3aBHCHHTe HMnep^eKTHH ga-KOHCTpy^HH H HHBHHTe aHrHHCKH Kopenara
Katarina Gj. Atanasovska, Vladimir Cvetkoski
Univerza sv. Cirila in Metoda, Filološka fakulteta Blaže Koneski, Goce Delcev 9 a, MK- 1000 Skopje, katarina.gjurcevska@gmail.com, cvetkoski@flf.ukim.edu.mk
- 1.01 Izvirni znanstveni članek - 1.01 Original Scientific Article -
V prispevku so predstavljene odvisne nedovršne da-konstrukcije v makedonščini, in sicer na podlagi raziskovanja njihovega pomena, rabe ter angleških ustreznikov. Podrobneje so predstavljene možnosti njihove rabe, semantično-funkcijske značilnosti in ustrezniki v angleščini. Izpostavljene so podobnosti in razlike v obeh jezikih na ravni pomena in rabe analognih oblik. Izhodiščna hipoteza prispevka je, da se lahko take da-konstrukcije razen v protazi irealnega pogoja pojavljajo tudi v drugih kontekstih z drugimi pomeni.
The paper describes subordinated imperfective da-constructions (SI da-constructions) in Macedonian by examining their meanings, use and English equivalents. Their use, their semantic and functional properties and their English equivalents have also been described. Any possible similarities or differences between the two languages have been indicated in terms of meaning and use of the formal counterparts. The paper's starting hypothesis is that, apart from appearing in the protasis of unreal, counterfactive conditionals, SI da-constructions can be found in other contexts with different meanings.
Ključne besede: odvisne nedovršne da-konstrukcije, makedonščina, angleščina, subjunktiv, primerjalna analiza
Key words: subordinated imperfective da-constructions, Macedonian, English, subjunctive, contrastive analysis
1 fla-KOHCTpy^MMTe BO MaKeflOHCKMOT ja3MK
,3,a-K0HCTpy^HHTe ce necTu bo MaKegoHcKuoT ja3HK u ce aHanuTunKa 3aMeHa Ha CTapoc^OBeHCKHOT uh^uhutub, Koj u3neron og ynoTpe6a nog B^ujaHue Ha KOHTaKTOT co 6amaHcKuTe ja3^H (KoHecKH 1986: 177). MuHoBa-fypKoBa ru nogBegyBa ga-KoHCTpy^HHTe nog HeKomy TepMHHH: onraTuB-cy6jyHKTuB, cy6jyHKTHB u KoHjyHKTHB. Tue ce cpeiaBaaT HajnecTo co ceramHo BpeMe, ho Mo^e ga ce cpeTHaT u co MUHaTo onpegeneHo u co MUHaTo HeonpegeneHo BpeMe. ^ecTo ce KopucTaT KaKo uMe Ha gejcTBo unu KaKo eKBuBaneHT Ha uh^uhutubot bo gpyru ja3u^u, co Mogamu u co $a3Hu raaronu, bo HerupaHuTe $opMu Ha HeKou BpeMuaa u HanuHu, u bo 3aBucHu gefl-peHeHu^u. ynoTpe6eHu caMocrojHo, u3pa3yBaaT ®e^6a, Mon6a, 3anoBeg, KneTBa u cn. (MuHoBa-fypKoBa 2000: 75).
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Katarina Gj. Atanasovska, Vladimir Cvetkoski
Cnopeg HaHuH0T Ha cuHTaKcuHKa peaïïu3a^uja, ga-K0HCTpy^uuTe ce gejaT Ha: 3aeucHu u ne3aeucHu.
noKa^yBajiu geKa bo MaKegoHcKuoT ja3uK nocTou cyöjyHKTuB KaKo raa-rojcKu HanuH, TonojuacKa (2000) ru onpegejyBa ga-K0HCTpy^uuTe KaKo „npuMapHo ceMaHTuHKu u rpaMaTuHKu 3aBucHu I...I uIuju - bo cjynaj ga ce He3aBucHu - KaKo noKa3aTeju Ha geoHTuHKa, noTTuKHyBaHKa M0gajH0CT." OBaa KOHCTaTa^uja ce TeMeju Ha coraegöaTa geKa HagpegeHuTe rjarojCKu u HerjarojcKu npeguKaTu Ha ga-K0HCTpy^uuTe u cuTe jeKcuHKu HeocTBapeHu HagpegeHu npeguKaTu Ha caMocTojHuTe ga-K0HCTpy^uu ce „og B0Ju^u0HaJeH KapaKTep u KaKo TaKBu u3pa3yBaaT geoHTuHKa M0gajH0CT" (TonojuacKa 2000: 133). Taa ru pa3rjegyBa hub bo KoHTeKCT Ha cyöjyHKTuBoT KaKo „noTHuHeT Ha-huh Koj bo coBpeMeHuoT MaKegoHCKu ja3uK ce gepuBupa co $0pMaHT0T I...I da I...r (TonojuftCKa 2009: 56). H Taa ro npeno3HaBa BjujaHueTo Ha öajKaHCKuTe HecjoBeHCKu ja3u^u Bp3 MaKegoHCKuoT KaKo BpcKa Mery ga-K0HCTpy^uuTe u cyöjyHKTuBoT, nopagu mTo npBuTe ja npe3eje $yH^ujaTa Ha uh^uhutubot. BpcKaTa Ha ga-K0HCTpy^uuTe co cyöjyHKTuBoT „aBT0MaTCKu ru KBaju^uKyBa KaKo ocaMocToeHu ^p0^03u^u0HaïïHu apryMeHTu Ha npeguKaTu og BTop peg ..." (TonojuftCKa 2009: 45), kou „HocaT nopaKa 3a HeaKTyaju3upaHuoT, He^aKTuBeH, B0HBpeMeHCKu, ugeH, noBTopjuB... KapaKTep Ha HacTaH0T, T.e. K0HCTuTyupaaT HecaM0CT0jHa ^p0^03u^uja Huja M0gajH0-TeMn0pajHa KapaKTepucTuKa 3aBucu og HeKoj HagrpageH npeguKaT" (Tonoju^CKa 2000: 132).
3aBucHuTe ga-K0HCTpy^uu uMaaT Tpu cyöjyHKTuBHu $yH^uu: 1) gonojHe-Huja Ha MogajHu raaroju, 2) gonojHeHuja Ha npeguKaTu co M0gajH0 3HaHeae u 3) gonojHeHuja Ha Kay3ajHu npeguKaTu o^opMeHu KaKo ^ïïhu u ycjoBHu peHeHu^u (By^apoBCKa u MuTK0BCKa 2014: 23). Kora ce KopucTaT co MogajHu npeguKaTu, napTuKyjaTa da ce noBp3yBa co npe3eHT og rjiarojiu og CBpmeH u og HecBpmeH Bug, ho He u co aopucT uju nep^eKT. ,3,a-K0HCTpy^uuTe HajHecTo He ce MapKupaHu 3a BpeMe u uMaaT ugHa npoe^uja (ibid). MeryToa, 3a ga ce u3pa3u upeajeH ycj0B da ce KoMÖuHupa co noBeie raaroncKu $opMu I.I 0TK0JKy bo gpyru ynoTpeöu: ga + uMnep^eKT (da dojdee), ga + nep$eKTInjynep$eKT (da cyM/6ee domon, da uMaM/uMae dojdeno).
CTaTujaBa ie ogroBopu Ha npamaaaTa: 1) Kage ce cpeiaBaaT 3H ga-K0H-CTpy^uuTe?1 2) KaKBu ce HuBHuTe 3HaHeaa u ynoTpeöa? u 3) Kou ce HuBHuTe KopejaTu bo aHrjucKuoT ja3uK?
2 Kopnyc u eKCTpa^uja
3a ucTpa^yBaaeTo ro KopucTeBMe MaKegoHCKuoT gej og guruTajHuoT Kopnyc „135 T0Ma MaKegoHCKa khu^bhoct", gocTaneH Ha cajT0T Ha MAHy Ha http:II drmj.manu.edu.mkI. BKynHuoT gocTaneH Kopnyc cogp^u 129 gaT0TeKu co oöuHeH TeKCT KogupaHu bo UTF-8.
