140 arhitektov bilten • architect's bulletin • 224 • 225 • 226 • 227 Arhitektura. Skulptura. Spomin. / Architecture. Sculpture. Remembrance. 23_ KADINJAČA, 1979 Aleksandar Ðokić, Miodrag Živković SRB Spominski kompleks Kadinjača • Kadinjača pri Užicu, Srbija • Arhitekt: Aleksandar Ðokić • Kipar: Miodrag Živković • Material: beton, kamen • Status: nepremična kulturna dobrina posebnega pomena • Fotografije: Roberto Conte, Vladimir Deskov • Besedilo: Ljiljana Miletić Abramović Memorial complex Kadinjača • Kadinjača near Užice, Serbia • Arhitect: Aleksandar Ðokić • Sculptor: Miodrag Živković • Material: concrete, stone • Status: immovable cultural good of special importance • Photographs: Roberto Conte, Vladimir Deskov • Text: Ljiljana Miletić Abramović 141arhitektov bilten • architect's bulletin • 224 • 225 • 226 • 227 razstava / exhibition Spominski kompleks je posvečen partizanskim borcem užiškega Delavskega bata- ljona, ki so 29. novembra 1941 umrli v bitki na Kadinjači. Užiška republika je bila na začetku druge svetovne vojne prvo osvobojeno ozemlje v Evropi, tam se je zadrže- val vrhovni štab partizanskih enot z Josipom Brozom - Titom na čelu. Partizani so jo branili, da bi zaščitili umik vrhovnega štaba iz Užica proti Sandžaku. O tem zname- nitem partizanskem podvigu je bil posnet tudi film (Užiška republika, 1974) v režiji Žike Mitrovića (1921–2005). Zapletena arhitektonsko-skulpturalna zasnova kom- pleksa na 15 hektarjih je nastajala med letoma 1952 in 1979. Prva obeležitev tega znamenitega herojskega dogodka je iz leta 1952, ko sta bila po načrtih kiparja Ste- vana Živanovića postavljena kostnica s posmrtnimi ostanki padlih borcev in spome- nik v obliki štiristrane piramide. Piramida je visoka 11 metrov, nanjo so vklesani verzi iz pesmi Kadinjača užiškega pesnika Slavka Vukosavljevića (1927–2004). Orga- nizacija veteranov NOB iz Titovega Užica je leta 1962 dala pobudo za dodatno ure- ditev spomenika. Projekt nove programske in prostorske zasnove kiparja Miodraga Živkovića (r. 1928) in arhitekta Aleksandra Ðokića (1936–2002) je bil potrjen leta 1977. Spomenik je 23. septembra 1979 ob prisotnosti 100.000 ljudi svečano odprl predsednik Jugoslavije Josip Broz - Tito. Kompleks je že od samega začetka vzbujal veliko pozornost javnosti in bil še istega leta razglašen za nepremično kulturno do- brino posebnega pomena. Spominski kompleks oblikujejo trije deli, poimenovani Amfiteater Užiške republike, Aleja Delavskega bataljona – ta se z nizom skulptur povezuje s prvotnim spomenikom oz. piramido – in Plato svobode. Od najvišjega elementa (14 m) s simbolično odprtino, ki spominja na strelno luknjo, se proti am- fiteatru razrašča dinamična figuralna kompozicija stiliziranih upodobitev borcev, ki simbolizirajo boj za svobodo. Sestavni del kompleksa je tudi stavba sprejemnega centra, ki je vključno s spominskim vodnjakom, postavljenim na mestu nekdanjega bojišča, odlično vključena v konfiguracijo terena. Oblikovalsko močna in dinamična kompozicija arhitektonsko-skulpturalnih elementov se v povezavi s krajino oblikuje v izjemno učinkovito prostorsko celoto. Spominska arhitektura, posvečena revolu- ciji in protifašističnemu boju jugoslovanskih partizanov v drugi svetovni vojni, je bila v času jugoslovanske socialistične družbe specifičen kulturno-umetniški pojav. Mnogi od spomenikov, ki so bili postavljeni med petdesetimi in sedemdesetimi leti 20. stoletja, so, tako kot spominski kompleks na Kadinjači, nastali kot rezultat inter- disciplinarnega pristopa in skupnega angažmaja vrhunskih umetnikov in arhitek- tov. Imajo svojevrstno kulturno in umetniško vrednost ter pomenijo pomemben del kulturne dediščine držav nekdanje Jugoslavije. Po njenem razpadu je bil spo- minski kompleks Kadinjača zapuščen ter izpostavljen vremenu in zobu časa. Njego- va obnova se je začela leta 2005. The memorial complex is dedicated to the Partisan fighters of Workers’ Bat- talion of Užice who were killed on 29th November 1941 in the battles at Kadinjača. At the beginning of World War 2, the Republic of Užice was the first liberated territory in Europe and served as a haven for the Supreme Staff of the Partisan units headed by Josip Broz Tito. The Partisans were defending the Re- public of Užice to secure the retreat of the Supreme Staff from Užice towards Sandžak. This legendary Partisan feat served as the basis for the 1974 film Užička republika directed by Žika Mitrović (b. 1921, d. 2005). The elaborate architectur- al-sculptural design of the monument covering 15 ha was created between 1952 and 1979. The first memorial for this legendary heroic event dates to 1952 when an ossuary with the remains of the fighters killed in action and a monument shaped as a four-sided pyramid were erected, based on the designs by sculptor Stevan Živanović. The pyramid measures 11 m in height and contains engraved stanzas from “Kadinjača”, a poem by Užice poet Slavko Vukosavljević (b. 1927, d. 2004). In 1962, veteran organisation SUBNOR of Titovo Užice suggested an ad- ditional layout to the monument. The new programme- and spatial design pro- ject by sculptor Miodrag Živković (b. 1928) and architect Aleksandar Ðokić (b. 1936, d. 2002) was approved in 1977. The grand opening of the monument was officiated by President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito on 23rd September 1979 with 100,000 people in attendance. From the onset, memorial complex Kadinjača captured the public attention and was declared immovable cultural good of spe- cial importance the very same year. The memorial complex comprises three seg- ments - the amphitheatre of the Republic of Užice, the Workers’ Battalion prom- enade, which connects to the original pyramid monument by means of a series of sculptures, and the Freedom platform. From the tallest (14 m) element with a symbolic opening reminiscent of a bullet hole, a dynamic figural composition of fighters symbolising the struggle for freedom unfolds in the direction of the am- phitheatre. Another constituent part of the complex is the visitor centre building with the memorial well, installed at the site of the former battlefield, which inte- grates nicely with the configuration of the terrain. In relation with the landscape, the distinctively designed and dynamic composition of the architectural-sculp- tural elements forms an exceptionally effective spatial whole. Memorial archi- tecture dedicated to the Revolution and the antifascist struggle of Yugoslav Par- tisans in World War 2 is a specific cultural and artistic phenomenon in the period of Yugoslav socialist society. Many among the monuments erected between the 1950s and the 1970s - including the memorial complex at Kadinjača - are the result of an interdisciplinary approach and a joint commitment by distinguished artists and architects. They have particular cultural and artistic value and they represent an important part of the total cultural heritage of ex-Yugoslav coun- tries. During the time of the tragic, warmongering dissolution of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, memorial complex Kadinjača was neglected and exposed to the ele- ments. Its renovation began in 2005.