Toshiko Yamaguchi
University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, U.K.
CDU 802.0-311
THE ELEMENTS CHURCH, KIRK AND KIR(K)BY IN ENGLISH PLACE-NAMES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION
Introduction
From the linguistic point of view, English place-names are rather heterogeneous material. This heterogeneity finds its explanation in the various relationships between different peoples of differing linguistic background who came to the British Isles and settled there. The linguistic formations of the place-names and their distribution often offer a clue as to how this heterogeneity has been formed, i. e. how various may have been the human contact of the peoples in a new land. The place-names containing church, kirk and kir(k)by will be, like many other names, plain indicators of such English and Scandinavian interrelations.
The elements church and kirk are ultimately derived from the Greek word icupiocKov meaning 'a house of the Lord'. Although we may assume that the phonetic form of the OE word cirice 'a church' supports the direct continental borrowing (Scheler 1977:49), it is more likely that the Anglo-Saxon settlers learned the word in a new homeland which had been governed by the Romans until the fifth century. In romanised Britain of the fifth and sixth centuries they would have learned the Vulgar Latin cyrica with the initial Germanic accent. In the OE period the palatalisation of the sound /k/ occurred and was completed (Pilch 1970:86), and the occupation of England by the Norman-French from the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries brought about the orthography <ch> for /t// in cirice. In the fifteenth century there were still three major variants: churche in the Southwest, cherche in the Southeast, chirche in the South and in the South Midlands (Jones 1982:map 1). After the standardisation of the English dialects the southwestern orthography became generally accepted. With the important infiltration of Roman Christianity into the British society,1 numerous village churches were built for the Christian worship and organised mostly in private ownership (Godfrey 1974:136). The word church has hence survived mostly as an appellative in the southern parts of England, indicating the presence of a church probably as a focus for the new settlement or the establishment of a new village. In contrast to the OE
1 There are two decisive events which favoured the position of the Roman Church, namely (1) the triumph of the Roman Church at the Conference of Whitby in 664 and (2) the arrival in 669 of Theodore as Archbishop and Hadrian as Abbot in Kent (Bede: III.25 + IV. 1).
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mynster 'a monastery' or 'a large church' which was served by a religious community, the OE cirice usually referred to a church served by a single priest (Gelling 1981:5), who was appointed and provided for by the landowner.
The element kirk goes back to the ON kirkja 'a church'. The contemporary Icelandic still has this form kirkja. In Norwegian and Danish the ON form has been reduced to kirkje and kirke respectively. It is unlikely that the heathen Scandinavians borrowed the Greek icupiaKov into their languages. More likely is that the English mission beginning in Germany and Denmark in the seventh and eighth centuries introduced the OE word cirice. The initial letter <c> was then substituted by the Scandinavian spelling <k>. The <kj> shows the consequence of the palatalization. The word kirkja, developed into the form kirk(e) or kyrk(e) in the ME period, was introduced to the British Isles by the Norwegian and Danish settlers from the eighth country. It has survived as an appellative in numerous place-names and as a loan word equivalent to church in some northern dialects. This northern form kirk was, however, less and less used by the local people after the fourteenth century and replaced more and more by the English standard form church (Wakelin 1972:82).
The element kirkby or kirby is a compound of kirkju (genitive singular of kirkja) and the Scandinavian element by 'a village, a farmstead' (Old Danish by, Old West Scandinavian boer, byr). This compound is exclusively used as a single appellative unit indicating 'a village with a church' or 'a farmstead owned by a church'.
The purpose of this paper is to give a brief view of the chief place-names containing these elements and their distribution.2 The distribution maps will be used to consider the regional tendencies over the whole of England. Finally an attempt will be made to draw the patterns of the distribution in connection with the formations of the place-names.