1 nog 3H ga-K0HCTpy^uu ce nogpa3öupaaT rjarojCKu KoHCTpy^uu cocTaBeHu og $op-
MaHToT da u uMnep^eKT og K0HjyrupaHu0T rjaroj, kou ce cuHTaKcuHKu noTHuHeTu Ha npeguKaT og noBucoK peg, rjarojCKu uju HerjarojCKu (npegjomKu, cbp3huhku uth.).
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3aeucHume uMnep/fteKmHu àa-KOHcmpyKyuu u HueHume a^jucKu Kopejiamu
3a ga eKcTpaxupaMe npuMepu og KopnycoT ja KopucTeBMe co^TBepcKaTa a^nuKa^uja TextSTAT-2.9c, KojamTO noggp^yBa npe6apyBaae co noMom Ha perynapHu u3pa3u. ro ucKopucTuBMe cnegHuoT perynapeH u3pa3 3a npe6apyBaae 3H ga-KOHCTpy^uu bo KopnycoT:
(\bga\b)(\sHe)?(\sc[ue])?(\sMu|\sTu|\sMy|\sH|\sHu|\sBu|\suM)?(\sMe|\sTe|\sro|\sja|\sHè|\sBe|\ sru)?(\s\b\w*(me|aB|eB|BMe|BTe|[ea]j?a)\b).
PerynapHuoT u3pa3 ^opManHO npeTcTaByBa Hu3a og neKcuHKu eneMeHTu kou MO^aT ga ce cperaaT bo curcraKcuHKa cpeguHa Ha 3H ga-KOHCTpy^uu. Ce coctou og 6 3arpageHu ^03u^uu, KaKO mTO cnegyBa: ^03u^uja 3a cy6jyHKTuBeH MapKep, ^03u^uja 3a He^a^uja, ^03u^uja 3a pe^neKcuBeH eneMeHT, ^03u^uja 3a uHgu-peKTHa KnuTuKa, ^03u^uja 3a gupeKTHa KnuTuKa u ^03u^uja 3a K0HjyrupaHu0T rnaron, o6ene®aH co uMnep^eKTHu 3aBpmeT0^u 3a ceKoe rpaMaraHKu nu^ u 6poj. Og cuTe ^03u^uu, caMO 2 ce 3agon®uTenHu: cy6jyHKTuBHuoT MapKep da u K0HjyrupaHu0T rnaron. H36opHuTe ^03u^uu ce 03HaneHu co npamanHuK (?).
PerynapHuoT u3pa3 go3BonyBa HeraTuBHaTa necTunKa, pe^neKcuBHuTe KnuTu-ku cu u ce u K^uTuKuTe 3a uHgupeKTeH u gupeKTeH o6jeKT ga ru OKynupaaT no-3u^uuTe Mery cy6jyHKTuBHuoT MapKep da u rnaronoT co HeroBuTe uMnep^eKTHu cy^uKcu. TeopeTcKu, egeH ^parneHT KaKO 'ga He cu My ro nnaTeme' 6u MO^en ga ce coBnagHe co HamuoT u3pa3, MeryToa, caMO necTu^Ta da u K0HjyrupaHu0T rnaron ce 3agon®uTenHu eneMeHTu og $opMynaTa.
npe6apyBaaeTO BpaTu 3510 coBnaraaa. Bugejiu HeKou npe3eHTcKu ga-KOH-CTpy^uu ^opManHO ce npeKnonyBaaT co uMnep^eKTHu, nopagu HuBHuTe ugeHTuHHu ceramHu u uMnep^eKTHu 3aBpmeT0^u (Ha npuMep, da nomnume u da nomnumeme), hub ru ^unrpupaBMe og Hu3aTa pe3ynTaTu. Hajnocne, ^opManHO ru Knacu$u^upaBMe u ceMaHTuHKu ru aHanu3upaBMe ocTaHaTuTe coBnaraaa. Ja KopucTeBMe Knacu$uKa^ujaTa Ha MaKegoHcKuTe ga-KOHCTpy^uu og TononuHcKa (2000: 89-136)
3 3M ga-KOHCTpy^MM bo ycnoBHU fle^-peHeHM^M
MHomTBOTO npuMepu og KopnycoT co kou ce coBnagHa perynapHuoT u3pa3 ce ogHecyBaaT Ha 3H ga-KOHCTpy^uu bo ycnoBHu gen-peHeHu^u. Toa ce npunom-K00npegen6eHu gen-peHeHu^u og TunoT Ha KOHTpa^aKTuBeH ycnoB co MuHaTa pe^epeH^. Ce cocTojaT og uMnep^eKTHa ga-KOHCTpy^uja (MuHaT cy6jyHKTuB) bo npoTa3a u Ke + uMnep^eKT (MuHaTO-ugHO BpeMe) bo anogo3a.
BpayH u Munep (2013: 114) ja onumyBaaT KOHTpa^aKTuBHaTa ycnoBHa pene-hu^ KaKO „TaKBa bo KojamTO co npoTa3aTa ce ucKa^yBa ycnoB mTO noBeie He MO^e ga ce ucnonHu, a bo anogo3aTa /.../ ce ucKa^yBa HacTaH unu cocToj6a mTO Beie He MO^e ga ce cnynu 3aToa mTO 3aBucena og ycn0B0T mTO ce ucnonHyBa. Bo aHrnucKuoT ja3uK, bo npoTa3aTa ce cpeiaBa MuHaT nep^eKT, KojmTO ja no-^upa cuTya^ujaTa bo rnaBHuTe gen-peHeHu^u bo ganenHOTO MuHaTO BpeMe, ho bo ycnoBHaTa ja no^upa ganeKy og CTBapHoCTa.
TOMCOH u MapTuHe (1986: 200), cnuHHO, CMeTaaT geKa BpeMeHCKaTa paMKa e MuHaTa u geKa ycn0B0T He MO^e ga ce ucnonHu 3aToa mTO gejcTBOTO og npo-Ta3aTa He ce cnynuno.
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Katarina Gj. Atanasovska, Vladimir Cvetkoski
KapTep u MaKapTH (2006: 748) CMeTaaT geKa co TpeTHOT KOHgH^HOHan ce onumyBa CTaB koh MHHaTa 3aMucneHa CHTya^Hja mTO He ce cnynuna na ucxo-goT Ha HemTaTa e pa3nuneH og 0H0j mTO 6u MO^en ga ce cnynu: If I had seen you walking, I could have offered you a lift. (Ako me eudee da nemauum, Ke mu noHydee npeeo.3. - Ho He Te BugoB na He th noHyguB npeBo3.)
MuHOBa-TypKOBa (2000: 282-283) ro cMeTa oBoj noTTun ycnoBHH gen-peneHH-^H 3a upeanHH u Benu geKa ce pa6oTH 3a „cnynau Kora ycnoBoT He e ucnonHeT, ho cenaK ce gaBa HeroBaTa nocnegu^" u geKa co hhb ce ucKa^yBa „npeTnocTaBKa 3a nocnegu^Ta Ha egeH ycnoB 3a Koj ce 3Hae geKa He e ucnonHeT, T.e. Kaj hhb ce cnynyBa ToKMy cnpoTHBHoTo og oHa mTo ce Ka^yBa bo ycnoBHaTa gen-peneHH^."
