planumih (Šribar 1974, 7; za izraz kopanje po režnjih the key piece of information is that this used the so- prim. Novaković 2003, 56, op. 37; Dular, Tecco Hvala called planum technique of excavation (Šribar 1974, 7; 2007, 28; Štular 2008, 45–47). To je metoda arheoloških for the expression excavation in spits cf. Novaković 2003, izkopavanj, pri katerih se arheološki zapis odstranjuje 56, note 37; Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 28; Štular 2008, v arbitrarno določenih horizontalnih režnjih. Veljalo 45–47). In this method of archaeological excavation, the je, da je podoba enega planuma (…) horizontalni pre- rez skozi plasti, ki so nastajale istočasno ali pa v nekem * Translation Meta Osredkar 93 časovnem zaporedju (Šribar 1974, 7–8). Izbira metode archaeological record is removed in arbitrary levels or je bila skladna s tedanjimi praksami, saj gre za čas pred spits. It was assumed that the face of one planum (…) is uvedbo enokontekstnega dokumentiranja (Harris, Ot- a horizontal section through the layers that were created taway 1976; Barker 1977) in stratigrafskih izkopavanj either simultaneously or in a certain chronological order (Harris 1979). Izkopavanja na Blejskem otoku so bila (Šribar 1974, 7–8). The choice of method was congruent med prvimi v Sloveniji (in tedanji Jugoslaviji), na katerih with contemporary practice, this being the time before the so uvajali to metodo (prim. Šribar 1974, 8). introduction of single-context recording (Harris, Ottaway Za kakovost izvedbe planumskih izkopavanj je 1976; Barker 1977) and stratigraphic excavations (Harris ključna izbira naslednjih parametrov: 1979). The excavations on Bled Island were among the − debelina režnja, first in Slovenia (and the then Yugoslavia) in which this − gostota kontrolnih presekov in method was introduced ( cf. Šribar 1974, 8). − prostorska natančnost dokumentiranja mesta The high-quality execution of planum excavations najdb. depends on the choice of the following parameters: Vsak od naštetih dejavnikov neposredno vpliva − arbitrary level thickness, na eni strani na kakovost arheološke informacije in na − frequency of sample sections, and drugi strani, obratno sorazmerno, na hitrost izkopavanj. − accuracy in recording of the location of finds. V slovenski arheologiji se je kasneje za izkopavanja v Each of the listed parameters has a direct effect on ravnini uveljavilo kopanje 0,1–0,2 m debelih režnjev, the quality of archaeological information, but also – in in- puščanje kontrolnih presekov v razmiku 4 ali 5 m in verse proportion – on the speed of the excavation. Digging pobiranje najdb znotraj 4- ali 5-metrskih kvadrantov 0.1–0.2 m thick spits, recording sample sections every 4 or (prim. Šribar 1969, passim; Evis, Hanson, Cheetham 5 m, and collecting finds within 4- or 5 m quadrants later 2016, 178). Pri izkopavanjih na Blejskem otoku so ti became an established practice in Slovenian archaeology parametri žal mnogo manj natančni: for excavations conducted using the planum technique − debelina režnja od 0,4 m do 2 m (znotraj cerkve ( cf. Šribar 1969, passim; Evis, Hanson, Cheetham 2016, 0,2 m), 178). Unfortunately, these parameters were far less precise − brez kontrolnih presekov in in the Bled Island excavations: − dokumentiranje najdb zgolj po režnjih. − arbitrary level thickness between 0.4 m and 2 m (0.2 m inside the church), Pri izkopavanjih na Blejskem otoku so torej upo- − no sample sections, and rabili izjemno “grobo” različico izkopavanja po režnjih − finds recorded only according to the arbitrary level. z neznačilno debelimi režnji in brez sistematičnega dokumentiranja mesta najdb vsaj po kvadrantih. Ve- This means that a very “coarse” excavation method čina pozornosti je bila usmerjena v risarsko in opisno was used in the Bled Island excavations: digging in spits dokumentiranje planumov. of atypical thickness and without any systematic recording Ni torej naključje, da je Šribar metodo imenoval of the locations of finds, not even by quadrants. The focus planumska, kasnejši izkopavalci pa so jo preimenovali v was mostly on plan drawings and textual descriptions of reženjsko. Izrazoslovje opozarja na konceptualno spre- the surfaces of arbitrary levels. membo: prvotno težišče arheološkega angažmaja je bilo It is therefore no coincidence that Šribar referred to dokumentiranje naključnih horizontalnih in vertikalnih this method as excavation using the planum technique, presekov, kasneje pa – pod vplivom splošnega razvoja ar- while later excavators renamed it excavation in spits. heološke metodologije – vse bolj sam proces izkopavanja. This shift in terminology reflects a conceptual change: the original focal point of archaeological engagement Dokumentacija izkopavanj na Blejskem otoku je was recording arbitrary plan and sections drawings, temeljila na arheološkem dnevniku, v katerem je vodja while later – influenced by the general development of izkopavanj opisoval in interpretiral arheološko situacijo. archaeological methodology – the focus was more and Dnevnik so dopolnjevale občasne fotografije stanja in more on the excavation process itself. skice, kar je skladno s sočasnimi praksami. Poleg tega so tlorise in preseke dokumentirali še risarsko v merilu The documentation of the Bled Island excavations 1 : 20 ali 1 : 50, kar tedaj še ni bila povsem uveljavljena was based on an archaeological field journal, in which the praksa (prim. npr. izkopavanja grobišča Župna cerkev director of the excavations described and interpreted the v Kranju v letih 1953 ter 1964−1966: Štular, Belak 2012; archaeological situation. Congruent with contemporary Štular, Belak 2013). practice, the journal was complemented by occasional photographs and sketches of the situation. Plan and sec- Tlorisi tion drawings at a scale of 1:20 or 1:50 were also produced, Kot pendant “grobim” parametrom so tlorisi pla- which was not yet a ful y established practice at the time numov dokumentirani izjemno natančno. Na terenu so ( cf. for instance the excavations of the Župna cerkev 94 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.1: Blejski otok, dokumentiranje stanja izkopnega polja 1/1 pred posegom leta 1962; načrt je orientiran glede na mrežo kvadrantov (digitalna obdelava B. Štular; vir: arhiv NMS AO Rn 222/1). Fig. 3.1: Bled Island, trench 1/1 before 1962 excavation; plan drawing is oriented according to excavation grid (digital y remastered by B. Štular; source: NMS archive AO Rn 222/1). risali na milimetrski papir v merilu 1 : 20. Za analizo smo cemetery in Kranj in the years 1953 and 1964−1966: imeli na voljo prerise, ki so jih risali v merilu približno Štular, Belak 2012; Štular, Belak 2013). 1 : 20, merilo in usmeritev pa na risbah nista označena. Prerisi so opremljeni z naslednjimi podatki: − številkami plasti, Plan drawings of horizontal surfaces − opisom plasti v marginah, Contrary to the “coarse” parameters, plan drawings − absolutnimi nadmorskimi višinami, are recorded with high accuracy. In the field, they were − izrisom vsaj dveh vogalov cerkvene stavbe in drawn on millimetre paper at a scale of 1:20. The drawings − (v izkopnem polju IP 1/1) z izrisanimi kvadranti. available for this analysis were copies, made at a scale of Kakovost in namen teh risb najlaže pojasnimo na approximately 1:20. Scale and orientation are not marked konkretnem primeru planuma 1 v izkopnem polju IP 1/1 on the drawings. The copies contain the following data: ( sl. 3.1). Gre za tloris stanja pred izkopom, ki vključuje − context numbers, popis tipov travniške vegetacije ter izohipse z ekvidistan- − context descriptions in the margins, co 0,05 m. Kartiranje tipov travniške dokumentacije za − absolute elevations above sea level, arheologijo seveda ni potrebno, ekvidistanca izohips pa − drawings of at least two corners of the church je zavajajoča, saj bi bilo za takšno natančnost potrebnih building, and vsaj 20 meritev na m2. Na tem tlorisu meritve višin sploh − (in the IP 1/1 excavation area) drawings of mea- niso zabeležene, na ostalih tlorisih pa so izmerili približ- surement grid. no 0,01 višine na m2. Dejanska izmera je bila torej pri- The quality of these drawings, as well as their pur- bližno 2000-krat manj točna od natančnosti tlorisa. Da pose, can be best il ustrated using the case of Planum 1 natančnost izohips ni utemeljena s točnostjo meritev, je in the IP 1/1 excavation area ( Fig. 3.1). This plan drawing že na prvi pogled razvidno iz oblike izohips, ki bi morale of the trench before excavation lists the types of grass biti mnogo bolj “nazobčane” (prim. sl. 3.13). Dihotomije vegetation, and presents contours with an interval of med navidezno natančnostjo dokumentiranja stanja 0.05 m. Mapping types of grassland vegetation is clearly pred posegom na eni strani in izkopavanjem dvometr- not important for archaeology, and the interval between 95 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.2: Blejski otok, lega presekov (rdeče) na načrtu izkopnih polj izkopavanj 1962−1964; načrt je orientiran glede na mrežo kvadrantov (poudarki in digitalna obdelava B. Štular; vir: arhiv NMS AO Rn 235). Fig. 3.2: Bled Island, location of sample sections (red) marked on the plan of all trenches from 1962−1964 excavation; plan drawing is oriented according to excavation grid (digital y remastered by B. Štular; source: NMS archive AO Rn 235). skih “režnjev” na drugi strani metodološko preprosto the contours is misleading, for such accuracy would de- ni mogoče razložiti. Avtorjem risarske dokumentacije mand at least 20 elevation measurements per m2. No such natančnost dokumentiranja arheološkega zapisa ni bila measurements are marked in this plan drawing, while in edini – morda celo ne najpomembnejši – cilj. other plan drawings, approximately 0.01 elevations were S stališča izpovednosti dokumentacije je še po- measured per m2. The actual measurements were thus membnejša okoliščina, ki izhaja iz izbrane metode. Me- about 2000 times less accurate than the accuracy of the ritve višin na planumih so žal skoraj izključno meritve plan view. That the precision of the contours is not based višin arbitrarno določenih planumov. Te dokumentirajo on the accuracy of measurements is immediately apparent zgolj natančnost kopanja. Edine meritve, ki prinašajo from the shape of the contours, which should be much neposredne podatke o višinah arheoloških plasti, so more “jagged” ( cf. Fig. 3.13). In terms of methodology, meritve višin skeletov v grobovih. the dichotomy between the supposed accuracy of the re- corded situation before the intervention on the one hand, and the excavation of 2 m thick arbitrary levels on the Preseki (t. i. profili) other, is simply unexplainable. Clearly, accurate recording Analizirana dokumentacija najdišča na Blejskem of the archaeological record was not the sole – perhaps otoku vsebuje 35 arheoloških risb presekov z opisom not even the main – goal for the authors of plan drawings. 96 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.3: Blejski otok, preseki izkopnega polja narteks; zgoraj preseki, spodaj označena lega . Ni v merilu (avtor B. Štular; vir: arhiv NMS AO Rn 222/29). Fig. 3. 3: Bled Island, sample sections and the narteks trench; above – sections, below – location of sections. Not to scale (by B. Štular; source: NMS archive AO Rn 222/29). plasti. Vendar ne gre za sistematično razporejene tako The method selected for documentation had an imenovane kontrolne profile, temveč večinoma za pre- important effect on the value of its information. The seke robov izkopnih polj ( sl. 3.2). Severno od današnje elevation measurements recorded on the plan drawings cerkvene stavbe so bili dokumentirani preseki testnih are unfortunately almost without exception nothing more jarkov iz leta 1962. Teh zaradi razlik v opisih in izrisu than the elevations of arbitrary levels. They only record ni mogoče uskladiti s planumi, dokumentiranimi ob the accuracy of how horizontal the excavation of each izkopavanju leta 1963. V notranjosti današnje cerkvene level was. The only informative measurements are the stavbe so dokumentirali preseke na robovih izkopnih elevations of the skeletons in graves. polj. Ker so bila izkopna polja omejena s stoječimi zidovi, ti preseki ležijo natančno pod obstoječimi zidovi. Zato v zgornjem delu prikazujejo zgolj stoječi zid in njegov Sections temelj, v večjih globinah pa presek, vzporeden zidovom. The analysed documentation from the Bled Island Takšni preseki za analizo stratigrafskih odnosov med archaeological site contains 35 section drawings with de- arheološkimi plastmi in stoječimi elementi, kar je cilj scriptions of layers, however, these are not systematical y tega prispevka, niso uporabni ( sl. 3.3). placed sample sections , but mostly sections drawings of the individual trench edges ( Fig. 3.2). To the north of the present church building, sections of test trenches from Najdbe 1962 have been recorded. They cannot be coordinated Najdbe izven grobov niso bile dokumentirane with the plan drawings recorded in the 1963 excavations, sistematično. Pri kopanju testnih jarkov leta 1962 so however, due to discrepancies between the textual de- najdbe dokumentirali znotraj sond po planumih, vendar scriptions and the drawings. In the interior of the present večinoma zgolj približno, na primer planum 4/5 (Šribar church building, sections were recorded at the edges of 1966a, 1−19). Pri izkopavanju leta 1963 in 1964 so individual trenches. Since trenches were limited by the najdbe izven grobov dokumentirali kot naključne najdbe existing standing wal s, the sections are placed precisely na izkopnem polju. Najdbe iz izkopnega polja severno under the existing wal s. In the upper part, they only show od današnje cerkve imajo podatek o kvadrantu, ne pa o the standing wall and its foundation, under which there is planumu (Šribar 1966a, 56−58, 88). Najdbe iz notranjosti a section that is parallel to the wal s. Such sections are of cerkve so umeščene v prostor opisno, večinoma brez no relevance for the analysis of the stratigraphic relation- podatka o planumu (na primer v vogalu med obema ships between archaeological layers and standing wal s, apsidama in južnim stranskim oltarjem; Šribar 1966a, which is the goal of this analysis ( Fig. 3.3). 119−123, 139−140, 155−156). Podobno velja za najdbe iz prostora južno od cerkve (Šribar 1966a, 178−179). Med najdbami, ki so inventarizirane v NMS, na Finds inventarnih lističih ni prostorskih podatkov. Zaradi Finds from outside the graves were not systematical y izjemno skromne količine inventariziranih najdb na recorded. During the 1962 test trench excavation, the finds primer iz plasti novoveških izravnalnih nasutij sklepa- inside the trenches were recorded by arbitrary levels, but 97 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... mo, da so med izkopavanji izvajali selekcijo najdb. To most only approximately, for example Planum 4/5 (Šribar je skladno s pogosto prakso na slovenskih arheoloških 1966a, 1−19). During the 1963 and 1964 excavations, finds izkopavanjih do sredine osemdesetih let prejšnjega outside the graves were recorded as chance find s within stoletja, ko najdb, mlajših od zgodnjega srednjega veka the excavation area. Spatial information about the grid – razen izjemnih lepih kosov – niso dokumentirali (npr. quadrant, but not about the arbitrary level, is given for the Štular 2009, 18−19). finds from the excavation area north of the present-day church (Šribar 1966a, 56−58, 88). The location of the finds from the interior of the church is recorded descriptively, Stanje dokumentacije mostly without data about the level (for example in the Za stratigrafsko analizo opisanih podatkov je corner between the two apses and the southern side altar; ključna ocena, kolikšen delež stratigrafskih odnosov je Šribar 1966a, 119−123, 139−140, 155−156). There is a bil dokumentiran. similar situation when it comes to the finds from the area Dokumentacija izkopavanja po planumih ne beleži south of the church (Šribar 1966a, 178−179). (1) niti stratigrafskih odnosov med stratigrafskimi eno- The inventory cards for the finds in the National tami, ki so dokumentirane na istem planumu, (2) niti Museum of Slovenia contain no spatial data. Due to the stratigrafskih enot, ki so bile odkopane hkrati znotraj very small quantity of inventoried finds, for example in enega režnja. the Post-Medieval ground-levelling accumulations, we Prvo (1) pomanjkljivost je na najdiščih z enotni- can assume that the finds were subjected to a rigorous mi, pretežno horizontalnimi plastmi mogoče deloma selection process during excavation. This is congruent nadomestiti s tako imenovanimi kontrolnimi profili. with the practice, common in Slovenian archaeological Na najdišču Blejski otok to žal ni mogoče zaradi prej excavations up to the mid-1980s, of not recording finds opisanega stanja. Poleg tega je stratigrafija tega najdišča from periods later than the Early Middle Ages – with the zelo razgibana in večinoma poševna, tako da bi tudi exception of some remarkable beautiful items (e.g. Štular sistematično dokumentirani preseki le delno omilili ta 2009, 18−19). problem. Druga (2) pomanjkljivost je na najdiščih s pretežno horizontalnimi plastmi toliko manjša, kolikor se debe- State of documentation lina režnja približuje najmanjši debelini stratigrafskih It is crucial to estimate the share of recorded strati- enot. Debelina režnjev na obravnavanem najdišču je graphic relationships for any stratigraphic analysis of vsaj enkrat večja kot povprečna debelina plasti: v not- arbitrary excavation. ranjosti cerkve so estrihi debeli do 0,05 m, režnji pa With the arbitrary planum method of excavation, 0,1 m in več. Na prostoru z najgostejšimi pokopi so bili neither (1) the stratigraphic relationships between the režnji debeli do 0,4 m, grobne jame pa globoke nekako stratigraphic units recorded within the same planum, nor od 0,1 do 0,2 m. (2) the stratigraphic units excavated simultaneously in a Izgubo podatkov smo količinsko ovrednotili v single level are recorded in the documentation. cerkveni ladji za planuma 2 in 3. Iz dosegljive doku- In sites with uniform, mostly horizontal contexts, the mentacije smo na podlagi superpozicije planumov 2 in first (1) deficiency can be partly remedied by the s ample 3 rekonstruirali 79 stratigrafskih odnosov (glej v nada- sections. As described above, this was unfortunately not ljevanju). Dodatno je med stratigrafskimi enotami, ki so the case at the Bled Island site. The stratigraphy of this site dokumentirane na planumu 2, 137 nedokumentiranih is furthermore very uneven, and mostly slanted, which stratigrafskih odnosov in na planumu 3 še 81 takšnih. means that even systematical y recorded sample sections Rekonstruiran presek pokaže, da je bila z debelino rež- could only mitigate the inadequacies of the planum tech- nja brez dokumentiranja odstranjena najmanj polovica nique to a degree. arheološkega zapisa ( sl. 3.4). Sklepamo lahko torej na In sites with mostly horizontal layers, the second (2) izgubo vsaj še enkrat tolikšnega števila stratigrafskih deficiency is less marked if arbitrary level thickness is close odnosov. Ocenjeno skupno število stratigrafskih od- to the smallest thickness of the stratigraphic contexts. nosov v arheološkem zapisu med planumoma 2 in 3 je At the Bled Island site, individual level thickness is at torej 594, od tega jih je v dokumentaciji zabeleženih 79 least twice the average thickness of the contexts: mortar ali 13 odstotkov. Na najdišču Blejski otok moramo torej pavements inside the church are up to 0.05 m thick, and računati s tem, da približno 87 odstotkov stratigrafskih the levels were 0.1 m or more. In the area with the high- odnosov (in 50 odstotkov stratigrafskih enot) ni bilo est frequency of burials, the horizontal levels were up dokumentiranih. to 0.4 m thick, and the depth of grave pits was between Rezultat je primerljiv z rezultati študije, v kateri so approximately 0.1 and 0.2 m. merili učinkovitost modernih forenzičnih arbitrarnih The loss of data was quantified for arbitrary horizon- izkopavanj. Pri teh so uporabili 0,1 m debele režnje tal Levels 2 and 3 in the church nave. Based on the super- in dokumentirali 51 odstotkov stratigrafskih odnosov position of Levels 2 and 3, 79 stratigraphic relationships 98 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.4: Blejski otok, idealizirana preseka: zgoraj grobišče severno od sedanje cerkve, spodaj notranjost sedanje cerkve. Razmerje med višino in dolžino je pretiravano (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 3.4: Bled Island, idealized sections: above the cemetery north of the present-day church, below interior of the present-day church. Scale between height and length is distorted (by B. Štular). (Evis, Hanson, Cheetham 2016). Del razlike med 13 were reconstructed from the available documentation (see in 51 odstotki dokumentiranih odnosov je posledica the following sections). There are also 137 unrecorded tanjših režnjev. Pomembnejša razlika je dejstvo, da so v stratigraphic relationships between the stratigraphic omenjeni študiji izkušeni arheologi stratigrafske odnose units recorded in the plan drawing of Level 2, and 81 sistematično iskali in dokumentirali hkrati z odstranje- such relationships in Level 3. The reconstructed section vanjem plasti. Izkopavalci na Blejskem otoku pa so bili shows that due to the thickness of soil removal within a po večini nearheologi, ki stratigrafskih odnosov niso single level, more than half of the archaeological record dokumentirali med odstranjevanjem arheoloških plasti. was removed without being recorded ( Fig. 3.4). It can be therefore assumed that at least twice as many stratigraphic V celoti o arheoloških izkopavanjih na Blejskem relationships have been lost. The estimated number of al otoku med letoma 1962 in 1964 lahko rečemo, da niti stratigraphic relationships in the archaeological record količina niti kakovost dokumentiranih podatkov ne between Levels 2 and 3 is thus 594; 79 (i.e. 13%) of them 99 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... dosegata modernih standardov. Vendar je to za pol are recorded in the documentation. At the Bled Island stoletja stara izkopavanja pričakovano in razumljivo. archaeological site, we must therefore bear in mind that Najšibkejša točka so zagotovo krepko predebeli režnji approximately 87% of stratigraphic relationships (and kopanja; z izbiro že tedaj običajne debeline na primer 50% of stratigraphic contexts) were not recorded. 0,2 m zunaj in 0,1 m znotraj cerkve bi bila možna inter- This result is comparable with the results of a study pretacija stavbnega razvoja na mnogo višji stopnji. Glede which measured the efficiency of modern forensic arbi- ostalega lahko le sočustvujemo z arheologi, ki so se s trary excavations. In this study, 0.1 m thick levels were tako kompleksnimi ter geomorfološko in stratigrafsko used and 51% of actual stratigraphic relationships were razgibanimi najdišči spopadali brez temeljnega orodja recorded (Evis, Hanson, Cheetham 2016). The difference moderne arheologije, stratigrafske metode izkopavanj. between 13 and 51% of recorded relationships was due to thinner spits. A more important difference is that in the above-mentioned study, stratigraphic relationships were 3.3 METODE ANALIZE systematical y sought for and recorded by experienced archaeologists simultaneously with the removal of the Interpretacija arheoloških izkopavanj je najučinko- layers. The majority of the excavators on Bled Island were vitejša, kadar se izvaja neposredno po zaključku izkopa- not archaeologists, and they recorded no stratigraphic vanj in vključuje izkopavalce. Več časa ko preteče med relationships during the removal of the layers. izkopavanji in interpretacijo, večja je možnost izgube informacij. Dodatna elementa, ki imata enak učinek, Overal , it can be said that the quantity and quality sta odsotnost izkopavalcev v procesu interpretiranja of the data recorded in the archaeological excavations on in sprememba metode. S slednjim pojmom opisujemo Bled Island between 1962 and 1964 fail to meet modern stanje, ko arheolog interpret nima praktičnih izkušenj z standards. This, however, is both expected and under- metodo, uporabljeno pri izkopavanjih, ki jih interpretira. standable since the excavations took place half a century Kadar so izpolnjeni vsi trije pogoji – od izkopavanj je ago. The weakest point is certainly the thickness of the minilo dolgo časa, odsotnost izkopavalcev, sprememba arbitrary excavation levels: the then-standard thickness metode – se arhiv izkopavanj iz informacij spremeni v of, for example, 0.2 m outside and 0.1 m inside the church podatke in tedaj lahko govorimo o arhivskih izkopava- would allow for a much higher level of interpretation of njih. V arheološki praksi to spremembo pogosto the building development. As for the rest, we can only označuje uporaba izraza arhiv izkopavanj namesto sympathise with the archaeologists of the time: help- dokumentacija izkopavanj. less in the face of such complex sites with complicated Metodo interpretacije arhivskih izkopavanj lahko v grobem geomorphological and stratigraphic situations without razdelimo na 4 korake (prim. Štular 2008; Pleterski 2008a, the basic tool of modern archaeology, the stratigraphic predvsem 27−40; Štular 2009, predvsem 39−46): excavation method. − inventarizacija arhiva, − informatizacija arhiva, − analiza podatkov in 3.3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS − arheološka interpretacija. Prva dva koraka lahko opišemo kot analizo arhiva. The interpretation of archaeological excavations is V primerjavi z nearhivskimi izkopavanji gre za dodatna most efficient when it is conducted directly after the end koraka, pri katerih uporabljamo osnove metod zgodo- of the excavations, possibly by the excavators themselves. vinopisja (npr. Grafenauer 1960 zgoščeno poda za naše The more time passes between the excavations and the namene še vedno aktualno metodo). Zadnji korak se ne interpretation, the greater the danger of information loss. razlikuje od arheološke interpretacije nearhivskih izko- Two additional elements with the same effect are the ab- pavanj. Orodja analize podatkov arhivskih izkopavanj sence of the excavators in the process of interpretation and pa se od običajnih metod razlikujejo. Najpogosteje je a change in the method. The latter notion describes the uveljavljena orodja treba nadgraditi z dodatnimi po- state when the interpreting archaeologist has no practi- stopki, s katerimi “prevedemo” podatke v informacije, cal experience with the method used in the excavation primerne za moderna orodja. Zelo izpoveden je primer that is being interpreted. When all three conditions are prostorskih podatkov: pri modernih izkopavanjih met – a long time has passed since the excavation, the so ti že umeščeni v prostor v modernem absolutnem absence of excavators, and a change in the method – the koordinatnem sistemu; pri starejših izkopavanjih pa so excavation archive transforms from information to data1 potrebni dodatni koraki, da arhivske podatke (npr. risbe and at that point one is faced with an archival excavation. kvadrantov) umestimo v prostor in jih s tem spremeni- In archaeological practice, this change is often reflected mo v prostorske podatke. 1 Data is the facts or details from which information is derived. Individual pieces of data are rarely useful alone. For data to become information, it needs to be put into context. 100 V nadaljevanju so v 3 sklopih opisana orodja ozi- by the use of the expression excavation archive instead of roma metode, ki smo jih uporabili pri analizi arhivskih excavation documentation. izkopavanj na Blejskem otoku. The method of interpreting archival excavations can be roughly divided into four stages ( cf. Štular 2008; Pleterski 2008a, especial y 27−40; Štular 2009, especial y 3.3.1 UMESTITEV V PROSTOR 39−46): − inventorying the archive, Temelj za morfometrične analize najdišča je po- − informatisation of the archive, enotenje prostorskih podatkov v enotno prostorsko − data analysis, and podatkovno zbirko (tako imenovano geodatabazo). − archaeological interpretation. To smo implementirali v okolju1 GIS v koordinatnem The first two steps can be described as an analysis sistemu D96/TM. Umestitev podatkov izkopavanj v of the archive. Compared to non-archival excavations, prostor temelji na 68 risbah tlorisov (glej zgoraj). Te so they are additional stages in which the basic methods of bile risane v relativnih koordinatnih mrežah, ki so bile historiography are used (Grafenauer 1960, for instance, postavljene ad hoc za vsako izkopno polje posebej. Mreža gives a concise description of a method that is still relevant kvadrantov, ki na skupnem načrtu pokriva celotno ob- for our purpose). The last step does not differ from the močje izkopavanj z enotno mrežo kvadrantov ( sl. 3.2), archaeological interpretation of non-archival excavations. je nastala v poizkopavalni analizi in za dokumentiranje The tools for the analysis of information from archival na terenu ni bila uporabljena. excavations, however, differ from the standard methods. Za analizo smo pridobili fotografije koloriranih The standard tools must be enhanced with additional prerisov terenskih risb. Šestnajst fotografij risb z grobovi procedures aimed at “translating” archival data into the smo pridobili v polni ločljivosti, ostale pa v zmanjšani information suitable for modern tools. This process is ločljivosti, shranjene z uporabo destruktivnega stiskanja easily demonstrated with the example of spatial data: in ( angl. lossy compression). Pri slednjih je bila berljivost modern excavations, spatial data is already georeferenced številk in črk močno otežena ali celo ni bila mogoča. in a modern absolute coordinate system; but additional Metoda fotografiranja risb nam ni natančno znana, steps are needed when dealing with archival excavations, niti nismo imeli dostopa do metapodatkov; imamo le so that archival data (for example plan drawings oriented podatek, da je bila uporabljena izjemno kakovostna on excavation grid) can be georeferenced and transformed oprema in opravljena korekcija distorcije fotografskih into spatial information (GIS database positioned in a leč s programom Adobe Photoshop. V takih okoliščinah modern coordinate system). dodatne korekcije niso smotrne. The following three segments describe the tools and Pri umeščanju tlorisov v absolutni koordinatni methods used in the analysis of the archival excavations sistem smo najprej preizkusili metodo, ki smo jo razvili on Bled Island. za sočasna arheološka izkopavanja grobišča Župna cer- kev v Kranju. Metoda temelji na rekonstrukciji mreže kvadrantov, v katero so vpete posamezne arheološke 3.3.1 GEOREFERENCING risbe (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 25−26). Vendar ta metoda pri obravnavanem gradivu ni bila zadovoljiva, The basis for morphometric analyses of a site is saj so se pojavljale napake metrskega velikostnega merging the spatial data into a single geodatabase. This razreda ( sl. 3.5). Merska analiza je pokazala, da napaka was implemented in the GIS environment,2 in the D96/ narašča zvezno z razdaljo od vsakokratnega izhodišča TM coordinate system. First, the data from the excava- meritev. Dodatna okoliščina je, da kvadranti, vrisani na tions was georeferenced. Sixty eight plan drawings (see risbah izkopnega polja 1/1, te napake nimajo. Mrežo above) were generated in several relative coordinate kvadrantov so namreč zakoličili le v izkopnem polju systems, designed ad hoc for each excavation area sepa- severno od cerkve,2 a fizično količkov niso vzdrževali; rately. An amalgamated plan drawing was created during te so nadomestili z napenjanjem vrvic ( sl. 3.6). V na- the post-excavation analysis using yet another grid of daljevanju so količenje povsem opustili. Za meritve pri quadrants – one not used for recording data in the field – risanju večjih površin so zato uporabljali merilni okvir covering the entire area of the excavations ( Fig. 3.2). lastne izdelave ( sl. 3.7), pri risanju v utesnjenih pros- Photographs of coloured copies of plan drawings torih cerkvene notranjosti pa so uporabljali neke vrste were acquired for our analysis. Sixteen photographs of improvizirano kartografsko mizo ter se mersko opirali plan drawings that included graves were acquired in ful na arhitekturne elemente ( sl. 1.22). resolution; the rest of the photographs had been saved in a lossy compression format and in diminished resolu- tion. The numbers and letters in these photographs, were 1 ArcGIS 10.5, modul ArcMap. 2 poorly or not at all legible. The exact method of photo- Terenski dnevnik za leto 1962, inv. št. NMS AO 480, str. 2 15−16. ArcGIS 10.5, ArcMap module. 101 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.5: Blejski otok, risbe grobov severno od sedanje cerkve umeščene v prostor z metodo rekonstrukcije mreže kvadrantov. Napaka je razvidna iz razlik med geodetskim posnetkom sedanje cerkvene stavbe (rdeče) in izrisoma cerkvene stavbe na dveh načrtih izkopavanja 1962−1964 (črno, sivo); načrt je orientiran glede na geografski sever (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 3.5: Bled Island, plan drawings of graves north of the present-day church georeferenced using the grid-reconstruction method. Georeferencing residual error is discernible by comparing the modern plan of the present-day church (red) with that of two plans from the 1962−1964 excavation (black, grey); plan drawing is oriented to north (by B. Štular). Sl. 3.7: Blejski otok, pogled na izkopno polje severno od sedanje cerkve, kjer so za meritve pri risanju večjih površin uporabljali merilni okvir lastne izdelave (vir: arhiv NMS OA negativ št. 8531). Fig. 3.7: Bled Island, a view of the trench north of the present-day church; during the plan drawing measurements were taken using a self-made measurement device (source: NMS archive OA film No. 8531). 102 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.6: Blejski otok, pogled na izkopno polje severno od sedanje cerkve, kjer so po odstranitvi označevalnih količkov kvadranti označeni z vrvicami (vir: arhiv NMS OA negativ št. 5839). Fig. 3.6: Bled Island, a view of the trench north of the present-day church; after the removal of the grid-stakes the grid was marked with strings (source: NMS archive OA film No. 5839). 103 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... graphing the drawings is unknown and we had no access to the metadata; the only available piece of information was that high-quality equipment had been used and that that the correction of camera lens distortion had been applied in Adobe Photoshop software. In such circum- stances it would not be advantageous for us to apply any further corrections. In order to georeference plan drawings in the abso- lute coordinate system, the method previously developed for the archaeological excavations of the Župna cerkev cemetery in Kranj was first tested. The method is based on a reconstructed grid of quadrants, onto which individual archaeological drawings are georeferenced (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 25−26). This method, however, did not yield satisfactory results, due to errors in the order of Sl. 3.8: Shematični prikaz delovanja metode rastrskih piramid metres ( Fig. 3.5). The analysis of the results demonstrated (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 3.8: that the error in the original drawings increased with the Scheme of the raster pyramid method (by B. Štular). distance from each starting point of the grid set up in the field. Furthermore, this error does not occur in the grid drawn in the plan drawings of Excavation area 1/1. This Na podlagi povedanega in ob upoštevanju tedanje was because the aforementioned grid was laid out with metodologije dokumentiranja planumov (Šribar 1969; stakes only in the excavation area north of the church,3 Šribar 1974; Šribar 1976; Šribar 1977; Šribar 1981) but the stakes were not maintained and were replaced by sklepamo, da so pri vseh merilnih metodah nastajale strings ( Fig. 3.6). Laying out the grid with stakes was later sistematične napake, kjer napaka narašča z razdaljo od dropped altogether. A self-constructed measuring device merskega izhodišča. Zato smo risbe umestili v prostor ( Fig. 3.7) was therefore used for taking measurements for z metodo, ki smo jo razvili za umeščanje historičnih plan drawings. An improvised protractor was used in the zemljevidov, pri izdelavi katerih so se zaradi uporabe confined church interior, where architectural elements kartografske mize pojavljale istovrstne napake (Štular were used as the basis of measurements ( Fig. 1.22). 2010; prim. Conol y, Lake 2006, 86–89). Uporabo te On the basis of what has been said, and taking into metode je omogočilo dvoje: account the then methods of recording plan drawings − srečna okoliščina, da so bila izkopavanja v cerkvi (Šribar 1969; Šribar 1974; Šribar 1976; Šribar 1977; Šribar in tik ob njej, ta pa od izkopavanj ni doživela strukturnih 1981), it can be inferred that there were systematic er- gradbenih posegov, in rors with all measurement methods, and that the error − dejstvo, da so pri risanju upoštevali pravila dobre increased with the distance from the starting (zero) point prakse in na vsako risbo vrisali vsaj 1 zid cerkvene stavbe of the measurement grid. The same types of systematic z vsaj 2 vogaloma. errors occurred in nineteenth century maps due to the Tako je mogoče vsako risbo umestiti v prostor glede use of the protractor. The plan drawings were therefore na relativen položaj do cerkvene stavbe. georeferenced in GIS using the method developed for geo- Ker nismo imeli na voljo dovolj natančnega geodet- referencing historical maps (Štular 2010; cf. Conol y, Lake skega posnetka cerkve, ki bi bil umeščen v koordinatni 2006, 86–89). The use of this method was possible due to: sistem D96/TM, smo uporabili metodo rastrskih pira- − the fortunate circumstance that the excavations mid, s katero na podatek majhnega merila postopno were conducted in the interior and the immediate vicinity umeščamo podatke v čedalje natančnejšem merilu ( sl. of a church that has undergone no structural construction 3.8; prim. Spletni vir 1). Uporabljeni podatki glede na works since the excavations, and merilo od najmanjšega so: − the fact that rules of good practice were followed − procesirani in vizualizirani lidarski podatki and each plan drawing includes at least one church wal (postopek po Štular, Lozić 2016; procesiranje E. Lozić3), with at least two corners. − digitalni ortofoto posnetek DOF025, Each plan drawing could thus be georeferenced − geodetski posnetek cerkve iz leta 2009, based on its position relative to the church building. − arheološke risbe. Since a sufficiently detailed geodetic plan of the Lidarske podatke smo uporabili za izdelavo 2,5-raz- church, which could be incorporated into the D96/TM sežnega modela cerkvene stavbe. Digitalni ortofoto coordinate system, was not available, we used the raster posnetek DOF025 je štirikrat natančnejši, a je zaradi pyramids method, where a small-scale piece of informa- 3 Na tem mestu se zahvaljujem E. Lozić za procesiranje in tion is gradual y upgraded by pieces of information of vizualizacijo lidarskih podatkov. 3 Field journal for 1962, inv. no. NMS AO 480, pp. 15−16. 104 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... poševne perspektive uporaben samo za južno steno. Te ever more detailed scale ( Fig. 3.8; cf. Internet source 1). podatke smo uporabili, da smo v državni koordinatni From the smallest to the largest scale, the following data sistem D96/TM (Berk, Boldin 2017) umestili geodetski was used: posnetek cerkvene stavbe. Ta pomeni izhodišče za umeš- − processed and visualised airborne lidar data (pro- čanje arheoloških risb izkopavanj na Blejskem otoku v cedure after Štular, Lozić 2016; processing by E. Lozić4), omenjeni absolutni koordinatni sistem. − DOF025 digital orthophoto image, S to metodo je mogoče umestiti v prostor vsako ris- − geodetic plan of the church from 2009, bo posebej. Vendar je za arheološko analizo prostorske − archaeological drawings. dokumentacije ujemanje med posameznimi planumi Airborne lidar data were used to create a 2.5-dimen- pomembnejše od absolutne napake umestitve posamez- sional model of the church. A DOF025 digital orthophoto ne risbe. Že vizualen pregled risb je pokazal, da so risarji image is four times more accurate, but due to its oblique uporabili še eno pravilo dobre prakse, po katerem se perspective, its usefulness is limited to the southern wal . fiksne točke v prostoru – v tem primeru cerkvene zidove This data was used to georeference the geodetic plan of – izmeri le prvič in se jih na nadaljnje planume ali tlorise the church (Berk, Boldin 2017) in the D96/TM national preriše. Zato smo za vsako izkopno polje le prvega izmed coordinate system. The latter is the starting point for planumov “vpeli” na cerkev z opisano metodo. Ostale georeferencing the archaeological drawings from the planume smo “prilepili” na prvega. Povedano drugače, v Bled Island excavations in the above-mentioned absolute prostor smo jih umestili na podlagi fiksnih točk prvega coordinate system. planuma namesto fiksnih točk geodetskega načrta. S In this method, each drawing is georeferenced inde- to metodo smo dosegli največje možno ujemanje med pendent of each other. For the archaeological analysis of posameznimi planumi. Pri tem smo uporabili transfor- spatial documentation, however, the accuracy of matches macijo, ki ne popači notranjih razmerij na posameznem between individual drawings is more important than the načrtu, temveč prilagaja le položaj celotnega načrta.4 absolute georeferencing error of individual drawings. Uporabljeni postopek umeščanja načrtov v absolutni Therefore, another tweak to the method was necessary. koordinatni sistem je torej optimiziran za čim manjše A visual inspection of the drawings showed that another popačenje notranjih razmerij na posameznem načrtu in rule of good practice was followed in the field: fixed čim boljše medsebojno ujemanje planumov. points in space – church wal s in this case – were meas- Po opisani metodi smo umestili v prostor vseh 68 ured only once and were copied into later plan drawings. planumov. Prednost dela v okolju GIS je združevanje Therefore, for each excavation area, only the first of the načrtov iz različnih izkopnih polj, tekoče prehajanje med plan drawings was “projected” onto the church using the planumi in delo v absolutnem koordinatnem prostoru. above-mentioned method. The rest of the plan drawings Zato v nadaljevanju prispevka ne uporabljamo delovnih were “attached” to the first one; in other words, the first oznak izkopnih polj ipd. plan drawing was georeferenced on the fixed points of the church and the rest on the fixed points of the first planum. V nadaljnjem postopku smo za potrebe prostorske Using this method, the maximum possible match between analize vektorizirali vse zidove, tlake in vkope. Obliko v individual plan drawings was achieved. The transforma- tlorisu smo dobili tako, da smo obrisali meje elementov tion used in this process was of the type that does not v dvorazsežnem (2R) okolju GIS. Vektoriziranje smo distort the internal proportions of an individual plan, izvajali v merilu 1 : 20. S tem smo dosegli enotno na- but only adapts the position of the plan as a whole.5 The tančnost vektoriziranja, ki je primerljiva z natančnostjo procedure used for georeferencing plan drawings in the zajemanja podatkov, torej prvotnega risanja tlorisov. absolute coordinate system is thus optimised to achieve Osnovni namen vektoriziranja je bil omogočiti stratig- the lowest possible distortion of the internal proportions rafsko analizo v 2R-okolju GIS (glej spodaj). of an individual plan while achieving the optimal overal Dodatno smo elementom, ki so imeli podatek o accuracy. nadmorski višini, tega pripisali kot atribut. To omogo- All 68 plan drawings were georeferenced using the ča prikaz vsakega elementa v 3R-prostoru. Vendar so above method. Working in the GIS environment enables elementi prikazani horizontalno, saj je bila večinoma advantages such as combining plans from different ex- izmerjena le po 1 višina za vsak element. Ne gre torej cavation areas, smooth transitions between various plan za dejanski 3R-model, saj bi za to potrebovali približno drawings, and working in the absolute coordinate system 1000-krat več meritev višin. Kljub temu simulacija ele- and therefore, no labels of excavation areas etc. are used mentov v 3R-prostoru omogoča vtis o medsebojnem in the continuation of this contribution. odnosu posameznih elementov v prostoru, tudi tistih, ki so bili izkopani v različnih sezonah ( sl. 3.9). 4 The author would like to thank Edisa Lozić for the pro- cessing and visualisation of the lidar data. 4 5 Programski paket ArcGIS 10.5, orodje Georeferencing, ArcGIS 10.5 software package, the Georeferencing tool, transformacija 1. reda, to je prilagajanje (angl. affine). transformation of the 1st order, i.e. affine. 105 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... grob / grave vkop / pit žganina / burnt leyer zid / wall Sl. 3.9: Blejski otok, aksonometrična projekcija izbranih stratigrafskih elementov: grobov, vkopov, žganine in zidov. Višinske razlike so prikazane z 10-kratnim pretiravanjem (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 3.9: Bled Island, axonometric projection of selected stratigraphic contexts: graves, pits, burnt layers, and wal s. Height-differences are shown at 10x scale (by B. Štular). Tako pripravljeni podatki omogočajo tudi pros- In the further process, all wal s, pavements, and torsko analizo grobišča. Za potrebe teh analiz smo cuts were vectorised for the spatial analysis. The shape posamezne grobove obravnavali kot točke. Grobovi, pri in plan view was acquired by outlining the elements in a katerih je mogoče rekonstruirati lego glave, so označeni s two-dimensional (2D) GIS environment. Vectorisation točko na mestu atlasa, to je stika glave in vratu. Pri slabše was conducted at a scale of 1:20. A uniform accuracy of ohranjenih grobovih je točka postavljena v geometrično vectorisation was thus achieved, which is comparable to središče ohranjenih ostankov. the accuracy of original plan drawings. The primary pur- Tam, kjer je risarsko dokumentirana ohranjenost pose of the vectorisation was to allow for a stratigraphic skeleta dopuščala, smo izmerili kartografski azimut na analysis in a 2D GIS environment (see below). stopinjo natančno. Izmerjen je torej odklon od severa If the contexts contained elevation data this was v državnem koordinatnem sistemu D96 v Mercatorjevi included as an attribute, thus allowing the display of each projekciji, ki ga ne gre zamenjevati z astronomskim context in 3D-space. The individual contexts, however, are azimutom. displayed horizontal y, because in most of the cases only Prostorske analize smo opravili v okolju GIS,5 one elevation measurement per context was recorded. posamezni algoritmi pa so opisani v analizi. The result is therefore not a proper 3D model, which would require approximately 1000 times more elevation measurements. The simulation of the elements in 3D- 3.3.2 GEOMORFOLOGIJA OTOKA space nevertheless provides an idea of the relationships between individual elements in space, including the ele- Otok na Blejskem jezeru je bil predvsem v zadnjih ments excavated in different years ( Fig. 3.9). stoletjih močno preoblikovan. Glavna poteza današnje The data thus prepared al owed for a spatial analysis oblike otoka je baročna cerkvena arhitektura s ploš- of the cemetery. For the purpose of the spatial analysis, čadjo okoli cerkve in stopniščem, ki se na južni strani graves were treated as points. The graves in which the cerkve spušča do obale ( sl. 3.10). Za arheološko analizo position of the head could be reconstructed are repre- je zato izjemnega pomena pridobiti čim več podatkov sented with a point positioned at the atlas, i.e. the joint o geomorfologiji otoka pred opisanimi arhitekturnimi between the head and the neck. Poorly preserved graves posegi. are mapped with the point placed at the geometric centre of the surviving remains. 5 ESRI ArcGIS Desktop 10.5. 106 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.10: Blejski otok, pogled z obale na zahodno stran otoka (foto A. Pleterski). Fig. 3.10: Bled Island, view from the shore to the western part of the island (photo A. Pleterski). Planumska izkopavanja seveda ne omogočajo When the drawings of the skeleton allowed for this, rekonstrukcije posameznih stratigrafskih enot in s tem the cartographic azimuth was measured to an accuracy of metrične rekonstrukcije posameznih hodnih površin one degree. It is the deviation from the north in the D96 po celotni površini. V pomoč bi lahko bili sistematič- national coordinate system in the Mercator projection no dokumentirani kontrolni preseki, ki jih žal ni. Zato that was measured, which should not be confused with smo razvili metodo fuzije podatkov o skalni osnovi na the astronomical azimuth. območju pod cerkveno ploščadjo in podatkov o višini The spatial analysis was conducted in a GIS envi- modernih tal izven tega območja. Pri tem smo se oprli ronment6 and individual algorithms are described in na 2 podatka: the analysis. − rekonstrukcijo površine skalne osnove znotraj izkopnih polj in − podatek, da je bila hodna površina severno od 3.3.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY današnje cerkve v času nastanka grobišča do 1 m nad OF THE ISLAND skalno osnovo ( sl. 3.4). The island in Lake Bled has been significantly trans- Iz risb tlorisov smo pridobili 136 meritev abso- formed, especial y in the last few centuries. The main lutne nadmorske višine skalne osnove ( sl. 3.11). Žal so feature of the present-day island is a baroque church sur- višine skalne osnove neposredno merili le izjemoma. rounded by a platform, with a staircase descending to the Neposrednih meritev je tako zgolj 63. Z interpretacijo shore on the southern side ( Fig. 3.10). For archaeological tlorisov smo lahko pridobili še 50 posrednih meritev analysis it is therefore paramount to acquire all possible in 23 rekonstruiranih meritev. Med prve sodijo npr. information on the geomorphology of the island prior meritve plasti zemlje v neposredni bližini skalne osnove, to these changes. med druge pa npr. meritve skeleta, ki leži neposredno na 6 ESRI ArcGIS Desktop 10.5. 107 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.11: Blejski otok, lega meritev nadmorskih višin skalne osnove: 1 – neposredna meritev; 2 – posredna meritev; 3 – rekon-struirana meritev; 4 – meja izkopnega polja; 5 – obstoječi zid; 6 – neizkopano ali uničeno (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 3.11: Bled Island, location of above-sea-level measurements of the bedrock: 1 – direct measurement; 2 – indirect measurement; 3 – reconstructed measurement; 4 – excavation trench; 5 – existing wall; 6 – unexcavated or destroyed (by B. Štular). skalni osnovi. Predvsem ti lahko od dejanskega stanja Arbitrary planum excavations do not allow for the odstopajo tudi do 0,1 m, kar pa je glede na želeno merilo reconstruction of individual stratigraphic contexts, and končnega rezultata zanemarljivo. thus a reconstruction of individual occupation surfaces V naslednjem koraku smo znotraj območja meritev over the entire area. Systematical y recorded sample sec- interpolirali površino z osnovno celico 1 m. V tovrstnih tions could be helpful, but unfortunately, they do not exist. primerih statistične analize kažejo, da je najuspešnejša We therefore developed a method that allows for a fusion metoda interpolacije kriging (Chaplot s sodelavci 2006). of the recorded elevation data for the bedrock under the Zaradi majhnega števila meritev so bile za izračun vsake baroque platform with airborne lidar data of the sur- celice uporabljene vse meritve. rounding area. We drew upon two pieces of information: 108 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... − the reconstruction of the bedrock surface inside the excavation areas, and − the information that at the time of the foundation of the cemetery, the occupation surface north of the present- day church was up to 1 m above the bedrock ( Fig. 3.4). One hundred and thirty-six elevation measurements of the bedrock were acquired from the plan drawings ( Fig. 3.11). Unfortunately, the elevation of the bedrock was only rarely directly measured and there were only 63 direct measurements. Interpretation of the plan draw- ings furthermore made it possible to acquire 50 indirect measurements and 23 reconstructed measurements. The former include, for example, the measurements of soil Sl. 3.12: Blejski otok, oblak talnih točk nepozidanega dela otoka layers in the immediate vicinity of the bedrock, while the (avtorica E. Lozić po metodi Štular, Lozić 2016; vir: zračno latter include, for example, the measurements of skeletons lasersko skeniranje Slovenije, eVode; http://gis.arso.gov.si/ lying directly on the bedrock. The latter especial y can evode/profile.aspx?id=atlas_voda_Lidar@Arso; uporabljeni deviate from the actual situation by as much as 0.1 m, so podatki v koordinatnem sistemu D96/TM). which is, however, negligible, given the required scale of Fig. 3.12: Bled Island, point cloud of ground points of the the final result. unbuilt area (by E. Lozić, method after Štular, Lozić 2016; source: airborna laser scaning of Slovenia, eVode; http://gis. The next step was to interpolate the area with the arso.gov.si/evode/profile.aspx?id=atlas_voda_Lidar@Arso, basic cell of 1 m within the area of the measurements. D96/TM coordinate system). Statistical analysis shows that in such cases, the most successful method of interpolation is kriging (Chaplot et al. 2006). Due to the small number of measurements, the value for each cell was calculated based on all meas- urements. Podatek o današnjih tleh izven območja cerkvene The information on the present-day surface outside ploščadi smo pridobili z analizo lidarskih podatkov (za the area of the church platform was acquired through metodo glej Štular, Lozić 2016; analiza E. Lozić). Ker the analysis of airborne lidar data (for the method see: je bil arheološko dokumentiran le manjši del cerkvene Štular, Lozić 2016; analysis: E. Lozić). Since only a smal ploščadi, za razmeroma veliko površino nimamo ni- part of the church platform has been archaeological y kakršnih podatkov ( sl. 3.12). recorded, there is a relatively large surface without any Primerjava obeh virov podatkov je pokazala, da je data ( Fig. 3.12). ocena o hodni površini približno 1 m nad skalno osno- By comparing both data sources, the estimation – vo, do katere smo prišli z analizo arheoloških presekov, based on the analysis of archaeological cross-sections, zadovoljiva. To pomeni, da so bili po združitvi vseh the occupation surface was about 1 m above the bedrock podatkov prehodi med obema območjema tekoči. Zato – was found to be satisfactory. This means that after the smo rekonstruirani površini skalne osnove prišteli 1 m. integration of all data, there were smooth transitions V zadnjem koraku smo podatke obeh območij between the two areas. One metre was therefore added združili v enoten oblak točk in z interpolacijo kriging to the reconstructed surface of the bedrock. izdelali digitalni model površine (DMP) za celoten otok In the last step, the data from both areas was fused tako ( sl. 3.13). into a uniform point cloud and then a digital surface Ta rekonstrukcija po našem mnenju solidno odraža model (DSM) was created for the entire island, using the geomorfologijo otoka v času pred poznosrednjeveškimi kriging interpolation method ( Fig. 3.13). in posrednjeveškimi gradbenimi posegi. Najvišja točka We believe that this reconstruction adequately otoka je bila na mestu, kjer danes stoji zvonik. Stopnice, reflects the geomorphology of the island before the Late ki danes vodijo do cerkve iz južne strani otoka, so bile Medieval and Post-Medieval construction works. The zgrajene na koridorju, ki je že prej omogočal najlažji highest point of the island was where the bell tower dostop na vrh. Edini razmeroma izravnan prostor na stands today. The present-day staircase leading to the celotnem otoku je bila manjša ravnina na prostoru sever- church from the southern side of the island was built in nega dela današnje cerkvene ladje in tik severno od nje. the location of an earlier corridor, which had allowed for the easiest access to the top. The only relatively level area on the entire island was a small flat surface in the area of the northern part of the present-day church nave and immediately to the north of it. 109 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.13: Blejski otok, geomorfološka rekonstrukcija površine pred srednjeveškimi gradbenimi posegi. Aksonometrični pogled na 3-razsežni digitalni model površine; na abscisi in ordinati so koordinate državnega koordinatnega sistema, na osi z nadmorska višina (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 3.13: Bled Island, geomorphologic reconstruction of the surface before medieval building activities. Axonometric 3D view of digital surface model; x, y and z axes are in D96/TM coordinate system (by B. Štular). 3.3.3 STRATIGRAFSKA ANALIZA 3.3.3 STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Ključno arheološko vprašanje na najdišču je odnos The key archaeological question about this site is the posameznih grobov do cerkvene stavbe. Zadovoljiv od- relationship between individual graves and the church govor otežujeta na eni strani razmeroma majhno število buildings. Obtaining a satisfactory answer is made dif- zadovoljivo dokumentiranih najdb, tako znotraj kot tudi ficult on the one hand by a relatively small number of izven grobov, in na drugi strani kompleksna stavbna adequately recorded finds, both from the graves and from zgodovina. Pri delu s podatki modernih stratigrafskih outside the graves, and on the other hand by the complex izkopavanj je reševanje takšnih vprašanj rutinsko, pri architectural history. While solving such questions is a analizi pol stoletja starih podatkov planumskih izkopa- routine matter for modern stratigraphic excavations, the vanj pač ne (prim. Štular 2008). analysis of half-a-century old data from arbitrary excava- Edina možna metoda je stratigrafska analiza po- tions is a different story ( cf. Štular 2008). datkov, čeprav so bila izkopavanja planumska. Osnova Stratigraphic analysis of the data is the only possible metode je enostavna: s primerjavo risb planumov, ki so method, even if the arbitrary method was used in the v superpoziciji, prepoznati čim več stratigrafskih odno- excavations. The principle of the method employed is sov in iz njih zgraditi Harrisov diagram (prim. Mlekuž simple: to recognise as many stratigraphic relationships 2001). Če imamo na primer na planumu 11 tlak 23, ki as possible by comparing the plan drawings in superpo- se delno prekriva s tlakom 10 na nižjem planumu 12, je sition; these are then used to create a Harris matrix. If, prvi nad drugim. Za vedno pa so izgubljeni stratigraf- for instance, Pavement 23 in Planum 11 partly overlaps ski odnosi na primer med sosednjima si tlakom 23 in with Pavement 10 in the lower Planum 12, the former is nasutjem 15 na planumu 11 ( sl. 3.14). Enako so seveda above the latter. Forever lost, though, is the stratigraphic izgubljene vse sledi za vsemi tlaki in plastmi znotraj relationship between, for example, the neighbouring 0,5 m debelega režnja, ki niso bili dokumentirani na Pavement 23 and Fill 15 in Planum 11 ( Fig. 3.14). Similarly planumu (glej zgoraj). lost are all traces of pavements and layers inside the 0.5 m Posamezni elementi so na vsakem planumu že thick arbitrary levels that were not recorded in the plan oštevilčeni. Da bi razlikovali elemente med planumi, drawings (see above). smo vsakemu dodali številko planuma. Zgoraj opisana Individual contexts are already numbered in exist- tlaka, na primer, smo torej označili kot 11−23 in 12−10. ing plan drawings. To differentiate the contexts between 110 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.14: Blejski otok, prekrivanje risb planumov 11 (sivo) in 12 (črno) iz notranjosti sedanje cerkve; načrt je orientiran proti kartografskemu severu (avtor B. Štular; vira: NMS AO Rn 222/11 in NMS AO Rn 222/12). Fig. 3.14: Bled Island present-day church interior, overlay of plan drawings 11 (grey) and 12 (black); plan drawing is oriented to north (by B. Štular; sources: NMS AO Rn 222/11 and NMS AO Rn 222/12). Zidovi na nekaterih planumih niso bili označeni. Te the drawings, each of them was additional y assigned the smo označili s številko planuma in zaporedno številko number of the drawing. The above-described pavements, zidu, na primer 02-zid1. for instance, were thus labelled 11−23 (No. 23 on plan Vsak grob smo v matriko vnesli kot stratigrafsko drawing 11) and 12−10 (No. 10 on plan drawing 12). skupino (prim. Herzog 2004, 10), kar je utemeljeno s Wal s were not numbered in some of the drawings podatki. Arheološki zapis vsakega vkopanega groba je and were therefore labelled with the number of plan draw- seveda sestavljen najmanj iz vkopa, mejne površine s ing and the number of wal , for example “02_wall1”. Each truplom in morebitnimi pridatki ter vsaj enega polnila. of the graves was entered into the matrix as a stratigraphic Vendar podatki izkopavanj Otoka ne razlikujejo med group ( cf. Herzog 2004, 10), which is justified by the data. temi enotami: nikoli niso omenjena različna polnila The archaeological record of each grave is, of course, 111 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.15: Blejski otok, Harrisov diagram, zgoraj celota, spodaj izrez (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 3.15: Bled Island, Harris matrix; entire matrix above, excerpt below (by B. Štular). 112 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... Sl. 3.16: Blejski otok, faziran diagram izbranih stratigrafskih skupin (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 3.16: Bled Island, Harris matrix of selected stratigraphic groups with stratigraphic phases (author B. Štular). v posameznem grobu in le redko so omenjeni vkopi. comprised of several stratigraphic contexts, at least the cut Povedano drugače, vsak grob je bil dokumentiran kot of the grave, the surface adjoining the dead body and the stratigrafska skupina. Umetno drobljenje izvornega po- potential grave goods, and at least one fil . The data from datka na posamezne stratigrafske enote (vkop, polnilo, the excavations on Bled Island, however, do not distin- skelet), ki bi mu nujno sledilo združevanje v stratigrafske guish between these contexts: cuts are mentioned rarely, skupine, v tem primeru ni smiselno. Tako je vsak grob different fil s in an individual grave, never. In other words, obdržal številčno oznako, ki so jo podelili izkopavalci each grave was recorded as a stratigraphic group. The in jo uporabljamo v katalogu grobov (glej pogl. 12.1), forced fragmentation of the original data into individual na primer g001 ali grob 1. Kjer je iz dokumentacije stratigraphic units (cut, fil , skeleton), inevitably followed (največkrat iz risb tlorisov) razvidno, da je z eno številko by their integration into stratigraphic groups, is therefore dokumentiranih več pokopov, smo oznaki dodali črke not advantageous. Each grave thus kept the label it was abecede (na primer g082a za skelet in oznake g082b-e assigned by the excavators and the same labels are used za lobanje, potisnjene na rob grobne jame) . in the catalogue of graves (see Chapter 12.1), for example Tako smo dobili 688 stratigrafskih elementov g001 for Grave 1. Whenever the documentation (usual y (stratigrafskih enot ali stratigrafskih skupin), od tega plan drawings) indicated that a single label was used for 128 grobov, 213 vkopov, zidov, tlakov in hodnih površin documenting multiple burials, the label was assigned ter 347 plasti. Tem stratigrafskim enotam smo določili alphabet letters (for example g082a for the skeleton and 905 unikatnih stratigrafskih odnosov. g082b-e for skul s, stacked at the edge of the grave pit) . Stratigrafske odnose smo analizirali z računalniš- The result was 688 stratigraphic elements (strati- kim programom Stratify.6 Gre za enega redkih progra- graphic contexts or stratigraphic groups). They included 6 128 graves, 347 layers, and 213 cuts, wal s, pavements, Stratify 1.5, www.stratify.org 113 3. METODA STRATIGRAFSKE ANALIZE ... 3. METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS ... mov, ki iz vnesenih posameznih stratigrafskih odnosov and occupation surfaces. For these stratigraphic elements zgradi Harrisov diagram na podlagi matematičnih 905 unique stratigraphic relationships were recognised. algoritmov (Herzog 2004). Poleg avtomatizacije izdelave The stratigraphic relationships were analysed using diagrama med prednostmi programa lahko naštejemo the Stratify software.7 In addition to the automatisation sproten nadzor pravilnosti odnosov, upoštevanje dodat- of the matrix creation process, the advantages of this nih podatkov (absolutna datacija, lega v prostoru, glo- software include constant checks on the correctness of bina itd.) in možnost združevanja stratigrafskih enot v the relationships, consideration of additional data (ab- stratigrafske skupine. Kot veliko slabost kaže izpostaviti solute date, position in space, depth, etc.), and the ability grafično podobo končnega diagrama, ki je nepregledna to integrate stratigraphic units into stratigraphic groups in le težko berljiva ( sl. 3.15). (Herzog 2004). A major drawback is the output of the Stratigrafska analiza je metodološko gledano final Harris matrix, which is a bitmap image that is hard količinska oziroma kvantitativna analiza: upoštevamo to read ( Fig. 3.15). vse odnose, na končnem diagramu analiziramo položaj Methodological y stratigraphic analysis can be de- vsake stratigrafske enote v odnosu do vseh ostalih. Ven- fined as a quantitative analysis: all the relationships are dar so okoliščine stratigrafske analize najdišča Otok na taken into account and the position of each stratigraphic Blejskem jezeru zahtevale drugačen pristop. Ključna je element is analysed in relation to all others. The specific okoliščina, da poznamo le približno 13 odstotkov vseh circumstances of the Bled Island site, however, called for stratigrafskih odnosov (glej zgoraj). Tako velike izgube a different approach. The fact that only about 13% of al podatkov ne moremo preprosto odmisliti; zavedajoč se, stratigraphic relationships were recorded (see above) is da manjka 87 odstotkov informacij, količinska analiza crucial here. Such data loss cannot be simply ignored; na podlagi matematičnih algoritmov ni smotrna. Po- when 87% of the information is missing, a quantitative leg tega z izjemo najdb iz grobov − najdb ni mogoče analysis based on mathematical algorithms is not ap- umestiti v posamezne stratigrafske enote, zaradi česar propriate. Furthermore, the finds – with the exception of bi kakršenkoli rezultat kvantitativne analize stratig- those from the graves – cannot be ascribed to individual rafije ne prinesel novih podatkov, temveč le dodatne stratigraphic elements, which means any result of the informacije. Povedano drugače, s tem le povečamo quantitative analysis of the stratigraphy would bring no informacijski šum (prim. informacija na sl. 3.15 in new information, only additional data. In other words, podatek na sl. 3.16). this would only increase information noise. Zato smo se odločili za kakovostno oziroma kva- We therefore decided to conduct a qualitative analy- litativno analizo stratigrafije. Osredotočili smo se na sis of the stratigraphy. The focus was on the graves and grobove in tiste stavbne elemente (zidovi, tlaki, vkopi), on the architectural elements (wal s, pavements, cuts) in ki so v neposrednem stratigrafskem stiku z osrednjo direct stratigraphic contact with the central church build- cerkveno stavbo. Grobove smo na podlagi lege v pro- ing. On the basis of their position in space and the known storu in znanih medsebojnih stratigrafskih odnosov stratigraphic relationships between them, the graves združili v sedem stratigrafskih skupin ( sl. 3.16). Podobno were divided into seven stratigraphic groups ( Fig. 3.16). smo stavbne elemente združili v pet gradbenih faz. Similarly, the architectural elements were divided into five phases of construction. 7 Stratify 1.5, www.stratify.org 114 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY Benjamin ŠTULAR 4.1 UVOD 4.1 INTRODUCTION Šribar (1972, 390−391) je glede na lego v prostoru Šribar (1972, 390−391) defined five larger graveyard na grobišču določil pet večjih pokopaliških skupin, ki jih groups with respect to their position in the cemetery, opiše takole: described as follows: 1. severno od baročne cerkve je približno 60 grobov − to the north of the baroque church, there are approxi- razporejenih v šest nepravilnih vrst; mately 60 graves in six irregular lines; 2. na prostoru tako imenovane cerkvene lope so grobovi v eni vrsti, nekateri s tremi kasnejšimi pokopi; * Translation Meta Osredkar. Sl. 4.1: Blejski otok, načrt Šribarjevih pokopaliških skupin 1 do 5 (avtor B. Štular) Fig. 4.1: Bled Island, location of Šribar’s graveyard groups 1 to 5 (by B. Štular). 115 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY 3. v naravni kotanji je približno 10 grobov, ki so razpore- − in the area of the so-called church shed, there are graves jeni od baročne ograje severno od velike zakristije in a single line, some of them with three later burials; do severovzhodnega dela baročnega prezbiterija; − approximately 10 graves are in a natural depression, 4. grobovi znotraj cerkve so bili v jugovzhodnem vogalu lined from the baroque fence north of the large ladje, v mali zakristiji ter v vogalu med južno steno vestry to the northeastern part of the baroque ladje in vzhodno steno stranske kapele, približno presbytery; osem grobov vključno z grobom št. 72; − graves inside the church were located in the southeast- 5. ostali grobovi znotraj ladje in prezbiterija ( sl. 4.1). ern corner of the nave, in the small vestry, and in Te skupine je na podlagi analize posameznih grob­ the corner between the southern wall of the nave nih skupin tudi kronološko opredelil: pokopavanje v and the eastern wall of the side chapel there were skupini 1 se začne morda že pred postavitvijo prve ka­ approximately 8 graves, including Grave 72; pele, zagotovo pa traja v času njene uporabe. V čas prve − the rest of the graves inside the nave and the presbytery kapele sodita tudi skupini 4 in 5. V času druge kapele so ( Fig. 4.1). nadaljevali pokopavanje v skupini 1, poleg tega pa tudi v Based on the analysis of individual graveyard groups, skupini 5. Skupine 3 ni bilo mogoče časovno opredeliti. these groups were chronological y defined: burials in Ker večina grobov nima pridatkov, stanje vede pa Group 1 perhaps started even before the construction Šribarju še ni omogočalo dovolj natančne stratigrafske of the first chapel, and certainly in the time of its use. analize, je bilo opredeljevanje skupin povsem intuitivno. Groups 4 and 5 also belong to the time of the first chapel. Predvsem to velja za relativno datiranje, ki je zato večidel During the time of the second chapel, burials in Group 1 napačno. Predvsem je Šribar močno precenil število continued, and the same is true for Group 5. Group 3 zgodnjesrednjeveških na račun poznosrednjeveških in could not be chronological y defined. novoveških grobov. Since most of the graves contained no grave goods, and the state of the archaeological science did not allow Naše izhodišče za razumevanje najdišča je strati- Šribar to conduct a sufficiently detailed stratigraphic grafska analiza in iz te izhajajoče stratigrafske skupine ( sl. analysis, the groups were defined purely by intuition. This 3.16). Za pripadnost posamezni skupini je torej ključna is particularly true for the relative chronology, which is stratigrafska bližina, lega v prostoru je drugotni kriterij. mostly erroneous. Above al , Šribar greatly overestimated Tako smo na grobišču določili 7 grobiščnih skupin the number of Early Medieval graves at the expense of (od G1 do G7) in 5 stratigrafskih faz (od F1 do F5; sl. 4.2): Late Medieval and Early Modern graves. 1. grobišče, ki je starejše od najstarejše cerkvene stavbe (F1; G1, G2), Our starting point for understanding the site is the 2. najstarejši cerkveni stavbi in sočasni grobovi (F2a, stratigraphic analysis and the stratigraphic groups that F2b; G3, G4), are rooted in it ( Fig. 3.16). Stratigraphic vicinity is the key 3. tretja cerkvena stavba ter sočasni grobovi (F3; G4, G5), criterion for belonging to a specific group, and position 4. četrta cerkvena stavba ter sočasni grobovi (F4; G6) in in space is only secondary. 5. še danes stoječa cerkvena stavba ter sočasni grobovi Seven cemetery groups (from G1 to G7) and five (F5; G7). stratigraphic phases (from F1 to F5; Fig. 4.2) were defined: − the cemetery that is earlier that the earliest church building (F1; G1, G2), 4.2 FAZA 1 − the two earliest church buildings and the contemporary graves (F2a, F2b; G3, G4), V to fazo sodijo grobovi, ki so stratigrafsko starejši − the third church building and the contemporary graves od severne fronte danes stoječe cerkvene stavbe ( sl. 4.3). (F3; G4, G5), Gre najprej za grobove severozahodno od današnje − the fourth church building and the contemporary graves cerkvene stavbe ( sl. 4.2: G1). Ti grobovi so od ostalih (F4; G6), and ločeni s praznim prostorom in so v medsebojnem stra- − the church building that still stands today and the tigrafskem stiku, ker jih prekrivajo 3 razmeroma enotne contemporary graves (F5; G7). zemljene plasti ( 03−07, 03−09, 03−10; 03−12; 03−16, 03−17, 03−18, 03−19). Stratigrafsko najstarejši element te faze je ognjišče 4.2 PHASE 1 v središču skupine grobov. Gre za plast prepečene ilovice, na zahodni strani obdane s polkrožno zloženim kame­ Phase 1 includes the graves that are stratigraphical y njem. Med tem izstopa kamen osamelec, ki je tam stal ves earlier than the northern face of the still standing church čas kurjenja, kajti barva humusa pod kamnom in okoli building ( Fig. 4.3). Firstly, these are the graves to the njega je svetlejša. Izkopavalci so ognjišče razumeli kot northwest of the present-day church building ( Fig. 4.2: prazgodovinsko, saj so ob izkopavanju ožgane zemlje G1). Separated from the others by an empty area, these 116 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY naleteli na številne prazgodovinske najdbe (glej pogl. graves are in mutual stratigraphic contact, covered by 1.4.1). Vendar so pri izkopavanju naredili sicer zelo three relatively uniform layers of soil ( 03−07, 03−09, pogosto napako s tem, da so prežgano zemljo obrav- 03−10; 03−12; 03−16, 03−17, 03−18, 03−19). navali kot polnilo vkopa. V resnici so prazgodovinske The stratigraphical y earliest element of this phase is najdbe del plasti oziroma polnila kotanje A, ognjišče a fireplace in the centre of the group of graves. It was de- pa je bilo zgrajeno in kurjeno na tej plasti. Prepečena scribed as a layer of burnt clay, surrounded on the western plast je nastala zaradi vročine ognja, gledano s stališča side by a semi­circular array of stones. Prominent among plasti s prazgodovinskimi najdbami, v podepozicijskih them is a solitary stone, which must have been there at procesih. Kurjenje ognja, stratigrafsko mejna površina, the time when the fires were burning, because the humus je torej mlajše od plasti s prazgodovinskimi najdbami; under the stone and around it is of a lighter shade. The prepečena plast je del polnila kotanje A, ki je bil pre- excavators understood the fireplace to be a prehistoric oblikovan v podepozicijskih procesih ( sl. 4.4). Je pa feature, since many prehistoric finds were discovered bilo ognjišče zagotovo uporabljeno že pred pokopi v during the excavation of the burnt soil (see Chapter 1.4.1). nekaterih grobovih (št. 40, 41, 46), saj so v zasutju teh Nevertheless, a very common mistake was made during grobov kosi ožgane ilovice. the excavation by interpreting the burnt soil as the fill of Stratigrafsko sočasna grobiščni skupini G1 je ho- a cut. In reality, the prehistoric finds were embedded in a mogena in omejena skupina grobov tik ob severovzhod- layer (the fill of Hollow A) on top of which the fireplace nem vogalu današnje cerkve ( sl. 4.2: G2). Stratigrafsko was built. The burnt layer was created due to the heat of the sočasen je še osamljeni grob (št. 72), ki leži 7,3 m južno fire, in post-depositional processes from the perspective od ostalih opisanih grobov. Ta grob je hkrati strati- of the layer with prehistoric finds. The burning of the fire grafsko starejši od najstarejše cerkvene stavbe, saj leži is an interface surface later than the layer with prehistoric finds. Therefore, the burnt layer is part of the fill of Hollow Sl. 4.2: Blejski otok, načrt stratigrafskih grobiščnih skupin G1 do G7 (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 4.2: Bled Island, location of cemetery groups G1 to G7 (by B. Štular). 117 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY Sl. 4.3: Blejski otok, načrt elementov faze 1 (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 4.3: Bled Island, plan of Phase 1 (by B. Štular). pod najstarejšo apsido ( sl. 4.5; Šribar 1966a, 118; prim. A, which was transformed in post-depositional processes Šribar 1966a, 199 za drugačno interpretacijo). ( Fig. 4.4). The fireplace, however, was certainly used before Absolutno kronološko opredelitev faze 1 omogo- the burials in some of the graves (nos. 40, 41, 46), for there čajo nakitni predmeti v grobovih (glej pogl. 7.2.1) in are fragments of burnt clay in the fil s of these graves. neposredno datiranje kosti iz groba 72. Uporabili smo Stratigraphical y contemporary with the G1 ceme- radiometrično datiranje z metodo radioaktivnega ogljika tery group is a homogenous and delimited group of graves v laboratoriju Póz nanjski radiokarbonski laboratorij.1 in the immediate vicinity of the northeastern corner of the Nekalibriran rezultat je 1115 ± 30 BP. Rezultat je bil present-day church ( Fig. 4.2: G2). Another stratigraphi- kalibriran s programom OxCal v4.2.3 (Bronk Ramsey, cal y contemporary grave is the solitary Grave 72, which Lee 2013) po kalibracijski krivulji IntCal13 (Reimer lay 7.3 m to the south of the rest of the graves. Lying under 1 the earliest apse, this grave is stratigraphical y earlier than Laboratorijska številka Poz-101617. 118 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY Sl. 4.4: Shematičen prikaz procesov na ognjišču od prazgodovine do arheološkega izkopavanja: a – aktivnosti na prazgodovinski hodni površini; b – arheologizacija oz. nastanek arheološkega zapisa prazgodovinskih procesov; c – ognjišče na zgodnjesrednjeveški hodni površini; d – arheologizacija zgodnjesrednjeveških procesov; e – arheološki izkop prepečene plasti vsebuje prazgodovinsko lončenino (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 4.4: Illustration of the processes on the fireplace since prehistory until excavation: a – activities on the prehistoric occupation surface; b – arheologization, i.e. the creation of an archaeological record of prehistoric activities; c – fireplace on the early medieval occupation surface; d – arheologization of early medieval processes; e – archaeological excavation of the burnt layer that includes prehistoric pottery shards (by B. Štular). Sl. 4.5: Blejski otok, apsidi najstarejših cerkvenih stavb. Zgoraj levo kumulativni tloris, zgoraj desno vzdolžni in spodaj prečni presek skozi obe apsidi in grob 72 z izvirnimi opisi (avtor B. Štular; viri: arhiv NMS AO Rn 222/11, Rn 222/12, Rn 222/13, Rn 222/18). Fig. 4.5: Bled Island, apses of the two latest church buildings. Above left: plan drawing. Above right: sample section of both apses and grave 72 by length. Below: sample section of both apses and grave 72 by width (by B. Štular; sources: NMS archive AO Rn 222/11, Rn 222/12, Rn 222/13, Rn 222/18). 119 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY Sl. 4.6: Blejski otok, načrt elementov faze 2a (F2a, levo) in 2b (F2b, desno; avtor B. Štular). Fig. 4.6: Bled Island, plan of Phase 2a (F2a, left) and 2b (F2b, right; by B. Štular). idr. 2013). Kalibrirana datuma znotraj 1 standardnega the earliest church building ( Fig. 4.5; Šribar 1966a, 118; cf. odklona od srednje vrednosti ( σ 1) sta med letoma 895 Šribar 1966a, 199 for a different interpretation). in 930 (34,6-odstotna verjetnost) in med letoma 939 in Absolute dates for Phase 1 could be obtained with 972 (33,6-odstotna verjetnost) n. št. Kalibrirana datuma the help of the jewellery in the graves (see Chapter 7.2.1) znotraj 2 standardnih odklonov ( σ 2) od srednje vrednos- and by direct radiometric dating of the bones from Grave ti sta med letoma 779 in 789 (1,2-odstotna verjetnost) in 72. The method used was radioactive carbon dating, med letoma 869 in 1013 (94,2-odstotna verjetnost) n. št. carried out in the Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory.1 The V arheologiji najpogosteje navajamo razpon vrednosti uncalibrated result is 1115 ± 30 BP. The result was cali- σ 1, torej 934 ± 38 n. št. brated with the OxCal v4.2.3 software (Bronk Ramsey, Lee 2013) using the IntCal13 calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2013). The calibrated dates within 1 standard deviation 4.3 FAZA 2 from the mean value ( σ 1) are between the years 895 and 930 CE (34.6% probability) and between the years 939 Faza 2 ( sl. 4.6) je obdobje dveh najstarejših stavb and 972 (33.6% probability) CE. The calibrated dates z apsido in dveh sočasnih grobov. Stratigrafsko najpo- within two standard deviations ( σ 2) from the mean value membnejša elementa te faze sta apsidi ( sl. 4.5). Na eni are between the years 779 and 789 CE (1.2% probability) strani isto mesto in ista gradbena tehnika izkazujeta and between the years 869 and 1013 (94.2% probability) gradbeno kontinuiteto, na drugi strani sta apsidi stra- CE. In archaeology, the most commonly quoted range of tigrafsko jasno ločeni: prek temeljev prve apside je pred values is σ 1, i.e. 934 ± 38 CE. začetkom gradnje druge apside prišel premaz iz 10 cm debele ilovice (…); zahodni zaključek loka ( …) apside je deloma prekrit s tlakom ( …) , ki pripada višje ležeči apsidi 4.3 PHASE 2 (Šribar 1966a, 197). Sosledje dveh zelo podobnih stavb potrjuje tudi Phase 2 ( Fig. 4.6) is the time period of the two stratigrafija grobov 67 in 71 (Šribar 1966a, 116−117). earliest buildings with an apse and two contemporary Analiza tlorisa in pisne dokumentacije kaže, da je bil najp- graves. Stratigraphical y, the most important elements of rej izkopan in uporabljen grob 71; grob je bil naknadno this phase are the two apses ( Fig. 4.5). On the one hand, izpraznjen, prazna grobna jama pa zasuta. Sledil je izkop the same location and the same construction technique grobne jame 67 približno pol m južneje, pri čemer je bil indicate the continuity of construction, while on the other v severnem delu presekan tedaj že izpraznjen in zasut hand, the two apses are clearly stratigraphical y separated: grob 71. Zatem je bil čez obe grobni jami položen estrih. before the beginning of the construction of the second apse, a Pomenljiva je predvsem lega obeh grobov: starejši (71) 10­cm­thick clay coating had been applied over the founda­ je ležal tik zunaj starejše stavbe, mlajši tik zunaj mlajše, tions of the first apse (…); the western end of the arch ( …) oba pa na najverjetnejšem mestu vsakokratnega vhoda of the apse is partly covered with a pavement ( …) , which ( sl. 4.2: G3; drugače Šribar 1972, 391). belongs to the apse above (Šribar 1966a, 197). 1 Lab. no. Poz-101617. 120 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY Sl. 4.7: Blejski otok, načrt elementov faze 3 (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 4.7: Bled Island, plan of Phase 3 (by B. Štular). Stratigrafsko izkazana prekinitev na eni strani in The sequence of these two very similar buildings is jasni elementi arhitekturne in sepulkralne kontinuitete reinforced by the stratigraphy of Graves 67 and 71 (Šribar na drugi strani narekujejo delitev faze 2 na podfazi 2a in 1966a, 116−117). The analysis of the plan view and written 2b. Terminus post quem faze 2a narekuje z metodo C14 records shows that Grave 71 was dug and used first; the datiran grob (št. 72; glej zgoraj pogl. 4.2) v čas zanesljivo grave was subsequently emptied and the empty grave pit po letu 779 n. št., najverjetneje v drugi polovici 10. sto- was filled. The pit for Grave 67 was then dug about half a letja. Okvirno kronološko umestitev faze 2b v zaključek metre to the south, which caused a cut into the northern zgodnjega srednjega veka poleg arhitekture narekujeta part of the then already emptied and filled Grave 71. After fragmenta zgodnjesrednjeveške lončenine, najdena na slo­ this, a mortar pavement was laid over both grave pits. ju, ki je ločil po horizontali obe najstarejši apsidi (Šribar The position of the two graves is particularly telling: the 1966a, 108, 121). Odlomka nista ohranjena. earlier grave (no. 71) lay immediately outside the earlier Zgolj zaradi preglednosti bomo v nadaljevanju to church building, the later grave (no. 67) immediately fazo opisno imenovali predromanska. outside the later church building, and both were in the most likely position of the respective entrances ( Fig. 4.2: G3; differently Šribar 1972, 391). 4.4 FAZA 3 The stratigraphic discontinuity on the one hand, and clear elements of architectural and sepulchral continuity Faza 3 ( sl. 4.7) je stratigrafsko kompleksnejša in on the other, necessitate that Phase 2 be divided into najverjetneje tudi dolgotrajnejša. Začetek faze označuje Subphases 2a and 2b. The terminus post quem for Phase gradnja stavbe s podkvasto apsido. Arheološki zapis te 2a is provided by the grave dated with the radiocarbon faze pomenijo ostanki podkvaste apside (79−8, 79−9, method (no. 72; see above Chapter 4.2) and is certainly 121 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY 79−10), maltni estrihi (12−04, 12−05, 12−06, 12−10, after 779 CE, but most likely the second half of the 10th 12−49, 12−50) in zob zidu v jugozahodnem vogalu century. The dating of Phase 2b to roughly the end of the današnje cerkvene ladje ( sl. 5.4; prim. sl. 4.8). Early Middle Ages is supported not only by the architec- V fazo 3 sodita dve skupini grobov. Stratigrafsko ture but also by two fragments of Early Medieval pottery, starejša je skupina grobov v današnjem zahodnem discovered on the layer horizontal y separating the earli- preddverju cerkve ( sl. 4.2: G2). Gre za stratigrafsko est two apses (Šribar 1966a, 108, 121). The fragments in homogeno skupino, ki leži pod zemljenima plastema question have been lost. ( 24−01, 24−03) in je bila poškodovana z zahodnim For clarity of the text only, this phase will henceforth zidom cerkvene ladje v naslednji fazi 4. be descriptively termed Pre­Romanesque. Ker stratigrafski stik s sočasno stavbo ni bil doku- mentiran ( sl. 3.3), obstajata glede faziranja dve možnosti. Prva možnost je, da so grobovi sočasni stavbi faze 3, saj 4.4 PHASE 3 z nogami segajo tik do zahodnega zidu te faze. Druga možnost je, da začetek te skupine sega v fazo 2b, o čemer Phase 3 ( Fig. 4.7) is stratigraphical y more com- bi pričala lega grobov v prostoru (glej pogl. 7.3). Vsaj plex and probably lasted longer. The beginning of the najmlajši pokopi te skupine torej sodijo v fazo 3 in zato phase is marked by the construction of a building with skupino obravnavamo v okviru faze 3. a horseshoe-shaped apse. The archaeological record of V fazo 3 sodi še ena, nekoliko manj homogena this phase is comprised of the remains of this apse (79−8, skupina grobov ( sl. 4.2: G5), katerih lega je stratigrafsko 79−9, 79−10), mortar pavements (12−04, 12−05, 12−06, vezana na stavbo s podkvasto apsido. Del grobov leži v 12−10, 12−49, 12−50), and a protrusion from the wall in jugovzhodnem delu sočasne stavbe, drugi del zunaj tik the southwestern corner of the present-day church nave južno od apside. ( Fig. 5.4; cf. Fig. 4.8). Okvirno časovno umestitev te faze omogoča po- At least two groups of graves belong to Phase 3. The vezava s sočasno arhitekturo, zgrajeno v romanskem stratigraphical y earlier one is the group of graves in the slogu (glej pogl. 5). present-day western lobby of the church ( Fig. 4.2: G4). Zgolj zaradi preglednosti bomo v nadaljevanju to This is a stratigraphical y homogeneous group, which lies fazo opisno imenovali romanska. under two layers of soil ( 24−01, 24−03) and was overlaid by the western wall of the church nave in the subsequent Phase 4. 4.5 FAZA 4 Since stratigraphic relationship with the contempo- rary building has not been recorded ( cf. Fig. 3.3), there are Faza 4 ( sl. 4.8) ima 13 grobov južno od sočasne (in two possible ways to interpret the phasing. The first option današnje) cerkvene stavbe. Večina jih je stisnjena tik ob is that the graves are contemporary with the Phase 3 build- zid na majhnem prostoru med današnjo cerkveno stavbo ing, for the legs of the deceased reach all the way to the in zvonikom. Plitvi grobovi so vkopani do skalne osnove western wall of this phase. The second option is that the ali so delno vklesani vanjo in so prekriti z razmeroma beginning of this group can be dated to Phase 2b, which tankimi zemljenimi plastmi. Zato neposreden strati- could be supported by the spatial position of the graves grafski stik z drugimi skupinami grobov ali stavbnimi (see Chapter 7.3). Since at least the latest burials of this ostanki ni ohranjen. A to območje je bilo ob gradnji group all belong to Phase 3, the group is considered in gotske arhitekture močno spremenjeno z zniževanjem the context of Phase 3. v cerkvi in tik ob njej ( sl. 3.13) ter z nasipanjem tako Phase 3 includes another, slightly less homoge- imenovane gotske ploščadi nekoliko vstran. Grobovi neous group of graves ( Fig. 4.2: G5), whose positions are te skupine ( sl. 4.2: G6) torej ne morejo biti starejši od stratigraphical y linked to the horseshoe-shaped apse. gradnje gotske arhitekture, saj bi jih ob tem uničili ob Some of the graves are positioned in the southeastern nižanju terena ali zasuli z nasipavanjem terase. part of the contemporary building, and some are outside, Zaradi jasnosti besedila bomo v nadaljevanju to just south of the apse. fazo opisno imenovali gotska. Approximate dating of this phase is made possible by the connection with the contemporary architecture, built in the Romanesque style (see Chapter 5). 4.6 FAZA 5 For clarity of the text only, this phase will henceforth be descriptively termed Romanesque. Faza 5 (sl. 4.8) je čas baročne arhitekture, ki ozna- čuje cerkveno stavbo še danes. V to fazo stratigrafsko sodita sosednji si grobnici v severozahodnem delu cerkvene ladje, lega katerih je bila označena v baročnem cerkvenem tlaku ( sl. 4.2: G7). 122 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY Sl. 4.8: Blejski otok, načrt elementov faze 4 in 5: 1 – grob faze 4; 2 – grob faze 5; 3 − zob zidu, ki priča o poteku zahodne stene v fazi 3; 4 – obstoječi zid; 5 – neizkopano ali uničeno (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 4.8: Bled Island, plan of Phases 4 and 5: 1 – Phase 4 grave; 2 – Phase 5 grave; 3 – wall protrusion that marks where western wall in Phase 3 stood; 4 – existing wall; 5 – unexcavated or destroyed (by B. Štular). 4.7 PRAZGODOVINA 4.5 PHASE 4 Ob naštetih stratigrafskih fazah je treba omeniti še prazgodovinske arheološke sledi. Večina prazgo- Phase 4 ( Fig. 4.8) includes 13 graves south of the dovinskih najdb je bila dokumentirana v drugotnem contemporary (and present-day) church building. Most položaju, na primer v polnilih grobov faze 1. Na of them are huddled together near the wal , in a smal nekaterih mestih, predvsem v prezbiteriju današnje space between the present-day church building and the cerkve, je v dokumentaciji navedena prazgodovinska bell tower. The shallow graves were dug into the bedrock kulturna plast. Vendar na podlagi opisov plasti sodimo, or even partly carved into it, and are covered with rela- da gre tudi v teh primerih za najdbe v drugotni legi. tively thin layers of soil. No direct stratigraphic contact Zato prazgodovinskih najdb ni mogoče opredeliti kot with other groups of graves of architectural remains are samostojno stratigrafsko fazo. therefore preserved. This area was largely transformed Analiza razprostranjenosti prazgodovinskih najdb during the construction of the Gothic architecture by kaže žarišče na prostoru prezbiterija današnje cerkve in levelling the bedrock in the church and its immediate drugotno žarišče severno od današnje cerkve ( sl. 4.9). vicinity ( Fig. 3.13) and by the accumulation of the so- Prazgodovinski artefakti si vsekakor zaslužijo natanč- called Gothic platform a little further away. The graves of nejšo analizo, ki pa ni predmet tega prispevka. this group ( Fig. 4.2: G6) therefore cannot be earlier than the construction of the Gothic architecture, for they would Jamo, ki leži pod prezbiterijem današnje cerkve, have been destroyed during the levelling or buried under obravnavamo na tem mestu, ker moramo za njeno razu- the terrace accumulation. mevanje v argumentacijo pritegniti stratigrafske faze 1, For clarity of the text only, this phase will be hence- forth descriptively termed Gothic. 123 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY Sl. 4.9: Blejski otok, razprostranjenost prazgodovinskih najdb z označenimi mesti najdb kamnitih orodij: 1 – obstoječi zid; 2 – neizkopano ali uničeno; 3 – kamnito orodje; 4 – izven izkopnega polja; 5 – jama in jama za kol; 6 – število najb/m2 (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 4.9: Bled Island, location of prehistoric finds: 1 – existing wall; 2 – unexcavated or destroyed; 3 – stone tool; 4 – outside of excavation trench; 5 – pit or posthole; 6 – no. of finds per m2 (by B. Štular). 2 in 3. Gre za pravokoten vkop s 3 polnili in naknadnim vkopom v polnilo ( sl. 4.10: P4 − 1, 2, 3 in 4). To so: 4.6 PHASE 5 1. temnorjava ilovica, pomešana z ogljem in hišnim lepom; 2. trda, močno pomešana ilovica z drobci oglja in Phase 5 ( Fig. 4.8) is the time of the Baroque architec- h. [išnega] lepa (mesto kurišča); ture, which characterises the present-day church building. 3. pas trde ilovice in Stratigraphical y, it includes two neighbouring tombs in 4. črnorjava ilovica – morebitno mesto jame pravokotne the northwestern part of the church nave, whose posi- oblike za kol (op. B. Š.: opisano je polnilo naknadnega tion was marked in the baroque pavement of the church vkopa; vir: marginalije risbe Rn 221/27) . ( Fig. 4.2: G7). Jama je vklesana v skalno osnovo in jo prekrivajo izravnalna nasutja faze 3: plast rdečerjave ilovice (Šribar 1966a, 107) in svetlorjav humus, pomešan z lomljenci 4.7 PREHISTORY in finim peskom (Šribar 1966a, 100, št. 6 in 7). Jama in njena polnila niso v neposrednem stratigrafskem In addition to the above-listed phases, there were stiku ne z grobovi faze 1 ne s stavbnimi ostanki faze 2. prehistoric archaeological features. Most of the pre- Polnili 1 in 2, kolikor je mogoče sklepati iz opisov plasti, historic finds were recorded in a secondary position, sta nastali v dveh ločenih dogodkih. Vsak dogodek je for instance in the fil s of the Phase 1 graves. In some potekal po požigu ali požaru objekta, grajenega iz šibja locations, especial y in the presbytery of the present-day in ilovice (angl. wattle and daub), kakršni so značilni church, the documentation mentions a prehistoric cultural 124 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY layer, however, based on the descriptions of the layers, we can assume that these too are only cases of finds in a secondary position. Prehistoric finds therefore cannot form a stratigraphic phase. The analysis of the distribution of prehistoric finds shows a concentration in the area of the present-day church presbytery and a secondary concentration north of the present-day church ( Fig. 4.9). While the prehistoric artefacts certainly deserve a more detailed analysis they are not the subject of this contribution. A pit located under the presbytery of the present- day church is discussed here; in order to understand it, stratigraphic Phases 1, 2, and 3 have to be considered. It is a rectangular cut with three fil s and a filled in re-cut ( Fig. 4.10: P4 − 1, 2, 3, and 4): − dark brown clay, mixed with charcoal and clay daub; − hard clay, mixed with many fragments of charcoal and clay daub (fireplace location); − a patch of hard clay; and − black­brown clay – possible location of a rectangular post­hole (note by B. Š.: the description refers to the fill of the latest cut; source: margins of plan drawing Rn 221/27) . The pit is carved into the bedrock and covered by levelling accumulations of Phase 3: a layer of red­brown Sl. 4.10: Blejski otok, tlorisi območja jame vzhodno od najsta- clay (Šribar 1966a, 107) and light brown humus, mixed rejših apsid dokumentirani kot planumi 3 (P3, zgoraj levo), 4 (P4, zgoraj desno), 5 (P5, spodaj levo) in 6 (P6, spodaj desno. with roughly carved stones and fine sand (Šribar 1966a, Na tlorisu P3 sta označena kamen iz zelenega groha (št. 30) 100, nos. 6 and 7). The pit and its fil s have no direct in enotna plast, ki prekriva jamo (št. 24). Na tlorisu P4 so stratigraphic contact with the graves from Phase 1, nor označena polnila jame (št. 1−3) in jama za kol (št. 4) (avtor B. with the architectural remains from Phase 2. As far as it Štular; vir: arhiv NMS AO Rn 222/12−15). can be assumed from the descriptions of the layers, Fil s Fig. 4.10: Bled Island, pit adjacent to the earliest two apses, plan 1 and 2 were created in two separate events. Each event drawing of arbitrary levels 3 (P3, above left), 4 (P4, above right), followed the burning of a building made of wattle­and5 (P5, below left) and 6 (P6, below right). On the P3 the green daub – which is typical of prehistory – in the immediate stone (No.. 30) and layer above the pit (No. 24) are marked. On vicinity. Perhaps it can be inferred that the surrounding P4 the pit fillings (Nos. 1−3) and posthole filling (No. 4) are marked (by B. Štular; source: NMS archive AO Rn 222/12−15). surface was cleared after a fire, but not in the sense of utili- tarian clearing followed by a new construction, because the quantity of charcoal and burnt clay is insufficient. Fil 3 seems to have been created during the consolidation za prazgodovino, v neposredni bližini. Morda kaže raz- of the bottom of the pit, while the re-cut and its fill are mišljati v smeri čiščenja dela površine po požaru, vendar an archaeological record of a rectangular post or stone. ne v smislu utilitarnega čiščenja pred novogradnjo, saj A thorough analysis of plan drawings provides je količina oglja in ožgane ilovice premajhna. Polnilo 3 further details regarding the stratigraphic position of the je očitno posledica utrjevanja dna jame, polnilo 4 pa je pit. The starting point is the information – indirectly evi- ostanek lege pravokotnega kola ali kamna. dent several times in the documentation (Šribar 1966a, S podrobno analizo risarske dokumentacije je passim) – that occupation surfaces inside the buildings mogoče natančneje opredeliti stratigrafski položaj jame. were horizontal, and that any potential differences in Izhodišče je podatek – ki je iz dokumentacije razviden elevation are negligible in the distance of 25 cm (the posredno na več mestih (Šribar 1966a, passim) – da so distance between the pit and the Phase 2 apses). In a plan bile hodne površine znotraj stavb dovolj vodoravne, da drawing of arbitrary Level 3, i.e. Planum 3, the above- lahko na razdalji 25 cm (kolikor je jama oddaljena od mentioned levelling accumulation of red-brown clay is apsid faze 2) morebitne višinske razlike zanemarimo. depicted as a continuous layer, completely covering the Na planumu 3 je prej omenjeno izravnalno nasutje pit. A little further to the west, however, the surface of rdečerjave ilovice prikazano kot kontinuirana plast, ki the clay at the western end of the grave pit [72] is at the popolnoma prekriva jamo. Hkrati je nekoliko zahodneje level of its upper edge (Šribar 1966a, 106; underlined by 125 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY Sl. 4.11: Blejski otok, stratigrafija na območju jame in treh najstarejših apsid. Prikazane so dejanske nadmorske višine (desno), vsi ostali elementi so shematizirani: 1 – faza 1, hodna površina na zasutju jame; 2a, 2b – fazi 2a in 2b, zidova predromanskih apsid s pripadajočima hodnima površinama; 3 – faza 3, romanska apsida s pripadajočo hodno površino (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 4.11: Bled Island, stratigraphy of the area of the pit and the three latest apses. The above sea level measurements are at scale, all other elements are il ustrated only: 1 – Phase 1, occupation surface on the pit filling; 2a, 2b – Phases 2a and 2b, wal s of pre-Romanesque apses with respective occupation surfaces; 3 – Phase 3, Romanesque apse and contemporary occupation surface (by B. Štular). površina ilovice ob zahodnem zaključku grobne jame B. Š.). This means that Planum 3 was excavated at the [72] v ravni njenega zgornjega roba (Šribar 1966a, 106; level approximately adhering to the surface walked on podčrtal B. Š.). To pomeni, da je bil planum 3 izkopan at the time that Grave 72 was dug. This observation is tako, da je sledil hodni površini, iz katere je bil vkopan further confirmed by the analysis of the section draw- grob 72. To opažanje potrjuje tudi analiza kompozitnega ing: the top of the pit was recorded as approximately preseka: vrh jame je bil dokumentiran približno 0,2 m 0.2 m lower than the top of Grave 72 ( Fig. 4.11). It can nižje kot vrh groba 72 ( sl. 4.11). S precejšnjo gotovostjo therefore be assumed with reasonable certainty that in torej sklepamo, da so bili jama in njena polnila v času the time of the burial in Grave 72, the pit and its fil s pokopa v grob 72 prekriti z ilovnatno plastjo, tedanjo were covered with a clay layer, which represented the pohodno površino. Jama in njena polnila so torej stra- occupation surface at the time. The pit and its fil s are tigrafsko starejši od groba 72. therefore stratigraphical y earlier than Grave 72. O času nastanka jame lahko sklepamo le posredno. The time that the pit was dug can only be inferred Tik ob jami so bile na nivoju planuma dokumentirane indirectly. Right next to the pit, at the burnt level, abundant številne prazgodovinske najdbe: najmanj 28 odlomkov prehistoric finds were recorded: at least 28 fragments of lončenine, več kot 61 kosov ožgane ilovice, 2 kamniti pottery, more than 61 fragments of burnt clay, two stone orodji, fragment rečne oblice (NMS inv. št. S1922 a−c) tools, a fragment of a river pebble (NMS inv. no. S1922 in fragment kamnite zelenkaste sekire s fino zglajeno a−c) and a fragment of a greenish­grey stone axe with površino velikosti 5 x 6,2 centim (Šribar 1966a, 121–122; a finely polished surface, measuring 5 x 6.2 cm (Šribar t. 13: 11). Naštete najdbe nakazujejo možnost prazgo- 1966a, 121–122). These finds imply the possibility of a dovinskega nastanka jame, kar posredno potrjuje tudi prehistoric dating of the pit, which is indirectly supported prisotnost hišnega lepa v polnilih. by the presence of clay daub in the fil s. Trajanje uporabe jame nekoliko osvetli klesan A cut stone ( Fig. 4.12), which lay on top of the fil kamen ( sl. 4.12), ki je ležal na polnilu jame. Gre za of the pit, can shed some light on the duration of the pravokotno oblikovan kamen, prelomljen iz zelenega use of the pit. This is a rectangularly shaped stone, cut groha, dolžine približno 0,3, širine 0,2 in višine 0,25 m out of green tuff, approximately 0.3 m long, 0.2 m wide, (vir: arhiv NMS AO Rn 222/12). Zeleni groh je ljudsko and 0.25 m high (source: archive NMS AO Rn 222/12). poimenovanje za kamnino, ki jo je razmeroma lahko Relatively easy to work, this particular green tuff (local y oblikovati in je bila zlasti priljubljena na območju known as “groh”) was an especial y popular material for današnje zahodne Gorenjske za izdelavo arhitekturnih architectural elements in the area of present-day western členov od konca srednjega veka do modernega obdobja Gorenjska from the end of the Middle Ages to the modern (Avguštin 1971). Iz te kamnine je bila izdelana, kot se period (Avguštin 1971). On the basis of the description, zdi na podlagi opisa, prej omenjena glajena sekira ( t. 13: the polished axe seems to have been made of this type 126 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY Sl. 4.12: Blejski otok, pogled na jamo vzhodno od najstarejših apsid v stanju, ki je bil dokumentiran kot planum 3 (pogled proti jugu; vir: Arhiv NMS AO negativ št. sv4712). Fig. 4. 12: Bled Island, view of the pit adjacent to the earliest two apses as documented on the arbitrary level 3 (a view towards south; source: NMS archive AO film No. sv4712). 11; kat. št. 129). Uporabo zelenega groha pred srednjim of stone ( Pl. 13: 11; Cat. no. 129). The use of green tuff vekom zanesljivo dokazuje rimskodobni nagrobnik iz before the Middle Ages is further confirmed by a Roman bližnjih Lesc ( lupa 3726).2 tombstone from the nearby town of Lesce ( lupa 3726).2 Opisani klesanec iz zelenega groha je ležal (i) na The cut piece of green tuff lay (i) on top of the fil polnilu jame, (ii) v rdečerjavem ilovnatem izravnalnem of the pit, (ii) in a levelling accumulation of red-brown nasutju, ki je prekrivalo jamo in je služilo kot pohodna clay, which covered the pit and served as the occupation površina v času izkopa groba 72 (glej zgoraj), ter (iii) surface at the time Grave 72 was dug (see above), and (iii) pod estrihi faze 3. Stratigrafski (i) terminus post quem under the mortar pavements of Phase 3. The stratigraphic za namestitev kamna je torej zasutje jame pred fazo 1, (i) terminus post quem for the placement of the stone is (ii) terminus ad quem je nastanek pohodne površine, thus the filling of the pit prior to Phase 1; (ii) the terminus uporabljene tudi v času izkopa groba 72, (iii) terminus ad quem is the creation of the occupation surface, which ante quem pa gradnja stavbe v fazi 3. Terminus ante quem was in use at the time Grave 72 was dug; while (iii) the izključuje možnost, da bi šlo za infiltrirani visoko- ali terminus ante quem is the construction of the building poznosrednjeveški arhitekturni člen, terminus ad quem in Phase 3. The terminus ante quem excludes the pos- pa dokazuje, da je bil kamen v času pokopa v grob 72 in v sibility that this is an infiltrated High- or Late Medieval času gradnje najstarejših stavb viden. Izjemnega pomena architectural element, while the terminus ad quem gives je lega na najmlajšem polnilu jame in v izravnalnem evidence that at the time of the burial in Grave 72 and nasutju. Graditelji nasutja so torej bodisi sami položili the construction of the earliest buildings, the stone was kamen na jamo bodisi so tam ležeč kamen zavestno 2 The author would like to thank E. Lozić for this infor- 2 Za podatek se zahvaljujem E. Lozić. mation. 127 4. STRATIGRAFIJA NAJDIŠČA 4. SITE STRATIGRAPHY pustili na mestu. Ob izravnavi pohodne površine so protruding above the ground. Of key importance is its torej poskrbeli, da je klesanec iz zelenega groha na mestu position on top of the latest fill of the pit and in the level- starejše jame štrlel približno 0,2 m nad hodno površino. ling accumulation. This means that the people who filled Najprepričljivejša interpretacija tega dejanja je, da je bil the pit either put the stone on top of the pit themselves kamen uporabljen kot označevalec prostora jame. or consciously left it there. When the occupation surface was being levelled, a conscious effort was made that the Natančna namembnost in datacija jame in kamna cut piece of green tuff in the location of an earlier pit nista znani. Zgornji podatki niso neposreden dokaz, da protruded about 0.2 m above the occupation surface. The so pogrebci ob izkopu groba 72 in graditelji najstarejše most convincing interpretation of this act is that the stone stavbe z apsido – oboji hodeč po opisani hodni površini, was used as a spatial marker of the pit location. iz katere je štrlel zelen klesan kamen – poznali lokacijo in pomen jame. Vendar se glede na redkost klesanih The exact purpose and date of the pit and the stone kamnov v zgodnjem srednjem veku ne zdi mogoče, da are, therefore, unknown. The above provides no direct bi kamna ne razumeli kot prostorskega označevalca evidence that the people who dug Grave 72 and the people pomena (za izraz prim. Fletcher 2004, 136, op. 1; No- who constructed the earliest apsed building – both using vaković 2001, 221). Takšno interpretacijo utrjuje tudi the occupation surface with the protruding green cut jama za kol (glej zgoraj, polnilo 4), najverjetneje ostanek stone – were aware of the location and the significance predhodnega označevalca mesta jame ali celo prvotna of the pit. Nevertheless, considering the rarity of cut lega klesanega kamna. To nakazuje kontinuiteto poseb- stones in the Early Middle Ages, the stone must have nega pomena mikrolokacije, kjer si na nekaj kvadratnih been understood as a spatial marker of the predating pit metrih sledijo: and/or its meaning (for the expression cf. Fletcher 2004, − koncentracija prazgodovinskih najdb vključno z gla- 136, note 1; Novaković 2001, 221). This interpretation is jeno sekiro iz zelenega groha, further supported by the post-hole (see above, re-cut), − jama s polnili, ki pričajo o ponavljajoči se dejavnosti, which is most likely a remnant of an earlier marker of the − kol ali kamen kot označevalec prostora, location of the pit or perhaps even the original position − namensko postavljen klesanec zelenega groha, of the cut stone. This implies a continuity of the special − izjemen zgodnjesrednjeveški grob (št. 72) in meaning of this micro-location, where, in an area of a few − apsidi prvih dveh apsidalnih stavb. square metres, the following sequence occurs: − a concentration of prehistoric finds, including a polished axe made of green tuff, 4.8 ABSOLUTNA KRONOLOGIJA − a pit with fil s that give evidence of a repeated activity, − a post or a stone as a location marker, Okvirna kronološka opredelitev faz je torej taka: − an intentional y placed cut stone of green tuff, 1. Zgodnji srednji vek je označen s predmeti, absolutni − an exceptional Early Medieval grave (no. 72), and terminus ad quem σ1 je 895−972 n. št. − the apses of the two earliest buildings with apses. 2. Zgodnji srednji vek je označen s predromansko arhitekturo, absolutni terminus post quem σ1 je 895−972 n. št. 4.8 ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY 3. Visoki srednji vek je označen z romansko arhitekturo. 4. Pozni srednji vek je označen z gotsko arhitekturo. A tentative chronology of the phases is therefore 5. Posrednjeveško obdobje je označeno z baročno ar- as follows: hitekturo. 1. The Early Middle Ages is defined by artefacts, the Podrobnejša kronološka opredelitev je predstav- absolute terminus ad quem is C14 σ1 895−972 CE. ljena v nadaljevanju (glej pogl. 7). 2. The Early Middle Ages is defined by Pre-Romanesque architecture; the absolute terminus post quem σ1 is 895−972 CE. 3. The High Middle Ages is defined by Romanesque architecture. 4. The Late Middle Ages is defined by Gothic architecture. 5. The Post-Medieval period is defined by Baroque ar- chitecture. A more detailed chronology is presented in the fol- lowing sections (see Chapter 7). 128 5. STAVBNA ANALIZA 5. BUILDING ANALYSIS Benjamin ŠTULAR 5.1 REKONSTRUKCIJA 5.1 BUILDING FLOOR PLAN STAVBNIH TLORISOV RECONSTRUCTION Na podlagi opisane relativne stratigrafije smo sesta- Based on the relative stratigraphy described above, a vili načrt stavbnih elementov za vsako fazo posebej in ti plan of architectural elements was created separately for omogočajo rekonstrukcijo stavbnih tlorisov. each phase. These plans allow for a building floor plan Najstarejša oziroma prva stavba s krožno apsi- reconstruction. do ( sl. 5.1) je zelo slabo ohranjena, saj je bila večidel The earliest, i.e. the first building with a circular uničena ob kasnejših gradnjah. Temelj apside ( sl. 4.5), apse ( Fig. 5.1), is very poorly preserved, owing to the fact zgrajen iz lomljencev velikosti do 40 x 60 cm, vezanih s that most of it was demolished by later constructions. The temnorumeno slabo malto, je bil širok približno 70 cm foundation of the apse ( Fig. 4.5) was built from roughly (Šribar 1966a, 105 in 199). V risarski dokumentaciji je worked stones up to 40 x 60 cm in size, bound with dark kot vezivo kamnov navedena ilovica. Od ostalih delov yellow poor quality mortar, and approximately 70 cm wide stavbe so ohranjeni zgolj vkopi v živo skalo (prim. Šribar (Šribar 1966a, 105 and 199). According to the drawings, 1966a, 113−114) in majhna zaplata maltnega estriha clay was the binding material of the stones. From the rest ( sl. 4.8: a; 4.2: 13−09, 14−06, 14−08, 14−09, 14−B1). of the building, only cuts in the bedrock ( cf. Šribar 1966a, Dokumentirane vkope interpretiramo kot arheološko 113−114) and a small patch of mortar pavement survived sled temeljev lesene stene. Šribar (1966, 198) sicer navaja ( Figs. 4.8: a; 4.2: 13−09, 14−06, 14−08, 14−09, 14−B1). še najmanj štiri luknje za steber velikosti 15 x 20 cm na The recorded cuts can be interpreted as archaeological razdalji 2(-eh) m od ramena apside, ki pa jih v risarski traces of the foundations of a wooden wal . While Šribar in fotografski dokumentaciji ni zaznati. (1966, 198) lists at least four more post-holes, measuring Na podlagi predvsem ostankov apside si tehniko 15 x 20 cm, within the distance of 2 m from the shoulder of gradnje verjetno lahko predstavljamo kot podobno tisti, the apse, they do not appear in the plan drawings or any ki je znana iz bolje ohranjene cerkvene stavbe, zgrajene other documentation. sredi 10. stoletja v današnji Pragi (Malostranské trg 2). Based mainly on the remains of the apse, the con- Šlo je za okroglo sakralno stavbo s temelji iz lomljenih struction technique can probably be imagined as similar kamnov, vezanih z ilovico. Verjetno lesena nadgradnja to that known from a better-preserved church, built in je bila ometana z rumeno glino. Mikroskopska analiza the middle of the 10th century in the present-day Prague glinenega ometa je pokazala, da je bila stena zglajena in (Malostranské trg 2). It was a round ecclesiastical build- prebarvana z rdečim in oker-rdečim barvilom, izdelanim ing with foundations made of roughly worked stones na temelju železovih oksidov (Čiháková 2018, 297−298).1 bound with clay. The probably wooden superstructure Skromne arheološke sledi ne zadoščajo za zanes- was plastered with yellow clay. A microscopic analysis of ljivo rekonstrukcijo tlorisa stavbe. Ta je mogoča šele ob the clay plaster showed that the wall was smoothed and upoštevanju kontinuitete usmeritve stavb z apsido, ki painted with red and an ochre-red pigments based on se glede na arheološko dokumentirane primerjave zdi iron oxides (Čiháková 2018, 297−298).1 zelo verjetna (Strmčnik-Gulič 1994; Sagadin 2017; prim. The scant archaeological traces do not allow for a Čaval 2010, 168). Upoštevali smo usmeritev severne definite reconstruction of the floor plan of the build- stene ladje z romanskimi temelji (glej pogl. 6.2.1). Ob ing. The latter is only possible when the continuity of upoštevanju te usmeritve ohranjeni ostanki apside – the orientation of the apsed-buildings – which, judg- oziroma, natančneje, ohranjena plast znotraj apside * Translation Meta Osredkar. 1 The author would like to thank J. Rihter for this infor- 1 Za podatek se zahvaljujem J. Rihterju. mation. 129 5. STAVBNA ANALIZA 5. BUILDING ANALYSIS Sl. 5.1: Blejski otok, faza 2a, prva stavba s polkrožno apsido, rekonstrukcija stavbnega tlorisa: a – arheološke sledi (vijolično vkopi, svetlo rjava maltni estrih, temno rjava temelj zidu); b – rekonstrukcija zunanje fronte zidu in središčna os apside; c – rekonstrukcija stavbne površine (rjavo); d – idealiziran potek južne fronte zidu ob upoštevanju simetrije; e – rekonstrukcija dejanske (rjavo) in idealizirane (rumeno) stavbne površine; f – razmerje med dolžino in širino idealizirane stavbne površine (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 5.1: Bled Island, Phase 2a, first building with a semi-circular apse, floorplan reconstruction: a – archaeological remains (purple for pits, light brown for mortar pavement, dark brown for wall foundation); b – reconstruction of the outer wal s and central axis of the apse; c – floorplan reconstruction; d – idealized southern wall when symmetry is taken into account; e – reconstruction of actual (brown) and idealized (yellow) floorplan; f – length-width proportions of idealized floorplan (by B. Štular). – zadostujejo za rekonstrukcijo zunanje in notranje ing by archaeological y recorded analogies, seems very fronte zidu apside; vkopi na severni, južni in zahodni likely (Strmčnik-Gulič 1994; Sagadin 2017; cf. Čaval strani pa omogočajo rekonstrukcijo ostalih sten in s tem 2010, 168) – is taken into account. The orientation of the stavbnega tlorisa ( sl. 5.1: b, c). northern wall of the nave with Romanesque foundations 130 5. STAVBNA ANALIZA 5. BUILDING ANALYSIS Sl. 5.2: Blejski otok, faza 2b, druga stavba s polkrožno apsido, rekonstrukcija stavbnega tlorisa: a – arheološke sledi (rjavo temelj zidu, rumeno maltni estrih); b – rekonstrukcija zunanje fronte in središčna os apside; c – rekonstrukcija stavbne površine; d – rekonstrukcija dejanske (rjavo ladja, rumeno prizidek) in idealizirane (črta) stavbne površine (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 5.2: Bled Island, Phase 2b, second building with a semi-circular apse, floorplan reconstruction: a – archaeological remains (yellow for mortar pavement, brown for wall foundation); b – reconstruction of the outer wal s and central axis of the apse; c – floorplan reconstruction; d – reconstruction of actual (brown for church nave, yellow for appendix) and idealized (black line) floorplan (by B. Štular). Tako rekonstruiran tloris je asimetričen, kar je za (see Chapter 6.2.1) was measured. Applying this informa- sočasne stavbe z apsido izjema. Ker rekonstrukcija lege tion, the recorded remains of the apse – or more precisely, južne stene temelji zgolj na enem vkopu, smo preizkusili the layer inside the apse – suffice for the reconstruction tudi možnost simetričnega poteka južnega zidu. Tako of the exterior and interior faces of the apse wall; the cuts zgrajena ladja bi imela proporce 1 : √2, ki so značilni za on the northern, southern and western sides enable the zgodnjeromanske cerkve s polkrožno apsido (Stopar reconstruction of the remaining wal s and consequently 2017, 18−33; sl. 5.1: d, e, f). the floor plan of the building ( Fig. 5.1: b, c). Vendar poleg omenjenega vkopa proti simetrični This reconstructed floor plan is asymmetrical, rekonstrukciji z idealnimi proporci ladje priča tudi lega which is not common among the contemporary build- groba 71 ( sl. 5.1: f), ki bi ga v tem primeru stena prekri- ings with an apse. Since the reconstructed position of the vala. Tako je verjetnejša rekonstrukcija z nesimetrično southern wall is based on a single pit, the version with ladjo, ki je bila dolga 7,5 in široka 4,8 m s skupno povr- a symmetrical plan was evaluated. The proportions of šino 35,9 m2. Celotna stavba je bila dolga 9 m. Apsida the thus-constructed nave would be 1:√2, which is typi- ima obliko polovice elipse, visoke 2,8, široke 3,5 m, torej cal of early Romanesque churches with a semi-circular v razmerju 4 : 5. apse (Stopar 2017, 18−33; Fig. 5.1: d, e, f). However, not only the above-mentioned cut, but also the position of Druga stavba s krožno apsido ( sl. 5.2) ima ohran- Grave 71 ( Fig. 5.1: f), which would in this case be covered jene ostanke od 0,67 do 0,72 m širokih temeljev zidov iz by the wal , attest against a symmetrical reconstruction 131 5. STAVBNA ANALIZA 5. BUILDING ANALYSIS with ideal proportions. The more plausible reconstruction is therefore the one with an asymmetrical nave, which measured 7.5 m in length and 4.8 m in width, and had a surface of 35.9 m2. The entire building was 9 m long. The apse is semi-ellipse shaped with a width of 2.8 m and the length of 3.5 m, i.e. a ratio of 4:5. In the second building with a circular apse ( Fig. 5.2), the remains of 0.67−0.72 m wide foundations made of roughly worked stones bound with mortar (12−18, 12−25, 13−20, 13−25, 13−27), and mortar pavements (13−12, 13−13, 13−14, 13−19, 13−20; Fig. 5.2: a) survive. The foundations differ from those of the earlier building only by the colour of the surviving mortar, which was of a slightly lighter yellowish shade (Šribar 1966a, 198). On the basis of these remains it is not possible to determine with any certainty whether the building was constructed of roughly worked stones bound with mortar, or was a Sl. 5.3: Blejski otok, pogled na suhi zid iz večjih apnencev in wooden building built on thus-constructed foundations. lehnjakov kvadratne oblike, ki je bil dokumentiran kot planum3 A few pieces of sandstone with remains of frescoes, built (pogled proti jugu; vir: Arhiv NMS AO negativ št. sv4649). into the foundation of the horseshoe-shaped apse in the Fig. 5.3: Bled Island, view of the dry wall made from larger following phase, indicate that the former interpretation limestones and square tufa stone as documented on the arbi- is more likely (Šribar 1966a, 138). trary level 3 (view towards south; source: NMS archive AO Based on the surviving wal s, the floor plan of the film No. sv4649). building can be recognised on all sides, except the south- ern side. The latter can be reconstructed if a symmetrical building is assumed. The position of Grave 67 immedi- lomljencev, vezanih z malto (12−18, 12−25, 13−20, 13−25, ately next to the wall speaks for such a reconstruction 13−27), in maltnih estrihov (13−12, 13−13, 13−14, 13−19, ( Fig. 5.2: b, c). 13−20; sl. 5.2: a). Od starejše stavbe se temelji razlikujejo The nave takes the shape of an irregular low rectan- zgolj po tem, da je bila ohranjena malta nekoliko svetlejše gle, 5.95−6.15 m wide, 6.75 m long, and with a surface rumenkaste barve (Šribar 1966a, 198). Na podlagi teh of 52.3 m2. In the narrower part, the ratio between the ostankov ni mogoče z gotovostjo presoditi, ali je šlo za length and the width deviates for 1.6% from the √3:2 ratio, stavbo, zidano iz z malto vezanih lomljencev, ali za leseno typical of the Pre-Romanesque style.2 stavbo, temelječo na tako zidanem vencu. Indic, da je On the western side, the nave was subsequently verjetnejša prva interpretacija, je nekaj kosov peščenca z prolonged for 3.1 m by adding a narrow room in the ostanki fresk, ki so bili v naslednji gradbeni fazi vzidani v shape of an irregular trapezium. While the constructional temelj podkvaste apside (Šribar 1966a, 138). sequence cannot be inferred from the recorded strati- Stavbni tloris je mogoče na podlagi ohranjenih graphic relationships, the surviving mortar pavements zidov prepoznati na vseh straneh, razen na južni. Sled- testify to the fact that at least during the last phase of the njo je mogoče rekonstruirati ob predpostavki, da je bila building’s use the nave and the extension functioned as stavba simetrična. Takšno rekonstrukcijo potrjuje lega a single room ( Fig. 5.2: c). groba 67, ki v tem primeru leži tik ob steni ( sl. 5.2: b, c). Incorporated into the above-described apse was a Ladja ima obliko nepravilnega nizkega pravokot- dry-stone wall made of large square pieces of limestone and nika, širokega od 5,95 do 6,15 m in dolgega 6,75 m s tufa with dimensions up to 60 x 70 cm (Šribar 1966a, 108 skupno površino 52,3 m2. Razmerje med dolžino in and 197, also the drawing of Planum 3, no. 28). While širino na ožjem delu od za predromanski slog značilnega its stratigraphic relationship to the apse was not ful y razmerja √3 : 2 odstopa za 1,6 odstotka.2 understood by the excavators (Šribar 1966a, 197), an Na zahodni strani je bila ladja naknadno podalj- analysis of photographs clearly demonstrated that it was šana za 3,1 m z ožjim prostorom s tlorisom v obliki built against the already existing apse. The wall is therefore nepravilnega trapeza. Gradbenega zaporedja iz doku- later than the apse. There is no doubt that the second apse mentiranih stratigrafskih odnosov ni mogoče razbrati, and the above-mentioned wall were demolished to the ohranjeni estrihi pa dokazujejo, da sta vsaj ob zadnji exact same level, i.e. simultaneously ( Fig. 5.3). This means uporabi ladja in prizidek delovala kot celota ( sl. 5.2: c). that at least during the last phase of their use, they were 2 2 Čisto razmerje √3 : 2 bi ob dolžini 6,75 m pomenilo The pure √3:2 ratio would mean 0.12 m diffrence in širino 5,83 m. width. 132 5. STAVBNA ANALIZA 5. BUILDING ANALYSIS Sl. 5.4: Blejski otok, faza 3, stavba s podkvasto apsido, rekonstrukcija stavbnega tlorisa: vijolično rekonstruiran tloris, rumeno maltni estrihi, rjavo temelj zidu, sivo sedanja cerkvena stavba; označena je lega groba št. 118 (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 5.4: Bled Island, Phase 3, building with horseshoe-shaped apse, floorplan reconstruction: reconstructed floorplan in purple, mortar pavement in yellow, wall foundations in brown, present-day church wal s in grey; location of grave No. 118 is marked (by B. Štular). V opisano apsido je bil včlenjen suhi zid iz večjih contemporary and functioned as a whole. There are not apnencev in lehnjakov kvadratne oblike velikosti do 60 x 70 enough elements to allow for a reconstruction of the floor cm (Šribar 1966a, 108 in 197 ter risba planuma 3, št. 28). plan of the potential room; it is not even perfectly clear Stratigrafski odnos z apsido izkopavalcem ni bil povsem whether it was a building at al . Šribar’s conclusion that jasen (Šribar 1966a, 197), a analiza fotografij jasno kaže, this was an extension of the building with the second apse da se ta zid naslanja na apsido. Zagotovo sta bila druga (1966, 110) therefore needs to be slightly modified: there apsida in omenjeni zid porušena na isto višino, torej were two wal s, perhaps part of a small rectangular room, hkrati ( sl. 5.3). To pomeni, da sta vsaj ob koncu uporabe added to the second building with an apse. delovala kot celota. Za rekonstrukcijo tlorisa morebitnega prostora ni dovolj elementov, niti ni povsem jasno, ali je There followed the construction of a building with sploh šlo za stavbo. Šribarjev sklep, da gre za prizidek k a horseshoe-shaped apse ( Fig. 5.4), whose surface was stavbi z drugo apsido (1966, 110), torej zgolj malenkostno 3.2 times larger than the nave of the previous building. popravljamo: gre za zidova, morda manjši pravokotni This was the most thorough rebuilding in the construc- prostor, prizidana k drugi stavbi z apsido. tion history of Bled Island, during which the previous building was razed to the ground. Such a radical action Sledila je gradnja stavbe s podkvasto apsido was never again repeated and most of the wal s built in ( sl. 5.4) s 3,2-krat večjo površino ladje od predhodne Phase 3 still stand as parts of the present church. More stavbe. Gre za najtemeljitejšo prezidavo v stavbni zgodo- specifical y, the entire northern and southern wal s as wel 133 5. STAVBNA ANALIZA 5. BUILDING ANALYSIS vini Blejskega otoka, za potrebe katere je bila predhodna as some parts of the eastern wall survive in the present stavba porušena dobesedno do tal. Tako radikalen poseg church. The western wall and the apse were destroyed in se nikoli ni ponovil, saj večina zidov, zgrajenih v fazi 3, later rebuildings. The position of the former is evidenced kot del sedanje cerkve še stoji. Natančneje, v današnji by the surviving mortar pavements and a protrusion cerkvi so ohranjeni severna in južna stena v celoti ter deli from the wall in the southwestern corner of the present- vzhodne stene. Zahodna stena in apsida sta bili uničeni day church nave. The remains of the apse were recorded s kasnejšimi prezidavami. O legi prve pričajo ohranjeni archaeological y ( Fig. 4.5; Šribar 1966a, 136). estrihi in zob zidu v jugozahodnem vogalu današnje cerkvene ladje. Ostanki apside so bili dokumentirani These changes were followed by conversions and arheološko ( sl. 4.5; Šribar 1966a, 136). extensions in the Gothic and later Baroque architectural styles. The traces of these conversions general y do not Opisanim so sledile prezidave in dozidave v got- survive in the archaeological record and therefore they are skem in kasneje baročnem arhitekturnem slogu. Sledi not the subject of this analysis. They include, among other teh prezidav se v arheološkem zapisu večinoma niso things, a wall in the shape of a small square, discovered just ohranile in zato niso predmet pričujoče analize. Med under the pavement of Phase 5. It is stratigraphical y later slednje sodi tudi zid v obliki manjšega kvadrata, ki je than Phase 2 and earlier than Phase 5. On the basis of its bil odkrit tik pod tlakom faze 5. Stratigrafsko je mlajši position, it can be interpreted as part of the furnishings od faze 2 in starejši od faze 5. Na podlagi lege v prostoru of the interior of the church in either Phase 4 or Phase 5. ga interpretiramo kot del opreme notranjosti cerkve v The wal s north of the present-day church, in the past fazi 4 ali fazi 5. interpreted as parts of a three-nave Romanesque church V to obdobje sodijo tudi zidovi severno od današ- with two apses (Šribar 1967, 63), belong to the same period. nje cerkve, ki so bili v preteklosti interpretirani kot del Since these wal s are stratigraphical y later than the Gothic triladijske dvoapsidalne romanske cerkve (Šribar 1967, church and earlier than the Baroque architecture, they can 63). Ker so ti zidovi stratigrafsko mlajši od gotske in be interpreted as parts of extensions with a secular function, starejši od baročne arhitekture, jih interpretiramo kot which were common in the Late Middle Ages. dele prizidkov profane namembnosti, kakršni so bili v poznem srednjem veku običajni. 5.2 INTERPRETATION 5.2 INTERPRETACIJA Since archaeological traces of activities inside the buildings have not been preserved or recorded, the in- Arheološke sledi aktivnosti znotraj stavb niso bile terpretation of the function of the buildings cannot be ohranjene oziroma dokumentirane, zato interpretacija taken for granted. There are, however, four convincing namembnosti stavb ni samoumevna. Vendar imamo 4 arguments that all buildings with apses served as Chris- prepričljive argumente, da so vse stavbe z apsido služile tian churches: kot krščanska cerkev: − between the 9th and 11th centuries, apsed buildings − apsida je v času od 9. do 11. stoletja na obravna- in the region were – without any exception known to the au- vanem prostoru brez nam znane izjeme uporabljena za thor – Christian church buildings ( cf. Stopar 2017, 18−36). krščanske cerkvene stavbe (prim. Stopar 2017, 18−36). − At least from the 8th century on, Christian − Krščanske cerkve so vsaj od 8. stoletja grajene ta- churches were built in such a manner that the altar was ko, da je oltar na vzhodu in je kongregacija med molitvijo in the east and the congregation was facing the east while prav tako obrnjena proti vzhodu (Gordon 1971, 213). praying (Gordon 1971, 213). − Na območju jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora − In the Southeastern Alpine region, all known so vse znane stavbe, ki so dokumentirane pod temelji buildings recorded under the foundations of Late Medi- poznosrednjeveške cerkve in imajo isto usmeritev kot eval churches with the same orientation are interpreted ta, interpretirane kot cerkev (Sv. Jurij, Legen: Strmč- as churches (St George, Legen: Strmčnik-Gulič 1994; the nik-Gulič 1994; Župna cerkev v Kranju: Sagadin 2017; parish church in Kranj: Sagadin 2017; St Martin, Laško: Sv. Martin, Laško: Stopar 2017, 26; Sv. Daniel, Gailtal, Stopar 2017, 26; St Daniel, Gailtal, Austria: Eichert 2012, Avstrija: Eichert 2012, 22−23; Molzbichl, Spittal, Avstri- 22−23; Molzbichl, Spittal, Austria: Eichert 2012, 51−55; St ja: Eichert 2012, 51−55; Sv. Peter pri Edlingu, Spittal, Peter near Edling, Spittal, Austria: Eichert 2012, 62−64; St Avstrija: Eichert 2012, 62−64; Sv. Martin, Rive d’Arcano, Martin, Rive d’Arcano, Italy: Gleischer 2006, Abb. 3: 2; St Italija: Gleischer 2006, Abb. 3: 2; Sv. Martin, Zell bei Martin, Zell bei Kufstein, Austria, and St Martin, Pfongau, Kufstein, Avstrija in Sv. Martin, Pfongau, Avstrija: Gle- Austria: Gleischer 2006, Abb. 6: 2,3). ischer 2006, Abb. 6: 2,3). − Likewise, it can be said that there are no recorded cases of High Medieval graves right next to a building that was not a church. 