The following table shows, in numerical order, the 303 place-names, in which the elements church, kirk and kirkby appear as a first or as a second element. The total numbers are: church (164); kirk (91); kir(k)by (48):
2 Since the English Place-Name Society has not completed its county-by-county survey of the whole of England, the presentation in this paper will offer a tentative picture, especially in counties such as Northumberland, Durham, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Norfolk, Suffolk, Somerset and Hampshire, which have thus far only been surveyed sporadically.
	as a 1st element			as a 2nd element		
compounding elements or • function	church	kirk	kir(k)by	church	kirk	kir(k)by
• simplex	1		4			
saint name		5		9	6	
family name			4			
personal name			2	10	3	
habitative	53	8	6			
topographical	31	35	12			
adjective and noun			2	31	5	3
place or river name			5			
religious person						1
• as a family name			6			1
• denoting a cairn					5	
• substitution				3		
• as an affix	25	23	1			
miscellaneous3	1		1		1	
total	111	71	43	53	20	" 5
Church as a first element
There is only one name as a simplex: CHURCH in Lancashire. It was once called Churchkyrk in the sixteenth century. According to Mills (1976:73) it might refer to a church near St. James' Church which is still called 'Church Kirk' in the region.
Church as a first element is combined with habitative or topographical elements. In the habitative compounds CHIRTON (OE tun)4 or CHURCHTOWN (ME toun/town)-type names occur most frequently. These names would, in the ME period, refer to the social and administrative arrangement 'an estate of a church' rather than the original OE sense 'a village with a church' (Gelling 1978:125). Three names exist in Devonshire referring to the owner of the church or the land: CHERITON BISHOP (Bishops Churyton 1370): one acre of land was granted to the bishop of Exeter;
3	The following names are considered to be etymologically unclear because of the lack of reliable evidence: CHURCH CROFT in Surrey might go back to the OE croft 'a small enclosed field'; DUNKIRK in Cheshire was recorded as Dunkirk Farm only in 1802. Dodgson (EPNS XLVII:176) suggests the French influence on this name, but it is difficult to verify it from this evidence; the element following kirkby in KIRBY MISPERTON in the North Riding of Yorkshire refers to either OE mispel or mispeler 'a medlar-tree' (EPNS V:75) or to OE mistbeorg 'a foggy hill' or 'a dung hill' (Ekwall 1960:279).
4	For the meaning in the parenthesis following the place-name I mostly used the county volumes from EPNS and the two volumes English Place-Name Elements by A. H. Smith.
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CHERITON FITZPAINE (Cheryton Phezpayn 1510): The son of Pagan held the manor in 1256; CHURSTON FERRERS (Ch.urch.eton Ferers juxta Brixham 1345): Hugo de Fereis held the manor in 1303. Numerous minor names such as CHURCH END (OE ende 'the end of an estate') or CHURCH FM (probably MEferme 'land held on lease') appear in the southern parts of England, some of which were related to the home of a person who lived near the church: e. g. CHURCH END in Cambridge (Robert atte Cherche 1327); CHURCH END in Hertfordshire (Juliana ate Church 1307); CHURCH TOWN in Surrey (Henry atte Cherche 1263); CHURCH FM in Essex (Geoffrey atte Cherch 1327). The ME atte 'at' was thus commonly used in personal names between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries and the postpositioned noun was later often adopted as a surname (Cameron 1961:95, Reaney 1976:XV).
In comparison, topographical elements offer quite a lot of variety such as OE balea 'a ridge, a bank' in CHURCHBALK in Derbyshire; OE geat 'a gate' in CHURCHGATE in Hertfordshire and CHURCHGATE STREET in Essex; OE burh 'a fortified place' in CHIRBURY in Shropshire; OE stig 'a path, a narrow road' in CHRISTY BANK in Westmorland; OE wudu 'a wood, a forest, wood, timber' in CHURCH WOOD in Sussex where there was once a home of Roger atte Churche 1327, situated near the forest; OE bearu 'a wood, grove' in CHERUBEER in Devon. There are names with OE ford 'a ford' in CHARFORD and CHURCHINGFORD in Devonshire which would probably mean that the people needed to cross a ford to go to church in the early years of the Anglo-Saxon era and OE brycg 'a bridge' in CHURCHBRIDGE in Staffordshire which would indicate the appearance of the bridge as a supplement to the fords (Gelling 1984:64-5). The most problematical names are CHURCHILL or CHURCH HILL which have been the subject of some discussions: Mawer suggests (EPNS IV: 108-109) that OE cirice should, in many instances, have been confused with the Old British crüc denoting a hill or barrow, while Ekwall (1931:50) concludes that the majority of the CHURCHILLs go back to OE cirichyll 'church hill'. Gelling (1981:5-6), taking into account the topographical conditions of the names, suggests that the two names should certainly contain cirice: CHURCHILL in Worcestershire and Somerset, for a church actually stands in the hilly landscape. As Jackson argues (1953:245), we may suppose that these names might be in fact the tautological hybrids which came to be spelled CHURCHILL in the modern time, i. e. the local resident Britons called a certain hill crüc and the Anglo-Saxons, who encountered it without correctly understanding it, took it for a name, adding their word hyll.