(1)	Bp3 TaKBH 6e3HMeHH pa6oTHH^H ce noTnupa gp^aBa: nonoBHHa da 6ea KaKo KunpeTa KacanoT, KOMyHH3MOT BeKe Ke 6eme dojden h EepnuHcKHOT sug HHKoram He Ke nad-Heme. (Cp6hhobckh, MnageH, npuKa3Hu od ffonHa seMja)2
(2)	ffa He Hanpaeeme TaKa, da He ocmaHeme caM bo HanymTeHaTa Hacen6a, cera 6e3gpyro Ke 6eme ocno6odeH og rpu^aTa geKa ru npegan nyreTo, u 6e3gpyro aKo omudeme, co hhb, co nyreTo, Ke cnodeneme egHa ucTa cyg6uHa ... (33 Mune HegenKOBcKH -noTKOBH^ Ha cMpTTa u Hage^Ta.txt)
Og (1) ce rnega geKa ycnoBoT 3agageH bo npoTa3aTa e co MHHaTa pe^epeH^ u cogp^u 3H ga-KOHcTpy^uja (da 6ea), a bo anogo3aTa ce cpeKaBaaT gBa npegu-KaTopa bo MHHaTo-ugHo BpeMe, egHuoT a^upMaraBeH (Ke 6eme dojden) a gpyruoT HerupaH (He Ke nadHeme).
CnuHHo, bo (2), ycnoBoT 3agageH bo npoTa3aTa ,,ffa He Hanpaeeme TaKa, da He ocmaHeme caM bo HanymTeHaTa Hacen6a" e co MHHaTa pe^epeH^ u cogp^u gBe HerupaHH MHHaTH 3H ga-KOHCTpy^uu (da He Hanpaeeme u da He ocmaHeme) u egHa noTBpgHa3 (aKo omudeme), gogeKa bo anogo3aTa ce cpeKaBaaT egeH no3u-THBeH npeguKaTop bo nacuBH3upaHO MHHaTO-ugHO BpeMe, (Ke 6eme ocno6odeH) u ymTe egeH bo aKTHBeH 3anor (Ke cnodeneme). EugejKu ycnoBoT og npoTa3aTa He ce ucnonHun, cy6jeKTOT He e ocno6ogeH og rpu^aTa geKa ru npegan nyreTo u, cnegcTBeHO, cnogenyBa co hhb pa3nuHHa cyg6uHa.
AHrnucKHTe KopenaTH Ha OBue KOHcTpy^uu ce peanu3upaaT co TpeTHOT KOHgH^HOHan co MHHaTa pe^epeH^ u KOHTpa^aKTHBHO 3Haneae co MHHaT nep-$eKT bo npoTa3a u would + nep^eKT bo anogo3a. 3a HnycTpa^Hja ro no3ajMyBaMe npuMepoT og KapTep u MaKapTH (2006: 748)
(3)	Ako Te BugeB ga nemaqum, Ke th noHygeB npeBO3.
(3a) If I had seen you walking, I would have given you a lift.
2	Bo TpygoT ce npeBegeHH caMo oHue npuMepu mTO cny^aT HnycTpa^Hja Ha napanenHHTe KopenaTH bo gBaTa ja3HKa.
3	AHanH3aTa Ha npuMepuTe co ycnoBHHTe pe^eHH^H ce noTnupa Ha npeTnocTaBKaTa geKa ycnoBHHOT cBp3HHK „aKo" u ^opMaHTOT „ga" ce HaoraaT bo ogHoc Ha cno6ogHa BapHja^Hja bo ycnoBHHTe gen-pe^eHH^H, mTO nogpa36upa gucTpu6yTHBeH ogHoc bo koj gBe unu noBeKe ja3HHHH ^opMH ce cpeTHyBaaT bo ucTaTa ja3HHHa oKonuHa 6e3 npoMeHa Ha 3HaqeaeTo unu 6e3 ga ce cMeTaaT 3a HeTOHHH og cTpaHa Ha pogeHHTe roBopuTenu Ha npegMeTHHOT ja3HK.
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3aeucHume uMnep/fteKmHu àa-KOHcmpyKyuu u HueHume a^jucKu Kopejiamu
Ha aHrnucKu, MO^e ga ce ucKa^e ycnoBHocT og BaKOB Tun 6e3 ga ce yn0Tpe6u cy6opguHaTopoT if, aKO bo npoTa3aTa ce BOBege uHBep3uja Ha nogMeTOT u one-paTopoT had. Bo Toj cnyiaj, uMaMe:
(3b) Had I seen you walking, I would have given you a lift. mTO e MapKep 3a goHeKage no|opManeH perucrap.
Ha MaKegoHcKu, MO^Ha e cnuiHa peaflu3a^uja Ha MuHaT K0HTpa|aKTUBeH ycnoB 6e3 cy6jyHKTuBHuoT MapKep da unu cy6opguHaTopoT aKO, co uHBep3uja Ha mu-HaTuoT uMnep|eKTeH cy6jyHKTuB u KflUTUKaTa nu:
(3c) Te BudeB nu ga nemaium, Ke th noHygeB npeBO3.
fflTO ce ogHecyBa go MaKegoHcKO-aHrnucKUTe KopenaTu 3a ucKa^yBaae xuno-TeTuiHa ycnoBHocT, BneiaTnuB e ogHocoT Ha |opMaTa vis-a-vis BpeMeHcKaTa pe$epeH^ bo o6aTa ja3UKa. CoogHocoT Mery ga-KOHcTpy^ujaTa bo npoTa3aTa u BpeMeHcKaTa pe$epeH^ npu u3pa3yBaaeT0 ycnoBHocT Ha MaKegoHcKu e eKc-^flu^uTHa, T.e. npoTa3HaTa rnaroncKa |opMa h coogBeTcTByBa Ha BpeMeHcKaTa pe$epeH^, mTO ce cornegyBa og conocTaByBafteTO Ha npuMepuTe (4) u (5):
(4)	^a uMaM napu, 6u ch Kynun HOBa Kona. (If I had money, I would buy a new car.) [ho ce^a HeMaM h BepojaTHO HeMa ga cu KynaM. (ceramHa K0HTpa|aKTUBHa, ceram-Ha pe$epeH^)]
(5)	^a uMaB napu, Ke cu KyneB HOBa Kona.
(If I had had money, I would have bought a new car.)
[ho mo^aw HeMaB h He cu KynuB. (MHHaTa K0HTpa|aKTUBH0cT, MHHaTa pe^epeH^a)]
Bo (4) u (5), npoTa3HHTe cy6jyHKTUBHu ga-KOHcTpy^uu da uMaM u da uMae ce coBnaraaT co coogBeTHUTe BpeMeHcKu pe$epeH^u Ha ceKoja og pe1eHu^uTe. (4) u (5) ce pa3^uKyBaaT bo HUBHaTa aKTyenHa BpeMeHcKa pe$epeH^, ho u co cunuHaTa Ha xunoTeTuiHocTa. H36opoT Mery cna6uTe u cunHUTe xunoTeTuiHu |opMu bo OBue npuMepu ro guKTupa cunuHaTa Ha np0TUBg0Ka30T mTO r0B0pHUK0T og6upa ga ro urHopupa Kora ja gaBa npegu^ujaTa. TaKa, bo (4) r0B0pHUK0T e cBeceH geKa HeMa u3rnegu ga uMa napu, ho bo (5) Toj 3Hae geKa HeMan napu u geKa HeMa ga cu Kynu HOBa Kona. rnaBHaTa pa3nuKa e geKa bo (4) u3rneguTe ga go6ue napu He ce coceM ucKnyieHu, gogeKa bo (5) Tue ce ucKnyieHu.
06paTH0, bo aHrnucKHOT ja3UK He nocTOu coBnaraae Mery npoTa3HaTa |opMa u BpeMeHcKaTa pe$epeH^, KaKO mTO MO^e ga ce Bugu og npuMepuTe (6) u (7):
(6)	If I had money, I would buy a new car.
(fla uMaM / Ko^a 6u uMaM napu, 6u cu Kynun Hoea Kona. [ho HeMaM u eepojamHO HeMa da cu KynaM.])
perpecupaH cerameH cy6jyHKTHB, ceramHO-ugHa BpeMeHcKa pe$epeH^
(7)	If I had had money, I would have bought a new car.