134 5. STAVBNA ANALIZA 5. BUILDING ANALYSIS − Podobno lahko rečemo, da ni bil dokumentiran The apses, the orientation of the buildings towards noben visokosrednjeveški grob, ki bi ležal tik ob sočasni the east, the continuous use of space, and the contempo- stavbi, ki bi ne bila cerkvena stavba. rary graves are therefore reliable arguments that these Obstoj apside, vzhodna usmeritev stavbe, kontinu- buildings with apses can be resolutely interpreted as iteta rabe prostora in sočasni grobovi so torej zanesljivi several construction phases of a Christian church. argumenti, da obravnavane stavbe z apsido interpreti- ramo kot več gradbenih faz krščanske cerkve. Based on what a floor plan can reveal about the ar- chitecture, it seems that the earliest church was original y Kolikor lahko o arhitekturi sodimo na podlagi tlo- planned in accordance with the principles of Pre-Roman- risa, se zdi, da je bila najstarejša cerkev sprva načrtovana esque ecclesiastical architecture: as a symmetrical building skladno z načeli predromanske cerkvene arhitekture with a semi-circular apse and the 1:√2 ratio of the nave, but kot simetrična stavba s polkrožno apsido in proporcem owing to the adjustment to the configuration of the terrain, cerkvene ladje 1 : √2. Toda zaradi prilagajanja konfi- the implementation did not follow the plans and an asym- guraciji terena izvedba ni sledila načrtom in zgrajena metrical, mostly wooden building was constructed. This je bila nesimetrična, verjetno večidel lesena stavba. Ta church was razed to the ground and replaced by a building cerkev je bila porušena do tal in nadomestila jo je stavba similar in appearance, size, and proportions, but perhaps al- podobnega videza, velikosti in proporcev, ki pa je bila ready made of stone. It was probably later that an extension morda že zidana iz kamna. Verjetno naknadno ji je bil of the nave in the shape of an irregular trapezium was built na zahodni strani prizidan podaljšek ladje s tlorisom on the western side. With its unusual shape, the extension nepravilnega trapeza. Ta je s svojo nenavadno obliko functional y divided the church nave into two asymmetrical cerkveno ladjo funkcionalno razdelil na nesomerna parts, similarly to the Early Medieval churches of St Peter dela, podobno kot pri zgodnjesrednjeveških cerkvah (Sclavons, Cordenone, Italy: Gleischer 2006, Abb. 3:1) and sv. Petra (Sclavons, Cordenone, Italija: Gleischer 2006, St Augustine (St. Margarethen, Austria: Gleischer 2006, Abb. 3:1) in sv. Avguština (St. Margarethen, Avstrija: Abb. 6:1). Perhaps this division had a similar liturgical Gleischer 2006, Abb. 6:1). Morda je ta delitev imela meaning as the division of church naves by stone screens podoben liturgični namen kot delitev cerkvenih ladij with interlace decoration, for example in Molzbichl (Eichert s kamnito pregrado s pleteninasto ornamentiko, na 2012, 51−55; see the literature there cited). primer v Molzbichlu (Eichert 2012, 51−55; glej tam The dimensions, the shape of the apses, and the navedeno literaturo). regular proportions of the naves of both buildings with Dimenzije, oblika apsid in pravilen proporc ladje semi-circular apses are typical elements of Pre-Roman- obeh stavb s polkrožno apsido so značilni elementi pred- esque ecclesiastical architecture (Stopar 2017, 18−19). The romanske cerkvene arhitekture (Stopar 2017, 18−19). complete destruction of the earliest two churches reinforces Temeljita rušitev najstarejših dveh cerkva nas utrjuje v the interpretation that these buildings were at least partly interpretaciji, da sta bili stavbi vsaj delno leseni in da so made of wood, and that the demolition was due to the usual rušitve posledica običajnega nadomeščanja dotrajanih replacement of obsolete buildings. Perhaps an inference stavb. Morda o trajnosti tovrstnih objektov lahko skle- can be made regarding the duration of such buildings on pamo na podlagi primerjave z bližnjo leseno cerkvico v the basis of a comparison with a roughly contemporary Lescah. Ta je bila porušena in nadomeščena s kamnito, smal wooden church in the nearby Lesce. This church was potem ko je preteklo veliko časa ( post multorum vero demolished after a long course of time ( post multorum vero cursum temporum); to trajanje je interpretirano kot 6 cursum temporum) to be replaced by a stone church; this time do 7 desetletij (Bizjak 2012). period is interpreted as six to seven decades (Bizjak 2012). Na Blejskem otoku je sledila zidava kamnite cerkve On Bled Island, this was followed by the construc- s podkvasto apsido, ki jo glede na velikost in obliko lahko tion of a stone church with a horseshoe-shaped apse, označimo za tipično romansko arhitekturo. Drugače od which can be, on the basis of its size and shape, described obeh predhodnih cerkva, ko so se graditelji prilagajali as a typical Romanesque church building. Unlike the terenu, so tokrat s klesanjem skalne osnove intenzivno previous two churches, in the construction of which ad- posegli v prostor in izravnali površino vsaj 74,2 m2. justments to the terrain were made, this time the builders Ohranjeni tlaki iz maltnega estriha kažejo na enotno in levelled the bedrock and made substantial changes in the dobro vzdrževano notranjost cerkvene ladje. geomorphology of the island, levelling the surface of at V nadaljevanju zgolj zaradi preglednosti starejši least 74.2 m2. The surviving mortar pavements indicate stavbi imenujemo prva in druga predromanska cerkev a uniform and well-maintained church nave interior. (faze 2), mlajšo pa romanska cerkev (faze 3). Only for the sake of transparency, the earlier two buildings are henceforth referred to as the first and the second Pre-Romanesque church (of Phase 2), and the earlier church is referred to as the Romanesque church (of Phase 3). 135 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Benjamin ŠTULAR 6.1 GROBNI ATRIBUTI 6.1 GRAVE ATTRIBUTES V tem poglavju prikazujemo rezultate morfome- This chapter presents the results of morphometric trične analize grobnih atributov. Natančneje, opazovali analysis of grave attributes. Specifical y, a spatial analysis smo pojavnosti različnih atributov v prostoru. Izbor ni of various attributes was conducted. The selection of bil pogojen z metodološkim premislekom ali konkret- observed attributes was not conditional on methodo- nimi znanstvenimi vprašanji, temveč z dostopnostjo logical considerations or specific scientific questions, but podatkov: obravnavamo vse atribute, ki jih je bilo iz unfortunately on the accessibility of data: the attributes obstoječe dokumentacije možno zajeti sistematično za discussed are all that could be recorded systematical y for vse grobove iz risarske (ponovni pokopi in lega rok) in all the graves, either from the plan drawings (subsequent pisne dokumentacije (prisotnost oglja, malte in lonče- burials and the position of the arms) or from the textual nine v zasutju, vkopanost v skalno osnovo). documentation (charcoal, mortar, and pottery in the fil , being carved into the bedrock). 6.1.1 GROBNE JAME 6.1.1 GRAVE PITS Pri opisovanju grobov so izkopavalci razmeroma sistematično beležili podlago, v katero je bila vkopana In their descriptions of the graves, the excavators posamezna grobna jama. Tako so ločevali grobove: recorded the ground into which individual grave pits were − vkopane v humus, dug relatively systematical y. The graves were therefore − delno vkopane v skalno podlago, classified as: − vklesane v skalno podlago, in − dug into the humus, − grobnice. − partly dug into the bedrock, Grobovi, vkopani v humus, prevladujejo severno − carved into the bedrock, and od cerkve v grobiščnih skupinah G1 in G2. Na drugi − tombs. strani grobovi, vklesani v skalno osnovo, prevladujejo Graves dug into the humus are prevalent to the north južno od cerkve. To potrjuje pravilnost rekonstrukcije of the church, in the G1 and G2 cemetery groups. On geomorfologije otoka v času pokopavanja ( sl. 3.13). the other hand, graves carved into the bedrock prevail Pri skupini G1 morda kaže omeniti trojico grobov to the south of the church. This confirms the validity of na jugozahodnem robu te skupine, ki je bila vklesana v the reconstruction of the geomorphology of the island at živo skalo. To verjetno kaže, da so pogrebci na tem delu the time of the burials ( Fig. 3.13). dosegli skrajni rob grobišča, ki se jim je zdel še primeren In the G1 group there were three graves at the za pokopavanje. Podobno kažejo posamezni grobovi southwestern edge carved into the bedrock. This probably na severnem robu te skupine, ki so bili delno vkopani v suggests that in that location, the grave diggers reached the skalno podlago ali pa ležijo na njej. very edge of the area they considered suitable for burials. Grobovi južno od cerkvene ladje potrjujejo stratig- Something similar is indicated by individual graves along rafsko opredelitev v čas po gradnji romanske cerkve v the northern edge of this group, which are either partly fazi 3. Za to gradnjo je bila namreč opravljena obsežna dug into the bedrock or lie on the bedrock. izravnava terena s klesanjem skalne osnove in ves more- The graves south of the church nave confirm the bitni starejši arheološki zapis je bil tedaj uničen. Dotični stratigraphy-based dating to the period after the construc- grobovi so zatorej brez izjeme vklesani v skalno osnovo. tion of the Romanesque church in Phase 3. The construc- * Translation Meta Osredkar. 137 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE 6.1.2 POLNILA GROBNIH JAM tion was preceded by a large-scale levelling of the ground, which included carving the bedrock, and all potential Kot večkrat omenjeno, obravnavana izkopavanja earlier archaeological record was destroyed. These graves niso bila stratigrafska, zato podatki o vsebini polnila are therefore without exception carved into the bedrock. grobnih jam niso natančni niti niso opisani kriteriji, po katerih je bil določen predmet pripisan zasutju posameznega groba. Razprostranjenost nekaterih 6.1.2 GRAVE PIT FILLS artefaktov in ekofaktov je zato pomemben element za interpretacijo. As has been mentioned several times, the excava- Drobci oglja v zasutju zgodnjesrednjeveških gro- tions did not adhere to the stratigraphic method and bov niso neobičajni (npr. Sagadin 2001, 362−367). Na consequently the data about the fil s of grave pits is not obravnavanem grobišču so v zasutju štirih grobov (št. accurate. There is also no description of the criteria ac- 18, 22, 46, 63; sl. 6.1) grobiščne skupine G1. Ti gro- cording to which a specific object was attributed to the bovi so razprostranjeni na majhnem prostoru, najdlje fill of a grave. The distribution of some artefacts and 2,95 m od stratigrafsko sočasnega ognjišča (glej pogl. ecofacts is therefore an important piece of information 4.2). Eden izmed grobov (št. 46) je bil vkopan delno v for the interpretation. prežgano plast ognjišča in bi oglje lahko prišlo v grob Charcoal fragments are not unusual in the fill of tudi ob prekopavanju. Vendar na ognjišču oglje ni bilo Early Medieval graves (e.g. Sagadin 2001, 362−367). In ohranjeno, kar pomeni, da je bilo ognjišče po kurjenju the Bled Island cemetery, they are present in the fill of four očiščeno. V nobenem primeru pa to ni možna razlaga graves (nos. 18, 22, 46, 63; Fig. 6.1) of the G1 cemetery za preostale tri grobove (št. 18, 22, 63), ki ležijo nekoliko group. These graves are distributed over a small area, no vstran od ognjišča in niso bili vkopani neposredno vanj. more than 2.95 m from the stratigraphical y contempo- Medsebojna bližina ognjišča in grobov z drobci oglja v rary fireplace (see Chapter 4.2). One of the graves (no. 46) zasutju na eni strani ter lega ognjišča, ki se mu grobovi was partly dug into the burnt layer of the fireplace. This Sl. 6.1: Blejski otok, črno grobovi z ogljem v zasutju; sivo – ostali grobovi (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.1: Bled Island, graves with charcoal in the filling (black); other graves in grey (by B. Štular). 138 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE izogibajo, na drugi strani ne puščata mnogo možnosti could have been the potential source of the charcoal in the za interpretacijo. Vir oglja v grobovih je prav to ognjiš- grave, save for the fact that the charcoal does not survive če, ki je bilo kurjeno v času med izkopom in zasutjem in the fireplace itself, which means that the fireplace was omenjenih grobnih jam. cleared after the end of its use. Either way, the other three Podobno interpretiramo drobce malte, dokumen- graves (nos. 18, 22, 63) are positioned slightly further tirane v 7 grobovih (št. 77a, 82a, 84, 87, 88, 93a, 101) away from the fireplace and were not dug through the grobiščne skupine G4, in sicer v stratigrafsko mlajših fireplace. The proximity of the fireplace and the graves grobovih te skupine ( sl. 6. 2). Ta ugotovitev je krono- with charcoal fragments in their fil s on the one hand, loško pomenljiva, saj dokazuje neposredno bližino z and on the other hand the location of the fireplace, which malto ometane stavbe v času mlajših, ne pa tudi v času is avoided by the graves, do not leave many options for stratigrafsko starejših grobov (glej pogl. 7.3). Vir malte interpretation. The source of the charcoal in the graves is je lahko le zahodni zid cerkvene ladje romanske cerkve this very fireplace, which was used in the time between faze 3 (prim. Šribar 1966a, 89), tik ob katerem so bili the digging of the graves and the filling of the grave pits, grobovi vkopani. Zahodna stena cerkve faze 2a je bila i.e. during the funeral. namreč oddaljena 6 m, faze 2b pa 3 metre. Similarly interpreted are fragments of mortar, which V grobovih (št. 67 in 71) je bil v zasutju doku- were recorded in seven graves (nos. 77a, 82a, 84, 87, 88, mentiran tudi pesek. Tega ne moremo podrobneje 93a, 101) of the G4 cemetery group. These graves are among the stratigraphical y latest graves of the group Sl. 6.2: Blejski otok, fazi 2b in 3. Zgoraj Harrisov diagram (t.i. stratigrafska matrika) grobiščne skupine G. Spodaj načrt cerkvenih stavb faz 2b (rjavo cerkvena ladja, rumeno prizidek) in 3 (vijolično) ter lokacija sočasnih grobnic (barvasti pravokotniki); rumeno so označeni grobovi z malto v zasutju (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.2: Bled Island, Phases 2b and 3. Above Harris matrix of cemetery group G4. Below plan of church buildings in Phase 2b (brown for church nave, yellow for appendix) and 3 (purple) and location of contemporary grave chambers (coloured rectangles); graves with mortar in the filling are marked in yellow (by B. Štular). 139 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Sl. 6.3: Blejski otok, grobovi z lončenino v zasutju: zeleno – prazgodovinska lončenina; rdeče – zgodnjesrednjeveška lončenina; rumeno – poznosrednjeveška lončenina; sivo – ostali grobovi (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.3: Bled Island, graves with pottery in the filling: green – prehistoric pottery; red – early medieval pottery; yellow – late medieval pottery; grey – no pottery (by B. Štular). interpretirati, a verjetno ni naključje, da gre za edina ( Fig. 6.2). This finding also has chronological implications, grobova faze 2. for it demonstrates the immediate vicinity of a mortar- Odlomki lončenine so bili dokumentirani v 13 plastered building at the time of the stratigraphical y later grobovih ( sl. 6.3). Lončenina v 8 grobovih (št. 1, 24, 39, graves – but not stratigraphical y earlier graves (see Chap- 45, 46, 49, 55, 120) je prazgodovinska. Ta lončenina je ter 7.3). The only possible source of mortar is the western rezidualna, kar dokazuje tudi razprostranjenost, ki se wall of the nave of the Phase 3 Romanesque church ( cf. ujema z razprostranjenostjo prazgodovinskih najdb (glej Šribar 1966a, 89), in the immediate vicinity of the graves. pogl. 1.4.1). V štirih grobovih (št. 61, 71, 84, 115) so od- The western wall of the Phase 2a church was 6 m away and lomki lončenine, izvrtene na lončarskem kolesu, kakršno the wall of the Phase 2b church was 3 m away. datiramo v čas od vključno 13. stoletja ( t. 6: 5, 6, 8−13). There was also sand recorded in the fil s of the graves Te odlomke interpretiramo kot infiltrirane najdbe. V (nos. 67 and 71). While a more detailed interpretation is grobu 45 sta dva odlomka morda zgodnjesrednjeveške not possible, it is probably no coincidence that these two lončenine ( t. 6: 3, 4). Ker posamezne odlomke sočasne graves are the only graves of Phase 2. lončenine poznamo tudi z drugih zgodnjesrednjeveških Pottery fragments were recorded in 13 graves grobišč (npr. Pleterski idr. 2019, 68, 69, 72 itd.), se zdi ( Fig. 6.3). Eight graves (nos. 1, 24, 39, 45, 46, 49, 55, 120) upravičena domneva, da je lončenina sočasna pokopu. contained prehistoric pottery. This is residual pottery, as Natančnejšo interpretacijo – na primer ali gre za namer- confirmed by its distribution, which matches the distri- ne pridatke, ostanke pogrebnega obreda, ostanke drugih bution of the prehistoric finds (see Chapter 1.4.1). Four dejavnosti na prostoru grobišča ali kaj četrtega – bo treba graves (nos. 61, 71, 84, 115) contained fragments of wheel- iskati na primerljivih moderno izkopanih grobiščih. thrown pottery dated to the 13th century and later ( Pl. 6: 5, 6, 8−13). These fragments are interpreted as infiltrated 140 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Sl. 6.4: Blejski otok, število ponovnih pokopov v isto grobno jamo (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6. 4: Bled Island, map of re-burials (by B. Štular). 6.1.3 POKOPI V ISTO GROBNO JAMO finds. One grave (no. 45) contained two fragments of pos- sibly Early Medieval pottery ( Pl. 6: 3, 4). Since individual Na obravnavanem grobišču 27 odstotkov grobov fragments of contemporary pottery are known from other kaže sledove poznejšega pokopavanja v isto grobno Early Medieval cemeteries (e.g. Pleterski et. al. 2019, 68, jamo ( sl. 6.4). Ker so bile grobne jame identificirane le 69, 72 etc.), it seems justified to assume that the pottery is izjemoma, je o tem mogoče sklepati le posredno, glede contemporary with the burial. A more specific interpre- na lego skeletov. Kot ponovne pokope štejemo le tiste tation – for instance whether these are intentional grave grobove, ki imajo v grobu poleg dobro ohranjenega goods, the remains of the burial ceremony, the remains of skeleta še lobanjske in/ali dolge kosti, ki so (bolj ali other activities in the area of the cemetery, or something manj) skrbno zložene ob robovih (npr. grob št. 81 in else – will have to be sought in other comparable cemeter- 93; terenske risbe N 11). ies, excavated using modern methods. Na večjem delu grobišča se ponovni pokopi po- javljajo sporadično, pri čemer gre za 2- do 3-kratni naknadni pokop. Štirikratni naknadni pokop je eviden- 6.1.3 BURIALS IN THE SAME GRAVE PIT tiran le pri grobovih 39 in 109. V prvem primeru gre za namenski sekundarni pokop – kot se zdi na podlagi In the Bled Island cemetery, 27% of graves show trac- lege posameznih kosti – več pokojnikov v organski es of subsequent burials in the same grave pit ( Fig. 6.4). pravokotni recipient, verjetno lesen zaboj. V drugem Since grave pits were identified only exceptional y, there primeru gre za kosti v zasutju, ki jih najverjetneje lahko is only indirect evidence of this, namely the position of interpretiramo kot zakop kosti, na katere so naleteli the skeletons. Subsequent burials are therefore defined as graditelji cerkvene stavbe z gotsko arhitekturo v fazi 4. those where a grave contains a well-preserved skeleton as 141 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Sl. 6.5: Blejski otok, lega rok pokojnikov: 0 – ni ohranjena; 1 – v naročju (hipogastrična); 2 – ena v naročju, druga iztegnjena; 3 – sklenjene na prsih; 4 – Iztegnjene ob telesu (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.5: Bled Island, map of the deceased’s hands’ position: 0 – no data; 1 – in the lap (hypogastric); 2 – one in lap the other ful y stretched; 3 – on chest as if in prayer; 4 – ful y stretched (by B. Štular). Izrazito pa od ostalega grobišča v tem elementu wel as a skul and/or other bones, (more or less) careful y izstopa grobiščna skupina G4. Velika večina tamkajšnjih placed along the edges (for example Graves 81 and 93; grobov ima ponovne pokope in tudi edini primeri 5- in field documentation N 11). 6-kratnih pokopov so na tem delu grobišča. In the larger part of the cemetery, subsequent burials Pokopavanje v isto grobno jamo je bilo torej na appear sporadical y as second or third burials. A fourth večjem delu grobišča opravljeno sporadično in ga inter- subsequent burial is only identified in Graves 39 and 109. pretiramo kot posledico prostorske stiske. V grobiščni In the first case this was an intentional secondary burial skupini G4 in v primeru groba 39 pa je bilo ponovno of – on the basis of the position of individual bones – several pokopavanje pravilo oziroma namerno dejanje. deceased in an organic rectangular receptacle, probably a wooden box. In the second case there are bones in the fil and they can probably be interpreted as the burial of bones 6.1.4 LEGA ROK POKOJNIKOV discovered by the builders of the Gothic church in Phase 4. When it comes to this element, the G4 cemetery Drža rok pokojnikov je še ena izmed tem zgodnje- group differs drastical y from the rest of the cemetery. srednjeveške arheologije smrti, ki ima sicer dolgo zgo- The vast majority of its graves contain subsequent burials dovino raziskav, a malo konkretnih arheoloških analiz. and the only cases of a fifth and sixth subsequent burial V našem primeru smo lego rok opredelili na podlagi are in this part of the cemetery. risb in jih razdelili v 4 razmeroma ohlapno opredeljene Multiple burials in the same grave pit were therefore skupine ( sl. 6.5): sporadic in most of the cemetery and are interpreted as a 1. v naročju, consequence of the lack of space. Subsequent burials were 2. ena v naročju, druga iztegnjena, 142 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE 3. sklenjene na prsih in intentional within the G4 cemetery group and in the case 4. iztegnjene ob telesu. of Grave 39, however, and as such a part of burial customs. Pokojnike z rokami v naročju najdemo na celotnem grobišču. Največ jih je v skupinah G1 in G4, vendar samo v skupini G4 tovrsten položaj rok izrazito prevladuje. V 6.1.4 POSITION OF THE ARMS tej skupini ima to držo 92 odstotkov določljivih pokoj- OF THE DECEASED nikov oziroma vsi razen že omenjenega groba (št. 105), ki od pravil skupine G4 odstopa v vseh analiziranih The position of the arms of the deceased is another atributih. theme in the Early Medieval archaeology of death with Pokojniki z eno roko v naročju in drugo iztegnjeno a long history of research and few concrete archaeologi- oziroma z iztegnjenimi rokami ob telesu so enakomerno cal analyses. In our case, the positions of the arms were zastopani na vsem grobišču, razen seveda v skupini G4. taken from the plan drawings and divided into four Edini pokojnik z rokami, sklenjenimi na prsih (grob št. relatively loosely defined groups ( Fig. 6.5) where arms 67), je bil pokopan pred cerkvenim pragom v stratig- are positioned: rafski fazi 2b. − in the lap, Ugotovljeno interpretiramo takole: v stratigrafski − one arm in the lap, the other extended, fazi 1 (G1, G2) drža rok ni bila pomembna, saj so vse − clasped on the chest, and različice enakomerno zastopane. Edini ohranjeni skelet − extended along the body. iz faze 2 (G3) je tudi edini na celotnem grobišču z roka- Deceased with their hands in the lap can be found ma, sklenjenima v drži molitve na prsih; to verjetno ni across the entire cemetery. While they are the most com- toliko kronološka značilnost kot posebnost tega groba mon in the G1 and G4 groups, it is only the G4 group (glej pogl. 8.2). Drža rok je bila pomembna pogrebcem where this position of the arms is distinctly predominant. v fazi 3 (G4), kjer imajo z eno izjemo vsi pokojniki roki In this group, arms are in the lap in 92% of the cases with v naročju. V grobovih v notranjosti ali tik izven sočasne an identifiable position, i.e. in all graves except for Grave cerkve faze 3 in 4 (G5) prevladujejo pokojniki z eno roko 105 (which deviates from the rules of the G4 group in al v naročju in drugo iztegnjeno. analysed attributes). The deceased with one arm in the lap and the other one extended or with both arms extended along the body 6.2. ORIENTACIJA are distributed evenly over the entire cemetery, except within the G4 group. The only deceased with hands Kot smo omenili v predgovoru, analiza grobov, clasped on the chest (Grave 67) was buried in front of the pokojnikov in grobnih inventarjev ni bil naš glavni cilj, church threshold in stratigraphic Phase 2b. saj je temu namenjen 1. del knjige. Vendar morfologije These findings are interpreted as follows: in strati- stavbnih ostalin ni bilo mogoče analizirati ločeno od graphic Phase 1 (G1, G2), the position of arms was not grobišča, saj so stavbe in grobovi stratigrafsko prepleteni an important part of burial customs, since all groups are in v nekaterih obdobjih soodvisni. Tako je na primer represented evenly. The only surviving skeleton from umestitev prve stavbe v prostor upoštevala nekatere Phase 2 (G3) is at the same time the only deceased in the aspekte predhodnega grobišča; na drugi strani sta na entire cemetery with hands clasped in the prayer posi- primer usmeritev in mesto grobov pod vsakokratnim tion on the chest; this is probably less a chronological cerkvenim pragom neposredna povezana s stavbo. V feature than a specific feature of this grave (see Chapter nadaljevanju predstavljamo analizo orientacije cerkva 8.2). The position of the arms was especial y important in grobov. in Phase 3 (G4), when, with one exception, the arms of all the deceased are in their laps. The deceased with one arm in the lap and the other one extended are prevalent 6.2.1 ORIENTACIJA CERKVA in the graves inside the contemporary Phase 3 and Phase 4 churches or in the immediate vicinity (G5). Kot že grško-rimski templji so najkasneje od 8. stoletja tudi krščanske cerkve usmerjene proti vzhodu. Vzrok za to ima korenine globoko v prazgodovini. Člo- 6.2 ORIENTATION vekova delitev obzornice oziroma horizonta na četrtine je najverjetneje egocentrična in izvira iz fizionomije As mentioned in the foreword, the analysis of graves, človeškega telesa, ki zaznava 4 smeri: spredaj, zadaj, the deceased and grave inventories constituted the subject levo in desno. Sprva je šlo morda za delitev glede na of Part 1 of this book and is therefore not the main goal orientir v naravi, kasneje glede na astronomska opa- here. Nevertheless, in this particular case the morphology zovanja. Štiridelna delitev horizonta neba je zagotovo of the building remains cannot be analysed separately starejša od organiziranih religij, a najkasneje s pojavom from the cemetery because the buildings and the graves 143 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE teh dobi tudi simbolni pomen. Tako lingvistične študije are stratigraphical y intertwined and, in some periods, izkazujejo izjemen pomen vzhoda v svetovnem nazoru interdependent. For instance, in the positioning of the prazgodovinskih indoevropejcev, ki nedvomno izvira iz first building, certain aspects of the previous cemetery češčenja Sonca; na drugi strani zahod krščanstvo pove- were considered. On the other hand, the orientations zuje s satansko temačnostjo, žalostjo in smrtjo. Delitev se and positions of three graves under the respective church je v številnih religijah, na primer krščanski, muslimanski entrances were directly associated with the buildings in in judovski, prenesla tudi na pojmovanje onostranstva question. In the following, an analysis of the orientation (Ratz 1978; prim. Evans 1989, 234). of the Bled Island churches and graves is presented. Začetki modernih raziskav orientacije srednje- veških cerkva segajo v 19. stoletje, ko je bila na podlagi pesmi angleškega poeta iz 18. stoletja postavljena hi- 6.2.1 ORIENTATION OF CHURCHES poteza, da so bile srednjeveške cerkve orientirane proti vzhajališču Sonca na dan cerkvenega zavetnika (Hinton Like Greco-Roman temples, Christian churches 2012, 9−11). Natančna analiza pisnih virov je pokazala, have been oriented towards the east since at least the da so vsaj ponekod stremeli k usmeritvi proti vzhodu 8th century. The reasons are most likely rooted deep Sonca ob enakonočju (Vogel in dr. 1962). Tako je v in prehistory. The human division of the horizon into svojem breviariju srednjeveških znanosti povzel klasične four parts is probably egocentric and originates in the gromatike Izidor Sevilski (+ 636): physiognomy of the human body, which knows four di- rections: front, back, left and right. At first this may have Unde et quando templum construebant, orientem been based on a point of orientation in the landscape spectabant aequinoctialem, ita ut lineae ab ortu ad and later on astronomical observations. The division occidentem missae fierent partes caeli dextra sinistra of the horizon into four parts is certainly earlier than aequales; ut qui consuleret atque precaretur rectum organized religions and, with the emergence of the latter, aspiceret orientem.1 it gained symbolic meaning. Linguistic studies point to the great significance of the East in the worldview of the Da je isto veljalo še sredi 13. stoletja, sporoča prehistoric Indo-Europeans, undoubtedly originating in francoski škof Guil ame Durando v svojem povzetku sun worship; in contrast, Christianity associates the West večstoletne tradicije liturgičnih komentarjev: with satanic darkness, sadness and death. In religions such as Christianity, Islam and Judaism, this division was Debet quoque sic fundari, ut caput recte inspiciat transferred to the conception of the afterlife (Ratz 1978; versus orientem (...) videlicet versus ortum solis cf. Evans 1989, 234). equinoctialem ...2 The beginnings of modern research into the orienta- tion of medieval churches could be found into the 19th Moderne analize orientacij cerkva iz Slovenije century, when on the basis of a poem by an English 18th- (Čaval 2010; 2014), Avstrije (Eichert 2012, 244−251), century poet, a hypothesis was established that medieval severne Italije (Spinazzè 2014; 2016a; 2016b), Iberskega churches were oriented towards the point where the sun polotoka (Gonzáles-Garcia, Belmonte 2015, Valcárcel, rose on the day of the patron saint of the church (Hinton Palmero 2018) in Anglije ter Walesa (Ali, Cunich 2001; 2012, 9−11). Nevertheless, a thorough analysis of written Hinton 2006; 2012; Sassin Allen 2016) nedvoumno sources revealed that the intention was to have the church dokazujejo, da je bila vzhodna orientacija evropskih oriented towards the rising sun at the equinox (Vogel et srednje veških cerkva vsaj zaželena, če že ne vedno al. 1962). In his compilation of medieval sciences, Isidore uresničljiva. Vendar je prav vsaka izmed navedenih of Seville (+ 636) summarized the classical gromatists: študij znotraj splošne vzhodne orientacije dokumenti- rala nenaključne variacije. Na primer: srednja vrednost Unde et quando templum construebant, orientem orientacij 630 srednjeveških cerkva iz Walesa od kardi- spectabant aequinoctialem, ita ut lineae ab ortu ad nalnega vzhoda odstopa za 8° proti severu (Sassin Allen occidentem missae fierent partes caeli dextra sinistra 2016, 158−159). aequales; ut qui consuleret atque precaretur rectum Te variacije oziroma razlike v usmeritvi cerkva aspiceret orientem.1 avtorji razlagajo na več načinov. Cerkve naj bi bile orien- tirane proti vzhajališču (ali zahajališču) Sonca na dan This remained true as late as the mid-13th century, as cerkvenega zavetnika, na veliko noč ali drug pomemben reported by French bishop Guil ame Durando in his sum- cerkveni praznik, na dan polaganja temeljev; razlike v mary of a centuries-long tradition of liturgical comments: orientaciji bi bile lahko posledica regionalnih, krono- loških ali monastičnih razlik, magnetne deklinacije, 1 Orig. XV.4. 2 Durand, Rationale I.1/8. 1 Orig. XV.4. 144 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE nadmorske višine, lokalne topografije ali pokrajinskega Debet quoque sic fundari, ut caput recte inspiciat konteksta (Sassin Allen 2016, 158−170 in tam navede- versus orientem (...) videlicet versus ortum solis equi- na literatura). Razlage lahko strnemo v 4 skupine, ki noctialem ...2 orientacijo cerkva delijo na simbolno, pejsažno oziroma topografsko, liturgično in konstrukcijsko (Valcárcel, Modern analyses of the orientation of churches Palmero 2018, 175−176 in tam navedena literatura; in Slovenia (Čaval 2010, 2014), Austria (Eichert 2012, prim. Čaval 2010, 42). Za vsako izmed navedenih razlag 244−251), Northern Italy (Spinazzè 2014, 2016a, 2016b), obstajajo argumenti za in proti, nobena pa ne pojasni the Iberian Peninsula (Gonzáles-Garcia, Belmonte 2015; vseh primerov. Zato se zdi najkoristnejša obravnava Valcárcel, Palmero 2018), England and Wales (Ali, Cunich posameznih primerov ali vsaj sorodnih si skupin cerkva, 2001; Hinton 2006, 2012; Sassin Al en 2016) ful y confirm in sicer v kontekstu pokrajine in ostalih merodajnih the notion that orientation towards the east was at least de- kontekstov (npr. Pleterski 2014). sired, if not always achieved. Notably, each of these studies Metodološko je izjemnega pomena opozorilo, da recorded non-accidental variations within the general le najnovejše študije (Čaval 2010; Pleterski 2014; Gon- pattern of orientation towards the east. For instance, the záles-Garcia, Belmonte 2015; Spinazzè 2016b; Valcárcel, mean value of the orientation of 630 medieval churches Palmero 2018) analizirajo astronomske orientacije. Po in Wales deviates from true (cardinal, geodetic) east for merodajnosti se jim približa še angleška analiza kalib- 8° to the north (Sassin Allen 2016, 158−159). riranih magnetnih deklinacij (Ali, Cunich 2001). Vse Recorded variations or differences in the orientation ostale študije obravnavajo kartografske orientacije, zato of churches have been explained in various ways. Churches njihovi rezultati niso primerni za analizo vzhajališča in were supposedly oriented towards the point where the sun zahajališča Sonca. rose (or set) on the day of the patron saint of the church, Prva študija, ki je primerljiva z Blejskim otokom, on Easter or some other important church holiday, or on je obravnavala 167 cerkva, zgrajenih na Iberskem po- the day the foundations were laid. Moreover, differences in lotoku pred letom 1086. Največ jih je orientiranih glede orientation could be the consequence of regional, chrono- na kanonično določen datum enakonočja, 25. marec po logical or monastic differences, magnetic declination, julijanskem koledarju. Orientacij, ki bi upoštevale dan elevation above sea level, local topography, or the regional cerkvenega zavetnika, študija ni zaznala (Gonzáles-Gar- context (Sassin Allen 2016, 158–170; see also the literature cia, Belmonte 2015). Naslednja študija je obravnavala cited therein). Explanations can be summarized into four izbor izmed zgornjih cerkva, in sicer 49 predromanskih groups, classifying the orientation of churches as either cerkva, zgrajenih pretežno v 10. stoletju v tako imeno- symbolic, landscape-based or topographical, liturgical vanem mozarabskem slogu. Rezultati te študije so sicer and constructional (Valcárcel, Palmero 2018, 175−176; potrdili prevladujočo astronomsko orientacijo, a tokrat see also the literature cited therein; cf. Čaval 2010). For pretežno glede na vzhajališče Sonca na pomemben kr- each of the listed explanations there are pro and con argu- ščanski praznik. Najpogostejša je orientacija na veliki ments, with none explaining all cases. Therefore, the best šmaren, praznik Marijinega vnebovzetja 15. avgusta way forward seems to be to study individual examples (Valcárcel, Palmero 2018, 185). Študiji istih cerkva torej or at least groups of comparable churches in the context prinašata različne zaključke. of landscapes and other relevant domains (e.g. Pleterski Naslednja primerljiva je analiza 143 velikih zgod- 2014). Methodological y, it is extremely important to note njesrednjeveških cerkva v Angliji in Walesu, ustanov- that astronomical orientations have only been analyzed ljenih večinoma v 11. in 12. stoletju. Dve petini teh je recently (Čaval 2010; Pleterski 2014; Gonzáles-Garcia, orientiranih proti vzhajališču ali zahajališču Sonca na Belmonte 2015; Spinazzè 2016b; Valcárcel, Palmero 2018). dan cerkvenega zavetnika, nadaljnja četrtina pa proti English analyses of calibrated magnetic declinations are of vzhajališču Sonca na veliko noč (Ali, Cunich 2001). Raz- comparable methodological quality (Ali, Cunich 2001). Al lago za slednje morda lahko vidimo v tedanji katoliški other studies discuss cartographic orientations and their liturgiji: praznovanje velike noči na pravi datum je bil results are not suitable for an astronomic analysis of where eden ključnih elementov tako imenovane ortoprakse, on the horizon the sun sets and rises. torej pravilnega izvajanja ritualov (Geary 2001, 197). The first study relevant to Bled Island is an analysis Prostorsko mnogo bližja blejski cerkvi je analiza of 167 churches built in the Iberian Peninsula before 1086. 181 cerkva od švicarskih Alp do Toskane, zgrajenih pred Most of these are oriented in accordance with the canoni- romaniko ali v obdobju med 10. in 12. stoletjem. Večina cal y decided date of the equinox: 25th March by the Julian je bila orientiranih glede na vzhajališče Sonca na praznik calendar. No orientations based on the day of the patron cerkvenega zavetnika ali glede na vzhajališče Sonca na saint of the church are detected in the study (Gonzáles- enega od štirih Marijinih praznikov (Spinazzè 2016b). Garcia, Belmonte 2015). A subsequent study has limited Najbližje Bledu so primerjave iz analize astronomske the selection to 49 pre-Romanesque churches, mostly usmeritve romanskih cerkva v Sloveniji. Rezultat raz- built in the 10th century in the so-called Mozarabic style. kriva velik razpon smeri, ki se gostijo okoli pomenljivih 2 Durand, Rationale I.1/8. 145 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Sl. 6.6 / Fig. 6.6 dni v Sončevem in Luninem ciklu (npr. solsticijev in The results of this study have confirmed the prevalence ekvinokcijev) bodisi na datume pomembnih liturgičnih of astronomical orientation, but this time largely based praznikov predkrščanskega izvora. Med temi je tudi on the rising point of the sun on an important Christian praznik Marijinega vnebovzetja, ki je pogojil usmeritev holiday. The most common of these dates is 15th August, osmih cerkva. Cerkve, orientirane glede na praznik the day of the Assumption (Valcárcel, Palmero 2018, 185). cerkvenega zavetnika, so redke (Čaval 2010; sl. 6.6). These two studies of the same churches have therefore Iz povedanega lahko potegnemo dva za Blejski otok offered different conclusions. pomembna zaključka. Prvič: vse študije, ki analizirajo The next most comparable study is the analysis of astronomsko orientacijo, so odkrile prevladujoč delež 143 large Early Medieval churches in England and Wales, astronomsko orientiranih cerkva; orientacije se gostijo most of which were founded in the 11th and 12th centuries. na liturgično pomembne datume. Drugič: v alpskem Two fifths of them are oriented towards either the rising or svetu in morda v Angliji je določen delež cerkva orien- the setting point of the sun on the day of the patron saint tiranih glede na praznik svojega zavetnika. Metodološko of the church and a quarter towards the rising point of rigorozne moderne študije so torej potrdile prevladujočo the sun on Easter (Ali, Cunich 2001). The latter might be astronomsko orientacijo cerkva, zgrajenih med 10. in explained by contemporary Catholic liturgy: celebrating 12. stoletjem, ki se je starejšim raziskovalcem izmikala. Easter on the right date was one of the key elements of the so-called orthopraxy, i.e. the accurate performance Kam sodi cerkev Marijinega vnebovzetja na Blej- of rituals (Geary 2001). skem otoku, je pokazala Čavalova (Čaval 2010, 176−178 Spatial y much closer to the church on Bled Island is in 309−314). Izmerjena vzhodna astronomska usmeritev an analysis of 181 churches from the Swiss Alps and Tus- severne fasade današnje cerkve na Blejskem otoku je cany (Italy), built either before or during the Romanesque 76° 43’, južne fasade pa 76° 34’; izračunana deklinacija period, i.e. between the 10th and 12th centuries. Most of vzhajališča Sonca je 11° 38’. Slednje pomeni datum 16. them are oriented to the rising point of the sun on the day avgust po julijanskem koledarju z možnostjo enodnevne of the patron saint of the church, or to the rising point of napake. Cerkev na Blejskem otoku je tako usmerjena the sun on one of the four Marian feast days (Spinazzè proti sončnemu vzhodu na praznik Marijinega vne- 2016b). Most pertinent to Bled are comparisons from bovzetja. Ker je cerkev na Blejskem otoku posvečena an analysis of astronomical orientation of Romanesque Marijinemu vnebovzetju (glej pogl. 8.1), je to hkrati churches in Slovenia. The result reveals a large range of usmeritev glede na praznik zavetnika. directions concentrating either around meaningful days Z arheoastronomsko analizo ni mogoče ugotoviti, in the solar and lunar cycles (e.g. solstices and equinoxes) ali so graditelji cerkev orientirali glede na liturgični or the dates of important liturgical holidays of pre- praznik, glede na zavetnika, ali zavestno glede na oboje Christian origin. Among them is the Assumption of Mary, hkrati. Vendar se to razlikovanje bržčas zdi pomembno which conditioned the orientation of eight churches. Few le modernemu raziskovalcu, srednjeveškemu graditelju churches are oriented based on the day of their patron in uporabniku cerkve je oboje pomenilo isto. saint (Čaval 2010; Fig. 6.6). Naša analiza stavbnih ostankov na Blejskem otoku Therefore, two conclusions directly relevant to the kaže, da se usmeritev cerkvenih stavb od prve ni spre- Bled Island analysis can be drawn. First, all of the studies 146 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Sl. 6.6: Slovenija, vzhodne deklinacije Sonca pri romanskih cerkvah; z rdečo so označene vrednosti -23° (zimski solsticij), 0° (ekvinokcij) in 23° (poletni solsticij) (avtor B. Štular; vir: analyzing astronomical orientation have detected a large Čaval 2010, Slika 6.5). share of astronomical y oriented churches focused on Fig. 6.6: Slovenia, histogram of eastern declinations of the significant liturgical dates. Second, in Alpine regions and Sun at Romanesque churches; marked in red are -23° (winter perhaps also in England, a certain proportion of churches solstice), 0° (equinox) and 23° (summer solstice) (by B. Štular; source: Čaval 2010, Fig. 6.5). are oriented in accordance with the feast day of their patron saint. Methodological y rigorous modern stud- ies have thus confirmed the predominant astronomical orientation of churches built between the 10th and 12th minjala. Astronomsko orientirana je bila najstarejša centuries, which had eluded earlier researchers. cerkev na Blejskem otoku ( sl. 5.1), poznejše stavbe so Čaval (2010, 176−178 and 309−314) has explained tej orientaciji zelo natančno sledile. Povedano drugače, the orientation of the Church of the Assumption of the astronomsko orientirana je bila zgodnjesrednjeveška Blessed Virgin Mary on Bled Island. The eastern astro- predromanska cerkev; visokosrednjeveška romanska nomical orientation of the present-day church on Bled cerkev ( sl. 5.4) ni bila orientirana astronomsko, temveč Island was measured as 76° 43’ for the northern façade v skladu s predhodno arhitekturo. and 76° 34’ for the southern façade; the calculated dec- Morda je to razlog, da je usmeritev na veliki šmaren lination of the rising point of the sun is 11° 38’, which is v slovenski študiji romanskih cerkva izjema, v študiji calculated to be on 16th August by the Julian calendar, with iberskih predromanskih ter italijanskih predromanskih a one-day margin of error. This means that the church on in romanskih cerkva pa pravilo. Kot kaže, je astronom- Bled Island is oriented towards the rising point of the sun sko orientiranje cerkve glede na vzhajališče Sonca na on the day of the Assumption. Given that the church on praznik Marijinega vnebovzetja značilnost zgodnjesred- Bled Island is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary (see njeveških cerkva, grajenih v predromanskem slogu. Tega Chapter 8.1), the orientation is identical to the feast day pravila pri gradnji novih cerkva v romanskem slogu v of the patron saint. visokem srednjem veku niso več upoštevali; usmeritev se Archaeoastronomical analysis cannot determine je tako v romanski cerkveni arhitekturi ohranila le izje- whether the builders oriented this particular church in moma pri tistih cerkvah, ki so neposredno nadomestile accordance with the liturgical feast day, in accordance zgodnjesrednjeveške predromanske stavbe. with the patron saint, or consciously in accordance with both. Nevertheless, distinguishing between these options is probably only significant for modern researchers, 6.2.2 ORIENTACIJA POKOPOV3 whereas to medieval builders and church users it probably made no difference. UVOD Analysis of architectural remains on Bled Island demonstrates that the orientation of church buildings Orientacija grobov in pokojnikov ima lahko dolo- did not change after the first building. The earliest church čen pomen in je pomemben dejavnik v tistih religijah, on Bled Island was astronomical y oriented ( Fig. 5.1) and 3 later buildings followed this orientation. In other words, Idejo in pobudo za analizo orientacije pokopov je dal A. only the Early Medieval pre-Romanesque church was Pleterski, za kar se mu na tem mestu zahvaljujem. 147 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE pri katerih pogreb predstavlja pomemben del obredja astronomical y oriented; the High Medieval Romanesque (Parker Pearson 1999, 6). Srednjeveški grobovi so church ( Fig. 5.4) was instead oriented in accordance with praviloma orientirani v smeri vzhod–zahod, z glavo earlier architecture. Perhaps this is the reason why ori- proti zahodu oziroma s pogledom proti vzhodu (npr. entation in accordance with the day of the Assumption Knific 2004; Brundke 2013, 32 s primeri in literaturo is an exception in the Slovenian study of Romanesque za severovzhodno Bavarsko; Nowotny 2018, 32−34). To churches, while in the study of Iberian Pre-Romanesque usmeritev so zagotovo vodili podobni ali celo isti razlogi and Italian Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque churches kot orientacijo sočasnih cerkva, vendar natančnega it is the rule. It seems that the astronomical orientation of odgovora še ne poznamo. Po mnenju že omenjenega a church in accordance with the rising point of the sun on francoskega škofa Guillama Duranda iz 13. stoletja the day of the Assumption is a feature of Early Medieval so bili pokojni tako usmerjeni zato, da bi lahko vstali churches built in the pre-Romanesque style. In the con- obrnjeni proti mestu Kristusovega vstajenja. A to je struction of new Romanesque-style churches in the High bila najverjetneje zgolj racionalizacija dejanskega stanja Middle Ages, this rule was no longer observed, whereas (Ratz 1978; primb. Evans 1989, 234). in Romanesque ecclesiastical architecture orientation Pravilo so v krščanski praksi pogosto izvajali tako, was preserved only as an exception in those churches da so pokopavali vzporedno s cerkvijo (Gordon 1971, that directly replaced Early Medieval pre-Romanesque 211−217; prim. Čaval 2010, 37−58 in tam navedena buildings. literatura). Vendar imajo vzhodno orientacijo tudi grobišča brez cerkve. Tehnično znanje za astronomsko določanje kardinalnega vzhoda za zgodnji srednji vek 6.2.2 ORIENTATION OF BURIALS3 potrjuje na primer Beda Venerabilis (+ 735). Kot kaže analiza njegovih del, so ljudje vedeli, da kardinalni jug INTRODUCTION določa senca ob dnevni kulminaciji – ko gnomon meče najkrajšo senco (Hoare, Sweet 2000, 166; prim. Sassin The orientation of graves and their occupants may Allen 2016, 154). Konkretno o dnevni kulminaciji Sonca be significant. Indeed, it is a highly meaningful aspect of izvemo: world religions in which burial is the main rite (Parker Pearson 1999). Medieval graves are usual y oriented in an Tanta autem lux cuncta ea loca perfuderat, ut omni east-west direction, with the head towards the west, that is splendore diei siue solis meridiani radi s uideretur to say, looking towards the east (e.g. Knific 2004; Brundke esse praeclarior.4 2013, 32 with examples and literature from north-east Bavaria; Nowotny 2018). While this orientation must Beda Venerabilis še na treh mestih jasno pokaže, have been prompted by similar or perhaps even the same da so ljudje letno gibanje Sonca poznali dovolj dobro, da reasons as the orientation of contemporary churches, so se kadarkoli v letu lahko orientirali glede na položaj the exact answer is not yet known. In the opinion of the vzhoda Sonca v času zimskega in letnega solsticija. Tako: already mentioned 13th century French bishop Guil ame Durando, the deceased were oriented this way so that they … ab euroaustro, id est, ab alto brumalis exortus …5 could be resurrected facing the place of Christ’s resurrec- in tion. However, this was probably only a rationalization of Incedebamus autem tacentes, … contra ortum solis the existing state (Ratz 1978; cf. Evans 1989, 234). solstitialem…6 In Christian practice, this rule was often applied by ter interring parallel to the adjacent church (Gordon 1971, …quasi contra ortum solis brumalem me ducere 211−217; cf. Čaval 2010, 37−58 and the literature cited coepit.7 therein). However, medieval graves in cemeteries without a church were also oriented towards the east. That there To pomeni, da so bili vsaj Angli v prvi tretjini 8. was enough technical knowledge in the Early Middle stoletja sposobni ne le določanja kardinalnih smeri Ages for the astronomical determination of true east was neba, temveč so imeli navidezno premikanje sončnega confirmed, for instance, by Bede the Venerable (+ 735). vzhoda po obzornici ves čas v zavesti. To so uporabljali As demonstrated by analyses of his works, people knew that true south is determined by the shadow at the daily 4 Bed. Venerab. Histor. lib. 5 cap. 12 (prevod Miller 1999, culmination, when the shadow of the gnomon is short- 191; tam napačno označeno kot cap. XIII). est (Hoare, Sweet 2000, 166; cf. Sassin Allen 2016, 154). 5 Bed. Venerab. Histor. lib. 4 cap. 3 (prevod Miller 1999, Specifical y, the daily culmination of the sun has been 119). described as follows: 6 Bed. Venerab. Histor. lib. 5 cap. 12 (prevod Miller 1999, 3 189; tam napačno označeno kot cap. XIII). The author would like to thank A. Pleterski, who con- 7 Bed. Venerab. Histor. lib. 5 cap. 12 (prevod Miller 1999, tributed the idea and initiative for the analysis of the orien- 191; tam napačno označeno kot cap. XIII). tation of burials. 148 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE za orientacijo v prostoru, podobno kot mornarji rožo Tanta autem lux cuncta ea loca perfuderat, ut omni vetrov. Vendar arheoastronomske raziskave jasno kažejo, splendore diei siue solis meridiani radi s uideretur da je bilo to znanje še starejše, široko razširjeno in da esse praeclarior.4 so do njega različne kulture prišle neodvisno druga od druge (npr. Ministr 2007). On three further occasions, Bede the Venerable clearly Orientacija pokopov v srednjeveški Evropi torej demonstrated that people were sufficiently familiar with the zanesljivo ni naključna. Namen pogrebcev je bil usmeriti annual movement of the sun to be able to orient themselves truplo pokojnika proti vzhodu Sonca v skladu z reli- at any time during the year according to the rising point of gioznimi predstavami. Gre za orientacijo v prvotnem the sun at winter and summer solstices. Therefore: pomenu pojma orientîrati: določiti vzhod (Snoj 2015, pojem orientîrati -am). Moderni arheološki opisi, na … ab euroaustro, id est, ab alto brumalis exortus …5 primer usmeritev vzhod–zahod ali z glavo proti zahodu, and so potemtakem sicer artefaktno korektni, a vsebinsko Incedebamus autem tacentes, … contra ortum solis napačni. Zato bomo v nadaljevanju uporabljali izraz solstitialem…6 vzhodna orientacija ali (kot sopomenko) orientacija as wel as proti vzhodu (čeprav gre etimološko za pleonazem). …quasi contra ortum solis brumalem me ducere coepit.7 Slabo pojasnjeno pa je vprašanje, proti kateri(m) točki(am) na vzhodu so pogrebci usmerjali trupla This means that in the first third of the 8th century, pokojnikov. the Angles at least were able not only to determine the Že prvi raziskovalci zgodnjesrednjeveških pokopov cardinal directions, but were constantly aware of the ap- so ugotovili prevladujočo usmeritev proti vzhodu in parent movement of the sunrise along the skyline. This postavili tako imenovano hipotezo solarnega azimuta was used for orientation in the landscape in a similar (nem. Sonnenazimutthese). Ta pravi, da so bili poko- fashion as the wind rose (compass rose) was used to pi orientirani po sončnem vzhodu na dan pogreba navigate the sea. However, archaeoastronomical research (Niederle 1931, 84−85; Karaman 1940, 10−11). Prvo has clearly revealed that this knowledge was much earlier tovrstno študijo za naš prostor je naredil B. Škerlj (1952), and widely spread and that it was discovered by different ki je analiziral Pristavo na Bledu, Ptujski grad in še tri cultures independently (e.g. Ministr 2007). manjša najdišča. Le pokope iz starejšega dela grobišča The orientation of burials in medieval Europe was Pristava na Bledu, ki so ga uporabljali staroselski Roma- therefore certainly not accidental. The intention of the ni, je interpretiral kot usmerjene proti vsakokratnemu mourners – specifical y, the people in charge of digging sončnemu vzhodu. Študija je imela odmev predvsem v the grave – was to direct the body towards the east, in ac- arheološki praksi, saj se je pri nekaterih izkopavalcih cordance with their religious notions. It is no coincidence zgodnjesrednjeveških grobišč v naslednjih desetletjih that the medieval meaning of the word “orient” was the uveljavilo dokumentiranje orientacije skeletov in situ direction east. Hence, modern archaeological descrip- (npr. Berce idr. 2012). Kljub temu pa v objavah v nasled- tions, for example the east–west orientation or with the njih desetletjih raziskovalci našega prostora orientaciji head towards the west, may be artefactual y correct, but pokopov z nekaj izjemami (npr. Sagadin 1985, 96−97) they do not convey the correct meaning. The terms “east- niso namenjali posebne pozornosti, moderne raziskave ern orientation” or (as a synonym) “orientation towards pa so šele na začetku (Achino idr. 2019). the east” will therefore be used from this point forward, Hipoteza solarnega azimuta je razmeroma eno- even though etymological y speaking they are pleonasms. stavno preverljiva. Zaradi nagnjenosti zemeljske osi za Nevertheless, it remains inadequately explained 23,5° se azimut Sonca na Zemlji glede na kardinalni ozi- towards which point(s) in the east the mourners orien- roma pravi geografski vzhod skozi leto spreminja (npr. tated the bodies of the deceased. The researchers of Early Strahler 2011, 54–55). Točka sončnega vzhoda zatorej Medieval burials in the early 1900s set the so-called solar navidezno potuje po horizontu in je poleti severno ter azimuth hypothesis (German: Sonnenazimutthese), which pozimi južno od pravega vzhoda. Ta točka je odvisna deemed that burials were oriented in accordance with the od geografske dolžine in je na Blejskem otoku 61,5° ± sunrise on the day of the burial (Niederle 1931, 84−85; 0,5º ob poletnem in 127° ± 0,5º ob zimskem solsticiju 4 ( sl. 6.7; izračun A. Pleterski; prim. Škerlj 1952, 112). Kjer Bed. Venerab. Histor. lib. 5 cap. 12 (translation Miller hipoteza solarnega azimuta drži, orientacija posameznih 1999, 191; there incorrectly labelled as cap. XIII). 5 pokopov sledi opisani navidezni poti sončnega vzhoda. Bed. Venerab. Histor. lib. 4 cap. 3 (translation Miller 1999, 119). Na primer analiza grobišč ameriških staroselcev Tutelo 6 Bed. Venerab. Histor. lib. 5 cap. 12 (translation Miller iz Pennsylvanie (ZDA) – za katere iz drugih virov vemo, 1999, 189; there incorrectly labelled as cap. XIII). da so pokopavali skladno s solarnim azimutom – je 7 Bed. Venerab. Histor. lib. 5 cap. 12 (translation Miller pokazala 90-odstotno ujemanje (Evans 1989, 234-235). 1999, 191; there incorrectly labelled as cap. XIII). 149 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Karaman 1940, 10−11). The first such study for the area of Slovenia was conducted by Božo Škerlj (1952), who analyzed the Pristava site in Bled, Ptuj Castle and three smaller sites. Only the burials in the earlier part of the Pristava cemetery in Bled, which was used by the indige- nous Romanized population, were interpreted as oriented towards the sunrise. This study had a notable impact on archaeological practice and in the following decades it became customary for some excavators of Early Medi- eval cemeteries to record the orientations of skeletons in situ (e.g. Berce et al. 2012). In the following decades, however, researchers studying the area of Slovenia – with a few exceptions (e.g. Sagadin 1985, 96−97) – neglected the orientation of burials in publications, while modern studies are only just beginning (Achino et al. 2019). The solar azimuth hypothesis is relatively easy to test. Due to the Earth’s axial tilt of 23.5°, the azimuth of the sun on Earth with respect to the cardinal or true geographi- cal east changes throughout the year (e.g. Strahler 2011, 54–55). The exact location of the sunrise seemingly moves along the horizon; in summer it is north of true east and in winter south of it. The exact location depends on the geographic longitude and the horizon. On Bled Island it is 61.5° ± 0.5º on the summer solstice and 127° ± 0.5º on the winter solstice ( Fig. 6. 7; calculation by A. Pleterski; cf. Škerlj 1952, 112). If the orientation of individual burials follows the above-described apparent movement of the Sl. 6.7: Blejski otok, rumeno azimut sončnega vzhoda in rdeče sunrise on the horizon, the solar azimuth hypothesis is izmerjene usmeritve grobov (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.7: Bled Island, azimuth of sunrise in yellow and grave confirmed. For instance, an analysis of the cemeteries of orientations in red (by B. Štular). the Native American Tutelo people from Pennsylvania (USA) – for whom it is known from other sources that they buried their dead facing the rising sun on the day of the burial – unveiled a 90% rate of correspondence Z uporabo te metode so za zgodnjesrednjeveška (Evans 1989, 234-235). grobišča številni avtorji hipotezo solarnega azimuta By using this method, many authors have refuted ovrgli (Škerlj 1952; Šolle 1959, 376−377; Hanuliak 1984, the solar azimuth hypothesis for Early Medieval cem- 109−114 pregledno z literaturo za Slovaško; Herrmann eteries (Škerlj 1952; Šolle 1959, 376−377; Hanuliak 1984, 1989, 186; Brundke 2013, 32−33). Ostale interpretacije 109−114 for an overview with literature for Slovakia; o tem, kam so bili orientirani grobovi, lahko strnemo v Herrmann 1989, 186; Brundke 2013, 32−33). Other inter- 4 skupine, in sicer da so grobovi orientirani: pretations can be classified into four groups, specifical y 1. splošno proti vzhodu, graves that are oriented: 2. po cerkvi (na grobiščih ob cerkvi), 1. towards the east in general; 3. astronomsko ali 2. parallel with the church (for cemeteries near 4. glede na geografski orientir. churches); (1) Avtorji najpogosteje usmeritev razlagajo kot splošno 3. astronomical y; and usmeritev proti vzhodu (v zadnjem času npr. Knific 4. geographical y, i.e. in the direction of a specific 2004; Brundke 2013, 32 s primeri in literaturo za place in the landscape. severo vzhodno Bavarsko; Papeša 2016; Filipec (1) The orientation of graves is most commonly explained 2016; Vyroubal, Pleše, Novak 2016). Nekateri as a general orientation towards the east (recently e.g. avtorji so pri tem določnejši in odstopanje od kar- Knific 2004; Brundke 2013, 32 with examples and dinalnega vzhoda razlagajo kot napako pogrebcev literature for north-east Bavaria; Filipec 2016; Papeša (Müller 2013, 152; prim. Rempel 1966, 11), pri 2016; Vyroubal, Pleše, Novak 2016). Some authors čemer pa ne navajajo, katero definicijo vzhoda naj are more specific and explain the deviation from bi pogrebci iskali. true east as an error of the mourners (Müller 2013, (2) Druga najštevilčnejša je ugotovitev, da so bili grobovi 152; cf. Rempel 1966, 11), without stating which orientirani vzporedno s sočasno cerkveno stavbo definition of the east mourners supposedly sought. (Rajchl 2001, 127−128 za Češko; Müller 2013, 152 150 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE za Nemčijo; Azinović Bebek, Janeš 2016; Čimin (2) The second most common conclusion is that graves 2016). Ta sicer enostavno preverljiva hipoteza ni were oriented parallel to a contemporary church v nobeni izmed navedenih študij podprta z merit- building (Rajchl 2001, 127−128 for the Czech Re- vami, je pa izpričana v srednjeveškem epu, ki je public; Müller 2013, 152 for Germany; Azinović nastal okoli leta 1200 (Fry 1999, 67). Bebek, Janeš 2016; Čimin 2016). While easily (3) Izrazito astronomsko orientacijo izkazuje na primer testable, this hypothesis has not been supported zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče ob cerkvi v nasel- by measurements in any of the studies listed. It is, bini Břeclav-Pohansko (Češka). Grobovi so tam however, attested in a medieval epic poem, written usmerjeni proti poletnemu sončnemu solsticiju, around the year 1200 (Fry 1999, 67). sončnemu vzhodu na enakonočje in južni polni (3) An obvious astronomical orientation is corrobo- luni (Rajchl 2001). Podobno so bili usmerjeni gro- rated, for instance, in an Early Medieval cemetery bovi na grobišču v Velkých Bílovicích na Češkem surrounding the church within the settlement of (Měřínský 1985, 24). V Sloveniji so zgodnjesred- Břeclav-Pohansko (Czech Republic). The graves njeveški grobovi na najdišču Brezje nad Zrečami have been oriented towards the summer solstice, the usmerjeni proti zimskemu solsticiju oziroma sunrise on the equinox and the southern full moon vzhodu božičnega sonca (Kaiser 2004). (Rajchl 2001). The graves of the Velkých Bílovicích (4) Študije, ki dokazujejo orientacijo zgodnjesrednjeveš- cemetery in the Czech Republic had a similar ori- kih grobov glede na geografski orientir, so sicer entation (Měřínský 1985, 24). In Slovenia, Early redke, a utemeljene s sistematičnimi analizami Medieval graves from the site of Brezje above Zreče (Evans 1989, 244−250; Hanuliak 1984; Pleterski have been oriented towards the winter solstice, i.e. 2014, 115−362). the Christmas sunrise (Kaiser 2004). (4) Studies demonstrating the orientation of Early Me- Zgornje interpretacije lahko komentiramo takole. dieval graves in accordance with a specific place in S tem, ko je bil ovržen solarni azimut, je bila ovržena the landscape are rare, but are supported by system- tudi razlaga, da je pogrebcem pomenil vzhod točko na atic analyses (Hanuliak 1984; Evans 1989, 244−250; obzornici, kjer je tistega dne vzšlo Sonce. Znanstveno Pleterski 2014, 115−362). vprašanje in s tem izhodišče raziskave moramo torej spremeniti v: kaj – ob odsotnosti kompasa, zemljevi- The above interpretations can be evaluated as fol- dov v kartezijski projekciji in navigacijskih naprav – je lows. The refutation of the solar azimuth hypothesis konkretnim pogrebcem predstavljalo vzhod? V odgo- disproves the interpretation that for the mourners, east voru na to vprašanje je ključ do kulturne interpretacije. was the point on the horizon where the sun rose on that Najpogostejša arheološka interpretacija orientacije particular day. The scientific question and the starting grobov, splošno proti vzhodu, po mnenju tega avtorja point of the research should therefore be changed to: ni nič drugega kot intelektualna lenoba. Odgovor, ki ga what specifical y represented the east – in the absence ta razlaga ponuja na zgornje vprašanje, je: vzhod je na of a compass, Cartesian projection maps and navigation vzhodu. Druga najpogostejša ugotovitev, da so grobovi devices – for any particular mourners? The answer to usmerjeni po cerkvi, sicer še čaka potrditve s sistema- this question is the key to a cultural interpretation. In the tičnimi merskimi analizami, a se ne zdi vprašljiva. Za opinion of the author, the most common archaeological razlago orientacije grobov na zgodnjesrednjeveških interpretation of the orientation of graves (i.e. towards the grobiščih brez cerkve izmed navedenih torej preostaneta east in general) is nothing more than mental inertia. Ac- dve hipotezi: astronomska in/ali geografska usmeritev. cording to this interpretation, the answer to the question of what represented east to the mourners is the direction towards the east. The second most common conclusion, METODA i.e. that graves are oriented in accordance with the church, still has to be confirmed by systematic metric analyses, Analiza usmeritve cerkva je pokazala, da je tudi v but it does not appear questionable. Two hypotheses thus preučevanje orientacije zgodnjesrednjeveških pokopov remain for the explanation of the orientation of graves in treba uvesti enako metodološko rigoroznost. Early Medieval cemeteries without a church: astronomical Najprej je treba definirati objekt meritev. Kaj v arhe- and/or geographical orientation. ološkem zapisu najbolje ponazarja orientacije pokopa? Ker usmeritev pokopov preučujemo predvsem s stališča pogrebnega rituala, se zdi najbolj izpovedna usmeritev METHOD grobne jame. Ta arheološka sled ima največji potencial, da odseva (za izraz prim. Klejn 1987, 41) zavestno od- The church orientation analysis above indicates that ločitev pogrebcev o usmeritvi. V idealnem primeru bo study of the orientation of Early Medieval graves must znana še usmeritev morebitne krste ali deske in trupla. also be conducted with the same methodological rigour. 151 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Po zgledu arheoastronomije bi v takem primeru vse tri First, the object to be measured needs to be defined. meritve lahko povprečili (Čaval 2010, 113). What in the archaeological record best mirrors the ori- Žal so v arheološki stvarnosti srednjeveških grobišč entation of a burial? Given that the orientation of burials krste ali grobne deske, kjer so bile uporabljene, ohranjene is predominantly studied from the perspective of burial le izjemoma. Na obravnavanem grobišču jih ni. Tudi ritual, the orientation of the grave pit seems the most grobne jame so na srednjeveških grobiščih ob cerkvah informative. This archaeological trace has the greatest praviloma problematične. Razlog za to je tako imenovana potential to mirror (for this expression cf. Klejn 1987, 41) grobna črnica. To je mazava plast zelo temnorjave do črne the conscious decision of the mourners about the orien- barve, ki pogosto obsega celoten volumen arheoloških tation. In an ideal case, the orientation of the potential plasti srednjeveških grobišč in v kateri je le izjemoma coffin or plank and the orientation of the body would also mogoče določiti polnila grobov. Na grobiščih z večsto- be known. Following the example of archaeoastronomy letno kontinuiteto je to deloma posledica pogostega (e.g. Čaval 2010, 113), in such an instance the average of prekopavanja starejših grobov in zasipavanja grobnih all three measurements could be taken. jam z isto prstjo. Obstaja pa še drugi, nekoliko mrakob- Unfortunately, in the archaeological reality of me- nejši razlog, imenovan adipocera oziroma mrliški vosek. dieval cemeteries, coffins or burial planks – where they To je snov, ki nastaja pri anaerobni bakterijski hidrolizi were used at all – have rarely survived. In the cemetery maščobnega tkiva trupla, ko ta v procesu saponifikacije discussed here, there are none. Grave pits are also usu- razpade na glicerol in nenasičene maščobne kisline. al y problematic in medieval cemeteries near churches. Slednje se nasičijo in prodirajo v tkivo in prst. Nastane The reason for this is what can be termed cemetery dark zelo obstojna biocidna snov, na videz podobna vosku soil. This is a very dark brown to black layer, which often (Haglund, Sorg 1997, 568; Vranová, Marvo, Rejšek 2015, encompasses the entire extent of archaeological layers in 1421). V ekstremnih razmerah, na primer pod vodo ali v medieval cemeteries, i.e. the graves are covered by it but neprodušnih krstah, to povzroči mumifikacijo notranjih have also been dug into it, so the fil s of the grave pits can organov in mišičnega tkiva (npr. Papageorgopoulou idr. hardly ever be distinguished from the surrounding layer. 2010). V majhnih količinah pa adipocera v ilovnatih In cemeteries that have been in use for several hundreds prsteh in ob prisotnosti vlage nastaja vedno (Esteves of years, this cemetery dark soil is partly a consequence of da Silva et al. 2009). V rahlo alkalnih prsteh se ta snov the fact that earlier graves were often exhumed and grave sčasoma kopiči (prim. Gordon, Buikstra 1981) in tako pits were filled with the same soil. There is also another, nastane grobna črnica. Takšna plast je lahko tako nasi- more sombre reason, called adipocere or corpse wax. This čena z adipocero, da jo izvohajo psi sledniki (Rebmann, is a substance formed by the anaerobic bacterial hydrolysis Koenig, David 2000, 68, 122−123; Pintar, Glavaš 2017). of body fat in a corpse in the saponification process, when Povedano drugače, v podepozicijskih procesih se barva in the fat decomposes into glycerol and unsaturated fatty konsistenca polnila groba in okoliških plasti poenotita do acids. The latter become saturated and penetrate the tissue te mere, da med izkopavanji ni mogoče zanesljivo določiti and the soil. The result is a very persistent biocidal sub- vkopa grobne jame. stance that has an appearance similar to wax (Haglund, Učinek izgine z razpadom adipocere, kar traja od Sorg 1997, 568; Vranová, Marvo, Rejšek 2015, 1421). In nekaj stoletij do tisočletja in le izjemoma več tisočletij extreme conditions, for instance underwater or in tightly (prim. Papageorgopoulou idr. 2010, Table 1). V arheo- sealed coffins, this results in the mummification of the loški praksi to pomeni, da je grobna črnica značilna internal organs and muscle tissue (e.g. Papageorgopoulou predvsem za srednjeveška grobišča s kontinuiteto po- et al. 2010). Nevertheless, small quantities of adipocere kopavanja v posrednjeveško obdobje in le izjemoma – v are always formed in moist clayey layers (Esteves da Silva alkalnih prsteh z visoko vsebnostjo ilovice in visoko et al. 2009). In slightly alkaline soils, this substance ac- vlago – na starejših grobiščih. cumulates over time ( cf. Gordon, Buikstra 1981) and this Na grobišču na Blejskem otoku so bili dokumen- is how the cemetery dark soil is formed. This layer can be tirani pokopi najmanj 168 pokojnikov, a le 22 grobnih saturated with adipocere to such a level that sniffer dogs jam, od tega le 8 v celoti. Podobno ali še slabše razmerje can detect it (Rebmann, Koenig, David 2000, 68, 122−123; opazujemo na mnogo večjem grobišču Župna cerkev v Pintar, Glavaš 2017). In other words, the colour and the Kranju z izrazito grobno črnico (Pleterski, Belak, Štular consistency of the fill of the grave and that of the sur- 2016; Pleterski, Belak, Štular 2017; Pleterski idr. 2019). rounding layers become so uniform in post-depositional Za preučevanje orientacije pokopov v srednjeveški processes (as the adipocere penetrates in the surrounding arheologiji najpogosteje lahko izmerimo le orientacijo soil regardless of the stratigraphic context) that the grave skeleta. Pri tem je treba upoštevati podepozicijske proce- pit can no longer be identified with certainty during the se ob razpadanju trupla (Knüsel, Robb 2016, 661−667), excavation. na primer premike ob razpadanju trupla v votlem pro- This effect disappears with the disintegration of storu krste ali grobnice (Knüsel 2014, 30−35; glej tam adipocere, a process that lasts between a few centuries navedeno literaturo). and one millennium and exceptional y several millennia 152 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Druga vrsta problemov so meritve same. V pre- ( cf. Papageorgopoulou et al. 2010, Table 1). In archaeo- teklosti so bile najpogostejše meritve izvedene in situ z logical practice, this means that cemetery dark soil is magnetnim kompasom, kar lahko imenujemo magnetna typical mostly for medieval cemeteries with continuity of orientacija. Te so problematične zaradi magnetne dekli- burials in the Post-Medieval period and only occasional y nacije, odstopanja magnetnega severa od geografskega in alkaline soils with high clay and moisture content in severa. Dodaten odklon lahko povzroči magnetna earlier cemeteries. deviacija, ki nastane na primer zaradi bližine železnih The burials of at least 168 deceased were recorded konstrukcij ali velike vsebnosti železove rude (Čaval in the Bled Island cemetery, but as few as 22 grave pits 2010, 113−114). Oboje je sicer mogoče naknadno račun- have been identified and only eight of them completely. sko izničiti, a ne pri arhivskih izkopavanjih. Praviloma A similar or even worse ratio can be found in the much namreč manjkajo tako imenovani metapodatki, pred- larger cemetery of Župna cerkev in Kranj, with a high vsem opis, kaj in s kakšno natančnostjo je bilo merjeno. content of cemetery dark soil (Pleterski, Belak, Štular Če orientacijo merimo na podlagi načrtov ali me- 2016; Pleterski, Belak, Štular 2017; Pleterski et al. 2019). ritev z elektronsko geodetsko totalno postajo, govorimo Therefore, to analyze the orientation of medieval o kartografski orientaciji. Pri tej je treba upoštevati več burials, most often only the orientation of the skeletal vrst napak. Prva vrsta so napake zaradi natančnosti doku- remains can be measured. However, in order to measure mentiranja na terenu (na primer upadanje natančnosti z orientation of skeletal remains in a meaningful fashion risanjem v merilu 1 : 5, 1 : 10 in 1 : 20 ali, v najslabšem pri- the post-depositional processes that occur during body meru, kabinetno vektoriziranimi razpačenimi poševnimi decomposition must be taken into account (Knüsel, Robb fotografijami). Naslednja vrsta so napake, ki se pojavljajo 2016, 661−667). For instance, the shifts of a body decom- pri premeščanju arheoloških načrtov iz relativnih v abso- posing within the hollow space inside a coffin or a tomb lutne koordinatne sisteme, torej pri umeščanju v prostor can significantly influence the position of the remains oziroma georeferenciranju. Tu napaka nastane zaradi (Knüsel 2014, 30−35; see the literature cited therein). razlik med kartezičnimi (npr. relativna mreža kvadrantov Another type of problem pertains to the meas- v izkopnem polju) in valjnimi (npr. državni koordinatni urements themselves. In the past, the most common sistem D96/TM) koordinatnimi sistemi na eni strani ter measurements were conducted in situ with a magnetic geografskimi koordinatnimi sistemi s sferičnimi projek- compass, called magnetic orientation. However, these cijami (npr. WGS84) na drugi strani (prim. Šprajc 1991, measurements are problematic due to magnetic dec- 11−13). Arheološka dokumentacija skoraj vedno nastaja lination, i.e. the deviation of magnetic north from the v kartezičnem (arheološka risba) ali valjnem (meritve s geographic north. Another discrepancy can be caused by totalno postajo) koordinatnem sistemu, pravi geografski the magnetic deviation that arises due to, for instance, the sever pa lahko odčitamo le na podlagi poldnevnikov vicinity of iron constructions or high contents of iron ore oziroma meridianov v sferični projekciji ( sl. 6.8). Tako (Čaval 2010, 113−114). While both can later be rectified izmerjena orientacija groba je primerna za analize v okolju by calculations, this cannot be done for archive excava- GIS, predvsem za medsebojno primerjavo orientacije gro- tions, where so-called metadata (especial y the descrip- bov znotraj enega grobišča, in za preverjanje orientacije tion of what was measured and with what accuracy, i.e. glede na izbrano točko v pokrajini. metadata and/or paradata) are usual y missing. Za arheoastronomske analize moramo poznati azi- Orientations measured on the plan drawings or the mut Sonca na obzornici, višino obzornice in geografsko plans recorded with a geodetic total station can be termed širino; na podlagi teh podatkov je mogoče izračunati cartographic orientation. For these, several types of errors astronomsko usmeritev in deklinacijo. Deklinacija se must be taken into account. The first owes to the accuracy kaže kot azimut vzhajališča ali zahajališča določenega of recording in the field (for example the decrease in ac- nebesnega telesa na določeni datum na določenem kraju. curacy by drawing in the scales of 1 : 5, 1 : 10 and 1 : 20, Šele na podlagi deklinacije lahko izračunamo, na primer, or in the worst case, desk-based vectorization of oblique na kateri astronomski datum je Sonce vzšlo v smeri photos). The second type comprises the errors that occur določenega pokopa (Šprajc 1991; Čaval 2010, 112−118 when archaeological plans are transferred from relative in tam navedena literatura). Naštetemu dodajmo še to absolute coordinate systems, i.e. georeferencing. This kartografske razlike. error is due to the differences between Cartesian (for Študij, ki bi za preučevanje usmeritve srednjeveških example a relative grid of quadrants in the excavation pokopov uporabljale astronomski azimut in deklinacije, area) and cylindrical (e.g. the national D96/TM coor- izmerjene in izračunane po opisanem postopku, ne dinate system) coordinate systems on the one hand and poznamo (najbliže Škerlj 1952; Pleterski 2003b). Z meto- geographic coordinate systems with spherical projections dološkega stališča torej kaže opozoriti predvsem na dvo- (e.g. WGS84) on the other ( cf. Šprajc 1991, 11−13). Ar- je. Prvič, hipotezo solarnega azimuta lahko preverjamo chaeological documentation is almost always created in a samo z analizo deklinacij, kar – po našem vedenju – še Cartesian (plan drawings) or a cylindrical (measurements ni bilo storjeno. Drugič, primerjave orientacije med taken with a total station) coordinate system and the true 153 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE geographical north can only be established on the basis of meridians in spherical projection ( Fig. 6.8). If the orienta- tion of the grave is recorded in this manner, it is suitable for analysis in the geographic information system (GIS) environment, especial y for comparing the orientations of different graves in one cemetery and for checking these with respect to a selected point in the landscape. For archaeoastronomical analysis, the azimuth of the sun, the height of the horizon and the geographic latitude need to be known. On the basis of these data, the astro- nomical orientation and the declination can be calculated. The declination is observable as the azimuth of the point on the horizon where a certain celestial body, for example the sun or the moon, rises or sets on a specific date in a specific location. Only on the basis of the declination can we calculate, for example, on which astronomical date the sun rose in the direction of a certain burial (Šprajc 1991; Čaval 2010, 112−118 and the literature cited therein). The author is aware of no studies in which the ori- entation of medieval burials has been studied using the astronomical azimuth and declinations that are measured and calculated according to the above-described proce- dure (the closest are Škerlj 1952 and Pleterski 2003b). From a methodological point of view, two things should therefore be called to attention. First, the solar azimuth hypothesis can only be tested by an analysis of declina- tions, which according to our knowledge has never been done before. Second, comparisons of orientations in vari- ous sites based on the comparisons of site plans drawn in respective relative coordinate systems are not sufficiently accurate (e.g. Škerlj 1952; Hanuliak 1984; Evans 1989). The possibility of statistical y significant error can only be ruled out if all the compared plans are transferred into a unified coordinate system with a spherical projec- tion. In other words, when it comes to the comparison of orientations from different sites, only cartographic or even better astronomical orientations measured in situ can be compared. On Bled Island, the cartographic orientation of buri- Sl. 6.8: Shematični prikaz azimutne, stožčne in valjne karto- als was measured on the skeletons drawn into the plan grafske projekcije (zgoraj) ter primerjava sferične geografske drawings in the scale of 1 : 20. The measurements were koordinatne mreže WGS84 (modro) in valjne koordinatne conducted in the GIS environment (see Chapter 3.3.1).8 mreže starega državnega koordinatnega sistema D48/GK (črno) na primeru Slovenije (spodaj) (avtor B. Štular). First to be measured were the well-preserved skeletal Fig. 6.8: Illustration of azimuth, cone and valve cartographic remains of 23 individuals where the positions of the head projection (above); comparison of a spherical geographic co- and the pelvis could be reconstructed and no traces of ordinate grid WGS84 (blue) and valve geographic coordinate post-depositional movements were detected. The carto- grid D48/GK (black) for Slovenia (below) (by B. Štular). graphic azimuth was measured from the contact between the head and the spine ( os axis) to the centre of the pelvis ( os pubis). Where the state of preservation allowed, the različnimi najdišči na podlagi primerjave načrtov gro- second point was measured in the arithmetic mid-point bišč, izrisanih v relativnih koordinatnih sistemih, niso between the knees and the ankles. Given that the number dovolj natančne (npr. Škerlj 1952; Hanuliak 1984; Evans of these measurements was too small for quantitative 1989). Možnost statistično signifikantne napake lahko analysis, the measurements of the adequately preserved izključimo šele s prenosom vseh primerjanih načrtov v 8 The measurements were conducted using a combination enoten absoluten koordinatni sistem s sferično projek- of ArcGIS Desktop 10.5 software for the display and PixelStick cijo. Povedano drugače, med različnimi najdišči lahko software to measure the angle of the computer screen. 154 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE primerjamo samo kartografske ali, še bolje, astronomske skeletal remains of 42 individuals were also included. orientacije, izmerjene in situ. These comprised examples where either the torso with the spine or the legs with the pelvis were preserved, or those Na Blejskem otoku smo kartografsko orientacijo where it was possible to reconstruct the position of the pokopov merili na skeletih, vrisanih v tlorise v merilu head and at least the pelvis, the knees or the ankles. Out 1 : 20. Meritve smo izvajali v okolju GIS (glej pogl. of 168 recorded individuals, the cartographic azimuth 3.3.1).8 Najprej smo izmerili 23 odlično ohranjenih was measured for 65. skeletov, pri katerih je mogoče rekonstruirati vsaj lego The azimuth was measured with an accuracy of 1/5°. glave in medenice ter ne kažejo očitnih znakov podepo- While the precision of measurements was influenced by zicijskih premikov. Kartografski azimut smo merili od many of the above limiting factors, the most important stika glave in hrbtenice ( os axis) do sredine medenice by far in this specific case was the poor preservation state ( os pubis). Kjer je ohranjenost dopuščala, smo drugo of the skeletal remains. Based on a test with the Bled točko merili na aritmetični sredini med kolenoma ali Island data and on comparisons with similar data from gležnjema. Ker je bilo število teh meritev premajhno za the Župna cerkev cemetery in Kranj, the precision of the količinsko analizo, smo izmerili še 42 solidno ohranjenih measurements was estimated at ± 1°. The results of the skeletov. To so skeleti, pri katerih je bil dokumentiran measurements are therefore given without decimal values. bodisi trup s hrbtenico, bodisi nogi z medenico, bodisi Of course, when it comes to archive excavations, je mogoče rekonstruirati lego glave in še vsaj medeni- subsequent measurements of each grave in situ with ce, kolen ali gležnjev. Skupaj smo izmed 168 risarsko modern methods are not possible. Therefore, astronomi- dokumentiranih skeletov ali delov skeletov izmerili cal azimuths and declinations were calculated from the kartografski azimut 65 skeletom. cartographic ones by comparing them with the archaeoas- Azimut smo merili s točnostjo 1/5°. Vendar na tronomical measurements of the existing church building. natančnost meritev vplivajo številni prej našteti omeje- All of the studied graves are located less than 10 m away valni dejavniki; v konkretnem primeru je vseeno daleč from the present-day church building. At the same time, najpomembnejša slaba ohranjenost skeletov. Na podlagi Bled Island is surrounded by between 200 and 1400 m poskusov z obravnavanim gradivom in primerjavami s of the lake, which means that despite the alpine environ- sorodnim gradivom grobišča Župna cerkev v Kranju ment, the horizon is relatively even. All of this implies smo ocenili, da je natančnost izmere ± 1°. Rezultati that differences in the calculations of declinations due to meritev so zato zapisani brez decimalnih vrednosti. the distance between individual graves and the church Za arhivska izkopavanja naknadne meritve vsa- can be neglected. kega groba in situ z modernimi metodami seveda niso The eastern astronomical orientation of the present- mogoče. Zato smo astronomske azimute in deklinacije day church on Bled Island was measured as 76° 43’ for the preračunali iz kartografskih s primerjavo z arheoastro- northern façade and 76° 34’ for the southern façade (Čaval nomsko izmero obstoječe cerkvene stavbe. Vsi obravna- 2010, 177). The cartographic orientation of the same two vani grobovi so od današnje cerkvene stavbe oddaljeni façades in our GIS environment (see Chapter 3.3.1) was manj kot 10 m. Hkrati Blejski otok obdaja najmanj 200 78° 59’ and 78° 49’. This means that the cartographic in največ 1400 m jezera, zato obzornico kljub alpskemu orientation differed from the astronomical for 2° 15’ ± 1’. okolju opišemo kot manj razgibano. Vse to pomeni, Astronomical orientations were therefore calculated from da lahko razlike v izračunu deklinacij zaradi odmika the measured cartographic orientations with 1° accuracy posameznih grobov od cerkve zanemarimo. by subtracting 2° from the measured values. Izmerjena vzhodna astronomska usmeritev severne The calculated astronomical azimuth provided the fasade cerkve na Blejskem otoku je 76° 43’, južne fasade starting point for the calculation of the declinations of pa 76° 34’ (Čaval 2010, 177). Kartografska orientacija the sunrise and sunset. The calculated eastern declination istih v našem okolju GIS (glej pogl. 3.3.1) je 78° 59’ in 78° of the church was 11° 38’ (Čaval 2010, 177). The eastern 49’. Kartografska orientacija odstopa od astronomske za declination of an individual grave (DV) was calculated 2° 15’ ± 1’, oziroma s stopinjsko natančnostjo 2°. Izmer- by adding the value of the astronomical azimuth of the jene kartografske orientacije smo torej v astronomske church (AA) with the subtracted difference between orientacije s stopinjsko natančnostjo izračunali tako, da the cartographic azimuth (AK) and the deviation of the smo od izmerjenih vrednosti odšteli 2°. cartographic azimuth from the astronomical azimuth Tako izračunan astronomski azimut je tudi izho- (AK – AA) to the eastern declination of the church (δV): dišče za izračun deklinacije vzhajališča in zahajališča Sonca. Izračunana vzhodna deklinacija cerkve je 11° 38’ DV = (AA – (AK – (AK – AA))) + δV. (Čaval 2010, 177). Vzhodno deklinacijo posameznega Once the values A 8 A, (AK – AA) and δV had been Meritve smo izvajali s kombinacijo programov ArcGIS replaced by constants applicable to our case, we obtained Desktop 10.5 za prikazovanje in programa PixelStick za iz- mero kota na računalniškem zaslonu. 155 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE groba (D the final formula for calculating the cartographic azimuths V) izračunamo tako, da vzhodni deklinaciji cerkve (δ of the graves on Bled Island into declinations: V) prištejemo vrednost, ki jo dobimo, ko od astronomskega azimuta cerkve (AA) odštejemo razliko med kartografskim azimutom (A D K) in odstopanjem V = (76 – (AK – 2)) + 11. kartografskega azimuta od astronomskega azimuta (A The same procedure could be used to calculate the K – AA): western declinations of the graves (DZ): DV = (AA – (AK – (AK – AA))) + δV. DZ = (256 – ((AK+180) – 2)) + (–2). Ko vrednosti AA, (AK – AA) in δV nadomestimo s konstantami, ki veljajo za naš primer, dobimo končno It should be emphasized that due to the height formulo za preračunavanje kartografskih azimutov of the horizon, the accuracy of the calculated declina- grobov na Blejskem otoku v deklinacije: tions decreased with the increase in the deviation of the astronomical azimuth of a grave from the value of 76°. D Especial y for Graves 36, 38, 55, 59, 111, 112 and 113, V = (76 – (AK – 2)) + 11. the calculated deviations must be understood merely Z istim postopkom izračunamo tudi zahodno as approximate values. Nevertheless, where necessary deklinacijo grobov (D the declinations could be calculated precisely from the Z): astronomical azimuths and new measurements of the D height of the horizon ( Fig. 6.9). Z = (256 – ((AK+180) – 2)) + (–2). Poudariti je treba, da natančnost tako izračunanih deklinacij zaradi višine horizonta upada z naraščanjem ANALYSIS odklona astronomskega azimuta groba od vrednosti 76. Predvsem za grobove 36, 38, 55, 59, 111, 112 in There were 65 graves available for the analysis of 113 moramo torej izračunane deklinacije obravnavati orientation. Given that the number of graves with mea- zgolj kot orientacijske vrednosti. Vendar je na podlagi sured orientations was too small for complex statistical astronomskih azimutov z novimi meritvami višine analyses, the method of visual comparison of actual and obzorja deklinacije mogoče po potrebi natančno iz- expected values was used ( Fig. 6.10). The astronomical računati ( sl. 6.9). azimuths of all graves was found to span between 57° and 173°, i.e. from the southwest to the south. However, three graves stand out as statistical outliers. Once these ANALIZA outliers are excluded, the azimuth values are distributed in the eastern sector between 65° and 111°. It can therefore Za analizo orientacije je bilo torej na voljo 65 gro- be said that the orientation of the graves on Bled Island bov. Število grobov z izmerjeno orientacijo je premajhno is towards the east in general. za kompleksne statistične analize, zato smo uporabili In what follows, first the two the null hypotheses are metodo vizualne primerjave dejanskih vrednosti s pri- tested: the solar azimuth hypothesis and the “towards east čakovanimi vrednostmi ( sl. 6.10). Astronomski azimuti in general” hypothesis. As already mentioned, according vseh grobov imajo razpon med 57° in 173°, se pravi od to the solar azimuth hypothesis, the orientation of each SZ do J. Vendar med temi trije grobovi izrazito odstopajo individual burial is to be in accordance with the sunrise on od ostalih; statistično govorimo o grobovih z robnimi the day of the burial. On Bled Island the sun rises between vrednostmi usmeritev. Če teh grobov ne upoštevamo, 61.5° ± 0.5º and 127° ± 0.5º on the horizon (calculation so azimuti razporejeni v vzhodnem sektorju med 65° in by A. Pleterski; cf. Škerlj 1952, 112). The cartographic 111°. Lahko torej rečemo, da imajo grobovi na Blejskem orientations of graves on Bled Island are between 59° and otoku splošno vzhodno orientacijo. 175°, or between 65° and 111° after outliers are excluded. V nadaljevanju bomo kot ničelni preverili obe hi- Apart from one grave (3a) all others fall within 61.5° ± potezi, ki se v literaturi pojavljata najpogosteje: hipotezo 0.5º and 127° ± 0.5º and therefore might have been ori- solarnega azimuta in hipotezo pokopavanja splošno ented towards the point in the horizon where the sun was proti vzhodu. rising on the day of the burial. A more detailed analysis, Kot omenjeno, hipoteza solarnega azimuta predvi- however, refutes the solar azimuth hypothesis as the sole deva orientacijo glede na vsakokratni sončni vzhod, kar factor in the orientation of burials. The expected mortality na Blejskem otoku pomeni 61,5° ± 0,5º in 127° ± 0,5º (iz- of people in the Middle Ages was not evenly distributed račun A. Pleterski; prim. Škerlj 1952, 112). Kartografske throughout the year; rather, it was highest at the end of orientacije grobov z Blejskega otoka so med 59° in 175°, winter (Brown 1983). The expected distribution of orien- ob neupoštevanju treh grobov s skrajnimi vrednostmi tations should therefore show a marked south deviation 156 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Grob / Grob / Grave AK AA DV DZ Grave AK AA DV DZ 3a 67 65 22 9 67 78 76 11 -2 4a 77 75 12 -1 69 78 76 11 -2 5 88 86 1 -12 71 78 76 11 -2 6 96 94 -7 -20 72 59 57 30 17 7 71 69 18 5 76a 80 78 9 -4 10a 90 88 -1 -14 77a 83 81 6 -7 12 95 93 -6 -19 78 87 85 2 -11 18 88 86 1 -12 79a 77 75 12 -1 19 83 81 6 -7 80 74 72 15 2 20a 96 94 -7 -20 81a 86 84 3 -10 22 96 94 -7 -20 82a 77 75 12 -1 24a 86 84 3 -10 84 80 78 9 -4 29 90 88 -1 -14 87 78 76 11 -2 30 92 90 -3 -16 90a 75 73 14 1 32a 91 89 -2 -15 91 77 75 12 -1 35 95 93 -6 -19 93a 81 79 8 -5 36 101 99 -12 -25 94 83 81 6 -7 38 113 111 -24 -37 95a 78 76 11 -2 40 90 88 -1 -14 98a 75 73 14 1 42 91 89 -2 -15 102 77 75 12 -1 45 82 80 7 -6 103 76 74 13 0 46 72 70 17 4 105 76 74 13 0 49 91 89 -2 -15 106 77 75 12 -1 50 98 96 -9 -22 109b 79 77 10 -3 51 92 90 -3 -16 111 106 104 -17 -30 54 96 94 -7 -20 112 104 102 -15 -28 55 99 97 -10 -23 113 134 132 -45 -58 56 95 93 -6 -19 115a 87 85 2 -11 59 100 98 -11 -24 118 78 76 11 -2 60 91 89 -2 -15 119 175 173 -86 -99 61 88 86 1 -12 121a 84 82 5 -8 65a 91 89 -2 -15 121b 84 82 5 -8 124 77 75 12 -1 Sl. 6.9: Blejski otok, tabelarični prikaz orientacij grobov; sivo so označene deklinacije, ki veljajo samo kot orientacijske vrednosti: AA – astronomski azimut; AK – kartografski azimut; DV – vzhodna deklinacija; Dz – zahodna deklinacija (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.9: Bled Island, grave orientation; values in grey are approximate values only: AA – astronomic azimuth; AK – cartographic azimuth; DV – eastern declination; Dz – western declination (by B. Štular). pa med 65° in 111°. Velika večina (97,6 odstotka) gro- from the eastern direction. If mortality was highest for in- bov bi torej lahko bila usmerjena proti vsakokratnemu stance in January and February, in Bled that would mean sončnemu vzhodu. Vendar podrobnejša analiza hipotezo orientations between approximately 104° and 121° ( cf. solarnega azimuta kot edinega vodila pri orientaciji Škerlj 1952, 113). The measured values, however, deviate pokopov ovrže. Pričakovana umrljivost ljudi med letom markedly towards the north. In other words, should the v srednjem veku namreč ni bila enakomerna, temveč je solar hypothesis hold, most burials on Bled Island would 157 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Sl. 6.10: Blejski otok, stolpčni grafikon kartografskih azimutov grobov (zgoraj) in načrt jasno izraženih skupin grobov: 1 − 76° ± 1°; 2 − 89° ± 1°; 3 − 94° ± 1°; 4 – ostalo; 5 – robne vrednosti; 0 – ni podatka (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.10: Bled Island, graph of cartographic azimuths of graves (above) and below map of selected groups : 1 − 76° ± 1°; 2 − 89° ± 1°; 3 − 94° ± 1°; 4 – other; 5 – marginal values; 0 – no data (by B. Štular). največja proti koncu zime (Brown 1983). Pričakovana have taken place in the summer and no people would have distribucija orientacij bi torej imela izrazit južni odklon been buried towards the end of the winter. Therefore, even od vzhoda. Če bi bila največja umrljivost na primer v without a more detailed analysis of declinations, the solar januarju in februarju, bi to na Bledu pomenilo orienta- azimuth hypothesis can be ruled out with some certainty cije približno med 104° in 121° (prim. Škerlj 1952, 113). for the Bled Island cemetery ( Fig. 6.7). Izmerjene vrednosti imajo, nasprotno, izrazit severni The second nul hypothesis is that the graves are ori- odklon. Tudi brez podrobnejše analize, ki bi upoštevala ented towards the east in general and that any deviations are the consequence of the inaccuracy of the mourners. 158 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE deklinacije, lahko hipotezo solarnega azimuta v primeru The expected values of orientations confirming this hy- grobišča na Blejskem otoku zanesljivo ovržemo ( sl. 6.7). pothesis would have a normal or Gaussian distribution Druga ničelna hipoteza je, da so grobovi orientirani with a peak at 90°. However, the actual values again devi- splošno proti vzhodu, morebitna odstopanja pa so po- ate significantly from the expected values, for the largest sledica nenatančnosti pogrebcev. Pričakovane vrednosti peak is 76°. Moreover, the span of values ± 21º is too big orientacij, ki bi to hipotezo potrdile, bi bile razporejene to be explained by the measurement error (keeping in v obliki pravilne zvončaste oziroma Gaussove krivulje mind that these people were able to navigate themselves in z vrhom pri 90°. Vendar dejanske vrednosti tudi tokrat the landscape using the sun). This refutes the hypothesis pomenljivo odstopajo od pričakovanih, saj imajo tri that the graves on Bled Island are oriented to the east in vrhove: 76°, 89° in 94°. Dodatno je razpon vrednosti general and that the deviations are measurement errors. prevelik, da bi ga bilo mogoče razložiti s površnostjo Having refuted both null hypotheses, an alternative pogrebcev. S tem pade hipoteza, da so grobovi na Blej- hypothesis must be set: in the Bled Island cemetery, the skem otoku orientirani splošno proti vzhodu z večjimi mourners oriented the burials consciously either astro- in manjšimi merskimi napakami. nomical y or geographical y. The graves on Bled Island demonstrate three spikes Zato postavimo hipotezo, ki je alternativna ničel- in orientation ( Fig. 6.10): nima hipotezama: na grobišču Blejski otok so pogrebci − true east (89° ± 1°); pokope orientirali zavestno (a ne proti sončnemu vzho- − the direction of the rows of graves (94° ± 1°); and du na dan pogreba in ne splošno proti vzhodu). − the orientation of the church (76° ± 1°). Orientacije grobov na Blejskem otoku imajo 3 jasno izražene smeri, ki sledijo: The orientation of ten graves is 89° ± 1°. These graves − kardinalnemu vzhodu (89° ± 1°), are oriented astronomical y towards true east within the − smeri grobnih vrst (94° ± 1°) in measurement error of 1°. With one exception (G3: 65a), − orientaciji cerkve (76° ± 1°). all graves belong to the Early Medieval stratigraphic Phase 1 (G1: 10a, 29, 30, 32a, 40, 42, 49, 51, 60) and are Deset grobov ima orientacijo 89° ± 1°. Ob upošte- hence earlier than the earliest church building. More spe- vanju merske napake 1° lahko rečemo, da so ti grobovi cifical y, all of these graves belong to the later sub-phases orientirani astronomsko proti kardinalnemu vzhodu. Z of the early medieval G1 cemetery. eno izjemo (G3: 65a) so to grobovi iz zgodnjesrednje- At the same time, these graves have a geographical veške stratigrafske faze 1 (G1: 10a, 29, 30, 32a, 40, 42, orientation: 5.4 km from the Church of the Assumption 49, 51, 60), ki je starejša od najstarejše cerkvene stavbe. on Bled Island in the direction of true east, there is the Ker noben izmed teh grobov ne sodi med stratigrafsko Church of the Assumption in the town of Lesce. The ridg- najstarejše, lahko rečemo, da gre za grobove iz mlajše es of the present-day churches have the same orientation, stopnje najstarejše stratigrafske faze. both churches are dedicated to the same patron saint and Hkrati so ti grobovi orientirani tudi geografsko: both were pilgrimage churches in the High Middle Ages. 5,4 km od cerkve Marijinega vnebovzetja na Blejskem According to sources from the beginning of the 12th cen- otoku v smeri kardinalnega vzhoda leži cerkev Mariji- tury, the church in Lesce was built as a proprietary church nega vnebovzetja v Lescah. Slemeni današnjih cerkvenih long ago in honour of St Mary, it attracted pilgrims from stavb imata isto orientacijo, obe cerkvi sta posvečeni near and far and their donations were kept by the feudal isti zavetnici in obe sta bili v visokem srednjem veku lord (Bizjak 2012, 38 with sources; cf. Höfler 2016a, 216). romarski cerkvi. Za leško cerkev v začetku 12. stoletja In Lesce, adjacent to the medieval church, the existence izvemo, da je bila kot lastniška zgrajena v davnih časih of a Late Roman Early Christian church is evidenced by v čast sv. Marije, da so se vanjo stekali romarji od blizu a poorly preserved mosaic (Božič 1995). Nevertheless, no in od daleč ter da je njihove darove obdržal zemljiški archaeological remains of an Early Medieval church in gospod (Bizjak 2012, 38 z navedbo virov; prim. Hoffler Lesce have been found so far and a direct connection to 2016a, 216). Neposredno južno od srednjeveške je v the graves on Bled Island cannot be proven. It is, however, Lescah stala poznorimska zgodnjekrščanska cerkev, o very likely that there was a place of special meaning in kateri priča skromno ohranjen mozaik (Božič 1995). Lesce in Early Medieval period; it is hard to imagine an Vendar za zdaj arheoloških sledi leške cerkve v zgodnjem established pilgrimage centre in the mid-11th century (see srednjem veku ne poznamo, zato neposredne povezave Chapter 8.1) with no tradition from the second half of the z grobovi z Blejskega otoka še ni mogoče dokazati. Je 10th century in the same location. pa obstoj kraja posebnega pomena verjeten; le stežka si The graves on Bled Island with the azimuth of namreč predstavljamo uveljavljeno romarsko središče 89° ± 1° can therefore be interpreted as astronomical y ori- sredi 11. stoletja (glej pogl. 8.1) brez tradicije na istem ented towards true east and, likely, geographical y towards prostoru v drugi polovici 10. stoletja. Lesce. While the precise cultural interpretation of this orientation remains unknown, this piece of information 159 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Sl. 6.11: Blejski otok, načrt grobov v vrstah na prostoru severno od sedanje cerkve: sivo – cerkvena stavba; rdeče – idealiziran potek grobnih vrst s kartografskim azimutom 4°; modra puščica – grob 38 (avtor B. Štular; vir: arhiv NMS AO Rn 222/4−5). Fig. 6.11: Bled Island, map of graves in lines north of the present-day church: grey – present-day church building; red – idealized lines of graves with cartographic azimuth 4°; blue arrow – Grave 38 (by B. Štular; source: NMS archive AO Rn 222/4−5). Grobove na Blejskem otoku z azimutom 89° ± 1° has significant methodological value. Indeed, it proves torej interpretiramo kot astronomsko orientirane glede the existence of astronomical knowledge, comparable na kardinalni vzhod. Natančne kulturne interpretacije to the knowledge evidenced by Bede the Venerable (see te usmeritve za zdaj ne poznamo, ima pa ta podatek Chapter 6.2.2). izjemno metodološko vrednost. Dokazuje namreč ob- The orientation of the second group of graves is stoj astronomskega znanja, primerljivega znanju, ki ga 94° ± 1°. All the graves are from the Early Medieval izkazuje Beda Venerabilis (glej pogl. 6.2.2). stratigraphic Phase 1 (G1: 6, 12, 20a, 22, 35, 54). In this case, the orientation follows the direction of the rows of Druga skupina grobov ima orientacijo 94° ± 1°. graves. Šribar was the first to identify rows of graves in Vsi grobovi so iz zgodnjesrednjeveške stratigrafske the northern part of the cemetery (1966, 222; see Chapter faze 1 (G1: 6, 12, 20a, 22, 35, 54). V tem primeru gre za 8.2.1). These rows deviate for about 4° to the east from smer grobnih vrst. Na grobišču je namreč v severnem the north-south direction. Graves with the orientation delu že Šribar prepoznal grobne vrste (1966, 222; glej of 94° ± 1° are oriented perpendicularly to these rows, pogl. 8.2.1). Te vrste so od smeri sever–jug odklonjene which means that they follow the system of rows the most približno za 4° proti vzhodu. Grobovi z orientacijo closely. Nevertheless, no less than two thirds of the graves 94° ± 1° so orientirani pravokotno na vrste in s tem in the rows deviate from the orientation of 94° for more najbolj natančno sledijo sistemu vrst. Vendar kar dve than ± 3° ( Fig. 6.11). This indicates that orientation was tretjini grobov v vrstah od orientacije 94° odstopata za not a significant factor in the burial ritual of these graves, več kot ± 3° ( sl. 6.11). To kaže, da v pogrebnem ritualu but rather a side effect of the rows, as a case of so-called teh grobov orientacija ni bila pomembna, temveč je le equifinality (for the expression, cf. Dincauze 2000, 31). We stranska posledica vrstnega reda oziroma gre za tako do not know towards which point the rows were oriented, imenovano ekvifinalnost (za izraz prim. Dincauze 2000, but it was not the Gradiška hil top as previously infered 31). Kako so bile orientirane vrste, ne vemo, vendar to by Pleterski (1996, 173−174). 160 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE ni orientacija na vrh Gradiška kot je domneval Pleterski The largest number of graves (14) is oriented paral- (1996, 173−174). lel to the church building. Their azimuth is 76° ± 1° and the declination of the sun is 11° ± 1°. One grave is from Največ grobov (14) je orientiranih vzporedno s stratigraphic Phase 1 (G1), two are from Phase 2 (group cerkveno stavbo. Imajo azimut 76° ± 1° oziroma deklina- G3), nine are from Phase 3 (six from the G4 group and cijo vzhajališča Sonca 11° ± 1°. 1 grob je iz stratigrafske three from the G5 group) and the remaining two graves faze 1 (G1), 2 sta iz faze 2 (skupina G3), 9 jih sodi v fazo are dated to the Late Medieval Phases 4 and 5 (G6 and G7). 3 (6 iz skupine G4 in 3 iz skupine G5), preostala grobova The orientation of the only Early Medieval grave is sodita v posrednjeveški fazi 4 in 5 (G6 in G7). extremely significant and will be discussed further (see Usmeritev edinega zgodnjesrednjeveškega groba Chapter 7.2.1). The two Late Medieval graves are posi- je izjemno pomenljiva in jo obširneje obravnavamo na tioned immediately next to the church wall and could not drugem mestu (glej pogl. 7.2.1). Posrednjeveška grobova have had a different orientation. Graves 67, 71 and 118 ležita tik ob steni cerkve in tako drugačna usmeritev are positioned next to the entrances to the earliest three niti ni bila mogoča. Grobovi (67, 71 in 118) ležijo ob churches and their locations clearly indicate a close con- vsakokratnem vhodu v najstarejše tri cerkvene stavbe in nection with the church buildings; indeed, their rigorous že z umestitvijo v prostor jasno kažejo tesno povezavo compliance with the orientation is a consequence of it. s cerkveno stavbo; rigorozno upoštevanje orientacije je The most numerous and at the same time the most posledica tega. important graves with this orientation belong to the G2 Najštevilčnejši in hkrati tudi najpomembnejši group, dated to the stratigraphic Phases 2 in 3. Grave pits grobovi te usmeritve sodijo v skupino G2, ki je stratig- of G2 graves were carved into the bedrock and used for rafsko umeščena v stratigrafski fazi 2 in 3. Grobne jame several consecutive burials. Consequently, these graves te skupine so bile vsekane v živo skalo in uporabljene are reminiscent of tombs, the making of which required za več zaporednih pokopov. Gre torej za grobnice, v considerable work. The precise alignment of their ori- izdelavo katerih je bilo vloženo razmeroma veliko dela. entation with the church building demonstrates that the Natančna orientacija glede na cerkveno stavbo dokazuje, deceased were placed in the tomb with similar attentive- da je bila primerljiva tudi skrb pri polaganju pokojnikov ness. G2 therefore consists of a meticulously planned and v grobnico. Gre torej za natančno načrtovan in skrbno careful y conducted burial with clear connection to the izveden pogreb z jasnimi navezavami na cerkveno stav- church building. The latter represents direct archaeologi- bo. Te so jasen in neposreden arheološki dokaz, da gre cal evidence that these are Christian burials. za krščanske pokope. As mentioned above, the church building was ori- Kot zapisano, je bila cerkvena stavba orientirana ented astronomical y towards the sunrise on the day of astronomsko proti sončnemu vzhodu na velik šmaren the Assumption according to the Julian calendar, which po julijanskem koledarju, zato imajo seveda tudi ti means that all of these graves also have an astronomical grobovi astronomsko orientacijo. Je torej mogoče, da orientation. Is it therefore possible that these graves are gre za grobove, orientirane astronomsko (ali vsaj tudi astronomical y oriented (or at least astronomical y to astronomsko)? Ne, na ravni interpretacije pogreba je a degree)? No. On the level of the interpretation of the astronomska orientacija naključna. Zagotovo to velja za burial, the astronomical orientation is coincidental. This posrednjeveške grobove, saj Sonce na veliki šmaren po is certainly true of the post-Medieval graves, because the gregorijanskem koledarju ni več vzhajalo v osi cerkve. sun no longer set in the axis of the church on the day of Drugače velja za grobove (G2, G3), ki sodijo v roman- the Assumption according to the Gregorian calendar. The sko oziroma visokosrednjeveško stratigrafsko fazo. situation differs with the graves (G2, G3) belonging to the Takratni pogrebci so cerkev obiskovali tudi na veliki Romanesque or High Medieval stratigraphic phase. The šmaren, praznik cerkvene zavetnice, in so astronomsko mourners of the time would visit the church on the day orientacijo cerkve zagotovo poznali izkustveno. Litur- of the Assumption, the feast day of the patron saint of the gični pomen te orientacije, kot se zdi glede na izjemno church. Therefore, they possessed empirical knowledge majhen delež romanskih cerkva, orientiranih na veliki of the astronomical orientation of the church, that is, they šmaren (glej pogl. 6.2.1), tedaj ni bil več v ospredju. were able to observe the sunrise first-hand. The liturgical Ravno zaradi izkustvenega poznavanja astronomske significance of this orientation seems to have no longer usmeritve cerkve se zdi mnogo prepričljivejša razlaga, represented a major issue at the time of the G2 burials, judg- da so v praksi vsakokraten pokop orientirali vzporedno ing by the small percentage of contemporary Romanesque z obstoječo cerkveno stavbo in ne z vsakokratno izmero churches oriented with respect to the day of the Assump- astronomske smeri. Tudi če bi bil namen pogrebnega tion (see Chapter 6.2.1). Given this empirical knowledge obreda astronomska orientacija, je to v praksi mnogo about the astronomical orientation of the church, a much enostavneje izvedljivo s posnemanjem usmeritve cerkve. more likely explanation is that in practice each burial was Pomembna je tudi ugotovitev, da nobena skupina oriented parallel to the existing church building and that the grobov, ki je stratigrafsko sočasna cerkvi, ne izkazuje astronomical direction was not measured each time. Even 161 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE if astronomical orientation was the intention of the burial ritual, in practice this was much more easily achievable by following the orientation of the church. Importantly, the findings also show that the graves that are stratigraphical y contemporary to the church demonstrate a systematic trend of orientation parallel to the church. This can be used as a test of accuracy: half of the graves contemporary to the church (outliers excluded) are oriented very precisely parallel to the church building (± 1°) and three quarters exhibit small deviation (± 3°). The rest of the graves mostly have a southern declination, but their number is too low for any further analysis of the Sl. 6.12: Blejski otok, stolpčni grafikon kartografskih azimutov phenomenon of southern versus northern declination grobov, ki so stratigrafsko sočasni cerkveni stavbi: rdeče − zelo ( Fig. 6.12). This gives us a methodological y significant natančno usmerjeni grobovi (76° ± 1°), rumeno – natančno indication of the accuracy of the orientation of burials in usmerjeni grobovi (76° ± 3°), sivo – ostali (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.12: Bled Island, graph of cartographic azimuths of graves cases where it is known that the mourners consciously that are contemporary to church buildings: red – very precise oriented burials in accordance with a clear landmark (in orientation (76° ± 1°), yellow – precise orientation (76° ± 3°), this case, a church building). All interpretations accord- grey – others (by B. Štular). ing to which a greater than ± 3° range of orientations is explained as an error or inaccuracy of the mourners are therefore questionable, if not downright refuted. Graves with outlying orientations have already been sistematičnega trenda orientacije, ki bi bila drugačna od mentioned above. Four graves (38, 72, 113, 119) demon- cerkvene. Povedano drugače, vsi grobovi ob cerkvi ali v strate a statistical y significant deviation from the majority. njej bolj ali manj natančno sledijo orientaciji cerkve. S Grave 38 has a cartographic azimuth of 111° ± 1°. tem podatkom lahko preverimo tudi natančnost: polo- It is one of the graves in rows and it is apparent that its vica vseh grobov (brez skrajnih vrednosti) je usmerjenih orientation deviates strongly from the rest of the contem- zelo natančno (± 1°), tri četrtine odstopa minimalno porary and adjacent graves ( Fig. 6.11). The orientation of (± 3°). Izmed preostalih ima večina južni odklon, a the grave corresponds to the interpretation that the area je število grobov premajhno za morebitne nadaljnje of the cemetery was planned in accordance with orienta- raziskave tega pojava ( sl. 6.12). S tem smo dobili meto- tion axes (see Chapter 6.2.3). However, given that this is dološko pomemben podatek o natančnosti orientacije an isolated case and a clear connection between actual pokopov v primeru, ko vemo, da so pogrebci pokope burials and the above-mentioned cemetery planning is zavestno usmerjali glede na jasno oznako v prostoru. not yet known, coincidence cannot be ruled out. Vse interpretacije, ki razpon orientacij za več kot ± 3° Grave 72 has a cartographic azimuth of 57° ± 1° and razlagajo z napako oziroma nenatančnostjo pogrebcev, is unique in every respect. Isolated from contemporary so torej vsaj vprašljive, če že ne ovržene. graves, it is positioned immediately next to the green stone marking the location of an earlier pit that was ancient at Omenili smo že grobove s skrajnimi orientacijami. the time of burial. Lying under the earliest church apse, it Gre za 4 grobove (št. 38, 72, 113, 119), ki statistično is stratigraphical y earlier than the earliest church building značilno odstopajo od glavnine. (see Chapter 4.2). Its orientation is not contingent on the Grob 38 ima kartografski azimut 111° ± 1°. Gre terrain, it is not astronomical and it is not in accordance za enega izmed grobov v vrstah in njegova orientacija with other features in the Bled Island cemetery. Rather, že na prvi pogled močno odstopa od sosednjih grobov it is related to the mortuary landscape. ( sl. 6.11). Usmeritev groba se ujema z interpretacijo o The mortuary landscape ( cf. William 2006, 179−214) urejanju grobiščnega prostora z orientacijskimi osmi of the Bled area is composed of five contemporary Early (glej pogl. 6.2.3). Vendar ker gre za osamljen primer Medieval cemeteries: Spodnje Gorje, Rečica, Pristava, in ker natančne povezave med konkretnimi pokopi Želeče and Bodešče. All of these cemeteries are positioned in omenjeno ureditvijo še ne poznamo, ne moremo on the line of vision connecting the Višelnica midsummer izključiti naključja. bonfire site and the Šmarjetna gora hill above the town of Grob št. 72 ima kartografski azimut 57° ± 1° in Kranj (Pleterski 2014, 274−276). Out of the listed cem- je v vseh pogledih edinstven. Leži izolirano od ostalih eteries, the cemetery in Bodešče deviates the most from sočasnih grobov, tik ob klesanem zelenem kamnu, ki je the above-mentioned line of vision: 25 m. This is just ⅓° v času pokopa označeval lokacijo starejše jame. Stratig- observed from Višelnica. Furthermore, the western edge rafsko je starejši od najstarejše cerkvene stavbe, saj leži of the sixth cemetery, Na Sedlu under Bled Castle, is less pod najstarejšo apsido (glej pogl. 4.2). Orientacija ni than 40 m from this line of vision. 162 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE pogojena s terenom, ni astronomska in se ne navezuje An additional element confirming the interpretation na objekte na otoškem grobišču, temveč je navezana na that the locations of the cemeteries are not random is the grobiščno pokrajino. fact that four of the listed cemeteries are positioned on a Grobiščno pokrajino (prim. William 2006, 179−214) relatively flat plain offering a wide selection of equivalent v Blejskem kotu sestavlja pet sočasnih zgodnjesrednje- locations. If the accuracy of the measurements is 1°, the veških grobišč: Spodnje Gorje, Rečica, Pristava, Želeče statistical probability that four cultural y selected places in Bodešče. Vsa našteta grobišča ležijo na vizuri kresišče on a flat terrain are positioned in line by coincidence is Višelnica–Šmarjetna gora nad Kranjem (Pleterski 2014, only 0.003% ( cf. Pleterski 2014, 115−116). At the same 274−276). Izmed naštetih od vizure najbolj odstopa gro- time, visibility analysis confirms that all of the cemeter- bišče v Bodeščah, in sicer za 25 m, kar ob opazovanju z ies except Rečica are visible from the viewpoint at the Višelnice pomeni približno ⅓°. Ob tem je zahodni rob Višelnica bonfire site and on a clear day so is Šmarjetna še šestega grobišča, Na Sedlu pod Blejskim gradom, od gora ( Fig. 6.13). omenjene vizure oddaljen manj kot 40 m. This proves conclusively that (i) the locations of Dodaten element, ki nas utrjuje v interpretaciji Early Medieval cemeteries in the Bled area are meaning- nenaključnosti, je podatek, da 4 izmed naštetih grobišč ful and were not chosen randomly and (ii) that these ležijo na razmeroma ravnem polju, ki je ponujal širok locations could be identified by simple sighting from the izbor enakovrednih lokacij. Ob upoštevanju merske Višelnica bonfire site. This was a conscious organization natančnosti 1° je statistična verjetnost, da 4 kulturno of the mortuary landscape and part of the more complex izbrane točke v ravnini ležijo na isti liniji po naključju, organization of the Bled area’s archaeological landscape zgolj 0,003 % (prim. Pleterski 2014, 115−116). Hkrati (see Part 3). analiza vidnosti potrjuje, da so iz opazovališča na kresiš- For the Bled Island cemetery, it is important to know ču Višelnica vidna vsa grobišča razen Rečice ter seveda that the Višelnica bonfire site was one of the key places Šmarjetna gora ( sl. 6.13). of the mortuary landscape in the Bled area. Grave 72 on Navedeno dokazuje, (i) da lokacije zgodnjesred- Bled Island is oriented perpendicularly to the Višelnica njeveških grobišč v Blejskem kotu niso bile izbrane bonfire site, which is visible from its location. Thus, naključno temveč načrtno in sicer (ii) z viziranjem the grave – and symbolical y the entire cemetery – are iz lokacije kresišče Višelnica. Rezultat je bil zavestno linked to the above-described contemporary mortuary urejena grobiščna pokrajina, del celostne prostorske landscape ( Fig. 6.14). ureditve Blejskega kota (prim. Pleterski 2014, 236−285). Grave 113 has a cartographic azimuth of 132° ± 1°. Za analizo grobišča na Blejskem otoku je najpo- It belongs to the group of graves (111, 112, 114, 117) dug membnejši podatek, da je kresišče Višelnica predstav- into a rocky hollow. Their orientation is therefore the ljalo eno izmed ključnih mest grobiščne pokrajine v consequence of geomorphological factors, not cultural Blejskem kotu. Grob 72 na Blejskem otoku je namreč selection. This group of graves is stratigraphical y con- orientiran pravokotno na to mesto, ki je z otoka tudi temporary to the graves in rows, for which orientation neposredno vidno. S tem je grob – in simbolno celotno played no particular role. grobišče – navezan na opisano sočasno grobiščno po- Grave 119 has a cartographic azimuth of 173° ± 1°. It krajino ( sl. 6.14). is a post-Medieval grave later than the westernmost exten- Grob št. 113 ima kartografski azimut 132° ± 1°. sion of the church. It is oriented perpendicularly to the Gre za enega v skupini grobov (št. 111, 112, 114 in 117), church wal , which likely indicates that it was marked by a vkopanih v skalni kotanji. Orientacija je torej posledica tombstone built into the church wal , as was typical from geomorfoloških danosti in ne kulturne izbire. Ta sku- the 16th century on (Rodwell 1989, 177; Mytum 2006, 97). pina grobov je stratigrafsko sočasna tistim grobovom v vrstah, pri katerih orientacija prav tako ni imela posebne vloge. INTERPRETATION Grob 119 ima kartografski azimut 173° ± 1°. Gre za novoveški grob, ki je mlajši od zahodnega prizidka The analysis of the metric data has thus confirmed cerkve, tako imenovane vhodne lope. Orientiran je the hypothesis that in the Bled Island cemetery, the ori- pravokotno na cerkveni zid, kar najverjetneje kaže na to, entation of the burials was a conscious choice. This means da je imel prvotno v cerkveno steno vzidan nagrobnik, that the orientation of the graves mirrors (for the expres- kakršni so značilni za čas od 16. stoletja (Rodwell 1989, sion, see Klejn 1987, 41) cultural information. Three 177; Mytum 2006, 97). remaining hypotheses for the orientation of medieval burials must be explored: parallel to the church building; astronomical orientation; and geographical orientation in accordance with a place in the landscape. All three are represented in the Bled Island cemetery. 163 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE 23° Sl. 6.13: Blejski kot, lokacija arheološko dokumentiranih grobišč in analiza vidnosti iz lokacije kresišče Višelnica: 1 – kresišče Višelnica; 2 – Blejski otok; 3 – grobišča na vizuri; 4 – ostala grobišča; 5 – vizura kresišče Višelnica–Blejski otok (grob št. 72); 6 – vizura kresišče Višelnica–Šmarjetna gora nad Kranjem; 7 – območje vidno iz kresišča Višelnica (avtorja: E. Lozić, B. Štular). Fig. 6.13: Bled area, early medieval archaeological sites and viewshed from Višelnica bonfire: 1 – Višelnica bonfire; 2 – Bled Island; 3 – cemeteries on line; 4 – other cemeteries ; 5 – Višelnica bonfire–Bled Island (grave No. 72) line; 6 – Višelnica bonfire–Šmarjetna gora above Kranj line; 7 – Višelnica bonfire viewshed (authors: E. Lozić, B. Štular). INTERPRETACIJA (i) The church on Bled Island is oriented astro- nomical y in accordance with the sunrise on the day of Z analizo merskih podatkov smo torej potrdili hi- the patron saint of the church, St Mary of Assumption. potezo, da so na grobišču Blejski otok pogrebci pokope This is the orientation of the majority of the graves that orientirali zavestno. To pomeni, da orientacija grobov are contemporary to the church. In our case, the orienta- odseva (za izraz glej Klejn 1987, 41) kulturno informa- tion of these graves is therefore a chronological indicator. cijo. Najpogostejše interpretacije srednjeveških pokopov (ii) Some of the graves that are earlier than the so astronomska orientacija, orientacija glede na točko v church are oriented towards true east. This provides pokrajini ali orientacija vzporedno s cerkveno stavbo. Na evidence of a high level of astronomical knowledge of grobišču na Blejskem otoku so prisotne vse 3. the Bled mourners, comparable to the knowledge of the 164 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Sl. 6.14: Blejski kot, lokacija arheološko dokumentiranih grobišč (legenda kot sl. 6.13) in grob 72; grob ni v merilu, orientacija je kartografska (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.14: Bled area, map of Early Medieval cemeteries (as Fig. 6.13) and Grave 72; grave not at scale but in correct cartographic orientation (by B. Štular). (i) Cerkev na Blejskem otoku je orientirana Angles described about two centuries earlier by Bede astronomsko glede na sončni vzhod na dan cerkvene the Venerable. zavetnice, Marije Vnebovzete. Tej orientaciji sledi veči- (iii) Orientation was not an important factor in the na grobov, sočasnih cerkvi. Orientacija teh grobov je v rites of the remaining burials, but their orientation stil našem primeru torej kronološki pokazatelj. reflected a tendency inter in rows. (ii) Del grobov, starejših od cerkve, je orientiran (iv) Extremely important for the interpretation of glede na kardinalni vzhod; to za blejske pogrebce doka- the Early Medieval part of the cemetery is the orientation zuje stopnjo astronomskega znanja, primerljivo tistemu, of Grave 72. Indeed, it clearly expresses the intention of ki ga približno 2 stoletji prej popisuje Beda Venerabilis the mourners to include this grave – and with it probably pri Anglih. 165 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE (iii) V pogrebnem ritusu preostalih grobov orien- the entire cemetery – into the contemporary mortuary tacija ni bila pomembna; kljub temu orientacija odseva landscape by orienting it geographical y. težnjo k pokopavanju v vrstah. (iv) Izjemnega pomena za interpretacijo zgodnje- The wider methodological significance of the analy- srednjeveškega dela grobišča je orientacija groba 72: ta sis of grave orientations on Bled Island is twofold. The jasno izraža namen pogrebcev vtkati grob – in s tem most important finding is the evidence that a methodo- verjetno celotno grobišče – v sočasno grobiščno pokra- logical y rigorous analysis of Early Medieval cemeteries jino z navezavo na točko v prostoru. can result in cultural information, especial y about burial rites. The second important conclusion is that we should Širši metodološki pomen analize orientacij grobov not seek a uniform explanation for the orientation of na Blejskem otoku je dvojen. Najpomembnejši je dokaz, da burials, for several different orientation systems might z metodološko rigorozno analizo zgodnjesrednjeveških be used in a single cemetery at the same time. grobišč lahko pridobimo kulturne informacije, predvsem o grobnem ritusu. Drugi pomemben zaključek je, da ne gre iskati enotne razlage za orientacijo pokopov, saj je 6.2.3 ORIENTATION AXES bilo že na enem grobišču lahko hkrati uporabljenih več OF THE G1 CEMETERY različnih sistemov orientacij. In the G1 cemetery group, two orientation axes used in the organization of the cemetery area can be identified 6.2.3 ORIENTACIJSKE OSI GROBIŠČA G1 based on material archaeological evidence. The axes are defined by the locations of the spring, the fireplace and the V grobiščni skupini G1 je na podlagi materialnih green stone marking the foot of Grave 72. The latter two arheoloških sledov mogoče prepoznati orientacijski locations are evidenced by archaeological material evidence osi, namenjeni urejanju prostora grobišča. Osi določajo and are undoubtedly stratigraphical y contemporary to the lokacije studenca, ognjišča in označevalca prostora ob use of the G1 cemetery (see Chapters 4.2 and 4.7). vznožju groba (št. 72) v obliki zelenega kamna. Slednji The role of a small spring of artesian water9 on Bled točki sta dokazani z materialnimi arheološkimi sledmi, Island can be interpreted based on medieval written ki so stratigrafsko nedvoumno sočasne uporabi grobišča sources in which the pagan or non-Christian worship G1 (glej pogl. 4.2 in 4.7). of springs is mentioned relatively often (Dowden 2000, Vlogo manjšega izvira arteške vode oziroma stu- 39-45; Kajkowski, Kuczkowski 2017, 22), for example: denca9 na Blejskem otoku utemeljujemo z erudicijo srednjeveških virov. Ti razmeroma pogosto pričajo o − St Martin of Braga (+ 580), a bishop in Gal aecia, born poganskem oziroma nekrščanskem češčenju studencev in present-day Hungary, would view pre-Christian (Dowden 2000, 39-45; Kajkowski, Kuczkowski 2017, gods as demons; he stated (among other things) that 22), na primer: those demons live in the sea, in springs or in forests and that people who do not know God sacrifice to − Sv. Martin iz Brage (+ 580), na današnjem Madžar- them or worship them as gods.10 skem rojeni škof iz Galicije, je v svoji pridigi pred- − Isidore of Seville (+ 636) says in the chapter on sacred krščanske bogove videl kot demone in v njih opisu buildings that old people claimed that sanctuaries med drugim navaja, da bivajo v morju, rekah, stu- had cleansing springs in front of the entrances and dencih ali gozdovih in ljudje, ki ne poznajo Boga, that in his time, there were buildings with sacred jim žrtvujejo in jih častijo kot bogove.10 springs where believers were cleansed.11 − Izidor Sevilski (+ 636) v poglavju o svetih stavbah pravi: stari so pripovedovali, da so imela svetišča očiščevalne studence pred vhodom; da so v nje- 9 In Latin sources, the word fons, fontis is used. 9 10 Pojem studenec uporabljamo v pomenu manjši izvir Praeter haec autem multi daemones ex il is qui de caelo vode. Ta pojem izvira iz indoevropske baze *steud v pomenu expulsi sunt aut in mare aut in fluminibus aut in fontibus aut postati mrzel. Vsi uporabljeni latinski viri navajajo izraz fons, in silvis praesident, quos similiter homines ignorantes deum qu- fontis, ki ima več pomenov: studenec, izvir ali vodnjak. asi deos colunt et sacrificant il is (Correctione 8). Podobno tudi 10 Praeter haec autem multi daemones ex illis qui de caelo na drugem mestu: Post diluvium ... (a)lii adorabant solem, ali expulsi sunt aut in mare aut in fluminibus aut in fontibus aut in lunam vel stel as, alii ignem, alii aquam profundam vel fontes silvis praesident, quos similiter homines ignorantes deum qua- aquarum, credentes haec omnia non a deo esse facta ad usum si deos colunt et sacrificant illis (Correctione 8). Podobno tudi hominum, sed ipsa ex se orta deos esse (Correctione 6). 11 na drugem mestu: Post diluvium ... (a)lii adorabant solem, alii Delubra veteres dicebant templa fontes habentia, quibus lunam vel stel as, alii ignem, alii aquam profundam vel fontes ante ingressum diluebantur; ... Ipsa sunt nunc aedes cum sac- aquarum, credentes haec omnia non a deo esse facta ad usum ris fontibus, in quibus fideles regenerati purificantur: ... ( Orig. hominum, sed ipsa ex se orta deos esse (Correctione 6). XV.4). 166 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE govem času stavbe s svetimi studenci, v katerih se − Charlemagne (+ 814) orders everybody to destroy verniki čistijo.11 the sacred groves, stones and springs where rituals − Karel Veliki (+ 814) ukazuje vsem, naj uničijo svete were held.12 gaje, kamne in studence, pri katerih se izvajajo − The list of sins ( penitentiae), collected around the year rituali.12 1000, whose alleged original author was Archbishop − V seznamu grehov ( penitentiae), zbranih okoli leta Theodore of Canterbury (+ 669), states that all who 1000, katerih domnevni prvotni avtor je canter- offer sacrifices to trees, springs, stones or enclosures buryjski nadškof Teodor (+ 669), je navedeno, naj should be punished.13 se kaznujejo vsi, ki darujejo drevesom, studencem, − Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg (+ 1018) summarizes kamnom ali ogradam.13 earlier sources on the Slavs, who worshipped a spring − Škof Thietmar iz Merseburga (+ 1018) povzema sta- near the River Elbe (Germany).14 rejše vire o Slovanih, ki častijo studenec ob Labi − Bishop Engilmar of Poreč mentions a healing spring in (Nemčija).14 1037 in his commentary on the writings of Arnold − Leta 1037 poreški škof Engilmar v komentarju spisov about the miracle of St Emmeram of Regensburg.15 Arnolda o čudežu sv. Emerama Regensburškega − In his biography of Bishop Otto of Bamberg, Bendictine omenja zdravilni studenec.15 monk Herbord (+ 1168) mentions the worship of a − Benediktinec Herbord (+ 1168) v biografiji škofa Ota spring in the shadow of an oak in Szczecin (Poland).16 Bamberškega poroča o češčenju studenca v senci − Helmold (+ after 1177) writes in his Chronicle of the hrasta v Szczecinu (Poljska).16 Slavs that Slavs do not allow Christians to come to − Helmold (+ po 1177) v Slovanski kroniki poroča, their sacred springs and lakes because they believe da Slovani kristjanom prepovedujejo dostop do that the waters would become unclean if a Christian njihovih svetih studencev in jezer, ker verujejo, approached them.17 da slednji postanejo nečisti, ko se jim približa − The same author writes about Bishop Vicelinus, who al- kristjan.17 legedly observed the worship of forests, springs and other superstitions among the Slavs along the Elbe.18 − This author also writes in a chapter on the conversion 11 Delubra veteres dicebant templa fontes habentia, qui- of Pribislav that after the consecration of the church, bus ante ingressum diluebantur; ... Ipsa sunt nunc aedes cum sacris fontibus, in quibus fideles regenerati purificantur: ... 12 (Orig. XV.4). Item de arboribus vel petris vel fontibus, ubi aliqui stulti 12 Item de arboribus vel petris vel fontibus, ubi aliqui luminaria vel alias observationes faciunt, omnino mandamus, stulti luminaria vel alias observationes faciunt, omnino man- ut iste pessimus usus et Deo execrabilis, ubicumque inveniatur, damus, ut iste pessimus usus et Deo execrabilis, ubicumque tol atur et distruatur (Capit. I., p. 59 c. 65) 13 inveniatur, tol atur et distruatur (Capit. I., p. 59 c. 65) Siquis ad arbores, vel ad fontes, vel ad lapides sive ad 13 Siquis ad arbores, vel ad fontes, vel ad lapides sive ad cancel os, vel ubicunque excepto in ecclesia Dei, votum voverit cancellos, vel ubicunque excepto in ecclesia Dei, votum voverit aut exsolverit, iii. annos poeniteat ( Paen. Theo. XXVII, 18). 14 aut exsolverit, iii. annos poeniteat ( Paen. Theo. XXVII, 18). Glomuzi est fons, non plus ab Albi quam duo miliaria 14 Glomuzi est fons, non plus ab Albi quam duo miliaria positus, qui unam de se paludem generans, mira, ut incolae pro positus, qui unam de se paludem generans, mira, ut incolae vero asserunt oculisque approbatum est a multis, sepe operatur. pro vero asserunt oculisque approbatum est a multis, sepe Cum bona pax est indigenis profutura, suumque [haec] terra operatur. Cum bona pax est indigenis profutura, suumque non mentitur fructum, idem tritico et avena ac glandine refer- [haec] terra non mentitur fructum, idem tritico et avena tus, laetos vicinorum ad se crebro confluentium efficit animos. ac glandine refertus, laetos vicinorum ad se crebro conflu- Quando autem seva bel i tempestas ingruerit, sanguine et cinere entium efficit animos. Quando autem seva belli tempestas certum futuri exitus indicium premonstrat (Thietmar I.3). 15 ingruerit, sanguine et cinere certum futuri exitus indicium Hic quoque dum Ratisbonne constitutus apud Sanc- premonstrat (Thietmar I.3). tum Emmerammum scripta meae parvitatis videret et legeret 15 Hic quoque dum Ratisbonne constitutus apud Sanc- atque probaret, die quadam stans iuxta puteum seu fontem, tum Emmerammum scripta meae parvitatis videret et legeret per quem recordabatur ibi sanam olim redditam fuisse fontem, atque probaret, die quadam stans iuxta puteum seu fontem, vocavit me, et occasionem sumens ex eodem fonte, dixit quod per quem recordabatur ibi sanam olim redditam fuisse fon- scripsi; … (Ann. Car. Sax. II.54; Kos 1911, št. 100). 16 tem, vocavit me, et occasionem sumens ex eodem fonte, dixit Erat praeterea ibi quercus ingens et frondosa, et fons quod scripsi; … (Ann. Car. Sax. II.54; Kos 1911, št. 100). subter eam amoenissimus, quam plebs simplex numinis alicu- 16 Erat praeterea ibi quercus ingens et frondosa, et fons ius inhabitatione sacram aestimans, magna veneratione cole- subter eam amoenissimus, quam plebs simplex numinis ali- bat (Herbord II.32). 17 cuius inhabitatione sacram aestimans, magna veneratione Usque hodie profecto inter il os, cum cetera omnia com- colebat (Herbord II.32). munia sint cum nostris, solus prohibetur accessus lucorum et 17 Usque hodie profecto inter illos, cum cetera omnia fontium, quos autumant pollui Christianorum accessu (Hel- communia sint cum nostris, solus prohibetur accessus luco- moldi I.1). 