Church as a second element
Church as a second element is frequently combined with adjectives and nouns, pointing out the structure, direction or appearance of a church or the profession of a person who built or owned a church. 30
There are ten WHITECHURCHs in the southern parts of England. The word 'white' indicates a church built of stone, probably of white limestone (Smith 1956 1:273). The construction of a church was new to the Britons (Bede: III.4), who were familiar with wooden churches. In comparison, four names refer to the wooden construction of a church: BERECHURCH (OE bred 'a board, a plank') in Essex; STOCKENCHURCH (OE stoccen 'wooden') in Buckinghamshire; WOODCHURCH (OE wudu 'a wood, a forest, wood, timber') in Cheshire and Kent. WOODCHURCH could, however, also mean 'a church in the wood' (Wallenberg 1934:364-5).5
There are seven names suggesting the direction or the location of a church: NORTHCHURCH in Hertfordshire, situated northwest of BERKHAMSTED where the original church exists; SOUTHCHURCH in Essex, because it is sited in the south of the Rochford Hundred; EASTCHURCH in Devon and Kent; UPCHURCH in Kent, its spire having probably been a sea-mark owing to its comparatively high position (Wallenberg 1934:272); HANCHURCH in Staffordshire containing heah 'high' and ASHCHURCH in Gloucestershire which might have been situated near 'an ash-tree'.
Four names contain words which indicate the appearance of a church: IVYCHURCH (OE ifig 'ivy') in Wiltshire and Kent; VOWCHURCH (OE fag 'multicoloured') in Herefordshire; HORNCHURCH in Essex probably goes back to OE/ON horn implying the gable of the church which was shaped like a horn. In five names church is defined by the words OE riiwe 'new' or aid 'old': NEWCHURCH in Lancashire, Kent and the Isle of Wight; NEWCHURCH COMMON in Cheshire; OLD CHURCH in Cumberland.
DYMCHURCH in Kent contains OE dema 'a judge'. Wallenberg suggests (1934:462): "Possibly a man who was a judge built the church or was an early owner of it".
Nine names are compounded with the names of the saints to whom the churches were dedicated. They occur exclusively in Herefordshire, the area into which many Celts were pushed at the time of the Anglo-Saxon political dominance: KENDERCHURCH (Lann Cinitir 1130) 'Saint Gynidir's church', KENTCHURCH (.Lann Cein 1130) 'Saint Ceina's church', MUCH DEWCHURCH/LITTLE DEWCHURCH {Lann Deui Ros Cerion 1130) 'Saint David's church, MICHAELCHURCH {Lann mihacgel cil luch 1131) 'Saint Michael's church', MICHAELCHURCH ESKLEY {Michaeleschirche 1280, Llanyhangleskle 1577) 'Saint Michael's church' sited on the ESCLEY BROOK. In Cornwall there is only one name: MARHAMCHURCH {Maronechirche 1086) 'saint Merwenn's church'. In Devon is ST MARYCHURCH {{cet) See Maria 1050-72) which also has an English
5 According to Smith (1965 11:279-280) the meaning 'wood' is sometimes used when the word appears as a first element with words for buildings like hus or bryeg. When the word appears as a second element, then it often indicates the location of a building, namely 'a wood, a forest'. Taking up his opinion, WOODCHURCH would refer to 'a wooden church' and CHURCH WOOD in Sussex to 'a church in a forest'.
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origin. It must be mentioned that most of these names were first recorded in a Celtic word-order containing a Celtic word llan or lann for 'a church', which seems to have been translated into English, appearing thereafter in an English word-order. On the basis of this phenomenon, Jackson infers (1953:244): "This suggests intermarriage and intimate fusion between the two races, which, in any case, must presumably have taken place on a considerable scale; and therefore some degree of bilingualism. If not, at least these names are more likely to have got into Anglo-Saxon through English-speaking Britons than through non-Brittonic-speaking or even Brittonic-speaking Englishmen".