(fla uMae napu, Ke cu Kynee Hoea Kona. [ho HeMae u He cu Kynue. (MuHama pefiepeH-Ha)]
perpecupaH MHHaT cy6jyHKTHB, MHHaTa BpeMeHcKa pe$epeH^
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Katarina Gj. Atanasovska, Vladimir Cvetkoski
TepMHHOT perpecupaH cerameH u MHHaT cy6jyHKTHB ro c^aiaMe co KOHTeKCT Ha KBHpKOBHTe onucu (Quirk 1985: 1010) Ha rpaMaTHHKHTe BpeMuaa bo npoTa3HTe og xunoTeTHHHHTe ycnoBHH peHeHH^H. Toj noTceTyBa geKa npoTa3HHTe rnaronu bo xunoTeTHHHHTe peHeHH^H ce BcymHocT „perpecupaHu4 (backshifted, T.e., npo-eKmupaHu edno epeMe nana.3ad), 3amTo MHHaToTo BpeMe ce KopucTu 3a ceramHa u ugHa BpeMeHcKa pe^epeH^ gogeKa MHHaTHoT nep^eKT ce kophcth 3a MHHaTa". KoMeHTupajiu ja pa3nuKaTa Mery oTBopeH vis-a-vis xunoTeTHHeH ycnoB, Kbhpk HarnacyBa geKa bo paMKHTe Ha xHnoTeTHHHHTe ycnoBH
To^HaTa (^opMyna^Hja Ha BepyBaaeTo Ha roBopHHKoT 3aBucu og BpeMeHcKaTa pei^epeH^ bo npoTa3aTa. Kaj udnamapefiepeH^a /. ../ ycnoBoT e cnpoTHBeH Ha oneKyeane, Kaj ce^aw-HamapefiepeH^a /.../ Toj e cnpoTHBeH Ha npemnocmaeKa, Kaj MUHamamapefiepeH^a /.../ Toj e cnpoTHBeH Ha fiaKmom. /.../ Pa3nHKaTa Mery oTBopeHHTe u xunoTeTHHHHTe ycnoBH e 3Ha^ajHa og rpaMaTHHKa rnegHa ToHKa 3amTo rnaronHTe bo xunoTeTHHHHTe ycnoBH ce BpaTeHH egHo BpeMe HaHa3ag. (1985: 1091-1092, Hamu Kyp3HBu).
EacMaH (Bussmann 1999: 1064) gononHyBa geKa „oBa cTporo pegyBaae [Ha zpa-MamunKu epeMuna] ce cpeiaBa u bo aHrnucKuoT ja3HK, bo ycnoBHHTe peHeHH^H: If I knew the answer I wouldn't ask vs If I had known the answer I wouldn't have asked" Og npuMepoT Ha EacMaH ce noKa^yBa KaKo rnaroncKHTe BpeMuaa bo raabhhte gen-peHeHH^H goBegyBaaT go „6eKmu$T", unu perpecuja bo coogBeT-HHTe npoTa3u (knew HacnpeMa had known) co Koja npoTa3HTe ce MapKupaHH 3a gucTa^a og peanHocTa, T.e., HCKa^yBaaT xunoTeTHHHocT unu upeanHocT, coogBeTHo.
Eap6apa ^aHCH^ue (1999: 49-50) roBopu 3a xunomemuneH 6eKrnu$m, npu mTo KaKo MapKepu Ha He^aKTHBHoct h xunoTeTHHHocT ru onpegenyBa ToKMy npoTa3HHTe perpecupaHu BpeMuaa co koh Ha npuManoT Ha nopaKaTa My ce curaanroupa gHCTaH^HpaH0CT og peanHocTa.
4 3M ga-KOHCTpy^MM bo gonycHU peHeHM^M
3H ga-KoHCTpy^HHTe ce cpeiaBaaT bo gonycHHTe peHeHH^H koh ce cnuHHH co cnpoTHBHHTe, ho h co ycnoBHHTe (MuHoBa-fypKoBa 2000: 287). EnucKo3HaHHocTa co ycnoBHHTe peHeHH^H ce cornegyBa bo Toa mTo 3aBucHaTa peneHH^ ro gaBa ycnoBoT HeonxogeH ga ce ucnonHH gejcTBoTo og rnaBHaTa gen-peneHH^. Og gpyra cTpaHa, gejcTBoTo Koe ce ucnonHyBa ceKoram e cnpoTHBHo Ha noruHKoTo cnegcTBo og ycnoBoT, bo mTo ce cornegyBa noBp3aHocTa co cnpoTHBHHTe He3a-BucHocno^eHH peHeHH^H. gonycHHTe peHeHH^H ce peanu3upaaT co gBa Tuna CBp3HH^H: uaKo (MaKap rnmo u noKpaj moa rnmo, npu ce rnmo hth.) h CBp3HH^HTe da u aKo bo K0M6HHa^Hja co napTHKynuTe u u dypu; npu Toa u da ce KoM6uHupa co cuTe HeonpegeneHH 3aMeHKH (Koj u da, rnmo u da, Konxy u da, Kade u da hth.) (ibid: 288-289).
4 3a aHrnHCKHoT „6eKmH$T" (t.h. Bpaiaae egHo rpaMaTHHKo BpeMe HaHa3ag) TyKa ro ko-pHCTHMe TepMHHoT perpecHpaHo BpeMe.
- 74 --Slavia Centralis 1/2020
3aeucHume uMnep/fteKmHu àa-KOHcmpyKyuu u HueHume a^jucKu Kopejiamu
3H ga-KOHCTpy^uuTe ce cpeiaBaaT bo paMKuTe Ha u da gonycHuTe peHeHu^u:
(8)	He oceKaB rgag, a u da 6ee rgageH, Me Mp3eme ga BagaM ge6, u ga ce MpgaM. (97 ^umobcku neTpe PacKa3u 3a ge^.txt)
(9)	/... / u da ôeme cBeTOT uct, npocTopoT bo Koj KuBeeme Kupug 6eme uHaKOB, npeMHory rogeM 3a ga ogecHu KaKBa-roge HengaHupaHa cpeg6a. (60 Mutko MayyHKOB - Koh gpyraTa 3eMja.txt)
(10)	CuTe Tue gyre, dypu u da 3Haeja geKa MgaguHOT u geBojKaTa ce no3HaBaaT og BHepa, HeMame ga ce HygaT, 3amTo, KaKo ga 6ugo ôoKje peneHo, Tue gBaj^aTa, /.../. (47 TamKo fflupugoB - TuMOTej u .Huguja.txt)
(11)	He 6ea napuTe motubot mTo ro roHeme, dypu u da My ce Hydea, He ru 3eMame, 3amTo co Toa 6u um gag gpyr noTxog Ha cBouTe ugeu, 6u ru ypHag Ha gpyro paMHumTe. (59 ^uMuTap EameBcKu - EyHap.txt)
M da gonycHuTe peHeHu^u ce ceMaHTuHKu cguHHu co ycgoBHuTe. Bo hub 3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa, Koja e ceKoram bo 3aBucHaTa geg-peneHu^, BOBegyBa yc-goB mTO ro gonymTa gejcTBOTO og rgaBHaTa geg-peneHu^, ho OBaa ceKoram coonmTyBa gejcTBO cnpoTuBHO Ha OHa mTO e ycg0BeH0 ugu gonymTeHO bo 3aBucHaTa, na ce huhu geKa gBeTe geg-peHeHu^u ce bo goruHKa cnpoTuBHocT. OBue KOHCTpy^uu u3pa3yBaaT xunoTe3a co MuHaTa BpeMeHcKa pe^epeH^, na npupogaTa Ha gejcTBOTO e He^aKTuBHa 3a pa3guKa og OHa bo rgaBHaTa peneHu^, 3a Koe ce 3Hae gagu ce cgynugo. CeMaHTuHKu BugeHO, 3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa MHory cguHHO $yH^uoHupa bo gonycHuTe peHeHu^u co dypu u da, Kage go-nymTaaeTO Ha ycg0BH0CTa e 3acugeHO og napTuKygaTa dypu.