18 rum et fontium, quos autumant pol ui Christianorum acces- Nam lucorum et fontium ceterarumque supersticionum su (Helmoldi I.1). multiplex error apud eos habetur (Helmoldi I.47). 167 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE − Isti poroča o škofu Vincelinu, ki da je pri Slovanih the Slavs in Oldenburg abstained from swearing ob Labi med drugim opazil, da so med njimi oaths in forests and near springs and rocks.19 razširjena češčenje gozdov in studencev ter druga − A document from 1331 issued by Franciscan monk vraževerja.18 Franciscus de Clugia as a commendation of a par- − Isti v poglavju o Pribislavovi spreobrnitvi poroča, da ticipant of a campaign to Kobarid states that in the so se Slovani v Oldenburgu po posvetitvi cerkve mountains, countless Slavs worshipped a tree and a vzdržali priseg v gozdovih ob studencih in skalah.19 spring there as God.20 − Frančiškan Franciscus de Clugia v listini, izdani leta 1331, v pohvalo in priznanje udeležencu pohoda The list above includes selected examples from proti Kobaridu navaja, da so tam med gorami the Middle Ages, but the worship of springs is a wider nešteti Slovani častili neko drevo in studenec, ki phenomenon. The earliest written source in the region je bil pri koreninah drevesa, kot Boga.20 is Strabo’s (+ ca. 24 BCE) description of the sanctuary of Diomedes in the area of the sources of the Timavo Našteti so izbrani srednjeveški primeri, a češčenje ( Lacus Timavi): studencev in izvirov je širši fenomen. Najstarejši pisni vir v regiji je Strabonov (+ ok. 24 pr. n. št.) opis Diomedove- At the very end of the Adriatic Gulf, there is a sanctu- ga svetišča na območju izvirov Timave ( Lacus Timavi): ary of Diomedes called Timavon (Timauon), which is worth mentioning. The sanctuary has a port, a Na skrajnem koncu Jadranskega zaliva je Diome- wonderful sacred grove and five springs of river dovo svetišče, ki se imenuje Timavon (Timauon) water, which immediately flows to the sea as a wide in je vredno omembe. Svetišče ima pristanišče, and deep river (after Šašel Kos 1999, 255). čudovit sveti gaj in pet izvirov rečne vode, ki se v široki in globoki reki takoj izlivajo v morje (Šašel The most famous among the later manifestations Kos 1999, 255). of this phenomenon is the spring of Lourdes, which was declared miraculous on 18 January 1862 and immediately Med mlajšimi manifestacijami tega fenomena je became one of the most popular pilgrimage destinations zagotovo najznamenitejši studenec v Lurdu, ki je bil in Europe. razglašen za čudežnega 18. januarja 1862 in je takoj po- Medieval sources reflect the problems the Church stal eno najpriljubljenejših romarskih središč Slovencev. encountered in eradicating such worship. These and Srednjeveški viri zrcalijo tudi težave, ki jih je imela similar pagan traditions – which are more correctly un- Cerkev z izkoreninjenjem tega češčenja. Tovrstni in derstood as a reflection of the multipolarity of medieval podobni poganski običaji, ki jih je pravilneje razumeti culture – survived at least until the end of the Middle kot odsev multipolarnosti srednjeveške kulture, so se Ages (Geary 2001). As implied by Isidore of Seville, one obdržali vsaj do konca srednjega veka (Geary 2001). way of addressing this problem – the one that followed Kot nakaže že Izidor Sevilski, je bil eden izmed načinov Pope Gregory I’s (+ 604) guidance on Christianization spopadanja s tem problemom – tisti, ki je sledil napot- (e.g. Demacopoulos 2008) and was followed up to and kom o pokristjanjevanju papeža Gregorija I (+ 604) including the 10th century (Geary 2001, 190) – was (npr. Demacopoulos 2008) in bil v uporabi do vključno building churches near the springs that were worshipped 10. stoletja (Geary 2001, 190) – postavljanje cerkva ob (Kajkowski, Kuczkowski 2017, 23; cf. Vlasto 1970, Geary češčenih studencih (Kajkowski, Kuczkowski 2017, 23; 2001, 192; Štular, Hrovatin 2002, 45−46). In the wider re- prim. Vlasto 1970, Geary 2001, 192; Štular, Hrovatin gion, there are several medieval churches that are known 2002, 45−46; ). V širši regiji poznamo več tako zgrajenih to have been built in this way, for instance the Cathedral of srednjeveških cerkva, na primer bamberško katedralo Bamberg (Bavaria, Germany), the Church of St Michael in (Nemčija, Bavarska), cerkev sv. Mihaela v Olomoucu Olomouc (Moravia, the Czech Republic) and the Church (Češka Republika, Moravska) in cerkev sv. Jana pod of St John under the Cliff (Bohemia, the Czech Republic) skalo (Češka Republika, Češka) (Pleterski 2017, 38). (Pleterski 2017, 38). The Church often explained such Cerkev je te gradnje pogosto razlagala kot mesta pri- constructions as the sites of apparitions of Mary and these churches regularly became pilgrimage churches 18 Nam lucorum et fontium ceterarumque superstici- (Kajkowski, Kuczkowski 2017, 22−23). Two such exam- onum multiplex error apud eos habetur (Helmoldi I.47). 19 19 Et inhibiti sunt Slavi de cetero iurare in arboribus, fon- Et inhibiti sunt Slavi de cetero iurare in arboribus, fon- tibus et lapidibus, sed offerebant criminibus pulsatos sacer- tibus et lapidibus, sed offerebant criminibus pulsatos sacerdoti doti ferro vel vomeribus examinandos (Helmoldi I.83). ferro vel vomeribus examinandos (Helmoldi I.83). 20 20 ... usque ad locum de Cavoreto, ejusdem Dyocesis, ... usque ad locum de Cavoreto, ejusdem Dyocesis, ubi ubi inter montes Sciavi innumerabiles arborem quandam et inter montes Sciavi innumerabiles arborem quandam et fon- fontem, qui erat ad radices arboris, venerabant pro Deo; ... tem, qui erat ad radices arboris, venerabant pro Deo; ... (Bian- (Bianchi 1845, št. 699). chi 1845, no. 699). 168 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE kazovanj Device Marije in neredko so te cerkve postale ples in Slovenia are the Church of the Nativity of Mary romarske (Kajkowski, Kuczkowski 2017, 22−23). Takšni on the hill of Homec (Štular, Hrovatin 2002, 54) and the sta na primer cerkev Marijinega rojstva na Homškem Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, original y St Mary of the hribu (Štular, Hrovatin 2002, 54) in cerkev sv. Žalostne Assumption, in Leskovec near Krško (Rihter 2018, 7). Matere Božje, prvotno Marije Vnebovzete, v Leskovcu Written sources clearly contain evidence of the pri Krškem (Rihter 2018, 7). worship of springs throughout the Middle Ages, from Pisni viri torej jasno dokazujejo češčenje studencev the pagan Early Middle Ages to the Christian mysticism- skozi ves srednji vek, od poganskega zgodnjega do s charged High and Late Middle Ages. In the listed sources, krščansko mistiko prežetega visokega in poznega sred- the manifestations of this worship appear as slight hints: njega veka. Manifestacije tega češčenja se v naštetih virih as ritual ablutions ( regenerati purificantur), healing power izrisujejo v obliki bežnih namigov: obredno umivanje ( sanam … fuisse fontem), sites of oaths ( iurare), taboo for ( regenerati purificantur), zdravilna moč ( sanam … fuisse unbelievers ( pollui Christianorum accessu), isolated loca- fontem), mesto priseg ( iurare), tabuizacija za neverujo- tions outside of the settlements ( in arboribus) and with če ( pollui Christianorum accessu), izolirana lega zunaj supra-local significance ( innumerabiles … venerabant). naselbin ( in arboribus), nadlokalen pomen ( innumera- We must not forget, however, that the origins of these biles … venerabant). Vendar moramo upoštevati, da so sources span over nearly a millennium, that they were navedeni viri nastajali skoraj tisočletje vsak sebi, in to written solely from an antagonist viewpoint and that izključno s sovražnega stališča, pri čemer so jih pisci ra- they were understood by their authors in the context of zumeli v kontekstu Stare zaveze (Vlasto 1970, 145−146), the Old Testament (Vlasto 1970, 145−146). Among the izrazito zgodnejša avtorja sta sv. Martin iz Brage ( deos sources cited, St Martin of Braga ( deos colunt et sacrifi- colunt et sacrificant) in Teodor iz Yorka ( votum voverit). cant) and Theodore of Canterbury ( votum voverit) are Poleg tega vemo, da aktivnosti ob češčenju v studencih the earliest. Furthermore, we know that worship activi- ali tik ob njih niso puščale neposrednih arheoloških sle- ties in or near springs left no direct archaeological traces dov, na primer v obliki odloženih predmetov ali gradnje such as deposited objects or constructions (Kajkowski, objektov (Kajkowski, Kuczkowski 2017, 22). Posreden Kuczkowski 2017, 22). Indirect material reflections of materialen odsev češčenih studencev pa so cerkve, the springs that were worshipped are churches that were zgrajene ob teh studencih. Na podlagi teh lahko s tako built near these springs. These churches can therefore be imenovano metodo proxi ( angl. proxy method; prim. used as proxy data ( cf. Dincauze 2000, 30) to identify the Dincauze 2000, 30) prepoznamo konkretne studence, ki specific springs that were worshipped in the pre-Christian so jih častili v predkrščanskem zgodnjem srednjem veku. Early Middle Ages. In zdi se, da imamo dovolj podatkov, da v studencu There seem to be enough data to identify the spring na Blejskem otoku prepoznamo enega izmed njih. Bliž- on Bled Island as one of them, as the nearby church in- nja cerkev namreč obsega 3 naštete elemente oziroma cludes three of the listed elements: proxy podatke: − it is located in the immediate vicinity of the spring (the − stoji v neposredni bližini studenca (studenec je odda- distance between the spring and the altar of the ljen 33,3 m od oltarja najstarejše cerkve), earliest church is 33.3 m); − posvečena je Mariji (Vnebovzeti) in − it is dedicated to Mary (of the Assumption); and − bila je romarska (glej pogl. 8.1). − it used to be a pilgrimage church (see Chapter 8.1). Trije izmed zgornjih virov (Karel Veliki, canter- In addition to springs, stones or rocks ( petris, lapidi- buryjski nadškof Teodor in Helmold o Pribislavu) med bus) are mentioned as objects of worship by three of the objekti češčenja hkrati s studencem navajajo kamne above-listed sources (Charlemagne, Bishop Theodore oziroma skale ( petris, lapidibus). To dokazuje, da sta of Canterbury, Helmold’s writing on Pribislav). This is studenec in kamen objekta istega sistema češčenja, kar evidence that the spring and the green stone on Bled potrjujejo nekatere novejše raziskave predkrščanskih Island were objects of the same worship system. This is zgodnjesrednjeveških religij (npr. Hook 2010, 31−46 further confirmed by the more recent research of Early z navedbo virov; Szczepanski 2015, passim). Klesanec Medieval pre-Christian religions (e.g. Hook 2010, 31−46 iz zelenega groha na Blejskem otoku je torej zagotovo citing the sources; Szczepanski 2015, passim). Therefore, imel ne le funkcijo označevalca, temveč je bil tudi objekt the cut piece of green tuff on Bled Island must have not češčenja. only had the function of a marker, but was also the object of worship. Na grobišču G1 na Blejskem otoku so torej ob- stajala 3 mesta, ki so jih pogrebci in drugi obiskovalci The G1 cemetery on Bled Island therefore had three jasno prepoznavali: studenec, kamen in ognjišče. Prva locations that were clearly recognized by the mourners os je povezovala studenec in ognjišče ter je služila kot and other visitors: the spring, the stone and the fireplace. orientacija za določanje lege in orientacije treh grobov The first axis connects the spring and the fireplace and 169 6. MORFOMETRIČNE ANALIZE NAJDIŠČA 6. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITE Sl. 6.15: Blejski otok, levo mesta s posebnim pomenom (1 – vodni izvir; 2 – zeleni kamen; 3 – ognjišče; 4 – grob umeščen v prostor glede na os; 5 – os; 6 – pravokotnica), desno grobovi orientirani glede na os studenec – ognjišče (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 6.15: Bled Island. Left: meaningful places (1 – water spring; 2 – green stone; 3 – fireplace; 4 – grave oriented with regard to the line; 5 – line; 6 – normal). Right: graves oriented in regards of the line spring – fireplace (by B. Štular). (št. 1, 27, 38). V podaljšku te osi leži edini otroški grob z would have served as guidance for determining the posi- ženskimi zgodnjesrednjeveškimi pridatki (št. 83). Druga tions and orientations of three graves (1, 27, 38). On the os povezuje studenec s kamnom. Kot med opisanima extension of this axis lies another grave with female Early osema je 23º ( sl. 6.15; prim. pogl. 10.3). Medieval grave goods (83). The second axis connects the Podoben sistem je urejal prostor ostalih grobišč spring and the stone. The angle between these two axes is Blejskega kota v 9. in 10. stoletju (Žale pri Zasipu: 23º ( Fig. 6.15; cf. Chapter 10.3). Pleterski 2014, 250−255; Dlesc pri Bodeščah: Pleterski Other 9th/10th century cemeteries in the Bled area 2014, 259−261; Pristava: Pleterski 2014, 264−274) in še were organized under a similar system (Žale near Zasip: na dveh primerljivih grobiščih (Mali grad v Kamniku: Pleterski 2014, 250−255; Dlesc near Bodešče: Pleterski Sagadin 2001, Štular 2007, Pleterski 2014, 290−293 in 2014, 259−261; Pristava: Pleterski 2014, 264−274), and Puščava pri Starem trgu: Pleterski 2014, 354−356). the same is true of two other comparable cemeteries (Mali Grad in Kamnik: Sagadin 2001, Štular 2007, Pleterski 2014, 290−293 and Puščava near Stari Trg: Pleterski 2014, 354−356). 170 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY Benjamin ŠTULAR 7.1 UVOD 7.1 INTRODUCTION Na obravnavanem najdišču je razmeroma malo Relatively few artefacts or architectural elements artefaktov ali arhitekturnih elementov, ki bi jih bilo in the studied site can be precisely dated. Due to the mogoče natančno kronološko opredeliti. Zaradi ar- archival nature of the excavations, the use of radiomet- hivske narave izkopavanj so tudi možnosti za uporabo ric dating methods – for example radiocarbon analysis metod radiometričnega datiranja – na primer analize (henceforward C14) – is of limited potential. Two radioaktivnega ogljika (v nadaljevanju C14) – omejene. C14 dates were acquired, one of which is dated to the Na celotnem najdišču je v zgodnji srednji vek možno Early Middle Ages. In the entire site, there are only 30 tipokronološko opredeliti 30 artefaktov iz grobov in artefacts from graves and three architectural elements pogojno 3 arhitekturne elemente. Pridobili smo tudi that can be typo-chronological y attributed to the Early dve dataciji C14, od katerih je ena zgodnjesrednjeveška. Middle Ages. S stališča arheološke metodologije je najmanj From a methodological perspective, the least reliable zanesljivo datiranje arhitekturnih elementov v smislu method is dating architectural elements in the sense of razmejevanja ostankov cerkvene arhitekture na pred- dating the remains of church architecture as either pre- romanski in romanski slog. Sploh pri našem najdišču, Romanesque or Romanesque. This is especial y pertinent kjer je eno temeljnih znanstvenih vprašanj prav datiranje in this case, as one of the fundamental questions is to date posameznih cerkvenih faz. Zato slogovne opredelitve different phases of the church. Therefore, the dating of arhitekture v nadaljevanju ne uporabljamo kot podatek architectural elements was not used. za datiranje. The dating tools used were thus stratigraphy, the Orodja za datiranje so torej stratigrafija, dataciji two C14 dates and typo-chronological analysis of the C14 in tipokronološka opredelitev nakitnih predmetov artefacts from the graves. Based on the state of research, iz grobov. Glede na stanje raziskav sta po natančnosti the latter two methods are similarly weak in accuracy slednji metodi primerljivo šibki in omogočata datiranje and enable dating with the precision of one century. približno na stoletje natančno. Glede C14 (in ostalih With C14 (and other radiometric dating methods), the radiometričnih datacij) je namreč treba upoštevati na- following should be taken into account: the accuracy of tančnost meritev (npr. Scott, Cook, Naysmith 2007) in measurements (e.g. Scott, Cook, Naysmith 2007) and predvsem matematično dejstvo, da je možnost dejanske above all the mathematical fact that the possibility of datacije povsem enaka znotraj celotnega razpona (npr. the actual date is exactly the same over the entire time Michczyński 2007; prim. Pleterski 2010a, 86). Tudi sicer span (e.g. Michczyński 2007; cf. Pleterski 2010a, 86). In je glede datiranja posameznih grobov treba upoštevati general, when dating individual graves, methodological metodološke omejitve (splošen pregled z navedeno li- limitations should be considered (for a general overview teraturo Lozić, Štular 2007; Fahlander, Oestigaard 2008; with cited literature, see Lozić, Štular 2007; Fahlander, o datiranju Pleterski 2013aa, 300−312 in tam navedena Oestigaard 2008; on dating, see Pleterski 2013a, 300−312 literatura). Z besedami Parkerja Pearsona (1999, 29): and the literature cited therein). In the words of Parker Morda se zdi, da je arheologija enoznačen posto- Pearson (1999, 29): pek od odkritja do opisa, vendar je na vsakem koraku It might seem that archaeology is a straightforward posprem ljena z interpretacijo. Interpretacija temelji na process of discovery followed by description, yet it is ac- teoriji – racionalizaciji lastnih izkušenj sveta – da bi companied by interpretation at every step. Interpretation osmislila, kako in zakaj so ljudje v preteklosti ravnali s draws on theory - our rationalizations of our experiences in svojimi pokojnimi, kako so ravnali z njihovimi posmr- the world - in order to make sense of how and why people * Translation Meta Osredkar. 171 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY tnimi ostanki in na kakšen način so omogočali sobivanje of the past treated their dead, disposed of their remains, mrtvih in živih.1 and provided ways for the dead to co-exist with the living. Based on the above, we were able to date three Na podlagi opisanih podatkov in ob upoštevanju cemetery groups (G1, G2, G4) and the first three church navedenih omejitev smo lahko kronološko natančneje buildings. There were no available data for the dating of opredelili 3 grobiščne skupine (G1, G2, G4) in prve 3 the remaining cemetery groups (G3, G5, G6, G7) and cerkvene stavbe. O ostalih grobiščnih skupinah (G3, G5, therefore these are not discussed here. G6 in G7) podatkov za kronološko opredelitev ni in jih zato na tem mestu ne obravnavamo. 7.2 TYPO-CHRONOLOGY OF JEWELLERY 7.2 TIPOKRONOLOGIJA NAKITNIH PREDMETOV An extremely precise archaeological analysis of artefacts is presented in Part 1 of this book. Here, the Izjemno natančna arheološka analiza artefaktov main point of interest is a typo-chronological analysis of je predstavljena v prvem delu knjige, na tem mestu the grave inventories with as much accuracy as possible nas zanima zgolj kar se da natančna tipokronološka in order to explain the chronological development of opredelitev grobnih celot z namenom osmisliti in the site as a whole. Its meaning and jewellery items were razložiti kronološki razvoj najdišča kot celote. Zato se the only aspects that enabled dating with the precision opiramo zgolj na nakitne predmete, ki edini omogočajo of at least one century. Dating was based on the typo- opredelitev na vsaj stoletje natančno. Za to smo uporabili chronological scheme developed by Pleterski (2013) for tipokronološko shemo, ki jo je na podlagi grobnih celot, grave inventories dated with the C14 method and updated datiranih z metodo C14, razvil Pleterski (2013) in na by Rihter (2020) on the basis of a stratigraphic analysis of podlagi stratigrafske analize grobišča Župna cerkev v the Župna cerkev cemetery in Kranj.1 Kranju dogradil Rihter (2020).2 In the Bled Island cemetery, 27 temple rings and Na grobišču Blejski otok je bilo tako mogoče da- three finger rings could be dated in this way. Twenty- tirati 27 naglavnih obročkov in 3 prstane. Šestindvajset six datable artefacts came from the G1 cemetery group, kronološko opredeljivih predmetov je iz grobiščne sku- one artefact was from the G2 group, one was from the pine G1, po 1 iz grobiščne skupine G2 in G4, 3 predmeti G4 group and three were recorded outside the graves pa so bili dokumentirani izven grobov ( sl. 7.1). ( Fig. 7.1). All of the dates, including the C14 date ( σ 1 Razpon vseh datacij, vključno s C14-datacijo ( σ 1 934 ± 38 CE) of the skeleton from Grave 72, spanned 934 ± 38 n. št.) kosti skeleta (št. 72), je med letoma 800 between the years 800 and 1030. The σ 1 mean value of in 1030. Srednja vrednost σ 1 datacije C14 je leto 934, the C14 date was the year 934, while the mean value of srednja vrednost vseh tipokronoloških datacij je leto 935. all typo-chronological dates was the year 935. 7.2.1 SKUPINA G1 7.2.1 THE G1 CEMETERY GROUP Tipokronološko najbolj izpovedna je skupina G1. Typo-chronological y, the most informative group V zgodnjesrednjeveški arheologiji najpogosteje upo- is the G1 group. In Early Medieval archaeology, the most rabljamo presečno datacijo predmetov v grobu ( sl. 7.2). commonly used date is the intersection of the dates of the Grob 4 nima presečne datacije; očitno je prstan v grobu objects in the grave ( Fig. 7.2). Grave 4 has no intersec- tako imenovani stari predmet, torej predmet, pri katerem tion date; the finger ring in it seems to be a so-called old je od izdelave do odložitve v grob preteklo veliko časa. object, i.e. an artefact that was made a long time before it Ta grob torej datira najmlajši predmet. was deposited in a grave. This grave was therefore dated Zgolj 14 grobov, datiranih s širokim razponom by the latest artefact. datacij, ne omogoča podrobne kronološke členitve. Only 14 graves, dated to a wide time span, did not allow for a more precise chronological division. Another 1 It might seem that archaeology is a straightforward pro- aggravating factor was that six out of 14 graves were dated cess of discovery followed by description, yet it is accompanied on the basis of the temple rings with a single bulge (Type by interpretation at every step. Interpretation draws on theo- NO0100_0808), dated to a particularly wide time span. ry - our rationalizations of our experiences in the world - in Nevertheless, some conclusions can be drawn about the order to make sense of how and why people of the past treated G1 cemetery group on the basis of the above results. their dead, disposed of their remains, and provided ways for 1 the dead to co-exist with the living (prevod avtor). The author would like to thank J. Rihter, who gave per- 2 Na tem mestu se zahvaljujem J. Rihterju, da mi je dovo- mission to use the findings of his research before the publi- lil uporabiti izsledke svoje raziskave pred objavo. cation. 172 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY Datacija / Date Tip / Type Grob št. / Predmet št. / Tabla / vir datacije / Grave no. Artefact no. Plate date source od / from do / to NO0500_0610 840 960 1a 1 1 Rihter 2020 NO0504_0610 840 960 1a 2 1 avtor / author NO0100_0808 870 1000 3a 3 1 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0808 870 1000 3a 4 1 Rihter 2020 NO0700_0810 990 1030 4a 6 1 Pleterski 2013a PR0501_0000 x x 4a 7 1 PR0201_0000 800 950 4a 8 1 Rihter 2020 PR0501_0000 x x 4a 10 1 NO0100_0808 870 1000 12 14 1 Rihter 2020 NO01mm_0808 870 1000 12 15 1 Rihter 2020 NO0100_08mm 870 1000 24 17 1 Rihter 2020 NO01mm_08mm 870 1000 24 18 1 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0608 830 1000 27 19 1 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0608 830 1000 27 20 1 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0808 870 1000 34a 22 1 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0808 870 1000 36a 1 2 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0909 920 1000 36a 2 2 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0808 870 1000 37 3 2 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0808 870 1000 37 4 2 Rihter 2020 PR0105_0000 840 1010 37 5 2 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0808 870 1000 38 6 2 Rihter 2020 PR0103_0000 870 1010 41 8 2 Rihter 2020 PR0103_0200 x x 45 10 2 NO1700_0610 870 970 45 11 2 Rihter 2020 NO1700_0610 870 970 45 12 2 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0506 830 1000 49 13 2 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0808 870 1000 49 14 2 Rihter 2020 PR0103_0200 x x 58 20 2 NO0100_mmmm x x 59 21 2 NO0100_0607 830 950 83 9 3 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0708 900 1010 83 10 3 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0808 870 1000 96 11 3 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0909 920 1000 15 3 Rihter 2020 NO0100_0808 870 1000 16 3 Rihter 2020 PR0201_0000 800 950 17 3 Rihter 2020 poseben / special 18 3 Sl. 7.1: Blejski otok, tipokronološka preglednica nakitnih predmetov iz grobov (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 7.1: Bled Island, typo-chronological spreadsheet of grave jewellery (by B. Štular). 173 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY First, the typo-chronological dates match strati- Presečna datacija / Grob št. / Intersection date Stratigrafija / graphic superposition, confirming that the results are Grave no. od / do / srednja / Stratigraphy correct. from to mean Second, the reason why the majority of the finds are derived from the latest graves owes to the fact that the 1a 840 960 900 x earlier graves were re-excavated and not because more 27 830 1000 915 1/2 graves belonged to the later period. 45 870 970 920 1/2 Third, it is possible to define the time span of the G1 cemetery: (i) The largest possible time span (range of 83 900 950 925 x dates) is between 830 and 1030 CE and the smallest (in- 72 895 972 934 x tersection of dates) is between 960 and 990 CE. The span 38 870 1000 935 1/2 of mean dates was between 900 and 1010 CE; the latter matches the intuitive dating. (ii) The prevailing type of 37 870 1000 935 3 jewellery comprises temple rings with a single bulge (Type 41 870 1000 935 3 NO0100_0808), occurring both in the stratigraphical y 49 870 1000 935 3 earliest as well as the latest graves. The time of the use of these rings, between the years 870 and 1000, is therefore 3a 870 1000 935 4 another indication for the duration of the cemetery. (iii) 12 870 1000 935 4 Also notable is the absence of temple rings with a hook, 34a 870 1000 935 4 which were ubiquitous in the 9th century and occurred only exceptional y after the first decade of the 10th century 36a 920 1000 960 4 (Rihter 2020; cf. Pleterski 2013a), hence their absence in- 4a 990 1030 1010 4 dicates that this cemetery was not used in the 9th century.2 On the basis of these three indications, it can be estimated Sl. 7.2: Blejski otok, preglednica datacij najmlajših predmetov that interring took place during the entire 10th century iz posameznega groba od najstarejše srednje vrednosti zgoraj and in the first decade of the 11th century. Altogether, do najmlajše spodaj; stratigrafiska lega je navedena shematično v obliki pokolenja , za dejanska stratigrafska razmerja glej sl. this is 11 decades. This chronology corresponds well to 7.3 (avtor B. Štular). the results of the archaeological analysis of the artefacts Fig. 7.2: Bled Island, chronological spreadsheet of graves based in Part 1 of this book. on the youngest artefact in the grave in chronological order Fourth, the hypothesis that four generations were (according to the median date); stratigraphic position is simpli- buried in the G1 cemetery group can be put forward. fied (for actual stratigraphic position see Fig. 7.3; by B. Štular). The stratigraphic analysis recorded three instances of triple reburials, indicating that four deceased (original burial plus three reburials) were buried successively in the Dodatna oteževalna okoliščina je, da je kar 6 grobov same location. In cemeteries with marked graves, with an datiranih z naglavnimi obročki z enojno odebelitvijo abundance of space and with clear rules when selecting (tip NO0100_0808), ki imajo posebno širok razpon burial locations, centuries could pass without a single datacij. Kljub temu na podlagi zgornjih rezultatov lahko reburial. In the Bled Island cemetery, however, none of izvedemo nekaj sklepov o grobiščni skupini G1. these conditions were met and reburials were common, Prvič, tipokronološko datiranje se ujema z relativ- even a rule in the central part of the cemetery. nim stratigrafskim datiranjem, kar potrjuje pravilnost What remains is to answer the question of whether rezultatov. in the above-mentioned triple reburial a reburial took Drugič, največ najdb izvira iz najmlajših grobov place in every single generation. If the answer is “yes”, the zato, ker so starejši grobovi prekopani, in ne zato, ker cemetery was in use only long enough to bury four gen- bi bilo v tem obdobju največ pokopov. erations. As determined above, the use of this cemetery Tretjič, opredelimo lahko trajanje pokopavanja. (i) spanned over 11 decades. How much time is therefore Največji možni časovni razpon je med letoma 830 in needed to bury four generations? 1030, najmanjši med letoma 960 in 990. Razpon srednjih (i) The first clue can be derived from grave taphon- datacij med letoma 900 in 1010 se ujema z intuitivno omy, or more exactly, the observation of the disarticula- opredelitvijo. (ii) Prevladujoč nakit so naglavni obročki z tion of the corpse ( cf. Knüsel, Robb 2016, 667−668). enojno odebelitvijo (tip NO0100_0808), ki se pojavljajo Drawings of individual graves provide evidence that at tako v stratigrafsko najstarejših kot najmlajših grobovih. every single reburial, the mourners moved individual Trajanje uporabe teh obročkov med letoma 870 in 1000 bones – such bones lie each separately, for example the je zato indikator trajanja grobišča. (iii) Na grobišču skull separately from the other bones – and not limbs ni naglavnih obročkov s kaveljčkom, ki so značilni 2 The author would like to thank A. Pleterski for this in- predmet 9. stoletja, po prvem desetletju 10. stoletja pa formation. 174 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY se pojavljajo le izjemoma (Rihter 2020; prim. Pleterski or body parts. This indicates that the decomposition of 2013aa). Odsotnost teh predmetov je torej indic, da na the body was already at the final skeletonization stage, tem grobišču v 9. stoletju niso pokopavali.3 Na podlagi as the leg ligaments are the last soft tissue to decompose teh 3 podatkov ocenjujemo, da so tu pokopavali skozi (Pinheiro 2006, 110−112). The duration of this process celo 10. stoletje in v prvem desetletju 11. stoletja, skupaj depends on multiple factors, but to give an approximate 11 desetletij, kar se ujema z rezultati celostne arheološke example, the skeletonization of exposed bodies of large analize predmetov v 1. delu knjige. mammals takes up to five years (Hil , Behrensmeyer 1984; Četrtič, postavimo lahko hipotezo, da so v grobiščni Rebmann, David, Sorg 2000, 126; cf. Clark, Worel , Pless skupini G1pokopane 4 generacije pokojnikov. S stratig- 1997, 159−160). Nevertheless, with buried human bod- rafsko analizo smo 3-krat dokumentirali 3-kratni prekop ies this process is longer and relies on multiple factors groba, ko so na istem mestu pokopani 4 pokojniki drug (Daniell 1997, 109−121; Pinheiro 2006). The only known za drugim. Na grobiščih z označenimi grobovi, brez factor in this case are soil conditions after burial. Clayey prostorske stiske in z jasnimi pravili določanja prostora soils at Bled Island slow down the skeletonization process pokopa lahko minejo stoletja brez enega samega pre- ( cf. Esteves da Silva et al. 2009). Given the above, a rough kopa. Vendar na obravnavanem grobišču noben izmed estimate is that on Bled Island, the skeletonization process zgornjih pogojev ni bil izpolnjen, zato so bili prekopi lasted up to a decade. pogosti, v osrednjem delu grobišča celo pravilo. (ii) However, after only a decade, hair and nails Odgovoriti pa moramo na vprašanje, ali so v remain preserved and adipocere (see Chapter 3.3.3) ex- omenjenih 3 primerih prav v vsaki generaciji izvedli udes an unpleasant smell ( cf. Parker Pearson 1999, 14). prekop. Če to drži, je pokopavanje na obravnavanem Given that people in the Middle Ages believed that the grobišču trajalo le toliko časa, kolikor je potrebno za soul leaves the body only when it is completely disinte- pokop 4 generacij. Kot smo pokazali, je pokopavanje grated (Daniel 1997, 62−64; cf. Williams 2006, 83−84), the na obravnavanem grobišču trajalo 11 desetletij. Koliko reburial taboo must have lasted longer. Indirectly, such časa pa je potrebno za pokop 4 generacij pokojnikov? prohibition is evidenced in a spell from the end of the (i) Prvi podatek je tafonomija grobov, natančneje 15th or the beginning of the 16th century: Die chunnen mir opazovanje disartikulacije skeletov (prim. Knüsel, Robb hewt als wenig geschaden als der man, der vor xxx Jaren 2016, 667−668). Arheološke risbe obravnavanih grobov ist pegrabenn3 (Javor-Briški 1998, 9). This spell should dokazujejo, da so ob prav vsakem prekopu starejšega be understood in the sense that after three decades, the groba pogrebci premikali posamezne kosti – te ležijo remains in a grave lose the social status of the deceased vsaka zase, na primer lobanja ločeno od dolgih kosti person, while the remaining bones acquire a social status – in ne udov ali delov trupla. To dokazuje, da je bila of things. Thus, the body of the deceased, which requires dekompozicija trupla že na stopnji dokončne skeleto- respectful treatment, becomes a mere object. In the Bled izacije, saj izmed mehkih tkiv prav ligamenti nog raz- Island cemetery, the attitude of mourners towards the ex- padejo zadnji (Pinheiro 2006, 110−112). Trajanje tega humed bones was, looking through the eyes of a modern procesa je odvisno od številnih dejavnikov in zgolj kot observer, disrespectful. This indicates that the period of orientacijsko vrednost lahko navedemo, da skeletoiza- respectful taboo – 30 years in the above example – already cija izpostavljenih trupel velikih sesalcev traja do 5 let passed at the time of the reburial. (Hil , Behrensmeyer 1984; Rebmann, David, Sorg 2000, (iii) The last element is the biological duration of a 126; prim. Clark, Worel , Pless 1997, 159−160). Vendar generation in a certain community, which can be calcu- je ta proces pri pokopanih človeških truplih daljši in je lated using various formulas (e.g. Bienvenu, Legender odvisen od številnih dejavnikov (Daniell 1997, 109−121; 2015). There are no precise data for the Early Medieval Pinheiro 2006). Edini dejavnik, ki ga v našem primeru population of the Bled area, but in archaeological popula- poznamo, so razmere po pokopu, ki jih določa prst v tions, the duration of a generation is usual y given only grobu. Ta je na Blejskem otoku ilovnata, kar proces as a rough estimate between 25 (e.g. Hazelwood, Steele skeletoizacije upočasnjuje (prim. Esteves da Silva et al. 2004, 677) and 35 (e.g. Arnold 2002, 136) or 40 years 2009). Na podlagi povedanega je naša groba ocena, da (Pleterski 2013a). je na Blejskem otoku pri obravnavanih skeletih proces It can therefore be concluded that there is direct skeletoizacije trajal približno desetletje. evidence that the graves in the Bled Island cemetery were (ii) Vendar so po zgolj desetletju še ohranjeni na not exhumed for about a decade. Nevertheless, based primer lasje in nohti, zaradi adipocere (glej pogl. 3.3.3) on the duration of a generation and medieval taboos, pa je še zaznati neprijeten vonj (prim. Parker Pearson we estimate that this period lasted approximately three 1999, 14). Ker je v srednjem veku veljalo, da duša zapusti decades. This means that the burial of four graves in di- telo šele, ko to popolnoma razpade (Daniel 1997, 62−64; rect stratigraphic superposition of generations required prim. Williams 2006, 83−84), je tabu prekopavanja trajal at least nine decades. However, all the members of the nekoliko dlje. Posredno je takšna prepoved izpričana v 3 Today, they can hurt me as little as a man buried 30 3 Za informacijo se zahvaljujem A. Pleterskemu. years ago. 175 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY zagovoru s konca 15. ali začetka 16. stoletja: Die chunnen first generation are never buried in the same year. Judg- mir hewt als wenig geschaden als der man, der vor xxx ing by the span of the mean dates of the first-generation Jaren ist pegrabenn 4 (Javor-Briški 1998, 9). Ta zagovor graves dated with artefacts (1, 27, 45) in Bled Island’s G1 razumemo tako, da po 3 desetletjih ostanki v grobu cemetery, the burial of the first generation took place over izgubijo poseben družbeni status. Po tem času truplo two decades. The expected time span of burials for four pokojnika, s katerim je treba ravnati spoštljivo, postane generations on Bled Island is therefore 11 decades, which samo predmet. Na obravnavanem grobišču je bil odnos matches the above chronology exactly. pogrebcev do kosti v prekopih, kot ga dojemamo skozi It can consequently be said with some conviction oči današnjega opazovalca, nespoštljiv. Doba tabuja in that in the G1 cemetery group, four generations were s tem spoštljivega odnosa do posmrtnih ostankov – ob buried in the 10th and in the first decade of the 11th koncu srednjega veka 30 let – je ob prekopavanju ob- centuries. At least seven deceased were buried in the ravnavanih grobov torej že minila. first generation (1b, 7b, 27, 38, 45, 61, 72). The second (iii) Zadnji element je biološko trajanje generacije generation probably included 14 deceased (1a, 7a, 13, v določeni skupnosti, za izračunavanje katere veljajo 14, 15, 28, 31, 35, 37, 42, 46, 54, 57, 64b), but due to the različne formule (npr. Bienvenu, Legender 2015). Na- insufficient number of stratigraphic relationships, distin- tančnega podatka za zgodnjesrednjeveško populacijo guishing between the first two generations is not precise. v Blejskem kotu nimamo, a v arheoloških populacijah Considering the artefact chronology and the duration of je trajanje generacije običajno podano zgolj kot groba individual generations, these graves were dug in the first ocena med 25 (npr. Hazelwood, Steele 2004, 677) in 35 half of the 10th century. The earliest of the dated graves let (npr. Arnold 2002, 136) ali 40 let (Pleterski 2013aa). are 1 and 27, which together with the majority of the first- Zaključimo torej lahko, da za grobišče na Blejskem generation graves (38, 45, 72), belong to a homogeneous otoku neposredno lahko dokažemo neprekopavanje group both in terms of their location in the cemetery grobov za približno desetletje, a na podlagi trajanja and their orientation. During the second generation, the generacije in srednjeveških tabujev ocenjujemo, da je to system of interring in rows was established and the entire obdobje trajalo približno tri desetletja. To pomeni, da G1 cemetery area was utilized ( Fig. 7.3). je za pokop 4 grobov v neposredni stratigrafski super- In the third generation, at least 18 deceased were poziciji generacij potrebnih najmanj 9 desetletij. A vsi buried between the sixth and eighth decades of the 10th predstavniki 1. generacije na obravnavanem grobišču century (4b, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16, 21, 23, 34b, 36b, 40, 41, 43, niso bili pokopani v istem letu, temveč – kolikor je soditi 56, 59, 62, 63). po razponu srednjih datacij s predmeti datiranih grobov The fourth generation includes at least 14 graves (3, 1. generacije (št. 1, 27, 45) – v razmiku 2 desetletij. Priča- 4, 18, 19, 22, 25, 30, 34a, 36a, 39a, 39b, 39c, 49, 60), which kovani dejanski čas pokopavanja 4 generacij na Blejskem date to the last two decades of the 10th century and the otoku je 11 desetletij, kar je enako trajanju grobišča. first decade of the 11th century. By far the latest artefact in this cemetery group is a V grobiščni skupini G1 so bile torej v 10. stoletju in v temple ring (Type NO0700_0810) in Grave 4 ( Pl. 1: 6) 1. desetletju 11. stoletja pokopane 4 generacije pokojnikov. dated between 990 and 1030 CE. The mean date is the V 1. pokolenju je bilo pokopanih vsaj 7 pokojni- year 1010. This grave also differs from all other graves in kov (št. 1b, 7b, 27, 38, 45, 61, 72). V 2. pokolenju je bilo the G1 group by being the only grave oriented parallel to verjetno pokopanih 14 pokojnikov (št. 1a, 7a, 13, 14, 15, the church building. This is a reliable indicator4 that at the 28, 31, 35, 37, 42, 46, 54, 57, 64b), vendar ločevanje med time of this burial, the church had already been erected prvima generacijama zaradi premajhnega števila stra- or at least its foundations had already been marked in the tigrafskih odnosov ni natančno. Glede na ugotovljeno ground so that the grave in question could be oriented so ti grobovi nastali v 1. polovici 10. stoletja. Najstarejša accordingly. If there were any graves in this group later izmed datiranih sta grobova (št. 1, 27), ki skupaj z večino than Grave 4, their orientation would be the same. Grave 4 grobov 1. pokolenja (št. 38, 45, 72) sestavljata homogeno is therefore the latest grave in the G1 group. It is a mixed- skupino tako glede na lego v prostoru kot tudi glede na rite burial of a woman: the grave pit was dug parallel to orientacijo. Že v času 2. pokolenja se uveljavi sistem the church building, but the body was put into the grave pokopavanja v vrstah po celotnem grobišču ( sl. 7.3). together with some head jewellery. This being the only V 3. pokolenju je bilo med 6. in 8. desetletjem 10. 4 stoletja pokopanih najmanj 18 pokojnikov (št. 4b, 5, 6, Three quarters of the graves contemporary to the 8, 9, 12, 16, 21, 23, 34b, 36b, 40, 41, 43, 56, 59, 62, 63). church building deviate from this orientation for less than V 4. pokolenje sodi najmanj 14 grobov (št. 3, 4, 18, three degrees. At the same time, none of the graves that are certainly earlier than the first church are oriented like this. In 19, 22, 25, 30, 34a, 36a, 39a, 39b, 39c, 49, 60), ki so nastali other words, apart from Grave 4, none of the other 65 graves v zadnjih 2 desetletjih 10. in v 1. desetletju 11. stoletja. with measured orientation are at the same time earlier than 4 Te mi danes lahko tako malo škodijo, kot človek, ki je the church and oriented the same as church. The likelihood bil pokopan pred 30 leti. of this being an accidental occurrence is 1 : 65, or 1.5%. 176 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY Sl. 7.3: Blejski otok, levo Harrisov diagram grobiščne skupine G1, desno zgoraj načrt grobov 1. in desno spodaj 2. generacije grobiščne skupine G1 (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 7.3: Bled Island. Left: Harris matrix of cemetery group G1. Right above: plan of graves from first G1 generation. Right below: plan of graves from second G1 generation (by B. Štular). 177 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY Občutno najmlajši predmet v tej grobiščni skupini such grave in the cemetery is evidence that mixed-rite je naglavni obroček (tip NO0700_0810) v grobu 4 ( t. 1: burials were soon replaced by burials in accordance with 6). Raz pon datacij je med letoma 990 in 1030, srednja the Christian canon of the time (albeit not necessarily on datacija je leto 1010. Ta grob se razlikuje od vseh ostalih Bled Island). It might even be presumed that this woman v skupini G1 še po tem, da ima edini isto orientacijo kot was buried after the beginning of the construction, but cerkvena stavba. To je zanesljiv pokazatelj,5 da je v času before the consecration of the church. After the conse- tega pokopa cerkev že stala oziroma je bila vsaj njena lega cration of the church, only burials without grave goods že označena. Če bi v tej skupini obstajali še mlajši gro- would have been allowed. As demonstrated by the dating bovi, bi bili orientirani enako. Grob 4 je torej najmlajši of the particular temple ring and of the G1 cemetery as v skupini G1. Gre za biritualni pokop pokojnice: grobno a whole, this burial took place in the first decade of the jamo so pogrebci izkopali vzporedno s cerkveno stavbo, 11th century. Eighteen G1 graves (10, 11, 17, 20, 24, 26, a truplo so v grob položili še z naglavnim nakitom. To 29, 32, 33, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58) do not have je edini tovrstni grob na grobišču, kar dokazuje, da je any chronological data. biritualnost takoj zatem nadomestil pokop v skladu s A child grave (83) with two temple rings is located in takrat veljavnim krščanskim kanonom (ne nujno na the G4 cemetery group area, but is contemporary to the Blejskem otoku). Dovolimo si celo domnevo, da so po- G1 cemetery group. The first ring (Type NO0100_0607; kojnico pokopali po začetku gradnje, a pred posvetitvijo Pl. 3: 9) is dated 830 to 950 CE and the second (Type cerkve, ko so dovoljeni samo še pokopi brez pridatkov. NO0100_0708; Pl. 3: 10) 900 to 1010 CE, while the in- Kot smo pokazali, se je to najverjetneje zgodilo v prvem tersection date of the grave is 900 to 950 CE. The grave desetletju 11. stoletja. is therefore contemporary to the first two generations of Za 18 grobov (št. 10, 11, 17, 20, 24, 26, 29, 32, the G1 group. It seems most likely that while the grave is 33, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58) ni kronoloških spatial y separated from the G1 group, it still belongs to podatkov. the G1 cemetery. The grave largely differs from the rest of the graves in the otherwise very homogeneous G4 group, Sočasen grobiščni skupini G1 je otroški grob where none of the 42 graves contained grave goods or (št. 83) z naglavnima obročkoma. Prvi obroček (tip parts of attire documented in situ (see Chapter 7.2.3). NO0100_0607; t. 3: 9) je datiran v čas med letoma 830 in 950 in drugi (tip NO0100_0708; t. 3: 10) med letoma 900 in 1010, presečna datacija groba je med letoma 900 in 7.2.2 THE G2 CEMETERY GROUP 950. Grob je torej sočasen prvima generacijama v skupini G1. Zato se zdi najverjetneje, da je grob sicer prostorsko The only datable find from the G2 cemetery group ločen od skupine G1, a njej sočasen. Grob se namreč is the ring from Grave 111 ( Pl. 3: 13), which is dated 840 močno razlikuje od ostalih grobov sicer zelo homogene to 1010 CE. The find comes from the grave fill and it is skupine G4, kjer med preostalimi 42 grobovi niti eden not certain that it belongs to Grave 111 at al . Neverthe- nima in situ pridatkov ali delov noše (glej pogl 7.2.3). less, this find confirms that the G2 and stratigraphical y contemporary G1 groups are indeed contemporary. Due to the poor preservation state of the G2 graves and the 7.2.2 GROBIŠČNA SKUPINA G2 presence of only one typological y identifiable find, no further interpretation is possible. Iz te skupine imamo za datiranje na voljo le eno najdbo, prstan iz groba 111 ( t. 3: 13), ki je datiran v čas med letoma 840 in 1010. Najdba izvira iz zasutja in tudi 7.2.3 THE G4 CEMETERY GROUP provenienca groba ni zanesljiva. Kljub temu ta najdba potrjuje stratigrafsko opredelitev grobiščne skupine G2 Two graves, which together contain three temple kot sočasno skupini G1. Zaradi slabe ohranjenosti gro- rings, were recorded in the area of the G4 cemetery group. bov in le 1 tipokronološko opredeljive najdbe kakršna- Grave 83 belongs to the G1 group (see Chapter 7.2.1). The koli dodatna interpretacija ni mogoča. fill of Grave 96 contains a temple ring with a double bulge (Type NO0100_0808; Pl. 3: 11). Such temple rings are the most common type of grave goods in the G1 group. The artefact can be interpreted as a residual find. The same 5 Tri četrtine grobov, ki so sočasni cerkveni stavbi, odsto- goes for a small fragment – probably a fragment of the pa od orientacije te za manj kot 3 stopinje. Hkrati noben grob, loop of a temple ring with a forged loop – from the fil ki je zanesljivo starejši od prve cerkve, nima takšne orientaci- of Grave 100. je. Povedano drugače, poleg omenjenega noben drug izmed In Grave 77a, also in a secondary position, a bronze 65 grobov z izmerjeno orientacijo ni hkrati starejši od cerkve ring was found. The ring has a rectangular cross-section in orientiran enako kot cerkev. Možnost na ključja je torej 1 : and is decorated with a row of small dimples on the 65 oziroma 1,5 %. 178 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY 7.2.3 GROBIŠČNA SKUPINA G4 outside ( Pl. 3: 7). Rings with a solid rectangular cross- section do not occur, for instance, in the Župna cerkev Dva grobova s skupno tremi naglavnimi obročki cemetery in Kranj, where there are no artefacts in graves sta bila dokumentirana na prostoru grobiščne skupine after the first decades of the 11th century. Similarly, the G4. Grob 83 sodi v skupino G1 (glej pogl. 7.2.1). V Late Medieval cemetery near the church of St. Bartho- zasutju groba 96 je bil naglavni obroček z enojnima lomew in Šentjernej, for instance, contains no such rings odebelitvama (tip NO0100_0808; t. 3: 11), kakršni so (Predovnik, Dacar, Lavrinc 2008). At the current state tudi sicer najpogostejši pridatek v skupini G1. Ta pred- of research (i.e. based on the absence of evidence), such met interpretiramo kot rezidualno najdbo. Isto velja za finger rings can therefore only be loosely dated to the High droben odlomek iz zasutja groba 100, verjetno del zanke Middle Ages, with the first decades of the 11th century as na glavnega obročka s kovano zanko. the terminus post quem. V grobu 77a, prav tako v drugotni legi, je bil doku- In the absence of any in situ datable artefacts, there mentiran bronast sklenjen prstan pravokotnega preseka, only remains the undesirable task of dating the G4 group na zunanji strani okrašen z nizom drobnih jamic ( t. on the basis of the wider context. Through the analysis 3: 7). Prstani z masivnim pravokotnim presekom se of written sources, Höffler (2016a, 64) has convincingly na primer na grobišču Župna cerkev v Kranju – kjer demonstrated that in the process of the regulation of predmetov v grobovih od prvih desetletij 11. stoletja proprietary churches, which took place between the end ni – ne pojavljajo. Takšnih prstanov tudi ni na primer of the 10th and the end of the 12th centuries, the church na poznosrednjeveškem grobišču ob eponimni cerkvi on Bled Island was among those proprietary churches v Šentjerneju (Predovnik, Dacar, Lavrinc 2008). Stanje whose owners could not transform them into benefices raziskav za ta tip prstanov torej trenutno omogoča zgolj and it fell to the level of a filial church, losing the right of ohlapno datiranje v visoki srednji vek in terminus post interring. After the end of the 12th century at the latest, quem, prva desetletja 11. stoletja. the cemetery on Bled Island could no longer legal y exist Za datiranje skupine G4 preostane le nehvaležno and all subsequent burials were only individual burials posredno datiranje s širšim kontekstom. Na podlagi either in the church or immediately adjacent to it (the analize pisnih virov je Höffler (2016a, 64) prepričljivo latter seems to have been legal y equal to the former). The pokazal, da cerkev na Blejskem otoku v procesu status- beginning of the 13th century is therefore the terminus nega urejanja lastniških cerkva, ki je potekal v času med ante quem for the G4 cemetery group. koncem 10. in koncem 12. stoletja, sodi v skupino tistih Based on the stratigraphic analysis, the shortest lastniških cerkva, ki jih lastnik ni mogel preoblikovati v possible duration of usage can be determined using the patronatno župnijo in je zdrsnila na raven podružnice same method as with the G1 group. There is reliable ter s tem izgubila pravico pokopavanja. Najkasneje po evidence for six subsequent burials in one of the central koncu 12. stoletja torej obstoj grobišča na Blejskem tombs (Graves 81a, 82a, 82b, 102, 103, 104; Fig. 6.2), otoku pravno ni bil več mogoč in vsi kasnejši pokopi so which means that at least six generations were buried in le posamezni pokopi v cerkvi ali tik ob njej (slednje so the G4 cemetery group. If the assumed duration of one očitno pravno enačili s prvimi). Začetek 13. stoletja je generation was 30 years and the time of burying the first torej terminus ante quem grobiščne skupine G4. generation was 20 years like in the G1 group (see Chapter Na podlagi stratigrafske analize lahko določimo 7.2.1), the G4 cemetery was in use for at least 170 years. najkrajši možni čas pokopavanja z isto metodo kot pri This period of slightly less than two centuries is also the skupini G1. V grobiščni skupini G4 je pokopano najmanj time between the above-stated post and ante dates. In 6 generacij, saj je v eni od osrednjih grobnic nedvoumno the G4 cemetery group, interment therefore started ap- dokazljivih 6 zaporednih pokopov (grobovi 81a, 82a, proximately in the second third of the 11th century and 82b, 102, 103, 104; sl. 6.2). Če privzamemo trajanje ge- lasted until the end of the 12th century: neracije 30 let in čas pokopavanja 20 let, kot v skupini G1 (glej pogl. 7.2.1), so torej tu pokopavali najmanj 170 let. − First generation: 1030–1050, Sto sedemdeset let oziroma slabi 2 stoletji pa je tudi čas − Second generation: 1050−1080, med navedenima post in ante datumoma. Pokopavanje − Third generation: 1080−1110, v grobiščni skupini G4 se je torej začelo nekako v drugi − Fourth generation: 1110−1140, tretjini 11. stoletja in je trajalo do konca 12. stoletja: − Fifth generation: 1140−1170, and − Sixth generation: 1170−1200. − 1. pokolenje: 1030–1050, − 2. pokolenje: 1050−1080, It needs to be emphasized, however, that the ac- − 3. pokolenje: 1080–1110, curacy of these dates is much lower than for the G1 − 4. pokolenje: 1110–1140, cemetery group and hence should be understood merely − 5. pokolenje: 1140–1170 in as a chronological framework. − 6. pokolenje: 1170–1200. 179 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY Vendar je treba poudariti, da je natančnost tega 7.3 CHURCH BUILDINGS datiranja mnogo manjša kot za grobiščno skupino G1 in jo je treba razumeti zgolj kot kronološki okvir. Dating the church buildings was one of the main goals of both Šribar’s excavations and this analysis. Unfor- tunately, we can offer only partial answers in the form of 7.3 CERKVENE STAVBE indirect dating, based on direct and indirect stratigraphic relations between the church buildings and the cemeter- Datiranje cerkvenih stavb je bil eden osnovnih ies. Without new data – for example dating of the mortar ciljev Šribarjevih izkopavanj in tudi pričujoče analize. in existing church wal s – there are no possibilities for a Žal lahko ponudimo le delne odgovore v obliki posred- substantial improvement of the chronology. nega datiranja na podlagi neposrednih in posrednih A direct terminus post quem for the construction povezav med cerkvenimi stavbami in grobišči. Možnosti of the first pre-Romanesque church building in Phase za občutno izboljšanje kronologije brez novih podatkov, 2a is provided by Grave 72, dated by the C14 method to na primer v obliki neposrednega datiranja malte, ni. after 779 CE, or with 94.2% probability between 869 and Neposreden terminus post quem za čas nastanka 1013 CE (see Chapter 4.2). More substantial chronologi- 1. predromanske cerkvene stavbe v fazi 2a ponuja cal information is provided by Grave 4, which contained grob 72, ki je po metodi C14 datiran v čas zanesljivo the so-called astragal temple ring of Type NO0700_0810 po letu 779 n. št. oziroma s 94,2-odstotno verjetnostjo ( Pl. 1: 6). According to the findings so far, such temple v čas med letoma 869 in 1013 (glej pogl. 4.2). Kro- rings were used between 990 and 1030 CE. If the above nološko oprijemljivejši podatek ponuja grob 4 s tako interpretations that this was the last burial in the G1 cem- imenovanim astragalnim naglavnim obročkom tipa etery and that it was contemporary to the construction of (NO0700_0810; t. 1: 6), ki so jih po dosedanjih dog- the church (see Chapter 7.2.1) are correct, then the first nanjih v grobove pridajali med letoma 990 in 1030. Če pre-Romanesque church was built in the first decade of drži navedena interpretacija, da gre za zadnji pokop na the 11th century. grobišču G1 in da je ta pokop sočasen z graditvijo cerkve The dating of the second Pre-Romanesque church (glej pogl. 7.2.1), so 1. predromansko cerkev zgradili v building of Phase 2b roughly to the end of the Early Mid- 1. desetletju 11. stoletja. dle Ages is supported not only by the architecture but also by two fragments of Early Medieval pottery, discovered Okvirno kronološko umestitev 2. predromanske on the layer separating the earliest two apses (see Chapter cerkvene stavbe v fazi 2b v zaključek zgodnjega sredn- 4.3). Additional chronological indications are based on jega veka poleg arhitekture narekujeta 2 odlomka zgod- the interpretation of the stratigraphy and the dating of njesrednjeveške lončenine, najdena na sloju, ki je ločil the G4 cemetery group: the southernmost grave of the G4 obe najstarejši apsidi (glej pogl. 4.3). Dodatni kronološki group is not positioned beyond the southern wall of the indici temeljijo na interpretaciji stratigrafije in datiranju second pre-Romanesque church ( Fig. 6.2). The accuracy grobiščne skupine G4. Naj užnejši grob skupine G4 na- of alignment leaves little possibility for coincidence and mreč ne presega južne stene 2. predromanske cerkve ( sl. leads to the consideration that the area of the G4 cem- 6.2). Natančnost ujemanja komajda dopušča možnost etery had already been selected in the time of this church naključja, navaja pa na misel, da je bil prostor grobišča and that the earlier graves were contemporary to the 2b G4 določen še v času te cerkve in so torej starejši grobovi church. The terminus post quem is therefore the begin- sočasni cerkvi 2b. Terminus post quem je torej začetek ning of burying in the G4 cemetery after approximately pokopavanja na grobišču G4, okvirno po letu 1030. the year 1030. On the other hand, the positions of the graves of the Na drugi strani lega grobov skupine G4, ki se z no- G4 group, whose legs almost touch the western wall of gami skorajda dotikajo zahodne stene romanske cerkve the Romanesque church of Phase 3, prove at least that faze 3, dokazuje najmanj to, da so ob gradnji romanske these graves were still respected during the construction cerkve faze 3 grobove še spoštovali. To interpretacijo of the Romanesque church. This interpretation is further potrjujejo in natančneje opredeljujejo drobci ometa confirmed and clarified by mortar fragments in the fil in malte v zasutju mlajših grobov skupine G4 (št. 77a, of the later graves of the G4 group (77a, 82a, 84, 87, 88, 82a, 84, 87, 88, 93a, 101). Stratigrafsko najstarejši grob 93a, 101). Stratigraphical y, the earliest grave with these z drobci te malte, ki lahko izvira le iz zahodne stene mortar fragments – which could only have originated in romanske cerkve faze 3 (glej pogl. 6.1.2), je grob 93a. the western wall of the Romanesque church of Phase 3 Umeščen je na sredino stratigrafske verige petih grobov (see Chapter 6.1.2) – is Grave 93a. Being in the middle of in torej sodi bodisi v 3. bodisi v 4. pokolenje grobišča G4 a stratigraphic chain of five graves, it belongs either to the ( sl. 7.4). Okvirni terminus ante quem te cerkve je torej third or fourth generation of the G4 cemetery ( Fig. 7.4). 1140 oziroma širše med letoma 1080 in 1140. The terminus ante quem for this church is roughly the year 1140, or more widely, between 1080 and 1140 CE. 180 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY Sl. 7.4: Blejski otok, zgoraj Harrisov diagram grobiščne skupine G4, spodaj vse hipotetične možnosti umestitve groba 93a z malto (rumeno) v pokolenja grobiščne skupine G4 (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 7.4: Bled Island. Above: Harris matrix of cemetery group G4; below all possible stratigraphic positions within G4 of the grave with mortar No. 93a (yellow) (by B. Štular). 7.4 OSTALO 7.4 OTHER Kot smo že zapisali, najdbe izven grobov med izko- As claimed before, finds from outside the graves were pavanji na najdišču Blejski otok niso bile dokumentirane not systematical y recorded during the excavations on sistematično (glej pogl. 3.2). Hkrati glede na izjemno Bled Island (see Chapter 3.2). At the same time, the very skromno količino inventariziranih najdb na primer iz small quantity of inventoried finds, stemming for example plasti novoveških izravnalnih nasutij sklepamo, da so from the post-Medieval ground levelling accumulations, med izkopavanji izvajali selekcijo najdb. V luči teh dej- leads to the assumption that the finds underwent a rigor- stev podrobnejša tipološka analiza lončenine iz obdobij ous selection process during or after the excavation. In the po zgodnjem srednjem veku ( t. 8; 9) ni smiselna. Ta light of these facts, a more detailed typological analysis lončenina je izpovedna le toliko, da potrdi neopredeljive of pottery from the periods after the Early Middle Ages aktivnosti na prostoru najdišča v celotnem visokem (npr. is not useful ( Pls. 8; 9). The existence of this pottery only t. 6; 7: 2−6; 10: 1−5) in poznem srednjem veku (npr. t. 8). confirms unidentifiable activities in the area of the site Ugotovitev, ki je ob še danes stoječi cerkveni stavbi z during the entire High (e.g. Pls. 6; 7: 2−6; 10: 1−5) and jasno izraženimi romanskimi temelji larpurlartistična. Late Middle Ages (e.g. Pl. 8). Such a finding is meaning- Podobno velja za zoglenela žitna zrna (inv. št. S less considering the still-standing church building with 1963) ječmena (Hordeum vulgare) in prosa (Panicum clear Romanesque foundations. miliaceum; sl. 2.19), dokumentirana v profilu pod zidom. Something similar might be said regarding the Eno zrno je bilo datirano z metodo C14 v laboratoriju charred grains (inv. no. S 1963) of barley (Hordeum vul- Póznanjski radiokarbonski laboratorij 6 v čas 775 ± 30 BP. gare) and millet (Panicum miliaceum), recorded in the Datuma, kalibrirana s programom OxCal v4.2.3 (Bronk section under the wall ( Fig. 2.19). One grain was dated by Ramsey, Lee 2013) po kalibracijski krivulji IntCal13 the C14 method in the Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory5 (Reimer idr. 2013) znotraj enega standardnega odklona to 775 ± 30 BP. The dates, calibrated with OxCal v4.2.3 od srednje vrednosti ( σ 1), sta med letoma 1225 in 1233 software (Bronk Ramsey, Lee 2013) using the IntCal13 (13,4-odstotna verjetnost) in med letoma 1243 in 1272 n. calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2013) within one standard št. (54,8-odstotna verjetnost). Kalibrirani datum znotraj deviation ( σ 1) from the mean value, are 1225 to 1233 CE 6 5 Laboratorijska številka Poz-107997. Lab. no. Poz-107997. 181 7. KRONOLOGIJA 7. CHRONOLOGY dveh standardnih odklonov od srednje vrednosti ( σ 2) (13.4% probability) and 1243 to 1272 CE (54.8% prob- je med letoma 1215 in 1282 (95,4-odstotna verjetnost) ability). The calibrated date within two standard devia- oziroma 1249 ± 33 n. št. Slednji datum je torej terminus tions from the mean value ( σ 2) is 1215 to 1282 CE (95.4% post quem za steno prizidka, ki se je prislanjal na sever- probability), i.e. 1249 ± 33 CE. The last date is therefore no pročelje cerkvene stavbe, zgrajene v gotskem slogu. the terminus post quem for the extension wal , which Glede na dvojno prekinitev med datiranim zrnom in leaned against the northern façade of the Gothic-style cerkveno stavbo – (i) čas, po katerem je bil postavljen church building. When the double hiatus between the prizidek, zgrajen (ii) pozneje kot cerkev – je interpre- dated grain and the church building is considered – the tacijska vrednost te absolutne datacije zelo omejena: C14 date offers the time (i) after which the extension was cerkev je bila zgrajena prej kot prizidek, ki je bil zgrajen built, which was (ii) later than the church – the interpreta- kadarkoli po letu 1249 ± 33 n. št.. tion value of this absolute date appears to be very limited: Zaradi metode izkopavanja o kronologiji obdobij the church was built prior to the extension that was built po zgodnjem srednjem veku zatorej ostajamo pri ugoto- any time after 1249 ± 33 CE. Therefore, the chronology vitvah stratigrafske analize (glej pogl. 4.5 in 4.6). of the periods after the Early Middle Ages revealed by stratigraphic analysis cannot be further elaborated (see Chapters 4.5 and 4.6). 182 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Benjamin ŠTULAR 8.1 INTERPRETACIJA NAJDIŠČA 8.1 SITE INTERPRETATION 8.1.1 PISNI VIRI 8.1.1 WRITTEN SOURCES Za cerkev Marijinega vnebovzetja na Blejskem oto- Until now it has been assumed that the Church ku smo doslej domnevali, da je nastala med 2. polovico of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary on Bled 9. stoletja in 3. četrtino 10. stoletja. Nastala naj bi kot Island was first constructed between the second half of lastniška cerkev blejskega župana, a naj bi se je že pred the 9th century and the third quarter of the 10th century. letom 1004 polastil vzhodnofrankovski vladar (Pleterski It was supposedly founded as a proprietary church of the 2011, 152; prim. Höfler 2016b, 212). Po mnenju Höflerja local landlord, župan, but came into the hands of the East (2015, 50; 2016b, 212) je cerkev skupaj s posestvom Frankish lords before 1004 (Pleterski 2011, 152; cf. Höfler po letu 1004 pripadla briksenskim škofom, ki naj bi jo 2016b, 212). According to Höfler, the church and the estate takrat tudi obnovili in pri njej ustanovili duhovniško became the property of the bishops of Brixen soon after službo, sicer naj bi si kasneje ne mogli lastiti njenih 1004; they allegedly rebuilt the building and stationed a patronatskih in drugih pravic. Kraljeva darovnica iz leta provost. This retrograde interpretation is based on the 1004 cerkve na otoku ne omenja, temveč zgolj sumarno fact that in 1185 the bishops of Brixen owned the right of našteje elemente infrastrukturno urejene posesti: cerkve patronage and other rights to the island church (Höfler ( aecclesiis), kastele, poslopja, mline, nesvobodnjake, 2015, 50; 2016b, 212). The king’s charter bestowing the različna obdelana in neobdelana zemljišča, pravice in Bled estate to the Brixens in 1004 – the earliest written dohodke. Formula se ponovi tudi v diplomatično zelo document mentioning Bled – does not list the church on podobni listini iz leta 1011. Takšne pertinenčne formule the island. The charter does however list a summary of the so v podarilnih listinah bolj ali manj formalizirane (Štih infrastructural elements of the estate: churches ( aecclesi s), 2004, 22−23; Štih 2011, 14−19 z viri). Zanimivo, Štih v buildings, mil s, non-free inhabitants, various arable and analizi listine iz leta 1004 meni, da takšne formule vsaj non-arable plots of land, rights and sources of income. nekoliko upoštevajo naravne, gospodarske in tudi družbe- The same formula appears on a very similar document ne danosti podarjene posesti (Štih 2004, 22), za listino iz from 1011. Such formulae ( pertinentio) were more or less leta 1011 pa, da je formulo smatrati za povsem in samo formalized in similar charters of the time (Štih 2004, 22−23; formalni element (Štih 2011, 23). Štih 2011, 14−19 with sources). Interestingly, according to Cerkev na Blejskem otoku je v pisnih virih prvič Štih’s analysis of the document from 1004, such formulae at omenjena kot Marijina kapela s proštom ( prepositi sanctę least somewhat observe the natural, economic and social Marię in lacu Veldes) leta 1185 (Bizjak 2006, 59−60; realities of the estate that was given (Štih 2004, 22), while Höfler 2015, 49−50; prevod: Gornik 1990, 150−152; when he writes about the document from 1011, produced vsi z viri). S to listino je briksenski škof Henrik II. (škof in accordance with the same pertinentio, the formula should 1178−1196) proštiji potrdil njena posestva, skupaj 18 be understood as an entirely formal element (Štih 2011, 23). kmetij, fevd, mlin v Mlinem in 4 njive v Zaki. Posestva The church on Bled Island was first mentioned in so izvirala od briksenskih in različnih zasebnih daro- written sources in 1185 as the Chapel of St Mary with valcev ter so ležala raztresena v Mlinem, Koritnem, a provost ( prepositi sanctę Marię in lacu Veldes) (Bizjak Bodeščah, Bitnjah, Zaki in Mostah pri Žirovnici. Vse 2006, 59−60; Höfler 2015, 49−50; translation from Latin daritve so se zgodile po letu 1140, začenši z briksen- to Slovenian: Gornik 1990, 150−152; all with sources). skim škofom Hartmannom (Štih 2004, 22; Bizjak 2006, With this document, Brixen Bishop Henry II (bishop 59−60; Pleterski 2011, 158 in passim). Pred tem je proš- tija – pravno telo, ki obsega cerkev in posest – verjetno * Translation Meta Osredkar. 183 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES obse gala le Blejski otok s cerkvijo in manjšo ledino, 1178−1196) confirmed the estates of the provostry, com- imenovano Vadiše, vendar je med njene dohodke treba prising 18 farms, a fee, a mill in Mlino1 and four fields in prištevati tudi darove božjepotnikov. Analiza v virih Zaka. These estates originated from the Brixen bishops izpričanih lastniških razmerij kaže, da je bila cerkev na and from various private donors from the nearby vil ages Blejskem otoku romarska verjetno že leta 1004 (Gor- of Mlino, Koritno, Bodešče, Bitnje, Zaka and Moste near nik 1967, 146; Gornik 1990, 173−176; Pleterski 2011, Žirovnica. All of the listed donations took place after 1140, 87−88; prim. Štih 2004, 21−22). Romarji so, kolikor starting with the Brixen Bishop Hartmann (Štih 2004, 22; lahko sodimo po zgledu bližnje leške kapele Marijinega Bizjak 2006, 59−60; Pleterski 2011, 158, passim). Before vnebovzetja (Bizjak 2012 z viri), ob Marijinih praznikih z the 1140s, the provostry – a legal body encompassing the veliko gorečnostjo in darovi prihajali od blizu in od daleč. church and the estate – probably only included Bled Island Nenadno priljubljenost darovanja proštiji in s with the church and a small non-arable plot of land called tem posredno briksenskim škofom po letu 1140 lahko Vadiše, but its income likely also included donations from razumemo kot posledico aktivne politike slednjih, da pilgrims. Namely, the analysis of property ownership as bi dušebrižništvo posameznikov (Pleterski 2011, 158) described in the sources indicates that in 1004, the church izkoristili za vzpostavitev proštijske posesti in širše za on Bled Island was probably already a pilgrimage site nadaljnjo ozemeljsko konsolidacijo svojega blejskega (Gornik 1967, 146; Gornik 1990, 173−176; Pleterski 2011, zemljiškega gospostva. Ena od poti za dosego tega cilja 87−88; cf. Štih 2004, 21−22). Judging by the example of the bi bil lahko cerkveni gradbeni program, kakršnega nearby Lesce Chapel of the Assumption of Mary (Bizjak prepoznamo na primeru že omenjene kapele Marijine- 2012 with sources), the pilgrims eagerly flocked with gifts ga vnebovzetja v le nekaj km oddaljenih Lescah. Tam to the church on Marian feast days from near and far. je bila lesena kapela zgrajena že vsaj sredi 11. stoletja. The sudden popularity of donations to the provostry Potem ko je preteklo veliko časa ( post multorum vero – and indirectly to the bishops of Brixen – after 1140 can cursum temporum), sta oglejski arhidiakon Dietmar be understood as a consequence of the active policy of (tržaški škof 1121−1145) in rodinski župnik Herwig the diocese, who sought to exploit individuals’ concerns lastnika opomnila, naj podre leseno cerkev in namesto for souls (Pleterski 2011, 158) in order to establish the nje zgradi kamnito, ki jo bo mogoče posvetiti. Lastnik, estate of the provostry as well as in a wider context for briksenski ministerial Nantwin, je to storil. Cerkev further land consolidation in their Bled domain. One way je bila posvečena ob pomoči obeh prej omenjenih to reach that goal might have been a church construction oseb ( presidio eorum), torej zelo verjetno z uradno programme, such as can be identified in the case of the intervencijo pri patriarhu, in z dovoljenjem oglejskega above-mentioned Chapel of the Assumption of Mary in patriarha Ulrika I. (patriarh 1085−1121). Posvetil jo je Lesce, just a few kilometres away. There, a wooden chapel patriarhov vikar, škof Eberhard, kar je izpričano v listini, was built in the middle of the 11th century at the latest. izdani med letoma 1115 in 1121 (Bizjak 2012). V tem After a long time had passed ( post multorum vero cursum primeru prepoznamo kar nekaj elementov, ki jih lahko temporum), Dietmar, Archdeacon of Aquileia (bishop of označimo za gradbeni program nadomeščanja starih Trieste 1121−1145), and Herwig, parish priest of Rodine, lesenih cerkva s kamnitimi: začetni impulz prihaja od prompted the owner to tear down the wooden church and regionalne (cerkvene) uprave, gradnjo izvede lastnik, ki instead build a stone building that could be consecrated. hkrati predstavlja “lokalno upravo”, izvedbo nadzoruje in The owner, Brixen’s ministerialis (local lord) Nantwin, z aktom posvetitve potrdi regionalna (cerkvena) uprava. did so. The church was consecrated with the assistance of Naslednji pomemben vir govori o posvetitvi neke the aforementioned persons ( presidio eorum), which very cerkve na blejskem ozemlju s strani oglejskega patriarha likely meant a formal appeal to the patriarch as well as the Pelegrina I. (1131−1161) leta 1142 (Gornik 1990, 153; permission of the patriarch Ulrich I of Aquileia (patriarch Štih 2004, 22 z viri). Ker je cerkev posvetil patriarh 1085−1121). The church rebuilt in stone was consecrated sam – običajno leško cerkev je posvetil patriarhov vikar, by Bishop Eberhard, the patriarch’s vicar, as evidenced in škof – se kot možni ponujata le župna cerkev sv. Martina a document issued between 1115 and 1121 (Bizjak 2012). in cerkev na Blejskem otoku. Patriarhov gradbeni pro- In this case, several elements can be understood as this gram in sočasna prizadevanja za rast proštijske posesti action constituting part of a wider scheme of replacing seveda ne izključujejo župne cerkve, precej prostora pa early wooden churches with stone ones: the appeal was dajejo domnevi, da je bila 11. decembra 1142 posvečena initiated by the regional (ecclesiastical) administration, cerkev na Blejskem otoku, in sicer ob odprtju iz kamna the construction was conducted by the proprietor (who zidane cerkve, zgrajene na mestu lesene predhodnice. at the same time represented the local administration) Pri tem je treba opozoriti, da je gradnja takšne cerkve and the execution was overseen and confirmed by the lahko trajala od nekaj let do več desetletij (prim. Štular act of consecration by the regional (ecclesiastical) ad- 2013, 138; Trueman 2019). Morda se je zidava otoške ministration. in leške cerkve začela sočasno v 2. desetletju 12. stoletja, a dokončanje prve – morda zaradi mnogo ambicioz- 1 Mlino is a derivative of a Slovenian word for mill. 184 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES nejše arhitekture – se je zavleklo za več kot 2 desetletji. The next document pertinent to Bled Island men- Trenutek posvetitve s strani patriarha pa moremo tions the consecration of a church in the Bled area by the obravnavati predvsem kot političen dogodek, ki ima patriarch Pellegrinus I of Aquileia (1131−1161) in 1142 morda vsaj toliko kot z dokončanostjo cerkvene stavbe (Gornik 1990, 153; Štih 2004, 22 with the sources). Given opraviti z začetkom ambiciozne kariere briksenskega that the church was consecrated by the patriarch himself škofa Hartmanna (škof 1141−1163). – in contrast to the ordinary church of Lesce, which was Iz zgodovine cerkve na Blejskem otoku sledi consecrated by a bishop, the patriarch’s vicar – this must omemba v popisu dajatev za oglejski patriarhat iz leta have been either the parish church of St Martin in Bled 1247, kjer je cerkev navedena v skupini samostanov in or the church on Bled Island. The above conjectured pa- proštij ( ecclesia Valdensis). Podobno je v desetinskem triarch’s construction programme and the simultaneous seznamu iz leta 1296 navedena kot proštija ( prepo- efforts of the bishops of Brixen to expand the property of situra Insule, prepositura de Veldis). Ti navedbi laže the Bled Island provostry do not ful y rule out the parish razumemo v kontekstu instalacijske listine iz leta 1309, church. However, these two arguments speak strongly s katero oglejski patriarh potrdi imenovanje rektorja for the inference that the stone church in the place of a kapele, ki so ga nastavili briksenski škofje. Iz listine je wooden predecessor, consecrated on 11 December 1142, jasno razvidno, da so že prej bili spori med Oglejem in was the Bled Island church. In this respect it should be Briksnom glede jurisdikcije pri cerkvi. Höfler položaj v noted that the construction of such a church may have 13. stoletju interpretira tako, da so si enkrat med letoma lasted between a few years and a few decades ( cf. Štular 1185 in 1247 oglejski patriarhi pridobili cerkev na otoku 2013, 138; Trueman 2019). Perhaps the constructions of z vsemi pravicami. Vendar je 2 stoletji kasneje, leta 1459, the church on the island and the church in Lesce began at papeško sodišče v Rimu znova potrdilo vse pravice pri the same time, in the second decade of the 12th century, otoški cerkvi briksenskim škofom. Ob koncu srednjega but the completion of the former – perhaps due to hav- veka so torej briksenski upravljali svetišče kot svojo ing much more ambitious architecture – took place over lastniško cerkev s polno jurisdikcijo, a spor se je končal two decades. The consecration by the patriarch could šele s sporazumom med briksensko in ljubljansko škofijo be seen primarily as a political event, related as much to (slednja je nastopala kot naslednica oglejskih patriarhov) the start of the ambitious career of Bishop Hartmann of leta 1688 (Gornik 1990, 195−204; Höfler 2015, 50 z viri). Brixen (bishop 1141−1163) as to the completion of the Na kratko se kaže pomuditi še pri zavetnici otoš- church building. ke cerkve. Danes je cerkev posvečena Marijinemu The next mention of the church on Bled Island is in vnebovzetju, srednjeveško gradivo pa navaja le, da a tithe list of the Patriarchate of Aquileia from the year gre za cerkev sv. Marije ( sancte Marie in lacu Veldes). 1247, where the church is listed together with monasteries Höfler (1988, 224−225) na podlagi zabeležke iz 16. ali and other provostries ( ecclesia Valdensis). Similarly, it is 17. stoletja (tri četrt tisočletja po nastanku cerkve) v mentioned as a provostry in a tithe list from 1296 ( prep- radovljiški matrikuli meni, da je bil prvotni patrocinij ositura Insule, prepositura de Veldis). These two references Marijino rojstvo, ki je značilen za čas okoli leta 1004 can be better understood in the context of an instal ation (Höfler 2016b, 212), najstarejše Marijine cerkve pa so document from 1309, by which the patriarch of Aquileia bile posvečene Marijinemu vnebovzetju. Vendar orienta- confirmed the nomination of a chapel rector, installed cija cerkve prepričljivo priča, da je Marijino vnebovzetje by the bishops of Brixen. The document clearly shows prvotni patrocinij, marginalija iz časa tri četrt tisočletja that there had been earlier disputes between Aquileia po nastanku cerkve in stoletje pred rojstvom modernega and Brixen about jurisdiction over the church. Höfler’s zgodovinopisja pa ostaja zanimiva kurioziteta. interpretation of the situation in the 13th century is that between 1185 and 1247, the Aquileian patriarchs acquired A zgornjo interpretacijo pisnih virov moramo the church on the island with full rights. Nevertheless, two razumeti v luči dejstva, da sta prošt in s tem posredno centuries later in 1459, the papal court in Rome reaffirmed cerkev na Blejskem otoku prvič omenjena šele leta 1185, all the rights concerning the island church for the bishops sledita pa dve skromni omembi v 13. stoletju. Zavedati of Brixen. This means that at the end of the Middle Ages, se moramo, da so vse interpretacije na podlagi pisnih the Brixen bishops administered the church as their pro- virov za čas pred letom 1185 zgolj to – interpretacije. prietary church with full jurisdiction, but the dispute only Dodatno so vse navedene interpretacije pisnih virov ended with an agreement between the dioceses of Brixen razen Gornikovih nastale pod vplivom Šribarjevih in- and Ljubljana (the latter as the successor of the Aquileian terpretacij arheološkega gradiva, ki je predmet te analize. patriarchs) in 1688 (Gornik 1990, 195−204; Höfler 2015, Povedano drugače: obstoja cerkve na otoku pred letom 50 with sources). 1185 ne moremo dokazovati s pisnimi viri, temveč A short commentary should be made regarding the zgolj z arheološko analizo, sicer zapademo v krožno patron saint of the church. While the present-day church dokazovanje: sledimo interpretacijam pisnih virov, ki is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, the medieval sources only mention it as a church of St Mary ( sancte 185 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES vključujejo predhodne interpretacije arheoloških virov, Marie in lacu Veldes). Based on a note in the margins ki jih na tem mestu ponovno interpretiramo. written in the 16th or 17th century in the Matricula of Na drugi strani pa pisni viri dobro osvetljujejo Radovljica, Höfler (1988, 224−225) suggests that the pravni status cerkve Marijinega vnebovzetja na Blejskem church was original y dedicated to the Nativity of Mary, as otoku od konca 12. stoletja. Cerkev je ostala na ravni was typical of the time around 1004 (Höfler 2016b, 212), proštijske kapele. V procesu statusnega urejanja last- while the earliest churches of St Mary were dedicated to niških cerkva, ki je potekal med koncem 10. stoletja in the Assumption. However, the orientation of the church 12. stoletjem, sodi v skupino tistih lastniških cerkva, ki convincingly shows that its original dedication was to the jih lastnik ni mogel preoblikovati v patronatno župnijo Assumption of Mary, while the note in the margins, dated in so zdrsnile na raven podružnice ter s tem izgubile three quarters of a millennium after the construction pravico pokopavanja (Höffler 2016a, 64). of the church and a century before the birth of modern historiography, should remain an interesting curiosity. The above interpretation of written sources must 8.1.2 ARHEOLOŠKA INTERPRETACIJA be understood in the light of the fact that the provost NAJDIŠČA BLEJSKI OTOK and with him indirectly the church on Bled Island were V SREDNJEM VEKU first mentioned only in 1185, which was followed by two modest notes in the 13th century. It is important ZGODNJESREDNJEVEŠKO GROBIŠČE BREZ to acknowledge that before 1185, all inferences based CERKVE (glej načrt na str. 392) on written sources are no more than that: inferences. Furthermore, all the above-mentioned interpretations of Stratigrafsko grobiščno skupino G1 predstavljajo written sources, except those by Gornik, were influenced grobovi v vrstah in gručah, ki večidel ležijo severno od by Šribar’s interpretations of the same archaeological data današnje cerkvene stavbe. that form the subject of this analysis. In other words, Začenši od zahoda prvo vrsto predstavlja 6 grobov before 1185, the existence of the church on the island can- (št. 54, 55, 59−62). Iz urejene vrste deloma izstopata not be proven by written sources; only by archaeological stratigrafsko mlajša grobova neodraslih oseb. Na sever- analysis. Otherwise, circular reasoning ensues: interpreta- nem delu te vrste ostaja neizkoriščen prostor za 2 do 3 tions of written sources incorporating earlier interpreta- grobove. Ta prostor je bil, kolikor je mogoče presoditi tions of archaeological data influence the archaeological na podlagi dokumentacije ( sl. 8.1), sicer primeren za interpretation of the same archaeological data. pokopavanje. In contrast, written sources provide a good il ustra- Druga vrsta je najštevilčnejša. Ostanki 19 grobov tion of the legal status of the Church of the Assumption on (št. 3−17, 25, 34, 56, 57) z najmanj 24 pokojniki so raz- Bled Island since the late 12th century. The church never porejeni v nepravilni vrsti. Ta se na sredini zalomi, ven- rose above the level of a provostry chapel. In the process dar je tendenca ustvarjanje vrste ob prilagajanju terenu of the regulation of proprietary churches, which took jasna. Značilni za to vrsto so prekopi, ki so številčnejši place between the end of the 10th century and the 12th kot v sosednjih vrstah. Medsebojna lega jasno kaže, da century, it was among those proprietary churches whose ob kasnejših pokopih pogrebci niso poznali natančne owners were unable to transform them into benefices and lega predhodnih grobov. To je neposredni arheološki it fell to the level of a filial church, hence losing the right dokaz, da grobovi niso bili trajno označeni. of interment (Höffler 2016a, 64). V 3. vrsto lahko zanesljivo umestimo le 3 grobove (št. 49−51), verjetno pa sem sodita še ostanka 2 gro- bov (št. 44, 53). Na severni strani je vrsta, kot ostale, 8.1.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL omejena s skalnim hrbtom, na južni pa ni bila v celoti INTERPRETATION OF THE BLED izkopana. Ob upoštevanju lokacije groba 44, ki dokazuje, ISLAND SITE IN THE MIDDLE AGES do kod grobovi te vrste zanesljivo še segajo, in gostote pokopavanja v tej vrsti lahko na neraziskani površini EARLY MEDIEVAL CEMETERY domnevamo še najmanj 1 grob (morda grob št. 48, ki WITHOUT A CHURCH risarsko ni bil dokumentiran). (see Cemetery plan on p. 392) Obstoj 4. in 5. vrste, kot ju je določil Šribar (1972, 390−391), je vprašljiv. Pokopavanju v vrstah zanesljivo The Early Medieval cemetery without a church is niso sledili grobovi okoli ognjišča. Tako bi v morebitno represented by the stratigraphic cemetery group G1. This 4. vrsto sodili 4 grobovi (št. 35−37, 45) z neizkoriščenim group is formed by graves in rows and clusters, mostly prostorom v osrednjem delu. V morebitno 5. vrsto bi lying north of the present-day church building. Starting lahko razvrstili 6 grobov (št. 1, 20, 22, 29, 30, 38). Tudi from the west, the first row contains six graves (54, 55, tu se praznine izmenjujejo z območji velike gostote po- 59−62). Two stratigraphical y later graves of non-adult kopavanja v nekakšnem vzorcu šahovnice, česar v prvih persons partly stand out from the orderly row. To the 186 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Sl. 8.1: Blejski otok, dokumentarna fotografija izkopavanja severno od sedanje cerkvene stavbe (severozahodni vogal je na fotografiji zgoraj levo); omenjeni neizkoriščen prostor za pokopavanje je na fotografiji zgoraj desno (vir: arhiv NMS OA negativ št. 8541). Fig. 8.1: Bled Island, view of the excavation in progress north of the present-day church building (north-western corner is top left); the unused potential cemetery area mentioned in text is top right (source: NMS archive OA film No. 8541). 3 vrstah ni. Ključni element, ki govori proti obstoju 4. in north of this row is some unused space, large enough for 5. vrste, pa je medsebojno prekrivanje: grobovi 4. vrste two or three graves. As far as it can be said on the basis z nogami sekajo grobove 5. vrste. Če bi šlo za dve vrsti, of the documentation ( Fig. 8.1), the unused space was bi bila 4. vrsta v celoti mlajša od 5. suitable for interment. Zato pa so opazne gruče, morda grobiščne parcele The second row contains the largest number of ( sl. 7.3). Najmanj 13 pokojnikov je nagnetenih ob sočas- graves. The remains of 19 graves (3−17, 25, 34, 56, 57) nem ognjišču v južni gruči (grobovi št. 18, 19, 28, 39, with at least 24 deceased are arranged in an irregular row. 40−43, 46, 63). Druga gruča, šteto od juga proti severu, Whereas the row is broken in the middle, the tendency je sestavljena iz dveh dokumentiranih grobov (št. 20, 38) to form a row while adjusting to the configuration of the in skromnega ostanka še 1 predhodnega pokopa (št. 20). terrain is clear. Typical for this row are reburials, which are Opazna je velika razlika (17°) v orientaciji med starejšim more numerous than in the neighbouring rows. The posi- in mlajšim grobom. V 3. gruči je bilo pokopanih najmanj tions of the graves with respect to each other clearly show 5 pokojnikov (grobovi št. 35−37, 45). Tudi v tem primeru that the diggers of the later graves did not know the exact je v enem primeru razlika v orientaciji med starejšim in locations of the earlier graves. This is direct archaeologi- mlajšim pokopom velika (19°). V najsevernejši gruči je cal proof that the graves were not permanently marked. 8 grobov (št. 21−23, 27, 29−31, 33), ki izkazujejo vsaj Although only three graves (49−51) can be attrib- 4-kratno pokopavanje na istem mestu. uted to the third row with certainty, it probably contained Severno od naštetih gruč ležita še 2 posamezna the remains of two more graves (44, 53). To the north, grobova (št. 1, 24), vsak z najmanj 2 zaporednima this row is, like the other rows, limited by a rock ridge, pokopoma. while to the south it was not ful y excavated due to the V ta sklop sodi tudi stratigrafska grobiščna skupi- later pavement. Taking into account the density of burials na G2, gruča 11 grobov (št. 111−117, 121−124) 8,1 m in the row and the location of Grave 44, which provides vzhodno od G1. V zgodnjem srednjem veku je ta gruča evidence of how far the graves of this row reach, at least ležala na majhni terasi na vzhodnem pobočju približno one more grave may be presumed in the unexplored area 3 višinske metre nižje od ravninice z grobovi skupine (perhaps the undrawn Grave 48). 187 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES The existence of the fourth and fifth rows identified by Šribar (1972, 390−391) is questionable. The graves around the fireplace were certainly not arranged in rows. The potential fourth row may have contained four graves (35−37, 45) with some unused space in the centre. Six graves (1, 20, 22, 29, 30, 38) could have been placed in the potential fifth row. Here, gaps also alternate with areas of high burial density in a sort of a chessboard pattern, which does not occur in the first three rows. The key argument against the existence of the fourth and fifth rows is over- lapping: the legs of the graves of the fourth row intersect the graves of the fifth row. If there were indeed two rows, the entire fourth row would be later than the fifth. Instead, clusters of graves, perhaps cemetery plots, can be identified ( Fig. 7.3). At least 13 deceased were packed near the contemporary fireplace in the southern cluster (Graves 18, 19, 28, 39, 40−43, 46, 63). The second cluster from the south is comprised of two recorded graves (20, 38) and a meagre remainder of another earlier burial (20). There is a big difference (17°) in the orientations of the earlier and the later graves. The third cluster contained at least five deceased (35−37, 45). In one case, the differ- ence in orientation between an earlier and a later grave is again very prominent (19°). There are eight graves (21−23, 27, 29−31, 33) in the northernmost cluster and they contain a case of at least four subsequent burials in the same spot. To the north of the above-listed clusters are two in- dividual graves (1, 24), each with at least two subsequent Sl. 8.2: Blejski otok, lega grobiščnih skupin G1 (modro) in G2 burials. The stratigraphic cemetery group G2 belongs here (rdeče) prikazana na rekonstruirani geomorfologiji otoka pred as well: a cluster of 11 graves (111−117, 121−124) 8.1 m srednjeveškimi posegi (avtor B. Štular). east of G1. In the Early Middle Ages, this cluster lay on a Fig. 8.2: Bled Island, location of cemetery groups G1 (blue) small terrace on the eastern slope, about 3 m below the and G2 (red) and reconstructed geomorphology of the island small flat area with the graves of the G1 group ( Fig. 8.2). before medieval building processes (by B. Štular). The graves of the G2 group were dug into a narrow hollow ( cf. Šribar 1972, 390), which conditioned the orientation of the burial ( cf. Chapter. 6.2.2.4). These graves are strati- G1 ( sl. 8.2). Grobovi skupine G2 so bili vkopani v ozko graphical y earlier than the church buildings and therefore kotanjo (prim. Šribar 1972, 390), ki je pogojevala tudi at least roughly contemporary to the above-described smer pokopa (prim. pogl. 6.2.2.4). Ti grobovi so stratig- burials. This is further evidenced by a finger ring from the rafsko starejši od cerkvenih stavb in torej, vsaj okvirno, fill of Grave 111 ( Pl. 3: 13). This seems to have been be a sočasni zgoraj opisanim. Sočasnost potrjuje tudi prstan cluster similar to the above-described clusters and isolated iz zasutja groba (št. 111; t. 3: 13). Zdi se, da gre za gručo, only due to the geomorphological situation. podobno zgornjim, ki pa je bila zaradi geomorfologije Slightly further south from the terrace lay an isolated nekoliko odmaknjena. grave, probably the most important grave of the site (72). Nekoliko vstran južno od omenjene terase je It was located in the spot that had special significance for ležal osamljen verjetno najpomembnejši grob na tem the mourners, immediately next to the large green stone grobišču (št. 72). Postavljen je bil na prostor, ki je imel (see Chapter 4.7). za pogrebce poseben pomen, tik ob zelenem klesanem Similar isolated graves at the edge of contemporary kamnu (glej pogl. 4.7). cemeteries are known in two nearby cemeteries from the 9th and 10th centuries (Žale near Zasip – male Grave 55; Podobno lego izoliranega groba na robu sočasnega Pleterski 2013a, 39, Fig. 2.3.4 – and Dlesc near Bodešče – grobišča poznamo na dveh bližnjih grobiščih iz 9. in Grave 14 (cenotaph); Pleterski 2013a, 51, Fig. 2.3.16) 10. stoletja (Žale pri Zasipu – moški grob 55; Pleterski and more prominently in the cemetery of Mali Grad in 2013a, 39, Fig. 2.3.4 – in Dlesc pri Bodeščah – kenotaf Kamnik from the end of the 10th and the beginning of the grob 14; Pleterski 2013a, 51, Fig. 2.3.16) ter bolj izrazito 11th century (Grave 23; Štular 2007, 28, Fig. 4). 188 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES na grobišču iz konca 10. in začetka 11. stoletja Mali grad An analogous situation applies to Grave 83, a child’s v Kamniku (grob 23; Štular 2007, 28, sl. 4). grave containing female jewellery. This grave is positioned Podobno velja za otroški grob z ženskim nakitom on one of the orientation axes of the G1 cemetery (see (št. 83). Grob leži na eni izmed orientacijskih osi grobišča Chapter 6.2.3) and is stratigraphical y below the graves of G1 (glej pogl. 6.2.3) in je stratigrafsko pod grobovi sku- the G4 group. Only the cranial base survived and the rings pine G4. Od groba je bilo ohranjeno zgolj lobanjsko dno, lay (presumably in situ) left and right of the remains of the obročka sta – domnevno in situ – ležala levo in desno ob skul . Comparable cemeteries often included a separate ostanku lobanje. Primerljiva grobišča imajo pogosto ločen area for children, for example Mali Grad (Sagadin 2001; otroški del, na primer na Malem gradu (Sagadin 2001; Štular 2007), Žale near Zasip (Pleterski 2014, 250−256 Štular 2007) ter na grobiščih Žale pri Zasipu (Pleterski and Figure 3.3.6.17, and the literature cited therein) and 2014, 250−256 in slika 3.3.6.17 ter tam navedena litera- Dlesc near Bodešče (Pleterski 2014, 259−261 and Figure tura) in Dlesc pri Bodeščah (Pleterski 2014, 259−261 in 3.3.6.31, and the literature cited therein). slika 3.3.6.31 ter tam navedena literatura). However, Grave 83 is isolated and does not seem to Vendar je obravnavani grob (št. 83) osamljen in be the sole remainder of the children’s part of the cem- se zato ne zdi edini ostanek otroškega dela pokopa- etery. Nevertheless, it is very similar to the grave of a child lišča. Je pa zelo podoben otroškemu grobu z ženskim with female jewellery (Grave 41) from the Dlesc cemetery nakitom (št. 41) z grobišča Dlesc pri Bodeščah, ki je near Bodešče, who was buried in the first generation and bil pokopan v 1. pokolenju, kasnejši grobovi pa se mu was avoided by later graves (Pleterski 2014, 259). Grave 83 izogibajo (Pleterski 2014, 259). Tudi grob 83 z Blejskega from Bled Island, too, is 3.7 m from the closest grave of otoka je 3,7 m oddaljen od najbližjega groba grobiščne the G1 cemetery group and, judging by its grave goods, it skupine G1 in bi bil glede na pridatke lahko sočasen 1. could be contemporary to the first generation. The most poko lenju. Najprepričljivejša se torej zdi razlaga, da je convincing explanation is therefore that Grave 83 is an grob 83 izoliran grob skupine G1, morda enega izmed isolated grave of the G1 group, perhaps being one of the grobov 1. pokolenja. V tem primeru bi ležal na podaljšku first generation graves. In this case, it was positioned on osi med vodnim izvirom in ognjiščem, ki je narekovala the extension of the axis between the spring and the fire- smer in lego večine grobov 1. in 2. pokolenja ( sl. 7.3). place, which dictated the directions and positions of most Zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče torej predstavljajo of the graves of the first and second generations ( Fig. 7.3). grobovi v vrstah in gručah na največjem razmeroma The Early Medieval cemetery therefore contains ravnem arealu na Blejskem otoku ter na nekoliko nižji graves in rows and clusters in the largest relatively flat terasi. Dva grobova sta ležala ločeno od osrednjega area on Bled Island and on a slightly lower terrace. Two prostora grobišča. graves are separated from the central area of the cem- etery. Four generations (see Chapter 7.2.1) were buried Na tem grobišču so bile v neoznačenih grobovih in unmarked graves in this cemetery, altogether at least pokopane 4 generacije (glej pogl. 7.2.1), skupaj najmanj 71 deceased. The homogeneous gender and age structure 71 pokojnikov. Homogena spolna in starostna struktura of the deceased offers evidence that in this cemetery, a pokojnikov dokazuje, da je na tem grobišču ena skup- single community buried all (or most) of their deceased. nost pokopavala vse ali vsaj večino svojih pokojnih. Ta Children excluded, this community never amounted to skupnost torej poleg nedoraslih otrok ni nikoli štela več more than approximately 20 people. kot približno 20 ljudi. Already in the second generation, a system of inter- Že v času 2. pokolenja se vzpostavi sistem pokopa- ring in rows had been established across the entire cem- vanja v vrstah po celotnem grobišču, ki je obveljal skoraj etery and survived almost until the end. In addition, some do konca. Dodatno so nekatere grobove pogrebci skrbno graves were careful y oriented towards true east, which orientirali v smeri kardinalnega vzhoda, s čimer so po- indirectly demonstrates a certain level of astronomical sredno izkazali razmeroma dobro astronomsko znanje knowledge (see Chapter 6.2.2.1). While the significance (glej pogl. 6.2.2.1). Pomena natančnega orientiranja of the precise orientation is not known, the fact that in grobov ne poznamo, a zavestno orientiranje grobov je this cemetery it was performed consciously is proven na tem grobišču nedvoumno dokazano. beyond doubt. Sočasno, torej v času pokopavanja 2., 3. in 4. po- Contemporarily (i.e. in the time of the burials of the kolenja, je eno izmed torišč pogrebnih običajev postalo second, third and fourth generations), the fireplace in ognjišče v osrednjem delu grobišča, ki je bilo kurjeno vsaj the central part of the cemetery became one of the focal 4-krat v času pogreba. To dokazujejo drobci oglja, ki se points of funerary rites and it was lit at least four times na celotnem grobišču pojavijo le v 4 grobovih (št. 18, 22, during funerals. This is evidenced by charcoal fragments 46, 63), najdlje 2,95 m od omenjenega ognjišča. Medse- that appear in only four graves (18, 22, 46, 63) of the entire bojna bližina ognjišča in grobov z drobci oglja v zasutju cemetery, no further than 2.95 m from the fireplace. The na eni strani ter na drugi strani osrednja lega ognjišča, ki vicinity between the fireplace and the graves with charcoal se mu grobovi izogibajo, ne puščajo mnogo možnosti za fragments in their fil s on the one hand and the position 189 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Sl. 8.3: Blejski otok, rezultat statistične analize hladnih (modro), nevtralnih (rumeno) in vročih (rdeče) mest grobiščne skupine G1 (v odstotkih je izražen interval zaupanja; metoda v Achino idr. 2019) dokazuje, da je bila največja gostota pokopavanja tik ob ognjišču (zeleno) (avtor B. Štular). Fig. 8.3: Bled Island, hotspot analysis (red – hot, yellow – neutral, blue − cold) of cemetery group G1 burial density (percentage referes to the confidence level; method after Achino et al. 2019) confirms that interment was most intensive around the fireplace (green) (by B. Štular). drugačno interpretacijo. Debelina prežgane zemlje od 6 of the fireplace avoided by the graves on the other does do 15 cm (glej pogl. 1.4) priča o visokih temperaturah in not leave many options available for an alternative inter- posledično o veliki grmadi. Zaradi majhnosti grobišča in pretation. The thickness of the burnt soil, being between 6 metode izkopavanj žal nimamo podatkov o tem, ali je bilo and 15 cm (see Chapter 1.4), testifies to high temperatures ognjišče kurjeno ob vsakem pogrebu ali zgolj ob pokopih and a large fire. Due to the small size of the cemetery and v neposredni bližini ognjišča. Da je bila lokacija v bližini the excavation method, there are unfortunately no data ognjišča prestižna dokazuje prostorska analiza vročih in on whether a fire was lit during every funeral or only hladnih mest (za metodo glej Achino idr. 2019), ki na tem during funerals in the immediate vicinity of the fireplace. mestu kaže največjo gostoto pokopov ( sl. 8.3). Dodaten Locations in the vicinity of the fireplace were considered argument je sekundarni pokop lobanjskih in dolgih kosti prestigious, as proven by a spatial analysis of hot and cold v neposredni bližini (grob 39). Lega teh kosti dokazuje, spots (for the method, see Achino et al. 2019), indicating da so bile disartikulirane kosti zložene v pravokotni the highest density of burials in this spot ( Fig. 8.3). An recipient iz organske snovi, najverjetneje zaboj. Ponovni additional argument is a secondary burial of cranial and pokop zloženih dolgih in lobanjskih kosti spominja na long bones in the immediate vicinity (Grave 39). The visokosrednjeveške kostnice in na zgodnjesrednjeveških position of the bones proves that disarticulated bones grobiščih ni običajen. were placed in a rectangular recipient of organic matter, Zadnji pokop na tem grobišču je bil pokop ženske probably a box. The secondary burial of long and cranial v 1. desetletju 11. stoletja (št. 4). Grob ima isto orien- bones is reminiscent of High Medieval ossuaries and was tacijo kot cerkvena stavba, ki je v času tega pokopa že uncommon in Early Medieval cemeteries. stala oziroma je bila vsaj njena lega že označena. Pokop The last burial in this cemetery was the burial of a je biritualen in združuje predkrščanski (pridatek) in woman in the first decade of the 11th century (Grave 4). krščanski (usmeritev glede na cerkveno stavbo) element. The orientation of the grave matches the orientation of the church building, which was already present at the time of this burial, or at least its position was already marked. 190 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče na Blejskem otoku je This was a mixed-rite burial, combining a pre-Christian bilo torej v uporabi v 10. stoletju in v 1. desetletju 11. sto- (a grave goods item) and a Christian (orientation in ac- letja. V tem času se je pogrebni običaj spremenil trikrat: cordance with the church building) element. 1. Prvo pokolenje pokojnikov so pokopali v prvih treh desetletjih 10. stoletja v skladu z orientacijsko osjo, The Early Medieval cemetery on Bled Island was torej po ritualu, ki ga poznamo na primerljivih grobiščih therefore used in the 10th century and in the first decade od 8. do konca 10. stoletja. of the 11th century. During this time, the funerary ritual 2. Pri večini ostalih grobov starih pravil umeščanja changed three times: v prostor niso več upoštevali, temveč so izkoristili ves 1. The first generation of the deceased were buried razpoložljivi prostor. Pri tem so skušali slediti urejanju in the first two decades of the 10th century in accordance grobnih vrst ali gruč, nekatere izmed grobov so skrbno with the orientation axis, i.e. following the rite known orientirali proti kardinalnemu vzhodu. from comparable cemeteries from between the 8th and 3. Zadnji grob na tem grobišču je bil izkopan v the end of the 10th centuries. 1. desetletju 11. stoletja in že kaže elemente krščanskega 2. The graves of the second through the fourth kanona s tem, da je usmerjen glede na cerkveno stavbo. generations no longer observed that order of placement Celotno grobišče je torej triritualno, pri čemer si and all available space was used. Some effort was spent spremembe v pogrebnem obredu sledijo kronološko in, to arrange the graves in rows or clusters and some of the kot kaže, niso sočasne. graves were careful y oriented towards true east. 3. The last grave in this cemetery was dug in the first decade of the 11th century and already manifested PREDROMANSKI CERKVI IN ČUVARJI VHODA elements of the Christian canon by being aligned with the church building. Novo stratigrafsko fazo označuje gradnja prve The entire cemetery is therefore a mixed-rite cem- lesene cerkve v predromanskem slogu, ki so jo posvetili etery with three different rites. Changes in burial rituals Mariji Vnebovzeti. Notranjost s površino ladje 35,9 m2 follow each other chronological y and do not seem to je bila ravno dovolj velika, da bi lahko sprejela člane overlap in time. majhne skupnosti, kakršna je pokopavala na starejšem grobišču. A to je lahko zgolj naključje, saj ne vemo, katera skupnost je uporabljala grobišče ter kdo in za THE PRE-ROMANESQUE CHURCHES AND THE koga je zgradil cerkvico. Vemo pa, da so bili pri po- GUARDIANS OF THE ENTRANCE stavljanju te cerkve pozorni na številne podrobnosti. Cerkev so usmerili natančno v smeri, v kateri je takrat A new stratigraphic phase was marked by the con- vzhajalo sonce na koledarski praznik zavetnice cerkve. struction of the first wooden church in the pre-Roman- Usmeritev je morda služila učinku, da med bogosluž- esque style, dedicated to St Mary of the Assumption. The jem na praznik cerkvene zavetnice sonce posveti na interior with a nave area of 35.9 m2 was just large enough oltar, kar bi v obdobju skromne umetne razsvetljave to accommodate the members of a small community, such naredilo močan vtis na udeležence bogoslužja. Stavbo as the one that used the earlier cemetery. Nevertheless, so načrtovali v skladu s tedanjimi arhitekturnimi pra- this might be a coincidence, for it is not known which vili tako, da naj bi notranjost izražala razmerje 1 : √2. community used the cemetery and who built the church To namero so zaradi težavnega terena opustili, saj so and for whom. We do know, however, that many details natančen prostor cerkve izbrali tako, da se je najsvetejši were considered in the construction of this church. The del cerkve – apsidalni prostor z oltarjem – naslanjal na church was oriented precisely in the direction of the najpomembnejši grob starejšega grobišča. To se nam sunrise on the calendar day of the patron saint of the morda dandanes zdi nenavadno ali celo uničevalno, a v church. The orientation possibly served a purpose: during zavesti srednjeveških ljudi je šlo za nekaj običajnega. V the service on the day of the patron saint, the sun lit the pisnih virih je izpričano prepričanje, da kosti pomem- altar, which in an era of modest artificial lighting made a bnega človeka prinašajo dodatno zaščito. Na Irskem, strong impression on the participants. The building was denimo, poznamo več primerov, ko je bila srednjeveška planned in accordance with contemporary architectural cerkev zgrajena čez osrednji grob starejšega grobišča guidelines, so that the interior reflected the 1 : √2 ratio. (Fry 1999, 67−68). Na prvi pogled skromna cerkev je This intent was abandoned due to the difficult terrain imela močno simbolno vlogo. Združila je aspekt de- and the precise position of the church was selected so monstracije moči nove vere – navidezna sposobnost that the most sacred part of the church – the apsidal area nadzorovanja sončne svetlobe – ter tudi opiranja na with the altar – leaned on the most important grave of predkrščansko moč – črpanje zaščite kosti pomembne- the earlier cemetery. What might seem unusual or even ga človeka. Dodaten element kontinuitete ob postavitvi destructive through today’s eyes, was normal to medieval 1. cerkve je omenjeni grob 4. people. In written sources, there is evidence for the belief 191 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Cerkvico je bilo kmalu, morda po nekaj desetletjih, that the bones of an important person provided protec- treba nadomestiti. Zgradili so le malo večjo stavbo s tion. In Ireland, for instance, there are several examples skupno površino 52,3 m2. Notranjost je bila poslikana of medieval churches built above the central graves of s freskami. Stavba je bila simetrična in razmerje stranic earlier cemeteries (Fry 1999, 67−68). The seemingly mod- ladje se približuje za predromanski slog značilnemu est church had a powerful symbolic role. It combined a razmerju √3 : 2. Na zahodni strani je bila ladja naknad- demonstration of the power of the new religion (the ap- no podaljšana z ožjim prostorom s tlorisom v obliki parent ability to control the sunlight) with a reliance on nepravilnega trapeza. the pre-Christian power (drawing protection from the bones of an important person). An additional element V ta čas sodita grobova, vkopana tik ob vsakokratni of continuity in the construction of the first church is the predromanski cerkvi, grob 71 ob prvi in grob 67 ob dru- above-mentioned Grave 4. gi. Analiza tlorisa in pisne dokumentacije je pokazala, Soon, perhaps after only a few decades, the little da je bil najprej izkopan in uporabljen grob 71; grob je church had to be replaced. A slightly larger building bil naknadno izpraznjen in zasut, o pokopu pričajo le with an area of 52.3 m2 was constructed. The interior was izredno majhni fragmenti človeških kosti. Sledil je izkop painted with frescoes. The building was symmetrical and grobne jame (št. 67) približno pol m južneje, pri čemer the ratio of the sides of the nave comes close to a ratio of je bil s tem izkopom v severnem delu presekan tedaj √3 : 2, typical of the pre-Romanesque style. On the west- že izpraznjen in zasut grob 71. To sta edina grobova, v ern side, the nave was subsequently prolonged by adding zasutju katerih je bil dokumentiran pesek. Pokojnik v a narrow room in the shape of an irregular trapezium. grobu 67 je edini na celotnem grobišču pokopan z ro- Dated to the same time are two graves dug just next kama na prsih, torej sklenjenima v molitvi. Pomenljiva to the two pre-Romanesque churches: Grave 71 next to je predvsem lega obeh grobov: starejši (71) je ležal tik the first church and Grave 67 next to the second. Analy- zunaj starejše in mlajši tik zunaj mlajše predromanske sis of floor plans and written sources demonstrates that cerkve, oba na najverjetnejšem mestu vsakokratnega Grave 71 was dug and used first; it was later exhumed vhoda ( sl. 4.6; drugače Šribar 1972, 391). and filled, the only evidence of burial being extremely Čez oba je bil položen estrih, ki je v spodnjem tiny fragments of human bones. There followed the delu vseboval veliko odlomkov lončenine in drobcev digging of the pit for Grave 67 about half a metre to the živalskih kosti (glej pogl. 4.3). To pomeni, da je estrih south, which caused a cut into the northern part of the neposredno prekril ostanke dejavnosti, ki je potekala tik then already emptied and filled Grave 71. These two po zasutju groba 67 ali kmalu po njem in je vključevala graves are the only ones with sand recorded in their manipuliranje s hrano. Takšne dejavnosti so izpričane fil s. The deceased in Grave 67 was the only one in the v srednjeveških pisnih virih (Fry 1999, 93−94) in jih entire cemetery buried with hands on chest, i.e. clasped opisujemo s pojmom pogrebna pojedina (za izraz glej in prayer. The position of the two graves is particularly Makarovič 1995, 152). telling: the earlier (71) lay immediately outside the ear- Grobova se torej od vseh ostalih na Blejskem otoku lier church, the latter immediately outside the later pre- ločujeta po zasutju (pesek), drži rok, ostankih pogrebne Romanesque church, while both were in the most likely pojedine in legi pod pragom. position for their respective entrances ( Fig. 4.6; also Vzorec ponavlja še grob 118 iz 3. stratigrafske faze: Šribar 1972, 391). Both were covered by mortar pave- vklesan v živo skalo leži tik pred vhodnim pragom v ment, which contained in its lower part many fragments romansko cerkev, izkazuje sledove večkratnega poko- of pottery and animal bones (see Chapter 4.3). This pavanja in je prekrit s tlakom, vezanim z malto (prim. means that the pavement directly covered the remains Šribar 1966a, 173−174, 228). Že Šribar (1966, 231) of an activity that happened just after the filling of Grave ugotavlja, da je ta grob nujno povezan s funkcionalnostjo 67 or soon after and included food manipulation. There jugozahodnega vhoda v cerkev. is evidence for such activities in medieval written sources Našteti grobovi (št. 67, 71 in 118) imajo tako na- (Fry 1999, 93−94), the term used being funerary feast slednje značilne elemente: (for the expression, see Makarovič 1995, 152). − grob ni del sočasnega grobišča (vezan je izključno in These two graves differ from all others on Bled Island neposredno na sočasno cerkveno stavbo), by the sand in the grave fil , the position of the hands, − lega tik pred vhodom, the remains of a funerary feast and the position under − elementi obrednih dejanj v procesu prekrivanja groba the threshold. (lončenina in živalske kosti), The same pattern is repeated by Grave 118 from − lega groba je označena (z edino zaplato estriha zunaj stratigraphic Phase 3: it is carved into the bedrock under cerkvene stavbe) in the threshold of the Romanesque church, it exhibits the − večkratna manipulacija z ostanki trupla (izkop trupla). traces of several subsequent burials and it is covered by mortar pavement ( cf. Šribar 1966a, 173−174, 228). Šribar (1966, 231) concluded that this grave had to be related 192 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Pokope odraslih oseb na vidnem mestu tik pred to the functionality of the south-western entrance to the cerkvenim vhodom omenjata irska srednjeveška pisna church. vira, prvi o življenju sv. Senána iz Scatteryja in drugi o The listed graves (67, 71, 118) thus share the follow- pokopu kraljevega sina Magnusa leta 1244.1 Slednji ima ing specific elements: več za nas zanimivih elementov: − the grave is not part of the contemporary cemetery, in- − dejstvo, da so kroniki posebej omenili lego zunaj stead being directly related only to the contemporary cerkvenega praga, je dokaz, da je imela ta lega church building; poseben pomen; − position just in front of the entrance; − v času pokopa je bila cerkev oskrunjena, kar je bil − elements of ritual actions in the process of filling the morda vzrok, da grob ni bil postavljen v cerkev; grave (pottery and animal bones); − pokojni je umrl v napadu na dotično cerkev, s katero − the position of the grave is marked, the only patch of mor- je bil torej neposredno povezan. tar pavement being outside the church building; and − multiple manipulations with the remains of the body Podobne primere poznamo tudi iz merovinške Ev- (exhumation of the body). rope (Effros 2003, 212) in zgodnjesrednjeveške Anglije (Kjølbye‐Biddle 1975, 101).2 Na podlagi analize virov je Burials of adults in prominent places in front of opisane pokope mogoče razumeti kot pokope posebnega church entrances are mentioned by two Irish medieval pomena, ki imajo tudi obrambno vlogo: pogrebci so written sources, the first on the life of St Senán of Scattery morda verjeli, da bo tak grob odganjal nasprotnike ali and the second on the burial of the king’s son Magnus cerkvi zagotovil določeno zaščito (Fry 1999, 170−171). in 1244.2 The latter contains several elements that are Na podlagi te primerjave pokope tik pred vsa- interesting in our case: kokratnim vhodom v cerkev na Blejskem otoku razu- − the fact that the chronicles especial y mentioned the memo kot pokope posebnega pomena. Starejša sta po position outside the church threshold proves that prestižu enakovredna pokopom znotraj cerkve oziroma this position held special significance; nadomeščata za ta čas običajnejše pokope v cerkvi (glej − at the time of the burial the church had been desecrated, zgoraj). Sodeč po irski analogiji, bi lahko sklepali, da which might be the reason for why the grave was not cerkev na Blejskem otoku ni bila (pravilno?) posveče- placed inside the church; na, kot ni bila posvečena leška lesena cerkev sv. Marije − the deceased died during an attack on the church and Vnebovzete še sredi 12. stoletja (glej pogl. 8.1). therefore had a direct connection with it. V vsakem primeru se zdi zelo verjetno, da so po- grebci verjeli, da bodo ti pokopi vsakokratni cerkvi zago- Similar burials are known from Merovingian Europe tovili določeno zaščito. Grobovi so bili jasno označeni in (Effros 2003, 212) and Early Medieval England (Kjølbye‐ tudi večkrat odprti, kar dokazuje dolgotrajno zavedanje Biddle 1975, 101).3 Based on the analysis of sources, the o pomenu teh grobov. Vendar je bila, drugače kot v above-described burials can be understood as burials of irskih primerih, lega pomembnejša od pokojnika. Ob special significance, which also had a defensive role: the vsakem premiku cerkvenega vhoda je nastal nov grob mourners might have believed that such a grave would z istimi lastnostmi, tretji vsaj stoletje za prvim. Šlo je repel enemies or provide some protection to the church torej za dolgotrajno tradicijo in ne za enkratno dejanje (Fry 1999, 170−171). ob izjemnem dogodku. On the basis of these analogies, the burials near the Interpretacijo grobov tik pred vhodom v cerkev, kot entrances to the church on Bled Island can be understood je podana zgoraj, označujemo z izrazom čuvar vhoda. as burials with special meaning. The earlier two graves had no less prestigious positions as the burials inside the church and they might have been replacements for what CERKVENI GROBOVI V ROMANSKI CERKVI at the time would have been more common burials inside the church (see above). Judging by the Irish analogy, it Okvirno med letoma 1080 in 1140, morda zidana could be assumed that the church on Bled Island was not v 3. in 4. desetletju 12. stoletja, je bila namesto lesene (correctly?) consecrated, just like the wooden church of postavljena kamnita cerkev v romanskem arhitekturnem St Mary of the Assumption in Lesce was not (correctly?) slogu, ki jo tu imenujemo romanska cerkev faze 3. Naj- consecrated as late as the middle of the 12th century (see bolj neposredno povezan z njo je grob 120 v sredinski osi Chapter 8.1). apside tik vzhodno od oltarja. V zgodnjem in visokem In any case, it seems very likely that the church-goers srednjem veku je bilo pokopavanje v cerkvi dovoljeno believed that these burials would provide additional le za škofe, menihe, izjemne župnike ter izjemno po- protection to the church. The graves were clearly marked božne laike. V praksi so med slednje sodili predvsem 2 Sources listed by Fry 1999, 170−171 1 3 Vire navaja Fry 1999, 170−171. The author would like to thank J. Rihter for the infor- 2 Za podatek se zahvaljujem J. Rihterju. mation 193 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES ustanovitelji cerkve. Pokopi v cerkvi so bili omejeni na and several times opened, offering evidence of prolonged prostor pred korom, portikus in okoli oltarja (Fry 1999, awareness of the significance of these graves. However, 169−170; Hartmann 2003, 137−138; Schlokmann 2003, unlike the Irish examples, the positions were more impor- 204; Krznar 2012, 26), kot naroča Theodolfus iz Orleansa tant than the deceased. Every time the church entrance (+ 818) v 9. stoletju: was moved, a new grave with the same characteristics was created, the third more than a century after the first. This Prohibendum etiam secundum maiorum instituta, was therefore a long-lasting tradition, not a one-time ac- ut in ecclesia nul atenus sepeliantur, sed in atrio tion after an exceptional event. The above interpretation aut in porticu aut exedra ecclesiae. Infra ecclesiam of the graves in front of church entrances can be referred vero autprope altare, ubi corpus domini et sanguis to as the guardians of the entrance. conficitur, nul atenus habeat licentiam sepeliendi.3 Theodolfusovo besedilo je v praksi veljalo še vsaj v CHURCH GRAVES začetku 11. stoletja, ko ga je v svoje delo vključil Burchard IN THE ROMANESQUE CHURCH iz Wormsa (Hartmann 2002, 134). Lega vzhodno od oltar- ja je najprestižnejša lega pokopa v srednjem veku nasploh Roughly between 1080 and 1140 and perhaps (Hartmann 2003, 134; Pedersen 2003, 172; Scholkmann constructed in the third and fourth decades of the 12th 2003, 206−210; Wemhoff 2003, 102−103; Kenzler 2015, century, the stone church in the Romanesque architec- 150). Pravila pokopavanja v cerkvi so se v poznem sred- tural style, here referred to as the Romanesque church of njem in predvsem v novem veku zrahljala, vendar je ne- Phase 3, replaced the wooden church. The grave with the posredna bližina oltarja obveljala za najprestižnejše mesto most direct connection to this church is Grave 120 in the (Rodwell 1989, 153−160; Scholkmann 2002, 212−217). central axis of the apse, east of the altar. In the Early and O izjemnosti lege tik ob oltarju priča Beda Venerabi- High Middle Ages, burials inside the church were only lis v zgodbi o pokopu irskega svetnika po imenu Furseus. permitted for bishops, monks, exceptional parish priests Njegovo truplo je prvih 27 dni ležalo v cerkvenem portiku; and very pious laymen. In practice, the latter mostly ko so ga hoteli pokopati blizu oltarja, so odkrili, da se telo included the founders of churches. Burials in churches ni začelo razkrajati; po 4 letih so še vedno brezmadežno were limited to the area in front of the portico and around truplo prenesli v novozgrajeno cerkev, da ga pokopljejo the altar (Fry 1999, 169−170; Hartmann 2003, 137−138; vzhodno od oltarja (Miller 1999, 99). Zgodba priča, da je Schlokmann 2003, 204; Krznar 2012, 26), as ordered by bila Sv. Furseusu lega blizu oltarju namenjena kot častit- Theodulf of Orleans (+ 818) in the 9th century: ljivemu misijonarju; ko je nerazkrajanje telesa pokazalo, da gre za svetnika, so zgradili novo cerkev, da bi ga lahko Prohibendum etiam secundum maiorum instituta, ut pokopali tik vzhodno od oltarja. Za interpretacijo gro- in ecclesia nul atenus sepeliantur, sed in atrio aut in ba 120 je torej pomembno dejstvo, da je vsak pokop v porticu aut exedra ecclesiae. Infra ecclesiam vero au- bližini oltarja izjemen, pokop vzhodno od oltarja pa je tprope altare, ubi corpus domini et sanguis conficitur, edinstven, saj je v vsaki cerkvi prostora le za en tak grob. nullatenus habeat licentiam sepeliendi.4 Glede na zgornji opis bi torej v grobu 120 priča- kovali klerika izjemnega statusa. Vendar je bil v ta grob In practice, Theoduf’s text was observed at least as položen otrok. Grob je torej izjemen ne le za Blejski otok, late as the beginning of the 11th century, when it was in- temveč širše, izjemen za evropski srednji vek. corporated in the work of Burchard of Worms (Hartmann Podobno neposredno povezan s cerkveno stavbo je 2002, 134). The position east of the altar was the most grob 118, ki smo ga interpretirali kot čuvar vhoda (glej prestigious burial position in the Middle Ages in general zgoraj). Kakšen je bil kronološki odnos tega groba 118 (Hartmann 2003, 134; Pedersen 2003, 172; Scholkmann do groba 120, ne vemo, niti z uporabo trenutno znanih 2003, 206−210; Wemhoff 2003, 102−103; Kenzler 2015, metod ne bomo nikoli izvedeli. Morda gre za element 150). In the Late Middle Ages and even more so in the kontinuitete med predromansko fazo 2 in romansko fazo 3, post-Medieval period, the rules for church burials became pri čemer grob čuvarja vhoda (št. 118) pomeni odmev loose, but the immediate proximity of the altar was stil stare tradicije, grob 120 pa začetek nove tradicije. the most esteemed position (Rodwel 1989, 153−160; Scholkmann 2002, 212−217). Stratigrafsko sočasni in prostorsko protistavni gro- The exceptional character of the position next to the bu 120 so grobovi, ki so ležali z nogami tik ob zahodni altar is reported by Bede the Venerable in the story of Fur- steni romanske cerkve (faza 3). Gre za skupino ( sl. 4.2: sey, an Irish saint. For the first 27 days, his body lay in the G4) 24 grobov z vsaj 42 pokojniki. Lega grobišča v str- church portico; when people wanted to bury him close to njeni skupini zahodno od sočasne cerkvene stavbe ni the altar, they discovered that the body had not started to običajna. Srednjeveška grobišča ob cerkvah so namreč decompose and after four years, still spotless, they brought 3 4 Capit. I.11. Capit. I.11. 194 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES najpogosteje razprostranjena okoli cerkve (npr. Predov- it to a newly built church to be buried east of the altar (Mil - nik, Dacar, Lavrinc 2008), najprestižnejše lokacije pa so v er 1999, 99). The story shows that St Fursey, a venerable bližini oltarja, torej vzhodno od cerkve, in ob cerkvenem missionary, was going to be buried in the proximity of the vhodu, v tem primeru južno. Lege ni mogoče pojasniti altar, but when his body would not decompose – indicating z razgibano geomorfologijo, saj so grobovi vklesani v a saint – a new church was built so that he could be buried skalno osnovo, kar bi bilo mogoče narediti kjerkoli. immediately east of the altar. It is therefore an important Lokacija grobišča je bila tako najverjetneje omejena na fact for the interpretation of Grave 120 that each burial in majhen prostor zaradi drugih dejavnikov. Ena možnost the proximity of the altar is exceptional, while a burial east je, da so grobovi že v fazi 2b ležali v predprostoru, t. i. of the altar is unique, as there is space for only one such portiku ( porticus; prim. Sorries 2003, 35). grave in each church. Consequently, a cleric of exceptional y Je pa zato bolj izpovedna struktura grobišča. Za high status should be expected in Grave 120. However, it grobove (št. 79−89, 92−96, 101−107, B04, B05) skupine was a child who was put in this grave. This renders the grave G4 so značilne globoke, deloma v živo skalo vklesane unique, not only on Bled Island, but in the wider context grobne jame s številnimi ponovnimi pokopi. Gre za 6 of the European Middle Ages. sočasnih grobnih parcel, od katerih sta bili dve namen- Grave 118, interpreted as the guardian of the en- jeni dvojnim grobovom. Poleg teh je na severnem robu trance (see above), has a similar direct connection to the še starejši grob, ki ga prekrivata najsevernejši grobni church building. The chronological relationship of this parceli, na južnem robu pa je bilo ob koncu grobišče grave (118) and Grave 120 is unknown and may remain razširjeno z dodatnim grobom ( sl. 6.2). Ob ponovnem unknown unless some new, currently unknown methods pokopavanju so večino kosti predhodnih trupel uničili, are used. Perhaps this is an element of continuity between le lobanje v dveh grobovih (št. 82, 93) se zdijo skrbno the pre-Romanesque Phase 2 and the Romanesque Phase zložene ob rob. Ob pokopavanju so večkrat posegali tudi 3, with the grave of the guardian of the entrance (118) v sosednje grobove (npr. št. 102 in 103 ali št. 90, 107, 94). being a reflection of the old tradition and Grave 120 the Z izjemo prstana popolna odsotnost najdb v gro- beginning of a new tradition. bovih na eni strani in uniformna lega rok v naročju na Stratigraphical y contemporary and in antithetical drugi strani pričata, da so bila trupla najverjetneje zavita position to Grave 120 are the graves with legs immedi- v mrtvaški prt. Med najdbami tudi ni igel, kar pomeni, ately next to the western wall of the Romanesque church da so bili prti bodisi zašiti bodisi zvezani (prim. Daniell (Phase 3). This is a group of 24 graves ( Fig. 4.2: G4) with 1997, 38−39, 45, 109 in 155). at least 42 deceased. A cemetery with graves in a compact Obstaja še druga možnost priprave trupla pokoj- group west of the contemporary church building is un- nika za pokop, ki bi zapustila enake arheološke sledi, common. Most often, Medieval cemeteries near churches namreč oblačenje trupla meniha, kot ga opisuje Lanfranc extend around the church (e.g. Predovnik, Dacar, Lavrinc (+ 1089) v svojih monastičnih navodilih: 2008), with the most prestigious locations being found in the proximity of the altar, i.e. east of the church or ... komornik naj bo prisoten s pogrebnimi oblačili near the entrance, to the south in this case. This position prave vrste in z iglo za šivanje ... Ko je (truplo) opra- cannot be explained by difficult geomorphology, for the no, naj bo zavito v novo ali sveže oprano srajco in graves are carved into the bedrock, possible anywhere. kuto; kapuca iz lana in volne, ki sodi h kuti, naj bo The location of the cemetery was most likely limited to poveznjena prek tega in prišita z nitjo na treh mestih. a small space due to other factors. One possibility is that Golenice iz istega materiala, segajoč do kolen, naj as early as in Phase 2b, graves lay in the anteroom in the bodo nadete in nočni čevlji obuti. Roke naj bodo so-called portico ( porticus; cf. Sorries 2003, 35). zašite skupaj od nadlakti do nadlakti in okrog nog The structure of the cemetery offers us more informa- takisto. Nočni čevlji naj bodo tudi zašiti skupaj. Tako tion. The graves of the G4 group (79−89, 92−96, 101−107, opravljeno naj bo truplo položeno na voz in pokrito B04, B05) are characterized by deep pits, partly carved into z mrtvaškim prtom.4 the bedrock, with numerous subsequent burials: a total of six contemporary grave plots, two of which were intended Vendar ni verjetno, da bi bili laiki pripravljeni za for double graves. In addition is one earlier grave at the pogreb enako kot menihi (Fry 1999, 126). Pokojniki z northern edge and covered by the two northernmost grave Blejskega otoka so bili torej verjetneje zaviti v mrtvaški plots and an additional grave added to the cemetery at the prt, vendar po strogo določenem pravilu, ki je predvi- southern edge ( Fig. 6.2). During the subsequent burials, deval tudi manipulacijo drže rok. most of the bones of the earlier skeletons were destroyed; only the skul s of two graves (82, 93) seem to have been Našteto priča, da gre za grobnice zelo majhne, careful y placed at the edge. Burials often interfered with the a ortodoksne in konservativne populacije. Pogreb na neighbouring graves (e.g. 102 and 103 or 90, 107 and 94). tem delu grobišča si lahko predstavljamo zelo podobno The complete lack of finds in the graves (with the 4 exception of one ring) on the one hand and the uniform Prevod iz angleščine po Fry 1999, 125; poudaril B. Š. 195 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES position of hands in the lap on the other provide evidence that the bodies were probably wrapped in a burial shroud. There are no pins, which means the shrouds were either sewn or tied together ( cf. Daniell 1997, 38−39, 45, 109 and 155). There is another possibility for the preparation of the body of the deceased for the funeral that would leave the same archaeological traces: the dressing the body of a monk, as described by Lanfranc (+ 1089) in his monastic guidelines: The chamberlain should be present with grave- clothes of the right kind and thread and a needle for sewing… When it is (the corpse) washed, shal be clad in a new shirt, or one newly washed, and a cowl; a head-cloth of linsey-wolsey belonging to the cowl shall be brought over this and attached in three places with thread. Gaiters of the same mate- rial reaching to the knees shall be put on the legs and night shoes on feet. The hands shall be sewn Sl. 8.4: Leicester (Velika Britanija), Wygstonova hiša, 18 together from arm to arm, and round the legs Highcross Street: detajl panela slikanega okenskega stekla, 1490−1500: Prizor pokopa v mrliški prt zavitega pokojnika; likewise. So dressed, the corpse shall be set in the v spodnjem delu so poleg značilne srednjeveške okovane le- hearse and covered with a pal .5 sene lopate dolge kosti, verjetno človeške. Upodobitev le-teh jasno izraža ravnodušnost do kosti, in s tem do popolnoma It is not likely, however, that laymen were prepared razkrojenih trupel, na srednjeveških grobiščih. for funeral in the same way as monks (Fry 1999, 126). The Fig. 8.4: Leicester (UK), Wygston house, 18 Highcross Street: deceased from Bled Island were most likely wrapped in a detail of the painted window panel glass, 1490−1500: Burial funerary shroud, respecting the strict rule that included scene, at the bottom scattered beside a typical medieval wooden the manipulation of the arms position. spade are long bones, most likely human. Inclusion of the latter All this testifies to the fact that these were the tombs in the depiction is a clear indication of indifference towards human bones in a medieval cemetery of a very small yet orthodox and conservative population. (vir / source: https://www.storyofleicester.info/a-place-to-live/ A funeral in this part of the cemetery may be imagined wygston-s-house/; window panel is housed in the Newarke as very similar to an English depiction from late 1400s Houses Museum, Leicester). ( Fig. 8.4; cf. Hamilton 1980). Forty-eight individuals in at least six generations means that on average, eight deceased per generation angleški upodobitvi iz konca 15. stoletja ( sl. 8.4; prim. were buried. This corresponds to the available space in Hamilton 1980). four single and two double tombs. Compared to the Early Oseminštiridest posameznikov v vsaj 6 generacijah Medieval cemetery (see above), this is half the number pomeni, da je bilo v povprečju pokopanih 8 pokojnikov of people per generation, a clear indication that the na generacijo. Toliko je tudi prostora v 4 enojnih in 2 population was not the same. Nevertheless, the number dvojnih grobnicah. To je vsaj pol manj ljudi na genera- corresponds to the number of members of one extended cijo kot na zgodnjesrednjeveškem grobišču (glej zgoraj), family or a similar small social group, in which men, kar je jasen dokaz, da ne gre za isto populacijo. Je pa to women and children were equal y represented. število skladno s številom članov razširjene družine ali Based on the continuous use over almost two centu- druge manjše družbene celice, v kateri so enakovredno ries, the even number of the deceased in every generation, zastopani moški, ženske in otroci. the balanced gender and age structure and the exceptional Celotno grobišče torej glede na kontinuirano upo- location near the island church, the entire cemetery can rabo skoraj 2 stoletji, enakomerno število pokojnikov be understood as the tomb of a social group with a very v vsaki generaciji, uravnoteženo spolno in starostno close connection to the bishops of Brixen. strukturo ter izjemno lokacijo pri otoški cerkvi lahko razumemo kot grobnico družbene celice, ki je bila v The same stratigraphic phase includes a non- najtesnejši povezavi z briksenskimi škofi. homogeneous group of six graves, whose positions are in one way or another related to the Romanesque church V isto stratigrafsko fazo sodi še nehomogena sku- of Phase 3. Some of the graves are located in the south- pina 6 grobov, katerih lega je tako ali drugače vezana na 5 Translation after Fry 1999, 125; emphasis by author. 