Ten names contain personal names which usually refer to the owner or founder of a church. Six names contain a personal name: ACHURCH 'Asi/Astf s church' in Northamptonshire; ALVECHURCH 'AZlfgyd's church' in Worcestershire; BASCHURCH 'Bas(s)'s church' in Shropshire; LILLECHURCH 'Lilla's church' in Kent; OFFCHURCH 'King Offa's church' in Warwickshire; PUCKLECHURCH 'Pucela's church' in Glouscestershire. Another four names contain uncerain personal names: DUNCHURCH in Warwickshire; HAWKCHURCH and HONEYCHURCH in Devon; BONCHURCH in the Isle of Wight.
There are three instances which we call 'substitution' because the original names were replaced by the new word church: WHITCHURCH (Westune 'a village in the west' 1086, Album Monasterium in the twelfth century, Whytchrche in the thirteenth century) in Shropshire; WHITCHURCH DOWN (Werydon 'a criminal hill' 1488, Whitchurch downe 1653) in Devon; CHRISTCHURCH ({cet) Tweoxneam 'between the river' ASC, Cristescherche 1177) in Hampshire. CHRISTCHURCH came with the foundation of the priory in the eleventh century by Edward the Confessor (Addison 1987:43).
Church as an affix
There are 25 names in which church appears as an affix. When church is added to the old village names such as FENTON 'a village with a marsh' or WILNE 'a willow' and makes the new names such as CHURCH FENTON or CHURCH WILNE, we call it an 'affix': e. g. CHURCH BRAMPTON (OE brom 'broom' + OE tun), CHURCH SLADE (OE slced 'a valley') in Northamptonshire; CHURCH BROUGH (OE burh 'a fortified place') in Westmorland, CHURCH KNOWLE (OE cnoll 'a hill top'), WINTERBORNE WHITCHURCH (sited at the river WINTERBORNE) in Dorset; CHURCH BROUGHTON (OE broc 'a brook, a stream' + OE tun), CHURCH WILNE (OE wilign 'a willow'), CHURCH GRESLEY (OE greosn 'gravel, a pebble' + OE leak 'a wood, a clearing in a wood') in Derbyshire; CHURCH EATON (OE eg 'an island' + OE tun), CASTLE CHURCH in Staffordshire; CHURCH LAWTON (OE hlaw 'a mound, a hill' + OE tun), CHURCH COPPENHALL (OE personal name Coppa + OE halh 'a nook, a corner of land'), CHURCH MINSHULL (OE personal name Mann or Monn + OE scylfe 'a shelf) in Cheshire; CHURCH STRETTON (OE street 'a Roman 32
road, a paved road' + OE tun) in Shropshire; CHURCH FENTON (OE fenn 'a fen, a marsh' + OE tun) in the West Riding of Yorkshire; CHURCHAM (OE hamm 'an enclosure, a meadow') in Gloucestershire; CHURCH ENSTONE (OE personal name Enna + OE stein 'a stone') in Oxfordshire. The affix is usually a separate word, appearing often as a descriptive word to distinguish two old villages with the same name: e. g. CHURCH BRAMPTON (Branton{&) 1086) in Northamptonshire is situated very near to CHAPEL BRAMPTON (Brantone 1086). EAST LANGTON CHURCH and WEST LANGTON CHURCH in Leicestershire are only some 1.5 km away from each other. Both names were Lang(e)tone in 1806, probably being one village originally. HIGHNAM is sited some 2 km away from CHURCHAM in Gloucestershire. Both names were Hamme in 1086. In some names church substituted other old prefixes: CHURCH BROUGH in Westmorland was Nether Brough in the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; CHURCH BROUGHTON in Derbyshire was Kyrk(e)bro(u)ghton in the fourteenth century; the form of CHURCH LAWTON in Cheshire fluctuated between church and kirk in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (Chirche- 1333, Kirke- 1356, Kerke- 1402, Churche- 1489), CHURCH WILNE in Derbyshire was recorded as Kyrke Wyllne 1502, Lytle Wylney 1547, Little Welne 1610 in contrast to the adjacent village GREAT WILNE {Magna Wilne 1265-91). CHURCH LAWFORD in Warwickshire was once Kirkelalleford 1204 but came to be replaced by church as Chirchelalleford in 1235.6
Kirk as a first element
There are 48 names in which kirk appears as a first element. A striking and interesting small group of this category is the 'inverted compound', in which the word order is Celtic, i. e. the word kirk precedes the specifying word, here the saint's name: KIRKOSWALD 'Saint Oswald's church' {Karcoswald 1167), KIRKANDREWS 'Saint Andrew's church' {Kirchand'r 1165), KIRKANDREWS UPON EDEN {Kirkandres, eccl. sci' Andres 1200), KIRKBRIDE 'Saint Bride's church' {Chirchebrid 1163), KIRKSANTON 'Saint Sanctan's church' {Santacherche 1086) in Cumberland. This phenomenon may be attributed to a large number of Scandinavian and Irish settlers from the ninth century, probably the so called Gall-Gaidil 'foreign Gaels' who arrived in Northwest England (Ekwall 1918:54-55). This name-type occurs frequently in Southwest Scotland and the Isle of Man: e. g. KIRKEBRYDE in Wigtownshire; KIRKANDERS and KIRKCARSEL in Kirkcudbright; KIRK SANCTON, KIRK ANDREAS and KIRK BRIDE in the Isle of Man (MacQueen 1956:137-138 and Kneen 1927:133+551+575).