3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa ce cpeiaBa u bo u da gonycHuTe peHeHu^u Kage mTO CBp3HuKOT e KOMÖuHupaH co HeonpegegeHuTe 3aMeHKu KonKy, mmo, Kama u Kaj. Bo hub, gonymTaaeTO Ha ycg0BH0CTa gageHO co ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa e HujaH-cupaHO co 3aMeHKuTe; KonKy yKaKyBa Ha bucokuot CTeneH go Koj ce gonymTa ycg0B0T, mmo ja ^0TeH^upa HeonpegegeHOCTa Ha ycg0B0T T.e. gonymTaaeTO, gogeKa KaKoe/KaKea u Kaj/Kade yKaKyBaaT Ha oöonmTeHOCTa Ha ycg0B0T og KBaguTaTuBeH u npocTopeH acneKT, coogBeTHO. OTTaMy, 3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa MOKe ga 6uge geg u og gpyru BugoBu u da gonycHu peHeHu^u KOMÖuHupaHu co gpyru HeonpegegeHu 3aMeHKu, Ha npuMep: Koj/Koja, KaKo uth. (np: Koj/Koja u da 6eme, HeMame moa da ^o nodnece; KaKo u da pa6omeme, na nyfemo ceKo^am um ce donafaa nejsunume uspa6omKÜ).
(12)	Ho u BaHreg, KonKy u da 6eme go6pogymeH, HyBCTByBame HeKaKBa og6ojHocT cnpeMa MuguH. (46 nacKag rugeBCKu - 3oja.txt)
(13)	fflmo u da 6eme, ce u3ry6u bo HemTo Heco3HajHo, HeonpegegeHo, HeucnuTaHo u 6e3 gocerguBa cMucga. (66 MaHHeB Bace fflynguBu opeBu.txt)
(14)	Toj Kaj u da 6eme nopaHo bo rogeMaTa myMa, bo TeKOT Ha geHOT no HeKogKy naTu Ke h ce jaBeme Ha MajKa My. (94 Jo^uK CBeTgaHa PoMaHu 3a ge^a 1.txt)
(15)	Ho KyKaTa Kpaj peKa, KaKea u da 6eme, ja npe3eMame KuBocTa Ha npupogHuoT nej3aK, Heu3BecHocTa Ha TeneaeTo Ha BogaTa, bo TeKTOT Ha MuHguBocTa. (52 HyaH CTapoBa - TaTKOBuTe KHuru.txt)
— 75 —
Katarina Gj. Atanasovska, Vladimir Cvetkoski
,3,ogeKa 3H ga-KOHCTpy^uja MO^e ga 6uge gen og u da gonycHuTe peHeHu^u, Taa e bo KOMnneMeHTapHa gucTpu6y^uja co cbp3hhkot uaKo bo gonycHHTe uaKO gen-peHeHu^u. Kaj hhb ^opManroT da He ce peanu3upa:
*HaKo da 6ewe tobek bo rogHHH, 6eme MHory BHTaneH. / HaKo 6ewe tobek bo ...
*MaKap wmo da snaee geKa e bo noma cocToj 6a, He o^eKyBaB geKa TonKy nomo Ke H3rnega.
/ MaKap wmo snaee geKa ...
H da gonycHHTe peneH^H bo aHrnucKuoT ja3HK ce pa3rnegyBaaT bo KoHTeKCT Ha donycno-ycnoenume den-peneH^u (Thompson, Longacre, Hwang 2007: 22). Tep-mhhot donycHo-ycmeHu ce ogHecyBa Ha gen-peHeHu^u koh bo aHrnucKuoT ja3HK ce peanu3upaaT co cbp3hhkot if co npunoroT even u uM^nu^upaaT $pycTpa^uja. Co hub ce gonymTa nocToeae Ha noeHTa, ycnoB unu cuTya^uja (Brown & Miller 2013: 97), u ce ceMaHTuHKu 6nucKu co ycnoBHuTe peHeHu^u 6ugejKu u3pa3yBa-aT HepeaneH, xunoTeraneH HacTaH, ho u co gonycHuTe 6ugejKu gejcTBoTo og rnaBHaTa peneHu^ ce peanu3upa u noKpaj cnpoTuBHuTe npeTnocTaBKu (ibid).
(eg.) Even if it rains we'll have our picnic.
(eg.) He wouldn't have passed even if he had turned in his term paper.
AHrnucKuTe gonycHo-ycnoBHu peHeHu^u ce KopenaTu Ha MaKegoHCKuTe 3H ga-KOHCTpy^uu bo (dypu) u da gonycHuTe peHeHu^u. Ha KOHCTpy^ujaTa (dypu) u da bo aHrnucKuoT ja3uK h ce conocTaByBa KOHCTpy^ujaTa even if co MuHaT nep^eKT 3a ga O3Hanu xunoTeraneH MuHaT HacTaH; bo rnaBHaTa peneHu^, u noKpaj cnpoTuBHuTe npeTnocTaBKu, bo MaKegoHCKuoT ja3uK HajnecTO ce KopucTu MuHaTO onpegeneHO HecBpmeHO BpeMe unu nopeTKO MuHaTO onpegeneHO CBp-meHO BpeMe unu MuHaTO-ugHO BpeMe, gogeKa bo aHrnucKuoT ja3uK ce KopucTu MoganHuoT rnaron would u mfymumue eo nepfyeKm.
(11a) Even if he had been offered the money, he wouldn't have taken them /.../
3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa bo u da gonycHuTe peHeHu^u, bo kou cbp3hukot e kom-6uHupaH co HeonpegenHa 3aMeHKa, bo aHrnucKuoT ja3uK ce goBegyBaaT bo BpcKa co HeonpedeneHume donycHu den-peneH^u (Thompson, Longacre, Hwang 2007: 24); Tue coonmTyBaaT gonymTaae mTO He ce BoenpueMa hu3 npu3MaTa Ha yc-noBHOCTa KaKO Kaj gonycHuTe-ycnoBHu peHeHu^u, HacnpeMa Koe ctou HacTaHOT og rnaBHaTa peneHu^ bo 0^03u^uja Ha gonymTaaeTo; curHanu3upaaT 3Haneae cnuHHO Ha no matter what unu whatever; cogp^aT HeogpegeH eneMeHT, HajnecTO HeonpegeneHa 3aMeHKa unu npamaneH 36op unu yHuBep3aneH KBaHTu^uKaTop whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever. (Whoever he is, I'm not opening that door).
H bo aHrnucKuoT ja3uK, gonymTaaeTo ce BOBegyBa co HeonpegeneHa 3aMeHKa, npamaneH 36op unu KBaHTu^uKaTop bo K0M6uHa^uja co rnaron bo MuHaTO BpeMe, ucto KaKO bo MaKegoHCKuoT ja3uK. Bo rnaBHaTa peneHu^ ce 3a6ene®yBa MuHaTO BpeMe, ucto KaKO bo MaKegoHCKuoT ja3uK.
(12a) No matter how kind he was, he felt a certain dislike for Midin.
- 76 --Slavia Centralis 1/2020
3aeucHume uMnep/fteKmHu àa-KOHcmpyKyuu u HueHume a^jucKu Kopejiamu
5 3M fla-KOHCTpy^MM BO HaHMHCKM (MOfla^HM) peHeHM^M
3H ga-KOHCTpy^uuTe ce cpeKaBaaT bo cocTaB Ha HaHUHCKUTe (Mogamu) peneHu-^u. Tue ce pea^u3upaaT co pa3^uHHu CBp3H^H, HajnecTO co KaKo mmo (numyea KaKo mmo nyecmeyea), npu mTo HaHUHCKUTe peHeHu^u ce go6^u®yBaaT go pe-naTHBHHTe cnopeg6eHH peHeHu^u (MuHOBa-ÉypKOBa 2000: 290). OcBeH co mmo, KaKo MO^e ga ce KOM6uHupa u co npe3eHTcKa ga-KOHCTpy^uja (Odeme KaKo da e cmapetf) u co uMnep^eKTHa (Kopdenuja u Hopa u3ne^yeaa Hadeop KaKo moj noeeK da um ja 6apame Kpema u ^naeume). noKpaj KaKo da u KaKo mmo, bo oBue peHeHH^H ce cpeKaBaaT u gpyru CBp3Hu^u KaKo He6ape, 6oweM, nuHum, maKa (....) mmo, u 6es co kou ce onumyBa HanuHOT Ha Bpmeae Ha raaro^CKOTO gejcTBo (Odam co cKpmeHu cp^a He6ape ce ceHKu; BuKame co monKaea c^ypHocm, He6ape ArnKco da 6eme nped He^o u da ce ^ne^aa onu eo onu; yMpe 6o^eM HUK0^am He wueeem). OcBeH KaKo, u He6ape u 6es ce KoM6uHupaaT co ga-KOHCTpy^uja bo uMnep^eKT (ibid).