196 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES romansko cerkev faze 3. Del grobov leži v jugovzhodnem eastern part of the contemporary building, while others delu sočasne stavbe, drugi del zunaj tik južno od apside. are outside, just south of the apse. Grobovi (št. 65, 66, 68, B05, B04) v romanski The graves (65, 66, 68, B05, B04) in the Romanesque cerkveni ladji so bili večinoma močno poškodovani z church nave were general y badly damaged by the con- gradbenimi posegi v gotski fazi 4. Izjema je grob 65, structions in the Gothic Phase 4. An exception is Grave 65, katerega jama je bila umetelno vklesana v živo skalo. whose pit was carved into the bedrock. Similar is true of Podoben je bil sosednji grob (št. 66) in oba skupaj lah- the neighbouring Grave 66 and both can be described as ko opišemo kot grobnici v bližini oltarja. Drugačen je tombs in the proximity of the altar. Grave 109 is located kontekst, označen kot grob 109, zunaj romanske cerkve, outside the Romanesque church, immediately south of the tik južno ob apsidi. Jama je bila vkopana v dolomitno apse. The pit was dug into the dolomite base, to the north osnovo, na severu omejena z živo skalo. V zasutju so limited by the bedrock. The fill contained numerous bones bile številne kosti iz prekopanih grobov, pod njimi je from exhumed graves and, underneath at the bot om of the na dnu jame ležalo okostje v prvotni legi. Južno je bil še pit, a skeleton in the original position. At least one further vsaj en grob, ki pa ni bil izkopan. Grobovi so bili močno unexcavated grave lay to the south of it and was badly dam- poškodovani ob gradnji tako imenovane male zakristije aged during the construction of the so-called small vestry. in že prej ob gradnji gotske cerkve v fazi 4. There are no archaeological data available to enable Arheoloških podatkov, ki bi omogočali neposredno the direct dating of these graves. The only element that can kronološko opredelitev teh grobov, ni. Edini element za help with the dating is the stratigraphic connection with časovno umestitev je stratigrafska povezava z romansko the Romanesque church. The sole thing that can be said cerkvijo. O teh grobovih lahko torej zapišemo le, da gre za about these graves is that they are High Medieval burials visokosrednjeveške pokope na prestižnih mestih v cerkvi in prestigious locations within, outside or immediately ali zunaj tik ob njej. Glede na majhno število grobov in next to the church. Judging by the small number of graves glede na lego ne moremo govoriti o ločenem grobišču ali and by their positions, this is not a separate cemetery or a delu grobišča, temveč o posameznih grobovih. Sodeč po separate part of a cemetery, but individual graves. Judging analogijah iz srednjeveških virov, bi grobovi v cerkvi lahko by analogies from medieval sources, the graves inside the pripadali pomembnim cerkvenim veljakom, grobovi tik church may belong to important ecclesiastical personages, izven cerkve pa zaslužnim laikov, ki so si častno mesto while the graves outside (just next to the church) belong pridobili kot izjemni donatorji (prim. Fry 1999, 170). to worthy laymen who earned honorary positions as ex- Donatorji proštiji na Blejskem otoku so postali številčni ceptional donors ( cf. Fry 1999, 170). Donors to the Bled v 2. polovici 12. stoletja (glej pogl. 8.1). Island provostry became numerous in the second half of Vsi grobovi te faze so torej neposredno povezani s the 12th century (see Chapter 8.1). cerkveno stavbo in Cerkvijo ter jih za potrebe pričujo- All the graves of this phase are directly related to the čega besedila imenujemo cerkveni grobovi. church building and the Church and for the purposes of this text shall be labelled as church graves. POZNOSREDNJEVEŠKI IN NOVOVEŠKI CERKVENI GROBOVI LATE MEDIEVAL AND POST-MEDIEVAL CHURCH GRAVES Večino ostalih srednjeveških grobov sestavlja ne- koliko manj homogena skupina 6 grobov, katerih lega The majority of the remaining medieval graves are je tako ali drugače vezana na romansko cerkev 3. faze. represented by a slightly less homogeneous group of six Del grobov leži v jugovzhodnem delu sočasne stavbe, graves, whose positions are in one way or another con- drugi del zunaj tik južno od apside. nected to the Romanesque church of Phase 3. Some of the Pet grobov (št. 90, 91, 98−100) je bilo vkopanih graves lie in the south-eastern part of the contemporary ob južni steni gotske cerkve faze 4. Gre za grobni jami, building, while others are outside, just south of the apse. v katerih je bilo zaporedno pokopanih najmanj 11 po- Five graves (90, 91, 98−100) containing remains of kojnikov. Stratigrafsko ti grobovi jasno sodijo v fazo 4 at least 11 individuals were dug next to the southern wal in so sočasni cerkveni stavbi, grajeni v gotskem slogu. of the Gothic church of Phase 4. Stratigraphical y, these Stratigrafsko sočasen je še grob 119, ki leži osamljen ob graves clearly belong to Phase 4 and are contemporary zunanji južni steni portika. Glede na usmeritev skle- to the church building constructed in the Gothic style. pamo, da je bil obeležen z nagrobnikom, vgrajenim v Stratigraphical y contemporary is the solitary Grave 119 cerkveni zid. Tudi v tem primeru gre za cerkvene grobove, located alone near the exterior side of the southern wall of morda zaslužnih laikov. the portico. Its orientation leads to the assumption that it Grobova 69 in 70 ležita pod korom v severozahod- was marked with a tombstone built into the church wal . nem delu cerkvene ladje. Gre za novoveška grobova, ki These graves are also church graves, perhaps belonging sta mlajša od zadnje obnovitve kamnitih tal v cerkveni to worthy laymen. 197 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES ladji (pred arheološkimi izkopavanji leta 1972). Tudi v Two graves (69 and 70) lie under the western gallery tem primeru gre za cerkvena grobova. in the north-western part of the nave. They are post- Medieval graves, later than the last reconstruction of the stone floor in the nave (before the archaeological excava- 8.2. SKLEP tions in 1972). These, too, are church graves. Znanstveni vprašanji, na kateri odgovarjamo v tem delu knjige, sta morebiten obstoj predkrščanskega 8.2 CONCLUSION templja na Blejskem otoku in – v neposredni povezavi s tem – kronologija cerkva. Two key scientific questions have been asked in this Sklenemo lahko, da je bil na Blejskem otoku nad- part of the book: Did a pre-Christian sanctuary exist on lokalen predkrščanski objekt češčenja studenec. Sodeč Bled Island? What was the chronology of the churches? po primerjavah v pisnih virih, je bil studenec obkrožen It can be concluded that the supra-local object of z gajem ali vsaj v senci drevesa. Vegetacija na otoku in a pre-Christian worship on Bled Island was a spring. s tem podoba otoka s kopnega je bila verjetno podobna Judging by the analogies from written sources, the spring današnji, če odmislimo dominantno cerkev in stopnišče was surrounded by a grove or was at least situated in the ( sl. 3.10). S studencem je bilo obredno povezano bližnje shadow of a tree. The vegetation on the island and the mesto, ki je bilo v 10. st. označeno s kamnom. Nepo- appearance of the island as viewed from the land was srednih arheoloških podatkov o tem, kdaj je bilo takšno probably similar to what it is today, but without the domi- stanje vzpostavljeno, nimamo. Edini indic o starosti je nant church and staircase ( Fig. 3.10). Ritual y connected jama pod omenjenim kamnom, vklesana v živo skalo to the spring was a nearby location, in the 10th century in obkrožena s prazgodovinsko lončenino ter sekiro iz marked with a rock. There are no direct archaeological glajenega kamna. S precejšnjo verjetnostjo torej lahko data available on when this situation was established. The domnevamo, da je bil ta del Blejskega otoka kraj poseb- sole chronological indication is a pit under the stone, nega pomena že pred 10. st., morda že v prazgodovini. carved into the bedrock and surrounded by prehistoric V začetku 10. st. je nekako na sredini med opi- pottery and an axe with a polished surface. Therefore, it sanima mestoma majhna skupnost začela pokopavati may be quite safely assumed that this part of Bled Island svoje mrtve. Grobišče so sprva uredili tako, da so ga held special significance even before the 10th century and simbolno povezali s češčenim studencem na otoku ter perhaps already in the prehistoric period. tudi z osrednjim mestom sveta mrtvih v zgodnjesrednje- At the beginning of the 10th century, a small com- veški pokrajini Blejskega kota, s kresiščem na Višelnici. munity started to bury their dead approximately in be- Arheološka sled obeh povezav je osrediščena v verjetno tween these two locations. The original organization of najpomembnejšem zgodnjesrednjeveškem grobu (št. 72) the cemetery connected it symbolical y to the spring that na Blejskem otoku. Pokojnik v njem je pokopan z noga- was worshipped on the island as well as with the central mi tik ob omenjeni kamen, grob pa je usmerjen bočno na location of the world of the dead in the Early Medieval kresišče Višelnica. Druge arheološke sledi te povezave so landscape of the Bled area, the Višelnica bonfire site. skrbno določena mesta 3 pokopov 1. pokolenja in ognji- The archaeological traces of the two connections are šče, kjer je ogenj gorel med vsaj nekaterimi pogrebi. Že concentrated in what is probably the most important naslednja generacija, in vse naslednje, je pokopavala po Early Medieval grave (72) on Bled Island. The deceased drugačnih pravilih: grobove so postavljali v vrste in pri here is buried with legs immediately next to the above- nekaterih so izkazali precejšnje astronomsko znanje, saj mentioned stone and the grave is oriented with its side to so jih usmerili proti kardinalnemu vzhodu. Zadnji grob the Višelnica bonfire site. Other archaeological traces of na tem grobišču je bil skopan v 1. desetletju 11. stoletja. this connection are the careful y chosen locations of three Pokojnica je bila v grob položena z značilnim nakitom, a burials of the first generation and the fireplace, where the grob je bil že usmerjen enako kot prva cerkev. Gre torej fire burned during at least some of the funerals. Already za biritualen pokop, ki hkrati upošteva dve tradiciji. the next generation – as well as all the following genera- V prvem desetletju 11. stoletja, verjetno po formal- tions – buried their dead in accordance with different nem prevzemu posesti s strani briksenskih škofov leta rules: the graves were arranged in rows, some indicating 1004, je bila na otoku zgrajena lesena cerkvica, posve- considerable astronomical knowledge, being oriented čena Mariji Vnebovzeti. Lokacija je bila skrbno izbrana towards true east. The last grave in this cemetery was tako, da je kar najbolje prevzela funkcijo predhodnega dug in the first decade of the 11th century. The deceased mesta češčenja s kamnom. Takšna izbira lokacije v ni- woman was put in the grave with typical jewellery, but čemer ni naključna in se popolnoma ujema s tedanjim the orientation of the grave already corresponded to the pristopom k pokristjanjevanju predkrščanskih svetih orientation of the first church. The grave is therefore a mest s studenci. Cerkvici je dodatno simbolno zaščito mixed-rite burial, adhering to two different traditions zagotavljal pokop pod vhodnim pragom, čuvar vhoda. simultaneously. 198 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Sl. 8.5: Shematski prikaz razlike med centralnostjo v predkr- ščanskem (zgoraj) in krščanskem (spodaj) obdobju. V pred- krščanskem kozmosu je središče sveta kmetija oziroma prosto dostopno mesto posebnega pomena in noben kraj ne more postati pomebnejši od ostalih. V krščanskem kozmosu je bog pomembnejši od vsakogar in vsega in zato cerkev postane naj- pomembnejše mesto v pokrajini, dostop pa nadzorujejo lokalni predstavniki Cerkve (avtor B. Štular; vir: Fabech 1999, fig. 12). Fig. 8.5: Illustration of differences in centrality between the pre-Christian (above) and the Christian (below) landscape. In the pre-Christian cosmos, the farm was a nodal point that included direct access to the gods and no site ranged in prin- ciple above the others. In the Christian cosmos, God is placed above everyone and everything. Christianity thus legitimized the concentration of power in fewer sites and churches. Church representatives controlled the access to these sites and by extension to God (by B. Štular; source: Fabech 1999, Fig. 12). In the first decade of the 11th century, probably after the formal adoption of the property from the bishops of Brixen in 1004, a small wooden church dedicated to St Mary of the Assumption was built on the island. The location was careful y chosen so that it would assume the function of the previous site of worship with the rock. The Kljub navidezni skromnosti je bilo v gradnjo stavbe selection of the location was by no means coincidental and vloženo tedaj vrhunsko arhitekturno in astronomsko was perfectly in accordance with the common approach znanje. Usmeritev cerkve proti sončnemu vzhodu na of the time to the Christianization of pre-Christian sa- dan Marijinega vnebovzetja je materialna sled izrazite cred sites with springs. A burial under the threshold, the razlike med predkrščanskim in krščanskim modelom guardian of the entrance, provided symbolic protection umeščanja religioznih objektov v prostor. Predkrščanski to the church. model je mnogocentričen in temelji na čim številčnejših Despite its apparent modesty, some state-of-the-art neposrednih povezavah z božjim; to je bilo v primeru architectural and astronomical knowledge for the time Blejskega otoka v zgodnjem srednjem veku konkretizi- was involved in the construction of the church. Orienta- rano s simbolno navezavo grobišča na češčen studenec tion towards the sunrise on the day of the Assumption is na širšo grobiščno pokrajino. Krščanski model povezavo a material trace of the marked difference between the pre- z Bogom monopolizira in osredišči v cerkvi; cerkev ni Christian and the Christian models of placing religious navezana na nobeno drugo mesto v pokrajini, le sim- objects in space. The pre-Christian model is multi-centric bolno neposredno z Božjim. A te neposredne povezave and is based on as many direct links to the Divine as pos- so deležni le udeleženci bogoslužja v cerkveni stavbi, sible. In the case of Bled Island in the Early Middle Ages, dostop h kateremu pa neposredno nadzoruje Cerkev. this was expressed by connecting the cemetery to the wor- S tem je krščanstvo legitimiziralo koncentracijo moči shipped spring and the wider mortuary landscape. In the ( sl. 8.5; prim. Fabech 1999, 469−470). Udejanjenje tega Christian model, the connection to God is monopolized na Blejskem otoku je astronomska orientacija cerkve gle- and centralized in a church; the church is not connected de na sončni vzhod na praznik Marijinega vnebovzetja. to any location in the landscape but symbolical y directly Že po nekaj desetletjih so prvotno cerkvico podrli to the Divine. However, this direct connection only per- in jo nadomestili z nekoliko večjo in nekoliko imenitneje tained to participants of worship in the church building, zgrajeno stavbo, ki je bila še vedno vsaj deloma lesena. access to which was directly controlled by the Church. Tudi to je ščitil nov čuvar vhoda. Zahodno od cerkve, v In this way, Christianity legitimized the concentration of senci sončnega vzhoda na dan Marijinega vnebovzetja, power ( Fig. 8.5; cf. Fabech 1999, 469−470). The realization je svoje mrtve začela pokopavati zelo majhna, spolno in of this on Bled Island was the astronomical orientation starostno mešana skupnost. Skupnost je bila ortodoksna of the church in accordance with the sunrise on the day in konservativna, kar se izraža v doslednem upoštevanju of the Assumption. 199 8. BLEJSKI OTOK V SREDNJEM VEKU 8. BLED ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES istih navodil za krščanski pogreb skozi skoraj dve stoletji. After only a few decades, the original wooden church Naštete lastnosti in izjemnost lokacije grobišča na otoku was demolished and replaced by a slightly larger and finer to skupnost uvrščajo v krog ljudi, ki so bili vključeni v building, which was nevertheless at least partly made of upravno-obrambni aparat gospoščine škofov iz Briksna. wood. This church was also protected by the guardian of Po skoraj stoletju, morda v 2. desetletju 12. stoletja, the entrance. To the west of the church, in the shadow of so leseno cerkev podrli in začeli zidati novo iz kamna. the sunrise on the day of the Assumption, a very smal Šlo je za razmeroma ambiciozno romansko arhitekturo community of mixed gender and age began to bury their z več kot trikrat večjo površino od predhodnice, ki je dead. The community was orthodox and conservative, popolnoma spremenila gabarit Blejskega otoka: prej otok reflected in their strict adherence to the same rules for s cerkvico ob studencu v gaju, sedaj cerkev na otoku. Tik Christian burial over almost two centuries. These quali- vzhodno od oltarja, najsvetejšega mesta v krščanskem ties and the exceptional location of the island cemetery svetu, običajno rezerviranega za svetnike ali vsaj škofe, placed the community within the circle of people included so v novi cerkvi pokopali neodraslo osebo. Kontinuiteto in the administrative and defensive apparatus of the s starim vendarle kažeta pokop še tretjega čuvarja vhoda bishops of Brixen. in nadaljevanje pokopavanja zahodno od cerkve. After almost a hundred years, perhaps in the sec- ond decade of the 12th century, the wooden church was Arheološke datacije se dobro ujemajo z interpreta- demolished and the construction of a new stone church cijami zgodovinarjev, ki izpostavljajo darovnico iz leta began. This was relatively ambitious Romanesque archi- 1004 in posvetitev neke cerkve leta 1142. Vendar je treba tecture with a surface area more than three times greater opozoriti, da zaradi odličnega kronološkega ujemanja than its predecessor, completely altering the image of arheoloških in zgodovinopisnih interpretacij nobena ne Bled Island: what was before an island with a little church postane trdnejša. Ker interpretacije temeljijo na popol- near a spring in a grove, became a church on an island. noma različnih virih, ostajajo ločene, vsaka trdna toliko Immediately east of the altar, the most sacred place in the kot argumenti, na katerih je bila zgrajena. Christian world (which is usual y reserved for saints or at least bishops), a non-adult person was buried in the new church. Continuity with the old was reflected in the burial of the third guardian of the entrance and the continued burials west of the church. The archaeological dates correspond well with the interpretations of historians, who point to the deed of gift from 1004 and the consecration of a church in 1142. However, it is worth noting that an excellent degree of congruity between archaeological and historical interpre- tations does not render any of them more solid. Given that these interpretations are based on completely different sources, they remain separate, each only as solid as the arguments that support it. 200 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Petra LEBEN-SELJAK Antropološka analiza okostij, izkopanih na Blej- The anthropological examination of the skel- skem otoku v letih 1962−1965, je bila izdelana pred 25 le- etons excavated on Bled Island* during the 1962−1965 ti po standardnih antroposkopskih in antropometričnih excavations was performed 25 years ago in line with metodah (Martin, Saller 1957; Acsádi, Nemeskéri 1970; anthroposophical and anthropometric standards and Chiarelli 1980; Krogman, İşcan 1986; İşcan, Kennedy methods (Martin, Saller 1957; Acsádi, Nemeskéri 1970; 1989; Hauser, De Stefano 1989; Rogers, Waldron 1994; Chiarelli 1980; Krogman, İşcan 1986; İşcan, Kennedy Hil son 1996). V okviru doktorske disertacije je bilo 1989; Hauser, De Stefano 1989; Rogers, Waldron 1994; obdelanih 11 grobišč z Bleda in okolice (Leben-Se- Hil son 1996). Eleven burial grounds from Bled and its ljak 1996): poleg Blejskega otoka še dve poznoantični surroundings were treated within the frame of the doc- nekropoli (Bled – Pristava I, Ajdna nad Potoki) in osem toral dissertation (Leben-Seljak 1996): alongside Bled zgodnjesrednjeveških (Bled – Pristava II, Bled – Brdo, Island this included two Late Antiquity necropolises (Bled Bled – Grad, Žale pri Zasipu, Dlesc pri Bodeščah, Spo- – Pristava I, Ajdna nad Potoki) and eight Early Medieval dnje Gorje, Moste pri Žirovnici ter Smokuč). sites (Bled – Pristava II, Bled – Brdo, Bled – Grad, Žale Popis obdelanega skeletnega gradiva z Blejskega pri Zasipu, Dlesc pri Bodeščah, Spodnje Gorje, Moste pri otoka je predstavljen v katalogu grobov (glej pogl. 9.7). Žirovnici and Smokuč). Tu pa so povzeti glavni izsledki antropološke analize The analysis of the treated skeletal remains from Bled okostij iz tistih grobov, ki so bili po mnenju Vinka Šri- Island is presented in the catalogue of graves (see Chapter barja zgodnjesrednjeveški: prva grobiščna skupina se- 9.7). At this stage we will present the main findings of the verno od cerkve (grobovi št. 1−64, po pomoti smo vklju- anthropological examination of the skeletons from those čili tudi grob 65) ter druga grobiščna skupina na mestu graves which Vinko Šribar believed to be Early Medieval: današnje lope (grobovi št. 76−89, 92−96, 101−107). one burial group north of the church (graves Nos. 1−64, Prva ima v tej knjigi oznako grobiščna skupina G1 in je we wrongful y also included Grave 65) and a second datirana med letoma 900 in 1010, druga skupina G4 je burial group in the location of today’s shed (graves Nos. datirana okvirno med letoma 1030 in 1200. 76−89, 92−96, 101−107). We have marked the first burial group, dated between 900 and 1010 AD, as G1 and the second group, dated approximately between 1030 and 9.1 ŠTEVILO SKELETOV 1200 AD, as G4. Za grobišče na Blejskem otoku so značilni razmero- ma številni prekopi oziroma večkratna uporaba grobnih 9.1 NUMBER OF SKELETONS jam. Zaradi tega je bilo okostij nedvomno več, kot je bilo evidentiranih grobov. Kolikor toliko točno število Characteristic of the burial site on Bled Island okostij bi bilo mogoče določiti le, če bi bil že pri izkopa- are relatively numerus reburials or reuses of grave pits, vanjih na terenu navzoč antropolog. Ob poizkopavalni which led to a higher number of skeletons than there antropološki analizi pa le, če bi bilo gradivo intaktno, were recorded graves. As no anthropologist was present analiza pa zastavljena s ciljem ugotavljanja števila okostij during the excavations, it was impossible to establish a ob upoštevanju odnosov med posameznimi grobovi. precise number of skeletons. It would also be possible to Prvi pogoj (intaktno gradivo) je bil verjetno iz- determine a more precise number of skeletons during polnjen ob prvi antropološki analizi, po kateri naj bi the post-excavation anthropological examination if the bilo okostij kar 219 (Filipič et al. 1971, Tomazo et al. remains remained intact, and the analysis was set with the 1971−1972). Ta številka je previsoka, ker ni bil izpolnjen drugi pogoj (upoštevanje odnosov med grobovi). Zaradi * Translation: Sunčan Patric Stone 201 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION prekopov in verjetno tudi površnega izkopa okostij je goal of ascertaining the number of skeletons while taking namreč večina grobov vsebovala ostanke več skeletov. into account the relations between individual graves. Nadštevilne kosti, ki izvirajo iz sosednjih grobov in po- The first condition (intact remains) was most likely škodovanih grobov, so bile štete kot samostojni skeleti, fulfilled during the first anthropological examination, čeprav v resnici niso bili. Za primer vzemimo grob 25, according to which there were as many as 219 skeletons ki ga je Šribar opisal kot otroško lobanjo v grobni jami (Filipič et al. 1971, Tomazo et al. 1971−1972). This num- št. 57. Deponirano gradivo iz groba 25 obsega ostanke ber was set too high, as the second condition was not šestih okostij: v nobenem primeru ne gre za kompleten fulfilled (the relations between the graves were not taken skelet, od “skeleta” 25d je ohranjena samo stegnenica, into account). Most grave pits included the remains of od “skeleta” 25e samo ključnica in podlahtnica itn. numerous skeletons, which is most likely the result of the Grob 57, v katerem je ležala otroška lobanja št. 25, je numerous reburials and the careless excavation process. Šribar opisal kot uničen grob, v deponiranem gradivu so Numerous bones that originated from neighbouring bili fragmentirani ostanki najmanj štirih oseb, verjetneje and damaged graves were considered to be individual pa šestih. Po metodologiji štetja “skeletov” po grobnih skeletons, even though this was not the case. Let’s take a enotah bi bilo torej v teh dveh grobovih skupaj kar 10−12 look at Grave 25 for example: Šribar described this grave skeletov. Z antropološkega stališča pa bi morali ta dva as a child’s skull in grave pit No. 57. The deposited material groba obravnavati kot en sam grob. Skeletov je bilo torej from Grave 25 includes the remains of six skeletons, how- pol manj: največ 6, verjetneje pa le 2 ali 3, ker bi nekatere ever none of them are complete: ‘skeleton’ 25d consists of kosti oziroma “skeleti” lahko izvirali iz sosed njih grobov. a femur, ‘skeleton’ 25e consists of a clavicle and an ulna, Kar dokazuje naslednji primer okostja dojenčka. Kosti etc. Šribar described Grave 57, which revealed child skul dojenčkov oziroma otrok, mlajših od 1 leta, smo našli v No. 25, as a destroyed grave, and the deposited material 6 grobovih (grob št. 2, 23, 24, 25, 26 in 62), v 4 primerih included fragmented remains of at least four individu- smo jih označili kot “skelete”. Vendar pa kosti najbrž als, but more likely six. According to the methodology pripadajo le 1 skeletu, ker se nobena kost ne podvaja, of counting ‘skeletons’ in grave units these two graves grobovi pa ležijo blizu skupaj. alone housed 10 to 12 skeletons between them. From the Pristop štetja okostij po grobovih bi bilo mogoče anthropological viewpoint these two graves should be uporabiti pri prvi antropološki analizi, ko je bilo gradivo treated as a single grave. The total number of skeletons še v prvotnem stanju. Med drugo antropološko analizo should be halved: there should be a maximum of 6, but pa ne več, ker se je izkazalo, da shranjeno gradivo ni bilo more likely only 2 or 3 skeletons, as some of the bones več intaktno, okostja so bila premešana, povezava skelet- or ‹skeletons’ could have originated from neighbouring graves. This is verified by the following example of an infant skeleton. The bones of children under the age of 1 were discovered in 6 graves (Nos. 2, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 62), out of which 4 were marked as ‹skeletons’. However, there is a high chance that the bones belong to a single skeleton, as none of the bones were duplicated, and the graves were located close together. The approach of counting skeletons in graves could be used during the first anthropological examination, when the remains were still in their original state. This was no lon- ger possible when performing the second anthropological examination, as the preserved material was no longer intact, the skeletons have been mixed up, which means that the connections between the skeleton remains and the original graves was no longer reliable (see Chapter 9.7). All we can say for sure is that there are definitely more skeletons than 124 (the number of recorded graves) and undoubtedly less than 219 (the number of ‹skeletons’ according to the first anthropological examination), but most likely somewhere between 150 and 170. We could re-examine the remains Sl. 9.1: Grob 2. Po Šribarjevem opisu gre za skupek fragmen- and establish the minimum number of skeletons, at which tiranih kosti odrasle osebe, v škatli so bile fragmentirane kosti we would view the entire burial site as a single grave, a najmanj 4 oseb, dveh odraslih in dveh otrok. mass tomb. However, if we were to do this, the number of Fig. 9.1: Grave 2. According to Šribar grave contained a pile skeletons would most likely be underestimated due to the of fragmented adult bones, but the box included fragmented fragmented remains, and the expected results would not bones of at least 4 individuals, two adults and two children. justify the invested time and work. (Arhiv / Archive NMS, neg. 4593) 202 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION nega gradiva s prvotnimi grobovi je zato nezanesljiva 9.2 SEX AND AGE STRUCTURE (glej popis gradiva). Rečemo lahko le to, da je okostij OF THE SKELETONS zagotovo več kot 124 (število evidentiranih grobov) in nedvomno manj kot 219 (število “skeletov” po prvi The paleodemographic analysis was based on those antropološki analizi), verjetno med 150 in 170. Lahko skeletons from the first and second grave group that were bi naredili revizijo gradiva in določili minimalno število more or less complete and could be defined as regards okostij, pri čemer bi celotno grobišče jemali kot 1 grob, their sex and age. There were 65 such skeletons in total, grobnico. Vendar bi v tem primeru zaradi fragmentarno out of which 15 belonged to children (23.1 percent). Most ohranjenega gradiva število okostij najbrž podcenili, children died before the age of 7 ( infans I, 10 skeletons). pričakovani rezultati pa ne bi upravičili vloženega časa Amongst the remaining 50 skeletons, 27 are male in dela. and 23 female. The sex ratio is relatively balanced, how- ever there was a noticeable sex difference in mortality, as women died younger (on average): 3 females and 1 9.2 SPOLNA male died in the juvenis period (15−20 years of age), 10 IN STAROSTNA STRUKTURA OKOSTIJ females and only 4 males in the adultus period (21−40 years of age), 9 females and 18 males in the maturus Paleodemografska analiza temelji na tistih okostjih period (41−60 years of age), and 1 female and 4 males in iz prve in druge grobiščne skupine, ki so bila kolikor to- the senilis period (61+ years ). liko kompletna ter določljiva po spolu in starosti. Takih The skeletal series from Bled Island shows demo- okostij je bilo 65, od tega 15 otroških (23,1 odstotka). graphic characteristics typical for medieval and other Večina otrok je umrla pred dopolnjenim 7. letom starosti historic populations. One of these characteristics is cer- (infans I, 10 skeletov). tainly the high death rates of children, however, taking Med preostalimi 50 okostji je 27 moških in 23 into account the number of discovered children skeletons žensk. Razmerje med spoloma je razmeroma uravno- this was underestimated, as there were no skeletons of teženo, opazna pa je spolna razlika v mortaliteti, ženske children under the age of one. The second characteristic so umirale prej kot moški: v obdobju juvenis (15−20 let) is the sex difference in the adult mortality, as men died so umrli 3 ženske in 1 moški, v obdobju adultus (21−40 at an older average age than women: even though both let) 10 žensk in le 4 moški, v obdobju maturus (41−60 could achieve a respectful age, the mortality during the let) 9 žensk in 18 moških, v obdobju senilis (nad 61 let) child baring age was much higher for women than men, pa 1 ženska in 4 moški. especial y in the age periods of juvenis (15−20 years) and Skeletna serija z Blejskega otoka izkazuje karak- adultus I (21−30 years). teristike, tipične za srednjeveške in druge zgodovinske populacije. Prva je visoka umrljivost v otroštvu, ki je glede na število odkritih otroških okostij podcenjena, 9.3 MORPHOLOGICAL saj manjkajo okostja otrok, mlajših od enega leta. Dru- CHARACTERISTICS ga pa je spolna razlika v mortaliteti odraslih, moški so umirali kasneje kot ženske: sicer so tako eni kot drugi We have measured 14 skull parameters and 27 pa- lahko dočakali visoko starost, vendar pa je bila v rodni rameters of the long postcranial bones. Due to the poor dobi smrtnost pri ženskah precej višja kot pri moških, condition of the remains we will limit ourselves to two zlasti v starostnih obdobjih juvenis (15−20 let) in adul- characteristics only, the cranial index (the ratio between tus I (21−30 let). the greatest width and the greatest length of the skull) and the stature of the skeletons from the first and second grave groups (according to Šribar). 9.3 MORFOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE Cranial index Merili smo 14 parametrov lobanje in 27 parametrov Length could be measured in 16 skul s (10 male, 6 dolgih postkranialnih kosti. Zaradi slabe ohranjenosti female), and width in 21 skul s (13 male, 8 female), while gradiva se bomo tu omejili le na dve značilnosti, krani- both parameters, which enables us to calculate the cranial alni indeks (razmerje med največjo širino in največjo index, could be measured in 15 skul s (10 male, 5 female). dolžino lobanje) ter telesno višino okostij iz prve in Taking into account their average values, the skul s of both druge grobiščne skupine po Šribarju. sexes can be categorised as medium length and medium width skul s. The male skul s measured between 171 and Kranialni indeks 200 mm in length (average value of 182.6 mm) and between Dolžina je bila merljiva pri 16 lobanjah (10 moških, 135 and 163 mm in width (average value of 146.7 mm), 6 ženskih), širina pri 21 lobanjah (13 moških, 8 ženskih), while the female skul s measured between 157 and 184 mm oba parametra, na podlagi katerih smo lahko izraču- in length (average value of 172.0 mm) and between 136 and 203 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION nali kranialni indeks, pa pri 15 lobanjah (10 moških, 5 156 mm in width (average value of 142.1 mm). Most skul s ženskih). Glede na povprečno vrednost sodijo lobanje could be categorised as long (7) or medium long skul s (6), obeh spolov v kategoriji srednje dolgih in srednje širo- with 2 short, and 1 very long. According to their width most kih lobanj. Moške lobanje so dolge od 171 do 200 mm skul s were of medium width (9), followed by narrow (7) (povprečna vrednost 182,6 mm) in široke od 135 do and wide (5). The average value of the cranial index (male 163 mm (povprečna vrednost 146,7 mm), ženske lobanje 80.05, female 80.12) is on the border between mesocrania pa so dolge od 157 do 184 mm (povprečna vrednost and brachycrania, and the span ranges from dolichocrania 172,0 mm) in široke od 136 do 156 mm (povprečna vred- to hyperbrachycrania (male 75.8–85.5, female 73.9–89.3). nost 142,1 mm). Največ lobanj sodi v kategoriji dolgih Mesocranic skul s prevail (8) over brachycranic (4), hy- (7) in srednje dolgih lobanj (6), kratki sta le 2, zelo dolga perbrachycranic (2), and a lonesome dolichocranial one. pa 1. Glede na širino prevladujejo srednje široke lobanje (9), sledijo ozke (7) in široke (5). Povprečna vrednost kranialnega indeksa (moški 80,05, ženske 80,12) je na Stature meji med mezokranijo in brahikranijo, razpon pa sega We used Manouvrier’s method to calculate the od dolihokranije do hiperbrahikranije (moški 75,8–85,5, stature of 23 males and 11 females. Taking into account ženske 73,9–89,3). Prevladujejo mezokrane lobanje (8) the average height (male 170.0 cm, female 159.7 cm) nad brahikranimi (4), hiperbrahikrani sta 2, dolihokrana both sexes could be said to be at the lower edge of the pa samo 1. category high stature. Men measured between 160 and 191 cm, while women measured between 149 and 167 cm Telesna višina in height. The following categories were represented: Izračunali smo jo po Manouvrierjevi metodi pri medium height (13 men, 5 women) and tall (9 men, 6 23 moških in 11 ženskah. Glede na povprečno vrednost women), with a single man in the extremely tall category (moški 170,0 cm, ženske 159,7 cm) se oba spola uvrščata (men over 180 cm, women over 168 cm). na spodnjo mejo kategorije visoke telesne višine. Mo- ški so bili visoki od 160 do 191 cm, ženske od 149 do 167 cm. Zastopani sta kategoriji srednje telesne višine 9.4 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS (13 moških, 5 žensk) in visoke telesne višine (9 moških, 6 žensk), zelo visok (moški nad 180 cm, ženske nad Teeth, epigenetic traits and pathological changes 168 cm) je bil le 1 moški. were also analysed within the frame of the anthropologi- cal examination. Teeth were preserved in 26 adults; from the 307 9.4 OSTALE KARAKTERISTIKE preserved teeth 19 or 6.2% had dental caries. 30% of the people had teeth with dental caries, most commonly one V okviru antropološke analize so bili pregledani to three teeth were affected, while wide spread caries was tudi zobje, epigenetski znaki in patološke spremembe. ascertained in a single example (female skeleton No. 86, Zobje so bili ohranjeni pri 26 odraslih, od 307 ohra- 7 teeth with caries from a total of 30 teeth). Dental caries njenih zob je bilo karioznih 19 zob ali 6,2 %. Kariozne was limited to molars and premolars, which was the case zobe je imelo 30 % oseb, praviloma od 1 do 3 zoba, ma- in both sexes. sovni karies je bil ugotovljen le v enem primeru (ženski We have found only a few pathological changes: skelet št. 86, 7 karioznih zob od 30). Pri obeh spolih je cribra orbitalia (skeletons Nos. 4a and 45), degenerative bil karies omejen na kočnike in ličnike. changes of the vertebra (skeletons Nos. 5, 26, 29), exos- Patoloških sprememb je bilo malo: cribra orbitalia tosis on the humerus (skeleton 54) and radius (skeleton (skelet št. 4a in 45), degenerativne spremembe na vreten- 4b) and a healed mark of a wound above the right brow cih (skeleti št. 5, 26, 29), eksostozi na nadlahtnici (skelet ridge (skeleton 102). 54) in koželjnici (skelet 4b) ter zaceljena sled udarca nad desnim očesnim obokom (skelet 102). 9.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 9.5 PRIMERJALNE ANALIZE IN RAZPRAVA All Early Medieval series in Bled reveal similar adult mortality. At the age of 20 the people buried on V paleodemografskih karakteristikah so si vse zgo- Bled Island had 25.4 years of life to look forward to: men dnjesrednjeveške blejske serije podobne. Pri dopolnje- 30.6 years, women 19 years. This was roughly the same in nem 20. letu so imeli ljudje, pokopani na Blejskem otoku, both neighbouring Early Medieval locations, Bled – Grad pred seboj v povprečju še 25,4 leta življenja: moški 30,6 (25.8 years: men 28.2 years, women 23.3 years) and Bled – leta, ženske 19 let. Kar je približno enako kot na obeh Pristava II (27 years: men 31.5 years, women 21.8 years). 204 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION sosednjih zgodnjesrednjeveških lokacijah, Bled – Grad The Early Medieval inhabitants of Bled had a longer life (25,8 leta: moški 28,2 leta, ženske 23,3 leta) in Bled – expectancy at the age of 20 than other Middle European Pristava II (27 let: moški 31,5 leta, ženske 21,8 leta). V populations (Leben-Seljak, Štefančič 1999). primerjavi s prebivalci sosednjih dežel se zgodnjesred- A slight increasing chronological trend of dental njeveški Blejci uvrščajo med tiste z daljšo pričakovano caries (toth count: number of teeth with dental caries in življenjsko dobo (Leben-Seljak, Štefančič 1999). relation to the total preserved teeth) has been ascertained: Pristava II 1.9%, Grad 4.5%, Otok 6.2%. Within the frame Opazen je rahel kronološki trend naraščanja kari- of the above-mentioned series belong also the Early esa (število karioznih zob glede na število ohranjenih Medieval series Žale pri Zasipu (3.6% teeth with dental zob): Pristava II 1,9 %, Grad 4,5 %, Otok 6,2 %. V okvir caries) and Bodešče (5.1%). In Pristava II one quarter of zgoraj omenjenih serij se uvrščata tudi zgodnjesrednje- all individuals (22%) had teeth with dental caries, while veški seriji Žale pri Zasipu (3,6 % karioznih zob) in in the remaining series one third of the population had Bodešče (5,1 %). Kariozne zobe je imela na Pristavi II dental caries (Grad 27%, Otok 31%, Bodešče 33%, Žale četrtina posameznikov (22 %), v preostalih serijah pa pri Zasipu 35%). The differences in ante mortem tooth tretjina (Grad 27 %, Otok 31 %, Bodešče 33 %, Žale pri loss count are also small: Pristava II 14.1%, Grad 13.0%, Zasipu 35 %). Tudi v frekvenci pred smrtjo izpadlih zob Bodešče 13.4%, Otok 15.8%; the series Žale pri Zasipu so razlike med serijami majhne: Pristava II 14,1 %, Grad stands out with 4.9%. 13,0 %, Bodešče 13,4 %, Otok 15,8 %; izstopa serija Žale The comparative analysis of the morphological char- pri Zasipu s 4,9 %. acteristics included only those four series that fulfilled the condition that each of the comparative parameters was Primerjalna analiza morfoloških karakteristik measured on at least 10 individuals. These are: Late An- vključuje le tiste 4 serije, ki izpolnjujejo pogoj, da je vsak tiquity Pristava I, Early Mediaeval Pristava II, Bled – Grad primerjani parameter izmerjen pri najmanj 10 posamez- and Bled – Otok, where the precondition for the minimal nikih. To so poznoantična Pristava I, zgodnjesrednje- number was not fulfilled in the category of females. For veški Pristava II in Bled – Grad ter Bled – Otok, kjer pa comparison purposes we used the analysis of biological pogoj minimalnega števila pri ženskah ni izpolnjen. Za distance according to Penrose, who compares 2 series primerjavo smo uporabili analizo biološke distance po (statistical y important are the coefficients of biological Penrosu, ki primerja po 2 seriji (statistično značilni so distance larger than 0.30, with a 5% error), and merges koeficienti distance, večji od 0,30, pri 5-odstotni napaki), similar series into clusters. sorodne serije pa združuje v bloke (klastre). All three Early Mediaeval series are similar as regards V telesni višini so si vse 3 zgodnjesrednjeveške postcranial characteristics, in the frequency distribution serije podobne, tako v frekvenčnih distribucijah kot v as well as in the average. Men buried on Bled Island were povprečni telesni višini. Moški, pokopani na Blejskem on average 170.0 cm tall (Pristava II 169.7 cm, Grad otoku, so bili v povprečju visoki 170,0 cm (Pristava II 171.0 cm), while women measured 159.7 cm (Pristava 169,7 cm, Grad 171,0 cm), ženske pa 159,7 cm (Pri- II 159.7 cm, Grad 158.5 cm). The analysis of biological stava II 159,7 cm, Grad 158,5 cm). Distančna analiza, distance, which together with stature, included an addi- ki je poleg telesne višine vključevala še 9 parametrov tional 9 postcranial parameters (the length of the femur (dolžino stegnenice ter 8 premerov in obodov dolgih and 8 diameters and circumferences of the long bones; kosti), je pokazala na veliko podobnost moških skeletov Martin No. H 7, F 2, F 8, F 9, F 10, F 18, T 8a, T 9a, T 10b), s Pristave II, Gradu in Otoka, ki jih povezujejo nizki revealed great similarity between the male skeletons from koeficienti distance (0,03–0,10; ženske 0,23–0,30). Pri Pristava II, Grad and Bled Island, which were connected obeh spolih izkazuje Otok malenkost večjo podobnost by the low coefficients of biological distance (0.03–0.10; z Gradom kot pa s Pristavo II, medtem ko poznoantična women 0.23–0.30). The characteristics determined at Bled Pristava I zavzema distanciran položaj zaradi manjše Island are slightly closer to Grad than Pristava II for both telesne višine in gracilnejših okostij. sexes, while the Late Antiquity site of Pristava I occupies Edina karakteristika, ki okostja z Blejskega otoka a more biological y distant position due to the shorter loči od drugih, je oblika lobanj. Lobanje so namreč v individuals and more gracile skeletons. povprečju mezo-brahikrane, medtem ko so lobanje s The only characteristic that truly differentiates Pristave II in Gradu mezokrane, lobanje iz Bodešč in the skeletons from Bled Island from the rest is the skul Žal pri Zasipu pa doliho-mezokrane. Distančna ana- shape. On average the skul s are meso-brachycranic, liza, izdelana na povprečnih vrednostih 9 parametrov while the skul s from Pristava II and Grad are meso- (največja in celotna dolžina lobanje, ušesna višina, 5 cranic, and the skul s from Bodešče and Žale pri Zasipu širinskih parametrov možganskega dela lobanje in širina dolicho-mesocranic. The biological distance analysis, mandibule), je pokazala na distanciran položaj Otoka. performed on the average values of 9 parameters (2 length Najnižji koeficient distance 0,09 povezuje moške lobanje parameters, 5 width parameters, the ear-height, and the s Pristave II in Gradu. Ti dve zgodnjesrednjeveški seriji width of the mandible; Martin No. 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 205 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Pristava II Bled Grad Blejski otok 160 o. 8) in mm artin N th (Mid um wni 150 ax. cra t. 8) v mm / m artin š 140 banje (M a loin ečja šir najv 130 170 180 190 200 največja dolžina lobanje (Martin št. 1) v mm / max. cranium length (Martin No. 1) in mm Graf 9.1.: Širina in dolžina lobanj v treh blejskih serijah – moški. Graph 9.1: Width and length of the crania in three Bled seires – male. 160 Pristava II Bled Grad Blejski otok o. 8) in mm artin N 150 th (Mid um wni ax. cra 140 t. 8) v mm / m artin š 130 banje (M a loin ečja šir najv 120 160 170 180 190 največja dolžina lobanje (Martin št. 1) v mm / max. cranium length (Martin No. 1) in mm Graf 9.2: Širina in dolžina lobanj v treh blejskih serijah – ženske. Graph 9.2: Width and length of the crania in three Bled seires – female. 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 88 moški / male ženske / female 86,5 86 84,89 84 83,8 83,3 82,89 82 81 80,12 80 80,05 78,96 79,1 78,1 78 77,7 77,69 76,8 77,66 76 76,16 76 75,06 74 Pristava I Pristava II Ptuj Bled−Grad Kranj I Bled−Otok Gutenwerth Kranj II Kranj III (6.−7. st.) (7.−10. st.) (10.−11. st.) (9.−11.st.) (8.−12. st.) (?) (12.−16. st.) (16.−18. st.) (17.−18. st.) Graf 9.3: Trend brahikefalizacije – povprečne vrednosti kranialnega indeksa v nekaterih slovenskih serijah. Graph 9.3: Brachycephalisation trend – average values of cranial index in some Slovenian series. se navezujeta na poznoantično Pristavo I s koeficiento- 20, 66), showed that Bled Island was biological y distant ma distance 0,24. Blejski otok, ki zavzema distanciran from the rest. The lowest biological distance coefficient položaj, je še najbolj podoben Gradu (koeficient distance of 0.09 connected the male skul s from Pristava II and 0,29), manj Pristavi II (koeficient distance 0,33, stati- Grad. These two Early Mediaeval series are linked to stično značilna razlika pri 5-odstotni napaki), najbolj the Late Antiquity Pristava I with the biological distance pa se razlikuje od Pristave I (koeficient distance 0,73). coefficient of 0.24. The Bled Island, which occupies a Opazen je kronološki trend (Pristava II–Grad–Otok): biological y distant position is the closest to Grad (biologi- absolutno gledano so moške lobanje v nekaj stoletjih cal distance coefficient of 0.29), not as close to Pristava postale v povprečju krajše (186,95–186,10–182,60 mm) II (biological distance coefficient of 0.33, a statistical y in širše (največja širina: 142,45–144,50–146,69 mm), characteristic difference with a 5% error), and the furthest medtem ko je ušesna višina ostala skorajda nespreme- away from Pristava I (biological distance coefficient of njena (116,50–115,67–115,58 mm). Lobanje so postale 0.73). The chronological trend is noticeable (Pristava širše tudi v predelu zatilja (širina zatilnice, mastoidna II–Grad–Bled Island): absolutely viewed male skul s have širina), povečala se je tudi največja širina čela, ne pa become shorter (186.95–186.10–182.60 mm) and wider tudi najmanjša širina čela. Zato so se spremenili indeksi, (greatest width: 142.45–144.50–146.69 mm) on average lobanje so postale bolj brahikrane (76,2–77,7–80,1) in over the centuries, while the ear-height remained almost stenometopične (67,9–68,4–66,1). Podobno zasledimo unchanged (116.50–115.67–115.58 mm). Skul s became pri ženskih lobanjah. wider also in the part of the occiput (width of the occipital Razlike so manj opazne, če pogledamo kranialni bone, mastoid width), the greatest width of the forehead indeks posameznih lobanj. Večina lobanj z Otoka se also increased, while the smallest width of the forehead namreč lepo vključuje med lobanje s Pristave II in did not. This is why the indexes changed, the skul s of Gradu ( graf 9.1 in 9.2), čeprav se tudi tu vidi, da so med males became more brachycranic (76.2–77.7–80.1) and krajšimi. Od 3 tipično brahikranih lobanj (vrednost stenometopic (67,9–68,4–66,1). Similar was established indeksa nad 83,0) je 1 iz prve grobiščne skupine (moški for female skul s. 207 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION skelet 20), 2 pa sta iz druge grobiščne skupine (ženski The differences are less noticeable if we look at the skelet 84a, moški skelet 102). Tipično brahikrani sta cranial index of individuals. Most skul s from Bled Island še 2 ženski lobanji (skeleta 90k, 111b), ki pa nista bili fit in with the skul s from Pristava II and Grad ( Graph 9.1 vključeni v primerjalno analizo, ker izvirata iz grobov and Graph 9.2), even though they are amongst the shorter četrte grobiščne skupine. ones. From the 3 typical y brachycranic skul s (index value above 83.0) 1 was found amongst the remains belonging Na podlagi podobnosti postkranialnih karakteri- to the first grave group (male skeleton 20), while 2 were stik menimo, da so na Otoku verjetno pokopani Blejci. found amongst the remains belonging to the second Razlika v kranialnem indeksu pa kaže na to, da je grobi- grave group (female skeleton 84a, male skeleton 102). An šče na Blejskem otoku kronološko mlajše od grobišč na additional 2 female skul s (skeletons 90k, 111b) are also Pristavi in na Gradu (Leben-Seljak 2000). Antropološko typical y brachycranic, however, they were not included dokazano dejstvo je, da se je v srednjem veku v Evropi in the comparative analysis as they originated from the zgodila brahikefalizacija. Trend je zaznati tudi v Sloveniji graves of the fourth grave group. ( graf 9.3). Da gre za kronološki trend, ki ni posledica raz- lične etnične pripadnosti, dokazuje nekropola pri farni Based on the post-cranial similarities of all 3 Early cerkvi v Kranju (Leben-Seljak 1991), kjer je povprečna Meieval skeletal series we have concluded that people vrednost kranialnega indeksa pri moških zrasla s 77,7 from Bled were buried on Bled Island. The differences (zgodnjesrednjeveška serija Kranj I, 8.–12. st.) na 82,9 in the cranial index indicates that the burial site on Bled (baročna serija Kranj II, 16.–18. st.) in 83,3 (serija Kranj Island belongs to a chronological y later period than the III – karner, 17.–18. st.). burial sites in Pristava and Grad (Leben-Seljak 2000). It is Razširjena distančna analiza, ki primerja karakteri- an anthropological y proven fact that brachycephalization stike lobanj iz 7 slovenskih skeletnih serij (Leben-Seljak took place in Europe during the Middle Ages. This trend 1996, 244−245, 347−348), oblikuje tako pri moških kot pri was also noticeable in Slovenia ( Graph 9.3). That this is a ženskah 2 bloka (klastra): v prvem so poleg poznoantične chronological trend that is not a consequence of belonging Pristave I še zgodnjesrednjeveške serije Pristava II, Bled – to different ethical groups is proven by the necropolis at Grad, Ptuj in Kranj I, v drugem bloku pa Bled – Otok the parish church in Kranj (Leben-Seljak 1991), where the in baročna serija Kranj II. Baročna serija Kranj II se pri average value of the cranial index for males increased from moških sicer statistično značilno razlikuje od vseh pri- 77.7 (Early Mediaeval series Kranj I, 8th - 12th centuries) merjalnih serij, vendar izkazuje največjo sorodnost ravno to 82.9 (Baroque series Kranj II, 16th - 18th centuries) s serijo Bled – Otok in zgodnjesrednjeveško serijo Kranj I and 83.3 (series Kranj III – ossuary, 17th - 18th centuries). (koeficienta distance 0,55), pri ženskah pa je pod mejo The broader biological distance analysis, which com- signifikantne razlike (koeficienta distance 0,24 in 0,28). pares the cranium characteristics from 7 Slovenian series Trend brahikefalizacije torej kaže, da je domnevno of skeletons (Leben-Seljak 1996, 244−245, 347−348), zgodnjesrednjeveška serija Bled – Otok kronološko divides men as well as women into 2 clusters: the first mlajša od serij Pristava II in Bled – Grad, časovno pa je incudes the Late Antiquity Pristava I as well as the Early bližja Gradu. To potrjuje tudi primerjava postkranialnih Mediaeval series Pristava II, Bled – Grad, Ptuj and Kranj I, karakteristik. while the second consists of Bled Island and the Baroque series Kranj II. The Baroque male series Kranj II statisti- cal y differs from all other compared series, however it shows the greatest similarities with Bled Island series and the Early Mediaeval series Kranj I (biological distance coefficient 0.55), while for females this remained below the border of statistical y significant differences (distance coefficients of 0.24 and 0.28). The trend of brachycephalization thus indicates that the supposedly Early Mediaeval Bled Island series is chronological y later than series Pristava II and Bled – Grad, bur closer to Grad. This is also confirmed by the comparison of the post-cranial characteristics. Sl. 9.2: Grob 120. Škatle grob 120 ali oznake 120 v gradivu ni bilo, v fototeki pa obstaja fotografija groba. Fig. 9.2: Grave 120. There was no box marked Grave 120 or tag 120 amongst the material, but there is a photo of the grave. (Arhiv / Archive NMS, neg. 5943) 208 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 9.6 ZAKLJUČKI 9.6 CONCLUSIONS Na Blejskem otoku je bilo v letih 1962−1965 od- 124 graves were excavated on Bled Island between kritih 124 grobov. Gradivo, deponirano v Narodnem 1962 and 1965. The remains stored in the National Museum muzeju v Ljubljani, je bilo antropološko pregledano in Ljubljana were anthropological y examined twice; the dvakrat, prvič v diplomski nalogi kmalu po zaključku first time for the graduation thesis which was written soon arheoloških raziskav (Filipič et al. 1971), drugič pa v after the archaeological excavation had been completed okviru primerjalne analize blejskih grobišč (Leben-Se- (Filipič et al. 1971), and the second time within the frame of ljak 1996). V času med obema antropološkima analiza- the comparative study of the Bled burial sites (Leben-Seljak ma se je gradivo premešalo, zaradi česar povezava okostij 1996). In the period between the two anthropological ex- s prvotnimi grobovi ni več mogoča. Iz tega razloga tudi aminations the remains have been disrupted, due to which ni več mogoče določiti števila skeletov, sklepamo pa, da the connections between the skeletons and the original jih je bilo od 150 do 170. graves have been lost. Due to this it was also impossible Antropološka analiza temelji na selekcionirani to establish the total number of skeletons, however, our skeletni seriji grobiščnih skupin G1 in G4. Med 65 estimate ranges between 150 and 170. okostji je 15 otrok, 27 moških in 23 žensk. Značilna je The anthropological examination was based on pričakovana spolna razlika v mortaliteti, ki je posledica selected skeletal series belonging to grave groups G1 and večje umrljivosti žensk v rodni dobi, zlasti med 20. in 30. G4. Amongst the 65 skeletons, 15 belonged to children, 27 letom starosti. Pri dopolnjenem 20. letu so imeli moški to men and 23 to women. The sex difference in mortal- pred seboj v povprečju še 30,6 leta življenja, ženske pa ity is characteristic, for it is a consequence of the higher le 19 let. V paleodemografskih karakteristikah serija ne female mortality rates during childbearing age, especial y izstopa iz okvira preostalih blejskih grobišč, v okviru in women between 20 and 30 years of age. The life expec- srednjeevropskih populacij pa so srednjeveški Blejci med tancy at the age of 20 was 30.6 years for men and only 19 tistimi z daljšo pričakovano življenjsko dobo. Na razme- years for women. The studied series does not stand out roma ugodne življenjske razmere v tistem času kažejo from the rest of the burial sites in the Bled area as regards tudi maloštevilne patološke spremembe. Tudi stopnja the paleodemographic characteristics, however, when kariesa (6,2 % karioznih zob, karies je bil ugotovljen pri compared to the general Central European population tretjini posameznikov) ni bistveno višja kot v preostalih the inhabitants from Bled have a higher than average life blejskih zgodnjesrednjeveških serijah (1,9−5,1 %), je pa expectancy. The relatively favourable living conditions at nakazan rahel kronološki trend porasta kariesa. the time are also indicated by the low numbers of patho- Moški so bili v povprečju visoki 170 centimetrov, logical changes. The level of dental caries (6.2% of teeth ženske 159,7 centimetra. V telesni višini med blejskimi with dental caries, dental caries was established in one zgodnjesrednjeveškimi serijami ni razlik, ravno tako ne third of all individuals) is not significantly higher than in v robustnosti okostja. Je pa zaznati razliko v kranialnem the other Early Mediaeval series from Bled (1.9 − 5.1%), indeksu, saj so lobanje z Blejskega otoka mezo-brahikra- however, it does indicate the slight chronological trend ne (povprečna vrednost kranialnega indeksa je pri obeh in the increase of caries. spolih 80,1), lobanje preostalih serij pa mezokrane ali On average men were 170 cm tal , while women doliho-mezokrane. Na Blejskem otoku je več brahikra- measured 159.7 centimetres. There are no significant nih in manj dolihokranih lobanj kot v drugih serijah, differences in the stature in the Early Mediaeval series in lobanje so krajše in širše. V morfoloških karakteristi- Bled, nor do the skeletons differ in their robustness. How- kah je serija z Blejskega otoka najbolj podobna seriji ever, there is a noticeable difference in the cranial index, Bled – Grad, trend brahikefalizacije pa dokazuje, da je as the skul s from Bled Island are meso-brachycranic (the kronološko mlajša. average value of the cranial index for both sexes is 80.1), while the skul s of the remaining series are mesocranic or dolicho-mesocranic. The Bled Island skeletal remains included more brachycranic and less dolichocranicskul s than other series, i.e. the skul s are shorter and wider. As regards the morphological characteristics the series from Bled Island is the closest to the series Bled – Grad, while the brachycephalization trend proves that it is chrono- logical y latter. 209 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION 9.7 POPIS SKELETNEGA GRADIVA 9.7 INVENTORY OF THE SKELETAL REMAINS Popis je nastal na osnovi zabeležk ob obdelavi gradiva v letih 1992 in 1995, ko so bila antropološko This inventory was compiled from the records that pregledana okostja, odkrita med arheološkimi izko- were created when the remains discovered during the pavanji v letih od 1962 do 1965 (grobovi 1−124). Prvi 1962 - 1965 archaeological excavations (Graves 1 – 124) antropološki pregled tega gradiva je bil narejen kmalu were anthropological y examined between 1992 and 1995. po zaključku izkopavanj v okviru diplomske naloge pod The first anthropological examination of the remains was mentorstvom Zlate Dolinar Osole (Filipič et al. 1971, conducted within the frame of the graduation thesis under Tomazo et al. 1971−1972). Ker so bili izsledki te antro- the mentorship of Zlata Dolinar Osole (Filipič et al. 1971, pološke analize pomanjkljivi in za primerjalno analizo Tomazo et al. 1971−1972), which took place almost imme- z ostalimi blejskimi grobišči neuporabni, smo gradivo diately after the excavations were concluded. Because the v letih 1992−1995 še enkrat pregledali (Leben-Seljak findings from the first anthropological examination were 1996). Kosti so bile shranjene v depoju Narodnega mu- insufficient and could not be used in an analysis with other zeja v Ljubljani v kartonastih škatlah z napisom Bled ter grave-sites in the Bled area, the remains were re-examined številko groba. Na lobanjah in nekaterih dolgih kosteh so between 1992−1995 (Leben-Seljak 1996). The bones were bile s črnim tušem napisane številke skeleta, dodeljene kept in cardboard boxes marked Bled and the number of ob prvi antropološki analizi. the grave in the depot of the National Museum in Ljubljana. Iz popisa je razvidno, da gradivo leta 1992 ni bilo The skul s and some of the long bones were marked with the več v takem stanju kot pri izkopu. Večina grobov je number of the skeleton that was assigned to them during vsebovala ostanke več skeletov in ne le enega. Deloma the first anthropological analysis in black ink. bi bilo to lahko posledica površnega izkopa skeletov The inventory shows that by 1992 the remains were no (manjkajoče kosti nekaterih skeletov smo namreč našli longer in the same condition as they were when excavated. v drugih grobovih) in razmeroma številnih prekopov, saj Most graves contained remains of numerous skeletons and so nekatere pokojnike pokopali v že obstoječe grobove. not merely a single one. To a certain degree this could have Vendar pa to ni edini vzrok, saj se je pokazalo, da se v been a consequence of the careless excavation (we have precej primerih gradivo ne ujema s Šribarjevim opisom found some missing bones of certain skeletons in other groba (neobjavljen tipkopisni članek). V grobu 63 naj bi graves) and the relatively numerous reburials, as some bili po Šribarju le dve kosti (stegnenica in golenica), v of the deceased were buried in already existing graves. škatli z napisom grob 63 pa so bile lobanja ter postkrani- However, this was not the sole reason, for it has been estab- alne kosti dveh odraslih. Poleg tega so nekateri grobovi lished that the remains did often not correspond to Šribar’s manjkali: nekaterih številk v gradivu sploh nismo našli description of the grave (as described in his unpublished (11grobov: št. 18, 30, 40, 42, 44, 48, 66, 70, 88, 96, 120), typed article). According to Šribar Grave 63 consisted of druge smo našli v škatlah z drugačno številko groba two bones (femur and tibia), however, the box supposedly (grobovi št. 103−108 in 118 v škatlah grob 78, 79, 80, 83), containing the remains from Grave 63 included a skull and nekatere številke grobov so se podvajale (grob št. 80, 81, the postcranial bones belonging to two adults. Boxes linked 102, 109−117). Vse našteto kaže, da se je gradivo preme- to certain graves were missing, thus we failed to find some šalo, verjetno po prvi antropološki analizi pri prelaganju of the numbers that should have been amongst the remains okostij v nove škatle. Kje je npr. dobro ohranjeni skelet (11 graves: Nos. 18, 30, 40, 42, 44, 48, 66, 70, 88, 96, 120), iz groba 41, ne vemo, ker je bila v škatli samo maksila. others were found in boxes with a different grave number Po letu 1995 smo pregledali še skelet, prezentiran (bones from graves Nos. 103−108 and 118 were found v cerkvi Marijinega vnebovzetja na Blejskem otoku (Le- in boxes marked Grave 78, 79, 80, 83), while some grave ben-Seljak 1999, glej grob xx), ter ostanke okostij iz dveh numbers were duplicated (Graves 80, 81, 102, 109−117). grobov, odkritih leta 2016 ob zaščitnih arheoloških iz- It is clear that the remains had been disrupted, most likely kopavanjih v mali zakristiji cerkve (Leben-Seljak 2016). following the first anthropological examination when the bones were moved to new boxes. We have no idea where V nadaljevanju pri opisu grobov za ohranjene kosti the well-preserved skeleton from Grave 41 is located, as the uporabljamo slovenska imena (glej slovensko-latinski box marked Grave 41 contained merely a maxil a. slovarček), le pri obeh čeljustnicah smo se odločili za Post 1995 we also examined the skeleton in the poslovenjena izraza mandibula in maksila. Seznam church of the Assumption of Mary on Bled Island (Leben- okostij z določenim spolom in starostjo je predstavljen Seljak 1999, see Grave xx), as well as the remains of the v tabeli 9.1. skeletons from the two graves discovered in 2016 during the preventive archaeological excavations in the smal sacristy in the church (Leben-Seljak 2016). The list of skeletons with their sex and age is pre- sented in Table 9.1. 210 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Številka Starostna Okvirna Številka Starostna Okvirna skeleta / Spol / kategorija / starost (leta) / skeleta / Spol / kategorija / starost (leta) / Skeleton Sex Age Tenative age Skeleton Sex Age Tenative age no. category (years) no. category (years) 1a moški / male maturus 46−58 28 moški / male maturus I 41−50 1b ženski / female adultus I 21−24 29 moški / male maturus II 54−60 2a moški / male odrasel / adult <21 31 ženski / female juvenis 18 2b ženski / female odrasel / adult <24 32a moški / male maturus I 44−50 2c otrok / child infans II 32b moški / male adultus 21−40 2d otrok / child infans I 0−1 32c otrok / child infans I 4 ± 1 3a moški / male adultus 23−43 33a moški / male senilis 58−72 3b ženski / female maturus I 40−49 33b otrok / child infans I 3 ± 1 3c otrok / child infans II 34a moški / male maturus 41−60 4a ženski / female juvenis 16 34b otrok / child infans I 1 ± 4 mes. / months 4b moški / male adultus II 34−43 35 ženski / female adultus 21−40 5a moški / male maturus II 48−65 36 ženski / female maturus II 55−61 5b ? odrasel / adult 37a otrok / child infans I 4 ± 1 6 moški / male senilis 58−72 37b moški / male odrasel / adult 7 moški / male maturus II 50−66 38 ženski / female senilis 58−72 8 moški / male maturus I 41−50 39a moški / male maturus I 35−53 9 ženski / female adultus I 19−28 39b ženski / female maturus II 48−56 10a ženski / female juvenis 20 39c otrok / child infans I 10b moški / male odrasel / adult 41 ? moški / male odrasel / adult 11a moški / male adultus II 31−40 43 otrok / child infans I 11b ? ženski / female odrasel / adult 45 ženski / female maturus I 44−50 11c otrok / child infans I 4 ± 1 46 moški / male maturus II 51−60 12 ženski / female maturus II 52−58 47 otrok / child infans I 2,5−3 13 moški / male maturus II 53−66 49 ženski / female maturus I 37−46 14 moški / male maturus 46−58 50 otrok / child infans II 9 ± 2 15a moški / male adultus 23−40 51 ženski / female adultus I 23−30 15b moški / male maturus 46−58 52a otrok / child infans I 6−7 15c ženski / female adultus I 20−24 52b otrok / child infans I 4 ± 1 16 moški / male senilis 58−72 53 otrok / child infans II 8 ± 2 17 otrok / child infans I 4 ± 1 54 moški / male adultus I 25−31 19a ženski / female adultus I 21−24 55a moški / male senilis 63−69 19b otrok / child infans 55b otrok / child infans I 3−4 20 moški / male maturus 44−59 55c ženski / female odrasel / adult 21a moški / male senilis 63−72 56 moški / male maturus I 42−48 21b ? odrasel / adult 57a moški / male odrasel / adult 22 moški / male maturus 41−60 57b ženski / female odrasel / adult 23a otrok / child infans I 2−4 57c otrok / child infans II 23b otrok / child infans I 6 mes. / months 57d otrok / child infans I 5 23c ? juvenis 15−18 58 ženski / female maturus 41−60 24a otrok / child infans II 8 ± 2 59a ženski / female adultus II 31−40 24b ? adultus 21−40 59b otrok / child infans II 25a moški / male odrasel / adult 59c otrok / child infans I 25b ženski / female maturus 46−58 60a ženski / female maturus 47−56 25c otrok / child infans I 6−7 60b otrok / child infans II 25d otrok / child infans I 3−5 61 moški / male maturus II 52−67 25e otrok / child infans I 0−1 62a otrok / child infans II 11 ± 2,5 25f ženski / female odrasel / adult 62b otrok / child infans I 0−1 26 ženski / female maturus 46−62 63 ženski / female adultus 21−40 27 otrok / child infans I 4 ± 1 211 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Številka Starostna Okvirna Številka Starostna Okvirna skeleta / Spol / kategorija / starost (leta) / skeleta / Spol / kategorija / starost (leta) / Skeleton Sex Age Tenative age Skeleton Sex Age Tenative age no. category (years) no. category (years) 64a ženski / female adultus 23−39 87b ženski / female adultus 23−39 64b otrok / child infans I 3−4 89 otrok / child infans I 2−3 64c otrok / child infans II 90a otrok / child infans I 0−6 mes. / months 65 moški / male senilis 58−72 90b otrok / child infans I 2 67a ženski / female odrasel / adult 90c otrok / child infans I 5−6 67b ženski / female adultus 21−40 90d otrok / child infans II 13 68a otrok / child infans II 8 ± 2 90e otrok / child infans II 14 68b ženski / female odrasel / adult 90f moški / male odrasel / adult 68c moški / male maturus/senilis 54−68 90g moški / male odrasel / adult 68d moški / male odrasel / adult 90h moški / male odrasel / adult 68e ? adultus I 21−24 90i moški / male odrasel / adult 69 ? moški / male odrasel / adult 90j ? odrasel / adult 71 moški / male odrasel / adult 90k ženski / female maturus/senilis < 51 73 moški / male maturus 41−60 91 moški / male adultus 25−39 74 ženski / female maturus 41- 60 92a otrok / child infans I 75 ženski / female maturus/senilis < 41 92b otrok / child infans II 76a otrok / child infans II 9 ± 2 92c otrok / child infans II 76b moški / male odrasel / adult 92d moški / male odrasel / adult 76c ženski / female odrasel / adult 92e ženski / female odrasel / adult 77a moški / male maturus 45−60 92f ženski / female odrasel / adult 77b otrok / child infans II 12 ± 2 92g ? odrasel / adult 77c otrok / child infans I 2−3 92h ? odrasel / adult 78a moški / male maturus 45−60 93a moški / male maturus 41−65 78b ? odrasel / adult 93b moški / male odrasel / adult 78c ? odrasel / adult 93c ? odrasel / adult 78d ? odrasel / adult 94 ? juvenis 79a ženski / female maturus 48−65 98 ženski / female juvenis 15−18 79b ? odrasel / adult 100 ? moški / male maturus/senilis < 51 80a otrok / child infans I 1 ± 4 mes. / months 102 moški / male maturus/senilis < 51 109a ženski / female maturus II 80b moški / male adultus/ maturus 31−50 109b ženski / female juvenis 19 80c ? odrasel / adult 109c ženski / female adultus I 81a otrok / child infans I 109d ženski / female maturus II 81b ženski / female maturus II 53−66 109e moški / male odrasel / adult 81c moški / male juvenis 18 109f moški / male odrasel / adult 81d moški / male senilis 58−72 109g moški / male odrasel / adult 81e moški / male adultus 23−39 109h moški / male odrasel / adult 81f moški / male adultus 21−40 109i otrok / child infans I 82a moški / male maturus II 50−59 109j otrok / child infans II 82b otrok / child infans I 110 moški / male odrasel / adult 83a ženski / female maturus 111a moški / male adultus II 35−40 83b otrok / child infans I 5 ± 16 mes. / 111b ženski / female senilis 58−72 months 112a otrok / child infans II 8 ± 2 84a ženski / female adultus I 22−30 112b ženski / female odrasel / adult 84b moški / male odrasel / adult 113 moški / male maturus/senilis 84c otrok / child infans I 30 m. 114 ženski / female maturus 85 moški / male maturus II 53−66 115a moški / male odrasel / adult 86 ženski / female adultus 23−39 115b otrok / child infans II 7 87a moški / male adultus 23−39 212 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Številka Starostna Okvirna Številka Starostna Okvirna skeleta / Spol / kategorija / starost (leta) / skeleta / Spol / kategorija / starost (leta) / Skeleton Sex Age Tenative age Skeleton Sex Age Tenative age no. category (years) no. category (years) 116a ženski / female odrasel / adult 122b ? juvenis 116b ? moški / male odrasel / adult 123a moški / male odrasel / adult 117a moški / male odrasel / adult 123b moški / male odrasel / adult 117b ? odrasel / adult 123c ženski / female odrasel / adult 119 ? juvenis 15 123d ženski / female odrasel / adult 121a moški / male odrasel / adult 123e otrok / child infans II 121b moški / male odrasel / adult 124a moški / male odrasel / adult 121c moški / male odrasel / adult 124b ? odrasel / adult 121d moški / male odrasel / adult XX moški / male senilis 66−75 121e ženski / female odrasel / adult 1a/2016 ženska juveis-adultus 18−20 121f ženski / female odrasel / adult 1b/2016 ženska odrasel / adult 121g ženski / female odrasel / adult 1c/2016 moški / male odrasel / adult 122a moški / male odrasel / adult 2/2016 ženski / female odrasel / adult Tab. 9.1: Seznam okostij Tab. 9.1: List of skeletons Grob 1 Grave 1 Šribar: slabo ohranjen skelet odrasle osebe (luničasti uhan). Šribar: poorly preserved adult skeleton (crescent-shaped earring). V škatli so bile fragmentirane kosti dveh odraslih oseb in dva The box contained fragmented bones belonging to two adults otroška zoba (mlečna kočnika), ki ju nismo označili as well as two children›s teeth (deciduous molars), which kot skelet. were not categorised as a skeleton. Skelet 1a, robustne kosti: lobanja z mandibulo, korpusi obeh Skeleton 1a, robust bones: skull with mandible, the shafts of stegnenic in leve golenice. both femurs and the left tibia. Skelet 1b, gracilne kosti: mandibula, korpusa obeh nadlahtnic, Skeleton 1b, gracile bones: mandible, shafts of both humeri, kolčnica in kaput stegnenice. innominate and caput femuris. Nerazporejeno: proksimalni deli treh podlahtnic in ene Unsorted: the proximal parts of three ulnas and one radius. koželjnice. Grave 2 Grob 2 Šribar: a pile of fragmented adult bones (alongside the north Šribar: skupek fragmentiranih kosti odrasle osebe (ob severni side of the church, the skeleton was destroyed when the steni cerkve, skelet uničen ob izkopu temeljev cerkve). foundations for the church were built). V škatli so bile fragmentirane kosti najmanj 4 oseb, dveh The box included fragmented bones of at least 4 individuals, odraslih in dveh otrok. two adults and two children. Skelet 2a, robustne kosti: zatilnica, desna nadlahtnica, križnica, Skeleton 2a, robust bones: occipital, right humerus, sacrum, left leva kolčnica, obe stegnenici, golenica. innominate, both femurs, tibia. Skelet 2b, gracilne kosti: obe kolčnici, stegnenici in golenica. Skeleton 2b, gracile bones: both innominates, femurs and tibia. Skelet 2c: fragmenti lobanje, glede na debelino starejši otrok. Skeleton 2c: skull fragments, most likely an older child (taking Skelet 2d: leva polovica čelnice, mlajši otrok. into account the thickness). Skeleton 2d: left side of the frontal bone, younger child. Grob 3 Šribar: skelet (dolžina skeleta 124 cm) vzporeden z ostanki Grave 3 skeleta 7 in dve stegnenici. Šribar: skeleton (length 124 cm) parallel to the remains of V škatli so bile kosti treh oseb. skeleton 7 and two femurs. Skelet 3a, robustne kosti: obe stegnenici, distalni del desne The box included the bones of three skeletons. koželjnice, korpus podlahtnice. Skeleton 3a, robust bones: both femurs, distal end of the right Skelet 3b, gracilne kosti: slabo ohranjen skelet, poleg lobanje radius, the shaft of the ulna. tudi večina postkraniuma (manjkajo: obe ključnici, leva Skeleton 3b, gracile bones: a poorly preserved skeleton, skull as nadlahtnica, desna podlahtnica, mečnici). wel as most postcranial bones (missing: both clavicles, left Skelet 3c, kosti otroka: fragment mandibule ter dve epifizi humerus, right ulna, fibulas). (kaput nadlahtnice in kondilus stegnenice). Skeleton 3c, bones belonging to a child: mandible fragment and two epiphyses (humeral head and femoral condyle). 213 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 4 Grave 4 Šribar: odrasel skelet (vzporedno z grobom 5), pod njim Šribar: adult skeleton (parallel to Grave 5), underneath lay a stegnenica močnejše osebe. Vrstni red pokopa: najprej femur belonging to a stronger individual. The order of 13, nato 4, nato 5. burials: first 13, then 4, and then 5. V škatli so bile kosti dveh oseb. The box contained the bones belonging to two humans. Skelet 4a, gracilne kosti: lobanja in postkranialni skelet, ki mu Skeleton 4a, gracile bones: skull and postcranial bones, without manjkajo kosti goleni (golenici, mečnici) ter kosti stopal. the shin bones (tibias, fibulas) and feet bones. Skelet 4b, robustne kosti: kosti leve roke (lopatica, nadlahtnica, Skeleton 4b, robust bones: bones of the left arm (scapula, proksimalna dela koželjnice in podlahtnice) in desne humerus, proximal parts of the radius and ulna) and the noge (fragment kolčnice, stegnenica, golenica); lahko right leg (innominate fragment, femur, tibia); could be a del skeleta iz groba 6. part of the skeleton from Grave 6. Grob 5 Grave 5 Šribar: cel skelet, zraven lobanja, mandibula in femur označeni Šribar: complete skeleton, with the addition of a skul , mandible kot grob 13. and femur categorised as Grave 13. V škatli je bilo eno okostje, poleg tega pa še nekaj fragmentov The box contained one skeleton, as well as several fragments od drugega skeleta. belonging to another skeleton. Skelet 5a, robustne kosti: skoraj popoln postkranialni skelet; Skeleton 5a, robust bones: almost all postcranial bones, apart poleg lobanje mnjkajo le mečnici in kosti stopal. from the skull only the fibulas and feet bones are missing. Skelet 5b: fragment kolčnice in fragmenti kosti rok (kapitulum Skeleton 5b: fragment of the innominate and fragments of arm nadlahtnice, leva koželjnica, podlahtnica); najverjetneje bones (capitulum of the humerus, left radius, ulna); most iz groba 13. likely belonged to Grave 13. Grob 6 Grave 6 Šribar: odrasel skelet (vzporedno z grobom 4) in ostanki Šribar: adult skeleton (parallel to Grave 4) and the remains from prekopa (grob 14). a reburial (Grave 14). V škatli je bilo okostje odrasle osebe, ki mu je manjkalo nekaj The box contained an adult skeleton, which was missing a few kosti, odveč pa je bila križnica (morda iz groba 7 ali 14). bones, and had an additional sacrum (possibly from Skelet 6: lobanja brez mandibule (ta bi se lahko nahajala v škatli Grave 7 or 14). grob 14) ter postkranialni skelet, ki mu manjkajo leva Skeleton 6: skull without mandible (this could be located in the nadlahtnica, leva koželjnica in leva golenica. box marked Grave 14) and postcranial bones, without the left humerus, left radius and left tibia. Grob 7 Šribar: spodnji del skeleta odrasle osebe. Grave 7 Skelet 7: nekompleten postkranialni skelet, poleg lobanje Šribar: lower part of an adult skeleton. manjkajo kosti ramenskega obroča (lopatici in ključnici), Skeleton 7: incomplete postcranial bones, apart from the skul nadlahtnici ter križnica. the shoulder girdle (scapulas and clavicles), both humeri and sacrum are also missing. Grob 8 Šribar: med skeletoma 3 in 7 so bili fragmenti kosti (verjetno Grave 8 pokopi uničeni ob vkopu grobov 3 in 7), ob grobu 7 je Šribar: fragmented bones were found between skeletons 3 and 7 grob 15, med stegnenicama skeletov 3 in 7 pa lobanja (most likely from a grave that was destroyed when Graves 3 (skelet 8). and 7 were created); Grave 15 was located alongside Grave V škatli je bila fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja (skelet 8) ter 7; a skull (skeleton 8) lay between the femurs belonging nekaj fragmentov postkranialnih kosti od dveh odraslih to skeletons 3 and 7. skeletov, robustnega (korpusa desne podlahtnice in leve The box contained a fragmental y preserved skull (skeleton 8) golenice) in gracilnega (distalna dela nadlahtnice in and a few fragments of postcranial bones belonging to two stegnenice, fragment mečnice). adult skeletons, robust one (shaft of the right ulna and the left tibia) and gracile one (distal parts of the humerus and Grob 9 femur, a fibula fragment). Šribar: odrasel skelet, delno uničen. Skelet 9: fragmentarno ohranjen skelet, nekaj kosti lobanje Grave 9 (zatilnica, desna ličnica, maksila, mandibula), rebra in Šribar: adult skeleton, partial y destroyed. vretenca, kosti rok (manjka samo desna podlahtnica) Skeleton 9: a fragmental y preserved skeleton, a few skull bones ter leva stegnenica. (occipital, right zygomatic, maxil a, mandible), ribs and vertebra, arm bones (only the right ulna is missing) and Grob 10 the left femur. Šribar: gracilne kosti in fragmenti lobanje. Na kolčnici je ležala lobanja označena kot skelet 11, postkranium je verjetno Grave 10 pod zidom. Šribar: gracile bones and skull fragments. On the hipbone lay V škatli so bili ostanki dveh okostij. a skull categorised as skeleton 11, the postcranial bones are most likely located underneath the wal . 214 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Skelet 10a, gracilne kosti: fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja, The box contained the remains of two skeletons. vretenca, obe ključnici, nadlahtnica, del kolčnice (sram- Skeleton 10a, gracile bones: fragmentarily preserved skul , ver- nica). tebrae, both clavicles, humerus, a part of the innominate Skelet 10b, zelo robustne kosti: fragment lobanjskega krova, (the pubis). desna ličnica in korpus desne stegnenice. Skeleton 10b, very robust bones: fragment of the calotte, right zygomatic and the shaft of the right femur. Grob 11 Šribar: lobanja na kolčnici skeleta 10. Grave 11 V škatli so bili ostanki več okostij (med drugim npr. desne Šribar: skull found on the hipbone belonging to skeleton 10. ličnice treh odraslih oseb), Šribarjevemu opisu odgo- The box contains the remains of a number of skeletons (includ- varja lobanja (skelet 11a), ostale kosti pa so najbrž iz ing right zygomatic bones belonging to three different sosednjih grobov. adults), the skull corresponds to Šribar›s description (skel- Skelet 11a, robustne kosti: vse kosti lobanjskega krova, leva eton 11a), while the other bones most likely originated maksila in leva stran mandibule, korpusi obeh stegnenic, from the neighbouring graves. desne golenice in mečnice ter petnica. Del kosti tega Skeleton 11a, robust bones: all bones of the neurocranium, left skeleta je verjetno tudi v škatli grob 49. maxil a and the left side of the mandible, shafts of both Skelet 11b, gracilne kosti (skoraj zagotovo iz groba 12): desna femurs, the right tibia and the fibula as well as the calca- maksila, rebra, del koželjnice, kosti dlani. neus. Some of the bones belonging to this skeleton were Skelet 11c, kosti otroka (verjetno iz groba 17): maksila, ključ- most likely placed in the box marked Grave 49. nica, proksimalni del nadlahtnice. Skeleton 11b, gracile bones (almost certainly from Grave 12): right maxil a, ribs, a part of the radius, metacarpal bones. Grob 12 Skeleton 11c, child›s bones (most likely from Grave 17): maxil a, Šribar: odrasel skelet, vzporedno z grobom 11. clavicle, proximal part of the humerus. Skelet 12: lobanja brez desne maksile (najdena v škatli grob 11) in postkranialni skelet, ki mu manjkajo kosti goleni Grave 12 in stopal. Šribar: adult skeleton, parallel to Grave11. Odvečne kosti: leva polovica otroške mandibule (verjetno iz Skeleton 12: the skull without the right maxil a (found in the groba 17). box marked Grave 11) and the postcranial bones without the bones of the shin and foot. Grob 13 Superfluous bones: left side of a child›s mandible (most likely Šribar: glej grob 5. from Grave 17). Skelet 13: fragmentarno ohranjen lobanjski krov, mandibula, ledveno vretence, desna lopatica, desna stegnenica, obe Grave 13 golenici in obe mečnici. Šribar: see Grave 5. Skeleton 13: fragmental y preserved neurocranium, mandible, Grob 14 lumbar vertebrae, right scapula, right femur, both tibias Šribar: glej grob 6. and both fibulas. V škatli so bili ostanki najmanj treh odraslih skeletov in enega otroškega. Grave 14 Skelet 14: kot skelet 14 smo smatrali celo mandibulo, desno Šribar: see Grave 6. nadlahtnico, desno kolčnico ter par golenic. The box contained the remains belonging to at least three adults Preostale kosti: levi polovici dveh mandibul, rebra, 6 vretenc, and one child. 2 levi lopatici, kosti stopal ter desna polovica otroške Skeleton 14: we categorised the entire mandible, the right hu- mandibule. merus, right innominate and a pair of tibias as skeleton 14. Remaining bones: the left sides of two mandibles, ribs, 6 ver- Grob 15 tebrae, 2 left scapulas, bones of the feet and the right side Šribar: glej grob 8. of a child’s mandible. V škatli so bili ostanki najmanj štirih odraslih okostij, kot skelete smo označili tri, ločili smo jih po spolnih in Grave 15 starostnih kazalcih. Šribar: see Grave 8. Skelet 15a, mlajši moški: mandibula, kosti leve podlahti (ko- The box contained the remains belonging to at least four adult željnica in podlahtnica), obe kolčnici, kosti leve noge skeletons, and we categorised three as skeletons, as we (stegnenica, golenica). could differentiate them by gender and age. Skelet 15b, starejši moški: desna nadlahtnica, leva podlahtnica, Skeleton 15a, young male: mandible, bones of the left forearm leva kolčnica. (radius and ulna), both innominates, bones of the left leg Skelet 15c, mlajša ženska: mandibula, kosti desne podlahti (femur, tibia). (koželjnica in podlahtnica), desna kolčnica, desna ste- Skeleton 15b, older male: right humerus, left ulna, left in- gnenica in desna golenica. nominate. Nerazporejeno: še ena desna ženska stegnenica, rebra, vreten- Skeleton 15c, younger female: mandible, bones of the right fore- ca, dve lopatici, kosti dlani in stopal. arm (radius and ulna) and right leg (innominate, femur, tibia). Unsorted: another right female femur, ribs, vertebrae, two scapulas, bones of the hand and feet. 215 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 16 Grave 16 Šribar: glej grob 8. Šribar: see Grave 8. V škatli je bila fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja z maksilo in The box contained a fragmental y preserved skull with max- mandibulo (skelet 16, moški) ter fragmenti postkranial- il a and mandible (skeleton 16, male) and fragments of nih kosti od najmanj 4 odraslih okostij (domnevno treh postcranial bones belonging to at least four adults (most moških in ene ženske), ki jih nismo označili kot skelete. likely three male and one female), which we have not Robustne kosti (moške): 3 nadlahtnice, 3 leve koželjnice. categorised as skeletons. Gracilne kosti (ženske?): desna podlahtnica, desna stegnenica. Robust bones (male): 3 humeri, 3 left radii. Ostalo: rebra, prsno vretence, križnica, leva ključnica, desna Gracile bones (female?): right ulna, right femur. lopatica, še ena desna stegnenica. Other: ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sacrum, left clavicle, right scapula, another right femur. Grob 17 Šribar: uničen grob, ohranjen je samo del otroške lobanje. Grave 17 Skelet 17, otrok: vse kosti možganskega dela lobanje, desna Šribar: destroyed grave, only a fragment of a child›s skull was polovica mandibule, rebra, vretenca, obe lopatici, na- preserved. dlahtnica, koželjnica, obe podlahtnici, črevnica in ste- Skeleton 17, child: all bones of the cranium, right side of the gnenica. Manjkajoče kosti se verjetno nahajajo v drugih mandible, ribs, vertebrae, both scapulas, humerus, ra- škatlah (glej skelet 11 c in grob 12). dius, both ulnas, ilium and femur. The missing bones are most likely stored in other boxes (see skeleton 11 c and Grob 18 Grave 12). Šribar: odrasel skelet, robusten. Škatle oziroma skeleta z oznako grob 18 v gradivu ni bilo. Grave 18 Šribar: adult skeleton, robust. Grob 19 There was no box or skeleton marked Grave 18 amongst the Šribar: odrasel skelet (poleg grobov 40, 41 in 43). material. V škatli so bili ostanki večih okostij. Skelet 19a: kompleten slabo ohranjen skelet, manjka samo Grave 19 desna maksila (leva senčnica je bila najdena v škatli Šribar: adult skeleton (alongside Graves 40, 41 and 43). grob 20). The box contained the remains of a number of skeletons. Skelet 19b, kosti otroka (lahko iz groba 43): korpusa koželjnice Skeleton 19a: a complete, but poorly preserved skeleton, only in nadlahtnice, 2 črevnici. the right maxil a is missing (the left temporal bone was Odvečne kosti odraslih oseb: prvi dve vratni vretenci (sodita v found in the box marked Grave 20). grob št. 20), proksimalna dela dveh humerusov, distalni Skeleton 19b, bones belonging to a child (possibly from Grave del podlahtnice, skočnica. 43): shafts of the radius and humerus, 2 ilia. The superfluous adult bones: first two cervical vertebrae (they Grob 20 belong to Grave 20), the proximal parts of two humeri, Šribar: odrasel, slabo ohranjen skelet. the distal part of an ulna, talus. Skelet 20: skoraj kompleten skelet, pri lobanji manjkata man- dibula in desna maksila, pri postkranialnem okostju pa Grave 20 prvi dve vratni vretenci (najdeni v škatli grob 19). Šribar: poorly preserved adult skeleton. Skeleton 20: almost complete skeleton, the mandible and right Grob 21 maxil a are missing from the skul , two cervical vertebrae Šribar: glej grob 22. are missing from the postcranial bones (found in box Skelet 21a: lobanja manjka, ohranjen pa je skoraj popoln marked Grave 19). postkranialni skelet (manjkajo ena ključnica, ledvena vretenca in križnica). Grave 21 Skelet 21b: nemerljivi fragmenti stegnenic in golenic ter kosti Šribar: see Grave 22. stopal; verjetno iz groba 22. Skeleton 21a: missing skul , however, almost all of the postcranial bones are preserved (missing: one clavicle, the lumbar Grob 22 vertebrae and the sacrum). Šribar: kasnejši pokop v jamo 21, odrasel skelet. Skeleton 21b: immeasurable fragments of femurs, tibias and foot Skelet 22: fragmentarno ohranjen možganski del lobanje, bones; most likely belonging to Grave 22. desna maksila in večina postkranialnih kosti; manjkajo kosti desne podlahti (koželjnica in podlahtnica) ter kosti Grave 22 goleni (ohranjen je samo delček golenice) in stopal. Šribar: later burial into pit 21, adult skeleton. Višek kosti: desna maksila odrasle osebe in nekaj otroških kosti Skeleton 22: fragmental y preserved cranium, right maxil a and (3 rebra, ključnica, distalni del nadlahtnice; morda od most postcranial bones; bones of the right forearm (radius skeletov 23a, 27, 33b). and ulna), shin (only a smal fragment of the tibia has been preserved) and feet are missing. Superfluous bones: right adult maxil a and a few children›s bones (3 ribs, clavicle, distal part of the humerus; possibly belonging to skeletons 23a, 27, 33b). 216 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 23 Grave 23 Šribar: skoraj uničen skelet s pokopom št. 30 in izkopom Šribar: skeleton almost destroyed by burial No. 30 and the temeljev (vrstni red pokopov: 31, 23, 30). digging of the foundations (order of burials: 31, 23, 30). V škatli so bili ostanki 3 okostij, 2 otrok in mlade ženske. The box contained the remains of three skeletons, 2 children Skelet 23a, mlajši otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, nadlah- and a young woman. tnice, koželjnice, stegnenice in golenice. Skeleton 23a, young child: fragments of the cranium, humerus, Skelet 23b, dojenček: fragmenti mandibule, nadlahtnice, radius, femur and tibia. podlahtnice, koželjnice in golenice. Skeleton 23b, infant: fragments of the mandible, humerus, ulna, Skelet 23c, mladostnik: desna stegnenica, obe golenici, del radius and tibia. mečnice, petnica in stopalnica; sodijo k skeletu 31. Skeleton 23c, juvenile: right femur, both tibias, a part of the fib- ula, calcaneus and metatarsals; they belong to skeleton 31. Grob 24 Šribar: odrasel gracilen skelet, otrok? Grave 24 V škatli so bile kosti otroka in odrasle osebe, poleg tega pa Šribar: gracile adult skeleton, child? še nekaj zelo tankih kosti lobanjskega krova (dojenček, The box contained the bones of a child and an adult, as well as verjetno od skeleta 23b). a few very thin bones of the neuurocranium (infant, most Skelet 24a, otrok: kompleten skelet. likely skeleton 23b). Skelet 24 b, odrasla oseba: fragmenti lobanje (čelnica, teme- Skeleton 24a, child: complete skeleton. nica, desna maksila, leva stran mandibule) in nekaj Skeleton 24 b, adult: skul fragments (frontal, parietal, right kosti roke (ključnica, leva podlahtnica, zapestna kost maxil a, left side of the mandible) and a few bones of the in prstni členek). arm (clavicle, left ulna, one carpal bone and a phalanx). Grob 25 Grave 25 Šribar: otroška lobanja v grobni jami 57. Šribar: child’s skull in grave pit 57. V škatli so bili fragmentarno ohranjene in nemerljive kosti The box contained fragmental y preserved and immeasurable najmanj 6 okostij, 3 otroških in 3 odraslih (leva moška bones belonging to at least 6 skeletons, 3 children and kolčnica in 2 desni ženski kolčnici). Šribarjevemu opisu 3 adult (left male innominate and 2 right female inno- morda ustreza skelet 25c, kosti preostalih okostij pa so monates). Skeleton 25c might fit Šribar›s description, verjetno tudi v grobu 57. while the missing bones of the remaining skeletons might Skelet 25a, robustne kosti, moške: kosti leve roke (nadlahtnica, be located in Grave 57. koželjnica, podlahtnica), leva kolčnica, desna stegnenica, Skeleton 25a, robust bones, male: bones of the left arm (hu- leva golenica, 2 pogačici. merus, radius, ulna), left innominate, right femur, left Skelet 25 b, gracilne kosti, ženske: mandibula, kosti leve roke tibia, 2 patel as. (nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica), desna kolčnica. Skeleton 25 b, gracile bones, female: mandible, bones of the left Skelet 25c, starejši otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, desni arm (humerus, radius, ulna), right innominate. vogal mandibule, nadlahtnica, proksimalni del podlah- Skeleton 25c, older child: fragments of the calotte, right corner tnice, desna stegnenica, leva golenica. of the mandible, humerus, proximal part of the ulna, right Skelet 25d, mlajši otrok: stegnenica. femur, left tibia. Skelet 25e, dojenček: ključnica in podlahtnica (lahko del Skeleton 25d, young child: femur. skeleta 23b). Skeleton 25e, infant: clavicle and ulna (could be a part of skel- Skelet 25f, ženska: druga desna ženska kolčnica. eton 23b). Skeleton 25f, female: second right female innominate. Grob 26 Šribar: ostanki odrasle osebe v nasutju. Grave 26 V škatli so bili ostanki 3 oseb, odrasle ženske in dveh otrok. Šribar: remains of an adult in the rubble. Skelet 26, ženska: fragmenti lobanje z maksilo (mandibula The box contained the remains of 3 individuals, an adult woman manjka) in nekaterih postkranialnih kosti (5 vretenc, and two children. proksimalna dela podlahnice in koželjnice, obe ste- Skeleton 26, female: fragments of cranium and maxil a (man- gnenici). dible is missing) and a few postcranial bones (5 vertebrae, Treh otroških kosti nismo označili, fragment stegnenice pri- the proximal parts of the ulna and radius, both femurs). pada mlajšemu otroku, leva polovica čelnice in fragment We have not categorised three child bones; a femur fragment nedoločljive dolge kosti pa dojenčku. belongs to a young child, while the left half of the frontal bone and the fragment of an undefinable long bone belong Grob 27 to an infant. Šribar: poškodovan otroški skelet, pod 21 in 22. Skelet 27, otrok: framenti lobanjskega krova, leva maksila, Grave 27 desna stran mandibule, rebra, vretenca, obe lopatici, Šribar: a damaged child skeleton, under 21 and 22. ključnica, obe nadlahtnici in podlahtnici, koželjnica, obe Skeleton 27, child: fragments of the neurocranium, left maxil a, črevnici (ostale kosti nog manjkajo). the right side of the mandible, ribs, vertebra, both scapu- las, clavicle, both humeri and ulnas, radius, both ilia (the remaining leg bones are missing). 217 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 28 Grave 28 Šribar: lobanja, nad levo stranjo skeleta 18. Šribar: skul , above the left side of skeleton 18. Skelet 28: fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja brez mandibule. Skeleton 28: fragmental y preserved skull without mandible. Grob 29 Grave 29 Šribar: odrasel skelet, uničen skelet 33. Šribar: adult skeleton, destroyed skeleton 33. Skelet 29: fragmentarno ohranjene kosti lobanje in zgornji del Skeleton 29: the fragmental y preserved skull bones and the up- postkranialnega skeleta (rebra, vretenca, kosti obeh rok, per postcranial bones (ribs, vertebrae, bones of both arms, kolčnici, stegnenici), manjkajo kosti goleni in stopal). innoinates, femurs), missing are the shin and feet bones. Poleg tega sta bili v škatli še 2 kosti otroka (desna črevnica The box also contained 2 child bones (right ilium and the in proksimalni del leve stegnenice), ki ju nismo označili proximal part of the left femur), which we did not categorise kot skelet, verjetno sodita k skeletu 33b. as a skeleton; they most likely belong to skeleton 33b. Grob 30 Grave 30 Šribar: odrasel robusten skelet. Šribar: adult robust skeleton. Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 30 v gradivu ni bilo. Šribarje- There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 30 amongst the ma- vemu opisu npr, odgovarjata skeleta 32a in xx. terial. Skeletons 32a and xx could fit Šribar›s description. Grob 31 Grave 31 Šribar: slabo ohranjen odrasel skelet. Šribar: poorly preserved adult skeleton. Skelet 31: od lobanje sta ohranjeni le maksili in mandibula, od Skeleton 3: only the maxil ae and mandible are preserved from postkraniuma pa rebra, vretenca, prsnica, ena nadlahtni- the skull; from the postcranial bones the following have ca, obe lopatici, ključnici, koželjnici in podlahtnici, obe been preserved: the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, one humerus, kolčnici in leva stegnenica. Manjkajoče postkranialne both scapulas, clavicles, both radiuses and ulnas, both kosti smo našli v škatli grob 23 (glej skelet 23c). innominates and the left femur. The missing postcranial bones have been found in the box marked Grave 23 (see Grob 32 skeleton 23c). Šribar: ostanki zgornjega dela otroškega skeleta med loba- njama 23 in 33. Grave 32 V škatli so bile kosti štirih oseb, s Šribarjevim opisom se ujema Šribar: the remains of the upper part of a child›s skeleton were skelet, ki smo mu dodelili oznako 32c. located between skul s 23 and 33. Skelet 32a, moški: skoraj kompleten odrasel skelet, zelo The box contained the bones of four individuals, the skeleton robusten; pri lobanji manjkata čeljustnici (ohranjen je that we have categorised as skeleton 32c matched Šribar›s samo fragment mandibule in nekaj izoliranih zob), pri description. postkranialnem skeletu pa mečnici in kosti stopal. Morda Skeleton 32a, male: almost entire adult skeleton, very robust; gre za skelet iz manjkajočega groba 30. the skull is missing both jawbones (only a fragment of a Skelet 32b, moški: nekaj kosti lobanje (fragment čelnice, de- mandible and a few isolated teeth have been preserved), sna temenica, desna senčnica, obe ličnici) ter fragmenti while the postcranial bones are missing the fibulas and postkraniuma (2 vretenci, kolčnica, križnica, ključnica, the foot bones. This could be the skeleton from the miss- lopatica), ki bi lahko sodili k skeletu 33a. ing Grave 30. Skelet 32c, mlajši otrok: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo, Skeleton 32b, male: a few cranial bones (a fragment of the rebra, vretenca, obe lopatici in ključnici, leva nadlahtnica fronta, the right parietal, the right temporal, both zygo- in proksimalni del desne, sramnica. matic bones) and fragments of the postcranial bones (2 Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti od starejšega otroka vertebrae, an innominate, sacrum, clavicle, scapula), which (distalna epifiza koželjnice, del črevnice), ki ga nismo could belong to skeleton 33a. označili kot skelet. Skeleton 32c, young child: skull with mandible and maxil ae, ribs, vertebrae, both scapulas and clavicles, left humerus Grob 33 and the proximal part of the right pubis bone. Šribar: ostanki odraslega skeleta, fragmentirane dolge kosti The box included a few additional bones belonging to a slightly na kupu, desna stegnenica je ležala desno ob 22 in 29. older child (distal radial epiphysis, part of the ilium), V škatli so bile kosti dveh oseb, odraslega in otroka. which we did not categorise as a skeleton. Skelet 33a, moški: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, mandibula in nekaj fragmentov postkranialnih kosti (obe lopatici, de- Grave 33 sna nadlahtnica, leva podlahtnica, obe kolčnici, stegne- Šribar: remains of an adult skeleton, fragmented long bones nici in golenici, leva mečnica). K temu skeletu bi lahko piled up, the right femur lay to the left, alongside 22 and 29. sodile tudi kosti najdene v škatli grob 32 (glej skelet 32b). The box included the bones belonging to two individuals, an Skelet 33b, mlajši otrok: mandibula, rebra, ključnica, koželjni- adult and a child. ca, desna črevnica in nedoločljivi fragmenti dolgih kosti. Skeleton 33a, male: fragments of the neurocranium, mandible and a few fragments of post-cranial bones (both scapulas, right humerus, left ulna, both innominates, femurs and tibias, left fibula). The bones found in box marked Grave 32 (see skeleton 32b) could belong to this skeleton. 218 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 34 Skeleton 33b, young child: mandible, ribs, clavicle, radius, right Šribar: fragmentiran odrasel skelet ter nadlahtnica in podlah- ilium and undefinable long bone fragments. tnica od druge osebe. V škatli so bili ostanki 3 okostij, največ jih pripada skeletu Grave 34 34a, ostale kosti verjetno izvirajo iz sosednjih grobov. Šribar: fragmented adult skeleton alongside a humerus and ulna Skelet 34a, moški: fragmenti lobanjskega krova, leva polovica belonging to a different individual. mandibule ter zgornji del postkraniuma (rebra, vratna The box contained the remains of 3 skeletons; most bones belong in prsna vretenca, prsnica, obe ključnici, lopatici in na- to skeleton 34a, while the remaining bones most likely dlahtnici, delčki koželjnice in podlahtnice). originate from neighbouring graves. Skelet 34b, otrok: leva stran mandibule, leva ličnica in fragment Skeleton 34a, male: fragments of the neurocranium, left side dolge kosti. of the mandible and the upper postcranial bones (ribs, Od tretje osebe, ki je nismo označili kot skelet, je bila ohranjena cervical and thoracic vertebrae, sternum, both clavicles, samo desna polovica mandibule, ženska. scapulas and humeri, fragments of the radius and ulna). Skeleton 34b, child: left side of the mandible, left zygomatic bone Grob 35 and fragment of a long bone. Šribar: odrasel skelet, poškodovan pri pokopu skeleta 36. The box contained also a bone belonging to a third individual, a Skelet 35: ohranjena je samo lobanja, brez maksile in man- female, however, we did not categorise it as a skeleton, as dibule. only the right side of a mandible was preserved. Grob 36 Grave 35 Šribar: odrasel skelet. Šribar: adult skeleton, damaged during the burial of skeleton 36. Skelet 36: lobanja (manjkata leva maksila in mandibula, razen Skeleton 35: only part of the skull is preserved, without the levega ramusa) in kompleten postkranialni skelet. mandible and maxil a. Višek kosti: desna maksila, leva ličnica, baza križnice in del mečnice; morda od skeleta 35. Grave 36 Šribar: adult skeleton. Grob 37 Skeleton 36: skull (the left maxil a and mandible are missing, Šribar: uničen odrasel skelet. except for the left ramus) and all postcranial bones. V škatli so bile kosti moškega in otroka. Surplus bones: right maxil a, left zygomatic bone, base of the Skelet 37a, mlajši otrok: fragmenti kosti lobanjskega krova, sacrum and a part of the fibula; possibly belonging to desna polovica mandibule, vretenca, fragment stegnenice skeleton 35. in delci neprepoznavnih dolgih kosti. Skelet 37b, moški: fragmenti reber, prsnice, 2 vretenci, del kolč- Grave 37 nice, distalni epifizi obeh stegnenic, petnica in skočnica. Šribar: a destroyed adult skeleton. The box contained the bones of a male and a child. Grob 38 Skeleton 37a, young child: fragments of neurocranium, right Šribar: odrasel gracilen skelet, fragmentiran. side of the mandible, vertebrae, a femur fragment and Skelet 38: lobanja v fragmentih, leva stran mandibule in izo- parts of unrecognisable long bones. lirani zobje, fragmenti skoraj vseh postkranialnih kosti Skeleton 37b, male: rib fragments, sternum, 2 vertebrae, a (manjka desna ključnica). part of the innominate, distal epiphyses of both femurs, calcaneus and talus. Grob 39 V škatli so bili ostanki najmanj 3 okostij, moškega, ženske Grave 38 in otroka. Šribar: gracile adult skeleton, fragmented. Skelet 39a, moški: lobanja v fragmentih (ohranjeni sta obe Skeleton 38: fragmented craniuml, left side of the mandible and maksili, od mandibule samo levi vogal) in fragmenti isolated teeth, fragments of almost all postcranial bones večine postkranialnih kosti (manjkjo leva golenica in (right clavicle is missing). obe mečnici). Skelet 39b, ženska: lobanja v fragmentih (manjkata leva maksi- Grave 39 la in mandibula) in fragmenti večine postkranialnih kosti The box contained the remains of at least 3 skeletons, male, (manjkajo kosti leve roke: levi humerus, ulna in radius). female and a child. Skelet 39c, otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova in postkraniuma Skeleton 39a, male: fragmented skull (both maxil ae are pre- (dolge kosti, črevnica in sednica). served, as is the left corner of the mandible) and fragments of most postcranial bones (left tibia and both fibulas are missing). Skeleton 39b, female: fragmented skull (left maxil a and man- dible are missing), most postcranial bones are fragmented (the bones of the left arm are missing: left humerus, ulna and radius). Skeleton 39c, child: fragments of neurocranium and some post- cranial bones (long bones, ilium and ischium). 219 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 40 Grave 40 Šribar: odlično ohranjen odrasel skelet, čelni del poškodovan Šribar: excellently preserved adult skeleton, the forehead was ob vkopu 19. damaged at burial 19. Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 40 v gradivu ni bilo. There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 40 amongst the material. Grob 41 Šribar: dobro ohranjen skelet, istočasen pokop s 40. Grave 41 V škatli je bila samo maksila z oznako 41. Šribar: a well-preserved skeleton, simultaneous burial with 40. The box included merely a maxil a marked 41. Grob 42 Šribar: uničen odrasel skelet. Grave 42 Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 42 v gradivu ni bilo. Šribar: destroyed adult skeleton. There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 42 amongst the Grob 43 material. Šribar: fragmenti lobanje in rebra otroka. Skelet 43, otrok: fragmenti lobanje (brez maksile in mandi- Grave43 bule) in reber. Šribar: skull fragments and child ribs. Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti stopal (2 skočnici, Skeleton 43, child: skull fragments (without mandible and stopalnica) odrasle osebe. maxil a) and rib fragments. The box also included a few foot bones (2 taluses, metatarsals) Grob 44 belonging to an adult. Šribar: prsti in golenici odrasle osebe. Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 44 v gradivu ni bilo. Grave 44 Šribar: fingers and tibias belonging to an adult. Grob 45 There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 44 amongst the Šribar: odrasel skelet. material. Skelet 45: srednje dobro ohranjen kompleten skelet, vse kosti lobanje in postkraniuma. Grave 45 Šribar: adult skeleton. Grob 46 Skeleton 45: a complete, medium preserved skeleton, all skul Šribar: odrasel skelet. and postcranial bones were present. Skelet 46: v škatli je bil samo možganski del lobanje. Poleg tega pa še fragmenta temenice od druge lobanje. Grave 46 Šribar: adult skeleton. Grob 47 Skeleton 46: the box contained a cranium and two parietal bone Šribar: fragmenti otroškega skeleta. fragments belonging to a different skul . Skelet 47, otrok: fragmenti postkranialnega skeleta (rebra, 2 vretenci, koželjnica, desna podlahtnica, črevnica in Grave 47 sramnica, desna stegnenica. Šribar: fragments of a child skeleton. Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti stopal (kocka, 2 prstna Skeleton 47, child: partial postcranial bones (ribs, 2 vertebrae, členka) odraslega skeleta. radius, right ulna, ilium and pubis bone, right femur). The box also included a few bones of the feet (cuboid bone, 2 Grob 48 phalanges) belonging to an adult. Šribar: golenici odrasle osebe. Skeleta ali škatle z oznako grob 48 v gradivu ni bilo. Grave 48 Šribar: tibias belonging to an adult. Grob 49 There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 48 amongst the Šribar: poškodovan odrasel skelet brez lobanje, ki je bila uni- material. čena ob pokopu 11. Skelet 49, ženska: del čelnice in fragmentarno ohranjen post- Grave 49 kranialni skelet, skoraj kompleten (manjkajo ključnici Šribar: a damaged adult skeleton without a skul , which was in golenici). destroyed during burial 11. Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti od treh drugih oseb, Skeleton 49, female: a part of the frontal bone and fragmentarily ki jih nismo šteli kot skelete: preserved postcranial bones, almost complete skeleton Odrasel moški: zelo robustne in velike kosti (kaput nadlahtni- (the clavicles and tibias are missing). ce, kosti stopal), ki najbrž sodijo v grob 11. The box also contained a few bones belonging to three individu- Mladostnik: neprirasel kaput nadlahtnice in križnica, morda als which we did not categorise as skeletons: od skeleta 10a. Adult male: very robust and large bones (head of humerus, Otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova. bones of the feet), which most likely belong to Grave 11. Juvenile: head of humerus and sacrum have not ossified yet, they possibly belong to skeleton 10a. Child: fragments of the neurocranium. 220 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 50 Grave 50 Šribar: poškodovan otroški skelet. Šribar: a damaged child skeleton. Skelet 50, starejši otrok: fragmenti lobanje in večine kosti Skeleton 50, older child: fragments of the skull and most post- postkranialnega skeleta. cranial bones. Grob 51 Grave 51 Š: odrasel skelet, zgornji del. Šribar: adult skeleton, upper part. Skelet 51, ženska: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo ter nekaj Skeleton 51, female: skull with mandible and both maxil ae fragmentov postkranialnega skeleta (rebra, vretenca, as well as a few postcranial bones (ribs, vertebrae, both obe lopatici, ključnici in nadlahtnici, distalni del leve scapulas, clavicles and humeri, the distal part of the left stegnenice). Poleg tega je bilo v škatli še nekaj kosti femur).The box also included a few bones belonging to otroka starega okoli 4 leta (vretence, desna lopatica, a child who was approximately 4 years old (vertebrae, del ključnice, distalni del nadlahtnice, proksimalni del right scapula, a part of the clavicle, the distal part of the stegnenice), ki bi lahko spadale k skeletu 52b. humerus, proximal part of the femur), which could belong to skeleton 52b. Grob 52 Šribar: uničen otroški skelet, nekaj vretenc in reber. Grave 52 V škatli so bili ostanki dveh otroških skeletov (samo postkra- Šribar: a destroyed child skeleton, a few vertebrae and ribs. nialne kosti), večina pripada skeletu 52a, medtem ko se The box contained the remains of two child skeletons (only s Šribarjevim opisom ohranjenosti bolj ujema skelet 52b. postcranial bones), most belong to skeleton 52a, however Skelet 52a, starejši otrok: vretenca, križnica, obe črevnici, leva skeleton 52b is closer to the description (as regards its nadlahtnica, koželjnica, proksimalna dela obeh podlah- preservation) provided by Šribar. tnic, obe stegnenici. Skeleton 52a, older child: vertebrae, sacrum, both ilia, left hu- Skelet 52b, mlajši otrok: vretenca, proksimalni del nadlahtni- merus, radius, proximal parts of both ulnas, both femurs. ce, distalni del koželjnice. Nekaj kosti od tega otroka je Skeleton 52b, young child: vertebrae, proximal part of the verjetno tudi v škatli grob 51. humerus, distal part of the radius. Some of the bones belonging to this child were most likely located in the box Grob 53 marked Grave 51. Šribar: fragmenti lobanje otroka, ostali deli uničeni. Skelet 53, starejši otrok: fragmenti lobanjskega krova in leva Grave 53 polovica mandibule. Glede na starost bi k tej lobanji Šribar: child, fragments of a skul , the other bones have been lahko sodil postkranialni skelet 52a. destroyed. Skeleton 53, younger child: fragments of the neurocranium and Grob 54 the left side of the mandible. Taking age into account the Šribar: fragmenti odraslega skeleta. postcranial bones 52a could belong to this skul . Skelet 54, moški: lobanja (brez maksil in mandibule) ter skoraj kompleten in relativno dobro ohranjen postkranialni Grave 54 skelet (manjka desna koželjnica). Poleg tega je bil v škatli Šribar: fragments of an adult skeleton. tudi del otroške stegnenice. Skeleton 54, male: skul (without the mandible and maxil ae) and almost all and relatively well-preserved postcranial bones Grob 55 (the right radius is missing). A part of a femur belonging Šribar: odrasel skelet v fragmentih. to a child was also found in the box. V škatli so bili ostanki 3 okostij, večina kosti pripada skeletu 55a. Grave 55 Skelet 55a, moški: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo ter Šribar: fragmented adult skeleton. skoraj kompleten postkranialni skelet (manjka samo The box contained the remains of 3 skeletons; most bones belong leva kolčnica). to skeleton 55a. Skelet 55b, otrok: desna črevnica, proksimalni del leve stegne- Skeleton 55a, male: skull with mandible and both maxil ae and nice, 2 rebri in še nekaj fragmentov dolgih kosti. almost all postcranial bones (with the exception of the left Skelet 55c, domnevno ženska: čelnica, leva in desna kolčnica, innominate which is missing). deli nadlahtnice, stegnenice in golenice. Skeleton 55b, child: right ilium, proximal part of the left femur, 2 ribs and a few long bone fragments. Grob 56 Skeleton 55c, assumed to be female: frontal bone, left and right Šribar: odrasla oseba, nad grobom 57. innominate, parts of the humerus, femur and tibia. Skelet 56, moški: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo ter skoraj kompleten postkranialni skelet (manjkajo desna ključ- Grave 56 nica, križnica, obe kolčnici). Šribar: adult, above Grave 57. Skeleton 56, male: skull with mandible and both maxil ae and almost all postcranial bones (right clavicle, sacrum, both innominates are missing). 221 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 57 Grave 57 Šribar: uničen skelet – otrok, ohranjena je lobanja. Šribar: child, the skeleton has been destroyed, the skull is V štatli so bile premešane človeške in živalske kosti, človeške preserved. pripadajo najmanj 4 osebam (moški, ženska, 2 otroka), The box included a mixture of human and animal bones, human verjetneje pa 6 (ostanki lobanj so verjetneje od 3 odra- bones belonged to at least 4 individuals (male, female, 2 slih, lok vretenca pa je od dojenčka). Šribarjevemu opisu children), but more likely 6 (the skull remains most likely ustreza skelet 57d, ostala okostja so verjetno ista kot v belonged to 3 adults, while the vertebral arch belonged to škatli grob 25. an infant). Skeleton 57d fits Šribar›s description, while the Skelet 57a, moški: fragmenti nadlahtnice, kolčnice in mečnice. remaining bones are most likely parts of skeletons found Skelet 57b, ženska: podlahtnica. in the box marked Grave 25. Skelet 57c, starejši otrok: fragmenti nadlahtnice, korpusa obeh Skeleton 57a, male: fragments of the humerus, innominate stegnenic, proksimalni del golenice. and fibula. Skelet 57d, mlajši otrok: fragmenti lobanje z mandibulo, Skeleton 57b, female: ulna. fragmenti vretenc, ključnice, nadlahtnice, koželjnice in Skeleton 57c, older child: fragments of the humerus, the shafts stegnenice. of both femurs, proximal part of the tibia. K obema odraslima okostjema (57 a in b) verjetno spadajo tudi Skeleton 57d, younger child: fragments of a skull with man- ostanki 2 ali 3 lobanj (kalota, 2 zatilnici, senčnica, leva dible, fragments of vertebrae, clavicle, humerus, radius maksila), rebra in kosti stopal. Med otroškimi kostmi and femur. pa je bil tudi lok vretenca (dojenček), ki po starosti ne The two adult skeletons (57 a and b) most likely include the spada k otrokoma 57 c in d. remains of 2 or 3 skul s (callote, 2 occipitals, temporal bone, left maxil a), ribs and bones of the feet. The child Grob 58 bones included a vertebral arch (infant), which does not Šribar: odrasel skelet. belong to children 57 c or d (due to its age). Skelet 58, ženska: zelo slabo ohranjen skelet, fragmenti lobanj- skega krova ter nemerljivi fragmenti postkranialnih kosti Grave 58 (koželjnica, leva podlahtnica, kolčnica, obe stegnenici, Šribar: adult skeleton. ibiji in mečnici, kosti dlani in stopal). Skeleton 58, female: very poorly preserved skeleton, fragments of the neurocranium and fragments of postcranial bones Grob 59 that are too small to measure (radius, left ulna, innominate, Šribar: odrasel skelet, uničen ob izkopu 60. both femurs, tibias and fibulas, bones of the hand and feet). V škatli so bile kosti najmanj 4 skeletov, vendar pa moške nadlahtnice (leva, distalni del) nismo označili kot skelet. Grave 59 Skelet 59a, ženska: nemerljivi fragmenti lobanje, reber, vretenc, Šribar: adult skeleton, destroyed during the excavation of lopatice, ključnice, desne podlahtnice, desne kolčnice in Grave 60. obeh stegnenic. The box contained the bones of at least 4 skeletons, however, Skelet 59b, starejši otrok: desna podlahtnica, korpus koželjnice, the humerus belonging to a male (left, distal part) was not del križnice, desna črevnica. Temu skeletu po velikosti classified as a skeleton. ustrezajo tudi kosti, ki smo jih našli v škatli grob 60 (glej Skeleton 59a, female: immeasurable fragments of the skul , ribs, skelet 60b). vertebrae, scapula, clavicle, right ulna, right innominate Skelet 59c, mlajši otrok: 2 fragmenta lobanjskega krova, 4 rebra, and both femurs. lok vretenca in desna lopatica. Skeleton 59b, older child: right ulna, the shaft of the radius, a part of the sacrum, right ilium. The size of the bones Grob 60 indicate that these bones could form a skeleton together Šribar: odrasel skelet, gracilen. with the bones found in the box marked Grave 60 (see V škatli so bile kosti dveh okostij, Šribarjevemu opisu ustraza skeleton 60b). skelet 60a. Skeleton 59c, young child: 2 fragments of the neurocranium, 4 Skelet 60a, ženska: nekaj kosti lobanje (baza zatilnice, desna ribs, vertebral arch and the right scapula. ličnica in 2 zoba) ter skoraj kompleten postkranium (manjka desna podlahtnica). Grave 60 Skelet 60b: lobanja, vretenca, distalni del nadlahtnice, leva Šribar: adult skeleton, gracile. kolčnica in desna stegnenica. K temu skeletu verjetno The box contained the bones of two skeletons, skeleton 60a fits sodijo tudi kosti označene kot skelet 59b. Šribar’s description. Skeleton 60a, female: a few skull bones (the t base of occipital, Grob 61 right zygomatic and 2 teeth) and almost all postcranial Šribar: odrasel skelet, uničen, poškodovan ob pokopu 55. bones (the right ulna is missing). Skelet 61, moški: kompleten skelet, lobanja v fragmentih. Skeleton 60b: skul , vertebrae, distal part of the humerus, left V škatli je bilo še nekaj kosti otroške lobanje (temenica, leva innominate and right femur. Bones categorised as skeleton senčnica), ki morda sodijo k skeletu 55b. 59b most likely belong to this skeleton. Grave 61 Šribar: adult skeleton, destroyed, damaged during the burial of skeleton 55. 222 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 62 Skeleton 61, male: complete skeleton, fragmented skul . Šribar: lobanja na ostankih skeleta 64. The box contained also a few bones belonging to a child’s skul V škatli so bile kosti 2 otrok. (parietal bones, left temporal), which might belong to Skelet 62a, starejši otrok: lobanja, vretenca, rebra, obe lopatici, skeleton 55b. obe nadlahtnici, del koželjnice, križnica, desna črevnica in leva stegnenica. Grave 62 Skelet 62b, dojenček: kosti medenice (2 črevnici in sednica). Šribar: skull found on top of the remains of skeleton 64. The box contained the bones of 2 children. Grob 63 Skeleton 62a, older child: skul , vertebrae, ribs, both scapulas, Šribar: desna stegnenica in golenica in situ. both humeri, a part of the radius, sacrum, right ilium V škatli so bili fragmenti lobanje z mandibulo, ki smo jo ozna- and left femur. čili kot skelet 63. Poleg tega pa še fragmenti postkranial- Skeleton 62b, infant: pelvis bones (2 ilia and ischium). nih kosti dveh odraslih skeletov: nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica, korpusi 3 stegnenic, 2 golenici, mečnica. Grave 63 Šribar: right femur and tibia in situ. Grob 64 The box contained fragments of a skull with mandible, which Šribar: ob levem ramenu skeleta 60 je ležal fragment otroške we have categorised as skeleton 63. The box also contained lobanje, nekaj fragmentov kosti pod lobanjo 12. fragments of postcranial bones belonging to two adult V škatli so bili ostanki 4 skeletov. skeletons: humerus, radius, ulna, shafts of 3 femurs, 2 Skelet 64a, ženska: fragmenti lobanje z maksilo in mandibulo tibias, fibula. ter fragmenti nadlahtnice, podlahtnice, obeh koželjnic, obeh stegnenic, golenic in mečnic. Grave 64 Skelet 64b, mlajši otrok: fragmenti lobanje z mandibulo. Šribar: a fragment of a child’s skull lay alongside the left shoul- Skelet 64c, starejši otrok: desna senčnica, vratno vretence, der belonging to skeleton 60; a few bone fragments were rebra, leva lopatica in leva podlahtnica. located under skull 12. Poleg tega je bila v škatli še cela mandibula odrasle osebe, ki The box contained the remains of 4 individuals. je nismo označili kot skelet. Skeleton 64a, female: skull fragments with mandible and maxil a and fragments of the humerus, ulna, both radii, femurs, Grob 65 tibias and fibulas. Šribar: odrasel skelet in ostanki. Skeleton 64b, young child: fragments of a skull with mandible. Skelet 65, moški: lobanja in nemerljive kosti zgornjega dela Skeleton 64c, older child: right temporal bone, cervical verte- postkranialnega skeleta (obe lopatici, nadlahtnici in brae, ribs, left scapula and left ulna. podlahtnici, križnica in obe kolčnici). The box also contained an adult mandible, which was not cat- Poleg tega je bila v škatli še odvečna leva senčnica. egorised as a skeleton. Grob 66 Grave 65 Škatle ali skeleta z oznako grob 66 v gradivu ni bilo. Šribar: adult skeleton and remains. Skeleton 65, male: skull and immeasurable upper postcranial Grob 67 bones (both scapulas, humeri and ulnas, sacrum and both Šribar: odrasel skelet. innominates). V škatli so bili ostanki dveh slabo ohranjenih okostij. The box also contained an additional left temporal bone. Skelet 67a, starejša oseba, domnevno ženska: leva stran čel- nice, leva polovica mandibule, fragmenti vseh dolgih Grave 66 postkranialnih kosti. There was no box or skeleton marked Grave 66 amongst the Skelet 67b, mlajša ženska: lobanja v fragmentih, 3 vratna material. vretenca, desna kolčnica in fragmenti vseh dolgih po- stkranialnih kosti. Grave 67 Šribar: adult skeleton. Grob 68 The box contained the remains of two poorly preserved skeletons. Šribar: razmetane kosti. Skeleton 67a, older individual, most likely female: left side of V škatli so bili premešani fragmenti najmanj 7 skeletov, otro- the frontal bone, left side of the mandible, fragments of škega in 6 odraslih. Kot skelete smo označili tiste kosti, all long postcranial bones. ki smo jim lahko določili spol in starost, poleg otroka Skeleton 67b, younger female: fragmented skul , 3 cervical še 4 odrasle. vertebrae, right innominate and fragments of al post- Skelet 68a, otrok: nadlahtnica, leva stegnenica, nekaj izoli- cranial bones. ranih zob. Skelet 68b, ženska: desna kolčnica. Grave 68 Skelet 68c, starejši moški: druga desna kolčnica. Šribar: disorganised bones. Skelet 68d, moški: tretja desna kolčnica. The box contained fragments belonging to a minimum of 7 Skelet 68e, mlajša oseba: leva kolčnica z nedokončano osi- individuals, one child and 6 adults. Those bones that fikacijo. could be defined as regards sex and age were categorised as skeletons, i.e. a child and 4 adults. 223 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Poleg kolčnic (3 leve, 3 desne) so bile fragmentarno ohranjene Skeleton 68a, child: humerus, left femur, a few isolated teeth. še naslednje kosti odraslih oseb: 6 čelnic, 3 senčnice (2 Skeleton 68b, female: right innominate. levi, 1 desna), 4 maksile (1 leva, 3 desne), 2 mandibuli Skeleton 68c, older male: the second right innominate. (1 cela, 1 desni vogal), 1 leva ključnica, 3 lopatice (2 levi, Skeleton 68d, male: the third right innominate. 1 desna), 5 nadlahtnic (1 leva, 4 desne), 4 koželjnice (2 Skeleton 68e, young individual: left innominate, unossified. levi, 2 desni), 2 podlahtnici (1 leva, 1 desna), 2 križnici, Alongside the innominates (3 left, 3 right) the following adult najmanj 7 stegnenic, 5 golenic (4 leve, 1 desna), 6 mečnic. bones were preserved in fragments: 6 frontal bones, 3 temporal bones (2 left, 1 right), 4 maxil ae (1 left, 3 right), Grob 69 2 mandibles (1 whole, 1 right corner), 1 left clavicle, 3 Šribar: zidana baročna grobna jama. scapulas (2 left, 1 right), 5 humeri (1 left, 4 right), 4 radiuses Skelet 69, domnevno moški: nekaj fragmentov lobanjskega (2 left, 2 right), 2 ulnas (1 left, 1 right), 2 sacrums, at least krova in dolgih kosti (2 nadlahtnici, koželjnica, 2 ste- 7 femurs, 5 tibias (4 left, 1 right), 6 fibulas. gnenici, golenica). Grave 69 Grob 70 Šribar: Baroque style grave pit, bricked. Šribar: prezidana grobna jama. Skeleton 69, assumed to be male: a few fragments of the neuro- Škatle ali skeleta z oznako grob 70 v gradivu ni bilo. cranium and long bones (2 humeri, radius, 2 femurs, tibia). Grob 71 Grave 70 Šribar: fragmenti. Šribar: a grave pit that has been built over. Skelet 71: lobanja brez mandibule (ta se je nahajala v škatli There was no skeleton or box marked Grave 70 amongst the grob 39) ter fragmentarno ohranjene postkranialne kosti material. (ključnici, nadlahtnici, podlahtnici, koželjnici, kolčnici, stegnenici). Lahko bi šlo za 2 skeleta, ker so na lobanji Grave 71 izraženi ženski spolni znaki, na medenici pa moški. Šribar: fragments. Skeleton 71: skull without mandible (this was located in the Grob 72 box marked Grave 39) and fragmented postcranial bones Šribar: grob v cerkveni ladji v drugi grobni jami, odrasel skelet, (clavicles, humeri, ulnas, 2 radiuses, innominate, femurs). posebnost (rimska?). We could be dealing with 2 skeletons, as it seems that the V škatli je bilo samo nekaj fragmentov od dveh okostij, odrasle skull could have belonged to a female while the pelvis osebe (lobanjski krov, moški?) in otroka (sramnica). could have belonged to a male. Nobenega nismo šteli kot samostojen skelet. Grave 72 Grob 73 Šribar: Grave in the second grave pit in the church nave, adult Skelet 73, moški: fragmentarno ohranjen skelet, lobanja in skeleton, stands out (Roman?). nemerljive dolge kosti (leva nadlahtnica, leva podlah- The box contained merely a few fragments belonging to two tnica, desna koželjnica, stegnenica, 2 golenici, 2 petnici). different skeletons, an adult (neurocranium, male?) and a child (pubis bone). We did not categorise either as an Grob 74 individual skeleton. Skelet 74, ženska: slabo ohranjen skelet, lobanja z mandibulo in levo maksilo, fragmenti dolgih kosti (desna lopatica, Grave 73 obe nadlahtnici, leva podlahtnica, leva koželjnica, obe Skeleton 73, male: fragmental y preserved skeleton, skull and stegnenici in golenici). immeasurable long bones (left humerus, left ulna, right radius, femur, 2 tibias, 2 calcanei). Grob 75 Skelet 75, ženska: slabo ohranjen skelet, fragmenti lobanjskega Grave 74 krova in maksile ter večine dolgih kosti. Skeleton 74, female: poorly preserved skeleton, skull with man- dible and left maxil a, long bone fragments (right scapula, Grob 76 both humeri, left ulna, left radius, both femurs and tibias). Šribar: juvenis. V škatli so bile kosti 3 oseb, Šribarjevemu opisu ustreza skelet Grave 75 76a. Skeleton 75, female: poorly preserved skeleton, fragments of the Skelet 76a, starejši otrok: komplten slabo ohranjen skelet. cranium and most long bones. Skelet 76b, moški: korpus nadlahtnice, ledvena vretenca, obe stegnenici. Grave 76 Skelet 76c, ženska: koželjnica in še nekaj fragmentov drugih Šribar: juvenis. kosti. The box contained the bones of 3 individuals, skeleton 76a fits Šribar’s description. Skeleton 76a, older child: a complete, but poorly preserved skeleton. Skeleton 76b, male: shaft of the humerus, lumbar vertebrae, both femurs. Skeleton 76c, female: radius and a few fragments of other bones. 224 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 77 Grave 77 Šribar: odrasel skelet. Šribar: adult skeleton. V škatli so bile kosti 3 oseb, Šribarjevemu opisu ustreza skelet The box included the bones of 3 individuals, skeleton 77a fits 77a. Šribar’s description. Skelet 77a: lobanja z mandibulo (maksili manjkata )in zgornji Skeleton 77a: skull with mandible (both maxil ae are missing) del postkraniuma (kosti obeh rok, kolčnici in proksimal- and upper postcranial bones (the bones of both arms, both na dela obeh stegnenic). innominates and proximal parts of both femurs). Skelet 77b, starejši otrok: samo mandibula. Skeleton 77b, older child: only mandible. Skelet 77c, mlajši otrok: postkranialne kosti (vretenca, pod- Skeleton 77c, young child: postcranial bones (vertebrae, ulna, lahtnica, črevnica, golenica in nedoločljivi delci dolgih ilium, tibia and undefinable parts of long bones). kosti). Grave 78 Grob 78 Šribar: adult skeleton. Šribar: odrasel skelet. The box marked Grave 78 included bones belonging to numer- V škatli z oznako grob 78 so bili ostanki večih skeletov ter ous individuals which carried tags 102, 103, 104 and 105. oznake 102, 103, 104 in 105. Skeleton 78a (102), male: skull with mandible, both maxil ae Skelet 78a (102), moški: lobanja z mandibulo, maksili manj- are missing. kata. Skeleton 78b (105): skul , fragmentarily preserved. Skelet 78b (105): lobanja, ohranjena fragmentarno. Skeleton 78c (103): a part of the cranium (parietal bones and Skelet 78c (103): del lobanje (temenici in ličnici) ter fragmenti zygomatic bones) and fragments of postcranial bones. postkranialnih kosti. Skeleton 78d (78, 104): fragmented postcranial bones (ribs, Skelet 78d (78, 104): postkranialne kosti v fragmentih (rebra, vertebrae, sternum, both clavicles, both humeri). vretenca, prsnica, obe ključnici, obe nadlahtnici). Grave 79 Grob 79 Šribar: adult skeleton. Šribar: odrasel skelet. Box marked Grave 79 contained the remains of at least 2 skel- V škatli grob 79 so bili ostanki najmanj 2 skeletov ter oznaki etons carrying tags 106 and 107. 106 in 107. Skeleton 79a (107): mandible, bones of the thorax and both Skelet 79a (107): mandibula, kosti trupa in obeh rok, kosti arms, most of the bones are whole (ribs, vertebraescapulas, so večinoma cele (rebra, vretenca, lopatici, ključnici, clavicles, humeri, both radiuses, ulnas). nadlahtnici, koželjnici, podlahtnici). Skeleton 79b (106): fragmental y preserved skull with mandible Skelet 79b (106): fragmentarno ohranjena lobanja z mandibulo and fragmental y preserved postcranial bones (all long in fragmentarno ohranjen postkranium (vse dolge kosti bones from the arms and legs are immeasurable). rok in nog, nemerljive). Grave 80 Grob 80 Šribar: under 77. Šribar: pod 77. 3 boxes were marked Grave 80 (possibly 4, see Grave 117), and Oznako grob 80 so imele 3 škatle (morda tudi 4, glej grob each one of them was additional y marked with a tag 108, 117), vsaka od njih pa poleg tega še drugo oznako 108, 109 and 110 respectively. The remains of at least 3 skeletons 109 in 110. Ostanke najmanj 3 skeletov smo obravnavali were treated as shared Grave 80. kot skupen grob 80. Box marked Grave 80 (109) = skeleton 80a, young child: frag- Škatla grob 80 (109) = skelet 80a, mlajši otrok: fragmenti ments of a child’s skul . otroške lobanje. Box marked Grave 80 (108) = skeleton 80b, young male: frag- Škatla grob 80 (108) = skelet 80b, mlajši moški: fragmenti ments of a skull with maxil a. lobanje z maksilo. Box marked Grave 80 (110): a few child bones (fragments of 2 Škatla grob 80 (110): nekaj otroških kosti (fragmenta 2 man- mandibles, shaft of a long bone; most likely belonging to dibul, korpus dolge kosti; verjetno od skeleta 80a) in skeleton 80a) and bones of at least 2 adults: fragments of kosti najmanj 2 odraslih oseb: fragmenti lobanjskega the calotte, 3 temporal bones, fragments of 2 maxil ae and krova, 3 senčnice, fragmenti 2 maksil in 2 mandibul, 2 mandibles, ribs, sternum, vertebrae (including 2 atlases), rebra, prsnica, vretenca (med njimi 2 atlasa), 3 lopatice, 3 scapulas, 3 clavicles, 3 humeri, 2 ulnas. 2 right radiuses, 3 ključnice, 3 nadlahtnice, 2 podlahtnici. 2 desni koželj- bones of the hand, left innominate, a pair of femurs, tibia. nici, kosti dlani, leva kolčnica, par stegnenic, golenica. It is highly likely that some bones belong to skull 80b, while Nekatere kosti verjetno spadajo k lobanji 80b, druge pa we categorised the others as skeleton 80c. smo označili kot skelet 80c. Grave 81 Grob 81 Šribar: skeleton 81 ( juvenis) and 82, beneath them Nos. 102 Šribar: skeleta 81 (juvenis) in 82, pod njima št. 102 in 104. and 104. Oznako grob 81 je imelo 5 škatel, vsaka pa poleg te še drugo 5 boxes were marked Grave 81, and every box was additional y oznako 111, 112, 113, 114 in 115. Vseh 5 škatel smo marked with the tag 111, 112, 113, 114 and 115 respec- obravnavali kot grob 81, kosti pa pripadajo najmanj 6 tively. We treated all 5 boxes as Grave 81, however, the skeletom: otroku (skelet 81a), mladostniku (skelet 81c) bones belong to at least 6 skeletons: a child (skeleton 81a), in 4 odraslim (skeleti 81 b, d, e, f). Šribarjevemu opisu a juvenile (skeleton 81c) and 4 adults (skeletons 81 b, d, 225 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION ustreza okostje mladostnika (skelet 81c) najdeno v škatli e, f). Skeleton 81c (the skeleton of the juvenile) found in grob 81 (111). the box marked Grave 81 (111) fits Šribar’s description. Škatla grob 81 (111): premešane kosti najmanj 6 okostij, otroka, Box marked Grave 81 (111): mixed bones belonging to at least mladostnika in 4 odraslih. Kot skeleta smo označili kosti 6 skeletons, a child, a juvenile and 4 adults. We have cater- otroka (skelet 81a: desna črevnica, fragmenti nadlahtni- gorised the bones of the child (skeleton 81a: right ilium, ce, stegnenice in golenice) in kosti mladostnika (skelet fragments of the humerus, femur and tibia) and the bones 81c: fragmenti lobanje, lopatica, leva nadlahtnica, leva belonging to the juvenile (skeleton 81c: fragments of the podlahtnica, kolčnica, leva stegnenica). Drugih kosti, skul , scapula, left humerus, left ulna, innominate, left ki pripadajo najmanj 4 odraslim, nismo označevali: femur) as two individual skeletons. However, the remaining fragmenti lobanje starejše osebe, prsnica, 2 lopatici, 4 bones, which belong to at least 4 adults, were not categorised ključnice, najmanj 8 nadlahtnic, 4 podlahtnice, 4 ko- as individual skeletons: skull fragments belonging to an željnice, 8 stegnenic, 3 pogačice, 5 golenic, 3 mečnice, 3 older individual, a sternum, 2 scapulas, 4 clavicles, at least skočnice, 1 petnica, palčeva stopalnica. 