6 However, in some cases the affixing seems to have happened rather arbitrarily (Cameron 1961:100-109).
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Like church, kirk as a first element forms compounds with habitative and topographical elements. What makes kirk differ from church is its more frequent combination with topographical elements. There are only eight names containing the habitative elements. Four of these were perhaps originally English, combined with the OE habitative elements tun, ham: KIRTON in Lincolnshire (Chirchetune 1086); KIRTON in Nottinghamshire was partially scandinavianised as Kirchetona in the thirteenth century; KIRKHAM in the East Riding of Yorkshire and Lancashire, both of which were Chercham and Chircheham in 1086 respectively.
Compared to a small group of habitative compound names in kirk, there are 35 names in which kirk is combined with topographical elements. Most of them form Scandinavian-English hybrids. Gelling argues (1981:8-9) that names like KIRKHAUGH (Kyrkhalwe 1254) in Northumberland and KIRKLEY (Kirkelea 1086) in Suffolk, both being in non-Scandinavian areas, were probably originally English simplex names like *Haugh or *Lea, to which the Scandinavians added their element kirk later because the English people rarely used the topographical words following cirice. Fellows-Jensen takes the view (1987:297) that the hybrid names are not the production of the prefixing, but rather the coinage by the Scandinavians in the Viking period or by their descendants in the following centuries in which kirk was generally accepted into the English language. In fact, the first records of some names were spelled in an English fashion and they later adopted a Scandinavian spelling, i. e. the northern English dialect: e. g. KIRKDALE in Lancashire (Chirchedele 1086); KIRKSTEAD in Lincolnshire (Chirchesteda 1157). Another explanation which she formulated is that some names came with the presence of a church, which would not agree with the assumption of the simplex-form: e. g. KIRKLEES in the West Riding of Yorkshire had a small priory of Cistercian nuns established in the twelfth century, KIRKDALE in Lancashire is situated at the road which leads to WALTON where there is a parish church; KIRKDALE in the North Riding of Yorkshire probably goes back to a Scandinavian who rebuilt a church before the Conquest (EPNS V:66): "Orm Gamalsuna bought the church of St. Gregory when it was badly in disrepair and ruinous, and he had it rebuilt from the ground for Christ and St Gregory in the days of King Edward and the earl Tosti". In the light of this fact, we can assume that there were a large number of Scandinavian inhabitants and their descendants in the northern parts of England and therefore the scandinavianised forms were preferred and more frequently used. However, these names do not belong to the non-Scandinavian areas. The question inevitably arises whether names like KIRKHAUGH or KIRKLEY are to be treated in a compatible way with them.
Kirk as a second element
In only 20 names kirk occurs as a second element. They fall mainly into four groups: saints' names; personal names; adjectives and nouns; denotation of a cairn.