3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa HajnecTO 3a cpeKaBa bo HaHUHCKUTe peHeHu^u co npeg^or KaKo.
(16)	Bo ceTo Toa h HCTpegoT ce H3ry6H, npocTo KaKo da He nocmoeme. (21 Chmoh ^pa-Kyg - EegaTa goguHa.txt)
Co ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa, KaKo BoBegyBa ge^-peneHu^ mTo ro onumyBa HanuHOT Ha Bpmeae Ha raaro^CKOTO gejcTBo. HMnep^eKTOT bo ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa uMa MuHaTa pe^epeH^; ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa uMa aco^ujaTUBHa $yH^uja co Koja ce cnopegyBa egHo gejcTBo co gpyro uMaruHapHo, Hepea^u3upaHO u He^aKTUBHO raaro^CKO gejcTBo. KaKo bo KOM6uHa^uja co mmo ja ucK^ynyBa ynoTpe6aTa Ha ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa:
*Bo cemo moa u ucmpenom ce u3¿y6u, npocmo KaKo mmo da He nocmoeme.
(17)	(Co^3HTe h naraa Ha npegHH^HTe h paKaBHTe, egHO3agpyro, ogMepeHo h Ta^Ho, Heóape da ce odpoHyeaa KanKH og cnuga, cpege pacKBaceHaTa npogeT. (93 CugjaH Page MaKegoHCKH pacKa3H.txt)
(18)	Bo Toa BpeMe pacnojacaHHOT Agu, cgymajKu ja 3oja KaKo cgaTKo cTeHKa, h ro bo-Bupame cbojot Hacy^eH rHeB h HeKaKOB rogeM 3ygyM Bpmeme Bp3 Hea, KaKo úoweM da ja Kopeme h Ka3HyBame 3a ce, Heóape ¿o coóupame cBojoT 6oraT ^HBOTeH apaq, mTo Taa nocgymHo My ro gaBame, npenageHa h BO36ygeHa og HeroBaTa pa3y3gaHa h HenonycTguBa noxoTguBocT. (46 üacKag rugeBCKH - 3oja.txt)
,3,a-KOHCTpy^uuTe u co gpyru CBp3Hu^u ce KopucTaT 3a ga ce cnopegu gejcTBOTO co gpyro c^hhho uMaruHapHo gejcTBo. (17) noKa^yBa geKa He6ape MO^e ga ce ynoTpe6u co ga-KOHCTpy^uja, ho u 6e3 Hea (18); bo KOM6uHa^uja co He6ape, uMnep^eKTHaTa ga-KOHCTpy^uja e ceMaHTUHKu ugeffruHHa co KOHCTpy K^uuTe co KaKo; bo (18) 3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa ce jaByBa bo KOM6uHa^uja co 6o^eM, uaKO ce mo^hh c^ynau bo koh 6o^eM ce ynoTpe6yBa caMOCTojHO (u ^o eoeupame ceojom HacyneH ^Hee u HeKaKoe ^oneM 3ynyM epmeme eps Hea, 6o^eM ja Kopeme u Ka.3Hyeame 3a ce). EoweM MO^e ga ce KopucTu u co 3H ga-KOHCTpy^uja u co KaKo co hctoto 3Haneae KaKo u bo npeTxogHUTe npuMepu.
— 77 —
Katarina Gj. Atanasovska, Vladimir Cvetkoski
Bo OBue KOHCTpy^HH CHHraKCHHKaTa BpcKa Mery 3H ga-KOHcTpy^ujaTa u CBp3Hu^uTe He6ape, 6oweM u KaKo He e npe6iucKa T.e. noMery hub ce cpeiaBaaT gpyru 36opoBu KaKO npuio3u, uMeHKu u ciuhho.
naHgaHUTe Ha HaHUHcKUTe peHeHu^u bo aHriucKuoT ja3UK MO^e ga ru pa3-riegyBaMe bo KOHTeKCT Ha cy6jyHKTUBOT. Cnopeg napoT (Parrott 2000), cy6jyHK-tubot bo aHriucKuoT ja3UK e $opMa 3a u3pa3yBaae xunoTeraHHu, uMaruHapHu u KoHTpa^aKTHBHH cuTya^uu. HajnecTO ce cpeiaBa bo yciOBHu peHeHu^u og BTop u TpeT Tun, 3a u3pa3yBaae ®ei6a, ^aieae, uHcucTupaae, 6apaae, npegior uiu HeonxogHocT, KaKo u bo CKaMeHeTu u3pa3u (It's time, I'd rather/sooner, Suppose, Imagine, as if/though) (Vince 2014: 54). Ce jaByBa bo gBe $opMu: cerameH u MuHaT (Thompson & Martinet 1986: 252-253).
AHraucKuTe KopeiaTu Ha HaHUHcKUTe peHeHu^u ce KOHcTpy^uuTe co as if/ though co kou ce u3pa3yBa cnopeg6a, kou 6apaaT ynoTpe6a Ha MuHaT cy6jyHKTuB uiu MuHaT nep^eKT (Thompson & Martinet 1986: 253). MuHaTuoT cy6jyHKTuB ce KopucTu bo KOHcTpy^uure co as if/though 3a ga O3Hanu coMHe®, HeBepojaTHocT uiu HepeaiHocT bo ceramHocTa. Ako riaroiOT npeg as if/though e bo muhto BpeMe, cy6jyHKTuBHaTa $opMa He ce MeHyBa:
He behaves/behaved as if/though he owned the place.
Ce odnecyea/odnecyeawe KaKo da ^o nocedyea Mecmomo. (Ho, BepojaTHo He ro nocegyBa
hih He 3HaeMe gaiu ro nocegyBa)
no as if/though ce KopucTu Munam nep$eKm 3a ga ce yKa^e Ha MUHaTa uMaru-HapHa cuTya^uja. riaroiOT npeg as if/though MO^e ga 6uge u bo MUHaTO BpeMe 6e3 npu Toa ga ce cMeHu BpeMeTo bo 3aBucHaTa peneHu^.
He talks/talked about Rome as if/though he had been there himself.
36opyea/36opyeawe 3a Pum KaKo caMuom da 6un maMy. (Ho BepojaTHo He 6hji hjih He
3HaeMe gaiu 6hi.)
Ho, aKO KOHcTpy^ujaTa BOBegeHa co as if/though o3HanyBa peaiHa cuTya^uja Koja ogroBapa Ha ^aKTUHKaTa cocToj6a, Toram bo Hea ce KopucTu uHguKaTUB (Vince 2014: 55).
You look as if/though you are having second thoughts.
H3^ne^aw KaKo da ce npeMucnyeaw. (HaBucTHHa ce npeMuciyBam.)
CiegcTBeHo, KopeiaTUTe Ha HaHUHcKUTe peHeHu^u co 3H ga-KOHcTpy^uu bo aHriucKHOT ja3UK ce peaiu3upaaT co KOHcTpy^uuTe co as if/though, a u36opoT Ha riaroicKUTe $opMu u BpeMuaa MO^e ga 6uge Munam cy6jynKmue uiu Munam nep^eum u ie 3aBucu og Toa gaiu gejcTBOTO Ha Koe yKa^yBaaT ce ogHecyBa Ha ceramHocTa uiu MUHaTOTO, coogBeTHO. MuHaTuoT cy6jyHKTUB yKa^yBa Ha ciHHHOcT Ha BaKBUTe KOHcTpy^UU BO MaKegOHcKHOT U BO aHriUcKUOT ja3UK, aKO ce uMa npegBug geKa ga-KOHCTpy^uuTe ce noBp3yBaaT co cy6jyHKTUBOT og ceMaHTHHKH acneKT. MeryToa, OBue $opMu bo gBaTa ja3UKa ce peaiu3upaaT pa3IUHHO.