8 humeri, 4 ulnas, 4 radiuses, 8 femurs, 3 patel as, 5 tibias, Škatla grob 80 (112): lobanja z maksilo in mandibulo ter kosti 3 fibulas, 3 taluses, 1 calcaneus, first metatarsal. rok (desna ključnica, obe nadlahtnici, obe koželjnici, de- Box marked Grave 80 (112): skull with mandible and maxil a sna podlahtnica). Neočiščene kosti pripadajo mlajšemiu and the bones of the arms (right clavicle, both humeri, moškemu, ki smo ga označili kot skelet 81f. both radiuses, right ulna). The uncleaned bones belong to Škatla grob 81 (114): neočiščene kosti nog (fragmenti kolčnic, a young male, which we have categorised as skeleton 81f. obeh stegnenic in golenic, mečnice) skoraj zagotovo Box marked Grave 81 (114): The uncleaned bones of the legs pripadajo istemu skeletu kot kosti iz škatle grob 80 (112), (innominate fragments, both femurs and tibias, fibula) torej skeletu 81f. almost certainly belong to the same skeleton as the bones Škatla grob 81 (115): polna škatla manjših fragmentov, ki found in box 80 (112), i.e. skeleton 81f. verjetno sodijo k skeletom iz škatle grob 81 (111). Box marked Grave 81 (115): a box full of small fragments, which Škatla grob 81 (113): 3 lobanje označene kot skelet 81b (starejša most likely belong to the skeleton found in the box marked ženska; rekonstruiran možganski del in korpus mandi- Grave 81 (111). bule), 81d (starejši moški; možganski del lobanje) in Box marked Grave 81 (113): 3 skul s tagged as skeleton 81b 81e (mlada oseba, rekonstruiran možganski del, manjka (older female; reconstructed cranial part and the body zatilnica). Poleg tega pa še 2 mandibuli in maksili, morda of mandible), 81d (older male; cranial part of the skull) od lobanj 81 d in 81e. and 81e (young individual, reconstructed cranial part, the occipital is missing). Additional y there were also 2 Grob 82 mandibles and maxil ae, possibly belonging to skul s 81 Šribar: glej 81. d and 81e. V škatli grob 82 (116) so bile kosti dveh oseb, moškega in otroka, poleg tega pa še korpus nadlahtnice od tretje Grave 82 osebe, ki je nismo označili kot skelet. Šribar: see 81. Skelet 82a, moški: skoraj kompleten postkranialni skelet Box marked Grave 82 (116) included the bones of two individu- (manjkajo ena lopatica, desna ključnica in leva golenica). als, a male and a child, as well as a shaft of the humerus Skelet 82b, otrok: fragmenti postkranialnih kosti (koželjnica, belonging to a third person, which has not been catego- stegnenica, golenica). rised as a skeleton. Skeleton 82a, male: almost all postcranial bones (one scapula, Grob 83 the right clavicle and the left tibia are missing). V škatli grob 83 (116) so bile kosti dveh oseb, ženske in otroka. Skeleton 82b, child: fragments of postcranial bones (radius, Skelet 83a, ženska: fragmenti lobanje, 3 vretenca, 2 ključnici, femur, tibia). desna nadlahtnica, kosti dlani. Skelet 83b, otrok: mandibula, rebra, lopatica, nadlahtnici, Grave 83 črevnici, golenici. Box marked Grave 83 (116) included the bones of two individu- als, a female and a child. Grob 84 Skeleton 83a, female: skull fragments, 3 vertebrae, 2 clavicles, Šribar: juvenis. right humerus, bones of the hand. V škatli grob 84 so bile kosti 3 oseb, večina kosti pripada Skeleton 83b, child: mandible, ribs, scapula, humeri, ilia, tibias. skeletu 84a. Skelet 84a, mlada ženska: lobanja z maksilo (mandibula Grave 84 manjka) in večji del postkranialnega skeleta (manjkajo Šribar: juvenis. golenici, mečnici, kosti stopal). Box marked Grave 84 included the bones of 3 individuals, most Skelet 84b, starejši moški: mandibula ter fragmenti nekaterih of the bones belong to skeleton 84a. postkranialnih kosti (vretenca, ključnica, koželjnica, Skeleton 84a, young female: neurocranium with maxil a (the stegnenica), verjetno iz groba 85. mandible is missing) and most postcranial bones (tibias, Skeleta 84c, otrok: desna senčnica, stegnenica in nekaj fra- fibulas and the bones of the feet are missing). gmentov dolgih kosti. Skeleton 84b, older male: mandible and fragments of some postcranial bones (vertebrae, clavicle, radius, femur), most likely from Grave 85. Skeleton 84c, child: right temporal bone, femur and a few frag- ments of the long bones. 226 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 85 Grave 85 Šribar: uničen skelet ob pokopu 84. Šribar: skeleton destroyed during burial 84. V škatli je bila samo lobanja (skelet 85) brez maksil in mandi- The box contained merely a cranium (skeleton 85), without the bule (ta bi bila lahko označena kot skelet 84b). maxil ae and mandible (which could have been catego- rised as skeleton 84b). Grob 86 Šribar: lobanja in vretenca, ostalo uničeno ob pokopih 84 in 85. Grave 86 Skelet 86: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo. Šribar: skull and vertebrae, the rest destroyed during burials 84 and 85. Grob 87 Skeleton 86: skull with mandible and both maxil ae. Šribar: juvenis, ostanki št. 88, spodaj še št. 101. V škatli grob 87 so bile premešane kosti več okostij, 4 ali 5 Grave 87 lobanj, med postkranialnimi kostmi pa je bilo največ Šribar: juvenis, remains No. 88, underneath also No. 101. podlahtnic, 7. Box marked Grave 87 included mixed bones from a number Skelet 87a, moški: lobanja (brez zatilnice, maksil in mandi- of skeletons, 4 or 5 skul s, while the most common bones bule), robustna desna nadlahtnica, korpus koželjnice) amongst the postcranial bones were ulnas, as there were Skelet 87b, ženska: del lobanje (senčnici in zatilnica), gracilne 7 of them. kosti rok (nadlahtnici in koželjnici), desna kolčnica. Skeleton 87a, male: cranium (missing occipital, mandible and Neoznačeno: moška čelnica (ni od lobanje 87a), lobanjski maxil ae), robust right humerus, shaft of the radius. krov, 3 gracilne ključnice, 7 podlahtnic, desna kolčnica, Skeleton 87b, female: a part of the cranium (two temporal bones stegnenice, golenice. and the occipital), gracile bones of the arms (humeri and both radiuses), right innominate. Grob 88 Unmarked: male frontal bone (does not belong to skull 87a), Škatle ali skeleta z oznako grob 88 v gradivu ni bilo. calotte, 3 gracile clavicles, 7 ulnas, right innominate, femur, tibia. Grob 89 Šribar: uničen otroški skelet. Grave 88 Skelet 89, otrok: fragmenti kosti rok (nadlahtnici, kožljnica, There was no box or skeleton marked Grave 88 amongst the podlahtnica) in nog (desna črevnica, leva stegnenica). material. Grob 90 Grave 89 Šribar: grobna jama s skeletoma 90 (odrasel robusten skelet) Šribar: a destroyed child skeleton. in 91, od prej ostanki najmanj treh prekopov. Skeleton 89, child: fragments of bones of the arms (humeri, Oznako grob 90 so imele 3 škatle, v katerih so bile premešene radius, ulna) and legs (right ilium, left femur). kosti najmanj 11 okostij, 5 otrok različne starosti (skeleti 90 a, b, c, d, e) in najmanj 6 odraslih oseb (skeleti 90 f, Grave 90 g, h, i, j, k: 4 moški, 1 ženska, 1 nedoločljivega spola). Šribar: the grave pit included skeletons 90 (adult robust skeleton) Skelet 90a, novorojenček: humerus, distalni del stegnenice, and 91 as well as the remains of at least 3 previous burials. korpus tibije. 3 boxes were marked Grave 90, and these boxes contained bones Skelet 90b, 2-letni otrok: leva polovica mandibule, par nadlah- belonging to at least 11 skeletons, 5 children of various ages tnic, stegnenica in par golenic. (skeletons 90a, b, c, d, e) and at least 6 adults (skeletons 90 Skelet 90c, 5-6 letni otrok: leva polovica mandibule, par ste- f, g, h, i, j, k: 4 male, 1 female, 1 undefinable sex). gnenic in par golenic. Skeleton 90a, newly born: humerus, distal part of the femur, Skelet 90d, 13-letni otrok: leva nadlahtnica, par stegnenic, shaft of the tibia. desna golenica, petnica. Skeleton 90b, 2-year old child: left side of the mandible, pair of Skelet 90e, 14-letni otrok: par senčnic in cela mandibula (lah- humeri, femur and a pair of tibias. ko tudi od skeleta 90d), desna nadlahtnica, distalni del Skeleton 90c, 5 or 6-year-old child: left side of the mandible, stegnenice, petnica. pair of femurs and a pair of tibias. Skeleti 90 f−k: postkranialne kosti odraslih pripadajo glede Skeleton 90d, 13-year-old child: left humerus, a pair of femurs, na število ohranjenih delov najmanj 6 osebam (3 oški, right tibia, calcaneus. 3 ženske), toliko je namreč nadlahtnic (12: 6 desnih, 6 Skeleton 90e, 14-year-old child: a pair of temporal bones and an levih) in golenic (11: 6 levih, 5 desnih), drugih kosti je entire mandible (possibly belonging to skeleton 90d), right nekaj manj: 9 podlahtnic, 7 koželjnic, 7 kolčnic, 8 ste- humerus, distal part of the femur, calcaneus. gnenic, 6 skočnic, 5 petnic. Lobanj je morda nekaj manj, Skeletons 90 f−k: the number of adult humeri (12: 6 right, 6 zaradi slabe ohranjenosti število ni določljivo: cela ženska left) and tibias (11: 6 left, 5 right) clearly indicate that the lobanja (skelet 91k, manjka obrazni del) ter fragmenti bones belonged to at least 6 individuals (3 male, 3 female); najmanj 1 ženske in 2 moških lobanj. other postcranial bones came in lower numbers: 9 ulnas, 7 radiuses, 7 innominates, 8 femurs, 6 taluses, 5 calcanei. There were not as many skul s, however it was impossible to establish the exact number due to their poor state: there was an entire female skull (skeleton 91k, the facial part is missing) and fragments of at least 1 female and 2 male skul s. 227 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 91 Grave 91 Šribar: odrasel skelet (glej grob 90). Šribar: adult skeleton (see Grave 90). V škatli grob 91 je bilo poleg enega skeleta (skelet 91) še nekaj Alongside skeleton 91, the box marked Grave 91 included a kosti, ki jih nismo označili (korpus stegnenice, ženska few additional bones, which we have not categorised as a podlahtnica). separate skeleton (shaft of a femur, female ulna). Skelet 91, moški: lobanja z maksilama in mandibulo ter skoraj Skeleton 91, male: skull with mandible and both maxil ae and kompleten postkranialni skelet, ki mu manjkajo samo almost all postcranial bones, with the exception of the kosti desne roke (ključnica, nadlahtnica, koželjnica, bones of the right arm which are missing (clavicle, hu- podlahtnica). merus, radius, ulna). Grob 92 Grave 92 V škatli grob 92 so bili premešani ostanki najmanj 3 otrok Box marked Grave 92 included the remains of at least 3 children različne starosti (skeleti 92 a, b in c: lobanjski krov, 2 of various ages (skeletons 92 a, b and c: neurocranium, 2 črevnici, 4 stegnenice, golenica) in najmanj 8 odraslih ilia, 4 femurs, tibia) and at least 8 adults (5 of which we oseb (kot skelete smo jih označili 5: 92 d, e, f, g, h),od categorised as skeletons: 92 d, e, f, g, h), with preserved katerih so se ohranili fragmenti vsaj 6 lobanj, med po- fragments of at least 6 skul s, while the postcranial bones stkranialnimi kostmi pa je bilo največ stegnenic (16) in included the most femurs (16) and tibias (14). golenic (14). Grave 93 Grob 93 Šribar: a small grave pit with skeleton 93 ( juvenis) underneath Šribar: manjša grobna jama s skeletom 93 (juvenis) pod skeleti skeletons 84, 85 and 86. Two fragmented skul s 93/1 and 84, 85 in 86. Dve fragmentirani lobanji 93/1 in 93/2, 93/2 were destroyed during burial 93. uničeni ob pokopu 93. Box marked Grave 93 included a partial y preserved adult V škatli grob 93 je bil poleg delno ohranjenega odraslega skeleton and a child ilium. The two skul s marked 93 were okostja le še ena otroška črevnica. Lobanji z oznako 93 found in a different box (see Grave 94). sta bili v drugi škatli (glej grob 94). Skeleton 93a, male: a part of the skull (only the left zygomatic Skelet 93a, moški: del lobanje (samo leva ličnica in mandibula), bone and mandible), bones pertaining to the torso (ribs, kosti trupa (rebra, vretenca in križnica) ter obeh rok vertebrae and sacrum) and both arms (scapulas, clavicles, (lopatici, ključnici, nadlahtnici, podlahtnici, koželjnici). humeri, ulnas, both radiuses). The skeleton does not match Skelet se ne ujema s Šribarjevim opisom, saj ne gre za Šribar’s description, as it does not belong to a juvenile. mladostnika. Grave 94 Grob 94 Šribar: in the same pit as 78, skull 94 was located underneath it. Šribar: v isti jami kot 78, pod njim lobanja 94. Box marked Grave 94 included the tag Grave 93 and fragments V škatli z oznako grob 94 je bila oznaka grob 93 in fragmenti of numerous skul s, one of which was not marked at al večih lobanj, od katerih je bila ena brez oznake (skelet (skeleton 94: parietal bones and frontal bone with open 94: temenici in čelnica z odprtimi šivi, juvenis−adultus I; sutures, juvenis−adultus I; possibly Šribar’s Grave 93), morda Šribarjev grob 93), na preostalih dveh pa sta bili while the remaining two had numbers 93b (neurocra- zapisani številki 93b (lobanjski krov, starejši moški) in nium, older male) and 93c (a part of the neurocranium, 93c (del lobanjskega krova, starejša oseba). older individual) inscribed on them. Grob 95 Grave 95 Šribar: odrasel skelet vzporeden s 76, pod njim ostanki pokopa. Šribar: adult skeleton parallel to 76, underneath it were the V škatli grob 95 je bilo samo nekaj fragmentov, nobenega remains of a burial. nismo šteli kot samostojen skelet: leva in desna maksila Box marked Grave 95 contained merely a few fragments, none (različne barve, 2 osebi), 2 fragmenta lobanjskega krova, of which were categorised as an independent skeleton: distalna dela dveh nadlahtnic (moški), proksimalni del left and right maxil a (various colours, 2 individuals), 2 stegnenice (moški) in 3 fragmenti korpusov golenic. fragments of the calotte, distal parts of two humeri (male), the proximal part of the femur (male) and 3 fragments of Grob 96 shafts of tibias. Šribar: uničen skelet Škatle ali skeleta z oznako grob 96 v gradivu ni bilo. Grave 96 Šribar: a destroyed skeleton Grob 97 There was no box or skeleton marked Grave 96 amongst the Šribar: grobna jama s skeleti 97−100; odrasel skelet, uničen material. ob pokopu 98. V škatli sta bila samo samo 2 fragmenta stegnenice. Grave 97 Šribar: grave pit with skeletons 97−100; adult skeleton, destroyed during burial 98. The box contained merely two femur fragments. 228 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 98 Grave 98 Šribar: glej grob 97. Šribar: see Grave 97. V škatli je bilo okostje mladostnika ter nekaj fragmentov The box contained a skeleton belonging to a juvenile and a few kosti od odrasle osebe (leva senčnica, baza zatilnice, bone fragments belonging to an adult (left temporal bone, proksimalni del leve podlahtnice), ki je nismo označili base of occipital, proximal part of the left ulna), which we kot skelet. have not categorised as a skeleton. Skelet 98, mlada ženska: lobanja z mandibulo, kosti obeh rok Skeleton 98, young female: skull with mandible, bones of both (manjkajo lopatici in leva ključnica) in leva črevnica. arms (scapulas and the left clavicle are missing) and the left ilium. Grob 99 Šribar: obe nadlahtnici in lopatici, starejši od 98, uničen ob Grave 99 pokopu 97. Šribar: both humeri and scapulas, older than 98, destroyed V škatli je bilo nekaj vretenc, leva in desna lopatica, 3 nadlah- during burial 97. tnice (2 desni, 1 leva: različni, eden od mladostnika ali The box included a few vertebrae, left and right scapula, 3 humeri starejšega otroka), proksimalni del desne podlahtnice. (2 right, 1 left: various, one belonging to a juvenile or an older child), proximal part of the right ulna. Grob 100 Šribar: lobanja in druge kosti (glej grob 97) Grave 100 Skelet 100: samo lobanja z mandibulo, maksili manjkata. Šribar: skull and other bones (see Grave 97) Skeleton 100: only skull with mandible, both maxil ae are Grob 101 missing. Skelet 101: samo desna kolčnica in kaput desne stegnenice. Grave 101 Grob 102 Skeleton 101: only right innominate and right femoral head. Šribar: pod skeletoma 81 in 82, v isti grobni jami skeleti 102, 103 in 104. Grave 102 Skelet 102, moški: v škatli z oznako grob 102 je bila lobanja Šribar: skeletons 102, 103 and 104 were located underneath brez mandibule ter slabo ohranjene postkranialne kosti skeletons 81 and 82, but in the same grave pit. (manjkata samo leva koželjnica in križnica). Oznaka grob Skeleton 102, male: box marked Grave 102 included a skull with- 102 je bila najdena tudi v škatli grob 78. out a mandible together with poorly preserved postcranial bones (only the left radius and sacrum were missing). The Grob 103 tag Grave 102 was also found in the box marked Grave 78. Štibar: glej 102. Škatle grob 103 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v Grave 103 škatli grob 78. Štibar: see 102. There was no box marked Grave 103 amongst the material, Grob 104 however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 78. Šribar: glej 102. Škatle grob 104 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v Grave 104 škatli grob 78. Šribar: see 102. There was no box marked Grave 104 amongst the material, Grob 105 however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 78. Šribar: fragmenti kosti. Škatle grob 105 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v Grave105 škatli grob 78. Šribar: fragmented bones. There was no box marked Grave 105 amongst the material, Grob 106 however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 78. Škatle grob 106 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v škatli grob 79. Grave 106 There was no box marked Grave 106 amongst the material, Grob 107 however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 79. Škatle grob 106 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v škatli grob 79. Grave 107 There was no box marked Grave 107 amongst the material, Grob 108 however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 79. Škatle grob 108 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v eni od treh škatel z oznako grob 80. Grave 108 There was no box marked Grave 108 amongst the material, however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 80. 229 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 109 Grave 109 V škatli z oznako grobna jama 109 pa so bili premešani ostanki Box marked grave pit 109 included mixed remains belonging najmanj 10 okostij, 2 otrok (lok vratnega vretenca, del to at least 10 skeletons, 2 children (arch of a cervical ver- črevnice in fragmenta dveh različno velikih stegnenic) tebra, a part of the ilium and fragments of two different in 8 odraslih oseb (5 lobanj, 12 nadlahtnic, 7 podlahtnic, sized femurs) and 8 adults (5 skul s, 12 humeri, 7 ulnas, 5 5 koželjnic, 4 kolčnice, 15 stegnenic, 7 golenic). radiuses, 4 innominates, 15 femurs, 7 tibias). Oznaka grob 109 je bila najdena tudi v eni od treh škatel z The tag Grave 109 was also found in one of the three boxes oznako grob 80. marked Grave 80. Grob 110 Grave 110 Skelet 110: fragmenti lobanjskega krova ter kosti desne roke Skeleton 110: fragments of the skull roof and bones belonging (nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica. to the right arm (humerus, radius, ulna). Poleg tega so bili v škatli še fragmenti 3 golenic, oznaka 110 pa The box also included fragments of 3 tibias, while the tag 110 je bila najdena tudi v eni od treh škatel z oznako grob 80. was also found in one of the three boxes marked Grave 80. Grob 111 Grave 111 Šribar: odrasel robusten skelet (skupina skeletov 111−114, niso Šribar: adult robust skeleton (the skeleton group 111−114 does istočasni; po odstranitvi skeletov pod njimi skelet 117 in not originate from the same period; once the skeletons obe golenici skeleta 111. were removed they revealed skeleton 117 and both tibias V škatli grob 111 so bili ostanki vsaj 2 skeletov, oznaka 111 pa belonging to skeleton 111. je bila najdena tudi v škatli grob 81. Box marked Grave 111 included the remains of at least 2 skel- Skelet 111a, moški: očiščen postkranialni skelet, skoraj kom- etons, while tag 111 was also found in the box marked pleten (manjkajo mečnici ter kosti stopal), brez lobanje. Grave 81. Ustreza Šribarjevemu opisu. Skeleton 111a, male: almost all cleaned postcranial bones (fibu- Skelet 111b, ženska: neočiščena lobanja, leva kolčnica (ženska) las and the bones of the feet are missing), no skul . Fits in 2 golenici. Šribar’s description. Skeleton 111b, female: uncleaned skul , left innominate (female) Grob 112 and 2 tibias. Šribar: gracilen skelet (glej tudi grob 111). V škatli grob 112 sta bila delno ohranjena skeleta ženske in Grave 112 otroka, oznaka 112 pa je bila najdena tudi v škatli z Šribar: gracile skeleton (see also Grave 111). oznako grob 81. Box marked Grave 112 included two partial y preserved skel- Skelet 112a, otrok: fragmenti lobanje, vratna vretenca in etons, one belonging to a female and the other to a child, lopatici. tag 112 was also found in the box marked Grave 81. Skelet 112b, ženska: : fragmenti lobanje, vratna vretenca, Skeleton 112a, child: fragments of the skul , cervical vertebrae lopatica, desna nadlahtnica. and scapulas. Skeleton 112b, female: fragments of the skul , cervical vertebrae, Grob 113 scapula, right humerus. Šribar: odrasel, gracilen skelet (glej tudi grob 111). V škatli grob 113 je bila fragmentarno ohranjena moška Grave 113 lobanja, oznaka 113 pa je bila najdena tudi v škatli z Šribar: adult, gracile skeleton (see also Grave 111). oznako grob 81. Box marked Grave 113 included a fragmentarily preserved male skul , and the tag 113 was also found in the box Grob 114 marked Grave 81. Šribar: samo fragmenti lobanje in nekaj kosti prsnega koša (glej tudi grob 111). Grave 114 Lobanja z oznako 114 (ženska) je bila najdena v škatli grob Šribar: only fragments of a skull and a few bones belonging to 115, poleg nje je bilo v škatli še nekaj fragmentov post- the thorax (see also Grave 111). kranialnih kosti. Oznaka 114 pa je bila najdena tudi v Skull marked 114 (female) was found in the box marked Grave škatli grob 81. 115; the box also included a few fragments of postcranial bones. Tag 114 was also found in the box marked Grave 81. Grob 115 Šribar: raztresene kosti ob zakristiji, skeleta 115 (lobanja, Grave 115 stegnenica, golenica) in 116 (otrok). Šribar: scattered bones, next to the sacristy, skeletons 115 (skul , Kosti, na katerih je bila napisana št. 115, so bile najdene v femur, tibia) and 116 (child). škatli grob 114. Oznaka 115 pa je bila najdena tudi v Bones carrying the tag 115 were found in the box marked Grave škatli grob 81. 114. Tag 115 was also found in the box marked Grave 81. Skelet 115a, moški: desna nadlahtnica, del stegnenice s kapu- Skeleton 115a, male: right humerus, a part of the femur with tom, fragmenti obeh golenic. the head, fragments of both tibias. Skelet 115b, otrok: lobanja (brez maksil in mandibule), kosti Skeleton 115b, child: skull (without the mandible and maxil ae), ene roke (ključnica, nadlahtnica, koželjnica, podlahtnica) bones of one arm (clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna) and in obeh nog (črevnici, stegnenici, golenici). both legs (ilia, femurs, tibias). 230 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Grob 116 Grave 116 Šribar: glej grob 115. Šribar: see Grave 115. Oznaka 116 je bila najdena tudi v škatli grob 82, medtem ko so Tag 116 was also found in the box marked Grave 82, while the bile v škatli grob 116 močno fragmentirane kosti najmanj box marked Grave 116 included strongly fragmented 2 okostij, ki smo jih označili kot skeleta 116a (ženska; bones belonging to at least 2 skeletons, which we have senčnica in del kolčnice) in 116b (moški, senčnica). categorised as skeleton 116a (female; temporal bone and a part of the innominate) and 116b (male, temporal bone). Grob 117 Šribar: glej grob 111. Grave 117 V škatli grob 117 so bili ostanki dveh okostij. Šribar: see Grave 111. Skelet 117a, moški, svetlejše kosti: korpusi nadlahtnice, pod- Box marked Grave 117 included the remains of two skeletons. lahtnice in koželjnice, del kolčnice, korpusa stegnenice Skeleton 117a, male, lighter coloured bones: shafts of a humerus, in golenice. Oznaka 117a je bila tudi na mandibuli, ki ulna and radius, a part of the innominate, femur and tibia pa verjetno ne pripada temu okostju, ker ima izražene shafts. Tag 117a was also found on a mandible, which ženske spolne znake. does most likely not belong to this skeleton, as it shows Skelet 117b, ženski, temnejše kosti: desna nadlahtnica, pro- female sexual traits. ksimalni del podlahtnice, desna stegnenica (moška). Skeleton 117b, female, darker coloured bones: right humerus, Skelet 117c: oznaka 117, grob 80, je bila zapisana tudi na škatli, proximal part of the ulna, right femur (male). ki je bila v depoju shranjena na polici med škatlama grob Skeleton 117c: a box carrying the tag 117, Grave 80, was also 82 in grob 83. V njej je bila lobanja z mandibulo (ženska) found in the depot between the boxes marked Grave 82 ter fragmentarno ohranjene kosti nog (2 stegnenici, 2 and Grave 83. The box included a skull with mandible golenici, pogačica, mečnica, 2 petnici, 2 skočnici). (female) and fragmentarily preserved bones of the legs (2 femurs, 2 tibias, patel a, fibula, 2 calcanei, 2 taluses). Grob 118 Škatle grob 118 v gradivu ni bilo, je pa bila oznaka najdena v Grave 118 škatli grob 83. There was no box marked Grave 118 amongst the material, however the tag was found in the box marked Grave 83. Grob 119 Skelet 119, mladostnik: v škatli je bila lobanja z maksilama in Grave 119 mandibulo ter nadlahtnica. Skeleton 119, juvenile: the box contained a skull with mandible and both maxil ae as well as a humerus. Grob 120 Škatle grob 120 ali oznake 120 v gradivu ni bilo. Grave 120 There was no box marked Grave 120 or tag 120 amongst the Grob 121 material. V škatli so bili fragmentirani ostanki najmanj 7 odraslih okostij (skeleti 121 a−g): najmanj 4 lobanje, 11 nadlahtnic, 2 Grave 121 koželjnici, 2 podlahtnici, 10 stegnenic, 7 golenic. The box contained fragmented remains of at least 7 adults (skel- etons 121 a−g): at least 4 skul s, 11 humeri, 2 radiuses, 2 Grob 122 ulnas, 10 femurs, 7 tibias. V škatli je bilo poleg živalskih kosti še nekaj človeških, ki pri- padajo najmanj 2 osebama: korpus stegnenice (robusten, Grave 122 moški, skelet 122a), korpus druge stegnenice (skelet Alongside animal bones the box also contained some human 122b, mladostnik), korpus golenice ter nekaj fragmentov bones, which belonged to at least 2 individuals: shaft of lobanjskega krova. the femur (robust, male, skeleton 122a), another shaft of the femur (skeleton 122b, juvenile), shaft of the tibia and Grob 123 a few fragments of the neurocranium. V škatli so bile kosti najmanj 5 okostij, starejšega otroka (skelet 123 e: 1 zob, desna črevnica, distalni del stegnenice) in Grave 123 4 odraslih (2 moška, 2 ženski), od katerih so se ohranili The box contained the bones belonging to at least 5 skeletons, an fragmenti naslednjih kosti: najmanj 3 lobanj, 4 lopatic, older child (skeleton 123 e: 1 tooth, right ilium, distal part 3 ključnic, 6 nadlahtnic, 6 podlahtnic, 3−6 koželjnic, 4 of the femur) and 4 adults (2 male, 2 female), from which kolčnic, 7 stegnenic, 3 golenic. the fragments of the following bones have been preserved: at least 3 skul s, 4 scapulas, 3 clavicles, 6 humeri, 6 ulnas, Grob 124 3 − 6 radiuses, 4 innominates, 7 femurs, 3 tibias. V škatli so bili ostanki dveh različno robustnih postkranialnih okostij, moškega (skelet 142a: distalni del nadlahtni- Grave 124 ce, proksimalni del koželjnice, desna stegnenica) in The box contained the remains of two postcranial skeletons domnevne ženske (skelet 124b: desna kolčnica, desna which differs in robusticity, male (skeleton 142a: distal part stegnenica). Nerazporejeno: korpusi 2 stegnenic in 3 of the humerus, proximal part of the radius, right femur) golenic. and assumed female (skeleton 124b: right innominate, right femur). Unallocated: shafts of 2 femurs and 3 tibias. 231 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Skelet XX Skeleton XX Dobro ohranjeno in skoraj kompletno okostje, prezentirano A well preserved and almost complete skeleton, presented in the v cerkvi na blejskem otoku, je bilo antropološko pre- church on Bled Island, was anthropological y examined in gledano leta 1999. Manjkajo: večji del reber in vretenc, 1999. Missing bones: a large share of the ribs and vertebrae, večina kosti dlani, leva pogačica, leva mečnica in večina most bones of the hand, left patel a, left fibula and most kosti obeh stopal (ohranjenih je le 6 nartnih kosti, med bones of feet (only 6 tarsal bones are preserved, including drugim obe petnici in skočnici). Verjetno gre za enega both calcanei and taluses). This skeleton is most likely one od skeletov, ki jih je Šribar opisal kot dobro ohranjen of the skeletons that Šribar described as wel preserved (see skelet (glej npr. grob 18, 30, 40, 41). for instance Graves 18, 30, 40, 41). Grob 1/2016 Grave 1/2016 Fragmentarno ohranjene kosti najmanj treh odraslih oseb, Fragmentarily preserved bones belonging to at least three adults, verjetneje pa štirih. Večina postkranialnih kosti je but more likely four. Most postcranial bones are gracile gracilnih (2 ženski, skeleta 1a in b), nekaj pa robustnih (2 female, skeletons 1a and b), a few are robust (one or (eden ali dva moška, skelet 1c). Od lobanje so se ohranili two males, skeleton 1c). Of the skull only 4 fragments 4 fragmenti lobanjskega krova ter 4 fragmenti od dveh of the neurocranium and 4 fragments belonging to two mandibul. mandibles have been preserved. Skeleta 1a in 1 b, gracilne kosti: mandibula, rebra, prsna vre- Skeletons 1a and 1 b, gracile bones: mandible, ribs, thoracic tenca, leva in desna ključnica, 2 lopatici, 3 nadlahtnice, vertebrae, left and right clavicle, 2 scapulas, 3 humeri, 3 3 podlahtnice, 3 koželjnice, križnica, 2 kolčnici, 2 desni ulnas, 3 radiuses, sacrum, 2 innominates, 2 right femurs, stegnenici, 4 fragmenti korpusov mečnice. Večina kosti 4 fragments of fibula shafts. Most bones belonged to a pripada ženski mlajši od 20 let, druga je bila starejše female under the age of 20, while the rest belonged to a od 20 let. female over 20. Skelet 1c, robustne kosti: 2 fragmenta mandibule, ledvena Skeleton 1c, robust bones: 2 mandible fragments, lumbar vretenca, leva kolčnica, korpusa dveh stegnenic, desna vertebrae, left innominate, femur shafts, right tibia, left golenica, leva petnica. calcaneus. Grob 2/2016 Grave 2/2016 Ohranjene kosti pripadajo odrasli ženski: fragmenti reber in The preserved bones belong to an adult female: fragments of vretenc, del prsnice, del desne lopatice, obe ključnici, ribs and vertebrae, a part of the sternum, a part of the desna nadlahtnica, proksimalni del desne podlahtnice, right scapula, both clavicles, right humerus, proximal part leva koželjnica, obe kolčnici, pogačica. of the right ulna, left radius, both innominates, patel a. Antropološki latinsko-slovenski slovarček Anthropological Latin-English dictionary cranium – lobanja, kranium cranium – the skull without themandible neurocranium – možganski del lobanje, nevrokranium (kalota neurocranium – the braincase (calvaria – the cranium without – temenski del lobanje brez baze) the face; calotte – calvaria without the base) postcranium – postkranium; vse kosti telesa razen lobanje postcranial bones – all of the bones within the body with the exception of the skull Glavne kosti lobanje so: os frontale – čelnica, os parietale – te- menica, os occipitale – zatilnica, os temporale – senčnica, The main bones of the skull are: os frontale – frontal bone, os sphaenoidale – zagozdnica, os zygomaticum – ličnica, os parietale – parietal bones, os occipitale – occipital, os mandibula – spodnja čeljustnica, mandibula, maxilla – temporale – temporal bones, os sphaenoidale – sphenoid zgornja čeljustnica, maksila. bone, os zygomaticum – zygomatic bone, mandible – Glavne kosti postkraniuma so: costae – rebra, sternum – prsni- mandible, maxilla – maxil a. ca, vetebrae – vretenca (7 vratnih, 12 prsnih, 5 ledvenih), The main postcranial bones are: costae – ribs, sternum – ster- sacrum – križnica, clavicula – ključnica, scapula – lopa- num, breastbone, vertebrae – vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 tica, humerus – nadlahtnica, radius – koželjnica, ulna – thoracic, 5 lumbar), sacrum – sacrum, clavicula – clavicle, podlahtnica, manus – kosti dlani ( ossa carpi – zapestnice, scapula – scapula, shoulder blade, humerus – humerus, ossa metacarpi – dlančnice, phalanges – prstni členki), os radius – radius, ulna – ulna, manus – hand bones ( ossa coxae ( os ilium, os pubis, os ischi ) – kolčnica, sestavljena carpi – carpal bones, ossa metacarpi – metacarpal bones, iz treh kosti, ki se zrastejo okoli 14. leta (črevnica, sram- phalanges – phalanges), os coxae ( os ilium, os pubis, os nica, sednica), femur – stegnenica, patella – pogačica, ischii) – innominate, consisting of three bones, which tibia – golenica, fibula – mečnica ossify approximately at the age of 14 (ilium, pubis bone, pes – kosti stopala ( ossa tarsi – nartnice; največji dve sta ischium), femur – thigh bone, patella – kneecap, tibia – calcaneus – petnica in talus – skočnica, ossa metatarsi – shin bone, fibula – calf bone stopalnice, phalanges –prstni členki). pes – bones of the foot ( ossa tarsi – tarsal bones; the largest of which are calcaneus – heel bone and talus – ankle bone, ossa metatarsi – metatarsal bones, phalanges – phalanges). 232 9. BLEJSKI OTOK: ANTROPOLOŠKA ANALIZA 9. THE BLED ISLAND: ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXAMINATION epifiza / diafiza: dolga kost je sestavljena iz osrednjega dela, epiphysis / diaphysis: the long bone consists of the central part, diafize (korpusa) in dveh epifiz (okrajkov) i.e. diaphysis (shaft) and two epiphyses (rounded ends) proksimalno / distalno: proksimalna epifiza je tisti del dolge proximal / distal: proximal epiphysis is the part of the long kosti, ki leži bližje trupu oziroma lobanji, nasprotni del bone that is located closer to the torso or skul , while the je distalna epifiza. Npr: proksimalna epifiza oz. kaput opposite side is the distal epiphysis, e.g.: the proximal stegnenice leži v kolčnem sklepu, distalna epifiza pa v epiphysis or caput is located in the hip joint, while the kolenskem. distal epiphysis is located in the knee joint. Starostne kategorije: infans I (0-6 let), infans II (7-15 let), ju- Age categories: infans I (0−6 years), infans II (7−15 years), venis (15-19 let), adultus I (21-30 let), adultus II (31-40 juvenis (15−19 years), adultus I (21−30 years), adultus let), maturus I (41-50 let), maturus II (51-60 let), senilis II (31−40 years), maturus I (41−50 years), maturus II (nad 61 let). (51−60 years), senilis (61+ years). 233 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA. PREIZKUSI NJENEGA OBSTOJA Z NAPOVEDNIMA MODELOMA NA PRIMERU BLEDA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE. TESTS OF ITS EXISTENCE WITH PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR THE BLED CASE Andrej PLETERSKI 10.1 UVOD IN POJMI 10.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMS Pokrajina ni samodejen proizvod narave, ampak Landscape is not an automatic product of nature, but jo sooblikuje tudi človek. V tem pogledu jo nedvomno is co-shaped by humans In this respect it can undoubt- lahko razumemo tudi kot zapleteno presečišče različnih edly be understood as a complex intersection of different družbenih interesov in dejavnosti, ki se spreminjajo social interests and activities that change over time ( cf. skozi čas (prim. Bender 19952). Tu bomo obravnavali Bender 19952). Here, we will address the specific form posebno obliko instrumentalizacije pokrajine, ki se je taken by the instrumentalisation of a landscape when zgodila, ko so jo ljudje spremenili v orodje (Pleterski people turned it into a tool (Pleterski 2014). They believed 2014). Verjeli so, da z njim lahko vplivajo na delovanje sil that it could affect the functioning of the forces of nature: narave: na vreme, na gibanje nebesnih teles, na plodnost the weather, the movement of celestial bodies, the fertil- zemlje, na rodovitnost rastlin, živali, ljudi, na zdravje. ity of the earth, the fertility of plants, animals, humans, Tako pokrajino imenujem mitična pokrajina. Mitična je and health. I call that landscape a mythical landscape. It zato, ker je njeno programsko izhodišče mitična zgodba. is mythical because its starting point is a mythical story. To so v zgodbo povezana spoznanja ljudi o delovanju These are people’s insights into how the world works. sveta. Ko mitična zgodba dobi obredno funkcijo, postane When the mythical story has a ritual function, it becomes mit. Ta z obrednim dejanjem sestavlja obred (ritual). a myth. This, alongside a ritual act, constitutes a ritual. In Mitična pokrajina je tako lahko tudi oder obredu. Moč this way the mythical landscape can also be a stage for obreda, da vpliva na razmere in dogajanje, je obredna ritual. The power of ritual to affect conditions and events moč (magija). Izgovorjeno besedilo, ki v obredu dobi is ritual power (magic). The spoken text that receives ritual obredno moč, je urok. Praslovanska beseda *urokъ na- power in a ritual is a spell. The shapes that receive ritual mreč pomeni “kar je izrečeno” (Snoj 1997, 700). Znak, power in a ritual are spatial ideograms. These are those ki v obredu dobi obredno moč, je čar. Praslovanska interconnected components of the mythical landscape beseda *čarъ namreč pomeni “sredstvo, pripomoček, ča- that people have defined and often additional y shaped in rovniško znamenje, narejeno, vrezano” (Snoj 1997, 66). accordance with mythical notions in the form of mental Čari so tudi prostorski ideogrami. To so tiste medsebojno images (about mythical pictures: Čausidis 1994, 51–67), povezane sestavine mitične pokrajine, ki so jih ljudje which are articulated through the particular form of the določili in pogosto tudi dodatno oblikovali v skladu z mythical story. The spatial ideogram is thus a record of mitičnimi predstavami v obliki miselnih slik (o mitičnih the mythical story, and more precisely of either its whole slikah: Čausidis 1994, 51–67), katere je ubesedila vsa- structure or its individual parts. Since the establishment kokratna oblika mitične zgodbe. Prostorski ideogram je of order in cosmic chaos also seems to be an important tako zapis mitične zgodbe, natančneje: njene strukture function of spatial ideograms, ideograms must be orderly ali strukture njenega dela. Ker se zdi, da je pomembna in their execution. Various mathematical components funkcija prostorskih ideogramov tudi vzpostavljanje such as numbers, numerical relations, and geometric reda v kozmičnem neredu, morajo biti ideogrami v svoji izvedbi urejeni. Tej zahtevi odlično ustrezajo različne * Translation Andrej Pleterski. 235 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE matematične sestavine, kot so števila, številčna razmerja, figures are perfectly suited for this: the shapes of these geometrijski liki. Pri tem gre za oblike teh likov, njihove figures, their internal angles, the lengths and proportions notranje kote, dolžine in razmerja stranic ter njihove of their sides, and their astronomical orientations (more astronomske usmeritve (podrobneje o posameznih on specific terms: Pleterski 2014, 20–23; 2018). pojmih: Pleterski 2014, 20–23; 2018). We know very little about the mythical landscape. It O mitični pokrajini vemo še zelo malo. Nedvom- is undoubtedly realised everywhere that a human being no je udejanjena povsod, kjer je prebival in prebiva resides and has resided, and manifests itself as a com- človek, ter se kaže kot zapleten, krajevno in časovno plex, local y and temporal y changing, system of spatial spremenljiv sistem prostorskih sestavin. V nadaljevanju components. In the following, I will give initial outline bom podal njihov okvirni, a še vedno začetni obris ter of the mythical landscape and show its implementation prikazal njegovo izvedbo v širšem prostoru Bleda. Pri in the wider Bled area. In doing so, I rely heavily on my tem se v veliki meri opiram na svojo obširno analizo extensive analysis of the mythical landscape as a product mitične pokrajine kot izdelka človekovega razumevanja of human understanding of the world (Pleterski 2014), sveta (Pleterski 2014), na zgoščen opis sestavin mitične on a concise description of the components of the mythi- pokrajine (Pleterski 2018) in na izročilo posoških staro- cal landscape (Pleterski 2018) and on the folk tradition vercev (Medvešček 2015). Slednji so svoje naravoverstvo of the Old Faith believers (members of a pre-Christian ohranili v organizirani obliki do sredine 20. stoletja. Kot form of nature religion) in the Soča region (Medvešček taki so zakladnica delujočih razlag. Te dajejo vpogled v 2015). These people retained their nature-based faith in razumevanje sveta in način življenja, za katerega smo an organised form until the mid-20th century. As such, mislili, da je izumrl že pred tisočletjem. Seveda je treba they are a treasury of explanations. These give an insight upoštevati, da njihovo verovanje ni bilo vedno v vsem into understandings about the world and a way of life that povsem nespremenljivo, vendar sem mnenja, da osup- we thought was extinct a millennium ago. Of course, it ljiva strukturna ujemanja med arheološkimi podatki in should be borne in mind that their beliefs have not always njihovimi pripovedmi vsekakor niso naključna. Zato si been completely unchanging, but I think that the striking drznem na njih graditi svoje izpeljave. structural correspondences between their narratives and V nadaljevanju uvodoma navajam vrsto pravil, ki so archaeological data are by no means accidental, and so I jih uporabljali ljudje v preteklosti pri simbolnem ureja- dare to base my derivations on them. nju svojega prostora. Ne poznam historičnega zapisa, ki First I state the rules that people have used in the past bi jih kot take v celoti opisal. A tudi v srednjem veku je to symbolical y arrange their space. Even in the Middle ideja simbolnega urejanja prostora nedvomno obstajala. Ages, the idea of symbolical y arranging the components To dokazujejo opisi programa razmestitve cerkvenih of a landscape clearly existed. This is evidenced by the zgradb v obliki Kristusovega križa, ki naj bi priklicali nje- descriptions of the program of the disposition of church govo zaščitno moč (npr. za Paderborn Vita Meinwerci, buildings in the form of the cross of Christ, which was in- c. 218, objava: Tenckhoff 1921, 131; za Bamberg Frutolfi tended to invoke his protective power (e.g. for Paderborn Cronica, objava Schmale, Schmale-Ott 1972, 47–50; Ex Vita Meinwerci, c. 218, edition: Tenckhoff 1921, 131; for Heimonis De decursu temporum libro, objava Jaffé 1869, Bamberg Frutolfi Cronica, edition: Schmale, Schmale-Ott 545–546; obširno Pleterski 2014, 130–175). 1972, 47–50; Ex Heimonis De decursu temporum libro, Po pregledu pravil razvijem napovedni model. edition: Jaffé 1869, 545–546; extensively Pleterski 2014, Ta pojem ima lahko zelo različne pomene, odvisno od 130–175). tega, v kateri dejavnosti ga uporabimo. V arheologiji After reviewing the rules, I develop a predictive je običajno povezan z geografskimi informacijskimi model. Predictive models can have very different mean- sistemi, ko iščemo, določamo in raziskujemo arheološki ings depending on the activity for which it is used. In potencial nekega območja, in temelji na raziskovanju archaeology, it is usual y associated with geographic velikih količin podatkov in njihovih relacij (uvodno: information systems when we search for, determine, Gaffney, Stančič 1991). V mojem primeru bom ta pojem and explore the archaeological potential of an area, and uporabil precej drugače. is based on the exploration of large amounts of data and Prostorska pravila opisujem tako, kot sem jih its relationships (introduction: Gaffney, Stančič 1991). I prepoznal v njihovih ponovitvah v različnih prostorih will use this term quite differently here. (Pleterski 2014). Veljavnost te prepoznave je mogoče I describe spatial rules as I have recognised them in oceniti s praktičnim preizkusom pravil v izbranem pro- their repetitions in different spaces (Pleterski 2014). The storu. Gre za to, da se postavimo v vlogo tedanjih ljudi validity of this recognition can be assessed by a practical in na njihov način rešimo njihov problem, ki je zapustil test of the rules in the space selected. It is about putting arheološko sled in jo potem lahko odkrijemo. Ker gre za ourselves in the role of the people of the past and solving prostorska pravila, napovemo lokacijo in okvirno vrsto their problem in that way, which left an archaeological najdbe. Če izkopavanje na napovedanem mestu potrdi trace and can then be discovered. Because these are spatial napovedano najdbo, to pomeni potrditev obstoja pravil, rules, we can predict the location and the approximate 236 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE potrditev njihove vsebine in potrditev njihove pravilne types of finds. If excavation at the predicted site confirms uporabe v napovednem modelu. the predicted find, then this confirms the existence of the Pravila simbolne ureditve prostora nikoli niso rules, their contents and their correct use in the predic- bila kodificirana in so zato prilagojena vsakokratnemu tive model. prostoru. To pomeni, da moramo pri postavitvi modela The rules of symbolical y arranging the landscape izhajati iz dobro znanega prostora in ga preizkusiti v tem have never been codified and are therefore adapted to istem prostoru. Izdelava modela na podlagi poznavanja each space individual y. This means that when setting enega prostora in njegov preizkus v nekem drugem up a model, we have to start from a well-known space prostoru bi se precej verjetno izkazala kot neuspešna. and test the model in that same space. Building the Mitična pokrajina Bleda je dovolj dobro raziskana (po- model based on knowledge of one space and testing it in drobno: Pleterski 2014, 236–286), da ponuja potrebna another space would very probably prove unsuccessful. izhodišča. The mythical landscape of Bled is well-researched enough Izbira cilja. V Blejskem kotu so arheološko najbolje (detail: Pleterski 2014, 236–286) to provide the necessary raziskana zgodnjesrednjeveška grobišča in njihova ume- starting points. ščenost v mitično pokrajino. Podrobna analiza blejskih Goal selection. The Early Medieval burial grounds vasi je pokazala, da večina vasi, nastalih v zgodnjem of the Bled region, and their location in the mythical land- sred njem veku, stoji še danes in vsaka zgodnjesrednjeve- scape, are the archaeological y best explored. A detailed ška vas je imela svoje grobišče (Pleterski 2013a). Izziv, da analysis of the Bled vil ages showed that most were formed najdemo eno od manjkajočih grobišč, se je ponujal sam. in the Early Middle Ages and still stand today, and that Izstopajoče je bilo vprašanje grobišča vasi Spodnje Bo- each Early Medieval vil age had its own burial ground dešče, ker je obetalo odgovor na več dodatnih vprašanj. (Pleterski 2013a). The challenge, to find one of the missing Podrobna, multidisciplinarna poselitvena analiza burial grounds offered itself. The burial ground for the je pokazala, da je vas Spodnje Bodešče nastala v 10. st. vil age of Spodnje Bodešče stood out for its importance na mestu starejše vasi, ki je propadla predtem. Ta sta- because it promised to answer several questions about rejša vas naj bi bila tudi starejša od sosednjih Zgornjih settlement and the mythical landscape. Bodešč. Iz nje naj bi prišli ustanovitelji Zgornjih Bodešč A detailed, multidisciplinary settlement analysis (Pleterski 2013a, 45–55, 158–168). Želja je bila najti showed that Spodnje Bodešče was established in the 10th grobišče te starejše vasi, ki bi dalo vpogled v najstarejše century in the location of an earlier vil age that was de- slovanske grobove Bleda in potrdilo prikaz poselitvene- stroyed before. The earlier vil age is also supposed to be ga dogajanja. Vse to ob osnovnem cilju potrditi obstoj earlier than the neighbouring vil age of Zgornje Bodešče. mitične pokrajine, njenih pravil in ustreznost našega The founders of Zgornje Bodešče are supposed to come razumevanja. from the predecessor vil age of Spodnje Bodešče (Pleter- ski 2013a, 45–55, 158–168). It was hoped that a burial ground could be found for this earlier vil age that would 10.2. MITIČNA POKRAJINA give an insight into the earliest Slavic graves in Bled and confirm the process of settlement developments. The basic 10.2.1 SESTAVNI DELI MITIČNE POKRAJINE aim of all this is to confirm the existence of the mythical landscape, its rules and the level of our understanding. Čeprav se zdi samoumevno, je treba poudariti, da so temeljna skupina sestavnih delov mitične pokraji- ne njene naravne sestavine, zemeljske – gore, otoki, 10.2 THE MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE kamni, izviri, reke, jezera, drevesa, jame. Potem so tu še deli nebesne pokrajine – sonce, mesec, zvezde. So 10.2.1 THE CONSTITUENT COMPONENTS OF sestavni del pradavne astronomije in koledarja. Kakšen THE MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE je bil namen koledarja? Pomembno je, da je bilo treba opraviti obredna dejanja v pokrajini v natančno pravem Although it should go without saying, it must be trenutku, da bi imela učinek. Ta vidik mitične pokrajine stressed that the fundamental group of components of the raziskuje arheoastronomija (za nadaljnje podrobnosti mythical landscape are the natural parts of the Earth’s o njej in raziskovalnih metodah glej: Šprajc 1991; Ru- landscape – mountains, islands, stones, springs, rivers, ggles 2005; Ministr 2007; A. Polcaro, V. F. Polcaro 2009; lakes, trees, and caves, and then, further away, parts of Rappenglück 2014). the celestial landscape – the sun, the moon, the stars. Seveda imamo tudi zgrajene sestavine zemeljske They are incorporated in the emergence of a primeval pokrajine, ki jih je ustvaril človek: ceste, kanale, polja, astronomy and calendar. What was the calendar needed naselja, pokopališča, svetišča. Te artefakte lahko arheo- for? It must not be forgotten that the ritual deeds involving loško raziskujemo, kar daje možnost, da določimo the landscape had to be done at the exactly right moment njihovo kronologijo. to have an effect. This part of the mythical landscape is 237 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Poleg naštetih snovnih so še nesnovne sestavine researched through archaeoastronomy (for further details mitične pokrajine. To je mitična zgodba, ki je ponavadi about the subject and research methods, see: Šprajc 1991; razdrobljena, ohranjena v ljudskih pripovedih in drugih Ruggles 2005; Ministr 2007; A. Polcaro, V. F. Polcaro 2009, oblikah ljudskega izročila, v krajevnih imenih in včasih Rappenglück 2014). celo v imenih svetnikov, zavetnikov cerkva, ki so kot There are also artificial parts of the Earth’s landscape mlajša cerkvena pokrajina prekrile starejšo mitično – such as roads, channels, fields, settlements, cemeteries, pokrajino. Ti odlomki mitične zgodbe so prostorsko and shrines. These material artefacts may be the subject povezani s posameznimi snovnimi deli pokrajine. Zato of archaeological research, allowing the opportunity to lahko raziščemo povezavo med tem izročilom in arheo- determine their chronology. loškimi ostanki (prim. Lane 2008). Kronologija slednjih There are also intangible components of a mythi- datira uporabo sestavin mitične zgodbe. cal landscape. This is the mythical story, which is usual y Ker poznamo večno željo krščanske cerkve kot fragmented because it is preserved in folk narratives and institucije, da bi bila vseobsegajoča, je dobro znana performances, in place-names and sometimes even in the njena metoda nadomeščanja starejših svetih mest s names of saints as patrons of churches, which is a younger cerkvami (Jerris 2002). To potrjuje znamenito pismo ecclesiastical structure overlaying the earlier mythical papeža Gregorja Velikega, ki ga je leta 601 poslal v landscape. These fragments are spatial y associated with Britanijo (Hartmann, Ewald 1899, 56). Zato sta lega in the individual material parts of a landscape, and therefore, usmeritev cerkva lahko del zgodovine učinkov (nemško we can investigate the link between this tradition and the Wirkungsgeschichte) starejše mitične pokrajine. Raz- archaeological remains ( cf. Lane 2008). The chronology of iskane usmeritve cerkva se osredotočajo na vzdolžno os the archaeological remains dates the use of the elements cerkvene zgradbe. Raziskav usmeritve prečne osi ali celo of the mythical story. diagonale cerkvene ladje še ni (Pleterski 2015a, 26–29). The eternal quest of the Christian Church as an Tradicionalna razlaga, da je cerkveno usmeritev institution was all-embracing, and its method of substitut- določal sončni vzhod ali zahod na praznik svetnika, ki ing the earlier sacral places with churches (Jerris 2002), mu je bila cerkev posvečena, drži samo v zelo redkih is well known, corroborated in the year 601 CE, with primerih (Čaval 2010, 162; Sassin Allen 2016, 160). the famous letter from Pope Gregory the Great, sent to Nekaterih drugih teorij, kot so kronološki in instituci- the Brittany (Hartmann, Ewald 1899, 56). The position onalni vplivi na orientacijo, smer sončnega vzhoda na and orientation of churches could therefore be a part dan posvetitve ali sončni vzhod okoli velike noči, pre- of the Wirkungsgeschichte (history of the effects) of the prosto ni mogoče preveriti, saj temeljijo na neizmerljivih earlier mythical landscape. The church orientations that spremenljivkah (Čaval 2010, 163–165; Sassin Allen 2016, have been researched involve the longitudinal axis of the 161–163). Za raziskave mitične pokrajine je pomembno, church building. There are as yet no studies of the orien- da je veliko cerkva usmerjenih proti pokrajinskim zna- tations of the lateral axis or even diagonal of the church čilnostim, vključno s starimi svetimi kraji (Sassin Allen nave (Pleterski 2015a, 26–29). 2016, 169–184). Kaže pa omeniti, da so lahko cerkev The most traditional explanation, that church ori- kot sakralno stavbo zgradili kot zapleteno strukturo, entation is determined by the sunrise (or sunset) on the kjer so razmerja, smeri, svetlobe in sence napolnjeni s feast day of the saint to whom the church is dedicated, simboličnimi pomeni (na primer: Pejaković 1978; 1997). holds true only in very rare cases (Čaval 2010, 162; Sas- Da bi razumeli mitično pokrajino, moramo poznati sin Allen 2016, 160). Some other theories (chronological čim več njenih sestavnih delov in njihovih leg. Čeprav ni and institutional effects on orientation, or the direction treba poznati vseh, bi moralo biti njihovo število takšno, of sunrise when a church was first laid out, or sunrise da je mogoče prepoznati strukturni okvir. Sestavni deli around Easter), simply cannot be verified, since they are morajo biti urejeni pravilno. Le tako spodbudijo red, based on unquantifiable variables (Čaval 2010, 163–165; ki omogoča ravnovesje naravnih sil in s tem preživetje Sassin Allen 2016, 161–163). It is important for mythi- ljudi. Če ne bi vzpostavili reda, bi povzročili kaos, kar cal landscape studies that many churches are orientated prinaša kataklizme in smrt. Na drugi strani obstoj reda around features in the landscape, including old sacred olajšuje naše preučevanje mitične pokrajine. Kot raz- places (Sassin Allen 2016, 169–184), however, it is worth iskovalci iščemo red. mentioning that a church as a sacral building could be constructed as a complex structure, where relationships, directions, lights and shadows are filled with symbolic 10.2.2 MITIČNA ZGODBA, meaning (for example: Pejaković 1978; 1997). ŠTEVILA IN SPREMEMBE V NARAVI To understand the mythical landscape it is necessary to identify its components and their positions. It is not Mitična zgodba razlaga spremembe v naravi pri needed to know them al , but at least enough that the vsakoletnem ponavljanju letnih časov (sl. 10.1). Dogodki main structure can be recognised. The components must potekajo v krogu in nimajo ne začetka ne konca. Pona- be arranged in an orderly way. It is only in this way that 238 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE 4 & 3 = DAJBOG POLETJE, blagostanje / JESEN / ZIMA, pomanjkanje / POMLAD / SUMMER, well-being AUTUMN WINTER, deprivation SPRING 2 življenjska energija / life-energy 3 2 SVETOVID TRIGLAV (4 = ) + ( = 3) Sl. 10.1: Razmerje med plodnim in neplodnim mitičnim parom, ki ga je mogoče razumeti bodisi kot dvojico, bodisi kot četverico, ter trojstvom bodisi treh sil narave, bodisi treh oseb. Fig. 10.1: Relationship between a fertile and infertile mythical couple, which can be understood as either a pair or a quadruple, and a trinity of either three forces of nature or three persons. zarja jih zgodba o mitičnem paru, ženski in moškem, they encourage order, which allows a balance between ki poletni del leta preživita kot zakonca v nenehnem natural forces and people’s livelihoods. Failure to comply harmoničnem spolnem odnosu. Njuna koitalna energija with the order causes chaos, which brings cataclysms and proizvaja plodnost, kar ustvarja blaginjo. Čas, ko sta death. On the other side, the existence of order facilitates združena, je v krogu leta obdobje obilja. Jeseni se njuna our study: as researchers we are looking for order. zveza prekine. Moški se postara in izgubi svojo spolno moč, ženski lik ga posledično pohabi (ga kastrira, mu vzame orožje), pogoltne, zapre v svojo votlino. S pri- 10.2.2 A MYTHICAL STORY, NUMBERS AND dobljenim orožjem (ogenj, strela, sekira ...) neplodna CHANGES IN NATURE ženska vlada pozimi. Moški je dozdevno mrtev (spi), vendar spomladi pomlajen lahko zapusti žensko votlino, Mythical stories explain the changes in nature dur- vzame orožje nazaj, premaga starko, jo prisili v spolni ing the annual repetition of the seasons ( Fig. 10.1). The odnos in ji s tem povrne mladost in plodnost (Pleterski events run in a circle and have neither beginning nor end. 2014, 7; 37–99). Poleg te zgodbe o plodnem in neplod- They are il ustrated by the story of a mythical couple, a nem paru, ki jo simbolizira število štiri, obstaja še ena woman and a man, who spend the summer period of the različica s tremi liki, ki živijo v ljubezenskem trikotniku. year as spouses in continuous harmonious intercourse. Tam sta ena ženska in dva moška. Ženska ima spolni With their coital energy, they produce fertility that cre- odnos z enim od moških pozimi, z drugim pa poleti. ates prosperity. The period for which they are united is a Simbolizira jih število tri. period of abundance in the cycle of the year. In autumn 239 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE V izročilu vasi Prelože in Lokev (jugozahodna their union col apses, the man grows old and loses his Slovenija) je število štiri povezano z likom Svetovi- sexual power, and the female consequently cripples him dovega križa. To je krog, razdeljen na četrtine, vsaka (castrates him, takes his weapon), swallows him, or en- ima piko. Štiri četrtine predstavljajo štiri strani neba, closes him in a cavity. Using the acquired weapon (fire, štiri življenjska obdobja, štiri letne čase, štiri pike pa lightning, axe etc.), the infertile woman rules during so sestavine sveta: zemlja, ogenj, voda in zrak. Ker v winter. The man is apparently dead (he is sleeping), but njegovem središču spomladi zraste novo zeleno drevo, in spring, rejuvenated, he can leave the woman’s cavity je to središče peta sestavina in tako vsebuje Svetovidov and take the weapon back. He beats the elderly woman, križ tudi število pet. Tamkajšnji kamnoseki so ga včasih forces her into sex and consequently restores her youth upodobili s štirimi dodatnimi črtami, namesto štirih pik, and fertility (Pleterski 2014, 7). In addition to this story in tako sestavili število osem. Osnovne štiri črte križa so about a fertile and an infertile pair, which is symbolised bile bolj poudarjene (Čok 2012, 34; 2015, 112). Po istem by the number four, there is another version with three izročilu je s številom tri povezan bog Triglav, s številom characters who live in a love triangle. There is one woman štiri pa bog Svetovid. Ta dva ustvarjata število sedem, and two men; the woman has intercourse with one of the ker sestavljata boga s sedmimi glavami (Čok 2015, 125), men in winter and with the other one in summer (see ki so ga domačini klicali Dajbog. below). They are symbolised by the number three. Ubeseditev števila pet Svetovidovega križa najdemo In traditions from the vil ages of Prelože and Lokev tudi v slovenski pravljici Pet bratov, ki jo je pred drugo (southwestern Slovenia), the number four is related to the svetovno vojno na Tolminskem zapisal Ciril Drekonja. figure of the Cross of Svetovid (the ancient Slavic god). This “Prvi je bil sledec, da je sledil žival ali človeka še po petih is a circle that is divided into quarters, each with a dot. The letih. Drugi je lahko v hipu razrušil grad. Tretji je bil four quarters represent the four sides of the sky, four life- strelec, da je zadel zvezdo na nebu. Četrti je bil hiter, da times, and the four seasons, and the four dots represent the je ujel strelo iz oblakov. Peti je lahko v trenutku postavil components of the world: earth, fire, water and air. A new grad” (Kenda, Drekonja, Šavli 2012, 28). Tisti, ki gradi, green tree grows in the centre in the spring, however, and je vzhod, tisti, ki podira, je zahod, zvezda je na nočnem this centre is the fifth element: thus the Cross of Svetovid severu, ognjena strela na jugu, stezosledec pozna pravo also contains the number five. Stonecutters sometimes pot, to je pravo v središču (prim. Banaszkiewicz 1991). depicted it with four extra lines instead of four dots, thus making the number eight. The basic four lines of the cross were more emphasised (Čok 2012, 34; 2015, 112). In the 10.2.3 ČASOVNA RAZSEŽNOST same tradition, the number three is associated with the MITIČNE ZGODBE ancient god Triglav and the god Svetovid is associated with the number four. These two gods are joined by the number Mitične strukture imajo tudi časovno razsežnost, seven because they compound a seven-headed god (Čok saj so povezane s spremembami v naravi v teku leta. 2015, 125), called Dajbog (= the giving god). Prihod mladega boga, ki pomaga ustvariti plodnost Textualising the Cross of Svetovid as the number spomladi, je nedvomno povezan s 23. aprilom. V krščan- five is also found in the Slovenian fairy tale Five Brothers, skem koledarju je to dan svetega Jurija in zelo verjetno written by Ciril Drekonja before the Second World War je staro slovansko ime potentnega ženina Jarilo (prim. in the Tolmin region. “The first brother was able to track Katičić 2010a, 19; 2010b, 89−104). an animal or human after five years. The second had the Rad bi opozoril na opis koledarja, ki ni širše znan, ability to destroy a castle in an instant. The third brother vendar je pomemben za razumevanje tudi starega was able to shoot and hit a star in the sky. The fourth was slovanskega koledarja (najnovejši poskus njegove re- fast enough to catch lightning from the clouds. The fifth konstrukcije, ki pa ne upošteva podatkov, shranjenih v brother was able to build a castle in an instant” (Kenda, mitični pokrajini: Zaroff 2016). Njegov obstoj je odkril Drekonja, Šavli 2012, 28). The brother who builds is the Branimir Gušić (1962) v Malesiji na meji med Črno east, the brother who destroys is the west, the star is the goro in Albanijo. To je stari koledar albanskih pastirjev, night sky in the north, the lightning is in the south, the ki začnejo leto na dan svetega Jurija (praznovanje se tracker knows the right path, which is the law in the centre začne 24. aprila). Dan svetega Dimitrija (26. oktober) ( cf. Banaszkiewicz 1991). zaznamuje sredino leta, obe polovici pa trajata po 180 dni. Dan sv. Jurija so praznovali tri dni, dan svetega Dimitrija pa dva dni. Teh pet dni niso šteli med ostale 10.2.3 THE TIME DIMENSION in so tako dobili leto 365 dni. To je nedvomno sončni OF MYTHICAL STORY koledar, ki se je ravnal po položaju Sonca na obzorju in zato ni poznal problema prestopnih let. Mythical structures also have a time dimension, Z njegovo pomočjo lahko ugotovimo, kako po- because they are associated with the changes in nature membna sta dneva sv. Jurija in sv. Dimitrija v koledarju. throughout the year. The arrival of a young god who 240 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE helps to create fertility in spring is undoubtedly connected 23. IV./20. VIII. 23. IV./20. VIII. with the 23rd April. In the Christian calendar, this is the day of St George and it is very likely that the old Slavic name of the potent groom is Jarilo ( cf. Katičić 2010a, 19; 2010b, 89−104). I would like to draw attention to a calendar that is general y not well-known, but is important for the understanding of the ancient Slavic calendar (for the latest attempt to reconstruct it, although excluding data from mythical landscapes: Zaroff 2016). Discovered and described by Branimir Gušić (1962) in Malesija on the 26. X./17. II. 26. X./17. II. border between Montenegro and Albania, it is an old calendar of Albanian shepherds, who begin the year on the day of St George (the celebration begins on the 24th of Sl. 10.2: Protistoječi vzhodi in zahodi sonca v idealni ravnini. April). The day of St Demetrius (October 26th) marks the Fig. 10.2: The opposing sunrises and sunsets in the ideal plane. middle of the year, and the two halves of the year lasted 180 days each. The day of St George was celebrated for three days and the day of St Demetrius for two days. These Od 26. oktobra do vključno 23. aprila traja 180 dni, five days were not counted and so the year lasted for 365 zaokroženo je to polovica leta. Če opazujemo sončne days. This is undoubtedly a solar calendar, which followed vzhode in zahode na obzorju z iste točke v ravnini, se the position of the sun on the horizon and therefore did lahko narišejo navidezne črte, ki združijo sončni vzhod not recognise leap years. 23. aprila in sončni zahod 26. oktobra, pa tudi obratno, With the help of this old calendar, we can determine sončni zahod 23. aprila in sončni vzhod 26. oktobra the importance of the days of St George or St Demetrius (sl. 10.2). Seveda bi lahko izbrali kateri koli drug nasprot- in calendars. From the 26th October up to and including ni par datumov, vendar ima 23. april še eno pomembno the 23th April, there are 180 days: a rounded half year. If lastnost, ki je nima noben drug datum. Triindvajsetega we observe the sunrises and sunsets on the horizon from aprila sonce vzhaja in zahaja na isti točki na obzorju the same point in the plane, virtual lines can be drawn, kot 20. avgusta. Od vključno 23. aprila do vključno 20. joining the sunrise on the 23rd April and the sunset on the avgusta mine 120 dni, kar je zaokroženo tretjina leta. 26th October – as well as vice versa, the sunset on the 23rd Začne se spomladi s prihodom potentnega mitičnega April and the sunrise on the 26th October ( Fig. 10.2). Of moškega, ki pomladi mitični ženski lik, naslednje štiri course, any other opposite pair of dates could be chosen, mesece pa preživita v nenehnem spolnem odnosu. Tret- but the 23rd April has another important feature that no jina se konča z ločitvijo, ko se mitični ženski lik povzpne other dates have. On the 23rd April the sun rises and sets na oblast (prim. Pleterski 2015b). at the same place on the horizon as on the 20th August. Mitična ločitev je konfliktna situacija in tradici- From and including the 23rd April up to and including onalno pripovedništvo jo opisuje na različne načine, the 20th August, there are 120 days, which is rounded vendar brez določenega datuma. Ena redkih slovanskih up to be one third of the year. This third begins with the različic mitične zgodbe, ki opisuje jesenski mitični spo- arrival of the potent mythical male character in spring, pad v povezavi z dejanskim koledarskim datumom, je who rejuvenates the mythical female character, and they zgodba o nastanku ruskega mesta Jaroslavelj Сказание о spend the next four months in constant intercourse. построении града Ярославля (Pripoved o ustanovitvi The third ends with their separation, when the mythical mesta Jaroslavelj). Ohranjena je v zapisu iz leta 1781, ki female character ascends to power ( cf. Pleterski 2015b). naj bi bil kopija neznanega starejšega rokopisa, najverjet- The separation is a conflict situation and traditional neje iz 17. stoletja. Slednji je bil napisan s pomočjo sta- storytelling describes it in a number of ways, but without rejših virov, morda ustnega izročila Jaroslavlja (Katičić ascribing it an actual date. One of the few Slavic versions 2008, 123–124, 132). Med drugim zapis opisuje češčenje of the mythical story that describe the mythical autumn Volosa, vendar nas zanima, kaj je med svojim obiskom confrontation in conjunction with an actual calendar date doživel kijevski knez Jaroslav Modri (978–1054). Po is the story about the origin of the Russian town Yaroslavl: pripovedi je zgradil cerkev svetega Ilije, ker je na dan Сказание о построении града Ярославля (A story of the svetega Ilije s sekiro ubil divjo zver (люта звер). Kljub foundation of the town Yaroslavl). It is preserved in a record temu, da je ta datum seveda že krščanski, je še vedno from 1781, which is supposed to be a copy of an unknown zelo pomemben dogodek v poznem poletju. earlier manuscript, most likely from the 17th century. The Jesenska žrtev je bila prvotno verjetno 20. avgusta, latter was written with the help of earlier sources, perhaps konec poletne tretjine leta. V katoliškem krščanstvu se the oral tradition of Yaroslavl (Katičić, 2008, 123–124, 132). izjemen pomen sredine avgusta ohranja s praznovanjem Among other things, the record describes the worship of 241 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Volos, but at this point, we are interested in what the Kiev 21. VI. Prince Yaroslav the Wise (978–1054) experienced during his visit. According to the narrative, he built the church of 60 60 St Elijah because he had beaten a wild beast ( люта звер) 23. IV. 20. VIII. with an axe on the day of St Elijah. Despite the fact that this date was, of course, already Christian, it is still a very important event in late summer. The primary autumn sacrifice was probably the 20th August, the end of the summer-third of the year. 62 64 The exceptional importance of mid-August is preserved in Catholic Christianity with the celebration of the As- sumption on the 15th August. In orthodox Macedonia, the importance of this time in August is marked by a 19. II. 24. X. special period of twelve days, Makaevi, that predicts the 60 59 fate of the next 12 months (Risteski 2005, 398) and the date was also moved and transformed into the Ilinden (the 2nd August) sacrifices. 21. XII. The middle of the summer third of the year is the 21st June, the summer solar solstice ( Fig. 10.3). There are Sl. 10.3: Delitev sončnega leta na šest delov. 60 days between the 23rd April and the 21st June inclusive, Fig. 10.3: The division of the solar year into six parts. and 60 days between the 22nd June and the 20th August inclusive. The remaining two-thirds of the year is halved by the 21st December, the winter solar solstice. There Marijinega vnebovzetja 15. avgusta. V pravoslavni Ma- are 123 days from the 21st August to the 21st December kedoniji je v avgustu posebno dvanajstdnevno obdobje, inclusive and 122 days from the 22nd December to the Makaevi, ki napoveduje usodo naslednjih 12 mesecev 22nd April inclusive. We can similarly divide the year, (Risteski 2005, 398). Datum so prenesli in spremenili v if we rely on the winter third of the year, beginning on Ilindenske klavne žrtve (2. avgust). the 24th October (according to the Malesian shepherd Sredina poletne trejine leta je 21. junij, poletni calendar they did not count for two days and started sončni obrat ( sl. 10.3). Od vključno 23. aprila do vključ- counting on the 26th October). The same sunrise point no 21. junija je 60 dni, od vključno 22. junija do vključno on the horizon recurs on the 19th February. From the 24th 20. avgusta pa prav tako 60 dni. Preostali dve tretjini October inclusive to the 19th February inclusive there are leta razpolavlja 21. december, zimski sončni obrat. Od 119 days, halved by the 21st December. There are 59 days vključno 21. avgusta do vključno 21. decembra je 123 from the 24th October to the 21st December inclusive and dni, od vključno 22. decembra do vključno 22. aprila 60 days from the 22nd December to the 19th February pa 122 dni. Podobno lahko razdelimo leto, če se opre- inclusive. The remaining two-thirds of the year are then mo na zimsko trejino leta, ki se začne 24. oktobra (po halved by the 21st June. From the 22nd June inclusive to malesijskem koledarju niso šteli dveh dni in so začeli the 23rd October inclusive there are 124 days, and from šteti 26. oktobra). Mesto sončnega vzhoda se ponovi the 20th February inclusive to the 21st June inclusive 19. februarja. Od vključno 24. oktobra do vključno 19. there are 122 days. The division of the year into thirds, februarja je 119 dni, ki jih razpolavlja 21. december. Od by determining the summer third of the year, thus gives vključno 24. oktobra do vključno 21. decembra je 59 dni slightly more consistent thirds. Only a statistical analysis in od vključno 22. decembra do vključno 19. februarja of a large number of mythical landscapes can show how je 60 dni. Preostali dve tretjini razpolavlja 21. junij. Od people used thirds, however. There are 62 days from the vključno 22. junija do vključno 23. oktobra je 124 dni in 20th February to the 22nd April inclusive and 64 days from od vključno 20. februarja do vključno 21. junija je 122 the 21st August to the 23rd October inclusive. If we do not dni. Razdelitev leta na tretjine s pomočjo določitve po- include a leap year and do not count five “holiday” days, letne tretjine leta da tako nekoliko bolj skladne tretjine. then the year can be simply divided into six parts of sixty Kako so ljudje uporabljali tretjine, pa bo lahko pokazala days. This is the probable origin of the sixties system, and šele statistična analiza velikega števila mitičnih pokrajin. the reason why we still divide the circle into 360 degrees Od vključno 20. februarja do vključno 22. aprila je 62 today, an hour at 60 minutes and a minute at 60 seconds. dni in od vključno 21. avgusta do vključno 23. oktobra In any case, the sixties system was used in ancient Meso- je 64 dni. Če ne potrebujemo prestopnega leta in če ne potamia ( cf. Berlinghoff, Gouvêa 2008, 15–17). Its age can štejemo petih dni, lahko leto poenostavljeno razdelimo be determined through its use in mythical landscapes. The na šest delov po šestdeset dni. To je precej verjeten za- measurement of time with the moon and stars will need četek šestdesetiškega sistema in vzrok, da še danes krog to be examined separately. 242 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE 2 30 º 15 º 1 60 º 45° 22,5° Sl. 10.4: Krog, kvadrat, pravi kot in njegovo razpolavljanje, razmerje 1 : √2. Fig. 10.4: Circle, square, right angle and its halving, ratio 1:√2. Sl. 10.5: Krog, enakostranični trikotniki, kot 60° in njegovo razpolavljanje. Fig. 10.5: Circle, equilateral triangles, angle 60° and its halving. delimo na 360 stopinj, uro na 60 minut in minuto na 60 sekund. Vsekakor so šestdesetiški sistem uporabljali že v stari Mezopotamiji (prim. Berlinghoff, Gouvêa 2008, 10.2.4 MATHEMATICS 15–17). Njegovo starost bo mogoče ugotoviti s pomočjo njegovih postavitev v mitičnih pokrajinah. Merjenje časa The beginnings of mathematics date back to the time z Mesecem in zvezdami bo treba obravnavati posebej. before the emergence of the first alphabets (in the mod- ern sense). Objects that indicate a specific mathematical knowledge, are at least 37,000 years old (Berlinghoff, 10.2.4 MATEMATIKA Gouvêa, 2008, 12; about even earlier beginnings Rap- penglück 2014). Začetki matematike segajo v čas pred nastankom With simple tools, such as rope and sticks, we can prvih pisav (v modernem smislu). Predmeti, ki kažejo draw a circle on the ground. Its periphery and the centre na določeno matematično znanje, so stari vsaj 37.000 let are given. With the same tool the circle may then be (Berlinghoff, Gouvêa 2008, 12; za še zgodnejše začetke divided into four parts, which are determined by the glej Rappenglück 2014). perpendicularly standing diameter lines ( Fig. 10.4). When S preprostimi orodji, kot sta vrv in palica, lahko na we connect their conjunctions with the circumference tleh narišemo krog. Podana sta njegov obod in središče. of the circle, we get a square. The diameter of the circle Z istim orodjem potem krog razdelimo na štiri dele, is the diagonal of the square, which is divided into two ki jih določata pravokotni črti ( sl. 10.4). Ko povežemo isosceles right angle triangles. The ratio of the sides of a njuna stičišča z obodom kroga, dobimo kvadrat. Raz- square and its diagonal is 1:√2. So the 90° angle is given, merje stranice kvadrata in njegove diagonale je 1 : √2. with its halved angles of 45° and 22.5°. Premer kroga je diagonala kvadrata, ki ga deli na dva If the radius of the circle is used to draw further enakokraka pravokotna trikotnika. Določen imamo kot circles, passing through the centre of the first circle, 90°, z njegovim razpolavljanjem pa tudi kota 45° in 22,5°. and intersecting the circumference of a circle, we get Če polmer kroga uporabimo za risanje nadaljnjih six-leaved form ( Fig. 10.3) and at the circumference, we krožnic, ki gredo skozi središče prvega kroga in sekajo get six points. Together with the centre of the circle (the njegov obod, dobimo pravilen šesterolist ( sl. 10.3) in šest seventh point!) they determine six equilateral triangles, točk na obodu. Skupaj s središčem kroga (sedma točka!) and every second of these six points on the circumference določajo šest enakostraničnih trikotnikov, medtem provides greater equilateral triangles ( Fig. 10.5). Simple ko vsaka druga od šestih točk na obodu določa večji triangulation can thus be used to develop spatial rela- enakostranični trikotnik ( sl. 10.5). S preprosto trian- tionships and distances from basic triangles. It is useful gulacijo lahko nato iz osnovnih trikotnikov razvijamo that we know the length of one side of the triangle and želena prostorska razmerja in razdalje. Ko so znani its adjacent angle, because in this way the whole triangle dolžina ene stranice trikotnika in njena priležna kota, may be determined. Equilateral triangles can be used for lahko določimo cel trikotnik. Enakostranične trikotnike measuring distances that are multiples of an arbitrary 243 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE 21./22. VI. 2ε 21./22. XII. C 1 1 Sl. 10.6: Mnogokratniki merske enote na isti črti s pomočjo A B enakostraničnih trikotnikov. Fig. 10.6: Multiples of the measurement unit along the same ε ε line using equilateral triangles. C’ Sl. 10.8: Določanje naklona Zemljine osi s pomočjo gnomona in prenos kota v ravnino. Fig. 10.8: Determining the inclination of the Earth’s axis using a gnomon and transferring the angle to the plane. baseline distance ( Fig. 10.6). An isosceles right angle triangle may be used in the same way ( Fig. 10.7). With 1 1 the help of three sticks the straight line can be juxtaposed Sl. 10.7: Mnogokratniki merske enote na isti črti s pomočjo over the mountains, rivers and valleys. enakokrakih, pravokotnih trikotnikov. With the help of a vertical stick (gnomon) were Fig. 10.7: Multiples of the measurement unit along the same people able to determine ( Fig. 10.8) the inclination of line by means of isosceles, and right-angle triangles. the earth’s axis (ecliptic – ε). They did not knew what the ecliptic was, but they were very aware of its consequences: the changing power of the sun, which can be so weak that it is all trapped in cold and ice, and so strong that it lahko uporabljamo za merjenje razdalj, ki so poljuben dries and burns everything. By setting the angle ε (about mnogokratnik izhodiščne razdalje ( sl. 10.6). Enako 23.5°), the golden mean between the two deadly extremes lahko uporabimo enakokrake pravokotne trikotnike was set. I call this the “ritual angle”. One can imagine that ( sl. 10.7). S pomočjo treh palic lahko čez gore, reke in the visualisation of the middle, seen as magic, helped doline potegnemo ravno smer. to maintain natural balance and well-being. The same S pomočjo navpične palice – gnomona so ljudje function has the ratio 1:√2, with the hypotenuse as the lahko določili ( sl. 10.8) naklon Zemljine osi – ekliptiko middle link between the catheti (more details Pleterski (ε). Čeprav niso vedeli, kaj je ekliptika, so se zelo zave- 2014, 122–127). dali njenih posledic: spreminjajoče se moči sonca, ki je Distance units. German metrologist Rolf Rottländer lahko tako šibko, da je vse ujeto v mraz in led, ali pa tako proved that the development of standardised distance močno, da vse posuši in sežge. Z določitvijo kota ε (pri- units is at least 8,000 years old. It is very important that bližno 23,5°) so ljudje določili zlato sredino med obema they are all “genetical y” connected (Rottländer 2006). smrtonosnima skrajnostma. Lahko si predstavljamo, da Numerous distances are divisible with the so-called so s ponazoritvijo te sredine, ki jo delovno imenujem ob­ Charlemagne’s foot (333.22 mm). The multiples of the redni kot, naredili čar, ki je pomagal vzdrževati naravno Charlemagne’s foot in a measurement module and the ravnovesje in blaginjo. Isto funkcijo ima razmerje 1 : √2, multiples of the module repeat in extremely strong sym- hipotenuza kot sredina med nasprotnima katetama bolic numbers, often associated with the calendar and the (podrobneje Pleterski 2014, 122–127). moon’s numbers, and especial y 3 x 9. The time that passes Daljinske mere. Nemški meroslovec Rolf Rottlän- as the Moon returns to the same place on the horizon, der je dokazal, da je razvoj standardiziranih daljinskih is the sidereal month period of 27.32166 days. This is a mer star vsaj 8000 let. Zelo pomembno je dejstvo, da month with three weeks, each week with nine days. The 244 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE so vse “genetsko” povezane (Rottländer 2006). Številne formula 3 x 9 or 27 (the numbers 999 and 39 as well as razdalje so deljive s tako imenovanim karlovim čevljem 93 could be added) is symbolical y very strong. One spel (333,22 mm). Mnogokratniki karlovega čevlja v mer- involved calling on the 27 days of the sidereal month, skem modulu in mnogokratniki modula se ponavljajo when the moon “goes and returns”, and was also used in so hkrati simbolno izjemno močna števila, pogosto for those who have gone and should return ( cf. Žolobov povezana s koledarskimi in mesečevimi števili, zlasti s 2004). The Moon’s death and gradual revival reflects the formulo 3 x 9. Čas, ki mine, da se Mesec vrne na isto ideal hope for mortal people to be resurrected. mesto na obzorju, je siderski mesec, ki traja 27,32166 dneva. To je mesec s 3 tedni, vsak teden z 9 dnevi. Formula 3 x 9 ali 27 (sem spadata tudi števili 999 in 39, 10.2.5 HOW DID pa tudi 93) je simbolično izjemno močna. Klicanje 27 THE MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE EMERGE? dni sideričnega meseca, ko Mesec “odide in se vrne”, je urok, ki so ga uporabljali za tiste, ki so odšli, da bi se I present an idealised model of the formation of the vrnili (prim. Žolobov 2004). In tako kot Mesec stalno mythical landscape, which can be summarised according umira in oživlja, predstavlja idealno upanje za smrtnike, to Slavic material, but this does not mean that it is unique da se bodo vrnili. to the Slavs. Their tradition is so archaic, however, that it can be reliably traced back to pre-Slavic times, by which I mean the time before a Slavic language. It may even go 10.2.5 KAKO NASTANE MITIČNA POKRAJINA back to the time of the Pre-Indo-Europeans (Pleterski 2014, 382).There is thus a substantial likelihood that the Predstavljam idealiziran model oblikovanja mitične model presented is very widely valid: how wide will be pokrajine, kot ga lahko povzamemo na podlagi preuče- demonstrated through its practical tests. vanja slovanskega gradiva. To pa ne pomeni, da je model A mythical landscape structure was separately edinstven za Slovane. Njihovo izročilo je tako arhaično, realised in each territorial unit (see below), which has da zanesljivo sega v predslovanski čas, s tem mislim na been connected in a geographic, political, economic, čas pred pojavom slovanskega jezika. Morda sega še dlje juridic, identity, ritual manner. The Slavs called it župa, nazaj, v čas Predindoevropejcev (Pleterski 2014, 382). also dežela ( cf. Škrubej 2002, 96, 176–182, 205). Its outer Zato je zelo verjetno, da bo predstavljeni model široko frame is defined by four mythical points ( Fig. 10.9), as- veljaven. Kako široko, bodo pokazali praktični preizkusi. sociated with the mythical events of four periods of the Struktura mitične pokrajine je bila realizirana year. Two of these events denote the summer and winter vsakokrat ločeno v različnih teritorialnih enotah. state, and two the spring and autumn change. At the same Takšna enota je bila povezana geografsko, politično, time they designate four persons as fertile and unfertile gospodarsko, pravno, ritualno in identitetno. Slovani so mythical couples. People went to these mythical points jo poimenovali župa, tudi dežela (prim. Škrubej 2002, on specific calendar days and performed rituals to ensure 96, 176–182, 205). Njen zunanji rob so določale štiri the proper conduct of the mythical story and thereby the mitične točke ( sl. 10.9), ki so bile povezane z mitičnimi development of nature. In the central part of župa were dogodki v štirih letnih časih. Dve označujeta poletno in three points that have been associated with persons of zimsko stanje, drugi dve pa pomladansko in jesensko Triglav, or with his three forces, fire, water and earth. spremembo. Hkrati označujejo štiri osebe mitičnih This trinity could also be presented together in one place dvojic, rodovitne in neplodne. Ljudje so obiskovali te (Pleterski 2014, 377–382). točke v določenih koledarskih dneh in izvajali obrede, People placed their settlements, burial grounds and ki so zagotavljali pravilno dogajanje mitične zgodbe in fields in this spatial framework. In doing so, they tried s tem ustrezen razvoj v naravi. V osrednjem delu župe their utmost to respect symbolic directions, distances, and so bile tri točke, povezane s tremi osebami Triglava ali z shapes, which also denoted the positions of settlements njegovimi tremi silami ognja, vode in zemlje. Ta trojica and cemeteries. The respective solutions were adapted je bila lahko predstavljena tudi samo na enem mestu to the respective area; canonised rules did not exist. Al- (Pleterski 2014, 377–382). though no two situations are similar in every last detail, V ta prostorski okvir so ljudje postavili svoja na- the same concept is always repeated. selja, grobišča in polja. Pri tem so poskušali kar najbolj An important property of the mythical landscape spoštovati simbolične smeri, razdalje, oblike, kar vse je is that the sacred and the profane are not distinguished; določalo tudi lego naselij in grobišč. Rešitve so bile pri- these components are everywhere, because it was the lagojene posameznim območjem, kanoniziranih pravil desire of the people to be protected in their entire liv- ni bilo. Zato si niti dve situaciji nista enaki do zadnje ing space. There is thus a mythical landscape wherever podrobnosti, vedno pa se ponavlja isti vzorec. people lived. Pomembna lastnost mitične pokrajine je, da ne razlikuje med svetim in profanim. Sestavni deli mitične 245 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE POMLAD / SPRING (sprememba / change) ZIMA / WINTER (stanje / stable state) POLETJE / SUMMER (stanje / stable state) JESEN / AUTUMN (sprememba /change) Sl. 10.9: Idealiziran model mitične pokrajine teritorialne enote. Trikotniki označujejo točke, ki so prizorišča mitičnega dogajanja. Smeri povezav in njihovo število niso predpisane, vendar velja načelo, čim več tem bolje. Fig. 10.9: Idealised model of the mythical landscape of a territorial unit. Triangles mark points that are the scene of mythical happenings. The directions of the connections and their number are not prescribed, but the principle is that more is better. pokrajine so povsod, saj je šlo za željo ljudi, da bi bili 10.2.6 RADIESTHESIA zaščiteni v celotnem življenjskem prostoru. Zato obstaja mitična pokrajina povsod, kjer koli so ljudje živeli. What has been described so far remains at the level of gathering information from various historical sciences and simple observations of space, however, a feeling arises 10.2.6 RADIESTEZIJSKI VIDIK over time that we are observing only a shel , painted with formalistic ideograms. The contents of this shell are given Doslej opisano ostaja na ravni zbiranja informacij by those properties of the space that radiesthesia deals različnih historičnih ved in preprostega opazovanja with, which is a modern term for the ancient skill of prostora. Vendar se sčasoma oblikuje občutek, da feeling space. I will not go into the current debate about opazujemo samo lupino, porisano s formalističnimi whether radiesthesia is merely an imaginary experience čari. Vsebino ji daje tista lastnost prostora, s katero and parascience, or whether it is an objectively existing, se ukvarja radiestezija, kar je moderno poimenovanje albeit still physical y undefined force, as this debate is ir- starodavne veščine občutenja prostora. Tu se ne bom relevant for my purposes. What matters is the simple fact spuščal v razpravo sedanjosti, ali gre pri radiesteziji that people believed in the existence of forces arising from samo za namišljena doživetja in paraznanost ali pa space, tried to live with them in harmony, and therefore gre vendarle za objektivno obstoječe, čeprav fizikalno regulated space according to such an understanding. My še nedoločene sile. Za mojo obravnavo je ta razprava interest is in looking at the historical view of these forces, nepomembna. Zanjo je pomembno preprosto dejstvo, how they were perceived and understood, and how the da so ljudje verjeli v obstoj sil, ki izhajajo iz prostora, people therefore came to particular spatial solutions. The skušali z njimi živeti skladno in so zato v skladu s tak- fol owing are some fragments of statements recorded half šnim razumevanjem urejali prostor. Moje zanimanje a century ago by Pavel Medvešček and now published in je namenjeno pogledu nekdanjih ljudi na te sile, kako collections of narratives describing the thoughts and ac- so jih zaznavali in razumeli ter kako so zaradi njih tions of people in western Slovenia who still knew how 246 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE prišli do določenih prostorskih rešitev. V nadaljevanju to live closely connected with nature. Even talking to the navajam nekaj drobcev izjav, ki jih je pred pol stoletja trees was not unusual as part of this connection, or as the zapisal Pavel Medvešček in jih sedaj objavlja v zbirkah Resia (the mountain region western to Soča valley, now in pripovedi, ki opisujejo razmišljanja in ravnanja ljudi v Italy) narrative says: “They once said that the forest spoke. zahodni Sloveniji, ki so še znali živeti tesno povezano When people went to cut down a tree, it said, ‘Not me, cut z naravo. V taki povezanosti niti pogovor z drevesi ni down another!’ Everything it used to speak, everything bil čudež. Ali kot pravi rezijanska pripoved: “Nekoč so spoke ”(recorded by Milko Matičetov 1964 in Lipovec/ rekli, da je gozd govoril. Ko so ljudje šli drevo sekat, je Lipovaz, Italy: Dapit, Kropej 1999, 9). More realistical y, in reklo: 'Ne mene, usekaj drugo!' Nekoč je govorilo vse, vse the story about a native Javor: “Whenever he walked there, je govorilo” (posnel Milko Matičetov 1964 v Lipovcu/ a beech [she] grows along his path, which he knew could Lipovaz, Italija: Dapit, Kropej 1999, 9). In še bolj stvarno feel his presence. He showed her his attention by always v pripovedi o domačinu Javorju: “Odkar hodi tja, rase smoothing her and tel ing her something nice. When he ob njegovi stezi bukev, za katero je vedel, da čuti njegovo was happy, he also embraced her and soon felt her answer prisotnost. Pozornost ji je izkazoval tako, da jo je vedno in his hands” (Medvešček 2015, 56). pogladil in ji tudi kaj lepega rekel. Ko je bil vesel, jo je tudi objel in prav kmalu v svojih dlaneh začutil njen odgovor Tročan (= from trinity). The word is only used in (Medvešček 2015, 56). a part of the Soča Valley, where it takes the form trigl (Medvešček 2015, 365), probably also truj (Medvešček Tročan. Beseda je doma samo v delu Posočja, tam 2015, 106), and in the Karst trojnik (Čok 2015). The word ima še različico trigl (Medvešček 2015, 365), verjetno “tročan” (plural tročans) is best placed in the present and tudi truj (Medvešček 2015, 106), na Krasu pa trojnik research use, which is why I use it below. The tročans (Čok 2015). V sedanjo, tudi raziskovalno rabo se je have some eloquent descriptions. “My father, grandfather najbolje umestila beseda tročan in jo zato uporabljam and great­grandfather have carried the tradition of tročan, v nadaljevanju. Tročani imajo nekaj zgovornih opisov. from the time of threl dom when it was also a way of life. “Moj oče, ded in praded so od časov, ko so tu še tlačanili, When they decided to erect a house, a granary and a stable, prenašali izročilo o tročanu, ki je takrat pomenil tudi nathey first looked for three stones. Two of them were used as čin življenja. Ko so se odločili, da bodo postavili hišo, kaščo the foundation, and the third was cal ed binkl [ vrvni kaže na starejše and the counter-angle with a furnace (Bajburin 1983, 128, stanje, pri katerem je bil prisni brat po krvi, vrvni brat pa 184). More importantly, in Slavic legal texts, he found brat po vrvi (podobno: Barada 1957, 29; Mladen Ančić records of the rope as an object of measurement and at opozarja na zanimiva primera, ko sta bili dve osebi hkrati the same time as naming a certain kind of kinship (Baran “krvna” in “vrvna brata” oziroma fratres consanguinales 1992, 130–140). The system of house diagonals and corner et funales; Ančić 1994, 320). connections was later confirmed by Peter Šalkovský at Če temu dodamo Perovo ugotovitev, da je bil odnos the Slovak Early Medieval settlement Mužla-Čenkov I prebivalcev Poljice do njihove zemljiške posesti prven- (Šalkovský 1993). stveno emocionalen, da so imeli do nje skoraj mističen The best description of rope usage is found in župa odnos kot do svoje hraniteljice in osnove svojega ob- Poljica law (= Slavic territorial and administrative unit) stanka ( terra mater) (Pera 1988, 290) in da so bili rodni in the vicinity of Split (Croatia). This law was signed as bratje po svoji materi povezani s popkovino – rodno the Statute of Poljica at the end of the Middle Ages and vrvjo (Pera 1988, 150), potem je simbolika vrvi, ki vse contains many relics from many earlier times (Pera 1988, to povezuje, nedvoumna. Tako kot druži krvne brate 403–410). It is one of the most important Slavic legal popkovina z materjo, ki jim je dala življenje, tako druži monuments. vrvne brate vrv z materjo zemljo, ki jim daje življenje. Here, we will briefly discuss the term vrv (= a rope) Vsi, ki so svoj prostor urejali s pomočjo vrvi in pri as it appears in the statute. It is also found in the Old tem skupaj držali to vrv, so postali vrvni bratje. To je Russian Code Pravda rus’skaja from the eleventh century, bilo pravno dejanje, ki je najprej povezalo naseljenca z where it means a unit of socio-territorial organisation, novopridobljeno zemljo, lahko pa je tudi vključilo tujca and Pera considers the Poljica rope to be a type of kinship v skupnost kot enakopravnega člana, neodvisno od nje- that is earlier than the territorial significance of the rope govega krvnega izvora. To je bilo eno temeljnih dejanj in Pravda rus’skaja (Pera 1988, 544). The term vrv in the pri osvojitvi prostora in zdi se, da je prav pravni institut Statute of Poljica was also analysed by Miho Barada. He vrvi nekoč dajal Slovanom izjemno asimilacijsko moč. found that the rope does not imply a blood connection, Svoja opažanja je Baran povzel v nekaj pravil. Eno but is a survivor from the time of Slavic immigration. The imenuje s istem diagonalnih povezav. Od enega od vo- word vrv (rope) developed semantical y from meaning the galov starejše hiše gre črta, ki določa diagonalo mlajše object used to measure common land, to the land that was hiše, kjer sta na njej peč in protilegli kot ( sl. 10.11). Ta measured in this way, eventual y becoming an abstract odnos je potrjen stratigrafsko. Drugo pravilo je, da so term for the ideal right to such land (Barada 1957, 23–33). sočasna bivališča razporejena tako, da si ne zakrivajo The use of the term ‘rope’ in the statute, however, tisti del stene, na katero se naslanja zadnja stena peči gives more information. The phrase “vrv pojati” in Arti- in v kateri je bila verjetno odprtina. Tretje pravilo je, da cle 62 (Pera 1988, 462) indicates that it is a practical use of je gradnja večinoma potekala po skupinskem načelu. the rope, albeit in a symbolic sense. Namely, pojati comes Diagonalne povezave so po Baranu simbolizirale vez from the Proto-Slavic *pǫd’ati, which is a repetitive verb med starši in otroki, torej ravno linijo sorodstva. Na from the Proto-Slavic *pǫditi, which original y meant “to eni črti se pojavljajo vogali ali stene več sočasnih ali strain, to stretch” (Snoj 1997, 459 and 463). Therefore, vrv različno starih hiš ( sl. 10.12). Iz tega sledi četrto pravilo. pojati in the statute, most probably has the old meaning 251 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE of “stretching the rope”; measuring the space with a rope. This, of course, does not negate the intention that this was a kinship check (Junković 1968, 113; Baran 1992, 137). Article 80a mentions družina vrvitja (rope family, family by rope), and Article 36 states unambiguously that there is brat prisni (a genuine brother) and brat ne prem prisni (a not ful y authentic brother), that the first brother is brat bližnji (close) and that the other is brat vrvni (by rope) (Pera 1988, 434, 436, 484). For the most part, both types of brothers are legal y equal, although those of the rope are slightly less protected. Of course, the difference between the two types of brothers can be explained by the difference between one’s close brother ( brat bližnj i) and Sl. 10.11: Raškiv, Ukrajina. Skupina hiš v zgodnjesrednje- one’s distant kinship, however, the opposition prisni <> veškem naselju Raškiv I, ki jih povezujejo hišne dijagonale vrvni indicates an earlier condition in which prisni brat (podlaga: Baran 1992, Ris. 2). was brother by blood and vrvni brat was brother by rope Fig. 10.11: Rashkiv, Ukraine. A group of houses in the Early (similar: Barada 1957, 29; Mladen Ančić points to inter- Medieval Rashkiv I settlement, connected by house diagonals esting cases where two people were “blood brothers” and (basis: Baran 1992, Fig. 2). “rope brothers” at the same time or fratres consanguinales et funales; Ančić 1994, 320). Pera also observed that the attitude of the inhabitants of Poljica to their land tenure was primarily emotional, that they had an almost mystical attitude to it as their breadwinner and the basis of their existence ( terra mater) (Pera 1988, 290) and that the native brothers were related by their mother to the umbilical cord – the rope of birth (Pera 1988, 150), and here the symbolism of the rope connecting it all is unambiguous. Just as the umbilical cord connects the blood brothers with the mother who gave them life, so the rope connects the rope brothers with the mother earth that gives them life. Everyone who arranged their space with the help of a rope while holding that rope together became rope brothers. It was a legal act that first linked the settler to the newly acquired land, but Sl. 10.12: Raškiv, Ukrajina. Skupina hiš v naselju Raškiv I, ki could also include the alien in the community as an equal jih povezujejo črte vzdolž stranic in vogalov (podlaga: Baran member, regardless of their blood origin. This was one of 1992, Ris. 7). the fundamental actions in the conquest of space, and it Fig. 10.12: Rashkiv, Ukraine. A group of houses in the Rashkiv I seems that the legal institute of rope once gave the Slavs settlement, connected by lines along the sides and corners tremendous assimilation power. (base: Baran 1992, Fig. 7). Baran summed up his observations in a few rules. One he cal s the diagonal connection system. From one of the corners of an earlier house there is a line defining Sistem linijsko povezanih lokastih struktur oz. linijsko­ the diagonal of the younger house, which includes the radialni. Ta bi lahko simbolizirala bočno, horizontalno furnace and the opposite angle ( Fig. 10.11). This relation- linijo sorodstva (bratje, strici, sorodniki) (Baran 1997, ship is confirmed stratigraphical y. The second rule is that 177–179). Svojo raziskavo je Baran povzel v trditvi, da contemporary dwellings are arranged in such a way that je prostorska ureditev s pomočjo vrvi upodobitev sorod- they do not block each other at the part of the back wal stvenih odnosov (prim. Baran 1992, 132). Zanjo ima, with the furnace, and where the opening was likely. The kot smo videli zgoraj, vrsto dobrih argumentov. Kot third rule is that construction was mostly done on a group bomo videli v nadaljevanju, pa to ni edina motivacija basis. The diagonal connections, according to Baran, za take prostorske povezave. Poleg tega se Baran ni symbolised the bond between parents and children, that ukvarjal z vprašanjem, ali obstaja izmerljiva povezava is, a straight line of kinship. On the same line there are naselbine z okolico. corners or wal s of several simultaneously or differently Pozneje je Bogdan Tomenčuk logično pred- old houses ( Fig. 10.12). This follows rule four. The sys- postavil, da bi sistem socialno-prostorskih odnosov tem of linearly connected arcuated structures is called moral obstajati tudi na grobiščih, in je hitro našel line­radial. This could symbolise a lateral, horizontal 252 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE line of kinship (brothers, uncles, relatives) (Baran 1997, 177–179). Baran summarised his research by arguing that spatial arrangement, using a rope, is a representation of kinship relations ( cf. Baran 1992, 132). He has a number of good arguments for this, as we saw above, however, as we will see below, this is not the only motivation for such spatial connections. Baran did not address the question of whether there was a measurable connection between the settlement and the surrounding area. Later, Bogdan Tomenčuk logical y assumed that a system of socio-spatial relationships should exist in cemeteries as wel , and he quickly found several examples 0 10 m where line connections between graves could be found on plane cemeteries as well as on burial mounds, in the Old Sl. 10.13: Knjažin, Ukrajina. Knjažinsko grobišče, plani, žgani Slavic period ( Fig. 10.13) and even Scythian (Tomenčuk grobovi. Ukrajina (po: Tomenčuk 2002, Ris. 1). 2002). Even Tomenčuk did not address the question of Fig. 10.13: Knyazhin, Ukraine. Knyazhin burial ground, flat, whether there was a measurable connection between the burnt burials. Ukraine (after: Tomenčuk 2002, Fig. 1). burial ground and the surrounding area. Baran’s reconstruction of the settlement design is in many respects confirmed by tradition in the Soča region, več primerov, kjer je mogoče najti linijske povezave as written down by Pavel Medvešček. There is no mention med grobovi na planih in tudi gomilnih grobiščih, na of kinship ties, however, but a desire to relate to neigh- staroslovanskih ( sl. 10.13) in celo skitskih (Tomenčuk bouring tročan points is expressed. The motivation was, 2002). Tudi Tomenčuk se ni ukvarjal z vprašanjem, ali undoubtedly, the desire to establish a flow of the third and obstaja izmerljiva povezava grobišča z okolico. the fifth powers that radiate in tročans, in their dwel ings, Baranovo rekonstrukcijo stavbne zasnove naselbin and in everything within them, as people believed. v marsičem potrjuje posoško izročilo, kot ga je zapisal Pavel Medvešček. Le da tam ni omembe sorodstvenih The old knowledge of setting up villages and povezav, izražena pa je želja navezati se na sosednje houses was only remembered in the Posočje region in the tročanske točke. Motivacija je bila nedvomno želja, da 20th century by the oldest residents, since it was preserved bi na svoja bivališča ter vse, kar je v njih, vzpostavili only in areas where life was dying and there were no new pretok tretje in pete moči, ki sevata v tročanih, kot so buildings that would need such knowledge. The connec- verjeli ljudje. tion between space and lineage, so vividly seen by Baran, remained almost completely blurred in the narratives. We Staro znanje postavljanja vasi in hiš je v 20. st. v only come across a mention that there was a house tročan Posočju živelo samo še v spominu na pripovedi starih, saj with which the lineage was related (Medvešček 2015, 114). se je ohranjalo le še na območjih, kjer je življenje zamira- The Old Faith Believers may have known more about it, lo in ni bilo novogradenj, ki bi tako znanje potrebovale. but they simply were not asked the right questions. Povezava prostora in rodu, ki jo je tako živo videl Baran, If we combine the data of different narratives, then a je v pripovedih ostala skoraj povsem zabrisana. Samo hierarchy of tročan points and their sequence are formed. mimogrede naletimo na omembo, da je obstajal hišni It all began with the identification of the main point on tročan, s katerim je bil povezan rod (Medvešček 2015, which the individual vil age tročans were based. In one 114). Morda so staroverci o tem vendarle vedeli več, a known case, the natural point was the Žarnik hill (Ar- preprosto niso dobili pravega vprašanja. tovlja), whose significance was determined by a glowing Če združimo podatke različnih pripovedi, se stone that fell on it, and later a special stone that there oblikujeta hierarhija tročanskih točk in njihovo zaporedje. would be any traces of a meteorite fall in that area. Vse se je začelo z določitvijo glavne točke, na katero so In the second case, the starting point was set up nato naslonili posamične vaške tročane. V enem znanem artificial y, at the choice of the local dehnar. This hap- primeru je bila naravna točka hrib Žarnik (Artovlja), pened on a midsummer day, and the dehnar used his ki mu je pomen določil žarni kamen, ki je nanj padel, birch divining rods. When he felt a “crackle” in his hands, pozneje pa je tam stal poseben kamen (Medvešček 2015, he stood and thrust the laburnum post into the earth. The 130). Zanimivo bi bilo raziskati, ali bi na tistem prostoru next day, he determined three points with the help of its zaznali kakršne koli sledi padca meteorita. shadow, which he marked with birch stakes. He chose one V drugem primeru so izhodiščno točko postavili of them as the main vil age temenik (= a kind of founda- umetno, po izbiri krajevnega dehnarja. To se je zgodilo tion stone), and there they dug an elongated stone that na kresni dan, dehnar pa si je pomagal z brezovima ba- had a small triangle carved on it – tročan (Medvešček 253 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE 2015, 467). Temenik was important for everything that happened in the vil age because it was linked to a suc- cession of tročans leading to individual house tročans (Medvešček 2015, 466). These were external and internal. The exterior was certainly the one that linked the house to the temenik or Žarnik. It reached it with the longest side. Since the other two corners were located inside the homestead (not necessarily in the same building), we can only imagine that the buildings were oriented with one side towards temenik, respectively Žarnik. In this case, a right angle is created and its hypotenuse, as the longest side, is definitely the one that goes to the starting point. This is confirmed by the tradition in Čepovan, which does not speak of tročans, but trigls, triangles with trd (= solid) or right angles (Medvešček 2015, 365). The exterior house tročans probably also included tročan, which was connected by three stones. The first Sl. 10.14: Tročani v stavbah (po: Medvešček 2015, sl. 17). one was in a house, the second in a stable or in one of Fig. 10.14: Tročans in buildings (after: Medvešček 2015, Fig. 17). the other outbuildings (cel ar, oast), the third was hidden near the house and was only known to the house owner (Medvešček 2015, 114, 466). Interior tročans would logi- jalicama. Ko je začutil v rokah “prasketanje”, je obstal in v cal y include those that did not reach outside the house. zemljo zabil nagnojev kol. S pomočjo njegove sence je na- These were the tročans which determined the floor plan slednji dan določil tri točke, ki jih je označil z brezovimi of the house. In smaller buildings, the tročan was always količki. Z žrebom je enega izbral za glavni vaški temenik taken from one corner of the house ( Fig. 10.14). Larger in tam so vkopali podolgovat kamen, ki je imel na vrhu buildings had four tročans in the floor plan, and smaller vklesan manjši trikotnik – tročan (Medvešček 2015, houses only had two (Medvešček 2015, 130). These two 467). Temenik je bil pomemben za vse, kar se je zgodilo made up a square or rectangle (Medvešček 2015, 365). v vasi, ker je bilo nanj navezano zaporedje tročanov, ki This means that they were connected in diagonal of the so vodili do posameznih hišnih tročanov (Medvešček building, which is completely in line with the data of 2015, 466). Ti so bili zunanji in notranji. Zunanji je bil Bajburin and Baran. gotovo tisti, ki je hišo povezoval s temenikom oziroma There was also a moving tročan inside tročans, which Žarnikom. Do tja je segal z najdaljšim krakom. Ker sta was the oldest tripod chair. There could only be two more druga dva vogala ležala znotraj domačije (ne nujno v tripods in the homestead, which were needed in the isti stavbi), si to lahko predstavljamo samo tako, da so barn, basement or yard and which were subordinated bile stavbe usmerjene z eno stranico proti temeniku oz. to the oldest tripod chair. An additional tripod would Žarniku. V tem primeru nastane pravi kot in njegova prevent the third force from flowing and could cause an hipotenuza kot najdaljša stranica je zagotovo tista, ki gre accident (Medvešček 2015, 114). The tročan, constructed do izhodiščne točke. To potrjuje čepovansko izročilo, ki in the basement from two adjacent corners to the front ne govori o tročanih, ampak triglih, trikotnikih s trdim door opposite, prevented must, and stopped meat from oziroma pravim kotom (Medvešček 2015, 365). spoiling, and the remaining corners were therefore good K zunanjim hišnim tročanom je najverjetneje spa- for vinegar, turnips and cabbage (Medvešček 2015, 365). dal tudi tročan, ki so ga povezovali trije kamni. Prvi je bil v hiši, drugi v hlevu ali v enem od drugih gospodarskih poslopij (klet, sušilnica), tretji je bil skrit v bližini hiše 10.3 THE PREDICTIVE MODEL in je zanj vedel le hišni gopodar (Medvešček 2015, 114, IN THE MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE 466). K notranjim tročanom bi po logiki spadali tisti, ki OF BLED niso segali izven hiše. To so bili tročani, ki so določali tloris hiše. Pri manjših stavbah so tročan vedno izpeljali Constructing of the model. The church of St Ka- iz enega vogala hiše ( sl. 10.14). Večje stavbe so imele v tarina on Hom above Zasip, is the starting point of the tlorisu štiri tročane, manjše pa samo dva (Medvešček Bled mythical spatial system, but also of a system that 2015, 130). Ta dva sta sestavljala kvadrat ali pravokotnik connects a large part of the Gorenjska region ( Fig. 10.15; (Medvešček 2015, 365). To pomeni, da sta se stikala v more detailed description: Pleterski 2014, 286–288). stranici, ki je bila diagonala stavbe, kar se v celoti ujema From St Katarina is a line that ends at St Primož above s podatki Bajburina in Barana. Kamnik. Its azimuth can be measured (all measurements were made using the GoogleEarth web service) a little 254 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Višelnica Sv. Katarina 90° Blejski grad Storžič Gradišče nad Bašljem Sa Gradišče va Sv. Lovrenc Sv. Jakob Na bleku Sv. Primož 1 Šmarjetna gora 2 0 5 km Sl. 10.15: Severozahodna Slovenija. Prostorske povezave Bleda proti jugovzhodu. 1 – gora, 2 – cerkev. Fig. 10.15: Northwestern Slovenia. Spatial connections of Bled to the southeast. 1 – mountain, 2 – church. Prav tako bi k notranjim tročanom spadal premi­ differently ( cf. Chapter 3.3.1), because at St Primož there kajoči tročan, kar je bil najstarejši trinožnik. Ob tem sta is also the church of St Peter and it is not certain which is bila lahko v domačiji samo še dva, ki so ju potrebovali closer to the original landmark. The measured azimuth v hlevu, kleti ali na dvorišču in sta bila najstarejšemu fluctuates between 108.77° and 108.94°. At the extremes podrejena. Dodatni trinožnik bi preprečil potekanje of this range, we find the churches of St Lovrenc above tretje moči in bi lahko povzročil nesrečo (Medvešček Bašelj and St Jakob above Potoče, as well as the Early 2015, 114). Tročan, ki je šel v kleti iz dveh sosednjih Medieval cult pit Na bleku on Krvavec (about the latter: vogalov k vhodnim vratom nasproti, je preprečeval, da bi Pleterski 2010b, 215–216). The range from St Katarina to se pokvarili mošt in mesnine, preostala vogala pa sta bila St Primož is certainly centred on mount Storžič, and its zato dobra za kis, repo in zelje (Medvešček 2015, 365). slope Gradišče above Bašelj as a cult place par excellence. This is due to the exceptional density of Early Medieval shrine gifts ( cf. Štular 2020). Viewed from St Katarina, 10.3. NAPOVEDNI MODEL the described direction is oriented towards sunrise over V MITIČNI POKRAJINI BLEDA the Na bleku site on 23/24 October and 18/19 February, which corresponds to the presented winter period accord- Izpeljava modela. Začeti ga moramo pri cerkvi ing to the old calendar. The azimuth of the well-preserved sv. Katarine na Homu nad Zasipom, ki je izhodišče southern wall of Roman Emona, 108.89°, at the southern blejskega mitičnega prostorskega sistema, hkrati pa extreme of the Gorenjska region, which is reliable, proves tudi sistema, ki povezuje velik del Gorenjske ( sl. 10.15; that this direction is earlier than the Early Middle Ages. podrobnejši opis Pleterski 2014, 286–288). Od Sv. We mentioned the right angle as an important in- Katarine gre namreč smer, ki se konča pri Sv. Primožu gredient in a tročan. In Bled, a perpendicular line runs in nad Kamnikom. Njen azimut lahko izmerimo (vse the described direction from St Katarina to Kupljenik. It meritve so narejene s spletno storitvijo GoogleEarth) misses the church of St Štefan by some metres and ends malenkostno različno (prim. pogl. 3.3.1), ker je pri Sv. above it on the Gradišče hil , where, according to tradi- Primožu tudi cerkev Sv. Petra in ni zanesljivo, katera je tion, there once stood a castle of thieving knights who bližje prvotnemu orientirju. Izmerjeni azimut niha med robbed travellers and gave to the poor (more Zupan 1998, 108,77° in 108,94°. V obsegu tega pasu najdemo cerkvi 3; I am correcting my earlier understanding of Gradišče: sv. Lovrenca nad Bašljem in sv. Jakoba nad Potočami, Pleterski 2014, 279). The narrative may have an archaeo- pa tudi zgodnjesrednjeveško kultno jamo Na bleku na logical basis if there are any remains on Gradišče. At the Krvavcu (o slednji Pleterski 2010b, 215–216). Vsekakor same time, it can also be understood as a distant echo of 255 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE ima v razponu od Sv. Katarine do Sv. Primoža osrednje belief in the place of the mythical figure who cared for mesto gora Storžič, na njegovem pobočju pa Gradišče summer well-being while at the same time opposing the nad Bašljem kot kultno mesto par excellence. Tako je female mistress of winter at Hom ( cf. Pleterski 2014, 242, zaradi izjemne gostote zgodnjesrednjeveških svetiščnih 243, 279). Her place there was later built on by the church darov (prim. Štular 2020). Gledano od Sv. Katarine, of St Katarina. gre smer na točko sončnega vzhoda nad najdiščem Another important point is the bonfire site on Na bleku v dneh 23./24. X. in 18./19. II., kar se ujema Višelnica, which is on the ridge southeast of the main s predstavljenim obdobjem zime po starem koledarju. peak. There, the Count of Radovljica, who lost himself on Da je ta smer starejša od zgodnjega srednjega veka, do- the hunt, saw the castle in Bled and saved himself. It is a kazuje tudi azimut dobro ohranjenega južnega obzidja memory of a male mythical character in the winter part rimske Emone 108,89°, na južnem začetku Gorenjske, of the year, when he is apparently dead until he returns ki se zanesljivo ne ujema samo naključno. in the spring ( cf. Pleterski 2014, 240–242). There is a Omenili smo pravi kot kot pomembno sestavino seeming inconsistency in the narrative, where the Count tročana. Na Bledu poteka pravokotnica na opisano of Radovljica is saved by looking at the Castle of Bled smer od Sv. Katarine proti Kupljenku. Tam za nekaj rather than the Radovljica Castle, which is also visible deset metrov zgreši cerkev sv. Štefana in se konča nad from Višelnica. It can be explained by the asynchronous njo na vzpetini Gradišče, kjer je po izročilu nekoč components of the narrative. From the end of the Mid- stal grad roparskih vitezov, ki so ropali popotnike in dle Ages, an important part of the Bled region, the area dajali revežem (podrobneje Zupan 1998, 3; popravljam from Gorje to which Višelnica also belongs, belonged svoje prejšnje razumevanje Gradišča: Pleterski 2014, to the Radovljica manor. That is why the narrative char- 279). Pripoved ima morda svojo arheološko osnovo, če acter of the nobleman eventual y became an imaginary obstajajo na Gradišču neki stavbni ostanki. Hkrati jo count of Radovljica. The view towards the Bled Castle is lahko razumemo tudi kot oddaljen odmev vere v mesto therefore an earlier component of the narrative, and this mitičnega lika, ki je skrbel za poletno blagostanje ter je earlier ingredient has archaeological proof. If we take the hkrati protistava ženske gospodarice zime na Homu direction from the bonfire site over the Bled castle hil , (prim. Pleterski 2014, 242, 243, 279). Njeno mesto so we can define its end on the horizon with the summit of tam pozneje pozidali s cerkvijo sv. Katarine. Šmarjetna gora above Kranj (where there is now the hotel Naslednja pomembna točka je kresišče na Višel- that demolished the peak). There are five well-known nici, ki je na grebenu jugovzhodno od glavnega vrha. Early Medieval burial sites in this direction ( Fig. 6.13). Tam je radolški (radovljiški) grof, ki se je izgubil na lovu, This confirms the reconstructed ancient Slavic notion of zagledal blejski grad in se rešil. Gre za spomin na moški the Otherworld as a pasture where the souls of the dead mitični lik v zimskem delu leta, ko je navidezno mrtev, graze, where death is transformed into a life-giving power. dokler se spomladi prenovljen ne vrne (prim. Pleterski Their shepherd is a male mythical character ( cf. Ivanov, 2014, 240–242). V pripovedi je navidezno neskladje, Toporov 1974, 34–75; Mencej 2001, 168–172; Toporov da se radolški grof reši s pogledom na blejski grad in 2002, 46). In Bled he is called Višel. The line of burial ne na radovljiško graščino, ki se z Višelnice prav tako grounds indicates motivation: just as Višel overcame vidi. Mogoče ga je pojasniti z asinhronimi sestavinami death, so will those who follow him. pripovedi. Od konca srednjega veka je pomemben del It is quite obvious that St Katarina and Višelnica gorjanskega kota, ki mu pripada tudi Višelnica, pripadal are the points of the winter mythical couple that limit radovljiškemu gospostvu. Zato je pripovedna prispodo- the northern part of the Bled area ( Fig. 10.16). In the ba odličnika tam sčasoma postal namišljeni radolški grof. Christian guise there, they appear as St Katarina and Saint Pogled na blejski grad je torej starejša sestavina pripove- Nicholas. They are depicted in the St Katarina on Hom di. In starejša sestavina ima svojo arheološko potrditev. and St Nikolaj churches under the Višelnica in Mevkuš. Če od kresišča potegnemo smer prek blejskega gradu, The latter church should have stood at the bonfire site, jo na obzorju lahko zaključimo z vrhom Šmarjetne gore but the locals were fortunate enough to experience a nad Kranjem (kjer sedaj stoji hotel, ki je odbil vrh). Na miracle, moving their tools to the valley, where they then tej smeri leži pet znanih blejskih zgodnjesrednjeveških erected a church. Stil , it stands in the line that goes from grobišč ( sl. 6.13). Ta potrjujejo rekonstruirano staroslo- St Katarina through the bonfire site to the church. At vansko predstavo o onostranstvu kot pašniku, kjer se the south of the Bled region, we also logical y expect the pasejo duše umrlih, tam se smrt preobraža v življenjsko points of the summer mythical couple, and if Gradišče moč. Njihov pastir je moški mitični lik (prim. Ivanov, real y belongs to the male summer character, then Bled Toporov 1974, 34–75; Mencej 2001, 168–172; Toporov Island is offered as his female counterpart ( cf. Pleterski 2002, 46). Na Bledu ima ime Višel. Vrsta grobišč naka- 2014, 243–244; see Chapter 6.2.3, 10.4). zuje motivacijo: tako kot je Višel premagal smrt, jo bodo tudi tisti, ki mu sledijo. The Višelnica – Bled Castle – Šmarjetna gora line crosses the most fertile soil of Bled and therefore offers 256 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Sv. Katarina HOM Višelnica Sv. Nikolaj Miklavž Baba Otok Gradiška [Devin] D[ev]in[ji] dol Dobra gora Gradišče Babji zob Sl. 10.16: Bled, Slovenija. Osnovne točke mitične pokrajine (podrobneje Pleterski 2014, 238–245, 276–286). Fig. 10.16: Bled, Slovenia. The main points of the mythical landscape (in detail: Pleterski 2014, 238–245, 276–286). Povsem očitno je, da sta Sv. Katarina in Višelnica a good location for burial grounds for a number of vil- točki zimskega mitičnega para, ki omejujeta severni del lages, however, two further questions arise. The first is blejskega prostora ( sl. 10.16). V tamkajšnji krščanski how did they solve the problem of location in vil ages preobleki nastopata kot Katarina in Miklavž. Upodob- away from the line? Also, even if the burial ground is on ljena sta na Sv. Katarini in v Sv. Nikolaju pod Višelnico the direction-line, why is it exactly there and no closer or v Mevkšu. Slednja cerkev bi morala stati na kresišču, a farther from Višelnica? The answer to both questions can se je domačinom posrečil čudež s prestavljanjem orodja be found in the example of the vil ages of Mužje and Zasip v dolino, kjer so potem ob studencu postavili cerkev. (in detail: Pleterski 2013a, 31–40; 2014, 246–257). The vil- Še vedno pa stoji na smeri, ki gre s Sv. Katarine prek lages and their fields are so far from the described line that kresišča do cerkve. Logično pričakujemo tudi točki they do not even touch it. The solution was simple for the poletnega mitičnega para južneje. In če Gradišče res earliest vil age Mužje. They draw a perpendicular line to pripada moškemu poletnemu liku, se kot njegov ženski the direction Višelnica – St Katarina with a right angle at par ponuja Otok na Blejskem jezeru (prim. Pleterski St Katarina ( Fig. 10.17). Each point on this perpendicular 2014, 243–244; glej pogl. 6.2.3, 10.4). line creates the tročan with the points of the mythical winter pair (Višelnica, St Katarina). The cemetery, the Smer Višelnica–blejski grad–Šmarjetna gora preč- vil age and the eastern edge of the best vil age field are on ka najplodnejši del Bleda in zato ponuja dobro umestitev the perpendicular line. The placement used a distance of grobišč nemajhnemu številu vasi. Vendar se ob tem 150 meters or – expressed in the then-Charlemagne (Ben- postavljata dve nadaljnji vprašanji. Prvo je, kako so edictine, Drusus) foot – 450 feet (= 149.949 m). For our problem rešili v vaseh, ki so oddaljene od smeri? Drugo present understanding I will use meters. For the number 257 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Višelnica E 2 Z E E Zasip Pod lipo ? E E ? E 23,5 º E ? Mužje E Žale M 1 E 150 (149,949) m Sl. 10.17: Mužje in Zasip, Slovenija. Merska ureditev vaškega prostora, vrisana v franciscejski kataster iz leta 1826. 1 – zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče, M – najstarejše vaške njive Mužij, Z – najstarejše vaške njive Zasipa. Fig. 10.17: Mužje and Zasip, Slovenia. Metric arrangement of the vil age area, inscribed in the Franciscan cadastre of 1826. 1 – Early Medieval cemetery, M – the earliest vil age fields of Mužje, Z – the earliest vil age fields of Zasip. 258 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE vprašanje, tudi če je grobišče na smeri, zakaj je ravno of feet, meters must be multiplied by three. The difference tam in ne bližje ali dlje od Višelnice? Odgovor na obe in distance between three feet and a meter is negligible for vprašanji nam da primer vasi Mužje in Zasip (podrobno: our use. The cemetery of Mužje is 2 x 150 m away from the Pleterski 2013a, 31–40; 2014, 246–257). Vasi in njuno vil age, 3 x 150 m far from the best fields and 5 x 150 m by polje so tako daleč stran od opisane smeri, da se je nikjer the end of the main field. The distance from St Katarina niti ne dotikajo. V dvojici vasi so starejše Mužje in za to was conditioned by geomorphology. The cemetery was vas je bila rešitev preprosta. Potegnili so pravokotnico erected on the south slope of the glacial moraine. The na smer Višelnica–Sv. Katarina s pravim kotom pri Sv. distance measure of 150 m is practical because it is 100 Katarini ( sl. 10.17). Vsaka točka na tej smeri sestavlja double steps (also evidenced by the tradition in Bodešče: tročan s točkama zimskega mitičnega para. Na smeri se Pleterski 2014, 257–258). However, if we decompose the zvrstijo grobišče, vas in vzhodni rob najboljšega vaškega number 150 into 10 x 3 x 5, we see the rhythmic repeti- polja. Pri razvrščanju so uporabili daljinsko mero 150 m tion of 3 and 5, which probably symbolises the third and ali – izraženo v tedanjih karlovih (benediktinskih, dru- fifth power (see above). This rhythm should ensure the zovih) čevljih – 149,949 m. V teh čevljih ta mera znese beneficial effect of both powers on the whole vil age space. 450 čevljev. Za našo predstavnost v sedanjosti bom upo- Because the possibility of the perpendicular at St Ka- rabljal metre, za število čevljev je metre treba pomnožiti tarina, in the direction to the bonfire-site on Višelnica, s tri. Daljinska razlika med metrom in tremi karlovimi has already been used, a different solution has been found čevlji je za našo uporabo zanemarljiva. Grobišče je od for the vil age Zasip, which originated later than Mužje, vasi oddaljeno 2 x 150 m, vas pa do konca najboljših njiv towards the end of the 8th century. On the perpendicu- 3 x 150 m, do konca glavnega dela polja pa 5 x 150 m. lar line described, they marked a point that became the Razdaljo od Sv. Katarine je pogojila geomorfologija. starting point for the arrangement of the new vil age Grobišče so postavili na južni breg ledeniške morene. area. It connects tročan with St Katarina and Višelnica. Opisana daljinska mera je praktična, ker gre za 100 From the point, a perpendicular line was drawn to the dvojnih korakov (dokazuje jo tudi izročilo v Bodeščah: east, parallel to the Katarina − Višelnica line and on the Pleterski 2014, 257–258). Če pa število 150 razstavimo basic axis of Zadnje polje, the earliest field in Zasip. To na 10 x 3 x 5, opazimo ponavljanje ritma 3 in 5, ki zelo this day, this line is seen as a narrow belt of lawn crossing verjetno simbolizirata tretjo in peto moč (glej zgoraj). the field. Towards the middle of the field, the next lawn Ta ritem bi moral zagotoviti blagodejno delovanje obeh belt runs perpendicular to the south, and then divides moči na celoten vaški prostor. the direction-line into two parts. The western one is Ker je bila možnost pravokotnice pri Sv. Katarini about 150 m long, and the eastern one is about 212 m na smer proti kresišču na Višelnici že izrabljena, so za long, which means an equilibrium ratio of 1:√2. The vas Zasip, ki je nastala pozneje od Mužij, proti koncu southern edge of the field is 150 m away from the upper 8. st., našli drugačno rešitev. Na opisani pravokotnici so main axis of the field and is in a direction perpendicular označili točko, ki je postala izhodišče ureditve vaškega to the direction from Katarina to Mužje and parallel to prostora. Sestavlja tročan s Sv. Katarino in Višelnico. Od the Katarina − Višelnica line. With a length of 2 x 150 m, točke so proti vzhodu potegnili pravokotnico, ki je hkrati the direction touches the eastern edge of the vil age Za- vzporednica smeri Katarina–Višelnica in je osnovna os sip. The first house was erected there ( cf. Pleterski 2013a, zasipškega Zadnjega polja, najstarejšega polja vasi Zasip. 32–33), and from there the vil age expanded westwards Do danes je ta smer vidna kot omejek, ki prečka polje. along the direction described. Today’s buildings have the Proti sredini polja nanjo pravokotno poteka proti jugu same direction there as they did two centuries ago. At naslednji omejek in jo deli na dva dela. Zahodni je dolg that time, houses in the earliest part of the vil age, called približno 150 m, vzhodni približno 212 m, kar pomeni Pod lipo (= under the linden), apparently retained the razmerje ravnovesja 1 : √2. Južni rob polja je 150 m old direction. Thus the arrangement of the field and the oddaljen od zgornje glavne osi polja in je na smeri, ki je location of the vil age was determined. pravokotna na smer s Katarine proti Mužjam in vzpo- To determine the location of the burial ground, redna smeri Katarina–Višelnica. Na dolžini 2 x 150 m a southward direction was drawn from the point that se smer dotakne vzhodnega roba vasi Zasip. Tam so governed the field and the vil age, which, with the old postavili prvo hišo (prim. Pleterski 2013a, 32–33) in od Katarina −Mužje line, creates an angle of 23.5°, which tam se je vas pozneje širila proti zahodu vzdolž opisane is the ritual angle of equilibrium. This new direction in- smeri. Današnje stavbe imajo tam enako smer kot pred tersects at the eastern edge of Pod lipo vil age, the Zasip dvema stoletjema. Tedanje hiše v najstarejšem delu vasi vil age line – the southern edge of the Zasip field. It is z imenom Pod lipo očitno ohranjajo prvotno ureditveno probable that at that time a tročan linden was planted, smer. Tako so določili ureditev polja in lego vasi. at the described eastern point of the vil age, which gave Za določitev lege grobišča so od točke, ki je urejala its name to the eastern, earliest part of the vil age. The polje in vas, potegnili smer proti jugu, ki s staro smerjo importance of this place is underlined by the fact that, Katarina–Mužje sestavlja kot 23,5°, kar je obredni kot a few meters to the east, the church of St Janez Krstnik 259 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE ravnovesja. Ta nova smer seka smer vas Zasip–južni (John the Baptist) was built in the 12th or 13th centuries, rob zasipškega polja na vzhodnem robu vasi Pod lipo. and it was certainly mentioned in 1296 as a parish church Verjetna je misel, da so tedaj na opisani vzhodni točki (Pleterski 2013a, 36). At that time, the significance of vasi posadili tročansko lipo, ki je dala ime vzhodnemu, the Katarina – Višelnica direction might have been stil najstarejšemu delu vasi. Pomen tega mesta poudarja well known. St Janez Krstnik is paired with the church okolnost, da so pozneje nekaj metrov vzhodneje posta- of St Jurij in Zgornje Gorje, first mentioned as a church vili cerkev sv. Janeza Krstnika. To se je zgodilo v 12. ali between 1115 and 1121 (Bizjak 2012). Both churches 13. st., vsekakor je že leta 1296 omenjena kot župnijska determine the line parallel to the Katarina – Višelnica cerkev (Pleterski 2013a, 36). Tedaj je bil pomen smeri line ( Fig. 10.30). Later the church of St Oswald in Spod- Katarina–Višelnica morda še dobro znan. Sv. Janez Krst- nje Gorje was erected in between (Pleterski 2014, Fig. nik namreč sestavlja par s cerkvijo sv. Jurija v Zgornjih 10.3.6.53). The distance between St Janez Krstnik and St Gorjah, ki je prvič omenjena kot že obstoječa cerkev Jurij, which comes out including parts of both churches, med letoma 1115 in 1121 (Bizjak 2012). Obe cerkvi is 3400 m (on the symbolism of the number 34: Pleterski določata smer, ki je vzporedna s smerjo Katarina–Vi- 2015c, 23). The careful reader, meanwhile, has correctly šelnica ( sl. 10.30), nanjo so pozneje vmes postavili še concluded that this is the same line that connects the cerkev sv. Osvalda v Spodnjih Gorjah (Pleterski 2014, Zasip vil age and the southern edge of the Zasip field. At sl. 10.3.6.53). Razdalja med Sv. Janezom Krstnikom in the same time, it is very likely that St Jurij stands at the Sv. Jurijem, ki se izide znotraj obeh cerkva, je 3400 m tročan point of Zgornje Gorje, which may be a few meters (o simboliki števila 34: Pleterski 2015c, 23). Pozoren east of the church. From there, a perpendicular line runs bralec je medtem pravilno ugotovil, da gre za isto smer, south to a striking cave, Poglejska cerkev. ki spaja vas Zasip in južni rob zasipškega polja. Hkrati The Zasip cemetery lies on the Žale meadow. Its je zelo verjetno, da tudi Sv. Jurij stoji ob gorjanski tro- existence was suggested by the place name (Žale); Old čanski točki, ki bi lahko bila nekaj metrov vzhodno od Church Slavic žalь = tombstone, Proto-Slavic * žalь = pain, cerkve. Od tam namreč poteka pravokotnica južno na regret (Snoj 1997, 756). Since the cemetery is only 32 m markantno jamo Poglejsko cerkev. long and the name Žale refers to land almost 300 m long Zasipško grobišče leži na ledini Žale. Njegov obstoj according to the Josephine cadastre (named after Em- je nakazovalo že ledinsko ime; starocerkvenoslovansko peror Joseph II 1741–1790), in 1985, when the existence žalь = nagrobnik, praslovansko *žalь = bolečina, obža- of the mythical landscape was not yet known, we used a lovanje (Snoj 1997, 756). Ker je grobišče dolgo samo simple predictive model to determine the burial site. The 32 m, ime Žale pa se po jožefinskem katastru nanaša na model was composed by observing the location of the skoraj 300 m dolgo zemljišče, smo leta 1985, ko obstoj then-known Bled Early Medieval cemeteries. It assumed mitične pokrajine še ni bil znan, za točno določitev the vicinity of the vil age, the path, south or east slope, mesta grobišča uporabili preprost napovedni model. possibly with at least a small mound at the top. At a place Sestavili smo ga z opazovanjem lege tedaj znanih blejskih that met these conditions, we came across the first grave zgodnjesrednjeveških grobišč. Prepostavljal je bližino after a few hours of digging. Over the next two years, the vasi, poti, južno do vzhodno pobočje, po možnosti z entire burial ground was explored (Knific, Pleterski 1993). vsaj majhno gomilo na vrhu. Na mestu, ki je ustrezalo The Zasip field – Pod lipo − the Žale cemetery line tem pogojem, smo po nekaj urah kopanja naleteli na extends to a cave filled with red loam and covered by a prvi grob. V naslednjih dveh letih smo raziskali celotno younger stone heap. This cave is the northwest corner of grobišče (Knific, Pleterski 1993). the burial ground. It’s distance from the point Pod lipo is Smer zasipško polje–Zasip Pod lipo–grobišče Na 3 x 150 m. The area of the cemetery ( Fig. 10.18) was ar- Žalah sega do jame, ki je bila zapolnjena z rdečo ilovico ranged using four equilateral triangles. The sides of each in jo je pokrivala mlajša kamnita groblja. Ta jama je seve- triangle measure 4 x 3 x 9 Charlemagne’s feet, which is rozahodni vogal grobišča in je od točke Pod lipo oddalje- an interweaving of the numbers 4 and 3, and at the same na 3 x 150 m. Sam prostor grobišča ( sl. 10.18) je bil urejen time the magic formula 3 x 9. The direction described s pomočjo štirih enakostraničnih trikotnikov. Stranice towards the Zasip vil age, is at the same time the peak of vsakega trikotnika merijo 4 x 3 x 9 karlovih čevljev, kar the westernmost triangle with the earliest graves. Next to je prepletanje števil 4 in 3 ter hkrati magična formula 3 it is a special child grave (15), oriented towards a stone x 9. Opisana smer proti Zasipu in polju je hkrati višina in the middle of the northern edge of the cemetery. A najzahodnejšega trikotnika z najstarejšimi grobovi. man (Grave 55), marked by a stone and a wooden pil- Ob njej je poseben otroški grob 15, ki je usmerjen lar, as well as a woman (Grave 20), marked by a stone, proti kamnu sredi severnega roba grobišča. Kot začet- can be identified as the original burials of the vil age. nika vasi lahko razumemo moškega (grob 55), ki ga je These two represent the western and eastern edges of the označeval kamen in lesen kol, ter žensko (grob 20), ki burial ground. They determine the line that reaches the jo je označeval kamen. Ta dva predstavljata zahodni in bonfire-place on Višelnica, and the graves mostly follow vzhodni rob grobišča. Določata smer, ki sega do kresišča this direction. The mathematical symbolism clearly cal s 260 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Zasip Višelnica 55 20 15 0 4 m Sl. 10.18: Žale pri Zasipu, Slovenija. Ureditvene točke in geometrija grobišča. Fig. 10.18: Žale at Zasip, Slovenia. Arrangement points and cemetery geometry. na Višelnici, grobovi njeno smer večinoma upoštevajo. for the third and fifth power, and cal s for the return of Matematična simbolika jasno kliče tretjo in peto moč the soul by the number 27 (= 3 x 9) as well as by the con- ter kliče ponovno vrnitev s številom 27 (= 3 x 9) in s nection with the bonfire-place on Višelnica (detailed: povezavo s kresiščem na Višelnici (podrobneje Pleterski Pleterski 2014, 250–257). 