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Many names in which kirk is combined with saints' names and personal names show a Germanic word-order and often go back to the Anglo-Saxon origin: FELIXKIRK in the North Riding of Yorkshire (Fillyxchurche in the sixteenth century) contains the name of Saint Felix of Dunwich, bishop of the East Angles (Fellows-Jensen 1987:302); OSWALDKIRK in the North Riding of Yorkshire 0Oswaldcherca 1086) the name of Saint Oswald, the king of Northumbria; ROMALDKIRK in the North Riding of Yorkshire (Rumoldesc(h)erce 1086) the name of Saint Romald, probably a grandson of Penda, King of Mercia (Fellows-Jensen 1987:302); ALGARKIRK in Lincolnshire (,Alfgare 1194) the OE personal name Mlfgar or ON Alfgeirr; COLKIRK in Norfolk (Colechirca, Colekirka 1086) the OE personal name Cola or ON Koli. It is noticeable that many names of this type are scandinavianisations of older English names in -cirice in contrast to KIRKOSWALD-type names in Cumberland which show the traces of an intensive Scandinavian and Celtic influence from the tenth century.
Adjectives and nouns point to the structure or the location of a church, e. g. FELKIRK in the West Riding of Yorkshire is compounded with ONfigl 'a board, a plank'. It was recorded Felechirc(h)a in 1119. The OE whit modifies kirk in WHITKIRK in the West Riding of Yorkshire (Whitechirche 1154). Like WHITCHURCH, the name refers to the stone construction of a church. SKEWKIRK HALL and WOODKIRK in the West Riding of Yorkshire indicate the location of a church. The ON skogr 'a wood' is a northern alternative for OE wudu 'a wood'. There was a cell of Nostell Priory in SKEWKIRK. According to Smith (1956 1:225), the OE hall referred to 'a hall, a large residence, a manor house'. In WOODKIRK the Earl William of Warren founded a religious institution at the beginning of the twelfth century (Peacock 1901:513).
There are five names in which kirk is not related to a church building but denotes a cairn or ancient stone remains which were probably considered to be the debris of an old church: KIRK STONE, KIRKSTONE PASS, TOWTOPKIRK in Westmorland and OGDENKIRK, MAIDENKIRK in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
Kirk as an affix
There are 23 names in which kirk appears as an affix: e. g. CAR COLSTON (ON personal name Kolr + OE tun) in Nottinghamshire, KIRKBURTON (OE byrh genitive singular of burh 'a fortified place' + OE tun)-, KIRK DEIGHTON (OE die 'a ditch' + OE tun); KIRK HAMMERTON (OE hamor-wyrt 'hammer-wort, black hellebore' + OE tun); KIRKHEATON (OE heah 'high' + OE tun); KIRK SMEATON (OE family name Smid + OE tun); KIRK BRAMWITH (OE brom 'broom' + OE wudu 'a wood, wood'); KIRK SANDAL (OE sand 'sand' + OE halh 'a nook or corner of land') in the West Riding of Yorkshire; KIRKLINTON (situated on the river LYNE); KIRKLINTON HALL; KIRKCAMBECK (sited on the river CAM, probably British
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cambaco 'the crooked stream' (Ekwall 1928:65)) in Cumberland; KIRK MERRINGTON (OE personal name Mcera + OE ingtun 'a village of people') in Durham; KIRK LEAVINGTON (the adjacent place CASTLE LEAVINGTON (.Levetona, Lentun(e) 1086) is sited on the river LEVEN); KIRK LEATHAM (OE west 'west' + OE hlidum dative plural of hlid 'a slope') in the North Riding of Yorkshire; KIRKBURN (OE burna 'a spring, a stream' + OE hus 'a house'7); KIRK ELLA (OE personal name ¿Elfa + OE leak 'a wood, a clearing in a wood') in the East Riding of Yorkshire; KIRK HALLAM (OE halum dative plural of halh 'a nook, a corner of land'); KIRK LANGLEY (OE lang 'long' + OE leak 'a wood, a clearing in a wood') in Derbyshire. Owing to the fact that these names hava a village in the vicinity whose second element is the same as the one in kirk, we may assume that the affix kirk was bestowed in order to distinguish one place from the other: e. g. LITTLE BAMPTON is situated in the vicinity of KIRKBAMBTON (Parua Bampton 1227), NORTH DEIGHTON and KIRK DEIGHTON were both Distone 1086 and recorded as Nordictun 1197 and Suth Dithon 1285 respectively, KIRK SANDAL and LONG SANDAL were recorded first as Sandale and Sandalie, Sandela, Sandal(i)a in 1806 and as Kyrk(e)sandale and Parvasandalie in the thirteenth century. In the light of the fact that the prefixing occurred between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, Fellows-Jensen argues (1987:296) that kirk was affixed to the names not by Scandinavians, but rather by Englishmen whose dialects contained the loan-word kirk. Taking into account that most names became the names of the parish, the element kirk pointed not only to a church building but also indicated the significance of a church as an administrative unit.