- 78 --Slavia Centralis 1/2020
3aeucHume uMnep/fteKmHu àa-KOHcmpyKyuu u HueHume a^jucKu Kopejiamu
(16a) The sound of the shot faded away as if/though it hadn't existed.
(19)	(/.../ rH otboph OHUTe u nornegHa bo nyfeTO, ru ocno6ogu pa^Te u 3aMaBHa co hub bo B03gyx0T KaKO da caKawe da nemHe (34 MueKO ^u^o - nacKeenuja.txt)
(19a) /./ he opened his eyes, look at the people, relaxed his hand free and waved in the air as if/though he wanted to fly /./
6 3M ,qa-KOHCTpy^MM KaKO apryMeHTM Ha Bon^uoHanHM npeguKaTU
3H ga-KOHCTpyKnuuTe ce cpeKaBaaT u KaKO apryMeHTu Ha HagpegeHu Bonu-nuoHanHu npeguKaTu KaKO mTO ce caKa, uMa wen6a, ce mpydu, nnanupa, uMa HaMepa, ce cmpeMu, ce o6udyea, 6apa, napedyea, cysepupa, 3a6panyea u gpyru (Tono.MHcKa 2009: 98). Toa ce gBoapryMeHTHu npeguKaTu bo kou pe^epenr Ha npBuoT apryMeHT e HOBeK, a btopuot apryMeHT e npono3unuoHaneH co 'Ha-cTaH' KaKO pe^epeHT (MuneHKOBcKa, naHHeBcKa 2014: 181); OBue KOHcTpyKnuu ce KOM6uHupaaT co ceramHa ga-KOHcTpyKnuja u cuTe nogpegeHu npono3unuu uMaaT ceramHO-ugHa BpeMeHcKa pe^epeHna (Tono.MHcKa 2009: 99). MHomTBOTO npuMepu og KopnycoT ro noTBpgyBa OBa, MefyToa npuMepoT nogony yKa^yBa geKa ga-KOHcTpyKnujaTa co uMnep^eKT MO^e ga ce cperae KaKO apryMeHT Ha HagpegeH BonunuoHaneH npeguKaT:
(20)	Toram, go6pa th hok, - My npomenHa, nerHyBajKu. - CaKaM da ce nyecmeyeawe KaKO goMa, - My pene ymTe. (21 Chmoh ^paKyn - EenaTa gonuHa.txt)
rnaronuTe caKa, uMa wen6a, ce mpydu, nnanupa ce bo rpynaTa BonunuoHanHu npeguKaTu koh MO^e, ho He Mopa ga Kope^epupaaT co nogpegeHu npeguKaTu5 (CaKaM/uMaM ®en6a da ce npucnoco6aM | X da ce npucnoco6u Ha HOBaTa cuTy-anuja). Bo (20) rnaronoT caKa 6e3 Kope^epeHnuja co nogpegeHuoT npeguKaT e u3pa3eH co 3H ga-KOHcTpyKnuja. HaKO KopnycoT gage caMO egeH BaKOB npuMep, OBue KOHcTpyKnuu He ce Heno3HaTu bo MaKegoHcKuoT ja3UK (CaKaM/nocaKyeaM ommocmume da 6ea nounaKeu. unu CaKaM/nocaKyeaM da uMawe noeern pa3-6upan>e 3a Moume npo6neMu).
Bo hub, rnaronuTe caKa u nocaKyea HajnecTO ce KopucTaT 3a ga H3pa3ar ®en6a ogpegeHO gejcTBO, HacTaH unu cuTyanuja ga 6ugaT nouHaKBu unu nopa3nuHHu. 3H ga-KOHcTpyKnujaTa bo OBue cnynau uMa MUHaTa BpeMeHcKa pe^epeHna u ce ogHecyBa Ha ®en6a unu nocaKyBaae gejcTBOTO ga 6uno nouHaKBO. OTTaMy, Tue O3HanyBaaT ®en6u unu nocaKyBaaa 3a MHHaiu, HepeanHu u He^aKTUBHu gejcTBa.
Ha OBue KOHcTpyKnuu bo aHrnucKuoT ja3UK um ogroBapaaT KopenaTUTe co I wish u If only. H OBue ^opMynanuu u3pa3yBaaT ®en6a ga ce cMeHu ceramHa, ugHa unu MUHaTa cocToj6a unu aKTUBHocT, ga 6uge nouHaKBa og OHa mTO e unu mTO 6una bo peanHocTa unu coonmTyBaaT ^aneae 3a ceramHaTa unu MUHaTa cuTyanuja6. HuBHUTe aHrnucKu KopenaTu nogpa36upaaT OTcycTBO Ha
5	noBeKe 3a pa3nuHHHTe BHgoBH B0nH^H0HanHH npeguKaTu, u 3a Kope^epeH^HjaTa Mefy hub h nogpegeHUTe npeguKaTu, Bugu Tono^UHcKa 2009: 99.
6	3a pa3nuHHHTe rnaroncKU ^opMU u BpeMuaa koh ce KopucTaT bo K0M6HHa^Hja co I wish u If only 3a U3pa3yBaae ^en6u unu nocaKyBaaa bo ogHoc Ha ceramHU u HgHH CHTya^HH, Bugu Vince 2014: 54.
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Katarina Gj. Atanasovska, Vladimir Cvetkoski
Kope$epeH^uja Mery HagpegeHuoT u nogpegeHuoT npeguKaT. 3a u3pa3yBaae nocaKyBaae bo 0gH0C Ha Hepeama u^u He^aKTuBHa cocroj6a u^u gejcTBO og MHHaTOTO mTO e HeMeH^HBa, ce kophcth MUHam nepfyeKm bo aHraucKuoT ja3HK. HHTepecHO, 3HaHeaeTO Ha 3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa, Koja bo MaKegoHCKuoT ja3HK ce pea^roupa HecaM0CT0jH0, bo aHraucKuoT Mo^e ga ce npegage u co caMOCTojHaTa KOHCTpy^uja If only.
I wish/If only the circumstances had been different.
I wish/If only he/she had been more sensitive to my problems.
7 flwcKycMja u ßaK^ynoK
3H ga-KOHCTpy^uuTe ce cpeiaBaaT KaKO apryMeHTu Ha Heraaro^CKu npeguKaTu bo yc^OBHHTe, gonycHHTe u HanuHCKuTe c^o^eHu peneH^H u KaKO apryMeHTu Ha HagpegeHH raaro^CKu B0^u^u0Ha^Hu npeguKaTu.
Kaj yc^OBHHTe peHeHu^u, Tue ucKa^yBaaT Kornpa^aKTuBeH yc^OB bo npoTa3a co MUHaTa pe^epeH^. HHBHHTe aHraucKu Kope^ara ce pea^roupaaT co yc^OB-hu peHeHu^u og TpeTuoT Tun, T.e., co MUHaT nep^eKT bo npoTa3a. HcTO3HanHa KOHCTpy^uja bo aHraucKuoT ja3uK MO^e ga ce pea^roupa npeKy uHBep3uja Ha noMomHuoT raaron have bo MuHaTO BpeMe npeg nogMeTOT, gogeKa bo MaKegoH-ckuot, MO^Ha e c^unHa uHBep3uBHa KOHCTpy^uja co HecTuHKaTa nu.
Kaj gonycHuTe peHeHu^u, 3H ga-K0HCTpy^uuTe ce cpeiaBaaT bo 3aBucHuTe gefl-peHeHu^u co CBp3Hu^uTe (dypu) u da. HMaaT MuHaTa BpeMeHcKa pe^epeH^ u u3pa3yBaaT xunoTeTuHHa npoe^uja bo ogHoc Ha MuHaTO gejcTBO. HuBHuTe aHraucKu Kope^aTu ce gonycHO-yc^OBHuTe gefl-peHeHu^u bo kou cbp3hukot if e 3acu^eH co even bo K0M6uHa^uja co MuHaT nep^eKT, co Koj ce O3HanyBa MuHaTa xunoTeTuHHocT.