2014, 250–257). Observations relevant to the model. The discovery Opažanja, pomembna za model. Odkritje gro- of the Žale cemetery confirmed the traffic-geomorpho- bišča Na Žalah je potrdilo prometno-geomorfološka logical starting points; this means the vicinity of the izhodišča. To pomeni bližino vasi, poti ter južno do vil age, the path and the south or east slope with the vzhodno pobočje z gomilo. Grobišče ima svoje mersko- mound. The cemetery has its symbolic points. These in simbolne točke. Te so na Bledu neposredno povezane Bled are directly connected with the Višelnica (bonfire- s smerjo Višelnica (kresišče)–Šmarjetna gora, če to ni site) – Šmarjetna gora line. Where this is not possible, mogoče, pa z eno ali več točk, ki omogočajo povezavo s they are connected with one or more points that allow a kresiščem na Višelnici. Pomembna je povezava prostora connection with the bonfire-site on Višelnica. The con- polja, vasi in grobišča, še posebej je pomembna razdalja nection between the space of the field, the vil age and the med vasjo in grobiščem, ki je mnogokratnik simbolno cemetery is important, especial y the distance between pomembnega števila. V igri so 3 x 4, 3 x 5, 3 x 9. the vil age and the cemetery, which is a multiple of a symbolical y significant number. There are 3 x 4, 3 x 5, Kje torej iskati grobišče prvotnih Spodnjih and 3 x 9 in the game. Bodešč. Izhodišče razmisleka je bilo, da so poznejše Spodnje Bodešče zasedle prostor prvotne vasi in njenega So, where should we look for the burial ground of polja. Predpostavka je, da stavbe sedanje vasi stojijo ne- the primeval Spodnje Bodešče? The starting point of the kako na mestu, kjer je stala prva vas, in da je sklenjena enquiry was that the later Spodnje Bodešče occupies the površina najboljše njivske zemlje predstavljala osrednje area of the primeval vil age and its field. The assumption polje prvi vasi ( sl. 10.19). Severozahodni vogal tega polja is that the buildings of the present vil age stand somehow prečka smer Višelnica (kresišče)–Šmarjetna gora. Ta at the place where the ancient vil age stood, and that vogal stoji severno od vasi, na njem pa se izide razdalja the enclosed area of the best arable land represents the 540 m od vasi, kar je 2 x 270 m; 270 m pa je 3 x 9 x 10 m, central field of the first vil age ( Fig. 10.19). The northwest torej število, ki simbolno kliče k vrnitvi tiste, ki so odšli. corner of this field is crossed by the Višelnica (bonfire- Tu je tudi nizka ledeniška gomila Pod prežo z južnim place) – Šmarjetna gora line. This corner stands north of 261 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE 4 Dlesc Višelnica 150 m 2 3 Bodeša 1 Pod prežo 270 m 450 m Došca Šmarjetna gora 270 m 100 m vas Sl. 10.19: Zgornje in Spodnje Bodešče, Slovenija. Vaški prostor, predvidene ureditvene črte in točke izkopavanj, vrisano v franciscejski kataster. Fig. 10.19: Zgornje and Spodnje Bodešče, Slovenia. The vil age area, the envisaged arrangement lines and excavation points, inscribed in the Franciscan cadastre. do vzhodnim pobočjem in mimo teče stara pot. Mesto the vil age, at a distance of 540 m from the vil age, and is torej ustreza kriterijem zgornjega modela. 2 x 270 m; 270 m is 3 x 9 x 10 m, which is a symbol that Še bolj je vpadljiva velika gomila Došca, del cal s for the return of those who left. There is also a low ledeniške morene, ki predstavlja najvišjo točko ob robu glacial mound, Pod prežo (= below a hunting tower), with polja. Poleg tega je prav tako severno od vasi na sredini a south to east slope that runs past an old path. The site smeri med severozahodnim vogalom polja in vasjo, kar therefore meets the criteria of the above model. pomeni, da je od osrednjega dela vasi oddaljena 270 m. Even more striking is the large mound, Došca, the Mimo nje vodi ista stara pot. Tudi ta točka ustreza part of the glacial moraine that represents the highest kriterijem zgornjega modela. point along the edge of the field. It is also north of the vil- Izkopavanja smo usmerili na vse tri opisane točke: lage in the middle of the direction between the northwest − na jedro vasi, da bi našli morebitne sledove vaške corner of the field and the vil age, which means that it is točke, ki je povezovala vas, grobišče in smer Višelnica 270 m away from the central part of the vil age. The same (kresišče)–Šmarjetna gora, old path leads past it. This point also meets the criteria − na prostor Pod prežo ob severozahodnem vogalu of the above model. vaškega polja, Excavations were made at all three points described: − na vmesno gomilo Došca. − the core of the vil age, to find possible traces of the vil- lage point connecting the vil age, the cemetery and the Rezultat in razprava. Izkopavanja je izvedla Zvez- Višelnica (bonfire-place) – Šmarjetna gora line, dana Modrijan (glej pogl. 11). Na mestu Pod prežo ni − to Pod prežo at the northwest corner of the vil age field, bilo sledov grobišča. V vasi so novodobni vkopi uničili − to the Došca mound between. 262 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE morebitne starejše plasti. Na temenu gomile Došca je Outcome and discussion. Excavations were per- bil odkrit zgodnjesrednjeveški žgan grob, drobci oglja v formed by Zvezdana Modrijan (detailed report in Chapter okolici nakazujejo prostor, kjer so odlagali pepel pokoj- 11). There were no traces of a burial ground at Pod prežo. nih (prim. Zoll-Adamikowa 1979, 126–131, 252–253). In the vil age, modern age activities had destroyed any Odkritje potrjuje obstoj mitične pokrajine s pravili earlier layers. An Early Medieval cremation grave was urejanja prostora, ki smo jih v blejskem primeru dovolj discovered on top of the Došca mound, and fragments dobro razumeli. To nikakor ne pomeni, da bo mogoče of charcoal in the surrounding area indicate the place kjer koli na soroden način odkriti nova arheološka where the ashes of the deceased were deposited ( cf. Zoll- najdišča in povezave v mitični pokrajini. Vsak prostor Adamikowa 1979, 126–131, 252–253). The discovery con- ima svoje rešitve in zahteva podrobno poznavanje. firms the existence of a mythical landscape following the Bližnjic ni. Dokazali pa smo, da pot obstaja. rules about how to arrange space, which we understood Odkritje žganega grobišča dokazuje tudi domnevo well enough in the Bled case. This does not in any way o starejši vasi na prostoru Spodnjih Bodešč in potrjuje mean that new archaeological sites and connections in ustreznost metode retrogradne analize zemljiškega kata- the mythical landscape can be found in any similar way. stra (Pleterski 2013a, 17–30), ki jo je nakazala. Morda je Each space has its own solutions and requires detailed nekoliko nepričakovano, da so ob koncu 8. st. ali morda knowledge. There are no shortcuts. But we have proven še pozneje na Bledu še vedno sežigali pokojne, ker so that the path exists. v tem času v sosednjih vaseh že pokopavali nesežgana The discovery of the cremation burial ground also trupla. Če je to opažanje pravilno, pomeni, da je tedaj proves the presumption of an earlier vil age in the area of vsaka vaška srenja še imela možnost, da se glede tega Spodnje Bodešč and confirms the appropriateness of the odloča po svoje. retrograde analysis of the land cadastre method (Pleterski Dejstvo, da smo našli eno samo grobno jamico, 2013a, 17–30), which indicated the earlier vil age. It may ki pa je bila prekrita z večjim kamnom, ki jo je bolj be somewhat unexpected that at the end of the eighth označeval, kot ščitil, kaže na namerno ustvarjanje sim- century, or perhaps even later in Bled, the dead were stil bolne in prostorske točke. Motivacija zanjo bi lahko bila incinerated, because at that time unburnt corpses were želja zabeležiti grobišče prednikov v trenutku opuščanja already buried in the neighbouring vil ages. If this obser- starega načina pokopavanja. Vprašanje, ali je vas nato vation is correct, it means that every vil age community imela še grobišče z okostnimi grobovi ali pa je že pred still had a chance to make its own decision then. tem propadla, ostaja odprto. The fact that we found only a single grave pit, albeit A zdi se, da je označeni grob imel neki drug namen. covered with a larger stone, which it marked more than Ko smo stali pred odprtim grobom, se je pokazalo še ne- protected, indicates the deliberate creation of a symbolic kaj, kar je mogoče doživeti samo v pravem trenutku in na and spatial point. The motivation for such an act might pravem mestu. Grob, vogal Marofarjeve hiše v Zgornjih be the desire to record the ancestral burial ground at Bodeščah in kresišče na Višelnici so se poravnali na isti the moment of abandoning the old ways of burial. The smeri ( sl. 10.20). Marofarjeva hiša stoji na mestu prve question of whether the vil age then had a burial ground domačije, s katero se je začela nova vas Bodešče (sedanje with skeletal graves or whether it had previously col apsed Zgornje Bodešče). Ime ima po ustanovitelju Bodeši, ki ga remains open. lahko enačimo s pokojnikom v grobu 43 na sosednjem The marked grave also seems to have another grobišču Dlesc (Pleterski 2014, 257–263). Opisana smer purpose. As we stood in front of the open grave, there potrjuje, da je Bodeša prišel iz vasi, kjer so danes Spodnje was something else that could only be experienced at Bodešče. Novi dom je navezal na grob prednika v rodni the right moment and in the right place. The grave, the vasi in na točko vrnitve na kresišču na Višelnici. Hkrati corner of the Marofar house in Zgornje Bodešče and se mu je posrečilo še več odličnih prostorskih povezav. the bonfire-place on Višelnica were aligned in the same Razdalja od Došce do Bodeševe (sedaj Marofarjeve hiše) direction ( Fig. 10.20). The Marofar House stands on the se izide pri 450 m, kar je 3 x 150 m, kar pomeni tudi site of the first homestead that started the new vil age ritem tretje in pete moči. Pravokotnica na to točko pa of Bodešče (the present Zgornje Bodešče). It is named po 100 korakih ali 150 m seže do nekdanje (novi lastnik after the founder, Bodeša, who can be equated with the jo je brezobzirno zravnal z bagrom) ledeniške gomile deceased in Grave 43 at the adjacent Dlesc cemetery na Dlescu. Tam je Bodeša zastavil novo grobišče in tam (Pleterski 2014, 257–263). The described direction con- so ga pokopali. Vse omenjene črte so bile tudi opora firms that Bodeša came from the vil age where Spodnje za ureditev polja nove vasi (Pleterski 2014, 257–258). Bodešče vil age is today. He connected the new home to the ancestral grave in his native vil age and to the point of return at the bonfire-place at Višelnica. At the same time, he managed to establish more great spatial connections. The distance from Došca to Bodeša’s (now Marofar) house is 450 m, which is 3 x 150 m, which is also the rhythm of 263 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Sl. 10.20: Došca, Bodešče, Slovenija. a – lisa groba in črta proti Višelnici, b – črta proti Višelnici in vogal Marofarjeve (Bodeševe) hiše v Zgornjih Bodeščah. Fig. 10.20: Došca, Bodešče, Slovenia. a – the grave spot and the line towards Višelnica, b – the line towards Višelnica and the corner of Marofar’s (Bodeša) house in Zgornje Bodešče. the third and fifth power. The perpendicular line to this point, after 100 steps or 150 m, reaches the former (the new owner ruthlessly flattened it with bulldozer) glacial mound Dlesc. There, Bodeša established a new cemetery and was buried there. All these lines also served as sup- port for the arrangement of the field of the new vil age (Pleterski 2014, 257–258). 264 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE 10.4. BLEJSKI OTOK KOT 10.4 BLED ISLAND NAPOVEDNI MODEL SAM PO SEBI AS A PREDICTIVE MODEL IN ITSELF Blejski otok je prostor, kjer se že stoletja prepletajo Bled Island is a place where different interpretations različne razlage njegovega prestižnega pomena. Da bi of its prestigious importance have been interwoven for bila zadeva še bolj zapletena, ni nič več mogoče razločiti centuries. To make the matter even more complicated, izvirnega ljudskega izročila od učenih pojasnil (prim. it is no longer possible to distinguish the original folk Pleterski 2014, 243–244). V zraku že vsaj od 18. st. tradition from the learned interpretations ( cf. Pleterski visi ugibanje o predkrščanskem svetišču (prim. Linhart 2014, 243–244). Since at least the 18th century there has 1981, 260; prva izdaja 1788) kakršnega koli videza. In been speculation about the exiatence of a pre-Christian to je napovedni model sam po sebi. V takih razmerah shrine ( cf. Linhart 1981, 260; first edition 1788) of any lahko da stvarno osnovo samo arheološka raziskava. appearance. Such guesswork is a form of predictive Časovna razdalja med arheološko raziskavo pred več model itself. In such circumstances, only archaeological kot pol stoletja in objavo njenih izsledkov v tej knjigi research can give a real basis for knowledge. The temporal ter tedanje možnosti arheološkega dokumentiranja distance between the archaeological survey more than half so privedle do tega, kar Benjamin Štular poimenuje a century ago and the publication of its findings in this arhivsko izkopavanje (pogl. 3.3). V nadaljevanju bom book, and the potential of archaeological documentation poskušal prikazati, kaj je vse to prineslo za preverjanje at the time, led to what Benjamin Štular cal s an archival stoletnega napovednega modela, seveda pa bom podal excavation (Chapter 3.3). In what follows, I will attempt tudi prvo soočenje izsledkov tega izkopavanja z našim to show how all this can be cross-checked against the modelom mitične pokrajine. centennial predictive model, but of course I will also offer the first comparison of the results of this excavation with Uvodoma lahko poudarim, da v arheloški doku- our model of the mythical landscape. mentaciji ni opisov sestavin, ki bi jih bilo mogoče pre- pričljivo razložiti kot ostanke stavbe, ki bi bila starejša od First, I can point out that there are no descriptions, prve cerkvene zgradbe (pogl. 4). Na Blejskem otoku ni in the archaeological documentation, of the elements bilo veže (v arhaičnem pomenu: svetiščna stavba) božan- that could be convincingly interpreted as the remains of stva stare vere. Na vse romantične predstave v zvezi s a building earlier than the first church building (Chap- tem bo treba pozabiti. Vendar razloga za razočaranje ni. ter 4). There was no shrine building for the deity of the Obstajajo številne prvine mitične pokrajine. Old Faith on Bled Island. All romantic imaginings in Skalnat otok s studencem sredi jezera je naravna this regard will have to be forgotten. However, there is danost, ki kar kliče, da bi jo vključili v sestav mitične no reason for disappointment. There are many elements pokrajine (podrobneje pogl. 6.2.3). Pred gradnjo prve of the mythical landscape. cerkve je bilo na otoku že zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče The rocky island with a spring in the middle of (glej pogl. 2.1 in 4). Na tem mestu ni bilo zato, ker bi the lake is a natural feature that cal s for inclusion in the bilo poleg neke vasi, ampak zaradi posebnega pomena mythical landscape (for details, Chapter 6.2.3). Before the otoškega prostora. Grobovi se stiskajo okoli ognjiščne first church was built, there was an Early Medieval cem- površine, ki je bila omejena in označena s kamni (pogl. etery on the island (Chapters. 2.1 and 4). It was there not 1.4. in 4.2). Ohranila se je kot ostanki žganine in kot plast because it was next to a vil age, but because of the special debelo prežgane zemlje. Kot kaže prerez ( sl. 1.13), je na importance of the island area. The graves crowd around razmeroma majhni površini (približno 1 m v premeru) the hearth, which was bordered and marked by stones gorel ogenj, zaradi katerega je bila zemlja tam prepečena (Chapters 1.4., 4.2). It was preserved as the burnt remains do 15 cm debelo. V to plast je vkopanih nekaj grobov, as well as a layer of thickly burned earth. According to the izjemna gostota grobov na tem mestu pa kaže njegovo cross section ( Fig. 1.13), fire burned on a relatively smal prestižnost (pogl. 8.1.2 in 8.3). surface (about 1 m in diameter), causing up to 15 cm thick Taka prežgana plast ne nastane zlahka, ker ni od- of the earth to burnt. Several graves have been dug into visna od velikosti kupa drv, ki jih kurimo. Pri gorenju this layer, and the exceptional crowding of the graves here lesa namreč takoj začne nastajati plast pepela, ki se shows its prestige (Chapters 8.1.2 and 8.3). useda na tla in deluje kot odlična izolacija, ki preprečuje Such a burnt layer is not easily formed, and it does segrevanje tal. Če namensko želimo segreta in posledič- not depend on the size of the pile of wood that is burned. no tudi prežgana tla, moramo najmanj vsake pol ure The burning of wood immediately creates a layer of ash obrniti žerjavico, da pride žareče oglje povsem spodaj. that settles on the ground and acts as an excellent insu- To je tehnika kurjenja kmečke peči za peko kruha. Če lation that prevents the floor from heating. If we want žerjavice ne razkopavamo in ne obračamo, hlebci od to deliberately create a heated and consequently burnt spodaj niso zapečeni, ker se tla niso dovolj segrela. Pri floor, we must turn around the embers at least every half tem seveda ne trdim, da so se nekoč vozili na Blejski an hour so that the glowing charcoal comes completely 265 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE otok peč kruh. Nikakor ne. Enak učinek na podlago bi down. This is the technique used in a rustic bread baking namreč lahko dosegli, če bi žerjavico s pepelom vsakič furnace. If the embers are not turned, the loaves of bread odstranili in nov ogenj zakurili na goli zemlji ter tak are not baked from below, because the floor is not warm postopek mnogokrat ponovili. Zelo verjetno je, da se je enough. Of course, this is not to say that people once used na Blejskem otoku dogajalo prav to. Ob določenih sve- to paddle to Bled Island to bake bread. Not at al . The same čanih trenutkih so kurili ogenj in njegove ostanke vsakič effect on the substrate could be achieved by removing the odstranili. Smiselno bi bilo, da so jih nosili domov. Kot ash embers every time,when they were there, after burn- kaže stratigrafsko sosledje ( sl. 3.16), je ta obred na otoku ing a new fire on bare earth, and repeating this process potekal, še preden so tam izkopali prve zgodnjesrednje- many times. It is very likely that this is exactly what was veške grobove. Žganina na vrhu prepečene zemlje (pogl. happening on Bled Island. At certain solemn moments, 1.4) je potem bodisi ostanek zadnjega ognja, ki ga niso the fire was lit and its remains were removed every time. odstranili, ali pa so spremenili namen kurjenja ognja. It would make sense that they were carried home. As the Zgornja tafonomska opažanja se ujemajo z izroči- stratigraphic sequence shows ( Fig. 3.16), this rite took lom posoških starovercev. “... v bližini kurišča nad Ko­ place on the island before the first Early Medieval graves poviščem. Tam so vedno kurili poletni, zimski in še druge were excavated there. The burnt remains on top of the kresove. Takih posvečenih kurišč je bilo na desnem bregu burnt earth (Chapter 1.4) is then either a remnant of the Soče kar nekaj” (Medvešček 2015, 99). “... dokler ni kres last fire which was not removed, or due to a change in the ugasnil. Takrat so tudi fantki prižgali drevesne gobe in jih purpose of the fire. na palici odnesli tistim, ki so ostali brez kresnega ognja. The above taphonomic observations are in line Vsaka hiša je v ogenj na ognjišču vrgla nekaj kresnega with the tradition of the Old Faith Believers in the Soča oglja ali gobe. Nekoč pa je bilo treba stari ogenj pogasiti, region. “... near the fireplace above Kopovišče. Midsumodstraniti pepel in s kresnim ognjem zakuriti nov ogenj v mer, midwinter and other bonfires were always lit there. hiši” (Medvešček 2015, 337). “Ta kovinska lopatka pa je There were some such consecrated fireplaces on the right bila položena poleg in so jo potrebovali ob kresovanju za bank of the Soča River” (Medvešček 2015, 99). “. .. until the pobiranje žerjavice, ki so jo potem nesli domov” (Med- bonfire was extinguished. At that time, the little boys also vešček 2015, 252). Samoumevno je, če je na Blejskem lit the tree mushrooms and took them on sticks to those otoku res šlo tudi za kurjenje novega ognja, da so prav who remained without a bonfire. Every house threw some tako tamkajšnje kurišče vsakokrat predhodno dobro bonfire charcoal or mushroom into the fire at the fireplace. očistili starih ostankov, če jih je še kaj bilo od prejšnjega Once, the old fire had to be extinguished, the ashes had to kurjenja. be removed and a new fire had to be lit from the bonfire Usmerjenost in razporejenost zgodnjesrednjeve- in the house” (Medvešček 2015, 337). “This metal shovel ških otoških grobov kaže, da so se zavedali sosednjih was laid next to it and was needed at the bonfire to col ect pomembnih točk mitične pokrajine in nanje navezovali the embers, which they then brought home” (Medvešček otoški prostor (podrobno pogl. 6.2.2 in 6.2.3). Kljub te- 2015, 252). It is self-evident, if Bled Island was indeed mu, da so ob različnih zidavah ponekod uničili starejše involved in the burning of new fire, that the fireplace was kulturne plasti in da zaradi cerkvenih zidov nekaterih also cleaned every time, before making a new fire, if there površin niso mogli arheološko raziskati, je ostalo dovolj was anything from the previous burning. ohranjene in arheološko raziskane površine ( sl. 4.3), The orientation and arrangement of the Early Me- da je zanesljivo, da se zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče dieval island graves shows that people were aware of the razprostira samo na severnem delu ravnice vrh otoka adjacent important points of the mythical landscape and in v prostor, ki ga danes zaseda cerkev, posega samo related the island space to them (in detail, Chapters. 6.2.2, obrobno. To kaže, da so cerkev postavili na mesto, ki je 6.2.3). Although the early cultural layers were destroyed bilo pomembno že v predhodnem obdobju. in different building events and, some of the surfaces Na tem mestu je nekaj kamnov in vkopov v skalno could not be archaeological y explored due to the pres- osnovo ( sl. 10.21), ki so starejši od druge cerkve in razen ence of the church wal s, there were enough preserved pri pravokotni jami v velikosti groba ( sl. 3.16) strati- and archaeological y researched areas ( Fig. 4.3) to reliably grafski odnos s prvo cerkvijo ni bil dokumentiran. To suggest that the Early Medieval cemetery extends only pomeni, da so bodisi sočasni bodisi so od nje starejši. V over the northern part of the plain at the top of the island tloris prve cerkve se slabo vklapljajo in je za večino večja and the space, now occupied by the church, affects it only verjetnost, da so od prve cerkve starejši. Prav tako niso marginal y. This suggests that the church was built in a bili dokumentirani neposredni ali posredni stratigraf- place that was important in the previous period. skih odnosov med njimi, kar pomeni, da ne poznamo There are some stones and pits in the rock base podatkov o sočasnosti ali zaporednosti. ( Fig. 10.21) that are earlier than the second church, and, Nedvomno je od prve cerkve starejša pravokotna except for a rectangular hole in the size of a grave ( Fig. jama v velikosti groba ( sl. 10.21: a), ki je bila v nekem 3.16), the stratigraphic relationship with the first church trenutku zasuta, v polnilo je bil posajen steber, ki je bil has not been documented. This means that they are 266 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE either contemporaneous or earlier. They do not fit wel d into the floor plan of the first church and are more likely 1 to be earlier than the first church. Neither direct nor 2 indirect stratigraphic relationships between them have been documented, which means that we cannot identify the sequence. 24 Undoubtedly the rectangular grave-sized hole is earlier than the first church ( Fig. 10.21: a), which at some a point was filled in, then a pil ar was put in the filling and 34 b was later removed. The hole with the filing was covered with a layer including a carved stone ( Fig. 10.21: b), and into this layer was dug an Early Medieval grave (72) which c was found under the foundation of the earliest church (Chapter 4.2). The secluded position of Grave 72 can be 0 2 m explained by the area of carved stone. The place was so important that it attracted Grave 72, and the draw was not Sl. 10.21: Blejski otok, Slovenija. Jame in kamni, ki bi lahko bili so much the carved stone itself as it was the hole hiding starejši od prve cerkve. Dodani so kurišče s kamnom, grob 72 beneath (Chapter 4.7). Such a sequence of events indicates in idealiziran obris prve cerkve. Številki 24 in 34 kažeta razdaljo that the hole is earlier than the Early Medieval cemetery. v karlovih čevljih. 1 – obdelan kamen, 2 – jama. In this way, we can assemble a trinity: the water Fig. 10.21: Bled Island, Slovenia. Holes and stones that could spring, the hearth and the rectangular hole make up a be older than the first church. The hearth with the stone, Grave right triangle ( Fig. 6.15) whose top at the spring measures 72 and an idealised outline of the first church were added. the ritual angle ( cf. Chapter 6.2.3). At the symbolic level of Numbers 24 and 34 show the distance in Charlemagne’s feet. 1 – carved stone, 2 – hole. tročans, the northern corner is water, the western corner is fire, and the southern corner is earth. At present, the substantively related tročans are known from three Bled cemeteries: Žale at Zasip (Pleterski 2014, 256), Dlesc at pozneje odstranjen. Jamo s polnilom je prekrila plast, Bodešče (Pleterski 2014, 261), and Pristava at Bled (Pleter- v kateri je bil nad jamo klesan kamen ( sl. 10.21: b), v to ski 2014, 264−274). This tročan was on the island even plast pa je bil vkopan zgodnjesrednjeveški grob 72, ki so before burials began in the Early Middle Ages. Burying ga našli pod temeljem najstarejše cerkve (glej pogl. 4.2). the graves near the hearth ( Fig. 8.3; Chapter 8.1.2, p. 190) Osamljeno lego groba 72 lahko pojasnimo s soseščino is comparable, in a Christian graveyard, to a desire to be klesanega kamna. Točka je bila tako pomembna, da je buried near the altar and the relics. pritegnila grob 72. In magnet ni bil toliko sam kamen, kot je bila jama, ki se je skrivala pod njim (pogl. 4.7). The grave-seized rectangular hole is oriented differ- Tako zaporedje dogodkov nakazuje, da je jama starejša ently from the island’s graves and does not point to one tudi od zgodnjesrednjeveškega grobišča. of the other two corners of the tročan triangle. With its Tako lahko sestavimo trojico: studenec, ognjišče transverse axis, it faces the area south of the tročan hearth in pravokotna jama sestavljajo pravokotni trikotnik ( Fig. 10.21: d), the space that was also respected by the ( sl. 6.15), katerega vrh pri studencu meri obredni kot Early Medieval cemetery and, it appears, the described (prim. pogl 6.2.3). Na simbolni ravni tročanov je se- tročan itself. There is a posthole for pillar to the south of verni vogal voda, zahodni vogal je ogenj, južni vogal je the hearth and the largest stone is next to it ( Fig. 10.21: c). zemlja. Vsebinsko sorodne tročane trenutno poznamo The arrangement of this pit, hearth and rectangular s treh blejskih grobišč: Žale pri Zasipu (Pleterski 2014, grave-sized hole does not seem random, but driven by 256), Dlesc pri Bodeščah (Pleterski 2014, 261), Pristava the distance between the pit and the other two spatial ele- na Bledu (Pleterski 2014, 264–274). Ta tročan je bil na ments. The distance between the pit and the stone at the otoku, še preden so začeli s pokopavanjem v zgodnjem hearth is 8 m or 24 Charlemagne’s feet, and the distance srednjem veku. Prerivanje grobov ob ognjišču ( sl. 8.3; between the pit and the rectangular grave-seized hole is pogl. 8.1.2, str. 190) kaže, kaj je bila motivacija. Na kr- 13.3 m or 34 Charlemagne’s feet, respectively. What mat- ščanskem pokopališču je primerljiva z željo biti pokopan ters is the ratio they have il ustrated: 24:34 = 12:17 = 1:√2. blizu oltarja in tamkajšnjih svetinj. It is the tročan balance of the three forces of nature. The ratio of 12:7 was also well known to medieval builders Pravokotna jama v velikosti groba ima usmeritev, ( cf. Milošević, Peković 2009, 248–255 and Chapter 5.1, ki je drugačna od smeri otoških grobov in ni usmerjena p. 131). If the described arrangement is not accidental, it na enega od drugih dveh vogalov tročanskega trikotnika. means that its constituent parts existed simultaneously for S svojo prečno osjo je usmerjena proti prostoru južno at least some period, and that is why it is also the posthole 267 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE od tročanskega ognjišča ( sl. 10.21: d), prostoru, ki ga je for pil ar from the time before the Early Medieval cem- spoštovalo tudi zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče in – kot je etery. This pit is also part of the composition that gave the videti – tudi opisani tročan. Tam je južno od ognjišča in island special significance. At present we can try to find največjega kamna ob njem jama za steber ( sl. 10.21: c). its purpose by hypothesising that it is part of the mythical Razporeditev te jame, ognjišča in pravokotne jame v landscape that plays a special role during the course of velikosti groba ni videti naključna. Na to napeljujeta the year. The usefulness of a hypothesis is tested and at razdalji med jamo in drugima dvema členoma prostora. the same time evaluated by its ability to incorporate al Razdalja med jamo in kamnom ob ognjišču se izide pri known constituents and their findings. Nevertheless, it 8 m oziroma 24 karlovih čevljih, razdalja med jamo za always remains only one of all possible views of the past. steber in pravokotno jamo v velikosti groba pa pri 13,3 m oziroma 34 karlovih čevljih. Pomembno je razmerje, ki Discussion of the findings of the posthole for so ga s tem ponazorili: 24 : 34 = 12 : 17 = 1 : √2. Gre za pillar. One posthole is, of course, not enough for a more tročansko ravnovesje treh sil narave. Razmerje 12 : 17 prominent building. It may be a point that influenced the je bilo dobro znano tudi srednjeveškim gradbenikom arrangement of the cemetery, but that does not yet explain (prim. Milošević, Peković 2009, 248–255 in pogl. 5.1, str. what it represented at the time before the burial site was 131). In če opisana razporeditev ni naključna, pomeni, created. A clue can be found in the placement of the da so njeni sestavni deli vsaj v nekem obdobju obstajali first two churches on the island. Both stood in the space sočasno in da je torej tudi jama za steber še iz časa pred between the posthole for pil ar and the rectangular hole, nastankom zgodnjesrednjeveškega grobišča. Tudi ta jama on an axis between them, and this axis is perpendicular je del sestava, ki je dajal otoku poseben pomen. Njegov to the approximately longitudinal axis of the rectangular namen lahko trenutno poskušamo poiskati s hipotezo, da hole. If the orientation of the two churches is astronomi- gre za del mitične pokrajine, ki ima v poteku leta posebno cal, towards sunrise on the day of the Assumption (Čaval vlogo. Uporabnost hipoteze preverjamo in hkrati ocenju- 2010, 167–178), it is more than probable that the axis, the jemo s tem, v kolikšni meri je sposobna vključiti znane posthole for pil ar – rectangular hole, is also astronomical. sestavine in njihove okolnosti. Kljub temu pa vedno ostaja In the 11th century the first church was erected (Chapter samo eden od možnih pogledov v preteklost. 7.3) on 15th August, according to the then-Julian “cabinet” calendar, but according to the solar calendar, it was six Razprava o okolnostih jame za steber. Ena jama days later, or 21st August. This day follows the 20th August, za steber je seveda premalo za opaznejšo stavbo. Lahko the end of the summer third of the year according to the je točka, ki je vplivala na ureditev prostora grobišča, a to old solar calendar (see above). It couldn’t be more obvi- še ne pojasni, kaj je predstavljala v času pred nastankom ous that by erecting the church, the authorities wanted to grobišča. Namig lahko najdemo v postavitvi prvih dveh replace the ancient worship of a female mythical figure at cerkva na otoku. Obe sta stali na prostoru med jamo the end of summer. This date, however, had to be fixed, za steber in pravokotno jamo, na osi med njima in ta and the upright pil ar in the gnomon’s function could wel os je pravokotna na približno vzdolžno os pravokotne have served that purpose. It may even have been used to jame. In če je usmeritev obeh cerkva astronomska, proti determine the direction of the first church, as indicated sončnemu vzhodu na dan Marijinega vnebovzetja (Čaval by the posthole in the church axis. The documentation 2010, 167–178), je več kot samo verjetno, da je tudi os of archaeological excavations does not give us a direct jama za steber–pravokotna jama astronomska. V 11. answer to the question of whether the surface around the st., ko so postavili prvo cerkev (glej pogl. 7.3), je bil 15. gnomon was artificial y levelled. This possibility exists, as avgust po tedanjem kabinetnem julijanskem koledarju indicated by the red-brown loamy levelling deposit that po sončnem koledarju že 6 dni pozneje, torej 21. avgusta. covered the rectangular grave-seized hole, and was earlier Ta dan meji z 20. avgustom, koncem poletne tretjine than Grave 72 (Chapter 4.7). leta po starem sončnem koledarju (glej zgoraj). Ne bi It is attested that the Slavs had gnomons in the moglo biti bolj očitno, da so s postavitvijo cerkve želeli sanctuary places (Pleterski, Mareš 2003, 21–24). Even nadomestiti starodavno češčenje ženskega mitičnega lika gnomons in burial grounds are not unusual. In the 10th ob koncu poletja. Ta datum pa je bilo treba določiti in and 11th centuries appear, for example, round platforms pokončen steber v funkciji gnomona je takemu namenu with a central wooden pil ar and several surrounding pil- lahko dobro služil. Morda so ga uporabili celo za določi- lars in the mound burial grounds of northwestern Kiev tev smeri prve cerkve, na kar namiguje jama v cerkveni Russia ( Fig. 10.22). The cult character of the complex does osi. Dokumentacija arheoloških izkopavanj nam ne da not seem to be controversial ( cf. Svirin 2006). Not only the neposrednega odgovora na vprašanje, ali je bila površina astronomical, but also the cult significance of the gnomon okrog gnomona umetno izravnana. Ta možnost obstaja, spaces is confirmed by the younger churches which were nakazuje jo rdečerjavo ilovnato izravnalno nasutje, ki erected on them ( Figs. 10.23–10.26). je prekrivalo pravokotno jamo v velikosti groba in bilo The use of gnomons was widespread among the starejše od groba 72 (pogl. 4.7). folk until the 20th century. According to a narrative from 268 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Sl. 10.22: a – Pskov, Rusija. Kultni prostor na ravni geološke podlage (po: Labutina 1989, 102, ris. 1). b – Hodosoviči, Beloru-sija. Kultni prostor 50 m severno od gomilnega grobišča. Številne jame za kole zanesljivo niso istočasne, stratigrafija je ostala nepojasnjena (po: Kuza, Solov‘eva 1972, Ris. 1). Fig. 10.22: a – Pskov, Russia. Cult place at the level of geological basis (after: Labutina 1989, 102, Fig. 1). b − Hodosovichi, Belarus. A cult place 50 m north of the burial mounds. Many postholes are reliably not contemporaneous, stratigraphy has remained unexplained (after: Kuza, Solov’eva 1972, Fig. 10.1). 269 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Sl. 10.23: Ostrów Tumski, Poznań, Poljska. Okrogla apnena površina z jamo za steber v plasti pod prvo cerkvijo s konca 10. st. (prirejeno po Bukowska 2016, 59–60, Rys. 10–11). Fig. 10.23: Ostrów Tumski, Poznań, Poland. Round lime surface with pil ar pit in layers below the first church from the end of the tenth century (adapted after Bukowska 2016, 59–60, Figs. 10–11). Izpričano je, da so Slovani imeli gnomone na sve- Čepovan (western Slovenia), “The masters once had, tiščnih prostorih (Pleterski, Mareš 2003, 21–24). Tudi outside, south of the cel ar, a special place where grass did gnomoni na grobiščih niso nobena posebnost. V 10. not grow, because the soil was paved with loam. In the in 11. st. se npr. na gomilnih grobiščih severozahodne middle, there was inserted a dogwood stick, which used kijevske Rusije pojavljajo okrogle ploščadi z osrednjim to determine the insolation of the place, and especial y the lesenim stebrom in več okolnimi stebri ( sl. 10.22). Kultni time when the sun goes down. This one was different in dif­ značaj sestavov se ne zdi sporen (prim. Svirin 2006). Ne ferent seasons, as was the direction of the shadows, which samo astronomski, ampak tudi kultni pomen prostorov in turn were marked with lines and pebbles in the clay” z gnomoni potrjujejo mlajše cerkve, ki so jih postavili (Medvešček 2015, 365). A complex example of an energy na njihova mesta ( sl. 10.23–10.26). tročan, a healing site, and an astronomical observatory Uporaba gnomonov je bila ponekod med ljudstvom has already been presented (see above). Bled Island was splošno razširjena vse do 20. stoletja. Po pripovedi iz also a place of this kind. Čepovana (zahodna Slovenija) so nekoč “imeli gospo­ Of course, we ask ourselves why it was necessary to darji zunaj južno od kleti poseben prostor, kjer ni rasla know when the summer third of the year begins and ends. trava, saj je bil tlak zbit z ilovico. Na sredi pa je bila za­ It was certainly more than just a personal awareness of what pičena drenova palica, s katero so ugotavljali osončenost day it is. I suggest that we have a great deal of information prostora, predvsem pa čas, ko sonce zaide. Ta pa je bil v in front of us all the time, we just don’t see and understand različnih letnih časih različen, kot tudi smer sence, ki pa it until we ask the right question. Asking the above question je bila v glini označena s črtami in kamenčki” (Medvešček leads us to another context of the island. An underwater 2015, 365). Kompleksen primer energetskega tročana, survey of the lake floor before the lake’s Jezernica outlet has zdravilnega mesta, astronomskega opazovališča pa je revealed an area that is throw from the shore and where bil že predstavljen (glej zgoraj). Tovrstno mesto je bil weapons were scattered. This covers a time span from the tudi Blejski otok. beginning of the Urnfield culture (two bronze swords), that Seveda se vprašamo, zakaj je bilo treba vedeti, is from the 13th century BCE, through the Hal statt period kdaj se začne in konča poletna tretjina leta. Zanesljivo (two iron spears) to late medieval and modern times (axes). je šlo za več kot preprosto osebno zavedanje, kateri Andrej Gaspari sees in this an archaeological trace of the dan je danes. Trdim, da imamo ogromno informacij cult of throwing weapons into the water, perhaps in some ves čas pred seboj, samo vidimo in razumemo jih ne, connection with Bled Island (Gaspari 2012). I confirm this dokler nimamo pravega vprašanja. Kajti ko si postavi- assumption and substantiate it further. 270 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Grave 38 on Bled Island is oriented perpendicular to the direction of the island spring (Chapter 6.2.3) and corresponds to the direction determined by the hearth and the rectangular grave-seized hole. If we extend the line across the spring, we reach St Katarina on Hom (azimuth 20.98° – 21.24°, west and east edges of the church), and therefore, towards the site of the antithetical mythical female character, mistress of the winter third of the year. This is the direction of the west side of the island tročan triangle as presented above. The south side of the triangle, which is perpendicular to the direction to St Katarina ( Fig. 10.29), however, lies in a direction that goes east through the weapons depository off the lake shore, and further crosses the Early Medieval Dlesc cemetery near Bodešče (azimuth 111 °). This shows that the weapons were thrown at a careful y selected point, but it also con- firms how very thoughtful y Bodeša chose the place where he and his relatives will be buried (see above). This observation also suggested a space-time con- nection between the beginning and end of the summer third of the year and the throwing of weapons into the water towards the island. This is a good starting point to look at a mythical story. The key events in the mythical story of the year are the takeover of weapons ( Fig. 10.1). In the spring from the male character takes over from Sl. 10.24: Ostrów Tumski, Poznań, Poljska. Okrogla apnena the female character, and in the autumn it is the other površina z jamo za steber (po: Bukowska 2016, 60, Rys. 12. Av- torica odločno zavrača staro domnevo, da bi šlo za krstilnico). way around. It is therefore crucial for the proper course Fig. 10.24: Ostrów Tumski, Poznań, Poland. Round lime of events in nature that the weapons are with the right surface with pillar pit (after: Bukowska 2016, 60, Fig. 12. owner at the right time. In this light, the island’s rectan- The author strongly rejects the old assumption that it was a gular grave-shaped hole proves to be a stage component baptistery). of a mythical drama, as the grave of the male mythical Sl. 10.25: Vyšehrad, Praga, Češka. Črka G označuje stojišče gnomona v sedanji cerkvi Sv. Petra in Pavla (po: Nechvátal 2004, Obr. 83). Fig. 10.25: Vyšehrad, Prague, Czech Republic. The letter G indicates the location of the gnomon in the present church of St Peter and Paul (after: Nechvátal 2004, Fig. 83). 271 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE a b Sl. 10.26: Vyšehrad, Praga, Češka. a – jama za gnomon, iz sta- tičnih razlogov tlakovana in obzidana s kamni (po: Nechvátal 2000, Obr. 4), b – gnomon danes, ohranjen kot Čertův sloup v parku vzhodno od cerkve Sv. Petra in Pavla. Fig. 10.26: Vyšehrad, Prague, Czech Republic. a – gnomon pit, for static reasons paved and walled with stones (after: Nechvátal 2000, Fig. 4), b – gnomon today, preserved as Čertův sloup (= The Devil’s pil ar) in the park east of the Church St Peter and Paul. mo zgornje vprašanje, postanemo pozorni še na eno figure, seemingly dead in the winter and renewing, to okolnost otoka. Podvodne raziskave jezerskega dna rise from the grave cavity in the spring. He acquires a pred jezerskim iztokom Jezernico so odkrile površino, weapon, defeats the old and barren mistress of winter, and ki je lučaj od obale in na kateri so bili razstreseni kosi thus rejuvenates her so that they can begin a new period orožja. To časovno prekriva razpon od začetka kulture of fertility together (see above). A rectangular hollow at žarnih grobišč (dva bronasta meča), torej nekako od 13. the top of the grave thus also makes sense. It contained st. pred n. št. prek starejše železne dobe (železni sulični a green stone, which was later violently torn down and osti) do poznosrednjeveških in novoveških sekir. Andrej found by archaeologists ( Fig. 4.12). The green colour of Gaspari v tem vidi arheološko sled kultnega metanja the stone is purposeful, that is, it is the colour of the un- orožja v vodo, morda v neki povezavi z Blejskim oto- derground master of souls, who has been preserved as a kom (Gaspari 2012). Tej domnevi se pridružujem in jo Water Sprite in folk mythology (Kropej 2008, 248–257), dodatno utemeljujem. and it is the colour of his transformation into a potent Grob 38 na Blejskem otoku ima smer, ki je pravo- young spring man, still known by people as Zeleni Jurij kotna na smer proti otoškemu studencu (pogl. 6.2.3) (= Green George) (Kropej 2008, 79–85). It depends on the in se ujema s smerjo, ki jo določata kurišče in pravo- image in which he appears, whether he is armed or not. kotna jama v velikosti groba. Če črto proti studencu In terms of the stage accessory, it would be a question of podaljšamo, pridemo do Sv. Katarine na Homu (azimut whether or not the weapon was lying on the green stone. 20,98°–21,24°, zahodni in vzhodni rob cerkve), torej Those who remember now that the future King Arthur was proti mestu protistavnega mitičnega ženskega lika, go- trying to draw a sword out of stone to end the period of spodarici zimske tretjine leta. To je smer zahodne stra- chaos and to start the new era of order, have opened their nice otoškega tročanskega trikotnika, kot je predstav ljen mind enough that a continuation will make sense to them. zgoraj. Južna stranica, ki je pravokotnica na smer proti On Bled Island, a ceremonial piece of weaponry Sv. Katarini ( sl. 10.30), pa leži na smeri, ki gre proti was laid on the green stone and taken from it. This hap- vzhodu prek odlagališča orožja pred jezersko obalo ter v pened in the days marked by the sunrise at the same nadaljevanju prečka tudi zgodnjesrednjeveško grobišče point on the horizon as the beginning and end of the Dlesc pri Bodeščah (azimut 111°). To kaže, da so orožje summer third of the year ( Fig. 10.27). We can play with odmetavali na skrbno izbrani točki, potrjuje pa tudi, the thought that at one time this weapon was a stone axe kako zelo domišljeno je Bodeša izbral prostor, kamor found next to a green stone (cat. No. 131, Fig. 1.15: 12, bodo pokopali njega in njegove (glej zgoraj). Pl. 13: 11; Chapters. 1.4, 4.7). 272 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE Sl. 10.27: Blejski otok, Slovenija. Pogled na sončni vzhod z Blejskega otoka 17. avgusta 2018. Naslednji dan sonce vzhaja nad cerkvijo Sv. Petra in sosednjo Marijino kapelico nad čudodelno podzemno jamo (bela puščica). Naravna razporeditev svetih mest je zelo blizu koledarsko pomembnim datumom. Fig. 10.27: Bled Island, Slovenia. A view of the sunrise from Bled Island on the 17th August 2018. The next day, the sun rises above the church of St Peter and above the adjoining Chapel of Mary above the marvellous underground cave (white arrow). The natural arrangement of the holy places is very close to important calendar dates. S tem opažanjem pa smo pridobili tudi prostor- In Slovenian mythology, the male mythical character časovno povezavo med začetkom in koncem poletne who lives as a sleeping man in the cave is Kralj Matjaž tretjine leta ter metanjem orožja v vodo proti otoku. (= King Matthias). A narrative from the vicinity of Ormož Imamo dobro izhodišče, da pogledamo mitično zgodbo. also describes the place where the conflict took place. Ključna dogodka v mitični zgodbi leta sta prevzema It is Sveta gora (= Holy Mountain), and beneath it is a oblasti nad orožjem ( sl. 10.1). Spomladi ga od ženskega spring, and next to the spring a tree. When Kralj Matjaž lika prevzame moški lik, jeseni je obratno. Za pravilen cuts a tree, the axe remains stuck, and Kralj Matjaž is potek dogajanja v naravi je torej ključno, da je orožje ob covered by the Holy Mountain (Grafenauer 1951, 188). pravem času pri pravem upravitelju. V tej luči se otoška The resemblance to Bled Island and the cult complex on pravokotna jama v obliki groba pokaže kot scenska it is astonishing, and is not random. The axe in the tree, sestavina mitične drame. Kot grob moškega mitičnega or in the stone indicates a time of chaos. lika, ki je pozimi navidezno mrtev in se prenavlja, da Additional clarification is needed here. There is spomladi vstane iz grobne votline, pridobi orožje, z njim an important difference between the green stone of premaga ostarelo in neplodno gospodarico zime ter jo Bled Island and the stone with the sword. The stone s tem pomladi, da lahko skupaj začneta novo obdobje of Arthur, the mountain, and the tree of Matjaž’s story plodnosti (glej zgoraj). Tako dobi tudi pravokotna are forms of the tročan force of the earth ( cf. Pleterski vdolbina na vrhu groba svoj smisel. V njej je tičal zeleni 2014, 76–82). On Bled Island, the tročan was composed kamen, ki so ga pozneje nasilno zrušili in so takega našli and decomposed in the ritual ceremony, consisting of: arheologi ( sl. 4.12). Zelena barva kamna je namenska, the rectangular hole = earth, green stone = water, the to je barva podzemnega gospodarja duš, ki se je v ljud- axe = fire. In the summer, the fire/axe was united with skem bajeslovju ohranil kot povodni mož (Kropej 2008, water/green stone in the earth/rectangular hole. In the 248–257), in je barva njegove preobrazbe v pomladnega winter, the axe lay alone in the rectangular hole. This is 273 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE potentnega mladeniča, ki ga ljudje še vedno poznajo kot when fire is in the posession of the female mistress of zelenega Jurija (Kropej 2008, 79–85). A v kateri podobi winter ( Fig. 10.1). nastopa, je odvisno od tega, ali je oborožen ali ni. Na Then why was it necessary to throw weapons in the ravni scenskih rekvizitov bi šlo za to, ali je na zelenem water? Weapons from different periods prove this to be a kamnu ležalo orožje ali ne. Kdor se je sedaj spomnil, recurring rite, which could not be done every year because kako bodoči kralj Artur skuša izvleči meč iz kamna, otherwise there would have to be a hundred times more da bi končal obdobje kaosa in začel novo dobo reda, weapons in the water. It was, however, an extraordinary je razprl svoje razumevanje dovolj, da mu bo smiselno act conditioned by exceptional circumstances: natural tudi nadaljevanje. disasters, solar, and perhaps even lunar eclipses. Any such Na Blejskem otoku so na zeleni kamen obredno event could be seen by people as slipping into a chaotic polagali in z njega jemali obredni kos orožja. To se je period of deprivation and the possibility of death. Water zgodilo v dneh, ki ju je na isti točki obzorja s svojim is the dividing line between the world of the living and the vzhodom označilo sonce kot začetek in konec poletne world of death (Mencej 1997), and if we want the mythical tretjine leta ( sl. 10.27). Lahko se poigramo z mislijo, da character, who comes from abroad to establish a natural je bila v nekem času to prav kamnita sekirica, ki so jo order with his weapon, to do his job properly, we have to našli ob zelenem kamnu (kat. št. 131, sl. 1.15: 12, t. 13: help him with the weapon, because he has lost his usual 11; pogl. 1.4 in 4.7). weapon somewhere. The rescue act therefore involves V slovenskem bajeslovju je moški mitični lik, ki throwing weapons into the water, beyond. Where there biva kot mrtev v jami, kralj Matjaž. Pripovedka iz oko- is no water, they can be thrown into a cave that leads to lice Ormoža tudi opiše prostor, v katerem se je ubitost the underworld, or we may even dig a cave ourselves and zgodila. To je Sveta gora, pod njo studenec, ob studencu put a weapon in it ( cf. discussion on the connection of drevo. Ko kralj Matjaž zaseka drevo, ostane sekira zapi- deposition of Bronze Age objects in Kanalski vrh with a čena, kralja Matjaža pa Sveta gora zagrne (Grafenauer solar eclipse, as well as the way that the space there is also 1951, 188). Podobnost z Blejskim otokom in kultnim connected to stories about Kralj Matjaž: Mihelič 2012, sestavom na njem je osupljiva. In ni naključna. Sekira v 21–34). The fact that weapons were thrown into Lake drevesu, v kamnu je čas kaosa. Bled from at least the Late Bronze Age onwards, from the Tu je potrebno dodatno pojasnilo. Med zelenim same place, means that the cult role of Bled Island did not kamnom Blejskega otoka in kamnom z mečem je po- change significantly over that long period. This means membna razlika. Arturjev kamen, gora, drevo Matjaževe that pits for pil ars and stones under church buildings zgodbe so oblike tročanske sile zemlje (prim. Pleterski may belong to various renovations of the cult site, but we 2014, 76–82). Na Blejskem otoku so pri obredu sestavljali cannot date them in detail. in razstavljali tročan, ki so ga sestavljali: pravokotna ja- ma = zemlja, zeleni kamen = voda, sekira = ogenj. Ogenj/ sekira je bil poleti združen z vodo/zelenim kamnom 10.5. INSTEAD OF AN EPILOGUE, na zemlji/jami. Pozimi je ležala sekira samostojno na WHAT WAS IT THEN? jami. To je čas, ko je ogenj pri ženski gospodarici zime ( sl. 10.1). In trying to cover over the Old Faith, Christianity Zakaj je bilo potem potrebno še metanje orožja v unintentional y preserved much of it. The old mythical vodo? Orožje iz različnih obdobij dokazuje, da gre za points and the system of two calendar triangles, which ponavljajoč se obred. Ki pa ni mogel biti vsakoleten, ker divide the year into six parts ( Fig. 10.3), have also been bi sicer moralo biti v vodi stokrat več kosov orožja. Šlo je preserved in the group of the earliest Bled churches torej vendarle za izjemno dejanje, kakršnega pogojujejo ( Fig. 10.28). Several centuries have certainly passed izjemne razmere: naravne katastrofe, sončni, morda since all the churches of this network were built, and it is tudi mesečevi mrki. Vsak tak dogodek so ljudje lahko unlikely that there has been a uniform designed building razumeli kot zdrs v kaotično obdobje pomanjkanja in program for so long, that has been careful y followed by možnosti smrti. Voda je ločnica med tostranstvom in various constructors over such a long period. It is more onostranstvom (Mencej 1997). In če želimo, da mitični likely that the sense of the mythical landscape and the lik, ki pride iz onostranstva ter z orožjem vzpostavlja awareness of it among the people perpetuated in a per- naravni red, svoje delo opravi, kot je treba, mu moramo sistent and firm manner, despite formal baptism. This is pomagati z orožjem, kajti njegovo običajno se je nekje therefore about how the church building can be accepted izgubilo. Rešilno dejanje je torej met orožja v vodo, v as a house of God by someone who does not use the onostranstvo. Kjer vode ni, ga lahko vržemo v jamo, ki church and does not believe in Christian doctrine, but vodi v oni svet, ali pa tako jamo celo sami izkopljemo who knows and uses the old mythical landscape. in vanjo položimo orožje (prim. razprava o povezano- It is striking how well the selection of saints, to which sti zakopa bronastodobnih predmetov na Kanalskem the Bled churches are dedicated, is matched by six time vrhu s sončnim mrkom, tamkajšnji prostor je prav points in the circle of the old solar calendar ( Fig. 10.29). 274 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE tako povezan z zgodbami o kralju Matjažu: Mihelič Furthermore, it is beyond doubt that, according to the 2012, 21–34). Da so orožje metali v Blejsko jezero vsaj Bled and Bohinj tradition, the pair of St George is just St od pozne bronaste dobe z istega mesta, pomeni, da se Martin as a saint dealing with a dragon. In Bled, he had a kultna vloga Blejskega otoka v tem dolgem obdobju ni church where a dragon had his eggs (Pleterski 2014, 238). bistveno spremenila. To pomeni, da jame za stebre in In Bohinj, he gave advice about how to kill a dragon there, kamni pod cerkvenimi stavbami lahko pripadajo raz- and the strongest evidence: St Martin’s church in Bled is ličnim prenovam kultnega sestoja, podrobneje pa jih ne roughly oriented towards sunrise on the 23rd of April moremo datirati. (Pleterski 2014, 286). St Martin’s Day is 270 days from St Valentine’s Day (14th February). This means that these two days are the days that also begin and end the deadly 10.5. NAMESTO EPILOGA, winter quarter of the year according to the Christian cal- KAJ JE BILO POTEM endar, which fits in with the Croatian spel , the St Martin’s Prayer, which was used to eliminate torments before death Krščanstvo je, v želji prekriti staro, nehote mnogo (Rudan, Tomašić 2019.) In his analysis of folk holidays, starega ohranilo. Stare mitične točke in sistem dveh kole- Niko Kuret also came to the conclusion that the pagan darskih trikotnikov, ki delita leto na šest delov ( sl. 10.3), holiday had been transferred to St Martin’s Day (Kuret so se svojevrstno ohranili tudi v skupini najstarejših 1989, 110), so only St Catherine seems inconsistent, but blejskih cerkva ( sl. 10.28). Gotovo je minilo vsaj nekaj we must remember that there were people going to her stoletij, da so zgradili vse cerkve te mreže, in zato ne church during two feasts: a slaughter of an old black cow gre verjeti, da je tako dolgo obstajal enotno zasnovan gradbeni program, ki so se ga sicer različni izvajalci skrbno držali skozi tako dolgo obdobje. Bolj verjetno sv. Janez Krstnik je, da sta se občutenje mitične pokrajine in zavest o njej 24. VI. med ljudmi vztrajno in trdno ohranjala kljub formalne- mu pokristjanjenju. Gre torej za to, kako cerkev lahko sprejme kot božjo hišo tudi nekdo, ki cerkve ne rabi in sv. Jurij 21. VI. sv. Marija ne verjame v krščanski nauk, pozna in uporablja pa staro 23. IV. 23. IV. 20. VIII. 15. VIII. mitično pokrajino. Vpadljivo je, kako zelo se izbor godovnih zavetnikov, ki so jim posvečene posamezne blejske cerkve, ujema s šestimi časovnimi točkami v krogu starega sončnega ko- ledarja ( sl. 10.29). Nadalje je nedvomno, da je po blejskem in bohinjskem izročilu par sv. Juriju prav sv. Martin kot sv. Katarina 19. II. 24. X. sv. Martin svetnik, ki ima opravka z zmajem. Na Bledu ima cerkev 25. XI. 21. XII. 11. XI. tam, kjer je imel svoja jajca lintvrn (Pleterski 2014, 238), v Bohinju je dal nasvet, kako ukaniti tamkajšnjega zmaja. In najmočnejši dokaz: blejski Sv. Martin je v grobem usmer- jen proti sončnemu vzhodu na jurjevo 23. IV. (Pleterski sv. Štefan 2014, 286). Martinovo je 270 dni od valentinovega (14. 26. XII. II.), kar pomeni, da sta to dneva, ki prav tako začenjata Sl. 10.28: Šest delov leta in blejske cerkve. in končujeta smrtno zimsko četrtino leta po krščanskem Fig. 10.28: Six parts of the year and the churches of Bled. datum starega sončnega koledarja / datum proščenja / cerkev / date of the old solar calendar feast day of the saint church 20.8. 15.8. Marijino vnebovzetje / The Assumption of Mary 24.10. 11.11. Sv. / St Martin 21.12. 26.12. Sv. / St Štefan 19.2. 25.11. Sv. / St Katarina 23.4. 23.4. Sv. / St Jurij 21.6. 4.6. Sv. / St Janez Krstnik / St John the Baptist Sl. 10.29: Godovni zavetniki, ki so jim posvečene posamezne blejske cerkve in šest časovnih točk v krogu starega sončnega koledarja. (Manjše odstopanje je pri Sv. Martinu, vendar sta v pastirskem koledarju sv. Demetrij in sv. Martin povezljiva (prim. Mencej 2001, 188–191).) Fig 10.29: Selection of saints, to which the Bled churches are dedicated and six time points in the circle of the old solar calendar. (There is a slight divergence at St Martin, but in the pastoral calendar St Demetrius and St Martin are connected ( cf. Mencej 2001, 188–191).) 275 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE sv. Štefan sv. Katarina 9 Višelnica sv. Janez Krstnik sv. Nikolaj sv. Trojica Miklavž sv. Osvald sv. Jurij sv. Andrej 90° Blejski grad sv. Martin 90° sv. Marija Jezernica sv. Marjeta sv. Jakob Bodešče sv. Lenart sv. Štefan Gradišče 0 1000 m Sl. 10.30: Datumska geometrija blejskih cerkva (zeleno) in nekatere druge mitične črte (belo). Fig. 10.30: Date geometry of Bled churches (green) and some other mythical lines (white). koledarju. S tem se ujema hrvaški zagovor Molitva svetega bavha and sawing a carnival grandmother baba (Pleterski Martina, ki so ga uporabljali za odpravljanje predsmrtnih 2014, 243). On a mythical level, the old black cow and the muk (Rudan, Tomašić 2019). Tudi Niko Kuret je v svoji grandmother can be equated, and because they embody analizi ljudskih praznikov prišel do sklepa, da so na mar- winter, the latter ended with their slaughter. That bavha tinovo prenesli poganski praznik (Kuret 1989, 110). Tako was slaughtered on St Catharine’s Day in the modern se zdi neskladna samo Sv. Katarina. Vendar se moramo period can be understood as a baptism of custom and its spomniti, da sta se pri cerkvi dogajala ljudska praznika: incorporation into the Christian calendar. klanje stare črne krave bavhe in žaganje pustne babe (Ple- Since it is necessary to think in the way of our an- terski 2014, 243). Na mitični ravni lahko staro črno kravo cestors regarding space-time, where space and time are in babo izenačimo in ker poosebljata zimski čas, se je ta z united categories, let us look at how the listed churches njunim pokončanjem končal. Da so bavho v novem veku are spatially distributed ( Fig. 10.30). The six churches are klali na katarinino, lahko razumemo kot pokristjanjenje made up of three calendar-counterparts. St Marija (end of običaja in njegovo vključitev v krščanski koledar. summer) and St Katarina (end of winter) is the first couple In ker je treba po načinu prednikov razmišljati to set a line, with an azimuth of 20.97°. The second couple na način prostorčasa, kjer sta prostor in čas združeni are St Janez Krstnik (summer solar solstice) and St Štefan kategoriji, si poglejmo, kako so naštete cerkve pro- (winter solar solstice), who define a line with an azimuth storsko razporejene ( sl. 10.30). Šest cerkva sestavlja of 20.97°, which is of course parallel to the first. The third tri koledarsko protistavne dvojice. Sv. Marija (konec couple are St Jurij (beginning of summer) and St Martin 276 10. MITIČNA POKRAJINA 10. A MYTHICAL LANDSCAPE poletja) in Sv. Katarina (konec zime) je prvi par, ki (beginning of winter) defining a line with an azimuth of določa črto z azimutom 20,97°. Drugi par sta Sv. Janez 110.97°. This line is perpendicular to the first two lines. Krstnik (poletni sončni obrat) in Sv. Štefan (zimski Such geometry is, of course, not accidental. How much sončni obrat), določata črto z azimutom 20,97°, ki je the locals strove for this geometry is demonstrated by the prvi seveda vzporedna. Tretji par sta Sv. Jurij (začetek tradition wherein the final building-place of St Štefan was poletja) in Sv. Martin (začetek zime), ki določata črto chosen only after the shepherds had found the image of z azimutom 110,97°. Ta črta je pravokotna na prvi dve St Stefan there (Zupan 1998, 3). črti. Taka geometrija seveda ni naključna. Kako zelo If we are interested in the meaning of the ideogram, so se domačini zanjo trudili, dokazuje izročilo, da so which was eventual y compiled by the six churches, we končno stavbišče Sv. Štefana izbrali šele po tem, ko so find it in the answer to the question asking how did you pastirji tam našli podobo sv. Štefana (Zupan 1998, 3). view it when your children were taught Christian religion In če nas zanima, kaj pomeni ideogram, ki ga je at the school, given by Pavel Medvešček from an Old sčasoma sestavilo naštetih šest cerkva, ga najdemo v Faith Believer. odgovoru, ki ga je na vprašanje Kako ste gledali na to, As with all that we have to do and listen to because ko so vaše otroke v šoli učili verouk od staroverca dobil of the majority faith. But most of our children have Pavel Medvešček. been taught this situation prematurely and are therefore Kot na vse tisto, kar smo zaradi večinske vere morali prepared. Dehnar [= priest and leader of the Old Faith delati in poslušati. Toda večina naših otrok je bila na te Believer community] often warned us with the words: razmere predčasno poučena in zato pripravljena. Deh- ‘Think the way you feel and believe, not what you are nar [= svečenik in vodja staroverske skupnosti] nas je preached by not-ours’. Of course, every Old Faith Believer pogosto opozarjal z besedami: ' Misli tako, kot čutiš in child always had a flat pebble krint ( Fig. 10.30), which verjameš, ne pa, kar ti ne naši pridigajo '. Seveda pa je divided the surface of the pebble into at least one part into vsak staroverski otrok pri sebi imel vedno ploščati prodnik four parts, or four tročans, which had a middle point in krint ( sl. 10.30) , ki je ploskev kamenčka vsaj na eni strani common. The krint radiated great power and thus repelled razdelil na štiri dele, oziroma na štiri tročane , ki so imeli what they were forced (Medvešček 2015, 93). sredinsko točko skupno. Krint je seval veliko moč in tako Since the two lines are parallel in Bled, they have odbijal, kar so ti vsiljevali (Medvešček 2015, 93). established a double krint ( Fig. 10.31). The whole venture Ker sta na Bledu dve črti vzporedni, so vzpostavili was so cunning that those ignorant people, who may kar dvojen krint ( sl. 10.31). Celoten podvig je bil toliko have noticed that a spatial cross was forming, could be pretkan, da so bili tisti nepoučeni, ki so morda opazili, convinced that they were inscribing a Christian cross in da nastaja prostorski križ, lahko prepričani, da v prostor the space. vpisujejo krščanski križ. Sl. 10.31: Krint kot ploščat prodnik (po: Medvešček 2015, sl. 6). Fig. 10.31: Krint as a flat pebble (after: Medvešček 2015, Fig. 6). 277 11. BODEŠČE Zvezdana MODRIJAN V septembru leta 2015 in 2016 smo sondirali dve In September of 2015 and 2016, we trial trenched lokaciji na polju pri Bodeščah in eno na vrtu kmetije v two locations in a field near the vil age of Bodešče and vasi ( sl. 11.1). Namen raziskav na prvih dveh lokacijah one in the garden of a farm in the vil age itself ( Fig. 11.1). The purpose of the research at the first two locations was to confirm or dismiss the existence of another Slavic cemetery near Bodešče which supposed to be earlier as the already researched cemetery at Dlesc (Knific, Pleter- ski 1981a; see also Chapter 10.3), while the research in the vil age tried to discover potential traces of Early Medieval settlement. POD PREŽO The first two trial trenches were situated on a glacial mound, which lies approx. 250m to the south- southeast from the already researched Early Medieval cemetery Dlesc (Knific, Pleterski 1981a) (longitude and latitude: 14,1407 / 46,3485). We were not able to find out the microtoponym for this location and thus named it “Pod prežo”. Prior to the beginning of the excavation, the slope of the mound was overgrown by grass with a field on the top. Two trial trenches were dug out on the south-eastern grassy slope. TRIAL TRENCH 1 ( Fig. 11.2) It was oriented approximately in the direction of east-west, with a slight shift towards the south, and in a size of 6 x 1.5m. The geological base within it was a brownish loam-sandy layer (layer 5), which we stumbled upon at approx. 0.5m beneath the turf. A layer of smaller and bigger (up to 20cm) irregularly scattered stones and sand (layer 3) was found above layer 5 in the eastern part of the trial trench. We followed the layer only in a length of approx. 1.2m from the eastern edge of the trial trench; Sl. 11.1: Lokacije Pod prežo (1), Došca (2) in Bodešče 28 (3). Fig. 11.1: Locations Pod prežo (1), Došca (2) and Bodešče 28 (3). (Vir / source: https://gisportal.gov.si/portal/home/webmap/ viewer.html) 279 11. BODEŠČE 11. BODEŠČE je bil potrditi ali zavreči obstoj še enega slovanskega it traversed into a sandy layer (layer 4) towards the west. grobišča pri Bodeščah, ki bi naj bilo po predvidevanjih Layer 3 was completely void of finds and was probably starejše od že raziskanega zgodnjesrednjeveškega gro- created during the clearing of the field. Above layers 3 bišča Dlesc (Knific, Pleterski 1981a; glej tudi pogl. 10.3), and 4, along the entire length of the trial trench, there s sondiranji v vasi pa smo poskušali odkriti morebitne was a 20–30cm thick plough layer (layer 2), in which a sledove zgodnjesrednjeveške poselitve. few fragments of Post-Medieval pottery were found. A layer of turf (layer 1) lay above layer 2. On top of the turf, a piece of bronze sheet was found which is too small for POD PREŽO a precise chronological definition. Prvi dve sondi smo izkopali na ledeniški gomili, ki leži približno 250 metrov v smeri jug-jugovzhod od TRIAL TRENCH 2 že raziskanega zgodnjesrednjeveškega grobišča Dlesc (Knific, Pleterski 1981a) (geografska dolžina in širna It was set slightly more to the west from trial trench 14,1407 / 46,3485). 1, diagonal y across the slope of the glacial mound, Za lokacijo nam ni uspelo izvedeti ledinskega ime- oriented approximately north-west–south-east. It mea- na in smo jo delovno imenovali “Pod prežo”. Pobočje sured 6 x 1.5m. gomile je bilo pred raziskavo poraščeno s travo, na Here, also, the geological base was represented by vrhu je bila njiva. Sondi smo locirali na jugovzhodnem, a loam-sandy layer (layer 5). Above it was an approx. travnatem pobočju. 30cm thick plough layer (layer 2), which was covered by grassy turf (layer 1). The trial trench contained no finds. SONDA 1 ( sl. 11.2) DOŠCA Usmerjena je bila približno v smeri vzhod−zahod, z rahlim zamikom proti jugu, velika je bila 6 x 1,5 m. The second location is on a glacial mound in the Geološko osnovo v njej je predstavljala rjavkasta ilov- central part of Bodeško polje (longitude and latitude: nato-peščena plast (plast 5), na katero smo naleteli pri- 14,1412 / 46,3463). The top of the mound is the field’s bližno 0,5 m pod rušo. V vzhodnem delu sonde je nad highest point (490.2m). It is situated approx. 550m in a njo ležala plast manjših in večjih (do 20 cm) nepravilno southeastern direction from Early Medieval cemetery of nametanih kamnov in peska (plast 3). Plast smo sledili le Dlesc (Knific, Pleterski 1981a) and approx. 225m in a v dolžini 1,2 m od vzhodnega roba sonde, proti zahodu northern direction from the vil age of Bodešče, where an je prehajala v peščeno plast (plast 0). Plast 3 je bila po- Early Medieval settlement is supposed (Pleterski 2013a, polnoma brez najdb in je verjetno nastala ob čiščenju 45-54). The plot’s microtoponym is Došca.1 polja. Nad plastema 3 in 4 je po celotni dolžini sonde The top of the mound is flat. Its eastern slope is ležala 20−30 cm debela plast ornice (plast 2), v kateri fairly steep, while the slopes in the north, south, and je bilo najdenih nekaj odlomkov novoveške keramike. west descend more gently towards the bottom. The Nad plastjo 2 je ležala še ruša (plast 1). Na njenem vrhu je bil najden košček bronaste pločevine, ki je premajhen 1 The informant: A. V, Lesce. Data on the informant are za natančnejšo časovno opredelitev. kept in the Archive of ZRC SAZU. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 m 1 2 z = 0,30 3 5 5 4 5 ilovnato-peščena plast / loam-sandy layer 4 peščena plast / sandy layer 3 peščena plast s kamni / sandy layer with stones 2 ornica / plough layer 1 ruša / turf Sl. 11.2: Sonda 1, severni profil. Fig. 11.2: Trial trench 1, the northern cross-section. 280 11. BODEŠČE 11. BODEŠČE Sl. 11.3: Ledeniška gomila Došca. Pogled z zahoda. Fig. 11.3: Glacial mound Došca. A view from the west. SONDA 2 mound is almost completely overgrown with grass, only its south-western slope is thickly overgrown with trees Postavili smo jo nekoliko zahodneje od sonde 1, and bushes in the lower part. A few fruit trees grow in prečno čez pobočje ledeniške gomile, tako da je bila the western part ( Fig. 11.3). usmerjena približno severozahod−jugovzhod. Velika The steep eastern slope appears slightly artificial y je bila 6 x 1,5 m. transformed; a few terraces can also be seen on the Tudi tu je geološko osnovo predstavljala peščeno- western slope. Parts of the mound could have been re- ilovnata plast (plast 5). Nad njo je ležala približno 30 cm moved in these parts in the past. Namely, people report debela plast ornice (plast 2), ki jo je prekrivala travna that sand used to be dug in this area; a few pits, which ruša (plast 1). Sonda je bila popolnoma brez najdb. probably also originate from this digging, can be seen on the overgrown southern part of the mound. On the fallow of Došca three trial trenches were DOŠCA dug (trial trenches 3, 4, and 5). Trial trenches 3 and 4 were situated on the eastern slope, while trial trench 5 Druga lokacija leži na ledeniški gomili v osred njem was set at the top of the mound, so that it included its delu bodeškega polja (geografska dolžina in širina 14,1412 highest point. / 46,3463). Vrh gomile je njegova najvišja točka (490,2 m). Od že raziskanega zgodnjesrednjeveškega grobišča Dlesc (Knific, Pleterski 1981a) je oddaljena pribl. 550 metrov v TRIAL TRENCH 3 smeri jug- jugovzhod, od domnevne zgodnjesrednjeveš- ke naselbine na mestu današnje vasi Bodešče (Pleterski It was located slightly diagonal y across the eastern 2013a, 45–54) pa pribl. 225 m proti severu. slope, directed approximately north-west–south-east, Po podatku informatorja ima parcela ledinsko and measured 6 x 1.5m ( Fig. 11.4). ime Došca1. The geological base here was represented by a layer of yellowish sand (layer 12), which was found im- 1 mediately under the turf (layer 10). In the upper part, A. V, Lesce. Podatke o informatorju hrani Arhiv ZRC the sand was slightly mixed with soil, but at the depth SAZU. 281 11. BODEŠČE 11. BODEŠČE Vrh gomile je raven. Vzhodno pobočje je precej strmo, pobočja na severu, jugu in zahodu pa so nekoliko bolj položna. Gomila je bila pred posegom skoraj v celoti porasla s travo, le jugozahodno pobočje je v spodnjem delu poraščeno z gostim drevjem in grmovjem. Na zahodnem delu je tudi nekaj sadnih dreves ( sl. 11.3). Strmo vzhodno pobočje deluje nekoliko umetno preoblikovano, prav tako je nekaj teras vidnih na za- hodnem pobočju. Morda je bil del gomile na teh mestih v preteklosti odstranjen. Prebivalci namreč poročajo o kopanju peska na tem območju – nekaj jam, ki so ver- jetno posledica tega kopanja, je vidno na zaraščenem južnem delu gomile. Na ledini Došca smo izkopali tri sonde (sonde 3, Sl. 11.4: Sonda 3 po odstranitvi ruše. Pogled z vzhoda. 4 in 5). Sondi 3 in 4 sta ležali na vzhodnem pobočju, Fig. 11.4: Trial trench 3 after the turf was removed. A view medtem ko smo sondo 5 postavili na vrhu gomile, tako from the east. da smo zajeli njeno najvišjo točko. SONDA 3 Ležala je nekoliko prečno na vzhodno pobočje, usmerjena je bila približno v smeri severozahod−jugo- vzhod, velika 6 x 1,5 m ( sl. 11.4). Tu je geološko osnovo predstavljala plast rumen- kastega peska (plast 12), ki je ležal takoj pod rušo (plast 10). V zgornjem delu je bil pesek še nekoliko mešan z zemljo, na globini približno 20 cm pa že popolnoma čist. Plasti ornice na tem mestu nismo zasledili, samo v severnem delu sonde je nad plastjo 12 ležala nekaj cm debela zaplata drobnega peska oziroma mivke (plast Sl. 11.5: Sonda 5 z razširitvami. 11) – verjetno posledica delovanja vode. Vse plasti so Fig. 11.5: Trial trench 5 with widenings. bile popolnoma brez najdb. SONDA 4 Ležala je vzporedno s precej strmim vzhodnim of approx. 20cm it was completely clean. The plough pobočjem, usmerjena je bila sever−jug, velika 6 x 1,5 m. layer was not noticed here; only in the northern part V zahodnem delu sonde je bila nad sterilno osnovo (plast of the trial trench was a few centimetres thick patch of 12) takoj ruša (plast 10). V vzhodnem delu je nad plastjo fine sand (layer 11) discovered above layer 12 – this is 12 ležala še nekoliko bolj zemljena plast, v kateri je bilo probably the consequence of water activity. All layers nekaj večjih, brez reda ležečih kamnov (plast 13). Tudi were completely void of finds. ta plast je bila popolnoma brez najdb. TRIAL TRENCH 4 SONDA 5 It was situated parallel to the fairly steep eastern Postavili smo jo na zravnanem vrhu gomile, usmer- slope, directed north–south, and measuring 6 x 1.5m. jena je bila sever−jug. Sprva (izkopavanja leta 2015) je In the western part of the trial trench, turf (layer 10) bila velika 6 x 1,5 m ( sl. 11.5), leta 2016 pa smo jo po- lay immediately above the sterile base (layer 12). In daljšali in razširili, tako da je skupna raziskana površina the eastern part, a somewhat more earthy layer was merila 50 m2. Sonda je tako poleg vrha gomile obsegala located above layer 12, which contained a few bigger, tudi del njenih položnih pobočij na severu in jugu. irregularly scattered stones (layer 13). This layer was V sondi 5 je geološko osnovo predstavljala rume- also without finds. no-rjava ilovnata plast, mešana z drobnim do srednje 282 11. BODEŠČE 11. BODEŠČE 491,11 491,15 491,22 491,25 491,30 491,27 490,88 490,91 490,98 491,00 491,25 491,08 491,02 490,93 490,91 491,04 490,99 490,86 490,98 491,07 490,89 491,03 491,00 16 490,98 490,88 15 491,01 491,06 491,01 490,84 490,90 490,93 490,97 491,02 491,02 491,02 491,27 491,09 491,12 491,15 491,18 491,30 491,30 15 peščeno-zemljena plast / sandy soil layer 0 1 m 16 jama / pit Sl. 11.6: Sonda 5, planum 2. Fig. 11.6: Trial trench 5, planum 2. Sl. 11.7: Sonda 5, planum 2 (SE 15 in vanj vkopana jama Sl. 11.8: Delno izpraznjena jama SE 16/17. SE 16/17). Fig. 11.8: Partly emptied pit SU 16/17. Fig. 11.7: Trial trench 5, planum 2 (SU 15 and pit SU 16/17 dug into it). drobnim peskom, v njej so bili tudi posamični večji (do TRIAL TRENCH 5 15 cm) kamni. Nad njo je ležala peščeno-zemljena plast (15), v kateri so bili nepravilno razporejeni posamezni It was set on the levelled top of the mound and večji (do 30 cm) kamni. Na njeni površini je bilo tudi was directed north–south. At first (excavations in 2015) nekaj koščkov oglja ( sl. 11.6). it was 6 x 1.5m large, but in 2016 it was extended and Pod enim od večjih kamnov je bila odkrita jama expanded so that the total area surveyed was 50 m2. (plast 16), velika približno 30 x 35 cm ( sl. 11.6; 11.7), ki ( Fig. 11.5). Thus, in addition to the top of the mound, je bila vkopana v peščeno plast 15. Že na njeni zgornji the trial trench also included a part of its gentle slopes površini je bilo vidnih nekaj koščkov žganine. Pri odstra- at the north and south. njevanju polnila smo v jami poleg koščkov žganine našli In trial trench 5 the geological base was represented še nekaj okroglih prodnikov, od katerih so bili nekateri by a yellow-brown loam, mixed with fine to medium- ožgani (sl. 11.8). Jama je bila globoka približno 15 cm. fine sand and including individual bigger (up to 15cm) Plast 15 je prekrivala tanka (10–20 cm debela) plast stones. Above it was a sandy-earthy layer (layer 15), in ruše ( sl. 11.6), v vzhodni razširitvi pa je nad plastjo 15 which individual larger (up to 30cm) stones were scat- in pod rušo ležala še plast dokaj velikih prodnikov. Plast tered irregularly. On its surface, a few pieces of charcoal je ležala na pobočju, na vrhu gomile je nismo zasledili. were found ( Fig. 11.6). Razen jame 16 v sondi 5 in njenih razširitvah nismo Under one of the bigger stones a pit (layer 16) odkrili drugih vkopov. was discovered which measured approx. 30 x 35cm ( Fig. 11.7) and was dug into sandy layer 15. Even on its 283 11. BODEŠČE 11. BODEŠČE upper surface a few pieces of the charcoal layer were seen. While removing the filling, in addition to pieces of charcoal a few round pebbles were found in the pit, some of which were charred (Fig. 11.8). The pit was about 15cm deep. Layer 15 was covered by a thin (approx. 10–20cm thick) layer of turf ( Fig. 11.6), while in the eastern widen- ing a layer of fairly big pebbles was found above layer 15 and under the turf. The layer was located on the slope and was not noticed on the top of the mound. With the exception of pit 16, trial trench 5 and its widenings did not reveal any other dug-ins. The flotation of the entire sample of the pit 16 Sl. 11.9: Sonda Bodešče 28 po odstranitvi SE 203. Pogled z (100% sample of the filling) and the paleobotanical jugozahoda. analyses were done in the laboratory of the Institute of Fig. 11.9: Trial trench Bodešče 28 after the removal of SU 203. Archaeology of ZRC SAZU.2 Determinate were horn- A view from the south-west. beam ( Carpinus betulus), lime ( Tilia sp.), oak ( Quercus sp.), oak/ash ( Quercus/Fraxinus sp.), and one raspberry ( Rubus idaeus) (uncharred). In addition, one charred osseous fragment (a vertebra of a small mammal?) was Polnilo jame (100 % vzorec polnila) je bilo flotirano discovered as well as two charred fungus spores. The in pregledano v laboratoriju Inštituta za arheologijo ZRC diverse wood indicates that the content of the pit is the SAZU. Določeni so bili gaber ( Carpinus betulus), lipa remains from a fireplace. ( Tilia sp.), hrast ( Quercus sp.), hrast/jesen ( Quercus/ Pieces of the charred wood from layer 15 were de- Fraxinus sp.), hrast ( Quercus sp.) in ena malina ( Rubus termined as oak ( Quercus sp.), which was mainly used idaeus) (nezoglenelo). Poleg tega je bil odkrit še ožgan for construction. kostni fragment (vretence malega sesalca?) in dve zogle- From two samples of charcoal (from layers 15 and neli spori gliv. Raznolik les kaže, da gre pri vsebini jame 16), which were sent for C14 dating, only the one from za ostanek s kurišča. the pit 16 was possible to date. The analysis yielded date Analizirani so bili tudi kosi ožganega lesa iz plasti 1180 ± 30 BP (calibrated, 2 Σ 777-887 [68,2% possibility) 15, za katere je bilo ugotovljeno, da pripadajo hrastu and 730-951 [95,4% possibility])3 and thus confirmed ( Quercus sp.), ki se je v glavnem uporabljal v konstruk- that layer 16 is a pit from the Early Medieval period. cijske namene.2 Od dveh vzorcev oglja (iz plasti 15 in iz jame 16), ki sta bila poslana na datacijo C14,3 je bilo mogoče datirati BODEŠČE 28 le tistega iz jame. Analiza je dala datum 1180 ± 30 BP (kalibrirano, 2 Σ 777-887 [68,2 % verjetnost) in 730-951 The last location was in the vil age of Bodešče, for [95,4 % verjetnost]) in s tem potrdila, da gre pri jami 16 which an Early Medieval dating is supposed (Pleterski za jamo iz zgodnjesrednjeveškega obdobja. 2013a, 45–54). In the garden of the farm Bodešče 28 (longitude and latitude: 14.1412 / 46,3436) a trial trench measuring 6 x 1.5m was dug ( Fig. 11.9). BODEŠČE 28 The geological base was here represented by a yel- lowish sandy layer (layer 205), above which two layers Zadnja sondirana lokacija je bila v vasi Bodešče, za of modern levellings were found (layers 202 and 204), katero Pleterski (2013a, 45–54) domneva zgodnjesred- while at the eastern edge these levellings were pierced njeveško starost. Na vrtu kmetije Bodešče 28 (geografska by a dug-in (layer 203) that reached almost 0.5m under dožina in širna: 14.1412 / 46,3436) smo izkopali sondo the level of the turf (layer 201), through layers 202 and velikosti 6 x 1,5 m ( sl. 11.9). 204 into the geological base (layer 205). In it a lot of Geološko osnovo je tukaj predstavljala rumenkasta Post-Medieval pottery was found. peščena plast (plast 205), nad katero sta ležali plasti Therefore, no traces of Early Medieval settlement (202 in 204) novoveških nasutij, ob vzhodnem robu pa were discovered at this location. je ta nasutja prebil vkop (plast 203), ki je segal skoraj 2 2 T. Tolar, Bodešče 2015. Neobjavljeno poročilo. Hrani Tjaša Tolar, Bodešče 2015. Unpublished report. Kept in Arhiv ZRC SAZU. Archive of ZRC SAZU. 3 3 Póznanjski radiokarbonski laboratorij. Neobjavljeno Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory. Kept in Archive of poročilo. Hrani Arhiv ZRC SAZU. ZRC SAZU. 284 11. BODEŠČE 11. BODEŠČE 0,5 m pod nivo ruše (plast 201), skozi plasti 202 in 204 CONCLUSION v geološko osnovo (plast 205). V vkopu je bilo najdene precej novoveške keramike. The two trial trenches at the fallow of “Pod prežo” Sledov zgodnjesrednjeveške poselitve na tej lokaciji did not confirm the existence of an Early Medieval torej nismo odkrili. cemetery in this spot, neither did they yield any finds which could be connected to the Early Medieval period. Solely modern remains were also discovered at the loca- ZAKLJUČEK tion Bodešče 28. At the fallow of Došca, trial trench 5 at the top of Sondi na ledini “Pod prežo” nista potrdili zgod- the glacial mound was archaeological y positive. Due to njesrednjeveškega grobišča na tem mestu, niti nista dali its regular form and remains of the charcoal layer at its najdb, ki bi jih lahko povezali z zgodnjesrednjeveškim top, it was clear even in the field for pit 16 that it is of obdobjem. Tudi v sami vasi, na lokaciji Bodešče 28, so anthropogenic origin. bili odkriti samo novoveški ostanki. The charcoal layer, charred bones, and charred Na ledini Došca je bila arheološko pozitivna sonda pebbles allow for the assumption that this pit was a grave, 5 na vrhu ledeniške gomile. Za jamo 16 je bilo zaradi which is – based on C14 dating – of Early Medieval age. njene pravilne oblike in ostankov žganine na njenem This hypothesis is additional y supported by the pit’s vrhu že na terenu jasno, da je antropogena. location at the very top of the mound, representing the Žganina, ostanek ožgane kosti in ožgani prodniki central point of Bodeško polje (see Chapter 10.3). Why dovoljujejo domnevo, da predstavlja jama grob, ki je this grave is the only one in a fairly big researched area na podlagi C 14 analize datiran v zgodnjesrednjeveško is not clear. Original y there could have been more but obdobje. Dodatno to hipotezo podpira lokacija jame. Ta were destroyed in the past. The turf which covers the je ležala na samem vrhu gomile, ki predstavlja osrednjo layer in which a presumed grave was dug is very thin, točko bodeškega polja (glej pogl. 10.3). Zakaj je grob while the transformation of the eastern slope can also edini na dokaj veliki raziskani površini, ni jasno. Mor- be noticed, where negative trial trenches 3 and 4 were da jih je bilo prvotno tudi več, pa so bili v preteklosti excavated. If the graves were dug shallower than pit 16, uničeni. Ruša, ki prekriva plast, v katero je bil vkopan they were probably destroyed. domnevni grob, je namreč zelo tanka, opaziti je tudi preoblikovanost vzhodnega pobočja, kjer smo izkopali So far, Early Medieval cremation graves are known negativni sondi 3 in 4. Če so bili grobovi vkopani plitveje from two locations from the area of Blejski kot. Fairly kot jama 16, so bili verjetno uničeni. similar to the one in Bodešče is the situation at Žale, where an Early Medieval cremation grave (Grave 2) was Žgani zgodnjesrednjeveški grobovi so z območja dug into the top of a glacial mound, where it probably Blejskega kota doslej znani z dveh lokacij. Bodeški dokaj destroyed one of the two prehistoric graves that were also sorodna je situacija na Žalah: zgodnjesrednjeveški žgan dug into the mound (Pleterski 2008b, 35). Based on the grob (grob 2) je bil vkopan na vrh ledeniške gomile, typological characteristics of the urn, the grave is dated kjer je verjetno uničil enega od dveh prazgodovinskih to the 7th century (Pleterski 2008b, 36). Cremation graves grobov, ki sta bila prav tako vkopana v gomilo (Pleterski were also discovered at the cemetery of Pristava, where 2008, 35). Na podlagi tipoloških značilnosti žare je grob they were dug amidst the skeletal graves. Pits contained datiran v 7. st. (Pleterski 2008b, 36). Žgani grobovi so charcoal and parts of vessels, in one example possibly bili odkriti tudi na grobišču Pristava, kjer so bili vkopani also a charred bone. They are dated to the first half of med okostne. Jame so vsebovale žganino in dele posod, the 7th century (Pleterski 2008b, 36). v enem primeru morda tudi ožgano kost. Datirani so v Digs of Early Medieval graves into mounds (mostly prvo polovico 7. st. (Pleterski 2008b, 36). prehistoric) are known elsewhere in Slovenia, too. The Vkopi zgodnjesrednjeveških grobov v gomile (veči- pot which reveals characteristics of Slavic pottery of noma prazgodovinske) so znani tudi drugje v Sloveniji. the 7th century was dug into the prehistoric mound Lonec, ki kaže značilnosti slovanske lončenine 7. st., je in Branževec above Sela near Dolenjske Toplice. Even bil vkopan v prazgodovinsko gomilo v Branževcu nad though this is an old find with imperfect documentation, Seli pri Dolenjskih Toplicah. Čeprav gre za staro najd- it is very probable that this is a Slavic grave (Pleterski bo s pomanjkljivo dokumentacijo, je zelo verjetno, da 2008b, 34–35, Fig. 2.2). gre v tem primeru za slovanski grob (Pleterski 2008b, A burial in the mound at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo 34−35, sl. 2.2). mesto was also recognised as Early Medieval. There the Kot zgodnjesrednjeveški je bil prepoznan tudi vessel contained charred bones and C14 dating revealed pokop v prazgodovinski gomili na Kapiteljski njivi v a date of 1270 ± 90 BP (calibrated, 2 Σ range 663–826 Novem mestu. Tam je posoda vsebovala tudi ožgane [68% probability] or 615–905 [95% probability]). Based kosti. Ddatacija C14 je pokazala datum 1270 ± 90 BP on typological characteristics of the vessel, the grave is 285 11. BODEŠČE 11. BODEŠČE (kalibrirano, 2 Σ razpon 663–826 [68-odstotna ver- narrowly dated to the second third of the 7th century jetnost] oziroma 615–905 [95-odstotna verjetnost]. (Belak 2014, 399–400). Na podlagi tipoloških značilnosti posode je grob ožje Two cremation graves were dug into prehistoric datiran v drugo tretjino 7. st. (Belak 2014, 399−400). mound 13 of the cemetery at Molnik near Ljubljana, V gomilo 13 prazgodovinskega grobišča pri Mol- which are based on typological characteristics of pot- niku pri Ljubljani sta bila vkopana žgana grobova, ki sta tery ascribed to the Early Medieval period (Tecco Hvala na podlagi tipoloških značilnosti lončenine pripisana 2017, Figs. 32, 33; Pl. 10 B,C). zgodnjesrednjeveškemu obdobju (Tecco Hvala 2017, sl. 32, 33; t. 10 B,C). Burials in mounds are known in the territory of the Western Slavs from the beginning of the Phase 2 Pokopavanje v gomilah je znano na območju (from the mid-7th century) onwards (Zoll Adamikowa zahodnih Slovanov od začetka 2. stopnje, od sredine 1979, 280). At first, burials were incremation burials, 7. st. (Zoll Adamikowa 1979, 280). Pokopi so bili najprej while later they were also skeletal, which prevailed in žgani, nato pa tudi okostni in ti so prevladali v 4. stopnji the Phase 4 (Zoll Adamikowa 1979, 205–218). In the (Zoll Adamikowa 1979, 205–218). V jugovzhodnih Al- South-Eastern Alps, burials in mounds are rare; how- pah so pokopi v gomilah redki, kaže pa, da so večinoma ever, it seems that they mostly used mounds which they uporabljali gomile, na katere so naleteli ob prihodu – stumbled across upon their arrival – either artificial y bodisi umetno nasute prazgodovinske bodisi naravne made prehistoric ones or natural mounds. They also gomile. Vanje so pokopavali tudi cela trupla, saj so na dug skeletal graves in them, since e.g. the nearest Slavic primer Došci najbližji slovanski okostni grobovi vkopani skeletal graves to Došca are dug into the glacial mound v ledeniško gomilo na Dlescu le približno 500 m stran at Dlesc, only about 300m away (see Chapter 10.3). (glej pogl. 10.3). The grave from Došca is linked to other Early Me- Grob z Došce z ostalimi žganimi zgodnjesrednje- dieval cremation graves from Slovenia by its position in veškimi grobovi z območja Slovenije povezuje njegova the mound, while it differs from them in its date. The lega v gomili, se pa od njih razlikuje po dataciji. Večina majority of other cremation graves are (primarily based ostalih žganih grobov je (predvsem na podlagi tipo- on typological characteristics of pottery) dated to the 7th loških značilnosti lončenine) datirana v 7. st., medtem century, while the C14 dating of charcoal from Došca ko je C14-datacija oglja z Došce dala čas od sredine 8. showed the time from the mid-8th to the beginning of do sredine 10. st. Konec 8. st. je že čas, ko začne tudi the 10th century. The end of the 8th century is already the pokopavanje celih trupel na bližnjem grobišču Dlesc time when skeletal burial begins at nearby Dlesc (Knific, (Knific, Pleterski 1981a, 504). Ali sodi vkop z Došce Pleterski 1981a, 504). Whether the dug-in from Došca kronološko pred začetek pokopavanja na Dlescu ali pa chronological y belongs before the beginning of burials se je žgani pokop ohranil še v 9. st. in bil (vsaj nekaj at Dlesc or cremation burial was preserved all the way časa) v uporabi sočasno s skeletnim, za zdaj ni jasno. to the 9th century and was used simultaneously with Več odgovorov bodo lahko dala samo nova odkritja in skeletal burial is yet not clear. More answers will only analize morebitnih žganih grobov iz zgodnjesrednje- be given by new discoveries and analyses of potential veškega obdobja. cremation graves from the Early Medieval period. 286 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12. CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Polona BITENC, Timotej KNIFIC 12.1 GROBOVI IN GROBNE NAJDBE / 12.1 GRAVES AND GRAVE GOODS V katalogu je 124 enot, vanj so uvrščeni tudi skupki The catalogue describes 124 units, and includes kosti, ki so bili med izkopavanji označeni in oštevilčeni groups of bones that were marked and numbered as kot grobovi, pozneje pa se je izkazalo, da to niso. Opisi graves during the excavations, even though it was later grobov vsebinsko sledijo Šribarjevemu osnutku bese- established that they did not form individual graves. As dila za objavo ( arhiv 489), vendar so drugače urejeni, regards contents, the grave descriptions follow Šribar›s prečiščeni in dopolnjeni. Podatke smo primerjali z draft text for publication ( archive 489), however, they have navedbami v drugih dokumentacijskih virih, kadar se been revised and reorganised. We compared the data with podatki med seboj razlikujejo, smo na neskladje opozo- mentions in other sources, and if the data did not match, rili v posebni rubriki ( komentar). Risarsko in fotografsko we drew attention to this discordance in a separate rubric dokumentiranje grobov je bilo večinoma omejeno na ( commentary). Photographic and sketch documentation stanje izkopanih okostij zgolj v eni fazi raziskovanja. of the graves focused predominantly on the state of the Na območjih s številnejšimi pokopi dokumentacija ni excavated skeletons within a single research phase. The bila dopolnjena s podatki, pridobljenimi pri nadaljnjem documentation of the areas with a greater density of delu, npr. po odstranitvi kosti iz prekopanih grobov in burials was not updated with data obtained later on, e.g. dodatnem čiščenju okostij. V rubriko s komentarji smo after the bones were removed from their graves and the zapisali vse terenske ugotovitve o zaporedju pokopov, skeletons were additional y cleaned. The commentaries vendar v mnogih primerih ostajajo odnosi med grobovi include all fieldwork findings linked to the sequence of nejasni zaradi pomanjkanja podatkov. burials, however the relations between individual graves Usmeritev grobov je določena glede na stopnjo od- often remain uncertain due to insufficient data. stopanja od smeri S–J. Azimut 90° pomeni, da je okostje Grave orientation is defined as a declination from ležalo tako, da je bila glava na zahodu in noge na vzhodu. the N-S direction. Azimuth 90° means that the skeleton Smer je izmeril B. Štular po terenskih risbah (razen pri was positioned with the head to the west and the feet to grobovih, pri katerih je izmera posebej pojasnjena).1 the east. The orientation was determined by B. Štular from Izhodiščna točka za merjenje globin je bila leta 1962 the fieldwork sketches (except for the graves where the točka 0 koordinatne mreže, odmerjena na nadmorski measurements were especial y explained).1 In the 1962 višini 493,70 m, od leta 1963 pa so meritve navezovali coordinate system the starting point (point 0) for measur- na absolutni višini 494,07 m in 493,87 m, odmerjeni ing depths was defined at the height of 493.70 m above sea na pragu preddverja cerkve oziroma na pragu proštije level, while from 1963 onwards the measurements were ( sl. 1.6). Absolutna višina groba je bila praviloma izmer- linked to the absolute height of 494.07 m (measured at the jena pri glavi, če je bila izmerjena drugje, je navedeno v entrance to the church’s lobby) or 493.87 m (measured at opisu groba. Prevladujoča smer grobov je Z (glava) – V the entrance to the provost’s house) ( Fig. 1.6). As a rule, (noge), z odmerjenim odklonom od S (azimut). the absolute height of the grave was measured at the head, Nekateri grobovi so bili antropološko obdelani, however, if it was measured at some other point this is rezultati analiz so navedeni.2 stated in the grave description. The prevailing orientation of the graves was west (head) – east (feet), with a measured deviation from the north (azimuth). 1 Smeri, ki so bile zapisane pri opisih grobov od 1 do 64 ( arhiv 489), zaradi večjih neskladnosti z načrti grobišča v ka- * Translation Sunčan Patrick Stone. talogu ne upoštevamo. 1 Due to the large discrepancies from the original plan 2 Leben-Seljak 1996, passim. Seznam okostij z določenim of the graveyard, the catalogue does not include the orienta- spolom in starostjo je naveden na straneh 301 in 302, v prilo- tions that were included in the descriptions of Graves 1 to 64 gi 4.1.4.1. Ti podatki so povzeti pri opisih grobov. ( archive 489). 287 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Krajšave Some graves were treated anthropological y and the deb. = debelina results of the analysis are included.2 dol. = dolžina glob. = globina Abbreviations odl. = odlomek th. = thickness pr. = premer l. = length šir. = širina d. = depth vel. = velikost fr. = fragment viš. = višina dia. = diameter w. = width s. = size h. = height Grob 1 ( t. 22: 1; N 1,2 [seznam terenskih risb, pogl. 12.5]) Grave 1 ( Pl. 22: 1; N 1,2 [list of field drawings, Chapter 12.5]) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, severni in zahodni rob Grave pit. Dug into humus, the north and west edges were carved sta bila vklesana v dolomitno skalo. Vzhodni del jame into dolomite rock. The eastern part of the pit was covered je pokrival zid št. 2, kamen tega zidu je pokrival desno by wall No. 2, and a stone from this wall covered the right kolčnico. V jami so našli odlomek srednjeveške lončene innominate bones. A fragment of mediaeval pottery (Cat. posode (kat. št. 1; t. 6: 1; 18: 1). No. 1; Pls. 6: 1; 18: 1) was also found in the pit. Komentar. Zvezek akcesije ( arhiv 494) pripisuje odlomek Commentary. The field diary ( archive 494) states that the pot- lončenine, ki je bil ob najdbi razlomljen na tri koščke, tery fragment, which was broken into three parts when grobu 2. To je povzela tudi objava enega od teh koščkov, found, belonged to Grave 2. This was also assumed in the s plastičnim rebrom (Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 21, št. 3). publication of one of these fragments, with the rib (Šribar Vendar osnutek besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 27, 28) postavlja 1972a, pg. 21, Fig. 3). However, the draft of the draft of odlomek (“3 fragmenti prahistorične keramike”) v grob the text for publication ( archive 489, pp. 27, 28) placed the 1 in za grob 2 navaja, da “ob kosteh ni bilo najdb”. fragment (‘3 fragments of prehistoric pottery’) into Grave Okostje. Maturus (46 do 58 let), moški. Viš. 483,21 m; azimut 1 and stated that Grave 2 ‘did not include any grave goods’. 112º. Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo delno ohranjeno, v Skeleton. Maturus (46 to 58 years), male. H. 483.21 m; azimuth predelu nog prekopano. Manjkale so kosti obeh podlahti, 112º. The skeleton was positioned on its back and was only stegnenici sta ležali na desni nadlahtnici. Kosti so bile partial y preserved for the leg bones have been moved. slabo ohranjene, dolge kosti razlomljene, lobanja delno The bones of both ulnas were missing, the femurs were poškodovana. Od vrha lobanje do križnice je skelet placed across the right humerus. The bones were poorly meril 0,75 m. preserved, the long bones were broken and the skull par- Komentar. Azimut smo izmerili po terenskih risbah okostja ( Rn tial y damaged. The skeleton measured 0.75 m from the 221/6 in 221/9), na črti med sredino lobanje in sredino top of the skull to the sacrum. križnice. Grob so poškodovali pri postavljanju zidu 2. Commentary. The azimuth was measured from the field Po osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 28) “so pri izkopu sketches of the skeleton ( Rn 221/6 and 221/9), along the jame za temelje zidu št. 2 zadeli na dolge kosti nog in jih line running from the centre of the skull to the centre of po izkopu cele grobne jame položili na desni humerus”. the sacrum. The grave was damaged during the construc- Pridatki. Ob glavi sta ležala poškodovana uhana (1, 2). tion of wall No. 2. According to the draft of the text for (1) Del bronastega kovanega polmesečastega uhana (levi) z publication ( archive 489, pg. 28) ‘the builders hit on the locnom zaobljeno pravokotnega preseka. Na polmesecu long bones of the legs while building the foundations for je vrezan črtni okras. Viš. 4,95 cm, šir. 3,45 cm. Inv. št. wall No. 2, and after they dug out the entire grave pit they S 1796 ( t. 1: 1; 15: 1). Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. placed these bones on top of the right humerus’. 21, št. 1; Korošec 1979, 100/I, sl. 10: 1 (levi). Grave goods. Two damaged earrings were found (1, 2) next to (2) Del bronastega kovanega polmesečastega uhana (desni) the head. z locnom okroglega preseka. Na polmesecu je vrezan (1) A part of a forged bronze crescent shaped earing (left), the črtni okras. Na locnu je bil nataknjen bronast obroček, loop has a rounded rectangular cross-section. The crescent zdaj pogrešan. Viš. 4,7 cm, šir. 3,4 cm. Inv. št. S 1797 ( t. is decorated with engraved lines. H. 4.95 cm, w. 3.45 cm. 1: 2; 15: 2). Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 21, št. 2; Inv. No. S 1796 ( Pl. 1: 1; 15: 1). Publication: Šribar 1972a, Korošec 1979, 100/I, sl. 10: 1 (desni). pg. 21, Fig. 1; Korošec 1979, 100/I, fig. 10: 1 (left). (2) A part of a forged bronze crescent shaped earring (right), the loop has a rounded cross-section. The crescent is decorated with engraved lines. The ring attached to the loop is now missing. H. 4.7 cm, w. 3.4 cm. Inv. No. S 1797 ( Pls. 1: 2; 15: 2). Publication: Šribar 1972a, pg. 21, Fig. 2; Korošec 1979, 100/I, fig. 10: 1 (right). 2 Leben-Seljak 1996, passim. The list of skeletons with speci- fied sex and age can be found on pages 301 and 302, in appendix 4.1.4.1. This data is summarised in the grave descriptions. 288 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 2 ( t. 22: 2,3; N 3) Grave 2 ( Pl. 22: 2,3; N 3) Grobna jama. Ni bila ohranjena. Grave pit. Was not preserved. Okostje. Adultus I (21 do 24 let), ženska. Deli kosti odrasle Skeleton. Adultus I (21 to 24 years), female. Parts of adult bones osebe so ležali na površini 0,6 x 0,4 m ob severni steni lay in an area covering 0.6 x 0.4 m, alongside the northern sedanje cerkve. Zbrane kosti, zložene ob vrsti treh velikih wall of the present-day church. The bones piled up along- kamnov, verjetno izvirajo iz prekopanega groba. side three large stones were most likely part of a reburial. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 3 ( t. 22: 4; N 1) Grave 3 ( Pl. 22: 4; N 1) Grobna jama. Ni podatkov. Grave pit. No data. Okostje. Maturus I (40 do 49 let), ženska. Viš. 493,23 m; azimut Skeleton. Maturus I (40 to 49 years), female. H. 493,23 m; azi- 67º. Kosti delno ohranjenega okostja v hrbtni legi so bile muth 67º. The partial y preserved skeleton was placed on v dobrem stanju. Na levi strani je manjkala nadlahtnica, its back, bones were in a good condition. The left humerus kolčnica je bila poškodovana. Desna roka je bila izte- was missing and the left side of the innominate bones were gnjena ob trupu, leva upognjena, zapestje je ležalo na damaged. The right arm was stretched alongside the body, medenici. Okostje je merilo 1,24 m. Ležalo je vzporedno the left was flexed, and the hand positioned on the pelvis. z okostjem št. 7. Pri izkopu grobne jame so zadeli na več The skeleton measured 1.24 m. It lay parallel to skeleton starejših grobov. Prekopane kosti, označene kot grobovi No. 7. A number of previous graves were disturbed during 8 in 15, so bile zložene med okostjema v grobovih 3 in the creation of this grave pit. The reburied bones, marked 7. Ležale so tesno ob okostju v grobu 3, približno 10 cm as Graves 8 and 15, were placed between the skeletons više od okostja, niže je ležala le stegnenica, ki so jo našli in Graves 3 and 7. Most bones lay approximately 10 cm pod desno stegnenico okostja v grobu 3. Prekopane kosti above the skeleton in Grave 3, with the exception of the za lobanjo v grobu 3 so označili kot grob16. femur, which was found underneath the right femur of the Komentar. Grob 3 je s spodnjim delom nog segal na prostor, skeleton in Grave 3. The reburied bones found behind the kjer je pozneje potekal zid 5. Iz dokumentacije ni razvi- skull in Grave 3 were marked as Grave 16. dno, ali je bil ta del groba pri postavljanju zidu prekopan Commentary. The lower parts of the legs of the skeleton in Grave ali ga je zid le pokril. 3 reached into the area where wall No. 5 was erected at a Predmeti v grobu. Na levi strani lobanje so ležali naglavna later stage. The documentation does not reveal whether obročka (1, 2) in nož (3). this part of the grave was dug up when the wal was erected Komentar. V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 28) je zapisana or whether the wall merely covered it up. domneva, da predmeti niso spadali k temu grobu. Po Artefacts. Two temple rings (1, 2) and a knife (3) were found to terenskem dnevniku ( arhiv 476, 6. julij 1962) so nož the left of the skul . (3) našli v zasutju “3–4 cm zahodno od lobanje”, torej Commentary. In the draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, za lobanjo, v neobičajni legi za nož. Pogosteje so noži v pg. 28) it was assumed that these objects did not belong višini pasu umrlega, kar bi ustrezalo mestu noža v grobu to this grave. According to the excavation diary ( archive 16, vendar ta odnos ni jasen, ker so okostje v grobu 16 476, 6th July 1962) the knife (3) was found in the fill-in večidel prekopali pri izkopu jame za grob 3. Naglavna material ‘3–4 cm west of the skul ’, i.e. behind the skul , in obročka sta si podobna in v zvezku akcesije ( arhiv 494) an unusual position for a knife. Knifes are usual y placed označena kot levi (1) in desni obroček (2). Za enega zvezo alongside the waist of the deceased, which would mean z grobom 3 potrjuje tudi terenski dnevnik ( arhiv 476, 6. that this knife was more likely to belong to Grave 16; how- julij 1962): “ob levi strani njegove glave je bil naglavni ever this relationship is unclear as the skeleton in Grave obesek (z eno odebelitvijo na konceh)”. 16 was reburied when the pit for Grave 3 was created. The (1) Bronast nesklenjen naglavni obroček, desnosučen, ovalnega temple rings are similar and marked as left (1) and right preseka s stanjšanima profiliranima zaključkoma. Vel. 4 x ring (2) in the field file list ( archive 494). The connection 3,7 cm, deb. 0,3 cm. Inv. št. S 1800 ( t. 1: 3; 15: 6). Objava: to Grave 3 is confirmed for one of the rings by an entry Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 21, št. 5: Korošec 1979, 100/I, in the excavation diary ( archive 476, 6th July 1962) which sl. 10: 2 (desni); Knific 2004, 108, sl. 20: 1. reads: ‘a temple pendulum (with one end thickened) was (2) Bronast nesklenjen naglavni obroček, desnosučen, ovalnega found alongside the left side of the head’. preseka s stanjšanima profiliranima zaključkoma. Vel. (1) Bronze open temple ring, right handed, with an oval cross- 3,96 x 3,54 cm, deb. 0,3 cm. Inv. št. S 1801 (t. 1: 4; 15: 7). section and moulded ends. S. 4 x 3.7 cm, th. 0.3 cm. Inv. Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 21, št. 4; Korošec 1979, No. S 1800 ( Pls. 1: 3; 15: 6). Publication: Šribar 1972a, pg. 100/I, sl. 10: 2 (levi); Knific 2004, 108, sl. 20: 2. 21, Fig. 5: Korošec 1979, 100/I, Fig. 10: 2 (right); Knific (3) Nekoliko poškodovan železen nož s trnastim nastavkom 2004, 108, Fig. 20: 1. za držaj. Hrbet rezila se pri konici poševno zalomi. Dol. (2) Bronze open temple ring, right handed, with an oval cross- 8,8 cm, šir. rezila do 1,8 cm. Inv. št. S 1799 ( t. 1: 5; 17: 1; section and moulded ends. S. 3.96 x 3.54 cm, th. 0.3 cm. predmet je pogrešan). Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. Inv. No. S 1801 (Pls. 1: 4; 15: 7). Publication: Šribar 1972a, 21, št. 6; Korošec 1979, 100/I, sl. 10: 2. pg. 21, Fig. 4; Korošec 1979, 100/I, Fig. 10: 2 (left); Knific 2004, 108, Fig. 20: 2. 289 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 4 ( t. 22: 5; N 1) (3) A slightly damaged iron knife with a tang. The back of the blade is obliquely angled at the tip. L. 8.8 cm, blade width Grobna jama. Severni rob grobne jame je bil vsekan v živo up to 1.8 cm. Inv. No. S 1799 ( Pls. 1: 5; 17: 1; the object is skalo. missing). Publication: Šribar 1972a, pg. 21, Fig. 6; Korošec Okostje. Juvenis (16 let), ženska. Viš. 493,14 m; azimut 77º. 1979, 100/I, Fig. 10: 2. Dobro ohranjeno okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Leva roka je bila iztegnjena ob trupu, zapestje je bilo na levi ste- gnenici. Desna roka je bila upognjena, dlan je ležala na Grave 4 ( Pl. 22: 5; N 1) medenici. Kosti leve rame so bile skoraj v celoti uničene. Nad stegnenicama je ležala nekoliko poškodovana moč- Grave pit. The northern edge of the pit was carved into live rock. nejša stegnenica nekega drugega okostja. Od vrha glave Skeleton. Juvenis (16 years), female. H. 493.14 m; azimuth 77º. do kolen je okostje merilo 1,26 m. Ležalo je vzporedno The well-preserved skeleton was positioned on its back. z grobom 5 ( t. 22: 5), in sicer tako, da je ležala desna The left arm was stretched alongside the body, the wrist nadlahtnica okostja v grobu 4 tik nad levo nadlahtnico was placed on the left thigh bone. The right arm was flexed, okostja v grobu 5. Med njima je bil 5 do 7 cm debel sloj the hand was placed on the pelvis. The bones belonging humusa, pomešan z zelo drobnim lomljencem. Spodnji to the left shoulder were almost completely destroyed. A del groba 4 je segal na prostor, kjer so pozneje postavili slightly damaged strong thigh bone from another skeleton zid 5. lay on top of the thigh bones. From the top of the head to Komentar. Zaporedje pokopov: najprej grob 5, za njim grob 4. the knees the skeleton measured 1.26 m. The skeleton lay Pridatki. Ob levi strani glave je bil bronast uhan (1), najden parallel to Grave 5 ( Pl. 22: 5), at which the right humerus pri čiščenju lobanje. Ob desni roki sta ležala prstana (2, of the skeleton in Grave 4 lay just above the left humerus 3), en prstan je bil na levi roki (4). Legi odlomka steklene of the skeleton in Grave 5. There was a 5 to 7 cm thick layer jagode (5) in železnega noža (6; najden pri ponovnem of humus mixed with fine quarry stone between them. The prekopu grobne jame, arhiv 494, št. 49) v dokumentaciji lower part of the Grave 4 reached the area, where later the nista natančneje opisani. wall No. 5 was built. Komentar. V zvezku akcesije sta prstana (3, 4) vpisana kot Commentary. The timeline of graves: first Grave 5, followed najdbi na levi roki ( arhiv 494, št. 9 in 10). by Grave 4. (1) Bronast uhan s svitkastimi in valjastimi odebelitvami na Grave goods. A bronze earring (1) lay alongside the left side of spodnjem delu loka. Zgornji del loka je okroglega pre- the head; it was found when the skull was cleaned. Two seka, zaključek je profiliran. Viš. 3,45 cm, šir. 3,15 cm, rings (2, 3) lay alongside the right hand; one ring was on deb. loka spodaj 0,38 cm, deb. loka zgoraj 0,2 cm. Inv. št. the left hand (4). The documentation does not provide S 1807 ( t. 1: 6; 15: 5). Objava: Bitenc, Knific 2001, 108, the precise locations of the fragmented glass bead (5) and kat. št. 263; Knific 2004, 108, sl. 20: 3; Knific, Nabergoj iron knife (6; found when the grave pit was re-examined, 2016, 99, 226, sl. 120. archive 494, No. 49). (2) Bronast sklenjen prstan polkrožnega preseka, zunanja Commentary. The field file list recorded the rings (3, 4) as finds stran traku je okrašena s poševnimi vrezi, pri okrasnem on the left hand ( archive 494, Nos. 9 and 10). kamnu s po dvema polkrožnima vrezoma. Na zgornji (1) Bronze earring with astragal-shaped thickenings on the razširjeni strani je kroglasto ovalen okrasni kamen iz lower part of the arch. The upper part has a circular temnomodrega natronskega stekla.3 Pr. 2,27 cm, viš. cross-section, with moulded end. H. 3.45 cm, w. 3.15 cm, 2,4 cm, vel. okrasnega kamna 1,18 x 0,9 cm. Inv. št. S thickness of the arch below 0.38 cm, thickness of the arch 1802 ( t. 1: 7; 15: 16). top 0.2 cm. Inv. No. S 1807 ( Pls. 1: 6; 15: 5). Publication: (3) Bronast nesklenjen prstan polkrožnega preseka. Ploščica Bitenc, Knific 2001, 108, Cat. No. 263; Knific 2004, 108, razširjenega dela je poškodovana. Pr. 2 cm. Inv. št. S 1805 Fig. 20: 3; Knific, Nabergoj 2017, 99, 226, Fig. 120. ( t. 1: 8; predmet je pogrešan). (2) Bronze closed ring with a semi-circular cross-section, the (4) Bronast prstan polkrožnega preseka z okroglo razširitvijo outer side of the band is decorated with slanting engrav- za okrasni kamen (verjetno polkroglast predmet št. 5). ings, while the decorative stone has two semi-circular Zunanja stran obročka je okrašena z globokimi pošev- engravings. On the upper, wider, side lies a globular nimi vrezi. Pr. 2,2 cm . Inv. št. S 1804 ( t. 1: 10; predmet oval decorative stone from dark blue natron glass.3 Dia. je pogrešan). 2,27 cm, h. 2,4 cm, size of the decorative stone 1.18 x (5) Polkroglast predmet iz svetlomodrega stekla s tremi be- 0.9 cm. Inv. No. S 1802 ( t. Pls: 7; 15: 16). limi očesci, verjetno okrasni vložek (morda del prstana (3) Bronze open ring with a semi-circular cross-section. The št. 4). Vel. 1 x 0,8 cm. Inv. št. S 1803 (t. 1: 9; predmet je wider part is damaged. Dia. 2 cm. Inv. No. S 1805 ( Pl. 1: pogrešan). 8; the object is missing). (6) Železen nož, del trna in konica rezila manjkata. Prehod iz (4) Bronze ring with a semi-circular cross-section and a rounded rezila v trn je poševen, hrbet rezila je raven. Dol. noža bezel for a decorative stone (most likely the semi-circular ob najdbi 11,2 cm, zdaj 8,9 cm (del rezila pri konici ni object No. 5). The outer side of the ring is decorated with več ohranjen), šir. rezila do 1,6 cm; dol. trna 2,5 cm. Inv. deep slanting engravigs. Dia. 2.2 cm. Inv. No. S 1804 ( Pl. št. S 1806 ( t. 1: 11; 17: 2). 1: 10; the object is missing). (5) Semi-circular object made from bright blue glass with three white eyes, most likely a decorative insert (possibly a part 3 3 Meritev stekla po kombinirani metodi PIXE-PIGE: The stone was measured with the combined method Knific, Šmit 2018, 402, 403, priloga A, št. 88. PIXE-PIGE: Knific, Šmit 2018, 402, 403, appendix A, No. 88. 290 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Komentar. Verjetna zveza prstana (4) in ovalne ploščice (5) je of ring No. 4). S. 1 x 0.8 cm. Inv. No. S 1803 (Pl. 1: 9; the nakazana v muzejski dokumentaciji (predmetna karto- object is missing). teka, fototeka, inventarna knjiga). (6) Iron knife, part of the tang and the tip of the blade are miss- ing. The transition from the blade to the tang is slanted, while the spine is straight. The length of the knife when Grob 5 ( t. 22: 5,6; N 1) found 11.2 cm, now 8.9 cm (the blade is no longer pre- served at its tip); blade width up to 1.6 cm; tang length Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, dno je bilo na skali. Se- 2.5 cm. Inv. No. S 1806 ( Pls. 1: 11; 17: 2). verna in zahodna stran sta mejili na živo skalo. Na severni Commentary. The most likely connection between the ring (4) strani jame je bila prst pomešana z drobnim kamenjem. and the oval disc (5) is indicated in the museum documen- Jama je bila verjetno izkopana na mestu groba 13. tation (catalogue of objects, photographic documentation, Okostje. Maturus II (48 do 65 let), moški. Viš. 493,11 m; azimut inventory book). 88º. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, zapestji sta ležali na stegnenicah in delno na medenici. Merilo je 1,5 m. Kosti nog so bile pri stopalih prekrite z zidom št. 5. Okostje je Grave 5 ( Pl. 22: 5,6; N 1) ležalo vzporedno z grobom 4 ( t. 22: 5). Leva nadlahtnica je ležala tik pod desno nadlahtnico okostja v grobu 4. Grave pit. Dug into humus, the bottom part of the pit was on Med njima je bil 5 do 7 cm debel sloj humusa, mešan the rock. The northern and western sides bordered on z zelo drobnim lomljencem. Ob desni kolčnici je ležala bedrock. On the northern side of the pit the soil was lobanja, ob desni nadlahtnici spodnja čeljustnica, ob levi mixed with small stones. The pit was most likely dug into nadlahtnici stegnenica, ena od dolgih kosti je bila tudi za Grave 13. lobanjo; verjetno so bili to deli enega okostja odraslega Skeleton. Maturus II (48 to 65 years), male. H. 493,11 m; človeka (označeno kot okostje 13). azimuth 88º. The skeleton was positioned on its back, Komentar. Osnutek besedila za objavo ( arhiv 489, str. 29): the wrists were placed on the femurs and partial y on “Vrstni red pokopavanja je bil torej naslednji: pokop št. the pelvis. The skeleton measured 1.5 m in length. The 13, nato št. 5 in končno št. 4.” bones pertaining to the feet were covered with wall No. Pridatki. Na levi stegnenici, ob kosteh zapestja in dlani leve 5. The skeleton lay parallel to Grave 4 ( Pl. 22: 5). The left roke, je ležal železen nož (1; t. 22: 6). humerus lay just below the right humerus of the skeleton (1) Železen nož s poševno zalomljenim hrbtom rezila in trnom. in Grave 4. Between them was a 5 to 7 cm thick layer of Dol. 13,4 cm, šir. rezila do 2,2 cm, dol. trna 2,6 cm. Inv. humus mixed with fine quarry stone. The skull lay next št. S 1808 ( t. 1: 12; 17: 3). to the right innominate bones, the mandible alongside the right humerus, the femur alongside the left humerus, and one of the long bones was found behind the skull; it is Grob 6 ( t. 23: 1; N 1) likely that all of these belonged to the same adult skeleton (categorised as skeleton 13). Grobna jama. Obrisi jame niso bili vidni. Ob desnem ramenu Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, je bil greben iz dolomitne skale, ki je ustvarjal mejo proti pg. 29) states: ‘The order of burials was thus as follows: first pokopom 4, 5 in 13. Okostje je ležalo na tenki plasti prsti. was burial No. 13, followed by No. 5 and No. 4 was the last.’ Okostje. Senilis (58 do 72 let), moški. Viš. 493,22 m; azimut Grave goods. An iron knife lay on the left femur, next to the bones 96º. Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo dobro ohranjeno. Od of the wrist and the palm of the left hand (1; Pl. 22: 6). lobanje do kolen je merilo 1,26 m. Ob levi strani okostja (1) An iron knife with a tang and an obliquely angled spine. L. so ležale razmetane kosti iz starejšega groba; nad levim 13.4 cm, blade width up to 2.2 cm, tang length 2.6 cm. Inv. kolkom je bila spodnja čeljustnica, pod njo pa stegne- No. S 1808 ( Pls. 1: 12; 17: 3). nica in del desne kolčnice. Ostanki starejšega groba so označeni s številko 14. Pridatki. Ob levi stegnenici pri kolčnici je ležal železen nož (1). Grave 6 ( Pl. 23: 1; N 1) (1) Del železnega noža z ravnim hrbtom in širokim ploščatim trnom, na katerem je ostanek lesa. Dol. 9,6 cm, šir. do Grave pit. The borders of the pit were not visible. Next to the 1,4 cm. Inv. št. S 1809 ( t. 1: 13). right shoulder was a dolomite rock ridge, which created a border towards Graves 4, 5 and 13. The skeleton lay on a thin layer of soil. Skeleton. Senilis (58 to 72 years), male. H. 493.22 m; azimuth 96º. The skeleton positioned on its back is well preserved. The skeleton measured 1.26 m from the head to the knees. Scattered bones from an earlier grave lay to the left of the skeleton; the mandible lay above the left hip; a femur and a part of the right innominate bones lay underneath the left hip. The remains of the earlier grave were marked as Grave 14. Grave goods. An iron knife (1) lay alongside the left femur, next to the innominate bones. 291 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 7 ( t. 23: 2; N 1) (1) Part of an iron knife with a straight spine and a broad flat tang, together with the remains of a wooden handle. L. Grobna jama. Obris ni bil viden, dno je bilo na skali. 9.6 cm, max w. 1.4 cm. Inv. No. S 1809 ( t. Pl: 13). Okostje. Viš. 493,25 m (merjeno pri kolčnicah); azimut 71º. Okostje odraslega, ohranjene so bile kosti spodnjega dela v hrbtni legi. Od prsnega koša do konca prstov na Grave 7 ( Pl. 23: 2; N 1) nogah je okostje merilo 0,84 m. Med ostanki kolčnic so bili deli leve in desne podlahtnice. Kosti desnice so segale Grave pit. The borders of the pit were not visible, the bottom do prekopanih kosti, označenih kot grob 14. was on a rock. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Skeleton. H. 493.25 m (measured at the innominate bones); azimuth 71º. The adult skeleton was positioned on its back, the bones of the lower part were preserved. The skeleton Grob 8 ( t. 22: 4; 23: 2; N 1) measured 0.84 m from the thorax to the end of the toes. Parts of both ulnas lay amongst the innominate bone Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna. remains. The bones on the right reached to the reburied Okostje. Viš. 493,29 m. Ohranjena je bila poškodovana lobanja. bones marked as Grave 14. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 9 ( t. 22: 4; 23: 2; N 1) Grave 8 ( Pls. 22: 4; 23: 2; N 1) Grobna jama. Severni in zahodni rob grobne jame sta bila Grave pit. Was not visible. vkopana v živo skalo. Vzdolž nožnih kosti okostja je Skeleton. H. 493.29 m. A damaged skull was preserved. severni rob prešel v kamnit greben, ki je ločevali grobni Grave goods. There were no grave goods. jami 9 in 10. Jama je bila zasuta s prstjo, pomešano z lomljenci, velikimi do 10 x 10 cm. Grave 9 ( Pls. 22: 4; 23: 2; N 1) Okostje. Adultus I (19 do 28 let), ženska. Viš. 493,18 m; azimut 90º. Okostje je bilo slabo ohranjeno, v prvotni legi so Grave pit. The northern and western edge of the grave pit were bili lobanja, nekaj vretenc, križnica in desna stegnenica. dug into the bedrock. Next to the leg bones the northern Od vrha lobanje do križnice je merilo 0,78 m. Na desni edge reached into a stone ridge that divided grave pits 9 strani je bilo okostje razdrto pri izkopu jame za grob 3. and 10. Komentar. Okostju iz groba 9 morda pripadajo nekatere preko- The pit was filled in with soil mixed with quarry stones measur- pane kosti, ki so ležale ob desni strani okostja v grobu 3. ing up to 10 x 10 cm. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Skeleton. Adultus I (19 to 28 years), female. H. 493.18 m; azimuth 90º. The skeleton was poorly preserved. The skul , a few vertebrae, the sacrum and the right femur were in their Grob 10 ( t. 23: 3; N 1) original position. The skeleton measured 0.78 m from the top of the skull to the sacrum. The skeleton was disturbed Grobna jama. Grobna jama je bila v kamniti kotanji, severno do on its right side during the burial in Grave 3. groba 9. Grobova sta bila ločena z grebenom žive skale. Commentary. Some of the reburied bones which lay on the Okostje. Juvenilis (20 let), ženska. Viš. 493,25 m; azimut 90º. right side of the skeleton in Grave 3 might belong to the Ohranjeni so bili deli lobanje, nekaj vretenc in reber skeleton from Grave 9. ter kolčnica. Od vrha lobanje do trtične kosti je okostje Grave goods. There were no grave goods. merilo 0,58 m. Kosti nog je pokrival zid št. 5. Na kolčnici je ležala lobanja, označena je bila kot grob 11. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 10 ( Pl. 23: 3; N 1) Grave pit. The pit was located in a stone hollow, north of Grave 9. The graves were separated by a bedrock ridge. Skeleton. Juvenilis (20 years), female. H. 493.25 m; azimuth 90º. Parts of the skul , a few vertebrae, a few ribs and the in- nominate bones were preserved. The skeleton measured 0.58 m from the top of the skull to the coccyx. The bones of the legs were covered by wall No. 5. A skull categorised as belonging to Grave 11 lay on the innominate bones. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 292 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 11 ( t. 23: 3,4; N 1) Grave 11 ( Pl. 23: 3,4; N 1) Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna. Deloma so jo vkopali v starejša Grave pit. Was not visible. It was partial y dug into the earlier grobova 10 in 49. Graves 10 and 49. Okostje. Adultus II (31 do 40 let), moški. Viš. 493,25 m; azimut Skeleton. Adultus II (31 to 40 years), male. H. 493.25 m; azimuth 90º (odmerjeno po legi kosti nog). Ohranjena je bila lo- 90º (measured from the position of the leg bones). The banja, ki je ležala je na kolčnici v grobu 10, in dolge kosti skul , which lay on the innominate bones in Grave 10 was nog (kosti leve goleni ni bilo), ki so ležale nad okostjem preserved, as were the long bones of the legs (the left tibia v grobu 49. Kosti trupa in rok niso bile odkrite, ker so was missing) which lay above the skeleton in Grave 49. bili nad njim ostanki zidu št. 5, ki niso bili odstranjeni. The bones of the torso and the arms were not unveiled, Komentar. V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 33, pri opisu as they were covered by the remains of wall No. 5, which groba št. 10) se v grobu 11 omenjena le lobanja, za have not been removed. “manjkajoče dele skeleta 11” pa je zapisano, “da so najbrž Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pod zidom št. 5”. Po terenskih fotografijah in risbi to pg. 33, description of Grave 10) mentions a skull in Grave drži za kosti trupa in rok, ne pa za kosti nog, ki so bile 11, and states that ‘the missing parts of skeleton 11’ are odkrite vzhodno od zidu št. 5 in so skupaj z lobanjo na ‘most likely underneath wall No. 5’. Looking at the pho- zahodni strani zidu označene kot okostje v grobu 11. V tographs and drawings taken and made at the site we can osteološkem depoju NMS so iz groba 11 shranjene poleg conclude that this holds true for the bones of the torso lobanje še druge kosti odrase osebe. and the arms, but not for the bones of the legs, which were Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. discovered east of wall No. 5 and were together with the skull on the western side of the wall marked as skeleton 11. The skull and other bones belonging to an adult from Grob 12 ( t. 23: 5,6; 24: 1; N 1) Grave 11 are kept at the osteological depot at the National Museum of Slovenia. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, pomešan z lomljenci, Grave goods. There were no grave goods. velikimi do 10 x 10 cm. Zahodni rob jame je segal do skale. Okostje. Maturus II (52 do 58 let), ženska. Viš. 493, 21 m; Grave 12 ( Pls. 23: 5,6; 24: 1; N 1) azimut 95º. Kosti so bile slabo ohranjene. Desna roka je ležala na medenici, leva je bila iztegnjena ob trupu. Kosti Grave pit. Dug into humus mixed with quarry stones measur- goleni so manjkale, od desne stegnenice je bila ohranjena ing up to 10 x 10 cm. The western edge of the pit reached le zgornja polovica. Manjkajoče kosti nog so bile verjetno to the rock. odstranjene pri gradnji zidu št. 5 ali kamnitega tlaka ob Skeleton. Maturus II (52 to 58 years), female. H. 493.21 m; njem. Od vrha lobanje do kolen je okostje merilo 1,37 m. azimuth 95º. The bones were poorly preserved. The right Komentar. Zid št. 5 je potekal od cerkve proti severu v dolžini hand lay on the pelvis, while the left arm was stretched 3,7 m, nanj se je na vzhodni strani navezoval tlak iz oblic alongside the torso. The tibias were missing, and only the in lomljencev. Grob 12 je bil na severnem robu tega upper half of the right femur was preserved. The miss- prostora. Konec strnjenega zidu je bil oddaljen od ohra- ing leg bones were most likely removed when wall No. njenih medeničnih in nožnih kosti približno 0,35 m, večji 5 was built or the paving stones alongside it were laid. del groba, kjer manjkajo kosti goleni in stopal, pa je bil The skeleton measured 1.37 m from the top of the head verjetno prekrit s tlakom, ki je bil proti severu ugotovljen to the knees. še nekoliko dlje kot zid (približno v dolžini 4 m).4 Tako Commentary. Wall No. 5 ran from the church towards the je mogoče razumeti navedbo v osnutku besedila ( arhiv north and measured a total of 3.7 m in length; a paved 489, str. 33), da “del groba reže zid št. 5, severovzhodno area from pebbles and quarry stones was created on the stran pa tlak iz lomljenca”. east side. Grave 12 was on the northern edge of this area. Pridatki. Na levi (1) in desni (2) strani glave sta ležala naglavna The compact wall ended approximately 0.35 m from the obročka. preserved pelvis and leg bones, while the larger part of the (1) Bronast naglavni obroček ovalnega preseka. Presegajoča grave, where the tibias and feet bones were missing, was konca sta profilirana. Vel. 4 x 3,6 cm, deb. 0,19 cm. Inv. most likely covered by the paving stones, which extended št. S 1810 ( t. 1: 14). a bit further than the wall to the north (in a total length (2) Odlomka bronastega naglavnega obročka ovalnega prese- of approximately 4 m).4 This is how the statement ‘a part ka. Ohranjen je en profiliran zaključek. Dol. odlomkov of the grave was cut off by wall No. 5, while the north- 4,6 cm in 2,62 cm, deb. 0,17 cm. Inv. št. S 1811 ( t. 1: 15). eastern side was cut off by paving stones created from quarry stones’ found in the draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pg. 33) can be understood. Grave goods. Two temple rings lay on the left (1) and right (2) side of the head. (1) A bronze temple ring with an oval cross-section and exceed- ing moulded ends. The exceeding ends are bulging. S. 4 x 3.6 cm, th. 0.19 cm. Inv. No. S 1810 ( Pl. 1: 14). 4 4 Za podatke o zidu št. 5 in kamnitem tlaku prim. Šribar For data on wall No. 5 and the paving stones compare 1962 (str. 242) in 1962–1964. Šribar 1962 (pg. 242) and 1962–1964. 293 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 13 ( t. 22: 5; N 1) (2) Fragments of a bronze temple ring with an oval cross-section. One moulded end is preserved. L. of the fragments 4.6 cm Grobna jama. Prekopana, verjetno je bila na mestu groba 5. and 2.62 cm, th. 0.17 cm. Inv. No. S 1811 ( Pl. 1: 15). Okostje. Maturus II (53 do 66 let), moški. Viš. 493,11 m. Iz razdrtega groba so se ohranile lobanja, spodnja čelju- stnica in dolgi kosti. Ležale so ob zgornjem delu okostja Grave 13 ( Pl. 22: 5; N 1) v grobu 5: kosti glave na desni strani, stegnenica na levi, ena od dolgih kosti za lobanjo. Grave pit. Dug up, most likely located in the position of Grave 5. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Skeleton. Maturus II (53 to 66 years), male. H. 493.11 m. A skul , mandible and long bones have been preserved from the reburied grave. They have been moved and positioned Grob 14 ( t. 23: 1; N 1) alongside the upper part of the skeleton in Grave 5: the bones of the skull were positioned on the right side, the Grobna jama. Ni bilo sledov. femur on the left, and one of the long bones was positioned Okostje. Maturus (46 do 58 let), moški. Viš. 493,21 m (pre- behind the skul . kopane kosti). Iz razdrtega groba so se ohranili spodnja Grave goods. There were no grave goods. čeljustnica, stegnenica in del desne kolčnice. Ležale so ob kolčnih kosteh okostja v grobu 6. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 14 ( Pl. 23: 1; N 1) Grave pit. No traces. Grob 15 ( t. 22: 4; 23: 2; N 1) Skeleton. Maturus (46 to 58 years), male. H. 493.21 m (reburied bones). The mandible, femur and part of the right in- Grobna jama. Ni bilo sledov. nominate bones have been preserved from the destroyed Okostje. Ohranile so se poškodovane dolge kosti rok in nog grave. They lay alongside the innominate bones of the ter kolčnici. Prekopane kosti so ležale ob desni strani skeleton in Grave 6. zgornjega dela okostja v grobu 3, približno 10 cm nad Grave goods. There were no grave goods. okostjem. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 15 ( Pls. 22: 4; 23: 2; N 1) Grob 16 ( t. 22: 4; 23: 2; N 1) Grave pit. No traces. Skeleton. Damaged long bones belonging to the arms and legs as Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna. well as the innominate bones were preserved. The reburied Okostje. Viš. 495,21 m. Ohranjeni so bili lobanja, severno od bones lay on the right side of the upper part of the skeleton nje del nadlahtnice, jugozahodno pa del stegnenice. in Grave 3, approximately 10 cm above the skeleton. Lobanja je ležala 40 cm zahodno od lobanje v grobu 3. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Predmet v grobu. V bližini kosti, približno 20 cm zahodno od lobanje, so našli okroglo okrasno zaponko (1). Komentar. Kosti so bile premaknjene, enako lahko domneva- Grave 16 ( Pls. 22: 4; 23: 2; N 1) mo tudi za okrasno zaponko, ki je bila najdena zraven njih. Ni zanesljivo, da gre za pridatek. Grave pit. Was not visible. (1) Okrogla bronasta okrasna zaponka. Na eni strani je okra- Skeleton. H. 495.21 m. The skull was preserved, north of it lay a šena s tremi radialnimi vrezi ter na gosto s cikcakastimi part of the humerus, while a part of the femur lay to the in polkrožnimi črtami. Na drugi strani je ostanek pri- southwest. The skull lay 40 cm west of the skull in Grave 3. trdišča za iglo. Pr. 2,27 cm, deb. 0,1 cm. Inv. št. S 1812 Artefacts. A circular brooch (1) was found in the vicinity of the ( t. 1: 16; 16: 1). bones, approximately 20 cm west of the skul . Commentary. The bones have been moved, and we can assume that the same happened with the brooch that was found alongside them. It is not certain to categorize the brooch as grave good. (1) Circular bronze brooch. On one side it is decorated with three radial incisions and dense zig-zag and semi-circular lines. On the other side is the remnant of the soldering used to attach the pin. Dia. 2.27 cm, th. 0.1 cm. Inv. No. S 1812 ( t. 1: 16; 16: 1). 294 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 17 ( t. 23: 5; 24: 1; N 1) Grave 17 ( Pls. 23: 5; 24: 1; N 1) Grobna jama. Severni, vzhodni in zahodni rob grobne jame Grave pit. The north, east and west edge of the pit were dug so bili vkopani v živo skalo. into bedrock. It was filled in with humus, mixed with fine Z asuta je bila s humusom, mešanim z drobnejšim dolomitnim dolomite quarry stone. lomljencem. Skeleton. Infans I (4 ± 12 months). H. 493.21 m. A part of the Okostje. Infans I (4 ± 12 mesecev). Viš. 493,21 m. Ohranjen skull was preserved. je bil del lobanje. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 18 ( Pl. 24: 2; N 1) Grob 18 ( t. 24: 2; N 1) Grave pit. It was dug into soil, mixed with parts of dolomite Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v prst, pomešano s koščki do- quarry stone and charcoal. At the bottom of the pit lay lomitnega lomljenca in oglja. Na dnu je bila prepečena burnt clay. ilovica. Skeleton. Azimuth 88º. The bones belonging to an adult were Okostje. Azimut 88º. Kosti odrasle osebe so bile dobro ohra- well preserved. The right arm lay stretched alongside the njene. Desna roka je bila iztegnjena ob trupu, leva je torso, while the left hand lay on the pelvis. The bones of bila upognjena in položena na medenico. Kosti nog od the legs from the lower part of the femur and below were spodnjega dela stegnenic navzdol so bile prekopane pri dug up when the side chapel was under construction. The gradnji stranske kapele. Ohranjeni del okostja je meril preserved part of the skeleton measured approximately približno 1 m. Na levi strani okostja je ležala lobanja, 1 m. On the left side of the skeleton lay the skull markedas označena kot grob 28. Grave 28. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 19 ( t. 24: 3; N 1) Grave 19 ( Pl. 24: 3; N 1) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, nad grobovoma 40 in Grave pit. Dug into humus, between Graves 40 and 41. The 41. Vkop je poškodoval lobanjo v grobu 40. burial damaged the skull in Grave 40. Okostje. Adultus I (21 do 24 let), ženska (?). Viš. 495,12 m; Skeleton. Adultus I (21 to 24 years), female (?). H. 495.12 m; azimut 83º. Dobro ohranjeno okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, azimuth 83º. The well-preserved skeleton was positioned roki sta bili iztegnjeni ob trupu. Okostje je merilo 1,55 m. on its back, the arms were stretched alongside the torso. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. The skeleton measured 1.55 m in length. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 20 ( t. 24: 4; N 1; 4; 5) Grave 20 ( Pl. 24: 4; N 1; 4; 5) Grobna jama. Obris grobne jame ni bil viden. Vkopana je bila v humus, na dnu je bilo veliko kosov lomljenca v Grave pit. The borders of the pit were not visible. Dug into velikosti do 10 x 10 cm. humus, at the bottom lay quarry stones measuring up to Okostje. Maturus (44 do 59 let), moški. Viš. 493,05 m; azimut 10 x 10 cm. 96º. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, kosti so bile slabo Skeleton. Maturus (44 to 59 years), male. H. 493.05 m; azimuth ohranjene. Roki sta bili iztegnjeni ob trupu. Okostje je 96º. The skeleton was positioned on its back, the bones merilo 1,7 m. Komentar. Na okostje so verjetno zadeli were poorly preserved. The arms were stretched alongside pri izkopu sonde 3; na to kaže približno ujemanje lege the torso. The skeleton measured 1.7 m in length. stegnenice in kolčnice ter enaka globina kosti ( N 4: v Commentary. It is likely that the skeleton was disturbed when sredini). Kosti spodnjega dela nog so ležale nad kostmi trench 3 was being dug; this is indicated by the approxi- spodnjega dela nog okostja v grobu 38. mate match of the position of the femur and the innomi- Predmet v grobu. Ob desni stegnenici, na južni strani približno nate bones and the same depth of the bones ( N 4: in the 10 cm nad kolenom, so našli odlomek bronaste pločevine centre). The bones of the lower part of the legs lay above (kat. št. 2; sl. 1.25: 1; t. 16: 2). the bones of the lower part of the legs of the skeleton in Grave 38. Artefacts. A bronze plate fragment (Cat. No. 2; Fig. 1.25: 1; Pl. Grob 21 ( t. 24: 5; N 1) 16: 2) was found alongside the right femur, to the south, approximately 10 cm above the knee. Grobna jama. Grobna jama ni bila vidna. Večji del je bil pre- kopan, razen predela ob kosteh nog. Okostje. Senilis (63 do 72 let), moški. Viš. 493,08 m (pri nogah). Grave 21 ( Pl. 24: 5; N 1) Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, ohranjene so bile kosti goleni in stopal, deloma tudi premaknjeni stegnenici. Golenici Grave pit. Was not visible. A large part of it was destroyed, except sta bili dolgi 35 cm. for the part surrounding the bones of the legs. 295 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Komentar. Glede na lego kosti nog in ocenjeno velikost okostja Skeleton. Senilis (63 to 72 years), male. H. 493.08 m (at the legs). je to segalo pri lobanji do prostora, na katerem so pozneje The skeleton was positioned on its back, the tibia and the izkopali jamo za grob 35. Verjetno so pri tem prekopali bones of the feet were preserved, as was - to a certain zgornji del okostja v grobu 21. extent - also the moved femurs. The tibias measured Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. 35 cm in length. Commentary. Taking onto account the position of the bones of the feet and the estimated size of the skeleton, the skul Grob 22 ( t. 24: 5,6; N 1) must have reached into the area where the pit for Grave 35 was created at a later stage. It is likely that this was when Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v prst, pomešano z drobnimi the upper part of the skeleton in Grave 21 was reburied. koščki oglja. Vzhodni del jame so izkopali nad grobom Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 27. Komentar. Trditev v osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 35), da “gre za kasnejši pokop v jamo, v kateri je ležal skelet (št. Grave 22 ( Pl. 24: 5,6; N 1) 21)”, se ne ujema s terenskimi podatki, verjeten je le stik med grobnima jamama 21 in 22 pri nožnih kosteh Grave pit. Dug into soil mixed with small fragments of charcoal. obeh okostij. The eastern part of the pit was located above Grave 27. Okostje. Maturus (41 do 60 let), moški. Viš. 493,13 m; azimut Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, 96º. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Lobanja je bila močno pg. 35) states that this is ‘a later burial into the pit with poškodovana. Desna roka je bila iztegnjena ob trupu, skeleton No. 21’ which is not in accordance to the data levica je ležala na medenici. Ohranile so se kosti leve from the site, thus it is more likely that Graves 21 and 22 noge, od desne le stegnenica. Na okostje so zadeli pri touched together with the feet bones of the two skeletons. izkopu sonde 3 ( N 4), na kar kaže lega in globina kosti Skeleton. Maturus (41 to 60 years), male. H. 493.13 m; azimuth nog, odkritih v sondi ( N 4: v sredini). Pri lobanji je do 96º. The skeleton was positioned on its back. The skull was groba 22 segal grob 45 (pri nogah). severely damaged. The right arm was stretched alongside Predmet v grobu. V grobu so našli kamnito puščično ost (kat. the torso, while the left hand lay on the pelvis. The bones št. 3; sl. 15: 1; t. 13: 1). belonging to the left leg were preserved, but from the Komentar. Puščična ost je v dokumentaciji vpisana kot inventar right leg only the femur was preserved. The skeleton was groba 22, vendar je v osnutku besedila za objavo ( arhiv disturbed when archaeological trench 3 was being dug 489, str. 252) izrecno opredeljena – skupaj s podobni ( N 4), which is indicated by the position and depth of the kamniti izdelki – kot raztresena prazgodovinska najdba bones of the legs found in the trench ( N 4: in the centre). (zapis je naveden v op. 37). Grave 45 (at the feet) reached to the skull in Grave 22. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Artefacts. A stone arrowhead (Cat. No. 3; Fig. 15: 1; Pl. 13: 1) was found in the grave. Commentary. The documentation categorised the arrowhead as Grob 23 ( t. 26: 2; N 1) an artefact belonging to Grave 22, however the draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pg. 252) explicitly states Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, pri lobanji v starejši that this was – together with similar stone products – a grob 31 (v predelu nog). Od lobanje proti nogam okostja scattered prehistoric artefact (the record is mentioned in je bila jama uničena pri izkopu poznejšega groba 30. footnote 37). Okostje. Viš. 493,11 m. Na prvotnem mestu je ostala le lobanja, Grave goods. There were no grave goods. prekopane kosti nog so ležale v zasutju nad okostjem v grobu 30. Predmet v grobu. Pod lobanjo so našli odlomek rimskodobne Grave 23 ( Pl. 25: 1; 26: 2; N 1) lončene posode (kat. št. 4; sl. 1.25: 2; t. 14: 16). Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. Dug into humus, the skull was dug into the earlier Grave 31 (in the area of the legs). The pit was destroyed from the skull to the legs of the skeleton during the later Grob 24 ( t. 25: 2; N 1) burial in Grave 30. Skeleton. H. 493.11 m. Only the skull remained in its original Grobna jama. Vzhodna stran je bila vkopana v humus, zaho- position, the moved bones of the legs were found in the dna vsekana v živo skalo. fill-in material above the skeleton in Grave 30. Okostje. Infans II (8 ± 24 mesecev). Viš. 493,02 m; azimut 86º. Artefact. A Roman pottery fragment (Cat. No. 4; Fig. 1.25: 2; Pl. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, kosti so bile slabo ohranjene 14: 16) was found underneath the skul . in deloma premaknjene. Leva roka je bila verjetno izte- Grave goods. There were no grave goods. gnjena ob telesu, desnica pa položena na medenico, kjer je ležalo nekaj kosti zapestja. Od vrha lobanje do konca golenice je okostje merilo 1,1 m. Grave 24 ( Pl. 25: 2; N 1) Predmeti v grobu. V grobni jami so bili štirje neznačilni odlomki prazgodovinskih posod (S 1818), neobdelana Grave pit. The eastern side was dug into humus, while the west- kamnita odbitka iz tufa (S 2819, S 1820) in ptičja (?) ern side was hewed into the bedrock. koščica (S 1821). 296 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Pridatki. Ob lobanji sta bila naglavna obročka (1, 2), levi je Skeleton. Infans II (8 ± 24 months). H. 493.02 m; azimuth 86º. bil premaknjen. The skeleton was positioned on its back, the bones were (1) Bronast naglavni obroček (desni) okroglega preseka. poorly preserved and partial y moved. The left arm was Ohranjeni zaključek je profiliran, drugi je poškodovan. most likely stretched alongside the body, while the right Vel. 3,05 x 2,8 cm, deb. 0,2 cm. Inv. št. S 1816 ( t. 1: 17). hand was placed on the pelvis, where a few wrist bones (2) Bronast naglavni obroček (levi) ovalnega preseka, desno- were found. The skeleton measured 1.1 m from the top of sučen, s profiliranima zaključkoma. Vel. 3,4 x 2,5 cm, the skull to the end of the tibia. deb. 0,23 cm. Inv. št. S 1817 ( t. 1: 18). Artefacts. The grave pit contained four non-typical prehistoric pottery fragments (S 1818), some unretouched tuff flakes (S 2819, S 1820) and a bird (?) bone (S 1821). Grob 25 ( t. 25: 3; N 1) Grave goods. Two temple rings (1, 2) lay alongside the skul , the left one had been moved. Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna, grob so verjetno prekopali pri iz- (1) Bronze temple ring (right) with a circular cross-section and kopu jame za grob 56. Premaknjene kosti so bile zložene moulded end, while the other end has been damaged. S. ob skalnem robu, morda ob severni steni grobne jame. 3.05 x 2.8 cm, th. 0.2 cm. Inv. No. S 1816 ( Pl. 1: 17). Okostje. Infans I (6 do 7 let). Viš. 493,26 m. Ohranjene so (2) Bronze temple ring (left) with an oval cross-section, right razlomljene dolge kosti ter deli medeničnih kosti. handed, with molded ends. S. 3.4 x 2.5 cm, th. 0.23 cm. Komentar. V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 38) so podatki o Inv. No. S 1817 ( Pl. 1: 18). grobu 25 napačni, kar je razvidno iz fotografije, terenske risbe in ohranjenih kostnih ostankov. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 25 ( Pl. 25: 3; N 1) Grave pit. Was not visible, the grave was most likely destroyed Grob 26 ( t. 25: 4; N 1; 16) when the pit for Grave 56 was being dug. The moved bones were stacked alongside the rock edge, possibly along the Grobna jama: Ni bila vidna. Grob so verjetno prekopali pri northern edge of the pit. gradnji severne stranske kapele. Skeleton. Infans I (6 to 7 years). H. 493.26 m. Broken long bones Okostje. Maturus (46 do 62 let), ženska. Viš. 493,29 m (med and parts of the pelvis were preserved. kostmi). Deli lobanje in dolgih kosti so bili zbrani in Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, odloženi v plast nasutja pri severovzhodnem vogalu pg. 38) shows incorrect data for Grave 25; this is clearly stranske kapele. evident from the photograph, the drawing from the site Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. and the preserved bone remains. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 27 ( t. 25: 5; N 1) Grave 26 ( Pl. 25: 4; N 1; 16) Grobna jama: Vkopana je bila v prst, dno je bilo na plasti lomljencev. Grave pit. Was not visible. The grave was most likely destroyed Okostje. Infans I (4 ± 12 mesecev). Viš. 493,02 m; azimut 100º during the building works on the northern side chapel. (izmerjeno po risbi). Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo močno Skeleton. Maturus (46 to 62 years), female. H. 493.29 m (amongst poškodovano, ležalo je pod skeletoma 21 in 22. Vidno je the bones). Parts of the skull and long bones were gathered bilo do kolčnic, kosti nog so bile pod zidom 1. Od vrha and placed in the fill in layer in the north-eastern corner lobanje do kolčnic je merilo 0,51 m. of the side chapel. Pridatki. Ob desni (1) in levi (2) strani glave je ležal naglavni Grave goods. There were no grave goods. obroček. (1) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka, desnosučen. En zaključek je profiliran, drugi ravno odrezan. Pr. Grave 27 ( Pl. 25: 5; N 1) 3,0 cm, deb. 0,2 cm. Inv. št. S 1822 ( t. 1: 19). (2) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka. En zaklju- Grave pit: Dug into soil, the bottom was on a layer of quarry ček je profiliran, drugi ravno odrezan. Pr. 3,1 cm, deb. stones. 0,22 cm. Inv. št. S 1823 ( t. 1: 20; 15: 10). Skeleton. Infans I (4 ± 12 months). H. 493.02 m; azimuth 100º (measured from the drawing). The severely damaged skeleton was positioned on its back. It lay underneath skeletons 21 and 22. The skeleton was uncovered up to the innominate bones, while the leg bones are located underneath wal No. 1. The skeleton measured 0.51 m from the top of the skull to the innominate bones. Grave goods. A right (1) and a left (2) bronze temple ring lay alongside the head. (1) Bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section, right handed. One ending is moulded, the other straight. Dia. 3.0 cm, th. 0.2 cm. Inv. No. S 1822 ( Pl. 1: 19). 297 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 28 ( t. 24: 2; N 1) (2) Bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section. One ending is moulded, the straight. Dia. 3.1 cm, th. 0.22 cm. Inv. No. Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna, v grob so vkopali jamo za grob 40. S 1823 ( Pls. 1: 20; 15: 10). Okostje. Maturus I (41 do 51 let), moški. Od prekopanega okostja se je ohranila le lobanja. Ležala je ob okostju v grobu 18 (pri kosteh levice) in nad okostjem v grobu 40 Grave 28 ( Pl. 24: 2; N 1) (na kosteh desnice). Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. Was not visible, Grave 40 was dug into this pit. Skeleton. Maturus I (41 to 51 years), male. Only the skull has been preserved from the reburied skeleton. It lay alongside Grob 29 ( t. 25: 6; 26: 1; N 1) the skeleton in Grave 18 (next to the bones on the left side) and above the skeleton in Grave 40 (on top the bones on Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v prst, pomešano z dolomitnim the right side). lomljencem. Pri izkopu jame so prekopali grob 33, izkop Grave goods. There were no grave goods. je verjetno segal tudi na prostor groba 32. Okostje. Maturus II (54 do 60 let), moški. Viš. 493,40 m; azi- mut 90º. Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo delno ohranjeno, Grave 29 ( Pls. 25: 6; 26: 1; N 1) pri kosteh goleni in stopal je segalo na območje, kjer je bil pozneje zgrajen zid 1. Ohranjeni del okostja je meril Grave pit. Dug into soil mixed with dolomite quarry stone. 1,25 m. Roki sta bili iztegnjeni ob trupu. The pit destroyed Grave 33, and most likely reached into Predmet v grobu. V grobni jami je bil košček rude (kat. št. 5; Grave 32. s l. 1.16: 1). Skeleton. Maturus II (54 to 60 years), male. H. 493.40 m; azimuth Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. 90º. The partial y preserved skeleton was positioned on Komentar. V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 39) je bila its back; the tibia and the bones of the feet reached into omemba “ob glavi sta bila 2 obsenčna obročka” zapisana the area of the later wall No. 1. The preserved part of pomotoma. V “pregledu najdb”, ki v osnutku besedila the skeleton measured 1.25 m. The arms were stretched sledi omembi, ni opisa “obsenčnih obročkov”, kot je alongside the torso. praviloma pri drugih naštetih najdbah. Tudi v terenski Artefacts. The grave pit included a piece of ore (Cat. No. 5; Fig. dokumentaciji in v inventarni knjigi ni nobenega podat- 1.16: 1). ka o “obsenčenih obročkih”, ki naj bi jih našli v grobu 29. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pg. 39) mentions ‘2 temple rings that were found next Grob 30 ( t. 26: 1, 2; N 5) to the head’, however, this was added as a mistake. The description of artefacts’ which follows this mention in Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo. Pri izkopu jame so the draft of the text for publication does not include a v večjem delu prekopali grob 23, verjetno pa tudi grob 32. description of the ‘temple rings’, even though this format Okostje. Okostje odrasle osebe. Viš. 492,95 m; azimut 92º. was usual y implemented. Nor the fieldwork documenta- Dobro ohranjeno okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, kosti so tion nor the inventory book mention any data connected bile robustne. Desna roka je bila iztegnjena ob trupu, to ‘temple rings’ that were supposedly found in Grave 29. leva nekoliko upognjena z dlanmi na medenici. Spodnji del nog je pokrival zid 1. Od vrha lobanje do kolen je okostje merilo 1,1 m. Grave 30 ( Pl. 26: 1, 2; N 5) Predmeti v grobu. V grobu so našli svinčeno ploščico (1) in odlomek keramike. Grave pit. Dug into bedrock. A large part of Grave 23 was dis- Komentar. Odlomek keramike je omenjen le v osnutku besedila turbed when the pit was created and it is very likely that ( arhiv 489, str. 39), brez opisa v “pregledu najdb”, niti ni the pit also extended into Grave 32. bil vključen v terensko “Akcesijsko knjigo” ( arhiv 494). Skeleton. Adult skeleton. H. 492.95 m; azimuth 92º. The well- (1) Kvadratna svinčena ploščica. Vel. 3,2 x 3,18 cm, deb. preserved skeleton was positioned on its back, the bones 0,18 cm; teža 13,14 g. Inv. št. S 1825 ( t. 1: 21; t. 16: 3). were robust. The right arm was extended alongside the torso, the left was slightly flexed, and the left hand was positioned on the pelvis. The lower part of the legs was covered by wall No. 1. The skeleton measured 1.1m from the top of the head to the knees. Artefacts. The grave contained a lead tablet (1) and a pottery fragment. Commentary. The pottery fragment is mentioned in the draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pg. 39), but is not described in the ‘description of the artefacts’, nor was it included in the field find list ( archive 494). (1) Square lead tablet. S. 3.2 x 3.18 cm, th. 0.18 cm; weight 13.14 g. Inv. No. S 1825 ( Pls. 1: 21; 16: 3). 298 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 31 ( t. 26: 3; N 1) Grave 31 ( Pl. 26: 3; N 1) Grobna jama: Vkopana je bila v prst, pomešano z dolomitnim Grave pit: Dug into soil mixed with dolomite sand. Grave 23 peskom. V predelu nog je bil v jamo vkopan grob 23. disturbed the pit at the location of the legs. Okostje. Juvenilis (18 let), ženska. Viš. 493,27 m; azimut 90º Skeleton. Juvenilis (18 years), female. H. 493.27 m; azimuth 90º (odmerjeno po risbi). Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, od (measured from the drawing). The skeleton was positioned glave so bili ohranjeni le odlomki lobanje in spodnja on its back, from the head only fragments of the skull and čeljustnica, od kosti nog pa leva stegnenica in del gole- the mandible were preserved, while from the bones of the nice. Kosti nog so bile prekopane pri izkopu jame za grob legs the left femur and a part of the tibia were preserved. 23. Od prvega vratnega vretenca do konca stegnenice je The bones of the legs were reburied when Grave 23 was okostje merilo 1,1 m. created. The skeleton measured 1.1 m from the first cervi- Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. cal vertebra to the end of the femur. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 32 ( t. 26: 4, 5; N 1) Grave 32 ( Pl. 26: 4, 5; N 1) Grobna jama. Ob zgornjem delu okostja je bila jama vkopana v prst, pri kosteh nog pa je bila uničena. Grob so verjetno Grave pit. At the upper part of the skeleton the pit was dug into prekopali pri izkopu jam za grobova 29 in 30. soil, at the bones of the legs it had been destroyed. The Okostje. Infans I (4 ± 12 mesecev). Viš. 493,12 m; azimut 91º. pit was most likely disturbed when the pits for Graves 29 Ohranjene so bile kosti zgornjega dela okostja. and 30 were created. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Skeleton. Infans I (4 ± 12 months). H. 493.12 m; azimuth 91º. The bones belonging to the upper part of the skeleton were preserved. Grob 33 ( t. 26: 5; N 1) Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grobna jama. Uničena. Grob so razdrli pri izkopu jame za grob 29. Grave 33 ( Pl. 26: 5; N 1) Okostje. Senilis (59 do 72 let), moški. Viš. 493,20 m (med kostmi). Prekopane dolge kosti so bile zložene na kup, Grave pit. Destroyed. The grave was destroyed when the pit for ob njih deli lobanje. Grave 29 was created. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Skeleton. Senilis (59 to 72 years), male. H. 493.20 m (between the bones). The reburied long bones were stacked on a pile, skull fragments were found next to it. Grob 34 ( t. 26: 6; N 1) Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v dolomitno osnovo. Okostje. Okostje odrasle osebe je bilo slabo in le delno ohranje- Grave 34 ( Pl. 26: 6; N 1) no. Viš. 493,27 m; azimut 100º (približno, izmerjeno po risbi). Lobanja je bila poškodovana, v prvotnem položaju Grave pit. Dug into the dolomite base. so bile deloma še kosti leve rame. Sodeč po legi členkov Skeleton. The poorly and only partial y preserved skeleton prstov na nogi je bil skelet dolg 1,8 m. Levo od lobanje sta belonged to an adult. H. 493.27 m; azimuth 100º (ap- bila v prvotni legi še nadlahtnica in podlahtnica nekega proximately, measured from the drawing). The skul drugega okostja. was damaged, and a part of the bones belonging to the Pridatki. Ob kosteh leve rame je ležal naglavni obroček (1). left shoulder were in their original position. Taking into (1) Deformiran bronast naglavni obroček iz žice okroglega account the position of the toe joints, the skeleton must preseka, s profiliranima zaključkoma. Vel. 5,1 x 4,4 cm, have been 1.8 m long. A humerus and an ulna belonging deb. 0,2 cm. Inv. št. S 1826 ( t. 1: 22; 15: 9). to a different skeleton were in their original position, left of the skul . Grave goods. A temple ring (1) lay alongside the bones of the Grob 35 ( t. 27: 1; N 1) left shoulder. (1) A deformed bronze temple ring made from wire with a Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus. Na desni strani okostja circular cross-section and moulded ends. S. 5.1 x 4.4 cm, so v grob vkopali severni del jame za vzporedno ležeči th. 0.2 cm. Inv. No. S 1826 ( Pls. 1: 22; 15: 9). grob 36. Okostje. Adultus (21 do 40 let), ženska. Viš. 493,09 m; azimut 95º. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Leva roka je bila neko- Grave 35 ( Pl. 27: 1; N 1) liko upognjena, dlan je ležala na medenici. Desno stran okostja so poškodovali pri poznejšem pokopu (grob 36), Grave pit. Dug into humus. The north part of the parallel Grave kosti desne roke in desno kolčnico so nekoliko prema- 36 was dug into the pit to the right of the skeleton. knili, kosti desne noge pa prekopali. Okostje je merilo Skeleton. Adultus (21 to 40 years), female. H. 493.09 m; azimuth 1,7 m. Ležalo je nad zgornjim delom okostja v grobu 45. 95º. The skeleton was positioned on its back. The left arm 299 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Pridatki. “Ob levem boku” je ležal železen nož (1). was slightly flexed, the left hand lay on the pelvis. The Komentar. Po osnutku besedila naj bi nož ležal ob desni ste- right side of the skeleton was damaged during a later gnenici ( arhiv 489, str. 40), vendar je bila ob odkritju burial (Grave 36), the bones of the right arm and the right groba na prvotnem mestu le leva stegnenica, pa tudi na innominate bones were slightly moved, and the bones of terenski listek so zapisali, da je mesto najdbe noža “ob the right leg were reburied. The skeleton measured 1.7 m levem boku”. in length. It was positioned above the upper part of the (1) Železen nož s ploščatim trnom in poševno zalomljenim skeleton in Grave 45. hrbtom rezila. Prehod iz rezila v trn je stopničast. Dol. Grave goods. An iron knife lay ‘alongside the left hip’ (1). 13,25 cm, dol. trna 3,8 cm, šir. rezila do 2,08 cm. Inv. št. Commentary. According to the draft of the text for publication S 1827 ( t. 1: 23; 17: 4). the knife lay alongside the right femur ( archive 489, pg. 40), however when the grave was uncovered only the left femur was in its original position, and the field index paper Grob 36 ( t. 27: 1; N 1) also stated that the knife was found alongside ‘the left hip’. (1) Iron knife with a flat tang and an obliquely angled spine. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, na severi strani deloma The transition from the blade to the tang is gradual. L. v vzporedno ležeči grob 35. 13.25 cm, tang l. 3.8 cm, blade w. up to 2.08 cm. Inv. No. Okostje. Maturus II (55 do 61 let), ženska. Viš. 493,30 m; azimut S 1827 ( Pls. 1: 23; 17: 4). 101º. Dobro ohranjeno okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Roki sta bili pokrčeni, z dlanmi na medenici. Okostje je merilo 1,64 m. Na desni strani ob zgornjem delu okostja, med Grave 36 ( Pl. 27: 1; N 1) groboma 36 in 37, je ležala dolga kost nekega drugega prekopanega okostja odrasle osebe. Grave pit. Dug into humus, on the northern side partial y into Pridatki. Ob desni strani lobanje sta ležala naglavna obročka the parallel Grave 35. (1, 2). Skeleton. Maturus II (55 to 61 years), female. H. 493.30 m; azi- (1) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka, desnosučen, muth 101º. The well-preserved skeleton was positioned on s profiliranima zaključkoma. Vel. 4,20 x 3,6 cm, deb. its back. The arms were flexed, the hands positioned on 0,2 cm. Inv. št. S 1829 ( t. 2: 1). the pelvis. The skeleton measured 1.64 m in length. On (2) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka, levosučen, the right side of the upper part of the skeleton, between s profiliranima zaključkoma. Vel. 4,16 x 3,86 cm, deb. Graves 36 and 37, lay a reburied long bone of an adult 0,2 cm. Inv. št. S 1828 ( t. 2: 2). from another skeleton. Grave goods. Two temple rings (1, 2) lay to the right of the skul . (1) Bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section, right Grob 37 ( t. 27: 1; N 1) handed, with moulded ends. S. 4.20 x 3.6 cm, th. 0.2 cm. Inv. No. S 1829 ( Pl. 2: 1). Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus. (2) Bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section, left handed, Okostje. Infans I (4 ± 12 mesecev). Viš. 492,99 m. Slabo with bulge. S. 4.16 x 3.86 cm, th. 0.2 cm. Inv. No. S 1828 ohranjeno okostje, v prvotnem položaju je bila delno ( Pl. 2: 2). ohranjena lobanja. Na levi strani lobanje, med groboma 36 in 37, je ležala dolga kost nekega drugega prekopanega okostja odrasle osebe. Grave 37 ( Pl. 27: 1; N 1) Komentar. Po osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 41) je bil v grobu “uničen skelet odrasle osebe”. Vendar je bolj verjetno, da Grave pit. Dug into humus. je bil v njem pokopan otrok, na kar kažeta analiza kosti Skeleton. Infans I (4 ± 12 months). H. 492.99 m. A poorly pre-in velikost najdenega prstana (3). served skeleton, the partial y preserved skull was found Pridatki. Ob okostju so bili naglavna obročka (1, 2) in prstan in its original position. An adult long bone, belonging (3). to a reburied skeleton, was found to the left of the skul , (1) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka, desnosučen, between Graves 36 and 37. s profiliranima zaključkoma. Vel. 2,8 x 2,74 cm, deb. Commentary. According to the draft of the text for publication 0,23 cm. Inv. št. S 1830 ( t. 2: 3; 15: 11). ( archive 489, pg. 41) the grave contained ‘a destroyed adult (2) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka, desnosučen, skeleton’. However, it is more likely that the grave was cre- s profiliranima zaključkoma. Vel. 2,8 x 2,78 cm deb. ated for an infant, which is supported by the bone analysis 0,25 cm. Inv. št. S 1831 ( t. 2: 4). and the size of the discovered ring (3). (3) Bronast prstan trikotnega preseka, preoblikovan, z zmanj- Grave goods. Two temple rings (1, 2) and a ring (3) were found šanim premerom in močno presegajočima koncema. En alongside the skeleton. konec je ravno zaključen, drugi je razcepljen. Vel. 2,06 x (1) Bronze temple ring with a triangular cross-section, right 1,81 cm, šir. traku 0,36 cm, notranji pr. prstana 1,4 cm. handed, with moulded ends. S. 2.8 x 2.74 cm, th. 0.23 cm. Inv. št. S 1832 ( t. 2: 5; 15: 13). Inv. No. S 1830 ( Pls. 2: 3; 15: 11). (2) Bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section, right handed, with moulded ends. S. 2.8 x 2.78 cm th. 0.25 cm. Inv. No. S 1831 ( Pl. 2: 4). (3) Bronze finger ring with a semi-circular cross-section, rede- signed, with a reduced diameter and strongly exceeding 300 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 38 ( t. 27: 2,3; N 5) ends. On one side it is straight ended, on the other it is forked. S. 2.06 x 1.81 cm, w. of the band 0.36 cm, inner Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, na dnu je bilo veliko dia. of the ring 1.4 cm. Inv. No. S 1832 ( Pls. 2: 5; 15: 13). dolomitnega peska in koščkov oglja. Nad kostmi spo- dnjega dela nog je bila vkopana jama za grob 20. Okostje. Senilis (58 do 72 let), ženska. Viš. 492,90 m; azimut Grave 38 ( Pl. 27: 2,3; N 5) 113º. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, kosti so bile slabo ohranjene. Roki sta bili položeni na medenico. Okostje je Grave pit. Dug into humus, the bottom of the pit was covered in bilo dolgo 1,7 m. Kosti spodnjega dela nog so ležale pod dolomite sand and pieces of charcoal. Grave 20 was created kostmi spodnjega dela nog okostja v grobu 20. above the bones of the upper part of the legs. Opomba. Nad okostjem v grobu 38 so izkopali sondo 3. Skeleton. Senilis (58 to 72 years), female. H. 492.90 m; azimuth Predmeti v grobu. V jami so našli šest neobdelanih kremenovih 113º. The skeleton was positioned on its back, the bones odbitkov (največji je shranjen, inv. št. S 1836a; objava: were poorly preserved. The hands were placed on the Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 22, zgornji) in praskalo (kat. pelvis. The skeleton measured 1.7 m in length. The bones št. 6; sl. 1.9: 2; t. 13: 2; objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. of the lower part of the legs lay under the bones of the 22, drugi od zgoraj). lower part of the legs belonging to the skeleton in Grave 20. Pridatki. Ob levi ključnici je ležal naglavni obroček (1), ob levi Note. Trench 3 was dug above the skeleton in Grave 38. stegnenici pri kolčnici nož (2). Artefacts. Six unretouched flint flakes (the largest was stored, Inv. (1) Nesklenjen bronast naglavni obroček s profiliranima za- No. S 1836a; published: Šribar 1972a, pg. 22, top image) and ključkoma. Vel. 2,5 x 2,4 cm, deb. 0,2 cm. Ohranjen je a scraper (Cat. No. 6; Fig. 1.9: 2; Pl. 13: 2; published: Šribar večji del ob najdbi razlomljenega, a v celoti ohranjenega 1972a, pg. 22, second image from top) were found in the pit. obročka (risarska rekonstrukcija po risbi v stari kartote- Grave goods. A temple ring (1) lay alongside the left clavicle and ki). Inv. št. S 1834 ( t. 2: 6; t. 27: 2). Objava: Šribar 1972a, a knife (2) lay next to the left femur, at the height of the slika na str. 22. innominate bones. (2) Železen nož. Hrbet rezila je pri konici poševno zalomljen, (1) An open bronze temple ring with moulded ends. S. 2.5 x konica manjka. Na ploščatem nasadišču za ročaj sta bili 2.4 cm, th. 0.2 cm. A large part of the ring is preserved. ohranjeni platnici iz kosti ali rogovine, pritrjeni z žele- It was broken, but complete when found (the sketch znima kovicama in okrašeni s prečnimi in križajočimi reconstruction created from the drawing in the old file). se vrezi. Zdaj sta platnici ohranjeni fragmentarno. Dol. Inv. No. S 1834 ( Pls. 2: 6; 27: 2). Published: Šribar 1972a, 11,25 cm, šir. rezila do 1,25 cm, šir. ročaja 1,2 cm. Inv. Figure on pg. 22. št. S 1833 ( t. 2: 7; 17: 5; t. 27: 3). Objava: Šribar 1972a, (2) Iron knife. The spine of the blade is obliquely angled at the slika na str. 22. tip, the tip itself is missing. The flat tang had two halves of a bone or antler handle attached to it with iron rivets; the bone handle was decorated with transversal and crossing Grob 39 ( t. 29: 2; N 1) incisions. The two halves of the handle are now frag- mentarily preserved. L. 11.25 cm, blade w. up to 1.25 cm, Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, na južnem robu v handle w. 1.2 cm. Inv. No. S 1833 ( Pls. 2: 7; 17: 5; 27: 3). plast prepečene ilovice. Poškodovana je bila ob vkopu Publication: Šribar 1972a, Figure on pg. 22. jame za grob 46. Okostje. Viš. 493,50 m (med kostmi). Prekopano okostje odrasle osebe, premaknjene kosti (lobanja, stegnenici, Grave 39 ( Pls. 27: 4; 29: 2; N 1) kolčnici in druge) so zbrali in zložili na sloj prsti nad glavo in trupom umrlega v grobu 46. Grave pit. Dug into humus, on the south edge into a layer of Komentar. Po osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 43) so v grobu burnt clay. It was damaged during the burial in Grave 46. “ležali v neredu ostanki najmanj treh pokopov”. Poleg Skeleton. H. 493.50 m (amongst the bones). The moved bones prekopanih kosti so omenjene tudi kosti rok in nog, ki (skul , femur, innominate bones and others) of the rebur- so ostale na prvotnem mestu. Te so spadale, kot se vidi ied adult skeleton were gathered and stacked on a layer of iz terenske dokumentacije, k okostju v grobu 46. Okostju soil above the head and torso of the skeleton in Grave 46. št. 39 je pripisana tudi dolga kost ( N 1), ki je ležala med Commentary. According to the draft of the text for publication grobovi 42, 47 in 20, vendar je od zbranih kosti okostja 39 ( archive 489, pg. 43) the grave included ‘scattered remains (nad grobom 46) preveč oddaljena za takšno sklepanje. of at least three burials’. Alongside the reburied bones the Predmeti v grobu. Ob kosteh so bili del žrmelj (kat. št. 7; sl. bones of arms and legs that have remained in their original 1.16: 2; 1.18: 1), odlomek dleta ali sekirice (kat. št. 8; sl. position are also mentioned. Fieldwork documentation 1.15: 11; t. 13: 10) in odlomki prazgodovinske keramike. indicates that these belonged to the skeleton in Grave 46. Komentar. Odlomkov keramike, ki se omenjajo v osnutku It was also recorded that the long bone ( N 1), which lay besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 43), med najdbami ni mogoče between Graves 42, 47 and 20, belonged to skeleton 39, identificirati. Odlomki niso bili vpisani v terenski zvezek however the remaining bones of skeleton 39 (above Grave akcesije ( arhiv 494). 46) are too far away to justify this conclusion. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Artefacts. A part of a quern (Cat. No. 7; Figs. 1.16: 2; 18: 1), a fragment of a small axe or chisel (Cat. No. 8; Fig. 1.15: 11; Pl. 13: 10) and fragments of prehistoric pottery were found next to the bones. 301 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 40 ( t. 24: 3; 27: 6; 28: 1; N 5) Commentary. It was impossible to identify the pottery frag- ments mentioned in the draft of the text for publication Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v prst, pomešano z drobnimi ( archive 489, pg. 43) amongst the finds. Fragments were koščki dolomitnega lomljenca in ogljem. Dno jame je not included in the field find list ( archive 494). bilo na plasti prepečene ilovice. V zasutju ob okostju so Grave goods. There were no grave goods. bili večji kosi prepečene ilovice. Jama je bila vkopana v grob št. 28. Okostje. Azimut 90º. Dobro ohranjeno okostje odrasle osebe je Grave 40 ( Pls. 24: 3; 27: 5; 28: 1; N 5) bilo v hrbtni legi. Roki sta bili iztegnjeni ob trupu. Čelni del lobanje je bil poškodovan pri vkopu groba 19. Kosti Grave pit. Dug into soil mixed with small fragments of dolomite nog so bile pod temelji stranske kapele. Odkopani del quarry stone and charcoal. The bottom of the pit lay on a okostja je meril 1,0 m. Ležalo je vzporedno z okostjem layer of burnt clay. Along the skeleton, the pit was filled-in 41 in tik ob njem (15 cm razmika). with soil mixed with large chunks of burnt clay. The pit Predmet v grobu. V zasipu nad levo stegnenico je bil kamnit was dug into Grave 28. jedrni odbitek (kat. št. 9; sl. 1.15: 3; t. 13: 3; t. 27: 6). Skeleton. Azimuth 90º. The well-preserved adult skeleton was Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. positioned on its back. The arms were stretched alongside the torso. The frontal lobe was damaged during the burial in Grave 19. The bones of the legs were located underneath Grob 41 ( t. 24: 3; 27: 5; 28: 1; N 5) the foundations of the side chapel. The uncovered part of the skeleton measured 1.0 m in length. It lay parallel to Grobna jama. Jama je bila vkopana v prst, ki je bila v nižjih skeleton 41, only 15 cm away. plasteh pomešana z ilovico in drobnim dolomitnim lo- Artefacts. A stone core tablet (Cat. No. 9; Fig. 1.15: 3; Pls. 13: 3; mljencem. Dno jame je bilo na plasti prepečene ilovice. 27: 6) was found in the fill-in material above the left femur. V zasutju ob okostju so bili večji kosi prepečene ilovice Grave goods. There were no grave goods. in oglja. Okostje. Viš. 493,20 m; azimut 93º (odmerjeno po risbi). Dobro ohranjeno okostje odrasle osebe je bilo v hrbtni legi. Roki Grave 41 ( Pls. 24: 3; 27: 5; 28: 1; N 5) sta bili iztegnjeni ob trupu. Spodnje kosti nog so bile pod temelji stranske kapele. Vidni del okostja je meril 1,0 m. Grave pit. Dug into soil, which was in the lower layers mixed Ležalo je vzporedno z okostjem 40 in tik ob njem (15 cm with clay and fine dolomite quarry stone. The bottom of razmika). Ob levi stegnenici so bili deli lobanje drugega the pit reached the layer of burnt clay. The fill-in material okostja, verjetno iz groba 42. alongside the skeleton contained larg chunks of burnt Komentar. V osnutku besedila je zapisano mnenje ( arhiv 489, clay and charcoal. str. 44), da sta bila pokojnika v grobovih 40 in 41 poko- Skeleton. H. 493.20 m; azimuth 93º (measured from the draw- pana istočasno, verjetno v skupno grobno jamo. ing). The well-preserved adult skeleton was positioned on Predmeti v grobu. V jami sta bila kamnit odbitek (inv. št. S 1840; its back. The arms were stretched alongside the torso. The objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 31, št. 5) in odlomek lower bones of the legs were underneath the foundations of lončene posode (kat. št. 10; t. 6: 2; 18: 2; t. 27: 5). the side chapel. The visible part of the skeleton measured Pridatki. Na prstnici desne roke je bil nataknjen prstan (1), 1.0 m in length. It lay parallel to skeleton 40, only 15 cm med levo stegnenico ter dlanskimi kostmi in prstnicami away. Alongside the left femur were parts of a skull be- leve roke je ležal železen nož (2). longing to a different skeleton, most likely from Grave 42. (1) Ulit bronast prstan okroglega preseka, z nesklenjenima Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, ravno odrezanima koncema. Pr. 2,45 cm, deb. 0,4 cm. pg. 44) states that the deceased in Graves 40 and 41 were Inv. št. S 1841 ( t. 2: 8; 27: 5 ). Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika buried at the same time, most likely in a shared grave pit. na str. 31, št. 4. Artefacts. The pit contained a stone flake (Inv. No. S 1840; publi- (2) Železen nož z ravnim hrbtom rezila in trnastim nastavkom cation: Šribar 1972a, pg. 31, Fig. 5) and a pottery fragment za ročaj. Ob najdbi je bil nož v celoti ohranjen, pozneje (Cat. No. 10; Pls. 6: 2; 18: 2; 27: 5). pa sta konica rezila in del trna propadla. Dol. 11,72 cm Grave goods. A finger ring (1) was found on the phalanges of the (prvotna dol. 13,6 cm), šir. rezila do 1,5 cm. Inv. št. S right hand, an iron knife (2) lay between the left femur and 1842 ( t. 2: 9; 17: 6; t. 27: 5). Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika the palm bones and phalanges of the left hand. na str. 31, št. 3. (1) A cast bronze finger ring with a rounded cross-section, with straight cut off endings. Dia. 2.45 cm, th. 0.4 cm. Inv. No. S 1841 ( Pls. 2: 8; 27: 5). Publication: Šribar 1972a, pg. 31, Fig. 4. (2) Iron knife with a straight spine and a tang. When discovered the knife was ful y preserved, however the tip of the blade and a part of the tang decayed over time. L. 11.72 cm (original l. 13.6 cm), blade w. up to 1.5 cm. Inv. No. S 1842 ( Pls. 2: 9; 17: 6; 27: 5). Publication: Šribar 1972a, pg. 31, Fig. 3. 302 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 42 ( t. 28: 2; 28: 2; N 1) Grave 42 ( Pl. 28: 2; N 1) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, pomešan z dolomitnim Grave pit. Dug into humus mixed with dolomite quarry stone. lomljencem. Dno jame je bilo iz prsti, pomešane z dolo- The bottom of the pit was covered in soil mixed with mitnim lomljencem v velikosti do 10 x 10 cm. Grob so v dolomite quarry stone measuring up to 10 x 10 cm. Most večjem delu razdrli, verjetno pri izkopu jame za grob 41. of the grave was destroyed, most probably when the pit Okostje. Viš. 493,08 m; azimut 91°. Slabo ohranjeno okostje for Grave 41 was created. odrasle osebe, v prvotnem položaju so bile le poškodo- Skeleton. H. 493.08 m; azimuyh 91°. Poorly preserved adult vane leva stegnenica in obe golenici. Okostju so verjetno skeleton, only the damaged left femur and both tibias were pripadali deli lobanje, ki so ležali pri lobanji okostja v found in their original position. The parts of the skull that grobu 41. lay alongside the skull in Grave 41 most likely belonged Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. to this skeleton. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 43 ( t. 24: 3; N 1) Grave 43 ( Pl. 24: 3; N 1) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v plast humusa, pomešanega z dolomitnim lomljencem. Grave pit. Dug into a layer of humus mixed with dolomite Okostje. Infans I. Viš. 493,17 m. Ohranjeni so bili le del lo- quarry stone. banje in nekaj reber. Grob so verjetno zadeli pri vkopu Skeleton. Infans I. H. 493.17 m. Only a part of the skull and a few jame za grob 19. Okostje je ležalo ob zahodnem robu ribs were preserved. The grave was most likely disturbed prepečene ilovice. when the pit for Grave 19 was created. The skeleton lay Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. on the western part of the layer of burnt clay. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 44 ( t. 28: 3; N 1) Grave 44 ( Pl. 28: 3; N 1) Grobna jama. V raziskanem delu groba je bila jama vkopana v humus, pomešan z dolomitnim lomljencem. Grave pit. In the researched part of the grave the pit was dug Okostje. Viš. 493,19 m. Odkriti so bili le spodnja dela golenic into humus mixed with dolomite quarry stone. in prstne kosti noge. Drugi deli okostja so ostali neraz- Skeleton. H. 493.19 m. Only the lower part of the tibia and the iskani pod tlakom. phalanges of the toes were found. The remaining parts of Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. the skeleton remained under the paving stones. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 45 ( t. 28: 4,5; N 5) Grave 45 ( Pl. 28: 4,5; N 5) Grobna jama. Severovzhodni rob grobne jame, vsekan v živo skalo, je bil dobro viden. Dno jame je bilo deloma vko- Grave pit. The northeast edge of the pit, cut into the bedrock, pano v dolomitno osnovo. Nagnjeno je bilo od vzhoda was clearly visible. The bottom of the pit was partial y dug proti zahodu, tako da je zgornji del okostja ležal nižje into the dolomite base. The pit tilts from the east to the kot spodnji. Zahodna polovica grobne jame je bila pod west, thus the upper part of the skeleton lay lower than okostjem v grobu 35. the lower part of the skeleton. The western side of the pit Okostje. Maturus I (44 do 50 let), ženska. Azimut 82º. Dobro was underneath the skeleton in Grave 35. ohranjeno okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Roki sta bili iz- Skeleton. Maturus I (44 to 50 years), female. Azimuth 82º. The tegnjeni ob trupu. Okostje je merilo 1,6 m. Pri nogah je well-preserved skeleton was positioned on its back. The segalo do groba 22 (pri lobanji). Del okostja od lobanje do arms were stretched alongside the torso. The skeleton medenice je ležal pod zgornjim delom okostja v grobu 35. measured 1.6 m in length. At the feet it reached into Predmeti v grobu. V zasutju groba so bili odlomki prazgodovin- Grave 22 (at the skull). Between the skull and the pelvis skih (inv. št. S 1847c) in zgodnjesrednjeveških lončenih the skeleton lay underneath the upper part of the skeleton posod (kat. št. 11 in 12; t. 6: 3; 18: 4 in t. 6: 4; 18: 3). in Grave 35. Pridatki. Ob levi (1) in desni (2) strani lobanje sta ležala uhana, Artefacts. The fill-in material contained fragments of prehistoric ob desni roki je bil bronast prstan (3). (Inv. No. S 1847c) and Early-Medieval pottery (Cat. No. (1) Bronast ulit polmesečast uhan z lokom okroglega preseka. 11 and 12; Pls. 6: 3; 18: 4 and Pls. 6: 4; 18: 3). Spodnji del polmeseca s tremi roglji je stanjšan in okra- Grave goods. Two earrings lay on the left (1) and right (2) side of šen z drobnim zrnatim nizom. V jamicah, ki obdajajo the skul , a bronze finger ring lay alongside the right arm (3). bronasto površino v podobi živali z nazaj obrnjeno glavo, (1) A cast bronze crescent earring with an arc with a circular je ohranjen temnomoder, turkizen in brezbarven emajl. cross-section. The lower part of the crescent with three Jamice obdajajo bronasto površino v podobi živali z nazaj prongs is thinner and decorated with a fine grain sequence. The small holes surrounding the bronze surface outline an animal with a head turned back contain dark blue, turquoise and colourless enamel. . H. 4.27 cm, w. 3.23 cm. 303 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS obrnjeno glavo. Viš. 4,27 cm, šir. 3,23 cm. Inv. št. S 1845 Inv. No. S 1845 ( Pls. 2: 11; 15: 3). Publication: Šribar 1972a, ( t. 2: 11; 15: 3). Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 31, št. 8. Fig. on pg. 31, No. 8. (2) Bronast ulit polmesečast uhan z lokom okroglega prese- (2) A cast bronze crescent earring with an arc with a circular ka. Spodnji rob polmeseca s tremi roglji je stanjšan in cross-section. The lower edge of the crescent with three okrašen z nizom vtisnjenih okroglih jamic. Na polme- prongs is thinner and decorated with a series of imprinted sečastem delu je reliefno upodobljen rastlinski motiv, round holes. The small holes surround the vegetative deco- ohranjeni so ostanki belega in rumenega emajla. Viš. rative relief. White and yellow enamel are preserved on 4,8 cm, šir. 2,9 cm. Inv. št. S 1846 ( t. 2: 12; 15: 4). Objava: the crescent. H. 4.8 cm, w. 2.9 cm. Inv. No. S 1846 ( Pls. 2: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 31, št. 7. 12; 15: 4). Publication: Šribar 1972a, Fig. on pg. 31, No. 7. (3) Ulit bronast prstan okroglega preseka, z ravno odrezanima (3) An open cast bronze finger ring with a circular cross-section, nesklenjenima koncema. Na enem koncu je obroček ne- with straight cut off ends. The ring is slightly thinner on koliko stanjšan. Pr. 2,4 cm, deb. 0,3 cm. Inv. št. S 1844 ( t. one side. Dia. 2.4 cm, th. 0.3 cm. Inv. No. S 1844 ( Pls. 2: 2: 10; 15: 14). Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 31, št. 6. 10; 15: 14). Publication: Šribar 1972a, Fig. on pg. 31, No. 6. Grob 46 ( t. 28: 1,3,6; 29: 1; N 5) Grave 46 ( Pls. 28: 1,3,6; 29: 1; N 5) Grobna jama. Zahodni del jame so vkopali v plast prepečene Grave pit. The western part of the pit was dug into a layer of ilovice, vzhodni del v prst, pomešano z dolomitnimi burnt clay, the eastern part into soil mixed with dolomite lomljenci in koščki oglja. Za lobanjo je stal kvadrast quarry stones and pieces of charcoal. Behind the skull lay a dolomitni lomljenec v velikosti 24 x 10 x 10 cm, položen square dolomite quarry stone measuring 24 x 10 x 10 cm, na daljšo ozko ploskev. Pri izkopu jame so razdrli grob positioned on a long and narrow plane. While digging 39 in zadeli grob 63. the pit Grave 39 was destroyed and Grave 63 disturbed. Okostje. Maturus II (51 do 60 let), moški. Azimut 72º. Dobro Skeleton. Maturus II (51 to 60 years), male. Azimuth 72º. A ohranjeno okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Obe roki sta ležali well-preserved skeleton was positioned on its back. Both na medenici. Okostje je bilo dolgo 1,6 m. Nad zgornjim hands lay on the pelvis. The skeleton measured 1.6 m in delom okostja so bile naložene kosti prekopanega okostja length. Above the upper part of the skeleton lay the stacked iz groba 39. bones belonging to the reburied skeleton from Grave 39. Premeti v grobu. V zasipu so bili kos pečene ilovice in odlomki Artefacts. The fill-in material contained a piece of burnt clay and prazgodovinskih lončenih posod (inv. št. S 1848). prehistoric pottery fragments (Inv. No. S 1848). Komentar. V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 47) je zapisano, Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, da je bilo v jami in bližnji okolici poleg odlomkov lon- pg. 47) states that the pit and the surroundings included čenine tudi več kremenčevih odbitkov. not only pottery fragments but also flint flakes. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 47 ( t. 29: 2, N 1) Grave 47 ( Pl. 29: 2, N 1) Grobna jama. Jama je bila uničena, ostanki okostja so ležali Grave pit. The pit was destroyed, the skeleton remains lay on na plasti lomljenca ob severozahodnem vogalu severne a layer of quarry stones near the northwest corner of the stranske kapele. north chapel. Okostje. Infans I (2,5 do 3 let). Ohranjeni so bili desna kolčnica, Skeleton. Infans I (2,5 to 3 years). The right innominate bones, del desne stegnenice in nekaj reber. a part of the right femur and a few ribs were preserved. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 48 ( t. 28: 3) Grave 48 ( Pl. 28: 3) Grobna jama. V raziskanem delu groba je bila jama vkopana Grave pit. In the explored part of the grave the pit was dug into v humus, pomešan z dolomitnim lomljencem. Grob je humus mixed with dolomite quarry stone. On the east- na vzhodnem koncu (pri nogah) ležal zahodno od groba ern side (at the feet) the grave lay west of Grave 46 (right 46 (tik za lobanjo). behind the skull). Okostje. Ostanki okostja odrasle osebe. Odkrite so bile kosti Skeleton. Adult skeleton remains. The bones of the legs were nog, drugi deli okostja so ostali neraziskani pod tlakom. uncovered while the remaining parts of the skeleton lay Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. unresearched under the paving stones. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 49 ( t. 29: 3,4; N 1) Grave 49 ( Pl. 29: 3,4; N 1) Grobna jama: Vkopana je bila deloma v živo skalo, deloma pa v prst, pomešano z drobnim dolomitnim lomljencem. Grave pit: Partial y dug into the bedrock, partial y into soil Na dnu je bil humus pomešan z ilovico. Na mestu, kjer mixed with fine dolomite quarry stone. At the bottom the 304 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS bi morala biti lobanja, je bil droben rečni pesek. Nad humus was mixed with clay. Fine river sand was found okostjem, približno od lobanje do medenice, so pozneje where the skull should have been. Above the skeleton, vkopali grob 11 (vzhodni del groba pri nogah umrlega). approximately between the skull and the pelvis, the later Okostje. Maturus I (37 do 46 let), ženska. Viš. 493,18 m (na Grave 11 was created (the eastern part of the grave lays at mestu glave); azimut 91º. Okostje je bilo poškodovano, the feet of the deceased). v hrbtni legi, manjkale so lobanja in kosti spodnjega Skeleton. Maturus I (37 to 46 years), female. H. 493.18 m (at the dela nog (od kolen). Lobanjo so razbili pri vkopu jame position of the missing skull); azimuth 91º. The damaged za grob 11. Roki sta bili položeni na medenico. Od skeleton was positioned on its back, the skull and the vratnega vretenca (atlasa) do konca desne stegnenice je bones of the lower legs (from the knees downwards) were skelet meril 1,0 m. missing. The skull was destroyed when the pit for Grave Predmeti v grobu. V jami so bili kamnita klinica (kat. št. 13; 11 was created. The hands were positioned on the pelvis. sl. 1.15: 4; 1.16: 3), kremenov odbitek (inv. št. S 1853a), The skeleton measured 1.0 m from the cervical vertebrae trije odlomki prazgodovinske lončene posode (inv. št. (the atlas) to the end of the right femur. S 1852) in odlomek okenskega stekla (inv. št. S 1853b). Artefacts. The pit contained a stone bladelet (Cat. No. 13; Figs. Pridatki. V grobu sta bila naglavna obročka (1, 2), eden pri 1.15: 4; 1.16: 3), a flint flake (Inv. No. S 1853a), three kosteh levega komolca (1). fragments of prehistoric pottery (Inv. No. S 1852) and a (1) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka, s sploščeno fragment of window glass (Inv. No. S 1853b). S-zanko. Vel. 3,32 x 2,55 cm, deb. 0,18 cm, šir. zanke Grave goods. The grave contained two temple rings (1, 2), one 0,33 cm. Inv. št. S 1849 ( t. 2: 13; 15: 12; t. 29: 4). was found next to the bones belonging to the left elbow (1). (2) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka, levosučen. (1) A bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section and a Konca obročka sta profilirana, eden je stanjšan. Pr. flattened S-hook. S. 3.32 x 2.55 cm, th. 0.18 cm, hook w. 2,96 cm, deb. 0,2 cm. Inv. št. S 1850 ( t. 2: 14). 0.33 cm. Inv. No. S 1849 ( Pls. 2: 13; 15: 12; 29: 4). (2) Bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section, left handed, with moulded ends. The ring ends in bulges, one is thin- Grob 50 ( t. 29: 5; N 1) ner. Dia. 2.96 cm, th. 0.2 cm. Inv. No. S 1850 ( Pl. 2: 14). Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, pomešan z zelo drob- nim dolomitnim lomljencem. Dno je bilo na dolomitni Grave 50 ( Pl. 29: 5; N 1) osnovi. Okostje. Infans II (8 ± 24 mesecev). Viš. 493,19 m; azimut 98º. Grave pit. Dug into humus mixed with fine dolomite quarry Poškodovano okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Roki sta bili stone. The bottom of the pit was located on a dolomite iztegnjeni ob trupu. Okostje je od vrha lobanje do sredine base. golenic merilo 1,3 m. Skeleton. Infans II (8 ± 24 months). H. 493.19 m; azimuth 98º. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. The damaged skeleton was positioned on its back. The arms were stretched alongside the torso. From the top of the skull to the middle of the tibia the skeleton measured Grob 51 ( t. 29: 6; N 1) 1.3 m in length. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, pri dnu v dolomitno osnovo. Okostje. Adultus I (23 do 30 let), ženska. Viš. 493,03 m; azimut Grave 51 ( Pl. 29: 6; N 1) 92º. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Ohranjeni zgornji del okostja je meril 0,45 m. Grave pit. Dug into humus, at the bottom into a dolomite base. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Skeleton. Adultus I (23 to 30 years), female. H. 493.03 m; azimuth 92º. The skeleton was positioned on its back. The preserved upper part of the skeleton measured 0.45 m in length. Grob 52 ( t. 29: 6; 30: 1; N 1) Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grobna jama: Vkopana je bila v humus, dno je segalo do žive skale. Okostje. Viš. 493,09 m (pri vretencih). Okostje nedorasle osebe Grave 52 ( Pls. 29: 6; 30: 1; N 1) je bilo zelo poškodovano, v prvotni legi je bilo le še nekaj Grave pit: Dug into humus, the bottom reached to the bedrock. vretenc in reber. Skeleton. H. 493.09 m (at the vertebrae). The juvenile skeleton Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. was severely damaged, only a few vertebrae and ribs re- mained in their original position. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 53 ( N 1) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, pomešan z dolomitnim Grave 53 ( N 1) peskom. Dno je bilo na dolomitni osnovi. Okostje. Infans II (8 ± 24 mesecev). Ohranjen je bil le del Grave pit. Dug into humus mixed with dolomite sand. The bot- lobanje, drugi deli okostja so bili uničeni. tom was on a dolomite base. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. 305 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 54 ( t. 30: 2,4,5; N 1) Skeleton. Infans II (8 ± 24 months). Merely a part of the skul was preserved, the rest of the skeleton was destroyed. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v dolomitno osnovo. Prsteno Grave goods. There were no grave goods. zasutje je bilo pomešano z drobnim dolomitnim lo- mljencem. Okostje. Adultus I (25 do 31 let), moški. Viš. 493,33 m (na Grave 54 ( Pl. 30: 2,4,5; N 1) vretencih); azimut 96º. Delno ohranjeno okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Desna roka je bila iztegnjena ob trupu, leva Grave pit. Dug into the dolomite base. The fil -in soil was mixed upognjena na medenico. with fine dolomite quarry stone. Predmeti v grobu. Ob okostju so našli svinčeno ploščico (1) Skeleton. Adultus I (25 to 31 years), male. H. 493.33 m (at the in železen žebelj. vertebrae); azimuth 96º. The partial y preserved skeleton Komentar. Nikjer ni navedeno, kje natanko so ploščico našli. was positioned on its back. The right arm was stretched Morda je vseeno pridatek? Žebelj je (brez opisa) omenjen alongside the torso, the left was flexed with the hand on v le osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 51) in ga ni mogoče the pelvis. prepoznati med najdbami. Artefacts. A lead tablet (1) and an iron nail were found next to (1) Svinčena pravokotna ploščica z valovito površino, na enem the skeleton. koncu je zapognjena. Na eni strani so na površini kratki Commentary. The precise location of the found tablet is not vrezi. Dol. 4,0 cm, šir. 2,5 cm, deb. 0,15 cm. Inv. št. S 1854 mentioned anywhere. Maybe it was a grave good? The ( t. 2: 15; 16: 4). iron nail (with no description) is mentioned only in the draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pg. 51) and cannot be recognised amongst the finds. Grob 55 ( t. 30: 3; N 1) (1) Lead rectangular tablet with an undulating surface, folded on one end. On one side there are short incisions on the Grobna jama: Vkopana je bila v humus, pomešan z dolomi- surface. L. 4.0 cm, w. 2.5 cm, th. 0.15 cm. Inv. No. S 1854 tnim lomljencem. Pri dnu je segala do 0,5 m globoko v ( Pls. 2: 15; 16: 4). dolomitno osnovo. Severna polovica grobne jame je bila Grave goods. There were no grave goods. vkopana v grob 61. Ob steni v zahodnem delu jame so okostje obdajali večji kamni. Okostje. Senilis (63 do 69 let), moški: Viš. 493,20 m; azimut Grave 55 ( Pl. 30: 3; N 1) 99º. Slabo ohranjeno okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, od vrha lobanje do konca golenic je merilo 1,6 m. Roki sta bili Grave pit: Dug into humus mixed with dolomite quarry stone. položeni na medenico. Leva stran okostja je ležala nad At the bottom it reached up to 0.5 deep into the dolomite desnim delom okostja v grobu 61. base. The northern side of the pit was dug into Grave 61. Predmeti v grobu. V grobni jami so našli železno pisalo (1), On the western sideof the pit, the skeleton was surrounded železen žebelj (2) in odlomek prazgodovinske lončene by large stones. posode (inv. št. S 1856). Skeleton. Senilis (63 to 69 years), male. H. 493.20 m; azimuth Komentar. Položaj pisala v grobu v terenski dokumentaciji ni 99º. The poorly preserved skeleton was positioned on its natančneje naveden. back. From the top of the skull to the end of the tibia the (1) Železno pisalo – stilus – okroglega preseka. Sploščeni za- skeleton measured 1.6 m in length. The hands were placed ključek je nekoliko poškodovan, konica je odlomljena. on the pelvis. The left side of the skeleton lay on top of the Dol. 9,27 cm, deb. 0,53 cm. Inv. št. S 1855a ( t. 2: 16; 17: 7). right side of the skeleton in Grave 61. (2) Železen žebelj, skovan, s podolgovato glavico in pravoko- Artefacts. An iron stylus (1), an iron nail (2) and a fragment of tnim presekom. Dol. 6,67 cm, deb. do 0,58 cm. Inv. št. prehistoric pottery (Inv. No. S 1856) were found in the S 1855b ( t. 2: 17). grave pit. Commentary. The precise location of the stylus was not defined in the field documentation. Grob 56 ( t. 30: 4,5; N 5) (1) Iron stylus with a circular cross-section. The flattened ending is slightly damaged, the tip is broken off. L. 9.27 cm, th. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v dolomitno osnovo, dno je 0.53 cm. Inv. No. S 1855a ( Pls. 2: 16; 17: 7). bilo nagnjeno, tako da je glava ležala više od nog. Jama (2) Iron nail, forged, with an elongated head and a rectangular je bila zasuta z drobnim dolomitnim peskom, v prsti nad cross-section. L. 6.67 cm, th. up to 0.58 cm. Inv. No. S njim je bilo več kosov večjega dolomitnega lomljenca. 1855b ( Pl. 2: 17). Pri izkopu jame so prekopali grob 57. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Okostje. Maturus I (42 do 48 let), moški. Viš. 493,07 m; azimut 95º. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Desna roka je bila izte- gnjena ob trupu, leva je ležala na medenici. Okostje je od Grave 56 ( Pl. 30: 4,5; N 5) vrha glave do konca prstov na nogah merilo 1,6 m. Nad kostmi desne podlakti se je ohranila lobanja iz groba 57. Grave pit. Dug into the dolomite base, the bottom was tilted, so Predmeti v grobu. V grobu so našli železno pisalo (1), železen that the head lay higher than the legs. The pit was filled-in žebelj (2), odlomek prazgodovinske lončene posode (inv. with fine dolomite sand, the soil above it contained pieces št. S 1857) in ptičji kosti (inv. št. S 1860). of large dolomite quarry stone. When the pit was created Grave 57 was disturbed. 306 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Komentar. Položaj pisala in žeblja v grobu je opisan v te- Skeleton. Maturus I (42 to 48 years), male. H. 493.07 m; azimuth renskem dnevniku ( arhiv 537, str. 31): “Nad glavo je 95º. The skeleton was positioned on its back. The right humus močno pomešan s srednje debelim lomljencem. arm was stretched alongside the torso, the left hand was Tu je bil 1 železen stilus in 1 železen žebelj s štirikotnim positioned onto the pelvis. From the top of the head to prerezom.” the end of the toes the skeleton measured 1.6 m in length. (1) Železno pisalo – stilus – okroglega preseka. Zgornji del je The skull from Grave 57 lay on top of the bones of the trikotno razširjen in sploščen, konica je odlomljena. Dol. right forearm. 10,77 cm, šir. sploščenega dela 1,33 cm, deb. na sredini Artefacts. The grave contained an iron stylus (1), an iron nail 0,62 cm. Inv. št. S 1858 ( t. 2: 18; 17: 8). (2), a fragment of prehistoric pottery (Inv. No. S 1857) and (2) Železen žebelj, skovan, s široko glavico in kvadratnim pre- bird bones (Inv. No. S 1860). sekom. Dol. 6,22 cm, deb. 0,6 cm. Inv. št. S 1859 ( t. 2: 19). Commentary. The locations of the stylus and the nail were described in the field diary ( archive 537, pg. 31): ‘Above the head the humus is mixed with medium thick quarry Grob 57 ( t. 30: 4,5; N 5) stone. This is where the iron stylus and iron nail with a rectangular cross-section were found.’ Grobna jama. Uničena. Grob so razdrli pri izkopu jame za (1) Iron stylus with a circular cross-section. The upper part is grob 56. triangular and flattened, the tip is broken off. L. 10.77 cm, Okostje. Viš. 493,08 m. Ohranjena je bila lobanja nedorasle w. of the flattened part 1.33 cm, th. in the centre 0.62 cm. osebe. Ležala je približno 10 cm nad kostmi desne pod- Inv. No. S 1858 ( Pls. 2: 18; 17: 8). lahti v grobu 56. (2) Iron nail, forged, with a wide head and a rectangular cross- Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. section. L. 6.22 cm, th. 0.6 cm. Inv. No. S 1859 ( Pls. 2: 19). Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 58 ( t. 30: 6; N 6) Grave 57 ( Pl. 30: 4,5; N 5) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, ki je bil na dnu po- mešan z ilovico, više pa z dolomitnim peskom. Zahodni Grave pit. Destroyed. The grave was destroyed when the pit for del groba (pri glavi) so razdrli pri gradnji zidu št. 3, na Grave 56 was created. vzhodni konec (pri nogah) so zadeli ob gradnji severne Skeleton. H. 493.08 m. A juvenile skull is preserved. It lay ap- stene cerkve. proximately 10 cm above the bones of the right forearm Okostje. Maturus (41 do 60 let), ženska. Viš. 493,02 m (pri in Grave 56. kolenih). Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Leva roka je bila Grave goods. There were no grave goods. položena na medenico. Kosti glave in trupa so bile pre- kopane pri gradnji zidu št. 3, na prvotnem mestu so ležali deli medenice in kosti nog, kosti goleni je v spodnjem Grave 58 ( Pl. 30: 6; N 6) delu pokrival severni zid cerkve. Pridatki. Ob levi roki je bil prstan (1). Grave pit. Dug into humus, which was at the bottom mixed with (1) Ulit bronast prstan okroglega preseka, s stikajočima se clay, and higher up with dolomite sand. The western part stanjšanima koncema. Pr. 2,6 cm, deb. 0,32 cm. Inv. št. of the grave (at the head) was destroyed when wall No. 3 S 1861 ( t. 2: 20; 15: 17). was built, while the eastern part of the grave (at the feet) was disturbed when the north chapel was built. Skeleton. Maturus (41 to 60 years), female. H. 493.02 m (at the Grob 59 ( t. 31: 1; N 1) knees). The skeleton was positioned on its back. The left hand was positioned on the pelvis.The bones of the head Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, dno je bilo na skalna- and torso were reburied when wall No. 3 was being built, tem grebenu med nižje ležečima groboma 60 in 61. Na parts of the pelvis and the bones of the legs were in their severni strani je bil v grob 59 vkopan grob 60. original position, the tibias were covered by the northern Okostje. Adultus II (31 do 40), ženska. Azimut 100º. Okostje je wall of the church. bilo delno ohranjeno, na prvotnem mestu so bili še loba- Grave goods. There was a finger ring (1) next to the left hand. nja ter desna kolčnica in del desne stegnenice. Leva stran (1) Cast bronze finger ring with a circular cross-section, the okostja je bila odstranjena pri izkopu jame za grob 60. thinner ends meet. Dia. 2.6 cm, th. 0.32 cm. Inv. No. S Pridatki. Pri lobanji je bil del naglavnega obročka (1). 1861 ( Pls. 2: 20; 15: 17). (1) Del bronastega naglavnega obročka okroglega preseka. Dol. 2,48 cm, deb. 0,15 cm. Inv. št. S 1862 ( t. 2: 21). Grave 59 ( Pl. 31: 1; N 1) Grave pit. Dug into humus, the bottom lay on the rock ridge amongst the lower laying Graves 60 and 61. On the north side Grave 50 was dug into Grave 59. Skeleton. Adultus II (31 to 40), female. Azimuth 100º. The skeleton was partial y preserved, with the skul , the right hipbone and a part of the right femur preserved in their 307 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 60 ( t. 31: 1; N 1) original location. The left side of the skeleton was removed when the pit for Grave 60 was created. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v humus, pomešan z dolomitnim Grave goods. A part of a temple ring (1) lay next to the head. peskom. Zahodni in severni rob sta bila vsekana v skalo. (1) A part of a bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section. Na južni strani je bila jama vkopana v grob 59. L. 2.48 cm, th. 0.15 cm. Inv. No. S 1862 (Pl . 2: 21). Okostje. Maturus (47 do 56 let), ženska. Azimut 91º. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi. Leva roka je bila iztegnjena ob trupu, desna je ležala na medenici. Okostje je merilo 1,5 m. Grave 60 ( Pl. 31: 1; N 1) Predmeta v grobu. Shranjena sta neobdelan kremenov prodnik (inv. št. S 1863a) in obrušen kos peščenjaka (kat. št. 14; Grave pit. Dug into humus mixed with dolomite sand. The sl. 1.16: 4; 1.18: 2), odkrita v zasipu jame. western and northern edge were cut into rock. On the Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. south side the pit was dug into Grave 59. Skeleton. Maturus (47 to 56 years), female. Azimuth 91º. The skeleton was positioned on its back. The left arm was Grob 61 ( t. 31: 1; N 5) stretched alongside the torso, the right hand was posi- tioned on the pelvis. The skeleton measured 1.5 m in Grobna jama. Severni, zahodni in vzhodni rob jame so bili vko- length. pani v živo skalo. Dno jame je bilo pokrito s humusom, Artefacts. An unretouched flint stone (Inv. No. S 1863a) and a pomešanim z dolomitnim lomljencem. Južno polovico polished piece of sandstone (Cat. No. 14; Figs. 1.16: 4; 11.8: groba 61 je poškodoval vkop za grob 55. 2) were discovered in the fil-in material. Okostje. Maturus II (52 do 67 let), moški. Azimut 88º. Okostje Grave goods. There were no grave goods. je bilo v hrbtni legi. Roki sta bili iztegnjeni ob trupu. Kosti so bile večinoma premaknjene, domnevno je bila na mestu še lobanja. Okostje je bilo poškodovano ob Grave 61 ( Fig. 31: 1; N 5) vkopu groba 55. Merilo je 1,7 m. Predmeti v grobu. Na dnu jame je bilo več odlomkov lončenih Grave pit. The northern, western and eastern edges of the pit posod (shranjena sta bila dva: kat. št. 15 in 16; t. 6: 5; 18: were dug into the bedrock. The bottom of the pit was 5 in t. 6: 6; 18: 6) in kremenov odbitek. covered in humus mixed with dolomite quarry stone. Pridatki. Ob levem boku je ležal nož, s konico proti nogam (1). The south end of Grave 61 was damaged by the burial (1) Železen nož s ploščatim trnastim nastavkom za ročaj in in Grave 55. položno zalomljenim hrbtom rezila. Ob najdbi je bil nož Skeleton. Maturus II (52 to 67 years), male. Azimuth 88º. The skoraj v celoti ohranjen, pozneje sta del rezila pri konici skeleton was positioned on its back. The arms were in del trna propadla. Prehod iz rezila v trn je stopničast. stretched alongside the torso. Most of the bones have been Dol. 14,0 cm, šir. rezila do 1,68 cm. Inv. št. S 1865 ( t. 2: moved, however, it was assumed that the skull was found 22; 17: 9). in its original position. The skeleton was damaged when the pit for Grave 55 was created. The skeleton measured 1.7 m in length. Grob 62 ( N 1) Artefacts. Numerous pottery fragments (two of which were kept: Cat. Nos. 15 and 16; Pls. 6: 5; 18: 5 and Pls. 6: 6; 18: Grobna jama: Jama je bila prekopana. 6) and a flint chipping were found at the bottom of the pit. Okostje. Ohranjena je bila lobanja odrasle osebe. Ležala je na Grave goods. A knife lay alongside the left hip, the tip was turned ostankih okostja iz groba 64. towards the feet (1). Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. (1) An iron knife with a flat tang and a gradual y angled spine. At discovery the knife was preserved almost in its entirety, later a part of the blade (at the tip) and a part of the tang Grob 63 ( t. 31: 2; N 5) disintegrated. The transition from the blade into the tang is gradual. L. 14.0 cm, blade w. up to 1.68 cm. Inv. No. S Grobna jama. V raziskanem vzhodnem delu groba so bili na 1865 ( Pls. 2: 22; 17: 9). dnu jame drobci oglja in prepečene ilovice. Zahodni del groba, ki je ležal pod tlakom, je ostal neraziskan. V vzhodni del groba 63, na desni strani pri nogah, so Grave 62 ( N 1) vkopali del groba 46 (pri glavi). Grave pit: The bit was destroyed. Okostje. Adultus (21 do 40 let), ženska. Ohranjene so bile kosti Skeleton. An adult skul was preserved. The skul lay on the leve noge, kosti desne noge so odstranili ob vkopu groba remains of the skeleton in Grave 64. 46. Večji del okostja je ostal neraziskan pod tlakom. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Komentar. V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 55) je zapisano, da so se ohranile kosti “desnega femurja in tibije”, vendar je v terenskem dnevniku ( arhiv 537, str. 16) zapisano, da Grave 63 ( Pl. 31: 2; N 5) gre za kosti leve noge. Dodano je še pojasnilo: “Desna noga individuuma št. 63 je bila verjetno uničena s po- Grave pit. Parts of charcoal and burnt clay were found at the kopom št. 48 in 46.” bottom of the pit (in the researched eastern part of the Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. grave). The western part of the grave, which lay under the 308 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 64 paving stones, remained unresearched. In the eastern part of Grave 63, to the right of the legs, the pit was disturbed Grobna jama. Jama je bila uničena by Grave 46 (the head). Okostje. Ohranjen je bil del lobanje in nekaj kosti nedorasle Skeleton. Adultus (21 to 40 years), female. The bones of the left osebe. Ostanek lobanje so našli ob ramenskih kosteh na leg were preserved, while the bones of the right leg were levi strani okostja v grobu 60, druge kosti pod lobanjo removed during the burial in Grave 46. A large part of the v grobu 62. skeleton remained unresearched under the paving stones. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pg. 55) states that the preserved bones were the ‘right femur and tibia’, however the field diary ( archive 537, pg. Grob 65 ( t. 31: 3; N 7) 16) states that these were the bones belonging to the left leg. The following explanation was added: ‘The right leg Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila do 0,6 m globoko v živo skalo, of the individual No. 63 was most likely destroyed with vidni del je bil dolg 1,5 m in širok 0,8 m. Ob severni in burials Nos. 48 and 46.« južni strani je bila obloga iz lomljenca v velikosti 20 x Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 25 cm – ob južni strani v eni vrsti, ob severni v dveh. Stene jame so bile skoraj navpične. Najvišja plast zasutja je bila iz drobnega dolomitnega lomljenca, pomešanega Grave 64 z dolomitnim peskom. Nad tem slojem je bilo 10 cm temne prsti. Vzhodni del jame je pokrival podstavek Grave pit. The pit was destroyed. za južni oltar. Vzporedno s to jamo sta bili na južni in Skeleton. A part of the skull and a few juvenile bones have been severni strani vidni dve jami, označeni kot grobova 65a preserved. The remaining part of the skull was found in 66 (grobov ni bilo mogoče raziskati zaradi obstoječe next to the scapula to the left of the skeleton in Grave 60, arhitekture). while the other bones were found underneath the skul Okostje. Okostje odrasle osebe. Azimut 91º. Okostje je bilo v in Grave 62. hrbtni legi. Bilo je poškodovano, nekaj reber je ležalo pri Grave goods. There were no grave goods. lobanji in medenici. Leva roka je bila iztegnjena ob trupu, desna je bila položena na medenico. Vidni del okostja (od glave do kolen) je meril 1,1 m. Grave 65 ( Pl. 31: 3; N 7) Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. Dug up to 0.6 m deep into the bedrock, the visible part was 1.5 m long and 0.8 m wide. The north and south Grob 65a ( N 8) sides were coated with a layer of quarry stones measuring 20 x 25 cm; on the south side this coat was applied in a Grobna jama. Vidna je bila v dolžini 1 m in širini 0,5 m, v single line, on the north side in two. The wal s of the pit smeri V–Z. Del, ki ga prekriva južna stena cerkvene ladje, are almost vertical. The top layer of the fill-in material je ostal neraziskan. Jama je bila vkopana v živo skalo in was created from fine dolomite quarry stone mixed with zasuta s prstjo. Oddaljena je bila 0,45 m od groba 65. dolomite sand. This layer was covered by a 10 cm thick Okostje. Odkritih je bilo le nekaj kosti, ki so bile premaknjene. dark layer of soil. The eastern part of the pit was covered by Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. the pedestal of the south altar. Two pits lay parallel to this pit, one to the south and the other to the north, marked as Graves 65a and 66 respectively (the graves could not be Grob 66 ( N 7) researched due to the existing architecture). Skeleton. Adult skeleton. Azimuth 91º. The skeleton was posi- Grobna jama. Vidni del jame je bil vkopan v živo skalo, del pod tioned on its back. The skeleton was damaged, a few ribs podstavkom za južni oltar je ostal neraziskan. Oddaljena lay next to the skull and pelvis. The left arm was stretched je bila 0,60 m od groba 65. alongside the torso, while the right hand was placed on Okostje. Skupek fragmentiranih otroških kosti. Našli so jih ob the pelvis. The visible part of the skeleton (from the head severozahodnem robu podstavka za južni oltar. to the knees) measured 1.1 m in length. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grave 65a ( N 8) Grave pit. It was visible in the length of 1 m and width of 0.5 m, running in the E-W direction. The part covered by the south wal of the church nave has remained unresearched. The pit was dug into the bedrock and filled-in with soil. It was 0.45 m away from Grave 65. Skeleton. A few bones were discovered, but they were moved from their original position. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 309 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 67 ( t. 31: 4; N 8) Grave 66 ( N 7) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo, do 0,7 m pod Grave pit. The visible part of the pit was dug into the bedrock, zgornjim robom skale, stene so bile skoraj navpične. the part under the pedestal of the south altar remained Dolga je bila 2,2 m in široka do 1,2 m. Zasuta je bila z unresearched. It was 0.60 m away from Grave 65. dolomitnim peskom in lomljenci v velikosti do 5 x 5 cm. Skeleton. A cluster of fragmented infant bones. They were fund Bila je tik ob grobni jami 71, pri dnu je bila med njima alongside the north-western edge of the pedestal of the ozka pregrada iz žive skale. south altar. Okostje. Viš. 493,39 m (pri nogah); azimut 78º. Dobro ohranje- Grave goods. There were no grave goods. no okostje odrasle osebe je bilo v hrbtni legi. Roki sta bili prekrižani na prsih pri vratu. Okostje je merilo 1,65 m. Predmeti v grobu. V vrhnjem delu zasutja so na severni strani Grave 67 ( Pl. 31: 4; N 8) jame našli koščke živalskih kosti, veliko koščkov oglja in drobcev lončenine (inv. št. S 1886). Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock, up to 0.7 m underneath the Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. upper edge of the rock, the wal s were almost vertical. The pit was 2.2 m long and up to 1.2 m wide. It was filled in with dolomite sand and quarry stones measuring up to 5 x Grob 68 ( N 8) 5 cm. It was right next to grave pit 71; at the bottom they were separated by a narrow bedrock ridge. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v dolomitno osnovo, do 0,7 m Skeleton. H. 493.39 m (at the legs); azimuth 78º. A well-preserved pod današnjim zgornjim robom. Stene vkopa so bile adult skeleton was positioned on its back. The arms were poševne. Široka je bila od 1,3 m do 1,7 m. Na dnu je v crossed on the chest, close to the neck. The skeleton severozahodnem delu ležal lomljenec, velik 0,2 x 0,25 m. measured 1.65 m in length. Zahodni del jame je mejil na zidan temelj. Artefacts. Fragments of animal bones, numerous charcoal pieces Okostje: Viš. 493,37 m (med kostmi). V jami so bile številne and pottery fragments (Inv. No. S 1886) were found in the dolge kosti, deli več okostij, nobena ni bila v prvotni upper part of the fill-in material, on the north side of the pit. legi. Števila okostij niti pri poznejši antropološki analizi Grave goods. There were no grave goods. ni bilo mogoče določiti. Predmeti v grobu. V jami so našli tri železne žeblje (1–3), koščke lesa (4) in ostanke tkanine (5). Tkanina se je ohranila Grave 68 ( N 8) med prekopanimi kostmi v jugovzhodnem vogalu jame. (1) Železen skovan žebelj z ovalno glavico in steblom kva- Grave pit. Dug into the dolomite base, up to 0.7 m below to- dratnega preseka. Dol. 7,1 cm, deb. do 0,4 cm. Inv. št. day’s upper edge. The pit wal s were created at an angle. S 1887a ( t. 3: 2). It was between 1.3 m and 1.7 m wide. A piece of quarry (2) Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom stone, measuring 0.2 x 0.25 m, lay at the bottom, on the pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 6,3 cm, deb. do 0,6 cm. Inv. north-western side. The west side of the pit bordered on št. S 1887b ( t. 3: 1). a stone foundation. (3) Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom Skeleton: H. 493.37 m (amongst the bones). The pit contained pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 7,15 cm, deb. do 0,6 cm. Inv. numerous long bones, parts of various skeletons, none of št. S 1890 ( t. 3: 3; 17: 10). which were in their original position. It was impossible (4) Koščki lesa. Vel. največjega 9,15 x 1,0 x 0,45 cm. Inv. št. to define the number of skeletons even during the later S 1888. anthropological examination. (5) Ostanki tkanine z zlatimi ali pozlačenimi nitmi.5 Inv. št. S Artefacts. Three iron nails (1–3), wood fragments (4) and re- 1889 ( sl. 2.31; t: 20). mains of fabric (5) were found in the pit. The fabric was Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. preserved amongst the reburied bones in the southeast corner of the pit. (1) Forged iron nail with an oval head and a shank with a square cross-section. L. 7.1 cm, th. up to 0.4 cm. Inv. No. S 1887a ( Pl. 3: 2). (2) Forged iron nail with an elongated head and a shank with a rectangular cross-section. L. 6.3 cm, th. up to 0.6 cm. Inv. No. S 1887b ( Pl. 3: 1). (3) Forged iron nail with an elongated head and a shank with a rectangular cross-section. L. 7.15 cm, th. up to 0.6 cm. Inv. No. S 1890 ( Pls. 3: 3; 17: 10). (4) Wood pieces. The largest measured 9.15 x 1.0 x 0.45 cm. Inv. No. S 1888. (5) Remains of fabric with gold or gilded threads.5 Inv. No. S 1889 ( Fig. 2.31; Pl. 20). Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 5 5 Pregled tkanine: Ana Motnikar, Slovenski etnografski Fabric analysis: Ana Motnikar, Slovenian Ethnographic muzej, Ljubljana. Museum, Ljubljana. 310 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 69 ( t. 31: 5; N 8) Grave 69 ( Pl. 31: 5; N 8) Grobna jama. Sezidana je bila iz lomljencev v velikosti 20 x Grave pit. Built from quarry stones measuring 20 x 30 cm, 30 cm, vezanih in večinoma premazanih s temno sivo bound and predominantly covered in dark grey mortar. It malto. Globoka je bila 1 m, zgoraj velika 1,7 x 0,45 m, pri was 1 m deep, measuring 1.7 x 0.45 m at the top, and 1.50 dnu 1,50 x 0,30 do 0,40 m. Viš. dna 493,05 m; azimut 78º. x 0.30 m (up to 0.40 m) at the bottom. H. at the bottom Okostje. V jami ni bilo kostnih ostankov. 493.05 m; azimuth 78º. Predmeti v grobu. V jami so našli železna žeblja (1, 2) in nekaj Skeleton. The pit contained no bone remains. koščkov lesa (inv. št. S 1892). Artefacts. Two iron nails (1, 2) and a few wood fragments (Inv. (1) Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom No. S 1892) were found in the pit. pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 7,54 cm, deb. do 0,62 cm. (1) Forged iron nail with a single-sided elongated head and a Inv. št. S 1891a ( t. 3: 5). shaft with a rectangular cross-section. L. 7.54 cm, th. up (2) Železen skovan žebelj s koničasto glavico in steblom kva- to 0.62 cm. Inv. No. S 1891a ( Pl. 3: 5). dratnega preseka. Dol. 6,13 cm, deb. do 0,45 cm. Inv. št. (2) Forged iron nail with a pointed head and a shaft with a S 1891b ( t. 3: 4; 17: 11). rectangular cross-section. L. 6.13 cm, th. up to 0.45 cm. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Inv. No. S 1891b ( Pls. 3: 4; 17: 11). Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 70 ( N 9) Grave 70 ( N 9) Grobna jama. Ni podatkov, jamo delno prekriva temelj sever- nega zidu današnje cerkve. Grave pit. No data, the pit was partial y covered by the founda- Okostje. Viš. 493,39 (pri nogah). Vidni so bili spodnji deli tion for the north wall of the church standing there today. stegnenic in obe golenici, dolgi 42 cm. Skeleton. H. 493.39 (at the legs). Visible were the lower parts Predmeti v grobu. V jami so bili drobni ostanki lesa (S 1893). of the femur and both tibias, measuring 42 cm in length. Pridatki. V raziskanem delu groba ni bilo pridatkov. Artefacts. The pit contained small wood fragments (S 1893). Grave goods. There were no grave goods in the researched part of the grave. Grob 71 ( t. 31: 4; N 8) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo, do 0,8 m globoko, Grave 71 ( Pl. 31: 4; N 8) stene so bile skoraj navpične. Dolga je bila 1,8 m in ši- roka 1,2 m. Zahodna stran je bila zaobljena. Jama je bila Grave pit. Dug into bedrock, up to 0.8 m deep, the wal s were zasuta z dolomitnim peskom in lomljenci v velikosti do almost vertical. The pit was 1.8 m long and 1.2 m wide. 5 x 5 cm. Mejila je na jamo groba 67, pri dnu je bila med The west side was rounded. The pit was filled in with njima ozka pregrada iz žive skale. Viš. 493,14 m (na dnu). dolomite sand and quarry stones measuring up to 5 x Okostje. Azimut 78°. Na dnu grobne jame so bili le zelo majhni 5 cm. It bordered on the pit of Grave 67, at the bottom drobci človeških kosti. they were divided by a narrow bedrock ridge. H. 493.14 m Komentar. Po osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 116, 117) bi bili (at the bottom). drobci kosti lahko ostanek okostja, ki so ga odstranili pri Skeleton. Azimuth 78º. Only small human bone fragments were izkopu jame za grob 67, ali pa “je bila grobna jama le found in the bottom of the pit. pripravljena za pokop, ne pa tudi uporabljena.” Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, Predmeti v grobu. V jami so našli odlomke lončenih posod pp. 116, 117) states that the bone fragments could be the (kat. št. 17–20; t. 6: 7–10) in koščke oglja (inv. št. S 1895). remnants of the skeleton that was removed when the pit for Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 67 was created, or that ‘the grave pit was prepared for a burial, but not used.’ Artefacts. Pottery fragments (Cat. No. 17–20; Pl. 6: 7–10) and Grob 72 ( t. 31: 6; N 8) pieces of charcoal (Inv. No. S 1895) were found in the pit. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo, do globine 0,8 m pod zgornjim robom. Južna stran je bila navpična, za- hodna in vzhodna stran sta bili zaobljeni. Jama je bila Grave 72 ( Pl. 31: 6; N 8) vkopana ob apsidi najstarejše cerkve, severno polovico jame je prekrival zid mlajše polkrožne apside. Severni Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock, up to a depth of 0.8 m under rob jame je bil obložen z lomljenci. Jama je bila zasuta the upper edge. The south side was vertical, while the west z gradbenim materialom, pomešanim s prstjo, rečnimi and east sides were rounded. The pit was dug alongside oblicami in večjimi kosi lomljencev. the apse of the earliest church, the north side was covered Okostje. Azimut 59º. Okostje odraslega v hrbtni legi. Desna by the wall of the later semi-circular apse. The north of roka je ležala tesno ob trupu. Okostje je merilo 1,55 m. the pit was tiled with quarry stones. The pit was filled-in Predmeti v grobu. V zasutju so bili koščki stekla, odlomek with building material mixed with soil, rounded pebbles profilirane plošče (kat. št. 135a), drobci oglja in živalske and large quarry stones. koščice (S 1896). 311 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Komentar. V terenski zvezek akcesije so iz tega groba vpisane Skeleton. Azimuth 59º. The adult skeleton was positioned on živalske kosti ter drobci stekla in oglja ( arhiv 494, 1963, its back. The right arm lay close to the torso. The skeleton št. 25), v inventarno knjigo pa živalske koščice (S 1896) measured 1.55 m in length. in del kamnite plošče (kat. št. 135a; S 1934). Del kamnite Artefacts. The fill-in material contained glass fragments, a frag- plošče omenja tudi osnutek besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 119, ment of profiled tablet (Cat. No. 135a), pieces of charcoal 120 [št. 14], 254). Predmet je zdaj pogrešan. and animal bones (S 1896). Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Commentary. The field file list states that this grave included animal bones, glass fragments and pieces of charcoal ( archive 494, 1963, No. 25), while the inventory book men- Grob 73 tions animal bones (S 1896) and a part of a stone tablet (Cat. No. 135a; S 1934). A part of the stone tablet is also Grobna jama. Ni podatkov. mentioned in the draft of the text for publication ( archive Okostje. Narodni muzej Slovenije hrani iz groba 73 dele lobanje 489, pg. 119, 120 [No. 14], 254). The object is now missing. in kosti odrasle osebe (inventarna knjiga osteološkega Grave goods. There were no grave goods. gradiva, št. 95). Predmeti v grobu. V grobu so našli odlomka srednjeveških lončenih posod (S 1897). Grave 73 Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. No data. Skeleton. The parts of the skull and various bones pertaining to Grob 74 an adult from Grave 73 are kept in National Museum of Slovenia (inventory book of osteological material, No. 95). Grobna jama. Ni podatkov. Artefacts. Two fragments of mediaeval pottery were found in Okostje. Narodni muzej Slovenije hrani iz groba 74 dele the grave (S 1897). okostja odrasle osebe (inventarna knjiga osteološkega Grave goods. There were no grave goods. gradiva, št. 96). Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 74 Grob 75 Grave pit. No data. Skeleton. The parts of the skeleton pertaining to an adult from Grobna jama. Ni podatkov. Grave 74 are kept in National Museum of Slovenia (inven- Okostje. Narodni muzej Slovenije hrani iz groba 75 lobanjo tory book of osteological material, No. 96). in dele okostja odrasle osebe (inventarna knjiga osteo- Grave goods. There were no grave goods. loškega gradiva, št. 97). Predmet v grobu. Ob glavi so našli obroček (1). 1. Bronast ulit obroček ovalnega preseka. Pr. 3,2 cm, deb. Grave 75 0,45 cm. Inv. št. S 1898 ( t. 3: 6; 15: 18). Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. No data. Skeleton. The parts of the skull and various bones pertaining to an adult from Grave 75 are kept in National Museum of Grob 76 ( N 11) Slovenia (inventory book of osteological material, No. 97). Artefacts. A ring was found next to the head (1). Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v dolomitno osnovo, srednji del 1. Cast bronze ring with an oval cross-section. Dia. 3.2 cm, th. je bil močno poglobljen. Zasuta je bila s temno rjavim 0.45 cm. Inv. No. S 1898 ( Pls. 3: 6; 15: 18). humusom, pomešanim z malto in drobnim dolomitnim Grave goods. There were no grave goods. lomljencem. Okostje. Infans II (9 ± 24 mesecev). Viš. 492,84 m; azimut 80º. Dobro ohranjeno gracilno okostje v hrbtni legi, le Grave 76 ( N 11) lobanja je bila poškodovana. Roki sta bili pokrčeni ob trupu. Okostje je merilo 1,22 m. Grave pit. Dug into the dolomite base, the central part was much Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. deeper. It was filled-in with dark brown humus mixed with mortar and fine dolomite quarry stone. Skeleton. Infans II (9 ± 24 months). H. 492.84 m; azimuth 80º. The well-preserved gracile skeleton was positioned on its back, only the skull had been damaged. The arms were flexed alongside the torso. The skeleton measured 1.22 m in length. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 312 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 77 ( t. 32: 1,2,4; N 11 ) Grave 77 ( Pl. 32: 1,2,4; N 11) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v temno rjav humus, pomešan Grave pit. Dug into dark brown humus mixed with fragments s koščki malte in manjšimi dolomitnimi lomljenci. of mortar and small dolomite quarry stones. The bottom Dno jame je bilo na zahodni strani nekoliko nižje kot of the pit was slightly lower on the west side (compared to na vzhodni. Vzhodni del jame je prekrival zahodni zid the east). The east side of the pit was covered by the west cerkvene ladje. Južno polovico jame so vkopali v grob 80. wall of the church nave. The south side of the pit was dug Okostje. Maturus (45 do 60 let), moški. Viš. 492,93 m; azimut into Grave 80. 83º. Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo slabo ohranjeno. Roki Skeleton. Maturus (45 to 60 years), male. H. 492.93 m; azimuth sta bili položeni na medenico. Kosti nog je od sredine 83º. The skeleton positioned on its back was poorly pre- stegnenic navzdol pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. served. The hands were placed on the pelvis. The bones of Vidni del okostja je meril 0,9 m. Ob njem so bili ostanki the legs from the middle of the femurs downwards were prekopanih okostij. Desna polovica okostja je ležala nad covered by the west wall of the church nave. The visible okostjem v grobu 80. part of the skeleton measured 0.9 m in length. Alongside Komentar. Po osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 82) je bil grob 77 it were the remains of reburied skeletons. The right side of “zadnji od petih pokopov v isti ali nekoliko spremenjeni the skeleton lay above the skeleton in Grave 80. oziroma predelani jami”. Kostni ostanki iz starejših gro- Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, bov so bili slabo ohranjeni in prekopani, zato ob odkritju pg. 82) states that Grave 77 was ‘the last of five burials in niso bili posebej oštevilčeni. the same or a slightly changed or reworked pit.’. The skel- Pridatki. Ob desni strani lobanje je ležal prstan (1). eton remains from the earlier graves are poorly preserved Komentar. V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 82) je zapisano and reburied, thus they were not categorised as individual natančnejše mesto najdbe, “pod ušesno odprtino” in skeletons when discovered. predmet opredeljen kot “obsenčni obroček iz zelo tenke Grave goods. A finger ring (1) lay to the right of the skul . bronaste žice”. V nadaljevanju besedila (str. 85) je opre- Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, delitev dopolnjena, in sicer da obroček, čeprav je bil ob pg. 82) describes the location of the find in greater detail, glavi, “daje prej videz prstana in ne obsenčnega obročka”. for it describes it as ‘under the ear cavity’ and defines the V terenskem zvezku akcesije za leto 1963 ( arhiv 494) object as ‘a temple ring made from a very thin copper wire’. je predmet vpisan pod št. 41 kot „obsenčni obroček“, The text (pg. 85) expands upon this definition, for it states na starem kartotečnem listu pa kot „bronast prstan s that the ring, even though it was found next to the head, pravokotnim presekom“. V osnovni obliki je to prstan, ‘gives the impression of a ring rather than a temple ring’. njegova lega ob lobanji je bila lahko tudi naključna, ker The field find list for the year 1963 ( archive 494) describes je bil grob 77 vkopan na območju starejših pokopov. the object marked No. 41 as a ‘temple ring’, while the old 1. Bronast sklenjen prstan pravokotnega preseka, na zunanji index card lists it as a ‘bronze ring with a rectangular strani okrašen z nizom drobnih jamic. Pr. 1,9 cm, šir. cross-section’. In its basic shape this is a ring and its posi- žice 0,19 cm. Inv. št. S 1899 ( t. 3: 7). tion alongside the skull could be coincidental, as Grave 77 was dug into an area in which previous burials took place. 1. Bronze finger ring with a rectangular cross-section, on the Grob 78 ( t. 32: 3; N 11) outer side decorated with a series of small holes. Dia. 1,9 cm, wire w. 0.19 cm. Inv. No. S 1899 ( Pl. 3: 7). Grobna jama. Dno je bilo vkopano v živo skalo, dobro je bil viden severni rob grobne jame. Večino groba je pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. Grobno jamo 78 so vkopali v Grave 78 ( Pl. 32: 3; N 11) grob 94. Skupna jama grobov 78 in 94 je na južni strani mejila na jamo grobov 79 in 107. Grave pit. The bottom was dug into the bedrock, the northern Okostje. Maturus (45 do 60 let), moški. Viš. 492,85 m; azimut edge of the grave was clearly visible. Most of the grave was 87º. Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo slabo ohranjeno. Roki covered by the west wall of the church nave. The pit was sta bili verjetno iztegnjeni ob trupu. Nadlahtnica je bila dug into Grave 94. To the south the shared pit of Graves 78 dolga 38 cm. Okostje, ki je ležalo nad ostanki prekopa- and 94 bordered on the pit belonging to Graves 79 and 107. nega okostja v grobu 94, je od pasu navzdol pokrival Skeleton. Maturus (45 to 60 years), male. H. 492.85 m; azimuth zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. 87º. The poorly preserved skeleton was positioned on Predmet v grobu. V grobni jami so našli del škarij (1). its back. The arms were most likely stretched alongside Komentar. V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 85) je predmet the torso. The humerus was 38 cm long. From the waist opredeljen kot “fragment železnega noža, ki daje videz downwards, the skeleton, which lay amongst the remains britve”. of the reburied skeleton in Grave 94, was covered by the (1) Zvita polovica železnih škarij. Dol. 6,6 cm, šir. rezila do west wall of the church nave. 1,4 cm. Inv. št. S 1900 ( t. 3: 8; 17: 12). Artefacts. A part of scissors (1) was found in the grave pit. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Commentary. The draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pg. 85) describes the object as a ‘fragment of an iron knife, which looks like a razor’. (1) A bent half of iron scissors. L. 6.6 cm, blade w. up to 1.4 cm. Inv. No. S 1900 ( Pls. 3: 8; 17: 12). Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 313 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 79 ( t. 32: 3; N 11) Grave 79 ( Pl. 32: 3; N 11) Grobna jama. Deloma je bila vkopana v živo skalo, robovi jame Grave pit. Partial y dug into the bedrock, the edges of the pit niso bili povsod izraziti. Vzhodna polovica grobne jame were not visible throughout. The east side of the grave pit je bila pod zahodnim zidom cerkvene ladje. Grob je ležal lay below the west wall of the church nave. The grave lay med grobovom 78 in 94 (na severni strani) in grobom between Graves 78 and 94 (to the north) and Grave 95 95 (na južni strani). Med grobnima jamama 79 in 95 je (to the south). There was a longitudinal bedrock ridge bila vzdolžna pregrada iz žive skale. between grave pits 79 and 95. Okostje. Maturus (48 do 65 let), ženska. Viš. 492,96 m; azimut Skeleton. Maturus (48 to 65 years), female. H. 492.96 m; azimuth 77º. Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo slabo ohranjeno. Kosti 77º. The poorly preserved skeleton was positioned on its podlahti so bile prekrižane na medenici, zgornji deli rok back. The bones of the ulna were crossed on the pelvis, so bili vzporedni s trupom. Nadlahtnica je bila dolga while the upper part of the arms lay parallel to the torso. 31 cm. Kosti nog je pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. The humerus measured 31 cm in length. The bones of Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. the legs were covered by the west wall of the church nave. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 80 ( t. 32: 2,4; N 11; 12) Grave 80 ( Pl. 32: 2,4; N 11; 12) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo, robovi so bili jasno vidni. Jama je bila 0,2 m pod dnom grobne jame Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock, the edges were clearly distin- 77, vzhodni del je pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. guishable. The pit was 0.2 m below the lowest point of Okostje. Juvenis. Viš. 492,73 m; azimut 74º. Okostje je bilo v grave pit 77, while the east part was covered by the west hrbtni legi, roki sta bili položeni na medenico. Od vrha wall of the church nave. lobanje do konca stegnenic je okostje merilo 1,15 m. Ko- Skeleton. Juvenis. H. 492.73 m; azimuth 74º. The skeleton was sti goleni in stopal je pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. positioned on its back, the hands were positioned on the Komentar. Po osnutku besedila so bili v isti, ob naknadnih pelvis. From the top of the skull to the end of the femurs pokopih nekoliko prilagojeni jami, kostni ostanki petih the skeleton measured 1.15 m in length. The tibia and pokopov, zadnjemu je pripadalo okostje v grobu 77 the bones of the feet were covered by the west wall of the ( arhiv 489, str. 82). S št. 80 so v risarski dokumentaciji church nave. označeni ostanki dveh okostij. Poleg omenjenega okostja Commentary. According to the draft of the text for publication mladostnika, ki je ležalo na dnu grobne jame ( N 12), the same, but slightly adjusted pit, was used for at least five so bili tako označeni tudi kostni ostanki odrasle osebe later burials of , the last of which was the skeleton in Grave vzhodno od lobanje v grobu 77 ( N 11). Pri osteološki 77 ( archive 489, pg. 82). The remains of the two skeletons analizi so bili pri št. 80 ugotovljeni tudi kostni ostanki were marked as No. 80 in the field drawings. Apart from otroka: infans I (1 ± 4 mesece). the previously mentioned juvenile skeleton, which lay at Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. the bottom of the grave pit ( N 12), adult bone remains that lay east of the skull in Grave 77 ( N 11) were also marked with the same number. During the osteological analysis Grob 81 ( t. 32: 5; N 12) the bone remains of an infant: Infans I (1 ± 4 months) were ascertained at No. 80. Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo in zasuta s temno Grave goods. There were no grave goods. rjavim humusom, pomešanim s koščki malte in drobnimi dolomitnimi lomljenci. Vzhodni del je pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. Jama je bila zelo široka, odkrita je bila Grave 81 ( Pl. 32: 5; N 11) v velikosti 1,6 x 1,5 m. Povečevala se je postopno, ob več pokopih, ki jih dokazujejo prekopani kostni ostanki. V Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock and filled in with dark brown grob 81 so na južni strani izkopali jamo za grob 82. V humus, mixed with fragments of mortar and small do- jugovzhodnem delu skupne jame so našli dolge kosti in lomite quarry stones. The east side was covered by the tri lobanje, ostanke starejših grobov. Pod groboma 81 in west wall of the church nave. The pit was very wide, as it 82 so bili kostni ostanki še treh pokojnikov, ki so jih ob measured 1.6 x 1.5 m. It was gradual y enlarged, with ad- odkritju označili kot grobove 102, 103 in 104. ditional burials, which are indicated by the reburied bones Okostje. Juvenilis (18 let), moški. Viš. 492,89 m; azimut 86º. remains. The pit for Grave 82 was dug into the south side Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo slabo ohranjeno, desna stran of Grave 81. Long bones and three skul s, the remains of je bila uničena ob vkopu groba 82. Leva roka je bila polo- previous graves were found in the south-east of the shared žena na medenico, kosti leve goleni in noge je prekrival pit. Underneath Graves 81 and 82 lay the bone remains zid cerkvene ladje. Od temena lobanje do kolenskega of another three deceased, which were marked as Graves sklepa je okostje merilo 1,23 m. 102, 103 and 104 when discovered. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Skeleton. Juvenilis (18 years), male. H. 492.89 m; azimuth 86º. The poorly preserved skeleton was positioned on its back, the right side was destroyed when Grave 82 was created. The left hand was placed on the pelvis, the left tibia and the bones of the legs were covered by the wall of the church 314 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 82 ( t. 32: 5; N 11; 12) nave. From the cranial vertex to the knees the skeleton measured 1.23m in length. Grobna jama. Opis pri grobu 81. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Okostje. Maturus II (50 do 59 let), moški. Viš. 492,83 m; azimut 77º. Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo slabo ohranjeno, roki sta bili položeni na medenico. Kosti spodnjega dela nog Grave 82 ( Pl. 32: 5; N 11) so bile od sredine goleni pod zahodnim zidom cerkvene ladje. Vidni del skeleta je meril 1,6 m. Pri nožnih kosteh Grave pit. See description for Grave 81. okostja so ležale prekopane dolge kosti in tri lobanje. Skeleton. Maturus II (50 to 59 years), male. H. 492.83 m; azimuth Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. 77º. The poorly preserved skeleton was positioned on its back, the hands were placed on the pelvis. From the middle of the tibia downwards the bones of the lower part of the legs Grob 83 lay below the west wall of the church nave. The visible part of the skeleton measured 1.6 m in length. Next to the bones Grobna jama. Ni bila ohranjena, ostanki okostja so bili v jami of the legs lay the reburied long bones and three skul s. z grobovi 84–86. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Okostje. Infans I (5 ± 16 mesecev). V prvotnem položaju je bilo lobanjsko dno, odkrito pri kosteh roke na desni strani okostja v grobu 84. Grave 83 Pridatki. Ob levi (1) in desni (2) strani lobanje so našli na- glavni obroček. Grave pit. Was not preserved, the remains of the skeleton were (1) Bronast o naglavni obroček okroglega preseka. En konec je in the pit with Graves 84–86. stanjšan, drugi ravno odrezan. Pr. 2,36 cm, deb. 0,16 cm. Skeleton. Infans I (5 ± 16 months). The base of the skull discov-Inv. št. S 1901 ( t. 3: 9). ered next to the bones of the arm on the right side of the (2) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka. Ohranjeni skeleton in Grave 84 was found in its original position. zaključek je profiliran. Pr. 2,4 cm, deb. 0,2 cm. Inv. št. Grave goods. Two temple rings were unearthed alongside the S 1902 ( t. 3: 10). left (1) and right (2) side of the skul . (1) Bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section. One end is thinner, the other straight. Dia. 2.36 cm, th. 0.16 cm. Inv. Grob 84 ( N 11) No. S 1901 ( Pl. 3: 9). (2) Bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section. The pre- Grobna jama. Ozka grobna jama je bila vkopana v temno rjav served end is moulded. Dia. 2.4 cm, th. 0.2 cm. Inv. No. humus, pomešan s koščki ometa in manjšimi dolomi- S 1902 ( Pl. 3: 10). tnimi lomljenci. V jami so bili ostanki več zaporednih pokopov, zadnjemu pripada okostje v grobu 84. Ostanki delno prekopanih okostij so bili označeni kot grobovi Grave 84 ( N 11) 83, 85 in 86. Pod grobom 84 sta bila grob 93 in deloma tudi grob 105. Vzhodni del jame je pokrival zahodni zid Grave pit. The narrow grave pit was dug into dark brown humus cerkvene ladje. mixed with pieces of plaster and small dolomite quarry Okostje. Adultus I (22 do 30 let), ženska. Viš. 493,10 m; azimut stones. The pit contained the remains of numerous burials 80º. Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo dobro ohranjeno. Desna belonging to different periods, the last of which was the roka je bila položena na medenico, leva pa pokrčena pod skeleton in Grave 84. The remains of the partial y reburied pravim kotom. Spodnje dolge kosti nog pokriva zahodni skeletons are marked as Graves 83, 85 and 86. Grave 93 and zid cerkvene ladje. Odkriti del skeleta je meril 1,1 m. partial y Grave 105 lay underneath Grave 84. The east side Predmet v grobu. V grobni jami so našli odlomek lončene of the pit was covered by the west wall of the church nave. posode (kat. št. 21; t. 6: 11; 18: 7). Skeleton. Adultus I (22 to 30 years), female. H. 493.10 m; azimuth Pridatki: Pridatkov ni bilo. 80º. The well-preserved skeleton was positioned on its back. The right hand was positioned on the pelvis, while the left arm was flexed at a right angle. The lower long Grob 85 ( N 11) bones of the legs were covered by the west wall of the church nave. The uncovered part of the skeleton measured Grobna jama. Ni bila ohranjena, ostanki okostja so bili odkriti 1.1 m in length. v severnem delu jame, v kateri so bili grob 84 in ostanki Artefacts. A pottery fragment (Cat. No. 21; Pls. 6: 11; 18: 7) was razdrtih grobov 83 in 86. found in the grave pit. Okostje. Maturus II (53 do 66 let). Viš. 493,11 m. Ohranjeni Grave goods. There were no grave goods. sta bili le poškodovana lobanja in desna nadlahtnica, verjetno premaknjeni. Od lobanje do konca nadlahtnice je okostje merilo 0,55 m. Grave 85 ( N 11) Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. Was not preserved; the remains of the skeleton were discovered in the north of the pit, which contained Grave 84 and the remains of the destroyed Graves 83 and 86. 315 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 86 ( N 11) Skeleton. Maturus II (53 to 66 years). H. 493.11 m. Only the damaged skull and the right humerus were preserved, Grobna jama. Delno je bila ohranjena v zahodnem delu jame, most likely not in their original position. From the skul v kateri so bili grob 84 in ostanki razdrtih grobov 83 in to the end of the humerus the skeleton measured 0.55 m 85. V ohranjenem delu pri lobanji je bila jama ozka in in length. vkopana v živo skalo. Na večjem delu prostora za grob Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 86 so vkopali grob 84. Okostje. Adultus (23 do 39 let), ženska. Viš. 493,12 m. V prvotnem položaju so bili lobanja in vratna vretenca. Grave 86 ( N 11) Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. It was partial y preserved in the west side of the pit, which contained Grave 84 and the remains of destroyed Grob 87 ( t. 32: 6; N 11) Graves 83 and 85. In the preserved part, next to the skul , the pit was narrow and dug into the bedrock. Grave 84 Grobna jama: Vkopana je bila v živo skalo in zasuta s humu- was dug into a large part of the area created for Grave 86. som, pomešanim s koščki malte in drobnimi lomljenci. Skeleton. Adultus (23 to 39 years), female. H. 493.12 m. The skul V isti jami so bili tudi kostni ostanki iz starejših gro- and the cervical vertebrae were in their original position. bov 88 in 101. Jama je na južni strani mejila na jamo Grave goods. There were no grave goods. z groboma 81 in 82, na severni pa na jamo z grobovi 83–86. Vzhodno polovico jame je prekrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. Grave 87 ( Pl. 32: 6; N 11) Okostje. Adultus (23 do 39 let), moški. Viš. 492,95 m; azimut 78º. Slabo ohranjeno okostje osebe z gracilnimi kostmi, v Grave pit: Dug into the bedrock and filled-in with humus mixed hrbtni legi. Roki sta bili verjetno položeni na medenico. with pieces of mortar and small quarry stones. The same Spodnji del okostja je pod zahodnim zidom cerkvene pit also contained the bone remains belonging to the ladje. Odkriti del okostja je meril 0,62 m. earlier Graves 88 and 101. To the south, the pit bordered Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. on the pit with Graves 81 and 82, while to the north it bordered on the pit with Graves 83–86. The east side of the pit was covered by the west wall of the church nave. Grob 88 Skeleton. Adultus (23 to 39 years), male. H. 492.95 m; azimuth 78º. The poorly preserved skeleton belonging to an in- Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo in zasuta s humu- dividual with gracile bones was positioned on its back. som, pomešanim s koščki malte in drobnimi lomljenci. The hands were most likely placed onto the pelvis. The V jamo z groboma 88 in 101 so vkopali grob 87. lower part of the skeleton lay below the west wall of the Okostje. Adultus (23 do 39 let), moški. Ohranjene so bile lo- church nave. The discovered part of the skeleton measured banja in dolge kosti, ki so še bile v prvotnem položaju. 0.62 m in length. Nadlahtnica je bila dolga 32 cm. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 88 Grob 89 ( N 11) Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock and fil ed-in with humus mixed Grobna jama. Deloma je bila vkopana v živo skalo, robovi with parts of mortar and small quarry stones. Grave 87 so bili slabo vidni. Jama je bila zasuta z rjavo rdečim was dug into the pit with Graves 88 and 101. subhumusom. Skeleton. Adultus (23 to 39 years), male. The skull and the long Okostje. Infans I (2 do 3 leta). Viš. 493,83 m (med kostmi). bones were preserved in their original position. The hu- Okostje je bilo slabo ohranjeno. V prvotnem položaju merus measured 32 cm in length. sta bila le spodnji del desne stegnenice in del medenice. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 89 ( N 11) Grave pit. Partial y dug into the bedrock, the edges were poorly visible. The pit was filled-in with a brown red subhumus. Skeleton. Infans I (2 to 3 years). H. 493.83 m (amongst the bones). The skeleton was poorly preserved. Merely the lower part of the right femur and a part of the pelvis were found in their original position. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 316 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 90 ( t. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grave 90 ( Pl. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grobna jama: Vkopana je bila globoko v živo skalo. Viš. Grave pit: Dug deep into the bedrock. H. 493.86 m (bottom of the 43,86 m (dno jame). Zahodna stran je bila oblikovana pit). The west side had a semi-circular shape, the south wal polkrožno, južna stena je bila skoraj navpična. Jama je was almost vertical. The pit was 1.0 m wide at the top, and bila pri vrhu široka 1,0 m, pri dnu 0,8 m. Zasuta je bila s 0.8 m at the bottom. It was filled-in with soil mixed with prstjo, pomešano z lomljenci. V jami sta ležali vzporedno quarry stones. Two skeletons (marked as a double Grave drugo ob drugem dve okostji (označeni kot dvojni grob 90 and 91) lay in the pit parallel to each other, numerous 90 in 91), ob njima pa veliko prekopanih kosti (tudi dve reburied bones (including two skul s) lay alongside them. lobanji). Skeleton. Next to the south wall of the grave pit lay a poorly Okostje. Ob južni steni grobne jame je ležalo slabo ohranjeno preserved skeleton of an adult with strong bones. The okostje odrasle osebe z močnimi kostmi. Roki sta bili arms were stretched out alongside the torso. The skeleton iztegnjeni ob trupu. Okostje je merilo 1,84 m; azimut measured 1.84 m in length; azimuth 75°. A skull from a 75°. Pri kosteh nog je v severovzhodnem delu jame ležala reburied skeleton lay next to the bones of the feet in the lobanja prekopanega okostja. north-east of the pit. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 91 ( t. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grave 91 ( Pl. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grobna jama. Opis pri grobu 90. Grave pit. See description of Grave 90. Okostje. Azimut 77°. Ob severni steni grobne jame je ležalo Skeleton. Azimuth 77°. Alongside the north wall of the grave nekoliko poškodovano okostje odrasle osebe z močnimi pit lay a slightly damaged skeleton of an adult with strong kostmi. Leva roka je bila iztegnjena ob trupu, desna je bones. The left arm was stretched alongside the torso, the bila položena na medenico. Kosti spodnjega dela nog right hand was placed on the pelvis. The bones pertaining so manjkale. Ohranjeni del okostja je meril 1,6 m. Nad to the lower part of the legs were missing. The preserved levo stegnenico je ob severni steni jame ležala lobanja part of the skeleton measured 1.6 m in length. A skul prekopanega okostja. belonging to a reburied skeleton lay above the left femur Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. alongside the north wall of the pit. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 92 Grave 92 Grobna jama. Ni podatkov. Okostje. Ni podatkov. Grave pit. No data. Pridatki. Ni podatkov. Skeleton. No data. Grave goods. No data. Grob 93 ( t. 32: 6; N 12) Grave 93 ( Pl. 32: 6; N 12) Grobna jama. Pod jamo z grobovi 83–86 so odkrili v živo skalo vkopano jamo groba 93. Bila je manjša od zgornje jame, Grave pit. Underneath the pit containing Graves 83–86 a pit zasuta s temno rjavim humusom, mešanim s koščki malte with grave 93 was dug into the bedrock. It was smaller in drobnimi dolomitnimi lomljenci. Vzhodni del jame than the upper pit, filled-in with dark brown humus je prekril zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. Grob 93 so vkopali mixed with pieces of mortar and small dolomite quarry v jamo z ostanki starejših grobov (lobanji prekopanih stones. The east side of the pit was covered by the west okostij sta označeni kot grob 93/1 in grob 93/2). Okostje wall of the church nave. Grave 93 was dug into a pit v grobu 93 je ležalo nad okostjem v grobu 105. containing remains of previous burials (the skul s of the Okostje. Viš. 493,86 m; azimut 81º. Okostje mladostnika je bilo reburied skeletons are marked as Grave 93/1 and Grave poškodovano, spodnji del pokriva zahodni zid cerkvene 93/2). The skeleton in Grave 93 lay on top of the skeleton ladje. Roki sta bili položeni na medenico. Vidni del oko- in Grave 105. stja je meril 0,72 m. V jugovzhodnem delu grobne jame Skeleton. H. 493.86 m; azimuth 81º. The juvenile skeleton was sta bili poškodovani lobanji odraslih oseb, označeni kot damaged, the lower part was covered by the west wall of grob 93/1 in grob 93/2. Okostji so verjetno razdrli pri the church nave. The hands were placed on the pelvis. The vkopu groba 93. visible part of the skeleton measured 0.72 m in length. Two Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. damaged adult skul s were discovered in the southeast part of the grave pit, and they were marked as Grave 93/1 and Grave 93/2. The skeletons were most likely torn apart when Grave 93 was created. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 317 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 94 ( t. 32: 3; N 11; 12) Grave 94 ( Pl. 32: 3; N 11; 12) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo. Odkrit je bil za- Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock. The west part of the grave was hodni del groba, vidna sta bila zahodni in severni rob unearthed, the west and north edge of the grave were grobne jame, vzhodni del groba 94 je prekrival zahodni visible. The east part of Grave 94 was covered by the west zid cerkvene ladje. Na južni strani je mejil na grob 107. wall of the church nave. To the south it bordered on Grave V jamo groba 94 so vkopali grob 78. 107. Grave 78 was dug into the pit pertaining to Grave 94. Okostje. Viš. 492,76 m; azimut 83º. Precej poškodovano okostje Skeleton. H. 492.76 m; azimuth 83º. The damaged skeleton odrasle osebe je bilo v hrbtni legi. Roki sta bili položeni belonging to an adult was positioned on its back. The na medenico. Kosti medenice in nog pokriva zahodni hands were placed on the pelvis. The bones of the pelvis zid cerkvene ladje. Vidni del okostja je meril 0,95 m. and legs are covered by the west wall of the church nave. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. The visible part of the skeleton measured 0.95 m in length. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 95 ( t. 33: 2; N 11) Grave 95 ( Pl. 33: 2; N 11) Grobna jama. Vkopali so jo v jamo groba 106, izkopano v živo skalo. Na severni strani je bila med grobnima jamama 95 Grave pit. It was dug into the pit of Grave 106, into the bedrock. in 79 pregrada iz žive skale. Vzhodni del jame je pokrival A bedrock ridge divided Grave pits 95 and 79 on the north. zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. The east part of the pit was covered by the west wall of Okostje. Viš. 492,67 m; azimut 78º. Okostje odrasle osebe je the church nave. bilo slabo ohranjeno. Roki sta bili položeni na mede- Skeleton. H. 492,67 m; azimuth 78º. The adult skeleton was poorly nico, spodnje kosti nog pokriva zahodni zid cerkvene preserved. The hands were placed on the pelvis, the lower ladje. Pod desno golenico so bili del lobanje in odlomki bones of the legs are covered by the west wall of the church dolgih kosti nekega starejšega okostja. Vidni del okostja nave. A part of the skull and fragments of the long bones je meril 1,0 m. belonging to a previous burial were found under the tibia. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. The visible part of the skeleton measured 1.0 m in length. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 96 ( N 11) Grave 96 ( N 11) Grobna jama. Skoraj v celoti je bila pod temelji severnega polžastega stopnišča, ki vodi na kor cerkve. Grave pit. Almost the entire pit was under the foundations of Okostje. Viš. 493,0 m. Odkritih je bilo nekaj dolgih kosti in the northern spiral staircase that leads to the church choir. lobanja. Skeleton. H. 493.0 m. A few long bones and the skull were Pridatki. Ob kosteh so v profilu pod severnim stopniščem našli discovered. naglavni obroček (1). Grave goods. A temple ring (1) was found alongside the bones (1) Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka, desnosučen, in the pit underneath the northern staircase. zaključka sta profilirana. Vel. 4,7 x 4,0 cm, deb. 0,22 cm. (1) Bronze temple ring with a circular cross-section, right Inv. št. S 1904 ( t. 3: 11). handed, with moulded ends. S. 4.7 x 4.0 cm, th. 0.22 cm. Inv. No. S 1904 ( t. 3: 11). Grob 97 ( t. 33: 3; N 13) Grave 97 ( Pl. 33: 3; N 13) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo do globine 0,7 m pod zgornjim robom. Vidna je bila v dolžini 2,5 m, pri Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock up to a depth of 0.7 m under vrhu široka 1,0 m, pri dnu pa 0,8 m. Na južni strani je the upper edge. The pit is visible in the length of 2.5 m; z vmesnim grebenom žive skale deloma mejila na jamo at the top it was 1.0 m wide, 0.8 m at the bottom. To the grobov 90 in 91, na severni strani na južno steno cerkvene south it partial y bordered on the pit of Graves 90 and 91 ladje. Vzhodni del jame ni bil raziskan. V jami so odkrili with a bedrock ridge separating them, while to the north okostje (št. 98) in ostanke treh prekopanih okostij, ki it bordered on the south side of the church nave. The east so bili vsaj delno v prvotnem položaju (št. 97, 99, 100). side of the pit was not researched. The pit contained skel- Okostja so bila zasuta s humusom. Tudi v zasipu so bili eton No. 98 and the remains of three reburied skeletons, številni kostni ostanki (deli lobanj in medenic ter dolge which lay at least partial y in their original position (Nos. kosti). Viš. 494,0 m (na dnu jame pri lobanji groba 100). 97, 99, 100). The skeletons were covered with humus. The Okostje. Ohranjene so bile le kosti nog. Stegnenica je bila fill-in material also contained numerous bone remains nekoliko poškodovana, od golenice je bil ohranjen le (parts of skul s, pelvises and long bones). H. 494.0 m (at zgornji del. Stegnenica je bila dolga 41 cm. the bottom of the pit, at the skull belonging to Grave 100). Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Skeleton. Only the bones of the legs were preserved. The femur was slightly damaged, and only the upper part of the tibia was preserved. The femur was 41 cm long. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 318 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 98 ( t. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grave 98 ( Pl. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grobna jama. Opis pri grobu 97. Grob 98 so vkopali v jamo s Grave pit. See description for Grave 97. Grave 98 was dug into a starejšimi pokopi (grobovi 97, 99 in 100). pit with previous burials (Graves 97, 99 and 100). Okostje. Odkrito je bilo v dolžini 0,76 m, od lobanje do zgor- Skeleton. The unearthed part of the skeleton, from the skull to njega dela stegnenic; azimut 75°. Roki sta bili položeni the upper part of the femurs, measured 0.76 m in length; na medenico. azimuth 75°. The hands were placed onto the pelvis. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 99 ( t. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grave 99 ( Pl. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grobna jama. Opis pri grobu 97. Grave pit. See description for Grave 97. Okostje. V prvotnem položaju so bile le obe lopatici in nadlah- Skeleton. Only two scapulae and humeri, 32 cm long, were found tnici, dolgi 32 cm. in their original position. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 100 ( t. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grave 100 ( Pl. 33: 1,3; N 13) Grobna jama. Opis pri grobu 97. Grave pit. See description for Grave 97. Okostje. Na prvotnem mestu so bili ohranjeni le lobanja in Skeleton. Only the skull and two cervical vertebrae were in their dve vratni vretenci. original position. Predmet v grobu. V zasutju groba so našli odlomek bronastega Artefacts. A fragment of a bronze object (1) was found in the predmeta (1). pit fill-in material. (1) Odlomek bronastega predmeta, na enem koncu je koničast, (1) Fragment of a bronze object, pointed at one end, flat on the na drugem ploščat. Dol. 0,82 cm. Inv. št. S 1905 ( t. 3: 12). other. L. 0.82 cm. Inv. No. S 1905 ( Pl. 3: 12). Komentar. V terenskem zvezku akcesije ( arhiv 494, št. 45) Commentary. In the field find list ( archive 494, No. 45) the object je predmet opredeljen kot “fragment obsenčnika”, v is defined as a ‘fragment of a temple ring’, while the draft of osnutku besedila pa kot “obsenčni obroček z S-zanko” the text for publication describes it as a ‘temple ring with ( arhiv 489, str. 168). an S – clasp’ ( archive 489, pg. 168). Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 101 ( t. 32: 6; N 11) Grave 101 ( Pl. 32: 6; N 11) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo in zasuta s humu- Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock and filled in with humus mixed som, pomešanim s koščki malte in drobnimi lomljenci. with pieces of mortar and small quarry stones. Grave 87 V jamo z groboma 88 in 101 so vkopali grob 87. Jama was dug into the pit with Graves 88 and 101. To the south je na južni strani mejila na jamo z groboma 81 in 82, na the pit bordered on the pit with Graves 81 and 82, while severni pa na jamo z grobovi 83–86. Vzhodno polovico to the north it bordered on the pit with Graves 83–86. jame je prekrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. The east side of the pit was covered by the west wall of Okostje. Ostanki okostja odrasle osebe. Kosti so bile prema- the church nave. knjene in skoraj popolnoma uničene. Pod zahodnim Skeleton. Adult skeleton remains. The bones were moved and zidom cerkve sta bili v prvotne položaju vidni desna almost completely destroyed. The right side of the pelvis stran medenice in zgornji del stegnenice. and the upper part of the femur were visible in their origi- Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. nal position under the west wall of the church. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 102 ( t. 32: 5; N 12) Grave 102 ( Pl. 32: 5; N 12) Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo, do 0,4 m globoko, in zasuta s temno rjavim humusom, pomešanim s koščki Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock, up to 0.4 m deep; filled-in malte in drobnimi dolomitnimi lomljenci. Vzhodni del with dark brown humus mixed with pieces of mortar and jame je pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. V spodnjem small dolomite quarry stones. The east side of the pit was delu, kjer so bili grobovi 102, 103 in 104, je bila jama covered by the west wall of the church nave. In the lower velika 1,0 x 1,5 m. Povečevala se je postopno, ob več part, which contained Graves 102, 103 and 104, the pit pokopih. Nad grobove 102–104 so vkopali grobova 81 in measured 1.0 x 1.5 m. The pit was gradual y expanded, 82. Pri vkopu groba 102 so prekopali grob 103. through the various burials. Graves 81 and 82 were dug Okostje. Maturus / senilis (nad 51 let), moški. Viš. 492,61 m; above Graves 102–104. While digging Grave 102 Grave azimut 77º. Okostje je bilo v hrbtni legi, roki sta bili po- 103 was disturbed. loženi na medenico. Spodnji del nog je pod zahodnim 319 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS zidom cerkvene ladje. Vidni del okostja je meril 1,5 m. Skeleton. Maturus / Senilis (51+ years), male. H. 492.61 m; Okostje je ležalo pod okostjem št. 82. Pri kosteh leve azimuth 77º. The skeleton was positioned on its back, the noge so bili ostanki okostja v grobu 103. hands were positioned on the pelvis. The lower parts of the Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. legs are under the west wall of the church nave. The visible part of the skeleton measured 1.5 m in length. The skel- eton lay underneath skeleton No. 82. The remains of the Grob 103 ( N 12) skeleton in Grave 103 lay next to the bones of the left leg. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grobna jama. Opis pri grobu 102. V grob 103 so vkopali grob 102. Okostje. Azimut 76º. Na prvotnem mestu so ostale kosti noge, Grave 103 ( N 12) ki so ležale vzporedno z levo nogo okostja v grobu 103. Spodnji del golenice je pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene Grave pit. See description for Grave 102. Grave 102 was dug ladje. Večji del okostja so razdrli pri vkopu groba 102. into Grave 103. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Skeleton. Azimuth 76º. The leg bones, which lay parallel to the bones of the left leg of the skeleton in Grave 103, were found in their original position. The lower part of the Grob 104 ( N 12) tibia was covered by the west wall of the church nave. A large part of the skeleton was disturbed during the burial Grobna jama. Opis pri grobu 102. in Grave 102. Okostje. Viš. 492,78 m. V prvotnem položaju so bili lobanja, Grave goods. There were no grave goods. spodnji del hrbtenice, kosti medenice in del leve stegne- nice. Spodnji del nog je pod zahodno steno cerkvene ladje. Vidni del okostja je meril 1,35 cm. Grave 104 ( N 12) Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. See description for Grave 102. Skeleton. H. 492.78 m. The skul , the lower part of the spine, Grob 105 ( N 14) the pelvis and a part of the left femur were found in their original position. The lower part of the legs are under Grobna jama. Vkopana je bila v živo skalo, vzhodni del je the west wall of the church nave. The visible part of the pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. Nad grobom so bili skeleton measured 1.35 cm in length. vkopani mlajši grobovi 84, 93 in 87. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Okostje. Viš. 492,80 m; azimut 76º. Vidne so bile kosti zgor- njega dela okostja (do medenice), kosti nog je pokrivala zahodna stena cerkvene ladje. Leva roka je bila iztegnjena Grave 105 ( N 14) ob trupu, desna položena na medenico. Nad okostjem sta ležali okostji v grobovih 84 in 93, deloma pa tudi Grave pit. Dug into the bedrock, the east side was covered with okostje v grobu 87. the west wall of the church nave. Later Graves 84, 93 and Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. 97 were dug above the grave. Skeleton. H. 492.80 m; azimuth 76º. The bones of the upper part of the skeleton (to the pelvis) were visible, while the bones Grob 106 ( N 12) of the legs were covered by the west wall of the church nave. The left arm lay stretched alongside the torso, the Grobna jama. Dno je bilo vkopano v živo skalo. Jama je bila right hand was placed on the pelvis. Above the skeleton le delno ohranjena zaradi vkopa groba 95. Vzhodni del lay the skeletons in Graves 84 and 93, partial y also the jame je pokrival zahodni zid cerkvene ladje. skeleton in Grave 87. Okostje. Viš. 492,52 m; azimut 77º. Juvenilno okostje v hrbtni Grave goods. There were no grave goods. legi je bilo poškodovano. Delno je bila ohranjena desna polovica zgornjega dela okostja, spodnji del je pokrival cerkveni zid. Okostje je ležalo pod okostjem v grobu 95. Grave 106 ( N 12) Odkriti del okostja je meril 0,90 m. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. The bottom was dug into the bedrock. The pit was only partial y preserved as a result of the burial in Grave 95. The east side of the pit was covered by the west wal of the church nave. Skeleton. H. 492.52 m; azimuth 77º. The damaged juvenile skeleton was positioned on its back. The right side of the upper part of the skeleton was partial y preserved, the lower part was covered by the church wal . The skeleton lay underneath the skeleton in Grave 95. The unearthed part of the skeleton measured 0.90 m in length. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 320 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 107 ( N 12) Grave 107 ( N 12) Grobna jama. V isti jami so bili vkopani grobovi 78, 79, 94 Grave pit. The same pit contained Graves 78, 79, 94 and 107. in 107. Robovi jame so bili izraziti, jama je bila delno The edges of the pit were clear, the pit was partial y dug poglobljena v živo skalo, s še vidnimi sledovi kopanja. into the bedrock, and traces of the digging are still visible Nad grobom 107 je bil vkopan grob 79. today. Grave 79 was dug above Grave 107. Okostje. Viš. 492,70 m. Delno ohranjeno okostje odrasle Skeleton. H. 492.70 m. Partial y preserved adult skeleton, the osebe, v prvotnem položaju so bili odkriti lobanja in skul and a few vertebrae were discovered in their original nekaj vretenc. position. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 108 Grave 108 Grobna jama. Ni podatkov. Grave pit. No data. Okostje. Ni podatkov. Skeleton. No data. Pridatki. Ni podatkov. Grave goods. No data. Grob 109 ( sl. 1.23: b; t. 33: 4; N 15) Grave 109 ( Fig. 1.23: b; Pl. 33: 4; N 15) Grobna jama. Jama ob južnem zidu v mali zakristiji je bila Grave pit. The pit alongside the south wall in the small sacristy ohranjena v dolžini 1,4 m. Široka je bila do 0,9 m in was preserved in the length of 1.4 m. It was up to 0.9 m vkopana v dolomitno osnovo do 0,5 m globoko. Na wide and dug into the dolomite base up to 0.5 m deep. To severu je bila omejena z živo skalo, na jugu in vzhodu the north it bordered on the bedrock, while to the south pa presekana s cerkvenima zidovoma. Dno se je spuščalo and east it was cut off by the church wal s. The bottom proti vzhodnemu koncu. Jama je bila zasuta s temno descended towards the east. The pit was fil ed in with rjavim humusom. V zasutju so bile številne kosti iz pre- dark brown humus. The fill-in material included an array kopanih grobov. Pod njimi je na dnu jame ležalo okostje of bones from the reburied graves. Underneath them, on v prvotnem položaju, označeno kot grob 109. Južno od the bottom of the pit, lay skeleton 109, in its original posi- tega okostja so zadeli na nek drug grob, ki pa ga niso tion. Another grave was found to the south of this grave, raziskali, ker nad njim stoji zid zakristije. however, it was not researched, as it is located underneath Okostje. Viš. 493,56 m (v srednjem delu jame); azimut 79º. the wall of the sacristy. Okostje je bilo poškodovano. Desna roka je bila izte- Skeleton. H. 493.56 m (in the middle part of the pit); azimuth gnjena ob trupu, leva je bila položena prek trebuha. Od 79º. The skeleton was damaged. The right arm lay stretched lobanje je bila ohranjena le spodnja čeljustnica. Kosti alongside the torso, while the left one lay across the nog je poškodoval mlajši zid. Od spodnje čeljustnice do abdomen. Only the mandible was preserved from the kolen je okostje merilo 0,86 m. Nad okostjem so ležale skull bones. The bones of the legs were damaged by the številne kosti razdrtih okostij, južno od okostja pa kosti later wal . From the mandible to the knees the skeleton roke v prvotni legi; in sicer na robu groba, ki je ostal measured 0.86 m. Numerous bones belonging to various neraziskan pod južnim zidom zakristije. disassembled skeletons lay above this skeleton; south of Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. the skeleton lay the bones pertaining to an arm in their original position - at the edge of the grave that remained unearthed under the south wall of the sacristy. Grob 110 ( t. 33: 5; N 16) Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna. Okostje. Odkriti so bili na kup zloženi deli lobanje in dolgih Grave 110 ( Pl. 33: 5; N 16) kosti. Ležale so pri severni stranski kapeli. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. Was not visible. Skeleton. Parts of the skull and long bones were found stacked together when the pit was unearthed. They lay next to Grob 111 ( t. 33: 6; N 17) the north chapel. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grobna jama. Severno od velike zakristije je bilo v naravni kotanji vkopanih več grobov (št. 111–117). Nad grobovi so pozneje zgradili zid (št. 6), ki je potekal ob robu oto- Grave 111 ( Pl. 33: 6; N 17) škega vrha. Med arheološkimi raziskavami so južno od zidu odkrili grobove 111–114 in 117, severno od njega Grave pit. A number of graves (Nos. 111–117) were dug into pa grobova 115 in 116. Zid je deloma prekrival grobove a natural depression north of the large sacristy. At a later 113, 114 in 117. Pri zidavi velike zakristije so v južnem point in time wall No. 6, that ran along the edge of the delu kotanje zadeli na grobove (št. 112, 117). Na južni island peak, was built on top of the graves. During the 321 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS strani zidu 6 je bil najmlajši grob 111. Vkopali so ga na archaeological examination Graves 111-114 and 117 were prostoru z več zaporednimi pokopi, večji del nad grobom discovered south of the wal , and Graves 115 and 116 to 117, na straneh pa tudi v grobove 112–114. Meje groba the north of it. The wall partial y covered Graves 113, 114 111 niso bile vidne. Zasutje je bilo iz rjavega humusa, and 117. When the large sacristy was built, Graves 112 and pomešanega z lomljencem v velikosti do 10 x 10 cm. 117 were disturbed in the south side of the depression. The Okostje je ležalo na ilovici, ki je pokrivala živo skalo. latest Grave (111) was located to the south of wall No. 6. Okostje. Azimut 106º. Robustno okostje v hrbtni legi, pod- It was dug into an area with several successive burials, kolenske kosti so manjkale. Roke so bile iztegnjene ob predominantly above Grave 117, but at its side also into trupu. Od lobanje do konca stegnenic je merilo 1,13 m. Graves 112–114. The borders of Grave 111 were not visible. Na kosteh prsnega koša sta ležala nadlahtnica in del The grave pit was filled-in with brown humus mixed with okolčja iz prekopanega groba. quarry stone measuring up to 10 x 10 cm. The skeleton Predmet v grobu. Ob levi nadlahtnici so našli prstan (1). lay on clay that covered the bedrock. Komentar. Pripadnost prstana grobu 111 ni zanesljiva, saj ga Skeleton. Azimuth 106º. The robust skeleton was positioned on niso našli pri kosteh dlani in prstov, ampak odmaknjeno its back, the bones below the knees were missing. The arms ob nadlahtnici. Na to mesto bi prstan lahko prišel iz groba were stretched alongside the torso. From the skull to the 112 ali 113, kjer sta bili obe okostji prekopani v predelu end of the femurs the skeleton measured 1.13 m in length. rok. Najbližja prstanu je sicer bila čeljustnica, del skeleta The reburied humerus and a part of the bones from the v grobu 114, vendar ne vemo, v kakšnem stanju so bile pelvic area lay on top of the bones pertaining to the thorax. kosti rok pri tem okostju, ker je skoraj v celoti ležalo Artefacts. A finger ring (1) was found alongside the left humerus. pod zidom št. 6. Commentary. It is uncertain whether the ring belonged to Grave (1) Trakast prstan iz bronaste pločevine. Ob robovih je okrašen 111, for it was not found next to the bones of the hands z nizoma kratkih vrezanih črtic, ki ju na treh mestih or fingers, but alongside the humerus. The ring could prekinjajo pari prečno postavljenih nizov na enak način have come to this position from Grave 112 or 113, as vrezanih črtic; prečni niz črtic je tudi na enem od prese- the bones of the arms were reburied in both graves. The gajočih koncev obročka. Pr. 2,2 cm, šir. traku 0,66 cm. closest to the ring was the jawbone, a part of the skeleton Inv. št. S 1985 ( t. 3: 13 ; 15: 15). from Grave 114, however we do not know in what state the bones of the hands were, as this skeleton lay almost entirely under wall No. 6. Grob 112 ( t. 33: 6; N 17) (1) A finger ring made from bronze sheet metal ribbon. Alongside the each edge it is decorated by a serie of short Grobna jama. Opis lege pri grobu 111. Meje groba 112 niso engraved lines, which are in three places traversed by pairs bile vidne. Zasutje je bilo iz rjavega humusa, pomešanega of diagonal y placed series of lines created in the same z lomljencem velikosti do 10 x 10 cm. V grob 112 so way; a diagonal series of lines can also be found on one na severni strani vzdolžno vkopali grob 111. Ostanke of the overreaching parts of the ring. Dia. 2.2 cm, ribbon groba na vzhodnem koncu so verjetno prekopali ob w. 0.66 cm. Inv. No. S 1985 ( Pls. 3: 13 ; 15: 15). gradnji velike zakristije. Okostje je ležalo na ilovici, ki je pokrivala živo skalo. Okostje. Azimut 104º. Okostje odrasle osebe z gracilnimi Grave 112 ( Pl. 33: 6; N 17) kostmi je bilo slabo ohranjeno. V prvotnem položaju so ostale le delno ohranjena lobanja in kosti desne strani Grave pit. See the description of the position for Grave 111. prsnega koša. Desna stegnenica je bila premaknjena, a The borders of Grave 112 are not clearly visible. The pit ne poškodovana. Večji del okostja so razdrli pri vkopu was filled-in with brown humus mixed with quarry stone groba 111. Ohranjeni del okostja je meril 0,5 m. measuring up to 10 x 10 cm. Grave 111 was dug parallel Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. into the northern side of Grave 112. The remains of the grave on the east side were most likely reburied when the large sacristy was being built. The skeleton lay on clay that Grob 113 ( t. 33: 6; N 17) covered the bedrock. Skeleton. Azimuth 104º. The adult skeleton with gracile bones Grobna jama. Opis lege pri grobu 111. Meje groba 113 niso was poorly preserved. Only a partial y preserved skull and bile vidne. Zasutje je bilo iz rjavega humusa, pomešanega the bones pertaining to the right side of the thorax were z lomljencem velikosti do 10 x 10 cm. V vzhodni del preserved in their original position. The right femur was groba 113 so vkopali grob 111. Severna stran groba ob moved, but not damaged. A large part of the skeleton was lobanji in trupu je bila pod zidom št. 6. Okostje je ležalo disturbed when Grave 111 was created. The preserved part na ilovici, ki je pokrivala živo skalo. of the skeleton measured 0.5 m in length. Okostje. Azimut 134º. Okostje odrasle osebe z gracilnimi Grave goods. There were no grave goods. kostmi je bilo slabo ohranjeno. V prvotnem položaju so bile lobanja, kosti prsnega koša in obe nadlahtnici. Leva roka je bila verjetno položena na medenico. Spodnji del Grave 113 ( Pl. 33: 6; N 17) okostja so razdrli pri vkopu groba 111. Ohranjeni del okostja je meril 0,65 m. Grave pit. See the description of the position for Grave 111. The Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. borders of Grave 113 were not visible. The pit was fil ed-in with brown humus mixed with quarry stones measuring 322 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 114 ( N 17) up to 10 x 10 cm. Grave 111 was dug into the east side of Grave 113. The north of the grave, alongside the skull and Grobna jama. Opis lege pri grobu 111. Meje groba 114 niso bile torso, lay underneath wall No. 6. The skeleton lay on clay vidne. Večji del jame je pod temelji zidu št. 6. that covered the bedrock. Okostje. Odkriti so bili le deli lobanje in čeljustnice ter nekaj Skeleton. Azimuth 134º. A poorly preserved adult skeleton kosti z desne strani prsnega koša. with gracile bones. The skul , bones of the thorax and Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. both humeri were found in their original positions. The left hand was most likely positioned onto the pelvis. The lower part of the skeleton was disturbed when Grave 111 Grob 115 ( t. 34: 1; N 18) was created. The preserved part of the skeleton measured 0.65 m in length. Grobna jama. Opis lege pri grobu 111. Grob 115 so v celoti Grave goods. There were no grave goods. vkopali v grob 116. Na zahodnem robu je jama segala do žive skale, drugod do plasti temno rjavega humusa, pomešanega z ilovico. Okostje je ležalo v svetlo rjavem Grave 114 ( N 17) humusu, pomešanem z drobnim lomljencem. Okostje. Viš. 489,29 m; azimut 87º. Gracilno okostje nedorasle Grave pit. See the description of the position for Grave 111. The osebe je bilo slabo ohranjeno. Leva roka je bila iztegnjena borders of Grave 114 were not visible. The main part of ob trupu, desna položena prek trebušnega dela. Okostje the pit lays below the foundations of wall No. 6. je do konca golenic merilo 1,1 m. Ob okostju so ležale Skeleton. Parts of the skull and mandible and a few bones be- dolge kosti prekopanega okostja iz groba 116. Tudi v longing to the right side of the thorax were discovered. plasti nad jamama grobov 115 in 116 so bili raztreseni Grave goods. There were no grave goods. odlomki človeških kosti. Predmeti v grobu. V “zasipnem gradivu” nad okostjem so našli odlomke lončenih posod (kat. št. 22 in 23; t. 6: 12, 13; Grave 115 ( Pl. 34: 1; N 18) 1 8: 8), odlomek steklene posode (kat. št. 24; sl. 1.25: 3; t. 16: 5) in železno skobo (kat. št. 25; t. 3: 19). Grave pit. See the description of the position for Grave 111. Komentar. Po osnutku besedila omenjene najdbe spadajo “h Grave 115 was dug into Grave 116 in its entirety. On the grobni jami s skeletoma 115 in 116” ( arhiv 489, str. 66). western edge the pit reached to the bedrock, elsewhere Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. it reached to the layer of dark brown humus mixed with clay. The skeleton lay in light brown humus mixed with fine quarry stone. Grob 116 ( t. 34: 1; N 18) Skeleton. H. 489.29 m; azimuth 87º. The gracile juvenile skeleton was poorly preserved. The left arm was stretched alongside Grobna jama: Opis lege pri grobu 111. V grob 116 so vkopali the torso, the right hand placed across the abdomen. To grob 115. Na zahodnem robu, kjer jama ni bila poško- the end of the tibia the skeleton measured 1.1 m in length. dovana, je segala do žive skale oziroma do plasti temno Alongside the skeleton lay the long bones of the reburied rjavega humusa. skeleton from Grave 116. Fragments of human bones Okostje. Viš. 489,29 m. Od okostja so bili ohranjeni lobanja in were also scattered into the layers between the pits for vratni vretenci. Okostju so pripadale tudi dolge kosti, ki Graves 115 and 116. so ležale ob okostju v grobu 115. Artefacts. The fill-in material contained pottery fragments (Cat. Predmeti v grobu. Opis pri grobu 115. Nos. 22 and 23; Pls. 6: 12, 13; 18: 8), a fragment of a glass Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. vessel (Cat. No. 24; Fig. 1.25: 3; Pl. 16: 5) and an iron staple (Cat. No. 25; Pl. 3: 19). Commentary. According to the draft of the text for publication Grob 117 ( t. 34: 2; N 18) the aforementioned finds belong to the ‘grave pit with skeletons 115 and 116’ ( archive 489, pg. 66). Grobna jama: Opis lege pri grobu 111. Nad grobom 117 so Grave goods. There were no grave goods. vkopali grob 111. Na levi strani je del okostja prekrival zid št. 6. Meje groba 117 niso bile vidne. Okostje je ležalo na plasti humusa, pomešanega z ilovico in drobnim Grave 116 ( Pl. 34: 1; N 18) lomljencem. Grave pit: See the description of the position for Grave 111. Okostje. Viš. 489,69 m (ob desni podlahtnici). Okostje od- Grave 115 was dug into Grave 116. On the west edge, rasle osebe v hrbtni legi je bilo slabo ohranjeno. Desna where the pit was not damaged, it reached to the bedrock roka je bila položena na medenico. Lobanje niso našli, or to the layer of dark brown humus. podkolenske kosti in del okostja na levi strani pokrivajo Skeleton. H. 489.29 m. The skull and the cervical vertebrae were temelji zidu št. 6. Čez spodnji del desne stegnenice je preserved. The long bones that lay alongside the skeleton ležala dobro ohranjena spodnja čeljustnica. Stegnenica in Grave 115 also belonged to this skeleton. je bila dolga 39 cm. Artefacts. See description for Grave 115. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 323 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 118 ( t. 34: 3; N 19) Grave 117 ( Pl. 34: 2; N 18) Grobna jama. Zgornji del je bil viden kot površina rjave prsti, Grave pit: See the description of the position for Grave 111. obrobljena s skalo. Jama je bila vkopana 0,15–0,22 m v Grave 111 was dug above Grave 117. The left side of the živo skalo, pri vrhu dolga 2,0 m in široka 0,65 m, stene so skeleton was covered by wall No.6. The borders of Grave bile skoraj navpične. Zasuta je bila s humusom, pomeša- 117 were not visible. The skeleton lay on a layer of humus nim z lomljenci v velikosti do 10 x 15 cm. V vzhodni del mixed with clay and fine quarry stone. groba so pozneje vkopali jamo, v katero so položili tlak iz Skeleton. H. 489.69 m (alongside the right ulna). The poorly lomljencev (vel. 10 x 15 cm), vezanih s čvrsto malto; na preserved adult skeleton was placed on its back. The right robu tlaka (pr. 0,50 m) so bili kamni postavljeni krožno. hand was placed on the pelvis. The skull was not found, Ob zidavi so prekopali podkolenski del okostja. the bones underneath the knees and a part of the skeleton Okostje. Viš. 493,78 m; azimut 78º. Okostje v hrbtni legi je bilo on the left side are covered by the foundations of wall No. deloma ohranjeno. Lobanja in leva stran okostja sta bili 6. A well-preserved mandible lay across the lower part of poškodovani, spodnji deli nog pa uničeni. Roki sta bili the right femur. The femur measured 39 cm in length. položeni na medenico. Okostje je od vrha lobanje do Grave goods. There were no grave goods. kolen merilo 1,25 m. Predmet v grobu. Ob levi stegnenici je ležal železen žebelj (kat. št. 26; t. 3: 20). Grave 118 ( Pl. 34: 3; N 19) Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave pit. The upper part appeared as a layer of brown soil, sur- rounded by rock. The pit with almost vertical wal s was Grob 119 ( t. 34: 4,5; N 20) dug 0.15–0.22 m into the bedrock, measuring 2.0 m in length and 0.65 m in width at the top. The pit was filled- Grobna jama. Jama ni bila vidna, okostje je ležalo na naravni in with humus mixed with quarry stones measuring up polici tesno ob južni steni preddverja, na 0,2 m debeli to 10 x 15 cm. A pit into which they placed paving stones plasti subhumusa, pomešanega z lomljenci. Zahodno od (made from quarry stones measuring 10 x 15 cm) stuck lobanje v višini lopatice je bilo več koščkov oglja. together with firm mortar was dug into the east side of Okostje. Viš. 492,88 m; azimut 175º. Okostje odrasle osebe the grave; at the edge, the paving stones were placed in a je bilo slabo ohranjeno. Najdeni so bili le poškodovane circle (diameter 0.50 m). While creating the paved area lobanja in nadlahtnici, nekaj reber ter desna golenica. they reburied the part of the skeleton below the knees. Vidni del okostja je meril 1,32 m. Skeleton. H. 493.78 m; azimuth 78º. The partial y preserved Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. skeleton was placed on its back. The skull and the left side of the skeleton were damaged, the lower parts of the legs destroyed. The hands were placed on the pelvis. From Grob 120 ( t. 34: 6; N 21) the top of the skull to the knees the skeleton measured 1.25 m in length. Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna, izkopana je bila v plast temno Artefacts. An iron nail (Cat. No. 26; Pl. 3: 20) lay next to the rjave ilovice. left femur. Opomba. Na načrtu grobišča ( N 21) in v osnutku besedila je Grave goods. There were no grave goods. grob večkrat pomotoma označen s številko 124 ( arhiv 489, str. 126, 226, 231). Okostje. Viš. 493,36 m (pri kolenih); azimut 76º. Okostje Grave 119 ( Pl. 34: 4,5; N 20) otroka je ležalo v hrbtni legi, dolgo je bilo 1 m. Roki sta bili iztegnjeni ob trupu. Grave pit. The pit was not visible. The skeleton lay on a natural Predmeti v grobu. Ob stopalih je bilo več odlomkov prazgo- shelf close to the south wall of the lobby, on a 0.2 m thick dovinske keramike, v plasti pod kostmi nog pa pozlačen layer of subhumus mixed with quarry stones. Several bronast novec, zdaj pogrešan (kat. št. 140). charcoal fragments were found to the west of the skul , at Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. the height of the scapula. Skeleton. H. 492.88 m; azimuth 175º. The adult skeleton was poorly preserved. Only a damaged skul , humeri, a few ribs and the right tibia were discovered. The visible part of the skeleton measured 1.32 m in length. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grave 120 ( Pl. 34: 6; N 21) Grave pit. Was not visible. The pit was dug into a layer of dark brown clay. Skeleton. H. 493.36 m (at the knees); azimuth 76º. The infant skeleton was positioned on its back and measured 1 m in length. The arms were stretched alongside the torso. 324 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB 12.CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Grob 121 ( N 22) Note. In some cases, the grave is by mistake marked as Grave 124 on the planum of the graveyard ( N 21) and in the draft of Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna. Kosti so ležale v severovzhodnem the text for the publication ( archive 489, pp. 126, 226, 231. vogalu velike zakristije v plasti temno rjavega humusa. Artefacts. Multiple prehistoric pottery fragments lay alongside Okostje. Neopredeljeno; ohranjeni so bili le deli golenic in the feet, a gilded bronze coin (Cat. No. 140, now missing) piščali; azimut 84°. was found in the layer underneath the bones belonging Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. to the legs. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 122 ( N 22) Grave 121 ( N 22) Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna. Kosti so ležale v severovzhodnem vogalu velike zakristije v plasti temno rjavega humusa. Grave pit. Was not visible. The bones lay in a layer of dark brown Okostje. Azimut 84º. Ostanki okostja so ležali na globini 4,5 m. humus in the north-eastern corner of the large sacristy. V prvotni legi so bile ohranjene kosti nog, zgornji del Skeleton. Undefined; only parts of the tibias and shinbones were okostja so prekrivali ostanki apsidalnega zidu in plast preserved; azimuth 84°. ruševin. Stegnenica je bila dolga 43 cm. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 122 ( N 22) Grob 123 ( N 22) Grave pit. Was not visible. The bones lay in a layer of dark brown Grobna jama. Ni bila vidna. Kosti so ležale v severovzhodnem humus in the north-eastern corner of the large sacristy. vogalu velike zakristije v plasti temno rjavega humusa. Skeleton. Azimuth 84º. The remains of skeleton lay at the depth Okostje. Ohranjeni so bili poškodovana lobanja in nekaj od- of 4.5 m. The bones of the legs were preserved in their lomkov dolgih kosti. original position, the upper part of the skeleton was Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. covered by the remains of the apsidal wall and a layer of ruins. The femur measured 43 cm in length. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. Grob 124 ( N 23) Grobna jama. Obris jame ni bil viden. Grave 123 ( N 22) Okostje. Azimut 77°. Viš. 492,63 m (ob kosteh). V severovzhod- nem delu prezbiterija so ležale razlomljene in razmetana Grave pit. Was not visible. The bones lay in a layer of dark brown kosti nedorasle osebe. humus in the south-eastern corner of the large sacristy. Komentar. V osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 130, 132) in na Skeleton. A damaged skull and a few long bone fragments were terenski risbi prezbiterija ( Rn 211/94) je skelet pomotoma preserved. oštevilčen s (podvojeno) številko 123. Na načrtu grobišča Grave goods. There were no grave goods. ( N 21) in v osnutku besedila ( arhiv 489, str. 126, 226, 231) je s številko 124 večkrat napačno označen grob 120. Pridatki. Pridatkov ni bilo. Grave 124 ( N 23) Grave pit. The outline of the pit was not visible. Skeleton. Azimut 77°. H. 492.63 m (at the bones). Broken and scattered bones belonging to a juvenile lay in the north- eastern part of the presbytery. Commentary. In the draft of the text for publication ( archive 489, pg. 130, 132) and in the field sketch of the presbytery ( Rn 211/94; N 23) the skeleton was accidental y marked with the (duplicated) number 123. Note. In some cases, the Grave 120 is by mistake marked as Grave 124 on the planum of the graveyard ( N 21) and in the draft of the text for the publication ( archive 489, pp. 126, 226, 231. Grave goods. There were no grave goods. 325 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 12.2 KATALOG RAZTRESENIH NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF SCATTERED FINDS NAJDBE IZ GROBOV črto pod vratom in na rami. Na notranji strani ostenja so sledovi gnetenja. Keramika je trda, zmerno mešana z 1. Odlomek zgornjega dela ostenja prostoročno izdelane lončene grobozrnatim peskom, površina je svetlo rjava, sredica posode. Tik pod (neohranjenim) ustjem je nalepljeno črna. Viš. 3,3 cm, šir. 5,0 cm, deb. 0.5 cm. V zasipu groba plastično razčlenjeno rebro. Črna keramika je mešana 45, pri desni roki. Inv. št. S 1847a. T. 6: 3; 18: 4. s srednje zrnatim kremenčevim peskom. Viš. 4,7 cm, 12. Odlomek ostenja lončene posode prostoročne izdelave. šir. 5,2 cm, deb. ostenja 0,8 cm. V jami groba 1. Inv. št. S Okrašen je z vodoravnimi plitvimi žlebiči. Na notranji 1798. T. 6: 1; 18: 1. Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 21, strani ostenja so sledovi gnetenja. Keramika je trda, redko št. 3 (košček odlomka s plastičnim rebrom, pomotoma mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, površina je svetlo rjava, pripisan grobu 2). sredica črna. Vel. 4,2 x 2,5 cm, deb. 0,55 cm. V zasipu groba 2. Odlomek bronaste pločevine, ohranjeni rob je zavihan. Vel. 45, pri desni roki. Inv. št. S 1847b. T. 6: 4; 18: 3. 4,7 x 1,8 cm, deb. 0,06 cm. V jami groba 20. Inv. št. S 1813. 13. Klinica iz kremena, trikotnega preseka, z drobnimi retuša- Sl. 1.25: 1; t. 16: 2. mi na robovih. Dol. 2,8 cm. V grobu 49. Inv. št. S 1851. 3. Pecljata puščična ost rombaste oblike iz rožnatega kremena.6 Predmet je pogrešan. Sl. 1.15: 4; 1.16: 3. Obdelana je s ploskovno retušo, lateralna robova sta obli- 14. Koničasto obrušen kos peščenjaka. Površina je vzdolžno kovana s polstrmo retušo. Dol. 3,67 cm, šir. 1,46 cm, deb. obrušena s petimi ozkimi fasetami in dvema širšima 0,41 cm. V grobu 22. Inv. št. S 1814. Sl. 1.15: 1; t. 13: 1. ploskvama. Na prečni strani je sled preloma. Dol. 2,62, 4. Odlomek zgornjega dela polkroglaste lončene sklede z vodo- šir. 1,55 cm, deb. 1,15 cm. Ob zakladni najdbi srebrnikov. ravno izvlečenim ustjem, notranji rob ustja je poudarjen. Inv. št. S 1866. Sl. 1.16: 4; 1.18: 2. Dobro prečiščena sivorjava keramika je mešana s finim 15. Odlomek zgornjega dela ostenja zavrtene lončene posode, peskom, notranja površina posode je prevlečena s hrapa- okrašene s plitvo vrezanimi vodoravnimi črtami. Kerami- vim rjavim loščem. Viš. 3,2 cm, šir. 5,05 cm, deb. ostenja ka je trda, obilno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, barva 0,7 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 15,0 cm. V zasipu groba 23. Inv. prehaja od rjave k sivi. Na notranji strani ostenja so sledi št. S 1815. Sl. 1.25: 2; t. 14: 16. gnetenja. Viš. 5,1 cm, šir. 7,6 cm, deb. 0,6 cm. V zasipu na 5. Košček rude, sivo črn hematit, skorja temno rdeče rjava. Na dnu groba 61. Inv. št. S 1864a. T. 6: 5; 18: 5. ploskvah so drobne raze. Vel. 2,6 x 1,5 x 0,65 cm. V grobu 16. Odlomek ravnega dna lončene posode. Na notranji strani 29. Inv. št. S 1824. Sl. 1.16: 1. so sledi gnetenja, na zunanji površini je na robu dna 6. Praskalo iz svetlo sivega kremena, z obojestransko retuširano rahel odtis oboda vretena. Mehka in krhka keramika izjedo. Obdelava na odbitku, retuširani so tudi drugi ro- je zmerno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, na zunanji bovi, zgornji rob strmo, stranski in spodnji rob na hrbtni površini je svetlo rjava, v prelomu in na notranji površini strani. Vel. 1,7 x 1,4 cm, deb. 0,28 cm. V zasipu groba 38. črna. Viš. 1,5 cm, šir. 3,4 cm, deb. dna 0,9 cm, rekonstr. Inv. št. S 1835. Sl. 1.15: 2; t. 13: 2. pr. dna 9,8 cm. V zasipu na dnu groba 61. Inv. št. S 1864b. 7. Del žrmelj iz rožnato sivega peščenjaka. Ploskve so zglajene. T. 6: 6; 18: 6. Vel. 8,8 x 7,1 x 5,2 cm. V grobu 39. Inv. št. S 1837. Sl. 1.16: 17. Odlomek zgornjega dela vrtene lončene posode z izvihanim 2; 1.18: 1. ustjem. Rob ustja je ravno odrezan. Keramika je trda, 8. Odlomek sekirice ali dleta iz svetlo sivo zelenega serpentita. mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, sredica je siva, zglajena Površina je obdelana z brušenjem in poliranjem. Dol. površina temno siva. Viš. 2,8 cm, šir. 5,8 cm, deb. ostenja 4,4 cm, šir. 3 cm, deb. 0,9 cm. V grobu 39. Inv. št. S 1838. 0,62 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 16,0 cm. V grobni jami 71. Inv. Sl. 1.15: 11 ; t. 13: 10. št. S 1894a. T. 6: 7. 9. Jedrni odbitek iz rožnato rjavega kremena. Desni rob je re- 18. Odlomek dna in ostenja lončene posode prostoročne iz- tuširan, na levem so uporabne retuše. Vel. 3,08 x 1,8 cm, delave. Črno rjava keramika je trda, zmerno mešana z deb. 0,61 cm. V grobu 40. Inv. št. S 1839. Sl. 1.15: 3; t. 13: grobozrnatim peskom, površina je zelo gubasta, zunanja 3. Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 31, št. 1. nekoliko zglajena. Viš. 4,0 cm, šir. 4,2 cm, deb. ostenja 10. Odlomek zgornjega dela zavrtene lončene posode z iz- 0,7 cm. V grobni jami 71. Inv. št. S 1894b. T. 6: 8. vihanim ustjem. Rob ustja je ravno odrezan. Rame je 19. Odlomek ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Okrašen je okrašeno z vrezanima raztegnjenima enojnima valov- z vrezanimi razvlečeno valovnico in razmaknjenima nicama. Trda črna keramika je luknjičasta in zmerno vodoravnima črtama. Keramika je trda, obilno mešana mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. Površina je zglajena, z grobozrnatim peskom, notranja površina in sredica sta na notranji strani so sledovi navpičnih potegov s prsti. črni, na zunanji površini, ki je bolj gladka, pa barva prehaja Viš. 3,5 cm, šir. 8,7 cm, deb. ustja 0,6 cm, deb. oste- od svetlo rjave k sivi. Viš. 5,1 cm, šir. 3,3 cm, deb. 0,53 cm. nja na ramenu 0,5 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 16,0 cm. V V grobni jami 71. Inv. št. S 1894c. T. 6: 9. grobu 41, ob desni nadlahtnici. Inv. št. S 1843. T. 6: 2; 20. Odlomek ostenja zavrtene lončene posode z nalepljenim 18: 2; 27: 5. Objava: Šribar 1972a, slika na str. 31, št. 2. razčlenjenim vodoravnim rebrom. Trda temno siva kera- 11. Odlomek zgornjega dela lončene posode prostoročne iz- mika je obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. Notranja delave. Rob izvihanega ustja ni ohranjen. Na ostenju je površina je gubasta.Viš. 5,1 cm, šir. 5,8 cm, deb. 0,58 cm. pas plitvih vodoravnih žlebičev, omejen z globlje vrezano V grobni jami 71. Inv. št. S 1894č. T. 6: 10. 21. Odlomek ostenja zavrtene lončene posode z nalepljenim 6 Za pomoč pri opisih kamnitih najdb v katalogu se razčlenjenim vodoravnim rebrom. Keramika je trda, zahvaljujeva Boštjanu Odarju. zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, notranja po- 326 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS vršina in sredica sta črni, zunanja površina svetlo rjava. Viš. 4,9 cm, šir. 4,85 cm, deb. 0,5 cm. V zasipu groba 84. Inv. št. S 1903. T. 6: 11; 18: 7. 22. Odlomek dna in ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Keramika je mehka, luknjičava, obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim pe- skom, na površini črna, sredica je svetlo rjava. Viš. 1,8 cm, šir. 3,65 cm, deb. dna 0,9 cm, rekonstr. pr. dna 12,0 cm. V zasipu groba 115. Inv. št. S 1986a. T. 6: 12. 23. Del ostenja zavrtene lončene posode s tremi vrezanimi valov- nicami. Zunanja površina je plitvo poševno nažlebljena, na njej so prismojeni ostanki hrane. Oster prehod iz zgornjega v spodnji del posode je okrašen s kratkimi poševnimi zarezami. Na notranji površini so vidni sledovi gnetenja. Keramika je trda, zmerno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, površina je rumenkasto rjava, sredica sivo rjava. Viš. 6,5 cm, šir. 9,33 cm, deb. ostenja 0,68–1,03 cm, rekonstr. pr. oboda 23,8 cm. V zasipu groba 115. Inv. št. S 1986. T. 6: 13; 18: 8. 24. Odlomek posode iz prozornega brezbarvnega natronskega stekla.7 Rob ustja je zataljen. Okrašen je z vodoravnimi steklenimi nitmi, nataljenimi na zunanjo stran ostenja. Viš. 2,05 cm, šir. 4,87 cm, deb. ustja 0,3 cm, rekonstr. pr. 8,4 cm. V zasipu groba 115. Inv. št. S 1988. Sl. 1.25: 3; t. 16: 5. 25. Železna trakasta skoba. Dol. 8,9 cm, viš. 3,7 cm, šir. do 0,85 cm. V zasipu groba 115. Inv. št. S 1990b. T. 3: 19. 26. Železen skovan žebelj s koničasto glavico, steblo je oglatega preseka. Konica je odlomljena. Dol. 5,36 cm, deb. do 0,62 cm. V grobu 118. Inv. št. S 1999. T. 3: 20. RAZTRESENE NAJDBE SEVERNO OD CERKVE Sonda 3 27. Odlomek zgornjega dela vrtene lončene posode z izvihanim ustjem. Rob ustja je profiliran in ravno odrezan. Keramika je trda, prečiščena glina je obilno mešana s finozrnatim peskom. Zglajena površina je rjavkasto siva, sredica črna,. Viš. 3,0 cm, šir. 5,1 cm, deb. roba ustja 0,9 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 20,0 cm. Planum 4. Inv. št. S 1876. T. 7: 1. Sl. 12.1: Novci z Blejskega otoka (številke ob znakih ustrezajo 28. Sold, Marija Terezija (1740–1780).8 Planum 2 (mesto v številkam v katalogu): a – mesto najdbe, b – približno mesto sondi: 4,1 m od južnega in 0,25 m od vzhodnega profila; najdbe, znani so podatki o izkopnem polju (IP) ali sondi (S); Rn 221/17). Inv. št. LJ 0022177 ( sl. 12.1: 28). c – skupna najdba srebrnikov. 29. Sold, Francesco Erizzo, Doge XCVIII (1631–1646). Inv. št. Fig. 12.1: Coins from Bled Island (numbers correspond to LJ 0022172 ( sl. 12.1: 29). the catalogue numbers): a – the location of the find, b – the approximate location of the find, the information on the exca- vation field (IP) or trench (S) is known; c – silver coin hoard. Izkopno polje 1/1 (IP 1/1) (Izdelava / Elaborated by: I. Murgelj) Kvadrant 2 30. Odlomek ostenja prostoročno izdelane lončene posode s nanji strani rdečkastorjava, na notranji črna. Viš. 1,8 cm, polkroglastim ročajčkom. Glina je bila prečiščena, zunanja šir. 2,02 cm, deb. dna 0,8 cm. IP 1/1, kv. 11–12. V prerezu površina mehke keramike je rumenkasto rjava, notranja skozi ognjišče. Inv. št. S 1966b. Sl. 1.18: 4; t. 14: 2. temno siva, sredica je črna. Viš. 2,07 cm, šir. 1,9 cm, šir. 32. Kosi prežganega ilovnatega premaza. Na dveh koščkih je ročaja 1,1 cm, deb. ostenja 0,25 cm. V prerezu skozi ognji- površina zglajena (spodnja kosa na sliki). Vel. največjega šče. Inv. št. S 1966a. Sl. 1.18: 3; t. 14: 1. odlomka 6,2 x 5,7 x 2,2 cm. V prerezu skozi ognjišče. Inv. 31. Odlomek ravnega dna in ostenja prostoročno izdelane št. S 1966. Sl. 1.14. lončene posode. Mehka keramika je zmerno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, slabo zglajena površina je na zu- Kvadrant 4 33. Odlomek zgornjega dela vrtene lončene posode z izvihanim 7 Glej pogl. 1, razpredelnica 1, str. 43. in nekoliko odebeljenim ustjem. Rob ustja je ravno od- 8 Novce z Blejskega otoka je opredelil Andrej Šemrov rezan. Keramika je trda, obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim (Numizmatični kabinet, Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana). peskom, barva prehaja od sive k rumeno rjavi. Viš. 3,3 cm, 327 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS šir. 6,65 cm, deb. ostenja na ramenu 0,67 cm, rekonstr. pr. Kvadrant 15 ustja 20,0 cm. Planum 2. Inv. št. S 1871. T. 7: 2. 42. Bronast sklenjen prstan pravokotnega preseka. Na zunanji 34. Odlomek zgornjega dela zavrtene lončene posode z izvi- strani je okrašen z nizom vtolčenih pik. Pr. 2,25 cm, deb. hanim in odebeljenim ustjem. Trda keramika je zmerno 0,15 cm. Planum 5. Inv. št. S 1883. T. 3: 18; 16: 10. mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, barva prehaja od sive k črni. Notranja površina je slabo zglajena. Viš. 3,0 cm, šir. Kvadrant 16 7,5 cm, deb. ostenja na ramenu 0,65 cm, deb. roba ustja 43. Železen skovan žebelj, s steblom pravokotnega preseka, 0,93 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 18,0 cm. Planum 2. Inv. št. S glavica manjka. Dol. 8,65 cm, šir. do 0,5 cm, deb. 0,25 cm. 2005a. T. 7: 3. Ob zidu. Inv. št. S 1873. T. 4: 2. 35. Odlomek ravnega dna in ostenja lončene posode. Površina 44. Odlomek ravnega kalijevega stekla.9 Na površini je guba, je slabo zglajena, vidni so sledovi gnetenja. Na notranji ki je nastala pri glajenju še mehkega stekla. Vel. 3,38 x površini so ostanki prismojene hrane. Trda keramika je 2,25 cm, 0,2 cm. Ob zidu. Inv. št. S 1874. T. 5: 21; 16: 11. zmerno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, barva prehaja od sivorjave k temno sivi. Viš. 2,3 cm, šir. 6,4 cm, deb. dna 0,8 cm, rekonstr. pr. dna 12,0 cm. Planum 2. Inv. št. Izkopno polje 1/2 (IP 1/2) S 2005b. T. 7: 4. 36. Zgornji del zavrtene lončene posode z izvihanim in ne- Kvadrant 12 koliko odebeljenim ustjem. Zunanja površina je pod 45. Novec. Planum 2. Akc. št. 19/1964 ( Rn 211/46: točka 1, x= ustjem okrašena z gostimi plitvo vrezanimi vodoravnimi -5,0 m, y= 12,0 m, z = 492,57 m). Pogrešan ( sl. 12.1: 45). črtami. Na največjem obodu je okrogla luknjica, ki je bila izvrtana po žganju posode. Na notranji strani ostenja so Kvadrant 13 vidni sledovi prostoročne obdelave, ohranili so se tudi 46. Odlomek izvihanega ustja vrtene lončene posode. Ob- ostanki prismojene hrane. Trda keramika je redko mešana robje ustja je profilirano, na zgornji strani z žlebom za z drobnozrnatim peskom, barva prehaja od svetlo rjave k namestitev pokrovke. Trda opečnato oranžna keramika sivi. Viš. 8,43 cm, šir. 12,4 cm, deb. ostenja na največjem je prečiščena, na robu in zunanji površini so ostanki ze- obodu 0,55 cm, deb. roba ustja 0,8 cm, pr. luknjice 0,7 cm, lenega, na notranji površini pa belega lošča. Viš. 2,1 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 18,0 cm. Ostanke posode so našli ob šir. 3,8 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 12,0 cm. Planum 2. Inv. št. srebrnikih iz zakladne najdbe. Planum 2 (x = -1,97 m, S 1942a. T. 8: 1; 19: 2. y = -8,32 m, z = 493,58 m). Inv. št. S 2006a. T. 7: 5; t. 18: 47. Odlomek izvihanega ustja vrtene lončene posode. Široko 9. Objava: Šribar, Stare, Bregant 1972–1973, 39, 41, T. 1: obrobje ustja je profilirano. Trda rjavo siva keramika je 1 (na risbi je spodnji del posode dopolnjen). redko mešana s finozrnatim peskom. Viš. 3,3 cm, šir. 37. Skupna najdba 38 srebrnikov. Planum 2. Raztreseni so bili 3,0 cm. Planum 2. Inv. št. S 1942b. T. 8: 2. na površini 0,75 x 0,5 m (okoli točke x = -1,97 m, y = -8,32 48. Odlomek ustja vrtene lončene posode. Rob izvihanega m, z = 493,58 m), približno 0,20 m globoko pod potjo med ustja je profiliran. Trda keramika je zmerno mešana s severnim vhodom v preddverje cerkve in stopniščem na finozrnatim peskom. Površina je črna, sredica siva. Viš. severnem strani otoka. Inv. št. LJ 0007283–LJ 0007285, 2,03 cm, šir. 4,6 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 16,0 cm. Planum LJ 0007287–LJ 0007290, LJ 0017106–LJ 0017118 ( sl. 12.1: 2. Inv. št. S 1942c. T. 8: 3. 37). Objava: Pegan 1965–1967. 49. Odlomek ostenja vrtene lončene posode. Na prehodu med 38. Odlomek zgornjega dela zavrtene lončene posode z izvihanim ustjem in ostenjem posode je vodoraven žleb. Trda kera- ustjem. Rob ustja je ravno odrezan. Na ramenu posode mika je zmerno mešana s finozrnatim peskom. Površina sta bili vrezani črti. Mehka luknjičasta keramika je redko je črna, sredica siva. Viš. 4,23 cm, šir. 4,05 cm, deb. ostenja mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, barva prehaja od sive k 0,4 cm, rekonstr. pr. oboda 16,5 cm. Planum 2. Inv. št. S črni. Notranja in zunanja površina sta zglajeni. Viš. 3,87 cm, 1942č. T. 8: 4. šir. 7,3 cm, deb. ostenja na ramenu 0,54 cm, deb. roba ustja 50. Odlomek spodnjega dela lončene posode z ravnim dnom. Tr- 0,65 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 16,0 cm. Planum 2 (x = -1,97 da keramika je zmerno mešana s drobnozrnatim peskom. m, y = -8,32 m, z = 493,58 m). Inv. št. S 2006b. T. 7: 6; 19: 1. Površina je črno siva, sredica siva. Viš. 3,2 cm, šir. 3,9 cm, 39. Koščen obesek v podobi človeške lobanje. Viš. 1,02 cm, pr. rekonstr. pr. dna 12,0 cm. Planum 2. Inv. št. S 1942d. T. 8: 5. luknjice 0,2 cm. Ob stopnicah pri severnem prehodu skozi 51. Del ročaja lončene posode. Presek ročaja je okrogel. Kera- cerkev. Inv. št. S 2007. T. 5: 25; 16: 9. mika je obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, barva prehaja od rdečkastorjave k temno sivi. Dol. 5,45 cm, pr. Kvadrant 5 1,38 cm. Planum 2. Inv. št. S 1942e. T. 8: 6. 40. Polovica jagode iz stekla turkizne barve. Viš. 0,57, šir. 52. Železen skovan žebelj z delno ohranjeno glavico in steblom 0,67 cm. Planum 2 (x = -0,3 m, y = -6,18 m). Inv. št. S pravokotnega preseka. Konica je pravokotno zapognjena. 1882. T. 5: 20; 16: 8. Dol. 9,6 cm, šir. 0,58 cm. Pri grobu 110. Inv. št. S 1960. T. 4: 3. 53. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom Kvadrant 6 pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 8,25 cm, šir. 0,5 cm. Pri grobu 41. Rezilo železnega noža s poševno zalomljenim hrbtom. Ko- 110. Inv. št. S 1960. T. 4: 4. nica je odlomljena. Dol. 11,08 cm, šir. rezila do 2,15 cm. 54. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom X = -2,28 m, y = -1,42 m. Inv. št. S 1867. T. 4: 1. pravokotnega preseka. Konica manjka. Dol. 6,5 cm, šir. 0,55 cm. Pri grobu 110. Inv. št. S 1960. T. 4: 5. 9 Glej pogl. 1, razpredelnica 1, str. 43. 328 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 55. Železen skovan žebelj z zapognjeno glavico in steblom hrane. Viš. 2,6 cm, šir. 4,15 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 14,0 cm. pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 4,8 cm, šir. 0,6 cm. Pri grobu Planum 8. Inv. št. S 1970a. T. 8: 9. 110. Inv. št. S 1960. T. 4: 6. 67. Puščična ost iz temno sivega kremena. Obdelana je s plo- skovno retušo na hrbtni strani, retuširan je tudi izrazit Kvadrant 19 bulbus. Vrh osti je izrabljen. Dol. 1,84 cm, šir. 1,33 cm, 56. Zoglenela žitna zrna ječmena (Hordeum vulgare) in prosa deb. 0,44 cm. Planum 8. Inv. št. S 1971. Sl. 1.15: 6; t. 13: 5. (Panicum miliaceum).10 V profilu pod zidom št. 5. Inv. št. 68. Odlomek izvihanega ustja zavrtene lončene posode. Rob S 1963. Sl. 2.19. ustja je ravno odrezan. Na notranji površini je vrezana valovnica. Mehka črna keramika je nekoliko porozna, Kvadrant 20 zmerno mešana z dobroznatim peskom, površina je zgla- 57. Železen nož z ravnim hrbtom in delno ohranjenim traka- jena. Viš. 2,2 cm, šir. 3,1 cm, deb. ustja 0,6 cm, rekonstr. stim pritrdiščem za ročaj. Trn je odlomljen pri luknjici za pr. ustja 20,0 cm. Planum 8. Inv. št. S 1972. T. 8: 10; 19: 4. kovico. Na prehodu iz rezila v ročaj sta bakreni ploščici, ena je okrašena z vrezanim krožcem s piko na sredini. Dol. 11,5 cm, šir. rezila do 1,6 cm, deb. rezila 0,3 cm. Ob zidu št. 6 Planum 5. Inv. št. S 1943. T. 4: 7; 17: 13. 58. Odlomek ostenja lončene posode. Na notranji strani so 69. Odlomka srebrnega naglavnega obročka ovalnega preseka. sledovi prostoročne izdelave. Zunanja površina je bila Ohranjeni zaključek je dvojno členjen. Dol. 4,05 in 1,5 cm, obdelana z glavičastim predmetom. Zunanja površina je deb. 0,2 cm. Severno od zidu št. 6. Inv. št. S 1973. T. 3: 14. lisasta. svetlo rjava in siva, notranja črna. Trda keramika 70. Del železnega lečastega kresila. Dol. 8,3 cm, šir. 0,84 cm, deb. je obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. Viš. 3,9 cm, 0,48 cm. Severno od zidu št. 6. Inv. št. S 1980a. T. 4: 11; 17: 15. šir. 4,1 cm, deb. ostenja 0,5 cm. Planum 5, severozahodni 71. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom vogal kvadranta. Inv. št. S 1945. T. 8: 7; 19: 3. pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 8,9 cm, šir. do 0,6 cm. Severno 59. Odlomek zgornjega dela lončene sklede prostoročne izde- od zidu št. 6. Inv. št. S 1980b. T. 4: 12. lave. Rob navpičnega ustja je zaobljen. Od ustja se ostenje 72. Odlomek ustja prostoročno izdelane lončene posode. Rob ostro lomi proti dnu posode. Trda keramika je zmerno izvihanega ustja je zaobljen. Mehka keramika je redko mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom in luknjičava. Barva mešana s finozrnatim peskom. Notranja površina je na površini prehaja od sive k črni, v prelomu od svetlo opečnato rdeča, zunanja temno rjava, sredica je črna. Viš. rjave k sivi. Viš. 3,6 cm, šir. 5,3 cm, deb. ostenja 0,43 cm, 3,6 cm, šir. 4,0 cm, deb. 0,9 cm. Severno od zidu št. 6. Inv. rekonstr. pr. ustja 20,0 cm. Planum 5, severovzhodni vogal št. S 1981a. Sl. 1.18: 6; 1.21: 1. kvadranta. Inv. št. S 1946. Sl. 1.18: 5; t. 14: 3. 73. Čelno praskalo na usločeni klini iz rožnato sivega kremena. 60. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom Polstrmo je retuširan vrh kline, na hrbtni stani je drobtin- pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 8,9 cm, šir. 0,55 cm. Severo- časta retuša na stranskih robovih. Vidni so talon in bulbus zahodni vogal kvadranta. Inv. št. S 1947. T. 4: 8. ter sledi patine na vrhu kline. Dol. 3,39 cm, šir. 1,72 cm, 61. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom pra- deb. 0,43 cm. Severno od zidu št. 6. Inv. št. S 1982a. Sl. vokotnega preseka. Dol. 8,2 cm, šir. 0,5 cm. Severozahodni 1.15: 7; t. 13: 6. vogal kvadranta. Inv. št. S 1948. T. 4: 9. 74. Bronast naglavni obroček, desnosučen, zaključka sta troj- 62. Odlomek dna in ostenja posode iz prečiščene gline. Mehka no členjena. Viš. 3,6 cm, šir. 3,06 cm, deb. žice 0,15 cm. opečnato rumena keramika je redko mešana z grobo- Planum 11, pri »prizidku« južno od zidu št. 6. Inv. št. S zrnatim peskom in nekoliko porozna. Viš. 3,05 cm, šir. 1984. T. 3: 15; 15: 8. 2,98 cm, deb. dna 0,85 cm. Planum 5, severozahodni vogal 75. Odlomek zgornjega dela prostoročno izdelane lončene po- kvadranta. Inv. št. S 1949. Sl. 1.25: 4; t. 14: 17. sode. Na zunanji strani je nalepljena stožčasta bradavica. 63. Odlomek izvihanega ustja vrtene lončene posode. Široko Mehka siva keramika iz prečiščene gline je mešana s sljudo. obrobje ustja je profilirano. Trda svetlo do temno siva Viš. 3,2 cm, šir. 3,1 cm, deb. ostenja do 0,41 cm. Planum keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. 11, severna stena IP 1/2. Inv. št. S 1987a. Sl. 1.18: 7; t. 14: 4. Viš. 3,1 cm, šir. 6,9 cm, deb. roba ustja 0,75 cm, rekonstr. 76. Odlomek dna in ostenja prostoročno izdelane lončene po- pr. ustja 26,0 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1957b. T. 8: 8. sode. Mehka keramika iz prečiščene gline je redko mešana 64. Odlomek bronaste pločevine, verjetno zgornji del posode. z drobnozrnatim peskom. Površina je svetlo rjava, sredica Ob ohranjenem robu sta zakovici, na notranji strani je med črna. Viš. 1,7 cm, šir. 4,2 cm, deb. ostenja 0,4 cm. Planum njima drobna aplika v obliki črke X. Viš. 8,3 cm, šir. 6,9 cm, 11, severna stena IP 1/2. Inv. št. S 1987b. Sl. 1.18: 9; t. 14: 6. deb. na robu do 0,22 cm, pr. zakovice 0.8 cm. Planum 3, ju- 77. Odlomek ostenja prostoročno izdelane lončene posode. Na gozahodni vogal kvadranta. Inv. št. S 1959. Sl. 1.25: 7; t. 16: 7. zunanji strani je glajen žlebič, na katerega se pod kotom 65. Železen ključ s ploščato zankasto glavo, cevastim steblom in navezuje vrezana črta. Mehka keramika iz prečiščene nerazčlenjeno brado. Dol. 9,04 cm, šir. glave 2,5 cm, dol. gline je redko mešana z grobozrnatim peskom. Zunanja brade 2,98 cm. Planum 7. Inv. št. S 1968. T. 4: 10; 17: 14. površina je svetlo rjava, notranja sivo rjava, sredica je črna. Objava: Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 168, kat. št. 26, sl. 9: 2. Viš. 2,05 cm, šir. 2,5 cm, deb. 0,5 cm. Planum 11, severna 66. Odlomek izvihanega ustja vrtene lončene posode. Obrobje stena IP 1/2. Inv. št. S 1987c. Sl. 1.18: 8; t. 14: 5. ustja je profilirano. Trda keramika je zmerno mešana z 78. Odlomek ustja prostoročno izdelane lončene posode. Rob drobnozrnatim peskom, barva prehaja od rjavo sive k ustja je ravno odrezan. Mehka, nekoliko porozna keramika temno sivi. Na notranji površini so ostanki prismojene je redko mešana z grobozrnatim peskom. Površina je opečnato rdeča, sredica temno siva. Viš. 3,65 c, šir. 3,55 cm, 10 Vrsti žita je določila Tjaša Tolar, Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. 329 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS deb. 0,85 cm. Planum 11, pri »prizidku« južno od zidu št. Viš. 2,7 cm, šir. 4,9 cm, deb. ostenja 0,52 cm, rekonstr. pr. 6. Inv. št. S 1989a. Sl. 1.18: 10; 21: 2. ustja 14,0 cm. Inv. št. S 1907a. T. 9: 1; 19: 6. 79. Odlomek ostenja prostoročno izdelane lončene posode. 91. Odlomek ustja lončene posode. Rob ustja je ravno odrezan. Okrašen je z vrezanima vodoravnima črtama in vrezano Na slabo zglajeni površini so sledi prostoročne izdelave. valovnico. Trda črna keramika je zmerno mešana z drob- Trda črna keramika je redko mešana z drobnozrnatim nozrnatim peskom. Viš. 2,9 cm, šir. 2,65 cm, deb. 0,35 cm. peskom. Viš. 1,9 cm, šir. 2,2 cm, deb. ostenja 0,55 cm. Inv. Planum 11, pri »prizidku« južno od zidu št. 6. Inv. št. S št. S 1907b. T. 9: 2. 1989c. T. 8: 11; 19: 5. 92. Odlomek ostenja zavrtene posode, okrašene z vrezanima 80. Železna prijemalka. Trakasta kraka pravokotnega preseka sta valovnicama. Na slabo zglajeni površini sledi prostoročne na koncih poškodovana. Dol. 21,6 cm, šir. kraka 1,3 cm, izdelave. Trda črna keramika je zmerno mešana z drob- deb. kraka 0,2 cm. Planum 11, severno od zidu št. 6. Inv. nozrnatim peskom. Viš. 3,3 cm, šir. 3,0 cm, deb. 0,68 cm. št. S 1990a. T. 4: 13; 17: 16. Inv. št. S 1907c. T. 9: 3; 19: 7. 81. Odlomek dna in ostenja prostoročno izdelane lončene 93. Odlomek dna in ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Trda, posode. Mehka keramika iz prečiščene gline je redko nekoliko porozna črna keramika je zmerno mešana z mešana z finozrnatim peskom. Zunanja površina je svetlo drobnozrnatim peskom. Viš. 2,04 cm, šir. 5,4 cm, deb. dna rjava, zunanja temno rjava, notranja površina in sredica 0,64 cm., rekonstr. pr. dna 10,9 cm. Inv. št. S 1907č. T. 9: 4. sta črni. Viš. 3,2 cm, šir. 5,55 cm, deb. 0,8 cm. Planum 12, 94. Odlomek ustja vrtene lončene posode. Rob izvihanega ustja severno od zidu št. 6, na dnu izkopa. Inv. št. S 1991a. Sl. je nekoliko odebeljen in zaobljeno zglajen. Trda keramika 1.18: 11; 21: 3. je obilno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, barva prehaja 82. Odlomek dna in ostenja prostoročno izdelane lončene po- od svetle rjavkasto sive k sivi, sredica je temno siva. Viš. sode. Mehka keramika je redko mešana z grobozrnatim 2,65 cm, šir. 4,9 cm, deb. ostenja 0,5 cm. Planum 6. Inv. peskom. Površina je opečnato rdeča, sredica je črna. Viš. št. S 1930a. T. 9: 5. 3,9 cm, šir. 4,3 cm, deb. 0,9 cm. Planum 11, pri »prizidku« 95. Odlomek spodnjega dela posode z ravnim dnom. Trda kera- južno od zidu št. 6. Inv. št. S 1992c. Sl. 1.18: 12; 21: 4. mika je obilno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom. Površina 83. Kosa maltnega tlaka in kos stenskega ometa. Vel. večjega je svetlo rjava, le dno je na zunanji strani črno, sredica kosa 10 x 10 cm, deb. 5,4 cm. Planum 3, severna stena IP je temno siva. Viš. 1,8 cm, šir. 4,2 cm, deb. dna 0,37 cm, 1/2. Inv. št. S 2009. Sl. 2.17. rekonstr. pr. dna 10,0 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1930b. T. 9: 6. 96. Odlomek ostenja zavrtene lončene posode, okrašene s plitvima vodoravnima žlebičema. Trda keramika je zmerno mešana IP 1/2, neznano natančno mesto najdbe z drobnozrnatim peskom. Površina je lisasta, barva prehaja od svetlo rjave k temno sivi, sredica je siva. Viš. 4,7 cm, šir. 84. Zob merjasca. Planum 6. Dol. 6,0 cm. Inv. št. S 1956. T. 16: 17. 3,9 cm, deb. 0,37 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1930c. T. 9: 7. 85. Sveder iz temno sivega kremena s strmo retušo na levem 97. Odlomek ostenja zavrtene lončene posode, okrašene s plitvi- in desnem robu ter uporabno retušo na levem robu in na ma vodoravnima žlebičema. Trda sivkasto rjava keramika grebenu svedra. Ohranjen je ostanek korteksa. Sveder je je obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. Površina je izrabljen. Dol. 2,45 cm, šir. 1,1 cm, deb. 0,82 cm. Inv. št. S slabo zglajena. Viš. 3,5 cm, šir. 4,4 cm, deb. 0,5 cm. Planum 1964. Sl. 1.15: 5; t. 13: 4. 6. Inv. št. S 1930č. T. 9: 8. 86. Železna trakasta skoba. Dol. 11,2 cm, šir. 1,1 cm, deb. traku 98. Odlomek ostenja zavrtene lončene posode, okrašene z vo- 0,6 cm. Planum 9. Inv. št. S 1979. T. 4: 14. doravnimi žlebiči. Trda črna keramika je zmerno mešana 87. Pet kosov stenskega ometa, dva sta iz vogala. Na štirih je s drobnozrnatim peskom. Viš. 3,1 cm, šir. 2,6 cm, deb. rdeča poslikava. Vel. največjega 7,0 x 6,4 cm, deb. 2,3 cm. 0,5 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1930d. T. 9: 9. Inv. št. S 1941. Sl. 2.18. 99. Odlomek spodnjega dela lončene posode z ravnim dnom. 88. Bronast naglavni obroček okroglega preseka, levosučen, s Trda keramika je zmerno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom. profiliranima zaključkoma. Pr. 3,2 cm, deb. 0,28 cm. Izko- Površina je slabo zglajena, vidni so sledovi gnetenja, na pavanje 1965, severno od cerkve. Inv. št. S 2003. T. 3: 16. dnu je odtisnjen rob lončarske plošče. Notranja površina je svetlo rjava, zunanja površina in sredica sta sivo črni. Viš. 2,95 cm, šir. 6,4 cm, deb. ostenja 0,47 cm, rekonstr. pr. Izkopno polje 1/3 (IP 1/3) dna 11,0 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1930e. T. 9: 10. 100. Odlomek ustja zavrtene lončene pode. Rob izvihanega ustja 89. Pikolo, Gregorio (1251–1269). Planum 2. Inv. št. LJ 0022170 je nekoliko odebeljen in ravno odrezan. Trda sivo rjava ( sl. 12.1: 89). keramika je redko mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. Viš. 2,1 cm, šir. 2,05 cm, Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1930f. T. 9: 11. 101. Odlomek dna in ostenja lončene posode. Trda keramika je RAZTRESENE NAJDBE V CERKVI obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, barva prehaja od svetlo rjave k sivi. Viš. 1,6 cm, šir. 2,9 cm, deb. ostenja Preddverje 0,7 cm, rekonstr. pr. dna 11,0 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1930g. T. 9: 12. 90. Odlomek izvihanega ustja zavrtene lončene posode. Rob 102. Odlomek dna in ostenja lončene posode. Trda keramika je ustja je ravno odrezan. Na ramenu posode je viden delček obilno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, zunanja površina vrezanega okrasa, verjetno valovnice. Trda keramika je je svetlo rjava, notranja površina in sredica sta črno sivi. zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, barva na po- Viš. 1,4 cm, šir. 3,3 cm, rekonstr. pr. dna 10,9 cm. Predd- vršini prehaja od svetlo rjave k temno sivi, sredica je črna. verje, planum 6. Inv. št. S 1930h. T. 9: 13. 330 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 103. Odlomek ustja zavrtene lončene posode. Rob izvihanega 115. Odlomek dna in ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Trda ke- ustja je zaobljeno zglajen. Trda keramika je redko mešana ramika je obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, barva z grobozrnatim peskom, površina je svetlo rjava, sredica na površini prehaja od svetlo rjave k temno sivi, sredica je temno siva. Viš. 2,3 cm, šir. 2,8 cm, deb. na robu 0,6 cm. črna. Viš. 2,55 cm, šir. 5,0 cm, deb. dna 0,6 cm, rekonstr. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1930i. T. 9: 14. pr. dna 10,0 cm. Planum 6 ali 7. Inv. št. S 1932g. T. 10: 8. 104. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom 116. Odlomek dna in ostenja lončene posode. Na notranji strani pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 10,2 cm, vel. preseka 0,6 x so sledovi gnetenja. Trda keramika je obilno mešana z 0,4 cm, dol. glavice 1,58 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1931. Sl. grobozrnatim peskom, barva na površini prehaja od svetlo 2.15: 1; t. 4: 15. rjave k temno sivi, sredica je črna. Viš. 2,55 cm, šir. 4,7 cm, 105. Železen skovan žebelj, s podolgovato glavico in steblom deb. dna 0,65 cm, rekonstr. pr. dna 11,9 cm. Planum 6 ali pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 8,75 cm, vel. preseka 0,65 x 7. Inv. št. S 1932h. T. 10: 9. 0,35 cm, dol. glavice 1,7 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1931. Sl. 117. Odlomek dna in ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Trda črna 2.15: 2; t. 4: 16. keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. Na 106. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom robu dna je odtis oboda vretena. Viš. 1,6 cm, šir. 3,2 cm, pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 7,8 cm, vel. preseka 0,55 x rekonstr. pr. dna 8,0 cm, deb. dna 0,47 cm. Planum 6 ali 0,3 cm, dol. glavice 1,4 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1931. Sl. 7. Inv. št. S 1932i. T. 10: 10. 2.15: 3; t. 5: 1. 118. Odlomek dna in ostenja vrtene lončene posode. Izredno 107. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom trda keramika iz prečiščene gline je na znanji strani pre- pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 6,5 cm, vel. preseka 0,45 x vlečena z olivno zelenim loščem. Notranja površina je 0,24 cm, dol. glavice 1,0 cm. Planum 6. Inv. št. S 1931č. temno opečnato rjava. Viš. 3,4 cm, šir. 8,25 cm, deb. ostenja Sl. 2.15: 4; t. 5: 2. 0,8 cm. Planum 6 ali 7. Inv. št. S 1932j. T. 10: 11; 19: 11. 108. Odlomek ustja zavrtene lončene posode. Rob izvihanega 119. Odlomka prozornega brezbarvnega okenskega stekla. Vel. ustja je zaobljeno zglajen. Trda keramika je redko mešana 5,8 x 5,0 cm, deb. 0,16 cm. Planum 7. Inv. št. S 1933a. T. z grobozrnatim peskom, površina je svetlo rjava, sredica 5: 22; 16: 13. temno siva. Viš. 3,0 cm, šir. 5,6 cm, deb. ostenja 0,54 cm, 120. Odlomek zataljenega ustja posode iz prozornega brezbarv- rekonstr. pr. ustja 16,0 cm. Planum 6 ali 7. Inv. št. S 1932a. nega natronskega stekla.11 Viš. 1,3 cm, šir. 2,7 cm, deb. ustja T. 10: 1; 19: 8. 0,25 cm, deb. ostenja 0,07 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustji 7,0 cm. 109. Odlomek ustja zavrtene lončene pode. Rob izvihanega ustja Planum 7. Inv. št. S 1933b. Sl. 1.25: 5; t. 16: 6. je nekoliko odebeljen in ravno odrezan. Trda keramika je 121. Odlomek ostenja posode iz prozornega brezbarvnega obilno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, znanja površina halofitskega stekla.12 Zunanja stran je okrašena z modro je svetlo siva, notranja črna, sredica je siva. Viš. 2,7 cm, šir. stekleno nitjo. Vel. 1,8 x 1,2 cm, deb. ostenja 0,07 cm. 4,5 cm, deb. na robu 0,9 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 15,8 cm. Planum 7. Inv. št. S 1933c. T. 5: 23; 16: 12. Planum 6 ali 7. Inv. št. S 1932b. T. 10: 2. 110. Odlomek ustja zavrtene lončene posode. Rob izvihanega ustja je zaobljeno zglajen. Trda keramika je zmerno Ladja mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, barva prehaja od svetlo rjave k temno sivi. Viš. 2,25 cm, šir. 2,4 cm, deb. 0,46 cm. 122. Odlomka ostenja in dna zavrtene lončene posode. Trda Planum 6 ali 7. Inv. št. S 1932c. T. 10: 3. keramika je obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. 111. Odlomek ustja zavrtene lončene posode. Rob izvihanega Zunanja površina je črna, notranja površina in sredica sta ustja je zaobljeno zglajen. Trda keramika je zmerno me- temno sivi. Vel. odlomkov 6,4 x 3,2 cm in 6,0 x 3,2 cm, deb. šana z drobnozrnatim peskom, površina je črna, sredica ostenja 0,5 cm, rekonstr. pr. dna 9,0 cm. Konec južnega siva. Viš. 1,95 cm, šir. 2,3 cm, deb. 0,56 cm. Planum 6 ali zidu. Inv. št. S 1908. T. 11: 1. 7. Inv. št. S 1932č. T. 10: 4. 123. Odlomki ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Na dveh od- 112. Odlomek ustja in ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Rob lomkih zgornjega dela ostenja je vrezana valovnica. Trda izvihanega ustja je ravno odrezan in zglajen. Trda kerami- keramika je obilno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. ka je zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, zunanja Zunanja površina je črna, notranja površina in sredica sta površina, notranje obrobje ustja in sredica so črni, notranja temno sivi. Vel. okrašenega dela 7,6 x 6,4 cm, deb. 4,3 cm. površina je svetlo rjava. Viš. 3,7 cm, šir. 7,7 cm, deb. ostenja Konec južnega zidu. Inv. št. S 1908. T. 11: 2; 19: 13. 0,4 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 14,0 cm. Planum 6 ali 7. Inv. št. 124. Železen kovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom S 1932d. T. 10: 5; 19: 9. pravokotnega preseka. Žebelj je upognjen in pri konici 113. Odlomek ostenja zavrtene lončene posode, okrašene z zvit v obliki črke S. Dol. 3,4 cm, vel. preseka 0,5 x 0,2 cm. vodoravnima žlebičema (eden je slabo viden na robu Inv. št. S 1909. T. 5: 3. odlomka). Na notranji strani so sledovi gnetenja. Trda 125. Železna šivanka, pri ušescu je odlomljena. Dol. 6,95 cm, keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, pr. 0,17 cm. X=4,0 m, y=1,04 m. Inv. št. S 1910a. T. 5: 4. barva prehaja od svetlo sive k temno sivi, sredica je črna. 126. Železen kovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom pra- Viš. 3,3 cm, šir. 4,1 cm, deb. 0,52 cm. Planum 6 ali 7. Inv. vokotnega presekom, konica je odlomljena. Dol. 3,8 cm, št. S 1932e. T. 10: 6; 19: 10. vel. preseka 0,6 x 0,25 cm. Inv. št. S 1910b. T. 5: 5. 114. Odlomek dna lončene posode. Trda keramika je obilno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, površina je svetlo rjava, sredica črna. Viš. 1,4 cm, šir. 6,9 cm, deb. dna 0,66 cm, rekonstr. pr. dna 13,9 cm. Planum 6 ali 7. Inv. št. S 1932f. 11 T. 10: 7. Glej pogl. 1, razpredelnica 1, str. 43. 12 Glej pogl. 1, razpredelnica 1, str. 43. 331 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 127. Hišice polžev vrste navadni pasar ( Aegopis verticil us).13 138. Odlomek spodnjega dela lončene posode prostoročne iz- Najdeno je bilo 13 hišic »ob zasipu ob zunanjem loku delave. Zunanja in notranja površina sta gosto vodoravno polkrožne apside«. Pr. do 3,0 cm. Inv. št. S 1912. Sl. 2.20. nažlebljeni. Mehka, nekoliko porozna keramika je redko 128. Odlomki okenskega stekla. Prozorno brezbarvno steklo mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. Zunanja površina je je mehurčkasto, površina je irizirana. Vel. največjega sivorjava, notranja površina in sredica sta črni. Viš. 4,9 cm, odlomka 7.3 x 5,1 cm, deb. do 0,2 cm. Vzhodno od druge šir. 4,4 cm, deb. ostenja 0,7 cm, rekonstr. pr. oboda 11,2 cm. apside. Inv. št. S 1913. T. 21. Znotraj velike apside (do 0,80 m pod tlakom). Inv. št. S 129. Odlomek zataljenega ustja posode iz natronskega stekla.14 2000d. Sl. 1.24: 1; t. 14: 9. Prozorno brezbarvno steklo je mehurčkasto, površina 139. Odlomek ustja in ostenja prostoročno izdelane lončene je irizirana. Viš. 1,3 cm, šir. 2,2 cm, deb. ustja 0,26 cm, posode. Na zunanji strani je razčlenjeno vodoravno rekonstr. pr. ustja 7,0 cm. Vzhodno od druge apside. Inv. rebro. Mehka opečnato rdeča keramika je redko mešana št. S 1913. Sl. 1.25: 6. z drobnozrnatim peskom. Viš. 4,0 cm, šir. 5,1 cm, deb. 130. Del svinčenega traku. Vel. 3,58 x 3,04 cm, deb. 0,1 cm. ostenja 0,8 cm. Severovzhodni vogal prezbiterija (0,50 m Vzhodno od druge apside. Inv. št. S 1914. T. 5: 6; 16: 14. pod tlakom). Inv. št. S 2002. Sl. 1.24: 2; t. 14: 10. 131. Odlomek kamnite sekire iz temnega sivo zelenega serpen- 140. Novec, preluknjan in počen, vidni sledovi pozlate. Pr. tita, odlomljen pri luknji za toporišče, z ostanki vrtine 1,8 cm. V plasti pod kostmi nog v grobu 120. Inv. št. S in polirane površine. Luknja je bila narejena z vrtanjem, 2001. Pogrešan, opis po kartoteki. površina obdelana z brušenjem. Površina je deloma grobo obtolčena. Vel. 5,5 x 5,5 x 1,9 cm. Vzhodno od apside, planum 5. Inv. št. S 1916. Sl. 1.15: 12; t. 13: 11. Mala zakristija 132. Pahljačasto praskalo na jedrnem odbitku iz rožnato sivega kremena. Čelo in desni rob praskala sta strmo retuširana. 141. Trije odlomki zgornjega dela prostoročno izdelanega vrča s Praskalo je bilo izpostavljeno visoki temperaturi. Dol. cilindričnim vratom in trakastim ročajem. Mehka kerami- 3,7 cm, šir. 2,53 cm, deb. 0,93 cm. Vzhodni in zahodni ka je prečiščena, pomešana s finimi zrnci sljude. Površina vogal med apsido in predromanskim zidom. Inv. št. S je zglajena, razpokana, barva prehaja od svetlo rjave k 1922a. Sl. 1.15: 8; t. 13: 7. črni, sredica je črna. Viš. sestavljenega dela je 6,5 cm, dol. 133. Železen skovan žebelj s koničasto glavico in steblom kva- ročaja 3,7 cm, šir. ročaja 1,4 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 4,0 cm, dratnega preseka. Dol. 8,65 cm, deb. 0,75 cm. Planum 4, rekonstr. pr. oboda 7,0 cm. Planum 4, severovzhodni območje ob južni stranski kapeli. Inv. št. S 1924a. T. 5: 7. vogal male zakristije, v zasipu jame za kol. Inv. št. S 1935. 134. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom Sl. 1.24: 3; t. 14: 11. pravokotnega preseka. Pri konici je pravokotno zapognjen. 142. Odlomek ravno odrezanega ustja prostoročno izdelane Dol. 5,85 cm, deb. 0,65 cm. Planum 4, območje ob južni posode. Mehka keramika je porozna, redko mešana z stranski kapeli. Inv. št. S 1924b. T. 5: 8. drobnozrnatim peskom. Barva površine prehaja od rdeč- 135. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom kasto rjave k črni, sredica je črna. Viš. 2,2 cm, šir. 2,6 cm, pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 5,9 cm, deb. 0,6 cm. Planum deb. roba ustja 0,74 cm. Planum 4, severovzhodni vogal 4, območje ob južni stranski kapeli. Inv. št. S 1924c. T. 5: 9. male zakristije. Inv. št. S 1937a. Sl. 1.24: 4. 135a. Del kamnite plošče. Površina »obdelane plošče iz peščen- 143. Trakast ročaj prostoročno izdelane posode. Mehka kerami- ca« je stopničasto klesana, z ravnimi linijami je omejen ka je redko mešana z debelozrnatim peskom. Površina je »profiliran prehod na nižje ležečo površino«. Vel. 21 x svetlo rjava, sredica siva. Viš. 5,5 cm, šir. 5,15 cm, šir. ročaja 18 cm. V zasipu groba 72. Inv. št. S 1934. Najdba je po- na sredini 3,3 cm, deb. 1,0 cm. Planum 4, severovzhodni grešana, opis po kartoteki. vogal male zakristije. Inv. št. S 1937b. Sl. 1.24: 5; t. 14: 12. 144. Odlomek trakastega ročaja posode. Mehka keramika je redko mešana s finozrnatim peskom. Na površini barva Prezbiterij prehaja od oranžne k temno sivi, sredica je siva. Viš. 3,1 cm, šir. 3,1 cm, deb. 0,9 cm. Planum 4, severovzhodni 136. Odlomek ostenja prostoročno izdelane lončene posode. Na vogal male zakristije. Inv. št. S 1937c. Sl. 1.24: 6. zunanji strani je nalepljena stožčasta bradavica. Mehka 145. Odlomek ravnega dna in ostenja prostoročno izdelane keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. posode. Obrobje dna je poudarjeno. Mehka keramika je Zunanja površina je rjava, pri bradavici rdečkasto rjava; zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom, površina je notranja površina je sivo rjava, sredica črna. Vel. 5,55 x svetlo rjava, sredica siva. Viš. 3,4 cm, šir. 6,5 cm, rekonstr. 3,4 cm, deb. 0,6 cm. Znotraj velike apside (do 0,80 m pod pr. dna 11,0 cm. Planum 4, severovzhodni vogal male tlakom). Inv. št. S 2000b. Sl. 1.18: 13; t. 14: 7. zakristije. Inv. št. S 1937č. Sl. 1.24: 7. 137. Odlomek ustja lončene posode prostoročne izdelave. Rahlo 146. Trikotna puščična ost iz sivo modrega kremena z oranžnimi izvihan rob ustja je zaobljen. Mehka, nekoliko porozna vključki. Baza osti je rahlo usločena, stranska robova sta keramika je redko mešana s finozrnatim peskom. Povr- zaobljena, na robovih so retuše. Dol. 1,79 cm, šir. 1,67 cm, šina je rdečkastorjava, sredica temno siva. Viš. 3,8 cm, šir. deb. 0,39 cm. Planum 4, severovzhodni vogal male zakri- 4,4 cm, deb. ostenja 0,9 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 12,0 cm. stije. Inv. št. S 1939. Sl. 1.15: 10; t. 13: 8. Znotraj velike apside (do 0,80 m pod tlakom). Inv. št. S 2000č. Sl. 1.18: 14; t. 14: 8. 13 Vrsto polžev je določil Rajko Slapnik, samostojni raziskovalec (ZOSPEUM), Kamnik 14 Glej pogl. 1, razpredelnica 1, str. 43. 332 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Velika zakristija površina je svetlo rjava, notranja površina in sredica sta črni. Viš. 1,32 cm, šir. 7,8 cm, deb. dna 1,0 cm, rekonstr. 147. Odlomek zgornjega dela zavrtene lončene posode, verjetno pr. dna 13,8 cm. Planum 3/4, med 12,5 in 13,8 m. Inv. št. sklede. Ravno odrezan rob ustja je rahlo odebeljen. Od- S 1872b. T. 11: 6. lomek je na zunanji in notranji strani okrašen z vrezano 157. Gladek bronast prstan D–preseka. Pr. 2,0 cm, šir. 0,28 cm, valovnico. Trda keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozr- deb. 0,1 cm. Planum 2 (0,2 m pod površino), pri 3,8 m, natim peskom. Zunanja površina je svetlo rjava, notranja 0,4 m proti zahodu. Inv. št. S 1881. T. 3: 17. površina in sredica sta temno sivi. Viš. 5,7 cm, šir. 4,7 cm, 158. Odlomek odebeljenega ustja in ostenja vrtene lončene deb. 0,64 cm. Severovzhodni vogal velike zakristije, v pro- posode. Mehka, dobro prečiščena opečnato oranžna filu vzhodne stene cerkve. Inv. št. S 2004. T. 11: 3; 19: 14. keramika je zmerno mešana s finozrnatim peskom. Viš. 2,9 cm, šir. 5,0 cm, deb. ustja 0,9 cm, deb ostenja 0,42 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 16,0 cm. Planum 4, ob južnem temelju RAZTRESENE NAJDBE JUŽNO OD CERKVE zvonika. Inv. št. S 1884a. Sl. 1.25: 9; t. 14: 19. 159. Odlomek ustja prostoročno izdelane lončene posode. Sonda 2 Mehka keramika je redko mešana z grobozrnatim peskom, barva na površini je v glavnem opečnato rdeča, le na no- 148. Odlomek ustja in ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Izvihano tranji strani je deloma siva tako kot sredica. Viš. 4,0 cm, ustje je zglajeno in profilirano z vrezano vodoravnico. Na šir. 4,9 cm, deb. 0,7 cm. Planum 4, ob južnem temelju ramenu je vrezana enojna valovnica. Trda keramika je zvonika. Inv. št. S 1884b. Sl. 1.24: 10; t. 14: 15. obilno mešana z grobozrnatim peskom. Barva na zunanji 160. Sold, Giovanni I Corner, Doge XCVI (1625–1629). Planum površini prehaja od sivo rjave k črni, notranja površina in 2 (mesto v sondi: 4,0 m od severnega in 0,5 m od zahodne- sredica sta črni. Na notranji strani so ostanki prismojene ga profila; Rn 221/14). Inv. št. LJ 0022169 ( sl. 12.1: 160). hrane. Viš. 3,75 cm, šir. 5,9 cm, deb. ostenja 0,6 cm, re- 161. Sold, Francesco Erizzo, Doge XCVIII (1631–1646). Planum konstr. pr. ustja 12,0 cm. Med 20 in 22 m, v nasutju. Inv. 3, nasutje (mesto v sondi: ob zahodnem profilu, 13,82 m št. S 1869a. T. 11: 4; 19: 15. od severnega profila; Rn 221/14. Inv. št. LJ 0022171 ( sl. 149. Odlomek pokončnega ustja prostoročno izdelane lončene 12.1: 161). posode. Rob ustja je zaobljen in zglajen. Mehka, rumenkasto siva luknjičava keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozrna- tim peskom. Viš. 3,2 cm, šir. 4,0 cm, deb. ostenja 0,76 cm. Izkopno polje 2/1 (IP 2/1) Med 20 in 22 m. Inv. št. S 1869b. Sl. 1.24: 8; t. 14: 13. 150. Odlomek ustja lončene posode prostoročne izdelave. 162. Odlomka ustja vrtene lončene posode. Izvihano ustje Izvihano in nekoliko odebeljeno ustja je zglajeno. Mehka je profilirano in zglajeno. Trda temno siva, skoraj črna keramika je zmerno mešana s finim peskom, površina je keramika je obilno mešana s finozrnatim peskom. Viš. razpokana. Barva na površini prehaja od rdečkasto rjave večjega odlomka 2,55 cm, šir. 5,25 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja k temno rjavi, sredica je siva. Viš. 3,3 cm, šir. 7,1 cm, deb. 17,9 cm. Planum 3. Inv. št. S 1961a. T. 11: 7. ostenja 0,7 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 23,8 cm. Med 20 in 22 163. Bronasta svetinjica z motivom Svete družine. Leg av.: +CO- m, v nasutju. Inv. št. S 1869č. T. 11: 5; t. 19: 12. RAZONES DE JESUS DE MARIA Y DE JOSE // •+• Srca 151. Odlomek ostenja lončene posode prostoročne izdelava. Na Jezusa Marije in Jožefa; MHI (Sveta združena srca Jezusa ostenju je ovalna bradavica. Mehka luknjičava keramika je Marije in Jožefa). Leg. Rv: SAGRADA FAMILIA RUEGA zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. Barva na po- POR NOSTROS // •+• Sveta družina prosi (mili) za nas.15 vršini prehaja od rjavkasto svetlosive k temno sivi, sredica Viš. 3,3 cm, šir. 2,4 cm, teža 3,1 g. Inv. št. S 1969. T. 16: 15. je siva. Viš. 3,8 cm, šir. 5,6 cm, deb. ostenja 0,7 cm. Med 20 in 22 m, v nasutju. Inv. št. S 1869d. Sl. 1.24: 9; t. 14: 14. 152. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom pra- Izkopno polje 2/2 (IP 2/2) vokotnega preseka. Konica ni ohranjena. Dol. 5,45 cm, šir. do 0,6 cm. Planum 3, med 20 in 22 m. Inv. št. 1870a. T. 5: 10. 164. Odlomek dna in ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Trda 153. Železen skovan žebelj s steblom pravokotna preseka. Del pri temno siva keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim glavici ni ohranjen. Dol. 6,3 cm, šir. do 0,45 cm. Sonda 2, peskom. Viš. 2,15 cm, šir. 3,3 cm, deb. ostenja 0,7 cm, re- planum 3, med 20 in 22 m. Inv. št. 1870b. T. 5: 11. konstr. pr. dna 12,0 cm. Planum 3 (izkopavanje leta 1963 154. Železen skovan žebelj s strehasto glavico in steblom južno od cerkve med malo zakristijo in stransko kapelo). pravokotnega preseka. Del pri konici ni ohranjen. Dol. Inv. št. S 1926a. T. 11: 8. 3,8 cm, šir. do 0,45 cm. Planum 3, med 20 in 22 m. Inv. 165. Odlomek ustja prostoročno izdelane lončene posode. Rob št. 1870c. T. 5: 12. pokončnega ustja je ravno oblikovan. Mehka keramika 155. Odlomek ustja zavrtene lončene posode, verjetno skle- iz prečiščene gline je redko mešana z drobnozrnatim pe- de. Ustje je izvihano, rob je zaobljen in zglajen. Mehka, skom. Površina je opečnato rdeča in prašna, sredica je siva. porozna keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim Viš. 2,9 cm, šir. 4,9 cm, deb. 1,3 cm. Planum 3 (izkopavanje peskom. Površina je svetlo rjava, sredica črna. Viš. 4,2 cm, leta 1963 južno od cerkve med malo zakristijo in stransko šir. 5,2 cm, deb. ostenja 0,7 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 18,0 cm. kapelo). Inv. št. S 1926b. Sl. 1.25: 10; t. 14: 20. Planum 3/4, med 12,5 in 13,8 m. Inv. št. S 1872a. Sl. 1.25: 166. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom 8; t. 14: 18. kvadratnega preseka. Dol. 8,7 cm, šir. do 0,45 cm. Planum 156. Odlomek dna lončene posode. Mehka porozna keramika 15 je zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim peskom. Zunanja Svetinjico je opredelil Darko Knez, Narodni muzej Slovenije. 333 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 4 (izkopavanje leta 1963 južno od cerkve med malo zakri- temno siva. Rekonstr. pr. ustja 20,0 cm. Planum 5. Inv. št. stijo in stransko kapelo). Inv. št. S 1927. T. 5: 13. S 1997. T. 12: 4; 19: 16. 167. Železen skovan žebelj s steblom pravokotnega preseka. 178. Železen nož z ravnim hrbtom rezila in ploščatim trnom. Na Del pri glavici ni ohranjen. Dol. 7,0 cm, šir. do 0,7 cm. rezilu je na eni strani vložen bakren znak – križ z razceplje- Planum 4 (izkopavanje leta 1963 južno od cerkve med nimi kraki. Dol. 14,6 cm, šir. rezila do 1,9 cm, deb. do 0,3 cm. malo zakristijo in stransko kapelo). Inv. št. S 1927. T. 5: 14. Planum 5, zahodni del zidu. Inv. št. S 1998. T. 5: 16; 17: 17. 168. Železen skovan žebelj s steblom pravokotnega preseka. 179. Pol solda, anonimno kovanje do konca serenisime (od leta Del pri glavici ni ohranjen. Dol. 6,85 cm, šir. do 0,6 cm. l649). Planum 2. Inv. št. LJ 0022175 . Planum 4 (izkopavanje leta 1963 južno od cerkve med 180. Pfenig, Wilhelm V. (1579–1598). Planum 2. Inv. št. LJ malo zakristijo in stransko kapelo). Inv. št. S 1927. T. 5: 15. 0022176 ( sl. 12.1: 179). 169. Del okrogle okenske ploščice iz prozornega brezbarvnega 181. Pol solda, Alvise III Mocenigo, Doge CXII (1722–1732). stekla. Rob je okrepljen. Vel. 7,3 x 2,4 cm, deb. robu Planum 5, ob zahodnem delu IP 2/3. Inv. št. LJ 0022174 0,33 cm, rekonstr. pr. 9,4 cm. Planum 2 (izkopavanje leta ( sl. 12.1: 180). 1963 južno od cerkve med malo zakristijo in stransko 182. Krajcar, Leopold I. (1657–1705). Planum 5, nasutje. Inv. št. kapelo). Inv. št. S 1928. T. 5: 24; 16: 16. LJ 0022178 ( sl. 12.1: 181). 170. Odbitek z izjedo, iz sivega kremena. Izjeda je dvostransko retuširana, na drugih robovih je polstrma retuša. Viš. 2,6 cm, šir. 1,6 cm, deb. 0,55 cm. Planum 3. Inv. št. S 1978. Zvonik Sl. 1.15: 9; t. 13: 9. 171. Pfenig, Eberhard I. (1147–1164), morda še Konrad II. 183. Železen nož s kratkim rezilom. Na trakastem pritrdišču za ro- (1164–1168). V nasutju nad grobom 100. Inv. št. LJ čaj je ohranjena zakovica iz neke druge kovine. Dol. 11,6 cm, 0022179 (stara inv. št. S 1906; sl. 12.1: 171). šir. rezila do 1,6 cm, šir. nastavka za ročaj 0,84 cm, dol. 172. Novec. Izkopavanje leta 1963, planum 2. Inv. št. S 1925. zakovice 0,7 cm. Planum 2. Inv. št. S 1951. T. 5: 17; 17: 18. Pogrešan ( sl. 12.1: 172). 184. Kosi staljenega brona (1) ter odlomki bronaste (2) in žele- 173. Novec. Planum 2, pred malo zakristijo. Akc. št. A 30/1964. zne pločevine (3). Vel. največjega bronastega sprimka (4) Pogrešan ( sl. 12.1: 173). 5,1 x 3,9 x 2,5 cm, teža 63,38 g. Planum 2. Inv. št. S 1951. 185. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 7,7cm, šir. do 0,55 cm. Planum Izkopno polje 2/3 (IP 2/3) 2. Inv. št. S 1954. T. 5: 18. 186. Železen skovan žebelj s podolgovato glavico in steblom 174. Odlomek dna in ostenja zavrtene lončene posode. Na pravokotnega preseka. Dol. 7,9 cm, šir. do 0,55 cm. Planum notranji strani so sledi gnetenja. Trda keramika je zmerno 2. Inv. št. S 1955. T. 5: 19. mešana z grobozrnatim peskom. Zunanja površina je sve- tlo rjava, notranja površina in sredica sta črni. Viš. 3,3 cm, šir. 6,3 cm, deb. dna 0,7 cm, rekonstr. pr. dna 14,0 cm. Izkopno polje 3/1 (IP 3/1) Planum 4. Inv. št. S 1993a. T. 12: 1. 175. Odlomek izvihanega in profiliranega ustja vrtene lončene 187. Sold, Francesco Erizzo, Doge XCVIII (1631–1646). Pod posode. Trda temno siva keramika je obilno mešana s fi- koreninami kostanja. Inv. št. LJ 0022173 ( sl. 12.1: 187). nozrnatim peskom. Viš. 3,3 cm, šir. 6,9 cm, deb. roba ustja 0,64 cm, deb. ostenja 0,3 cm, rekonstr. pr. ustja 24,0 cm. Planum 4. Inv. št. S 1993b. T. 12: 2. Neznano mesto na Otoku 176. Odlomek izvihanega ustja vrtene lončene posode. Rob ustja je odebeljen. Trda siva keramika je obilno mešana z drobno- 188. Odlomek ostenja lončene posode z vodoravnim, poševno zrnatim peskom. Viš. 2,6 cm, šir. 7,0 cm, deb. ustja 0,8 cm, narezanim rebrom. Na notranji strani so sledi gnetenja. rekonstr. pr. ustja 25,0 cm. Planum 4. Inv. št. S 1993c. T. 12: 3. Trda keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozrnatim pe- 177. Zgornji del zavrtene lončene posode z izvihanim ustjem. skom. Zunanja površina in sredica sta temno sivi, notranja Na notranji strani so sledi gnetenja. Zunanja površina površina je rjava. Viš. 3,1 cm, šir. 4,75 cm, deb. (pri rebru) je zglajena, na prehodu v širši del ostenja je vodoravno 0,9 cm. Inv. št. S 8289. T. 12: 5; 19: 17. rebro. Trda keramika je zmerno mešana z drobnozrna- 189. Del kamnitega stebrička. Viš. 8,2 cm, šir. 8,1 cm, deb. 3,4 tim peskom. Svetlo rjava površina je svetlo rjava, sredica cm. Inv. št. S 1860. T. 12: 6. 334 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 12.3 SEZNAMI / LISTS Seznam 1 ( sl. 2.7) 14. Šentpavel pri Domžalah, cerkev sv. Pavla (Sagadin 1996). Zgodnjesrednjeveška najdišča v Blejskem kotu 15. Šempeter v Ljubljani, cerkev sv. Petra (Ložar 1937; Slabe 1980–1981). a) grobišči pri cerkvi: 16. Križevska vas, [podrta] cerkev sv. Križa, (Gabrovec 1954, 1. Blejski otok, cerkev Marijinega vnebovzetja (Šribar 1965; 132–142, Slapšak 1977; Osredkar 2009, 64–70). Šribar 1967; Šribar 1972a). 17. Mali grad v Kamniku, kapela (Sagadin 2001; Štular 2009, 2. Bled, cerkev sv. Martina (Sagadin 1986). 114–115). 18. Sedlo, cerkev Sv. Križa (Knific, Mlinar 2014, 435, sl. 2: 19). b) grobišča: 19. Tolmin, cerkev sv. Urha, nekdaj sv. Martina (Knific, Žbona 3. Žale pri Bledu (Müllner 1894, 118–119; Knific 2004, 105–106). Trkman 1990; Knific, Mlinar 2014); 4. Brdo na Bledu (Müllner 1894; Knific 2008, 21–22, 236–237). 20. Kanal, cerkev Marijinega vnebovzetja (Knific 2009–2010; 5. Pristava na Bledu (Kastelic, Škerlj 1950; Knific 2004, 94–100; Knific, Mlinar 2014, 435, sl. 2: 11–17). Knific 2008, 24–25, 239–240). 21. Vitovlje, cerkev sv. Petra (Svoljšak 1984). 6. Sedlo na Blejskem gradu (Valič 1964; Valič 1969b; Pleterski 22. Batuje, [podrta] cerkev sv. Jurija (Svoljšak, Knific 1976, 1982; Pleterski 2013b, 310–311, 328). 26–52, 60–77; Knific 2002, 20–23). 7. Spodnje Gorje (Knific, Pleterski 1993, 235–240). 23. Ajdovščina, Šturje, cerkev sv. Jurija (Brezigar, Josipovič 8. Žale pri Zasipu (Knific, Pleterski 1993; Pleterski 2013b, 2013–2014). 306–308, 327). 24. Predloka pri Loki, cerkev sv. Janeza Krstnika (Boltin- 9. Mlino (Ložar 1929; Knific 2008, 22, 236). -Tome 2005). 10. Dlesc pri Bodeščah (Knific, Pleterski 1981a; Pleterski 2013a, 25. Legen pri Slovenj Gradcu, cerkev sv. Jurija (Strmčnik Gulič 308–310, 327–328). 1994; Pleterski 2003a, 365). 11. Došca pri Bodeščah (Modrijan 2016). 26. Velenje, cerkev sv. Martina (Stergar, Žižek 2019). 27. Muljava, cerkev Marjinega vnebovzetja (Knez 1967, 391; c) naselbina: Stergar, Porenta, Žižek 2017). 12. Pristava na Bledu (Pleterski 2008a; Pleterski 2010a). 28. Mirna Peč, cerkev sv. Kancijana (Udovč, Rozman 2017) 29. Bela Cerkev, cerkev sv. Andreja (Mason, Tiran 2009–2010). d) zaklad: 13. Sebenje (Pleterski 1987). b) grobišča: 30. Srednja vas v Bohinju, Žale (Šmid 1908, 21, 25; Korošec 1979, 74–77/I, 17/II) Seznam 2 ( sl. 2.9) 31. Pristava na Bledu ( seznam 1b: 5) Grobišča z najdbami köttlaške skupine v Sloveniji 32. Sedlo na Blejskem gradu ( seznam 1b: 6). 33. Dlesc pri Bodeščah ( seznam 1b: 10). a) grobišča pri cerkvi: 34. Spodnje Gorje ( seznam 1b, 7). 1. Bled, Blejski otok, cerkev Marijinega vnebovzetja (Šribar 1965; 35. Žale pri Zasipu ( seznam 1b: 8). Šribar 1967; Šribar 1972a). 36. Doslovče (Lux 2006). 2. Bled, cerkev sv. Martina (Sagadin 1986). 37. Smokuč (Sagadin, Svoljšak 2000–2004) 3. Breg pri Žirovnici, cerkev sv. Radegunde (Sagadin 2013b). 38. Spodnja Hrušica pri Ljubljani (Perko 2016). 4. Moste pri Žirovnici, cerkev sv. Martina (Korošec 1979, 39. Puščava pri Starem Trgu (Pleterski, Belak 2002). 140–141, 77/II; Valič 1982; Sagadin 1983; Knific, Mlinar 40. Ptuj, Ptujski grad (Korošec 1999). 2014, 429–431, sl. 5: 1a,b). 5. Rodine, cerkev sv. Klemena (Sagadin, Kovač, Lux 2007; Knific, Mlinar 2014, 429–431, sl. 5: 2a,b). Seznam 3 ( sl. 2.10–2.12) 6. Mošnje, cerkev sv. Andreja (Sagadin 2000–2004). Polmesečasti uhani s podobo živali 7. Spodnje Duplje, [podrta] cerkev sv. Vida in sv. Martina (Vrhovnik 1885, 139–140; Valič 1969b; Sagadin 2013a, 1. Blejski otok, grob 45 ( sl. 37: 1; t. 2: 11; 15: 3); 267, op. 124). 2–3. Pristava na Bledu, grob 190 ( sl. 35: 1,2); 8. Kranj, Župna cerkev, cerkev sv. Kancija, Kancijana, Kancijanile 4–5. Kranj, Križišče Iskra, grob 102 ( sl. 35: 3,4; Sagadin 1988, in Prota, (Kastelic 1960, 42–49; Valič 1967; Valič 1978; 22, 84, t. 17: 7,8; 60: 17,16); Sagadin 1991; Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016; Pleterski, 6. Kranj, Župna cerkev, najdba iz leta 1953 ( sl. 35: 5); Štular, Belak 2017). 7. Kranj, Župna cerkev, grob 1965_z0117 ( sl. 35: 6; 37: 2; Ple-9. Kranj, Križišče Iskra, [podrta] cerkev sv. Martina (Sagadin terski, Štular, Belak 2016, 59, sl. 1); 1988). 8–9. Kranj, Župna cerkev, grob 1965_z0193 ( sl. 35: 7,8; 37: 3,4; 10. Zgornji Brnik, cerkev sv. Janeza Krstnika (Sagadin 2013a, Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2016, 91, 92), 266–268, 277–278, 286–287; t. 11: B–E). 10. Kranj, Župna cerkev, neznana lega ( sl. 37: 5; Pleterski, Štular, 11. Šmartno pri Cerkljah na Gorenjskem, cerkev sv. Martina Belak 2017, 272; sl. 2); (Valič 1970–1971). 11. Kranj, Župna cerkev, brez podatkov ( sl. 37: 6; Pleterski, 12. Komenda, cerkev sv. Petra (Sagadin 2013a). Štular, Belak 2017, 355, sl. 9); 13. Mengeš, cerkev sv. Mihaela (Šmid 1908, 33–37; Vuga 1975). 335 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 12–13. Mengeš ( sl. 35: 11,12; 37: 7,8; Korošec 1979, 123/I, t. 50: Seznam 5 ( sl. 2.16) 3c; 51: 1; 150: 5,7) Najdišča ključev z votlo nogo in lečastih kresil v Sloveniji 14–15. Ptuj, Ptujski grad, grob 183 ( sl. 35: 13,14; Korošec 1999, 20, t. 19: 3,7) Ključi: 16. Corno di Rosazzo ( sl. 35: 25; Korošec 1955, 251, t. 3: 2) Bled (Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 168 – 169, kat. št. 27, sl. 9: 3). 17. Köttlach ( sl. 35: 26; Pittioni 1943, 13 (inv. št. 8269d), Abb. Bled, Brdo (Müllner 1894, 116, Taf. 10: 17; Šmid 1908, 32, Taf. 2; Taf. 6: 9); 3: 21; Bitenc, Knific 2001, 91, kat. št. 290; Bitenc, Knific 18–19. Krungl, grob 66 ( sl. 35: 27,28; Breibert 2015, 245, Taf. 2013 – 2014, 168, kat. št. 25, sl. 9: 1). 6: 15,16). Blejski otok ( t. 4: 4; bt. 17: 14; Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 168, 20. Micheldorf / Kremsdorf, grob 5/1906 ( sl. 35: 31; Hausmair kat. št. 26, sl. 9: 2). 2016, 105, Taf. 4: 5). Divja Loka ( Wildenlak) pri Škofji Loki (Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 170, kat. št. 37, sl. 10: 5). Gradišče nad Bašljem (Bitenc, Knific 2001, 100, kat. št. 327, Seznam 4 ( sl. 2.13a) zgornji; Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 169, kat. št. 29–31, Najdišča naglavnih obročkovi z S-zanko in ravno odrezanim sl. 9: 5–7). locnom v Sloveniji, Furlaniji-Julijski krajini (I) in na Gradišče pri Trebenčah (Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 169, kat. Koroškem (A): št. 32, sl. 9: 8). Legen (Strmčnik Gulič 1994, 19, slika in risba). 1. Pordenone, Palazzo Ricchieri, grobovi 22, 31 in 36 (Mader Ljubljanica pri Bevkah (Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 170, kat. 1993, 246, 251, 252, Gräber/Tombe 22/23: 1; Grab/ št. 43, sl. 10: 11). Tomba 31: 2,3; Grab/Tomba 35: 1,1). Ljubljanica pri Ljubljani (Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 170, kat. 2. Puch, grob 2 (Eichert 2010a, 250, Taf. 26: 1,2). št. 38, 42, sl. 10: 6,10). 3. Vil ach/Beljak, Judenbichl, grob J 99 (Dolenz 1969, 40,41, Mali grad v Kamniku (Štular 2009, 189, t. 2: 2,3). Taf. 25: 5,6; Eichert 2010a, 265, Taf. 33). Na Dolinje pri Brezjah (Ogrin 2010, 42–43, kat. št. 63). 4. Längdorf/Velika vas, grob 7 (Eichert 2010a, 245, Taf. 25: 1,2). Otok pri Dobravi, Gutenwerd (Stare 2002, 36, t. 7: 7,912; Stare 5. Srednja vas v Bohinju, Žale, grob 3 (Korošec 1979, t. 36: 3b). 2007, 25, t. 2: 1,3; Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 169, 170, kat. 6. Kranj, Župna cerkev, grob 1972_z0092 (Pleterski, Štular, št. 33–35, sl. 10: 1–3). Belak 2017, 158). Poštela (Pahič 1985, sl. 121: 3; Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 169, 7. Kranj, Križišče Iskra, grobova 159 in 193, raztreseni najdbi kat. št. 28, sl. 9: 4; Švajncer 2016, 100 – 101, s sliko). št. 25 in 38 (Sagadin 1988, 25, 27, 35, 87–88, 90, 99, t. Stari grad v Podbočju (Guštin, Cunja, Predovnik 1993, 90, 22: 4,5; 28: 1–4; 41: 25; 42: 13). sl. 25: 9). 8. Legen pri Slovenj Gradcu, grob (Strmčnik Gulič 1994, sl. Stična (Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 170, kat. št. 36, sl. 10: 4). na str. 13 desno) Sv. Pavel nad Vrtovinom (Knific 2004, 20, t. 2: 9; Bitenc, Knific 9. Radvanje pri Mariboru, grobovi 3, 12, 20 (Strmčnik Gulič 2013 – 2014, 166, kat. št. 13, 14, sl. 3: 2,3). 1988, 155, sl. 8; Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer 2001, 118–119, Tolmin (Knific, Mlinar 2014, 436, t. 2: 37). kat. št. 389: 2,5–11,13,14). Veliki gradec pri Drežnici (Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 170, kat. 10. Črešnjevec, pri cerkvi sv. Mihaela (Pahič 1965, 198, t. 10: 1). št. 39; sl. 10: 7). 11. Spodnja Hajdina pri Ptuju, grobovi 2, 5, 7 (Skrabar 1912, Zbelovo, Zbelovski grad (Bitenc, Knific 2013 – 2014, 170, kat. 337–339, Abb. 3: 4,23,24,33–43; Korošec 1947, 30–33, št. 41; sl. 10: 9). sl. 27,30–32). Župna cerkev v Kranju (Pleterski, Štular, Belak 2017, 35, 277, 12. Ptuj, Ptujski grad, gl. op. 20 (Korošec 1950, passsim; Ko- 309 – 310). rošec 1999, passim). 13. Veržej (Kerman 1997, 43, sl. na str. 43). Kresila: 14. Središču ob Dravi, Cirkevca, izkopavanje 1907: obročki Blejski otok ( t. 4: 11; 17: 15). brez znanih grobnih celot; izkopavanje 1908: grobovi Fijeroga pri Pomjanu (Knific 1994, 54–55, sl. 26: 6). 8, 12, 13, 25, 34, 36; izkopavanje 1993/1994: grobovi 22, Gradišče nad Bašljem (neobjavljeno). 29, 54, 71, raztresena najdba (Korošec 1947, 37–43, sl. Hrušica, Ad Pirum (Giesler 1981, 189, t. 30: 396; Knific 1994, 34,35,38–43; Knific, Tomanič Jevremov 2005, 166, 169, 62, sl. 28: 4). 171, sl. 5: 6–11; 6: 1–4). Ljubljanica (Knific 1994, 60, 62, sl. 28: 2,3; Veršnik 2009). 15. Svete Gore nad Bistrico ob Sotli, pri kapeli sv. Boštjana in Mali grad v Kamniku (Štular 2009, 189, t. 1: 3). Marijini cerkvi, grobova 2 in 16 (Korošec 1969, 244, t. 1: Otok pri Dobravi, Gutenwerd (Šribar 1979, 48, 71, t. 7: 1; Knific 7–9; 4: 1–3; Korošec, Korošec 1973, 134, t. 6: 1,4; Bitenc, 1994, 62, sl. 28: 1). Knific 2001, 119, kat. št. 390: 9,10). Pusti grad ( Waldenberg) nad Lipnico pri Radovljici (Knific 16. Bela Cerkev, pri cerkvi sv. Andreja, skelet št. 543, grobni 1994, 60, sl. 28: 5). kontekst št. 703 (Mason 2018, 95, Fig 11, 12). Ulaka nad Starim Trgom pri Ložu (Nabergoj 2013). 17. Črnomelj, pri cerkvi sv. Petra, grob 5 (Šribar 1961, 84, 86, sl. 2: 7). 336 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Seznam 6 ( sl. 2.22) 42. Dölsach, cerkev sv. Martina (Pöll 2003). Grobišča z najdbami köttlaške skupine pri cerkvah na severno- 43. Levant, cerkev sv. Ulrika (Stadler 1996, 88, Abb. 5: 3; Tsc- jadranskem in vzhodnoalpskem ozemlju hurtschenthaler 2003). 44. St. Martin im Lungau, cerkev sv. Martina (Höglinger 2013; Slovenija: Hampel, Niedermayr, Tadic 2012). 1–29 (gl. seznam 2a: 1–29; sl. 2.9). 45. St. Daniel v Ziljski dolini, cerkev sv. Daniela; Koroška, Avstri- ja (Deuer et al. 2004, 22–34; Eichert 2010a, 239, Taf. 28); Italija: 46. Hermagor / Šmohor, cerkev sv. Mohorja (Dolenz 1960, 742, 30. Cittadel a, cerkev sv. Donata (Possenti 1995, 141–142, Abb. 6: 2–5,11,12,16; Eichert 2010a, 215–217, Taf. 23; 150–152, fig. 4; Oven, Possenti, Župančič 1997; Ricci Eichert 2012, 25–27). 2007, 47, tav. 1). 47. St. Peter in Holz / Sveti Peter v Lesu, cerkev sv. Petra (Glaser 31. Castello di Godego, cerkev sv. Petra (Possenti 1995, 141–148, 2004; Eichert 2012, 65–68). tav. 1: 1–3). 48. St. Peter pri Spittalu: cerkev sv. Petra (Karpf, Meyer 2010; 32. Turrida pri Sedeglianu, cerkev sv. Martina (Korošec 1955, Eichert 2010b; Pleterski 2013b, 313–315, 329–331). 247–251, t. 1, 2; Brozzi 1963, 68, tav. 1, 2; Cividini 1997, 49. Molzbichl, cerkev sv. Tiburcija (Eichert 2010a, 229–232, Taf. 137–139, tav. 15–17). 25; Eichert 2012, 51–55). 33. Flambro, cerkev Marijinega vnebovzetja (Cividini, Maggi 50. Vil ach / Beljak, cerkev sv. Martina (Eichert 2010a, 270, 1999, 148–149, fig. 21). Taf. 36). 34. S. Pietro al Natisone/Špeter Slovenov, cerkev sv. Kvirina 51. Vil ach / Beljak, cerkev sv. Jakoba (Eichert 2010a, 270–271, (Brozzi 1986–1987). Taf. 36). 35. Ovaro, cerkev sv. Martina (Cagnana, Amoretti 2005, 443, 52. Vil ach / Beljak – Beljak / Perava, cerkev sv. Petra [nova fig. 7, 13). cerkev Sv. Križa ni več na prvotnem mestu] (Dolenz 1960,742, 746, Abb. 5: 1,2,4,6; Korošec 1979, 53/II, t. 60; Avstrija: Eichert 2010a, 268–269, Taf. 36). 36. Enns–Lorch, cerkev sv. Lovrenca (Tovornik 1980, 124–128, 53. St. Peter pri Moosburgu, cerkev sv. Petra [razvalina] (Fuchs Textabb. 10, 11: 1–24; Eckhart 1981, 127–131; Giesler 1992; Gleirscher 2000, 143–144, Abb. 166). 1997, 508–519). 54. Jaunstein/Podjuna, cerkev sv. Janeza Krstnika (Glaser 2008; 37. Enns–Lorch, cerkev »Maria am Anger« (Swoboda 1937, Eitler 2009; Eichert 2010a, 221, Taf. 38). 303–307; Tovornik 1980, 128, Textabb. 11: 25, 26; Giesler 55. Lorenzenberg pri Micheldorfu, cerkev sv. Lovrenca (Eichert 1997, 519–521). 2010a, 228, Taf. 25; Eichert 2012, 29, 108–109). 38. Georgenberg pri Micheldorfu, cerkev sv. Jurija (Vetters 56. Adendorf, cerkev Marijinega vnebovzetja (Steinegger 2016). 1976, 22–25, 29–31; Tovornik 1980, 81–124; Giesler 1997, 57. Brunn pri St. Michaelu, cerkev sv. Valburge (Modrijan 1957, 306–312). 24–25, Abb. 10; Modrijan 1963, 46–47, Abb. 3). 39. Klosterneuburg–St. Martin, cerkev sv. Martina (Neugebauer 58. Judendorf – Straßengel, cerkev »Maria Straßengel« (Modri- 1979, 132, 163, 200–201, Fig. 10: 1,2; Abb. 9: 2,3); jan 1963, 80; Korošec 1979, 132, t. 77). 40. Mauern pri Steinachu na Brennerju: cerkev sv. Uršule (Sta- 59. Graz / Gradec – St. Martin, cerkev sv. Martina (Modrijan dler 2003, 768–769) 1963, 56–58, Abb. 16). 41. Matrei, cerkev sv. Nikolaja (Stadler 1996; Stadler 2003, 60. Leibnitz / Lipnica – Altenmarkt, [opuščena in odstranjena] 766–768). cerkev sv. Martina (Kramer 1983; Kramer 1988). 12.4 DOKUMENTACIJA / DOCUMENTATION SEZNAM DOKUMENTACIJE V ARHIVU ARHEOLOŠKEGA ODDELKA NARODNEGA MUZEJA SLOVENIJE Terenski zapiski Št. 480. Terenski dnevnik, opisi planumov in profilov. Leto 1964 (zvonik, IP2/2 in IP 2/3). Arhiv Št. 481. Terenski dnevnik, 2 strani fotodnevnika (17. in 18. Št. 476. Terenski dnevnik izkopavanj na Blejskem otoku v letih junij 1963), po petih prazni straneh se začne terenski 1962 (od 5. junija do 17. avgusta) in 1963 (od 5. maja do dnevnik (prvi vpis 2. november 1964, zadnji vpisani 6. avgusta). Avtor V. Šribar. datum je 4. avgust 1965). Št. 477. Meritve s skicami. Leto 1964, IP 1/2. Št. 482. Terenski zapisi meritev v letih 1962 (IP 1/1) in 1963 (notranjost cerkve). Št. 478. Meritve s skicami. Leto 1964, IP 2/1−3. Št. 483. Terenski zvezek s skicami in meritvami objektov na Št. 479. Terenski dnevnik od 12. junija do 25. julija 1964 (opis Otoku in razdaljami med njimi.. Prvi vpisani datum je planumov, mala zakristija, IP 2/1 in IP 2/2). 25. maj 1964. 337 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS Št. 484. Terenski dnevnik, v glavnem delovodnik: evidenca Št. 497. Opisi planumov, profilov, grobov .. Interpretacija ur in obračuni. Prvi vpisani datum je 4. januar, zadnji najdb. Rokopisni osnutek za objavo (?). Avtorja Vinko 15. marec 1965. Šribar in Vida Stare, pisava Vide Stare. Zadaj še razpre- delnica najdb iz grobov. Št. 485. Terenski dnevnik, v glavnem delovodnik: evidenca ur in obračuni. Prvi vpisani datum je 4. maj, zadnji 2. Št. 515. Zapis z magnetofonskega traku, potek izkopavanj poleti avgust 1965. 1962 (med 11. junijem in 9. julijem). Med govorci sta navedena Jože Kastelic in Vinko Šribar. Datumi: 11. 6, Št. 486. Akcesijska knjiga najdb z Otoka. 13.–16.6, 19. 6., 9. 7., 21. 6. in 29. 6. Tipkopis, 10 listov A4. Stroški sondiranja do vključno 21. 6. 1962, tipkopis, 1 list, A5. Št. 490. Načrti in meritve cerkve. Št. 537. Dnevnik izkopavanj 1962, tipkopis, 32 strani; Št. 493. Terenski dnevnik za leto 1964, izkopno polje se- Zapisnik o izkopavanju na Blejskem otoku l. 1962, tip- verovzhodno od cerkve (IP 1/2). Opisi planumov in kopis, 5 strani; profilov. Prvi vpis 19. 5. 1964. Pregled najdb po grobovih, tipkopis, 14 strani; načrti, ozalidne kopije, nekateri dopolnjeni z barvicami, 9 Št. 494. Akcesijska knjiga najdb z Otoka. Za leto 1962 je vpi- listov, speto; sanih 95 najdb, za leto 1963 48, za leto 1964 štiri in še Elaborat o arheološkem raziskovanju na Blejskem otoku v tri iz leta 1962. poletni sezoni 1963, tipkopis, 7 listov; fotografija tlorisa Otoka, izkop pobarvan; fotografija cerkve; Bled−Otok, tipkopis s popravki, tipkano na različnih strojih, Zapisi po izkopavanjih 52 strani; razni opisi, rokopis in tipkopis, 42 strani; Arhiv račun za prevoz orodja, rokopis, 20. 10. 1964. Št. 487. Pregled grobov, najdb, kartotek (z inventarnimi šte- vilkami). Besedilo na zadnji strani zvezka (popisanih 15 Terenske risbe strani) je tekst (verjetno osnutek) o tehniki izkopavanj. Rn 221 Št. 488. 221/01. Blejski otok, načrt stavb na Otoku, M = 1 : 200. a) Fotografija načrta cerkvenih faz; tipkopis: predgovor (slo- 221/02. Blejski otok, načrti otoka in stavb (3 listi). venščina, francoščina, nemščina); 221/03. IP 1, terenska risba, 1962, planum 1. b) tipkopis: Literatura, Znane zgodovinske letnice, Uvod, 221/04. IP 1, terenska risba, 1962, planum 2. Kazalo; 221/05. IP 1, terenska risba, 1962, planum 3. c) Dokumentacija o Otoku: shema besedila (seznam slik, ka- 221/06. IP 1, terenska risba, 1962, planum 4. zalo, skica načrta izkopavanj), uvodno besedilo, besedilo. 221/07. IP 1, terenska risba, 1962, planum 5. 221/08. Preglednica, 1962, situacija skeletov po starosti in spolu. Št. 489. Osnutek besedila o izkopavanjih na Otoku, avtor 221/09. Skelet 1, terenska risba, 1962, M = 1 : 5. Vinko Šribar: 221/10. Tloris in profil kurišča, terenska risba, 1962. − fotografija načrta faz cerkve, 221/11. IP 1, prereza skozi ognjišče, terenska risba, 1964. − tipkopis s popravki, 221/12. Sonda 1, terenska risba, 1962, planumi 1–3. − povzetek v nemščini. 221/13. Sonda 2, terenska risba, 1962, V in Z profil. 221/14. Sonda 2, terenska risba, 1962, planumi 1–6. Št. 491. 221/15. Sonda 2 – podaljšek, terenska risba, 1962, planumi 1–4. − Elaborat o arheoloških raziskavah na Blejskem otoku v 221/16. Sonda 2 – podaljšek, terenska risba, 1962, JV in JZ profil. poletni sezoni 1963 (tipkopis); 221/17. Sonda 3, terenska risba, 1962, planumi 1–4. − Poročilo o arheoloških raziskavah na Blejskem otoku v letu 221/18. Sonda 3, terenska risba, 1962, V in Z profil. 1963 (zelo podobno kot zgoraj, a malo krajše; tipkopis); 221/19. IP 1/1, terenska risba, 1962, planum in profil med − opis sond z opisi sond in izkopnih polj v letih 1962 (IP 1/1) veliko zakristijo in severno stransko kapelo. in 1964 (IP 1/2). V celoti sta bili vključeni v osnutek 221/20. Sonda med veliko zakristijo in severno stransko kapelo, besedila o izkopavanjih na Otoku, arhiv 489). terenska risba, 1962, planum 1. 221/21. Profil med x=6, y=1,03 in x=9,2, y=0,96, terenska risba. Št. 492. Zapisnik o izkopavanjih na Blejskem otoku leta 1962. 221/22. Tloris − brez podatkov, terenska risba. 221/23. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1963, planum 1, zahodni del. Št. 495. Tipkopis. Letnica nastanka 1965 je verjetna, ne zanesljiva. 221/24. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1963, planum 1, vzhodni del. 221/25. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1963, planum 2. Št. 496. Poročilo (elaborat) o raziskavah poleti 1964, tipkopis 221/26. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1963, planum 3. in fotografija notranjosti cerkve. Dokument je nastal ob 221/27. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1963, planum 4. koncu leta 1964 ali leta 1965, avtorja sta Vinko Šribar 221/28. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1963, planum 5. in Jože Kastelic. 221/29. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1963, planum 4 vključno s planumom 3. 221/31. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1963, profil pod obhajilno mizo. 338 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 221/32. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1963, prerez skozi apsido, situacija. 221/91. IP 1/2−3, terenska risba, 1964, profila. 221/33. Terenska risba, 1963, profili: V in Z konec J stene, V 221/92. IP 2/3, terenska risba, 1964, profili. in Z konec S stene. 221/93. IP 2/3, terenska risba, 1964, S in J profil. 221/34. Preddverje, terenska risba, 1963, planum 1. 221/94. Prezbiterij, terenska risba, 1965, situacija. 221/35. Preddverje, terenska risba, 1963, planum 2. 221/95. Prezbiterij, terenska risba, 1964, planumi 1–7. 221/36. Preddverje, terenska risba, 1963, planum 3. 221/96. Prezbiterij, terenska risba, 1964, skelet 120, 221/36a. Preddverje, terenska risba, 1963, planum 4. 221/97. Prezbiterij, terenska risba, 1964, S, J, V in Z profil. 221/37. Preddverje, terenska risba, 1963, planum 5. 221/98. Prezbiterij, terenska risba, 1965, profil pod obhajilno 221/38. Preddverje, terenska risba, 1963, planum 6. mizo. 221/39. Preddverje, terenska risba, 1963, planum 7. 221/99. Velika romanska apsida, terenska risba, 1965, profil 221/40. Preddverje, terenska risba, 1963, planum 8. V stene. 221/41. Preddverje, terenska risba, 1963, planum 9. 221/100. Prezbiterij, terenska risba, 1965, profil V stene pod 221/42. Preddverje, terenska risba, profili: S, J, V in Z stena ter gotsko apsido. profila pod S in J stopniščem na kor. 221/101. Prezbiterij, terenska risba, 1965, sistem utrjevanja, 221/43. IP 1, terenska risba, 1964, planum 1. planum 8 (nedokončana risba). 221/44. IP 1, terenska risba, 1964, planum. 221/102. Terenska risba, tloris, brez podatkov. 221/45. IP 1, terenska risba, 1964, planum 2+3. 221/103. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, 1965, situacija. 221/46. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 3a. 221/104. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, planum 1. 221/47. IP 1, terenska risba, 1964, planum 3. 221/105. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, 1965, planum 2. 221/48. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 4. 221/106. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, 1965, planum 3. 221/49. IP 1, IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 5. 221/107. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, 1965, planum 4. 221/50. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 6. 221/108. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, 1965, profil 1. 221/51. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 7. 221/109. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, 1965, profil 2. 221/52. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 8. 221/110. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, 1965, profil 3. 221/53. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 9. 221/111. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, 1965, profila 4 in 5. 221/54. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 10. 221/112. Velika zakristija, terenska risba, 1965, profil 6. 221/55. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 11. 221/113. IP J od zvonika, terenska risba, 1965, planum 1. 221/56. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 12. 221/114. IP J od zvonika, terenska risba, 1965, planum 2. 221/57. IP 1, terenska risba, 1964, profili. 221/115. IP J od zvonika, terenska risba, 1965, planum 3. 221/58. IP 1, IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, profila. 221/116. IP 3/1, terenska risba, 1965, profil pod kostanjem. 221/59. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, severni profil. 221/117. IP 3/1−2, terenska risba, 1965, profil četverokotnika. 221/60. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, “suhi zid”. 221/118. IP 3/1, terenska risba, 1965, profil Z stene, profil J 221/61. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, profila. stene. 221/62. IP 1/2, terenska risba, 1964, profila. 221/63. Cerkev, terenska risba, 1964, profil ob S steni. 221/64. IP1/2−3, IP 1/3, terenska risba, 1964, profila. Risbe odlomkov fresk 221/65. IP 2/2, terenska risba, 1963, planum. 221/66. IP J od cerkve, terenska risba, 1963, planum 2. Rn 224 221/67. IP J od cerkve, terenska risba, 1963, planum 3. 224/1. Cerkev, risbe odlomkov fresk. 221/68. IP J od cerkve, terenska risba, 1963, planum 4. 224/2. Cerkev, risbe odlomkov fresk. 221/69. IP 2/1, terenska risba, 1964, planum 1. 224/3. Cerkev, risbe odlomkov fresk. 221/70. IP 2/1, terenska risba, 1964, planum 2. 224/4. Cerkev, risbe odlomkov fresk. 221/71. IP 2/1, terenska risba, 1964, planum 3. 221/72. IP 2/1, terenska risba, 1964, planum 4. 221/73. IP 2/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 1. Terenske fotografije 221/74. IP 2/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 2. 221/75. IP 2/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 3. Negativi 221/76. IP 2/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 4. 1–34, 232, 245–398, 949–960, 2826–2920, 2928–2964, 4427– 221/77. IP 2/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 5. 4903, 5753–5821, 5832–5855, 5896–6331, 6590–6656, 221/78. IP 2/2, terenska risba, 1964, planum 6. 6698–6715, 8470–8553. 221/79. IP 2/1, terenska risba, 1964, profil V stene. 221/80. IP 2/1, terenska risba, 1964, profila: Z in V stena. 221/81. IP 2, zvonik, terenska risba, 1964, planumi 1–3 Prerisi terenskih risb 221/82. IP 2, zvonik, terenska risba, 1964, profili. 221/83. IP 2, mala zakristija, terenska risba, 1964, planumi 1–4. Rn 222 221/84. IP 1/3, terenska risba, 1964, planum 1. 222/1. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/3), planum 1. 221/85. IP 1/3, terenska risba, 1964, planum 2. 222/2. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/4), planum 2. 221/86. IP 2/3, terenska risba, 1964, planum 1. 222/3. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/5), planum 3. 221/87. IP 2/3, terenska risba, 1964, planum 2. 222/4. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/6), planum 4. 221/88. IP 2/3, terenska risba, 1964, planum 3. 222/5. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/7), planum 5. 221/89. IP 2/3, terenska risba, 1964, planum 4. 222/6. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/11), prereza skozi 221/90. IP 2/3, terenska risba, 1964, planum 5. ognjišče. 339 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 222/7. Sonda 1, sonda 3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/12, 17, 222/57. IP 2/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/72), planum 4. 18), planumi in profili. 222/58. IP 2/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/73), planum 1. 222/8. Sonda 2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/ 13, 16), profili. 222/59. IP 2/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/74), planum 2. 222/9. Sonda 2, sonda 2 – podaljšek, preris terenske risbe (Rn 222/60. IP 2/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/75), planum 3. 221/14, 15), planumi. 222/61. IP 2/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/76), planum 4. 222/10. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/23, 24), planum 1. 222/62. IP 2/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/77), planum 5. 222/11. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/25), planum 2. 222/63. IP 2/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/78), planum 6. 222/12. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/26), planum 3. 222/64. IP 2/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/79), profil V 222/13. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/27), planum 4. stene, M = 1 : 20. 222/14. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/28), planum 5. 222/65. IP 2/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/79), profil V 222/15. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/29), planum 4 stene, M = 1 : 50. vključno s planumom 3. 222/66. IP 2/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/80), profila : Z 222/16. Preris terenske risbe, planum 6 (izvirnik na mm in V stena. papirju manjka). 222/67. IP 2, zvonik, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/81), pla- 222/17. Preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/31), profil pod obhajilno numi 1–3. mizo. 222/68. IP 2, zvonik, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/82), profili. 222/18. Preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/32), prerez skozi apsido, 222/69 IP 2, mala zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/83), situacija. planumi 1–4. 222/19. Preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/33), profili: V in Z konec 222/70. IP 1/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/84), planum 1. J stene, V in Z konec S stene. 222/71. IP 1/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/85), planum 2. 222/20. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/34), planum 1. 222/72. IP 2/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/86), planum 1. 222/21. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/35), planum 2. 222/73. IP 2/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/87), planum 2. 222/22. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/36), planum 3. 222/74. IP 2/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/88), planum 3. 222/23. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/36a), planum 4. 222/75. IP 2/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/89), planum 4. 222/24. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/37), planum 5. 222/76. IP 2/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/90), planum 5. 222/25. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/38), planum 6. 222/77. IP 2/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/92), profili. 222/26. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/39), planum 7. 222/78. IP 2/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/93), S in J profil. 222/27. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/40), planum 8. 222/79. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/94), situacija. 222/28. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/41), planum 9. 222/80. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/95), planuma 222/29. Preddverje, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/42), profili: 1 in 2. S, J, V in Z stena ter profila pod S in J stopniščem na kor. 222/81. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/95), planuma 222/30. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/43), planum 1. 3 in 4. 222/31. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/44), planum 2. 222/82. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/95), planumi 5–7. 222/32. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/45), planum 2+3. 222/83. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/97), S, J, V 222/33. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/46), planum 3a. in Z profil. 222/34. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/47), planum 3. 222/84. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe Rn 221/98), profil 222/35. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/48), planum 4. pod obhajilno mizo. 222/36. IP 1, IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/49), planum 5. 222/85. Velika romanska apsida, preris terenske risbe (Rn 222/37. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/50), planum 6. 221/99), profil V stene. 222/38. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/51), planum 7. 222/86. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/100), profil 222/39. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/52), planum 8. V stene pod gotsko apsido. 222/40. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/53), planum 9. 222/87. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/103), 222/41. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/54), planum 10. situacija. 222/42. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/55), planum 11. 222/88. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/104 in 222/43. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/56), planum 12. Rn 221/105), planuma 1 in 2. 222/44. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/57), profili. 222/89. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/106 in 222/45. IP 1, IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/58), profila. Rn 221/107), planuma 3 in 4. 222/46. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/59), severni profil. 222/90. Velika zakristija preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/108), 222/47. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/61), profila. profil 1. 222/48. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/62), profila. 222/91. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/109), 222/49. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/63), profil ob profil 2. S steni. 222/92. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/110), 222/50. IP 2/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/65), planum. profil 3. 222/51. IP J od cerkve, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/66), 222/93. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/111), planum 2. profila 4 in 5. 222/52. IP J od cerkve, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/67), 222/94. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/112), planum 3. profil 6. 222/53. IP J od cerkve, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/68), 222/95. IP J od zvonika, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/113), planum 4. planum 1. 222/54. IP 2/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/69), planum 1. 222/96. IP J od zvonika, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/114), 222/55. IP 2/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/70), planum 2. planum 2. 222/56. IP 2/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/71), planum 3. 340 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS 222/97. IP J od zvonika, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/115), 223/28. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/95), planum 3 in 4. planum 3. 223/29. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/95), planum 5 in 6. 222/98. IP 3/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/116), profil pod 223/30. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/95), planum 1. kostanjem. 223/31. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/97), profili. 222/99. IP 3/1−2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/117), profil 223/32. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/98), profil četverokotnika. pod obhajilno mizo in Z profil pod romansko apsido. 222/100. IP 3/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/118), profil Z 223/33. Velika romanska apsida, preris terenske risbe (Rn stene, profil J stene. 221/99), profil V stene romanske apside. 223/34. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/100), profil Rn 223 V stene. 223/1. IP 1/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/23), planum 1. 223/35. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/104, 223/2. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/4), planum 2. 105), planum 1 in 2. 223/3. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/5), planum 3. 223/36. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/106, 223/4. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/6), planum 4. 107), planum 3 in 4. 223/5. IP 1, preris terenske risbe, (Rn 221/7), planum 5. 223/37. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/108), 223/6. Sonda 1; sonda 2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/13, 14), profil 39. sonda 1, planumi 1−6; sonda 2, V in Z profil. 223/38. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/109), 223/7. Sonda 2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/14), planumi 1–6. profil 40. 223/8. Sonda 2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/17, 18), JV in 223/39. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/110), JZ profil. profil 41. 223/9. Sonda 2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/15), planumi 1–5. 223/40. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/111), 223/10. Sonda 3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/18), V in Z profil. profila 42 in 43. 223/11. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe, (Rn 221/23, 24), planum 1. 223/41. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/111), 223/12. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/25), planum 2. profila 44 in 45. 223/13. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/26), planum 3. 223/42. Velika zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/112), 223/14. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/27), planum 4. profil 46. 223/15. Cerkev, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/28), planum 5. 223/16. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/43), planum 1. Rn 235 223/17. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/52), planum 8. Arheološka izkopavanja od 1962–1965. Situacija po zaključnih 223/18. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/53), planum 9. arheoloških izkopavanjih. 223/19. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/54), planum 10. 223/20. IP 1/2, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/55), planum 11. Rn 236 223/21. IP 1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/57), profili. Arheološka izkopavanja od 1962–1965. Situacija po zaključnih 223/22. IP 2/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/69), planum 1. arheoloških izkopavanjih. 223/23. IP 2/1, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/72), planum 4. 223/24. IP 2 − mala zakristija, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/83), Rn 237 situacija in planumi 1–4. Načrt celote z vrisanimi fazam cerkve. 223/25. IP 1/3, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/84), planum 1. 223/26. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/94), po izkopu. Rn 238 223/27. Prezbiterij, preris terenske risbe (Rn 221/95), planum 1 in 2. Arheološka izkopavanja od 1962–1964. Skupine grobov 1–5. 12.5 TERENSKE RISBE / FIELD DRAWINGS Terenske risbe velikih formatov so dostopne na naslovu / Large format field drawings are available at: http://iza.zrc-sazu.si/pdf/Opera/OIAS_42_2020_12-5.pdf N 1: Blejski otok, terenska risba grobov v IP 1/1 ( Rn 221/6). N 8: Blejski otok, terenska risba ostalin v cerkveni ladji ( Rn M. = 1:20. 221/27). M. = 1:20. N 2: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 1 ( Rn 221/09). M. = 1:5. N 9: Blejski otok, terenska risba ostalin v cerkveni ladji ( Rn N 3: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 2 (Rn 221/4). M. = 1:20. 221/28). M. = 1:20. N 4: Blejski otok, terenska risba sonde 3; planum 42 (Rn N 10: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 72 ( Rn 221/32). M. 221/17). M. = 1:20. = 1:20. N 5: Blejski otok, terenska risba grobov v IP 1/1 ( Rn 221/7). N 11: Blejski otok, terenska risba ostalin v cerkvenem predd- M. = 1:20. verju ( Rn 221/39). M. = 1:20. N 6: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 58 v IP 1 ( Rn 221/20). N 12: Blejski otok, terenska risba ostalin v cerkvenem predd- M. = 1:20. verju ( Rn 221/40). M. = 1:20. N 7: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 65 v cerkveni ladji ( Rn N 13: Blejski otok, terenska risba ostalin v IP 2/2 ( Rn 221/68). 221/26a). M. = 1:20. M. = 1:20. 341 12. KATALOG GROBOV IN NAJDB / CATALOGUE OF GRAVES AND FINDS N 14: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 105 ( Rn 221/41). N 20: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 119. ( načrt: Bled-Otok, M. = 1:20. arheološka raziskovanja 1962–1964). M. = 1:50. N 15: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 109 ( Rn 221/83). M. N 21: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 120 ( Rn 221/95d). = 1:20. M. = 1:20. N 16: Blejski otok, terenska risba grobov 26 in 110 ( Rn 221/44). N 22: Blejski otok, terenska risba grobov 121-123 ( Rn 221/103). M. = 1:20. M. = 1:20. N 17: Blejski otok, terenska risba grobov 111-114 ( Rn 221/54). N 23: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 124 ( Rn 221/94). M. M. = 1:20. = 1:20. N 18: Blejski otok, terenska risba grobov 115, 114 in 117 ( Rn N 24: Blejski otok, načrt Situacija po zaključenih arheoloških 221/55). M. = 1:20. izkopavanjih 1962– 1965 ( Rn 221/235). M. = 1:50. N 19: Blejski otok, terenska risba groba 118 ( Rn 221/88). M. N 25: Blejski otok, načrt s skupinami grobov 1–5 ( Rn 221/238). = 1:20. M. = 1:50. 342 13. LITERATURA / BIBLIOGRAPHY VIRI / SOURCES Thietmar = Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon Wattenbach, W., F. Kurze (ur. / eds.) 1889, Thietmari Mer- Ann. Car. Sax. = Annales aevi Caroli et Saxonici seburgensis episcopi Chronicon. − MGH Scriptores rerum Pertz, G. H. (ur. / ed.) 1841, Annales, chronica et historiae aevi Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi 54, Carolini et Saxonici, Monumenta Germaniae Historica 4. − Hanover. Hannover. *** Bianchi, G. 1845, Documenti per la storia del Friuli dal 1326 al 1332. − Udine. ACHINO, K. F., B. ŠTULAR, Je. RIHTER, Ja. RIHTER 2019, Assessing the intentionality of spatial organization. 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Jarnut, балто-славянском архаизме: “3 x 9”. − Studia mythologica Slavica 7, 155−171. 355 TABLE / PLATES T. 1: Blejski otok, pridatki v grobovih 1, 3–6, 12, 16, 24, 27, 30, 34 in 35. Pl. 1: Blejski Island, grave goods in Graves 1, 3–6, 12, 16, 24, 27, 30, 34 and 35. 1–4,6–10,14–20, 22 bron / bronze; 5,11–13,23 železo / iron; 7,9 steklo / glass, 21 svinec / lead. Merilo / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: 1,2,7,16,21 Ida Murgelj, 3,4,6,7,10–15, 17–20,22,23 Dragica Knific Lunder; 5, 8 Vida Stare; 2,9,10. 357 TABLE / PLATES T. 2: Blejski otok, pridatki v grobovih 36–38, 41, 45, 49, 54–56, 58, 59, in 61. Pl. 2: Bled Island, grave goods in Graves 36–38, 41, 45, 49, 54–56, 58, 59, and 61. 1–6,8,10–14, 20,21 bron / bronze; 7,9,16–19, 22 železo / iron; 7 kost ali roževina / bone or horn, 11,12 emajl / enamel; 15 svinec / lead. M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: D. Knific Lunder 358 TABLE / PLATES T. 3: Blejski otok, pridatki v grobovih 68, 69, 75, 77, 78, 83, 96, 100 in 111 (1–13) ter raztresene najdbe. Pl. 3: Bled Island, grave goods in Graves 68, 69, 75, 77, 78, 83, 96, 100 and 111 (1–13) as well as scattered finds. [kat. št = cat. No.] 14 (kat. št. 69); 15 (kat. št. 74); 16 (kat. št. 88); 17 (kat. št. 157); 18 (kat. št. 42); 19 (kat. št. 25); 20 (kat. št. 26). 1–5,8,19,20 železo / iron; 6,7,9–13,15–18 bron / bronze; 14 srebro / silver. M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: 1,2,4,7,12,20 I. Murgelj; 3,5,6,8–11,13–19 D. Knific Lunder 359 TABLE / PLATES T. 4: Blejski otok, železni predmeti. Pl. 4: Bled Island, iron artefacts. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 41); 2 (kat. št. 43); 3 (kat. št. 52); 4 (kat. št. 53); 5 (kat. št. 54); 6 (kat. št. 55); 7 (kat. št. 57); 8 (kat. št. 60); 9 (kat. št. 61); 10 (kat. št. 65); 11 (kat. št. 70); 12 (kat. št. 71); 13 (kat. št. 80); 14 (kat. št. 86); 15 (kat. št. 104); 16 (kat. št. 105). M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: 1,7,10,13 D. Knific Lunder; 2 –6,8,9,11,12,14–16 I. Murgelj 360 TABLE / PLATES T. 5: Blejski otok, raztresene železne, steklene in koščene najdbe. Pl. 5: Bled Island, scattered iron, glass and bone finds. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 106); 2 (kat. št. 107); 3 (kat. št. 124); 4 (kat. št. 125); 5 (kat. št. 126); 6 (kat. št. 130); 7 (kat. št. 133); 8 (kat. št. 134); 9 (kat. št. 135); 10 (kat. št. 152); 11 (kat. št. 153); 12 (kat. št. 154); 13 (kat. št. 166); 14 (kat. št. 167); 15 (kat. št. 168); 16 (kat. št. 178); 17 (kat. št. 183); 18 (kat. št. 185); 19 (kat. št. 186); 20 (kat. št. 40); 21 (kat. št. 44); 22 (kat. št. 119); 23 (kat. št. 121); 24 (kat. št. 169); 25 (kat. št. 39). M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: 1–15,17–23,25, I. Murgelj; 16,24 D. Knific Lunder 361 TABLE / PLATES T. 6: Blejski otok, raztreseni odlomki srednjeveške lončenine. Pl. 6: Bled Island, scattered Middle Age pottery fragments. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 1); 2 (kat. št. 10); 3 (kat. št. 11); 4 (kat. št. 12); 5 (kat. št. 15); 6 (kat. št. 16); 7 (kat. št. 17); 8 (kat. št. 18); 9 (kat. št. 19); 10 (kat. št. 20); 11 (kat. št. 21); 12 (kat. št. 22); 13 (kat. št. 23). M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: D. Knific Lunder 362 TABLE / PLATES T. 7: Blejski otok, raztreseni odlomki srednjeveške lončenine. Pl. 7: Bled Island, scattered Middle Age pottery fragments. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 27); 2 (kat. št. 33); 3 (kat. št. 34); 4 (kat. št. 35); 5 (kat. št. 36); 6 (kat. št. 38). M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: D. Knific Lunder 363 TABLE / PLATES T. 8: Blejski otok, raztreseni odlomki srednjeveške lončenine. Pl. 8: Bled Island, scattered Middle Age pottery fragments. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 46); 2 (kat. št. 47); 3 (kat. št. 48); 4 (kat. št. 49); 5 (kat. št. 50); 6 (kat. št. 51); 7 (kat. št. 58); 8 (kat. št. 63); 9 (kat. št. 66); 10 (kat. št. 68); 11 (kat. št. 79). M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: 1–6,8–10 D. Knific Lunder; 7,11 I. Murgelj 364 TABLE / PLATES T. 9: Blejski otok, raztreseni odlomki srednjeveške lončenine. Pl. 9: Bled Island, scattered Middle Age pottery fragments. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 90); 2 (kat. št. 91); 3 (kat. št. 92); 4 (kat. št. 93); 5 (kat. št. 94); 6 (kat. št. 95); 7 (kat. št. 96); 8 (kat. št. 97); 9 (kat. št. 98); 10 (kat. št. 99); 11 (kat. št. 100); 12 (kat. št. 101); 13 (kat. št. 102); 14 (kat. št. 103). M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: 1,3–13 D. Knific Lunder; 2,14 I. Murgelj 365 TABLE / PLATES T. 10: Blejski otok, raztreseni odlomki srednjeveške lončenine. Pl. 10: Bled Island, scattered Middle Age pottery fragments. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 108); 2 (kat. št. 109); 3 (kat. št. 110); 4 (kat. št. 111); 5 (kat. št. 112); 6 (kat. št. 113); 7 (kat. št. 114); 8 (kat. št. 115); 9 (kat. št. 116); 10 (kat. št. 117); 11 (kat. št. 118). M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: 1–10 D. Knific Lunder; 11 I. Murgelj 366 TABLE / PLATES T. 11: Blejski otok, raztreseni odlomki srednjeveške lončenine. Pl. 11: Bled Island, scattered Middle Age pottery fragments. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 122); 2 (kat. št. 123); 3 (kat. št. 147); 4 (kat. št. 148); 5 (kat. št. 150); 6 (kat. št. 156); 7 (kat. št. 162); 8 (kat. št. 164). M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: 1,3–8 D. Knific Lunder; 2 I. Murgelj 367 TABLE / PLATES T. 12: Blejski otok, raztreseni odlomki srednjeveške lončenine (1–5) in odlomek kamnitega stebrička (6). Pl. 12: Bled Island, scattered Middle Age pottery fragments (1–5) and fragment of stone pil ar (6). [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 174); 2 (kat. št. 175); 3 (kat. št. 176); 4 (kat. št. 177); 5 (kat. št. 188); 6 (kat. št. 189). M. / Scale = 1:2. Risba / Drawing: 1–4 D. Knific Lunder; 5,6 I. Murgelj 368 TABLE / PLATES T. 13: Blejski otok, kamniti artefakti. Pl. 13: Bled Island, stone artefacts. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 3); 2 (kat. št. 6); 3 (kat. št. 9); 4 (kat. št. 85); 5 (kat. št. 67); 6 (kat. št. 73); 7 (kat. št. 132); 8 (kat. št. 146); 9 (kat. št. 170); 10 (kat. št. 8); 11 (kat. št. 131). M. / Scale = 1:1. Foto / Photo: 1–9 T. Lauko, 10,11 U. Acman 369 TABLE / PLATES T. 14: Blejski otok, prazgodovinska (1–14) in rimskodobna keramika (15–20). Pl. 14: Bled Island, prehistoric (1–14) and Roman period pottery (15–20). [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 30); 2 (kat. št. 31); 3 (kat. št. 59); 4 (kat. št. 75); 5 (kat. št. 77); 6 (kat. št. 76); 7 (kat. št. 136); 8 (kat. št. 137); 9 (kat. št. 138); 10 (kat. št. 139); 11 (kat. št. 141); 12 (kat. št. 143); 13 (kat. št. 149); 14 (kat. št. 151); 15 (kat. št. 159); 16 (kat. št. 4); 17 (kat. št. 62); 18 (kat. št. 155); 19 (kat. št. 158); 20 (kat. št. 165). M. / Scale = 1:2. Foto / Photo: T. Lauko 370 TABLE / PLATES T. 15: Blejski otok, zgodnjesrednjeveški uhani, obsenčni obročki, prstani in sklenjen obroček. Pl. 15: Bled Island, Early Middle Age earrings, temple rings, finger rings and a closed ring. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1,2 (gr. 1); 3,4 (gr. 45); 5,16 (gr. 4); 6,7 (gr. 3); 8 (kat. št. 74); 9 (gr. 34); 10 (gr. 27); 11,13 (gr. 37); 12 (gr. 49); 14 (gr. 45); 15 (gr. 111); 17 (gr. 58); 18 (gr. 75). M. / Scale = 1:1 Foto / Photo: T. Lauko 371 TABLE / PLATES T. 16: Blejski otok, predmeti iz različnih obdobij. Pl. 16: Bled Island, artefacts of different periods. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (gr. 16); 2 (kat. št. 2); 3 (gr. 30); 4 (gr. 54); 5 (kat. št. 24); 6 (kat. št. 120); 7 (kat. št. 64); 8 (kat. št. 40); 9 (kat. št. 39); 10 (kat. št. 42); 11 (kat. št. 44); 12 (kat. št. 121); 13 (kat. št. 119); 14 (kat. št. 130); 15 (kat. št. 163); 16 (kat. št. 169); 17 (kat. št. 84). M. / Scale 7,17 = 1:2, drugo / other = 1:1. Foto / Photo: T. Lauko 372 TABLE / PLATES T. 17: Blejski otok, srednjeveški železni predmeti. Pl. 17: Bled Island, Middle Age iron artefacts. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (gr. 3*); 2 (gr. 4*); 3 (gr. 5); 4 (gr. 35); 5 (gr. 38*); 6 (gr. 41*); 7 (gr. 55); 8 (gr. 56); 9 (gr. 61*); 10 (gr. 68); 11 (gr. 69); 12 (gr. 78); 13 (kat. št. 57); 14 (kat. št. 65); 15 (kat. št. 70); 16 (kat. št. 80); 17 (kat. št. 178); 18 (kat. št. 183) (* pred konzervacijo / before conservation. Foto / Photo: 1,2,5,6,9 S. Habič; 3,4,7,8,10–18 T. Lauko 373 TABLE / PLATES T. 18: Blejski otok, odlomki srednjeveške lončenine iz zasutja grobov (1–8) in z območja zakladne najdbe srebrnikov (9). Pl.18: Bled Island, Middle Age pottery fragments from grave fil s (1–8) and from the area of the coin hoard (9). [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 1); 2 (kat. št. 10), 3 (kat. št. 12); 4 (kat. št. 11); 5 (kat. št. 15); 6 (kat. št. 16); 7 (gr. 21); 8 (kat. št. 23); 9 (kat. št. 36). M. / Scale = 1:2. Foto / Photo: T. Lauko 374 TABLE / PLATES T. 19: Blejski otok, raztreseni odlomki srednjeveške lončenine. Pl.19: Bled Island, scattered Middle Age pottery fragments. [kat. št = cat. No.] 1 (kat. št. 38); 2 (kat. št. 46), 3 (kat. št. 58); 4 (kat. št. 68); 5 (kat. št. 79); 6 (kat št. 90); 7 (kat. št. 92); 8 (kat. št. 108); 9 (kat. št. 112); 10 (kat. št. 113); 11 (kat. št. 118), 12 (kat. št. 150); 13 (kat. št. 123); 14 (kat. št. 147); 15 (kat. št. 148); 16 (kat. št. 177); 17 (kat. št. 188). M. / Scale = 1:2. Foto / Photo: T. Lauko 375 TABLE / PLATES T. 20: Blejski otok, ostanki tkanine iz groba 68. Pl.20: Bled Island, remains of fabric from Grave 68. Foto / Photo: T. Lauko 376 TABLE / PLATES T. 21: Blejski otok, odlomki ravnega stekla (kat. št. 128). Pl.21: Bled Island, fragments of flat glass (cat. No. 128). Foto / Photo: T. Lauko 377 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 22: 1 (gr. 1; neg. 4581), 2,3 (gr. 2; neg. 4593, 2858), 4 (gr. 3, 7–9, 15, 16; neg. 4562), 5 (gr. 4, 5, 13, 14; neg. 4561), 6 (gr. 5; neg. 4777). 378 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 23: 1 (gr. 6, 7, 14; neg. 4560), 2 (gr. 3, 7–9, 15, 16; neg. 4565), 3 (gr. 10 in 11; neg. 4564), 4 (gr. 11 in 49; neg. 4502), 5,6 (gr. 12; neg. 4900, 4897). 379 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 24: 1 (gr. 17; neg. 4563), 2 (gr. 18, 28, 40; neg. 4769), 3 (gr. 19; neg. 4556), 4 (gr. 20; neg. 4794), 5 (gr. 21; neg. 5854); 6 (gr. 22, neg. 5853). 380 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 25: 1 (gr. 23, neg. 4613), 2 (gr. 24, neg. 5846), 3 (gr. 25, neg. 4796), 4 (gr. 26, neg. 8527/4), 5 (gr. 27, neg. 4763), 6 (gr. 29; neg. 4614). 381 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 26: 1 (gr. 29, neg. 4616), 2 (gr. 30, neg. 4613), 3 (gr. 31, neg. 4620), 4,5 (gr. 32, neg. 4612, 4622), 6 (gr. 34, neg. 4619). 382 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 27: 1 (gr. 35, neg. 4553), 2,3 (gr. 38, neg. 4549, 4550), 4 (gr. 31, neg. 4552), 5,6 (gr. 40, neg. 4698, 4611). 383 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 28: 1 (gr. 40, neg. 4506), 2 (gr. 42, neg. 4706), 3 (gr. 44, neg. 4508), 4,5 (gr. 45, neg. 4559, 4555), 6 (gr. 46, neg. 4699). 384 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 29: 1 (gr. 46, neg. 4700), 2 (gr. 47, neg. 4702), 3,4 (gr. 49, neg. 4500, 4510), 5 (gr. 50, neg. 4503), 6 (gr. 51, neg. 4504). 385 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 30: 1 (gr. 52, neg. 4511), 2 (gr. 54, neg. 4666), 3 (gr. 55, neg. 4668), 4 (gr. 56, neg. 4664b), 5 (gr. 56, neg. 4664a), 6 (gr. 58, neg. 4670). 386 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 31: 1 (gr. 59, neg. 4719), 2 (gr. 63, neg. 4720), 3 (gr. 65, neg. 4854), 4 (gr. 67, neg. 2885), 5 (gr. 69, neg. 4435), 6 (gr. 72, neg. 4485). 387 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 32: 1,2 (gr. 77, neg. 2826, 2851), 3 (gr. 78, neg. 4452), 4 (gr. 80, neg. 4449), 5 (gr. 81, neg. 4451), 6 (gr. 87, neg. 2849). 388 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 33: 1 (gr. 91, neg. 4731), 2 (gr. 95, neg. 4453), 3 (gr. 97, neg. 4730), 4 (gr. 109, neg. 8484/4), 5 (gr. 110, neg. 8525/4), 6 (gr. 111, neg. 4599). 389 TABLE / PLATES T. / Pl. 34: 1 (gr. 115, neg. 4593), 2 (gr. 117, neg. 8492/4), 3 (gr. 118, neg. 5808), 4,5 (gr. 119, neg. 8515/2, 8515/5), 6 (gr. 120, neg. 5943). 390 SEZNAM AVTORJEV LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Polona Bitenc Zvezdana Modrijan Narodni muzej Slovenije Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Prešernova 20 Inštitut za arheologijo 1000 Ljubljana Novi trg 2 polona.bitenc@nms.si SI-1000 Ljubljana zvezdana.modrijan@zrc-sazu.si Timotej Knific Podgorska cesta 34 Andrej Pletrski SI-1210 Ljubljana–Šentvid Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU timotej.knific@nms.si Inštitut za arheologijo Novi trg 2 SI-1000 Ljubljana Petra Leben-Seljak pleterski@zrc-sazu.si Dobračevska ulica 44 SI-4226 Žiri petra.leben-seljak@guest.arnes.si Benjamin Štular Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Inštitut za arheologijo Novi trg 2 SI-1000 Ljubljana bstular@zrc-sazu.si 391 Blejski otok. Načrt grobišča. Svetlo sivo so označeni zidovi sedanje cerkve. M. = 1 : 200 (avtor B. Štular). Bled Island. Cemetery plan. Wal s of the present-day church are marked light grey. Scale 1 : 200 (by B. Štular). 392 Document Outline Srednjeveški Blejski otok v arh. virih / Medieval arch. of Bled Island Vsebina Contents 1. Srv grobišče / Medieval burial ground 2. Interpretacija grobišča in najdb / Interpretation of burial ground and finds 3. Metoda strat. analize / Method of strat. analysis 4. Strat. najdišča / Site stratigraphy 5. Stavbna analiza / Building analysis 6. Morfometrične analize / Morphometric analysis 7. Kronologija / Chronology 8. Blejski otok v srv / Bled Island in Middle Ages 9. Antropologoška analiza / Anthropological examination 10. Mitična pokrajina / Mythical landscape 11. Bodesce 12. Katalog grobov in najdb 12.1 Grobovi in najdbe / Graves and finds 12.2 Raztresene najdbe / Scattered finds 12.3 Seznami / Lists 12.4 Dokumentacija / Documentation 12.5 Terenske risbe / Field drawings 13. Literatura / Bibliography 14. Table / Plates