HacnpeMa 3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa bo u da gonycHuTe peHeHu^u co Heonpe-ge^eHu 3aMeHKu, co kou ce HujaHcupa gonymTaaeTO og acneKT Ha cTeneH, He-onpege^eHocT u^u o6onmTeHocT, bo aHraucKuoT ja3uK ctou Heonpege^eHa u^u npamama 3aMeHKa u^u KBaHTu^uKaTop co raaron bo MuHaTO BpeMe. 3a pa3^uKa og OBue gBa Buga gonycHu peHeHu^u, gonycHuTe peHeHu^u co cbp3hukot uaKo He gonymTaaT peaflu3a^uja Ha $opMaHTOT da bo 3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa.
3H ga-KOHCTpyK^uuTe bo HanuHCKuTe peHeHu^u uMaaT MuHaTa pe^epeH^ u ucKa^yBaaT cnopeg6a co gpyro uMaruHapHO, Hepea^roupaHO u He^aKTuBHO gejcTBO. Hubhu Kope^aTu bo aHraucKuoT ce KOHCTpy^uuTe co as if/though, co MUHam cyöjyHKmue u^u MUHam nepfyeKm bo 3aBucHOCT ga^u yKa^aHOTO gejcTBOTO ce ogHecyBa Ha ceramHOCTa u^u Ha MuHaTOTO, coogBeTHO. MuHaTuoT cy6jyHKTuB bo OBue c^ynau yKa^yBa Ha Tuno^omKa c^uhhoct Mery BaKBuTe KOHCTpyK^uu bo MaKegoHCKuoT u bo aHraucKuoT ja3uK, aKO ce uMa npegBug coogHOCOT Mery ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa u cy6jyHKTuBOT, ho Tue pa3^unHO ce pea-nu3upaaT bo gBaTa ja3uKa og $opMa^eH acneKT.
KaKO apryMeHTu Ha HagpegeHu raaro^CKu npeguKaTu, 3H ga-KOHCTpy K^uuTe ce jaByBaaT co B0flu^u0HaflHu npeguKaTu og TunoT cam u nocaKyea ynoTpe6eHu bo 1. nu^ egH. 6e3 Kope$epeH^uja co nogpegeHuoT npeguKaT (u3pa3eH co 3H ga-KOHCTpy^ujaTa). OBue $opMyfla^uu O3HanyBaaT ®e^6u, CTpeMe^u, MeHTu
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3aeucHume uMnep/fteKmHu àa-KOHcmpyKyuu u HueHume a^jucKu Kopejiamu
ugu nocaKyBaaa 3a HepeagHH, He^aKTHBHH MHHaTH gejcraa. Hhbhh aHraucKH Kopegaru ce $opMyga^HHTe I wish u If only bo KOM6HHa^Hja co MHHaT nep^eKT HacnpeMa MaKegoHcKaTa 3H ga-KoHcTpy^uja 3a ga H3pa3aT nocaKyBaae bo ogHoc Ha HepeagHa ugu He^aKTHBHa cocToj6a ugu HeMeHguBo MHHaTo gejcTBo. KaKo u bo MaKegoHCKuoT ja3HK, BaKBHTe KoHcTpy^uu bo aHrancKHoT nogpa36upaaT oTcycTBo Ha Kope$epeH^Hja Mery HagpegeHuoT u nogpegeHuoT npeguKaT. Coog-BeTHaTa 3H ga-KoHcTpy^uja bo MaKegoHCKuoT ja3HK e ucKgynuBo HecaMocTojHa, gogeKa bo aHraucKuoT mo^ho e ga ce peagu3upa hctoto 3Haneae co caMocTojHa KoHCTpy^uja.
3H ga-KoHcTpy^uuTe bo MaKegoHcKuoT ja3HK uMaaT MHHaTa BpeMeHcKa pe^epeH^ u H3pa3yBaaT HepeagHH, He^aKTHBHH gejcTBa ugu nocaKyBaaa u ®eg6u bo MHHaToTo. OBue KoHCTpy^uu uMaaT cboh ceMaHTHHKH Kopegaru bo aHraucKuoT ja3HK, ho bo gBara ja3HKa ce peagu3upaaT co pa3guHHu ^opMagHH cpegcTBa. HaKo momt ga ce noBgenaT napagegu 3a peagH3a^HjaTa Ha Heonpege-geHHTe gonycHH u HanuHcKHTe peHeHH^H, ^opMaHTOT da bo aHraucKuoT ja3HK $opMa^Ho He ce peagu3upa, T.e., 3H ga-KoHCTpy^uuTe HMaaT ceMaHTHHKH ho He u ^opMa^Hu eKBHBaneHTu bo aHraucKuoT ja3HK.
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ODVISNE NEDOVRŠNE DA-KONSTRUKCIJE IN NJIHOVI ANGLEŠKI USTREZNIKI
Prispevek se osredinja na odvisne nedovršne da-konstrukcije v makedonskem jeziku in jih obravnava glede na pomen, rabo ter angleške ustreznike. Odvisne nedovršne da-konstrukcije imajo tri subjunktivne funkcije, saj so lahko: 1) dodatki naklonskim glagolom, 2) dodatki predikatom z naklonskim pomenom in 3) dodatki vzročnim predikatom, oblikovani kot ciljni in pogojni odvisniki. V prispevku je podan opis rabe teh konstrukcij, njihovih semantično--funkcijskih lastnosti in ustreznic v angleškem jeziku. Izpostavljene so podobnosti in razlike v obeh jezikih z vidika pomena in rabe analognih oblik. Izhodiščna hipoteza prispevka je, da se razen v protazi irealnega pogoja odvisne nedovršne da-konstrukcije pojavljajo tudi v drugih kontekstih z drugimi pomeni. Analiza kaže, da poleg argumentov neglagolskih predikatov v pogojnih odvisnikih, odvisne nedovršne da-konstrukcije najdemo tudi kot argumente neglagolskih predikatov v dopustnih in načinovnih zloženih odvisnikih ter v kombinaciji s t. i. nadrednimi glagolskimi volicionalnimi predikati. V pogojnih odvisnikih se njihovi angleški ustrezniki pojavljajo s pogojnimi odvisniki tretje vrste ali z inverzijo pomožnega glagola have v preteklem času pred osebkom. Pri dopustnih odvisnikih so angleški ustrezniki dopu-stno-pogojni odvisniki, v katerih je veznik z/podkrepljen z even v kombinaciji s preteklim perfektom, s katerim se označuje pretekla hipotetičnost. Ustreznik da-konstrukcijam v i da dopustnih odvisnikih z nedoločnimi zaimki je v angleščini nedoločni ali vprašalni zaimek ali kvantifikator z glagolom v preteklem času. Angleški ustrezniki odvisnih nedovršnih da--konstrukcij se v načinovnih odvisnikih pojavljajo kot konstrukcije z as it/trough, s preteklim subjunktivom ali preteklim perfektom, odvisno od tega, ali se navedeno dejanje nanaša na sedanjost ali na preteklost. Pretekli subjunktiv v teh primerih kaže na tipološko podobnost med takimi konstrukcijami v makedonščini in angleščini, ti pa se na formalni ravni različno pojavljajo v obeh jezikih. Kot ustrezniki odvisnim nedovršnim da-konstrukcijam v funkciji argumenta t. i. nadrednih volicionalnih predikatov se v angleščini pojavljajo formulacije I wish in I/ only v kombinaciji s preteklim perfektom. Tako kot v makedonščini takšne konstrukcije tudi v angleščini pomenijo odsotnost koreference med nadrednim in podrednim predikatom. Odvisne nedovršne da-konstrukcije imajo svoje semantične ustreznike v angleščini, vendar v obeh jezikih nastopajo z različnimi formalnimi sredstvi.
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