Kir(k)by as a first element
There are four instances in the northern parts of England in which Kirkby or Kirby appears as a single element: KIRKBY in Lancashire, KIRBY in the North Riding of Yorkshire, KIRKBY in the West Riding of Yorkshire and KIRKBY in Lincolnshire. Most names contained the palatalised form Cherchebi in 1086 and kirk displaced Cherche from the twelfth century.
In addition, there are numerous names whose first record is Chichebi or Cherchebi or partially palatalised like Kirkchabi, to which another element (habitative: 6, topographical: 12, nouns: 2 and proper names: 5) was later added: e. g. KIRKBY FLEETHAM (OE fleot 'a stream' + OE ham 'a village'), KIRBY HILL, KIRBY KNOWLE (OE cnoll 'a hill top'), KIRBY WISKE (relating to the river WISKE from OE wise 'a marshy meadow') and KIRBY RAVENSWORTH (OE/ON personal name
7 The first spellings (Burnous 1086, ecclesiam de Burnnus 1121-35/1155-8, Burnus 1180) represent a compound of burna and hus meaning 'a house by the stream' although the second element disappears in the course of time (EPNS XIV: 166).
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Hrafri + ON vad 'a ford') in the North Riding of Yorkshire; KIRBY UNDERDALE (ON personal name Hundolfr + OE dcel 'a valley') and KIRBY GRINDALYTHE (OE cran 'a crane' + OE dcel 'a valley' +ON hlid 'a slope, a hillside') in the East Riding of Yorkshire; KIRBY HALL, KIRKBY MALHAM (ON mgl 'gravelly soil' or ON melr 'a sand-bank' + OE ham 'a village'), KIRKBY MALZEARD (relating to the old place-name MALZEARD), KIRKBY OVERBLOW (OE dra-bldwere 'a smelter') and KIRKBY WHARFE (relating to the river WHARFE on which KIRKBY WHARFE is situated) in the West Riding of Yorkshire; KIRKBY LONSDALE (relating to the river LUNE, in whose valley KIRKBY LONSDALE is situated) in Westmorland; KIRBY HALL in Northamptonshire; KIRKBY LAYTHORPE (ON personal name Leidulf + ON porp 'a village'), KIRKBY UNDERWOOD (OE under 'under' + OE wudu 'a wood'); KIRKBY GREEN and KIRKBY ON BAIN (situated at the HORNCASTLE CANAL which flows into the river BAIN) in Lincolnshire; KIRKBY IN ASHFIELD (OE oesc 'an ash-tree' + OE feld 'an open field') in Nottinghamshire; KIRKBY IRELETH (genitive plural of ON tri 'an Irishman' + ON/OE hlid 'a slope') in Lancashire. Although kirk entered into the English language, by remained exclusively in Scandinavian use. This would lead to the assumption that kir(k)by was most likely employed by the Scandinavian settlers (Fellows-Jensen 1987:298). The Scandinavians applied kir(k)by without doubt appellatively to many villages with a church, which were already established in the Anglo-Saxon period (Fellows-Jensen 1987:298). As Gelling states (1981:8), they could do so because there were still comparatively few villages with churches in the ninth and tenth centuries. As the villages expanded and their contact with adjacent areas grew in the course of time, these numerous KIR(K)BYs would have needed an additional characterisation to be distinguished from other names.
There are also names in kir(k)by, in which a family name or a personal name is employed. Most names, similar to other aforementioned names, took the Cherchebi-form in 1806 and were distinguished from nearby places through the addition of the name of a land owner or of an owner of a church: e. g. KIRBY BEDEN in Norfolk (Kerkebi 1086) goes back to John de Bidon who held the land before 1212; KIRKBY MALLORY (Cherchebi 1086) in Leicestershire belonged to the Mallorys in the twelfth century and KIRBKBY BELLARS (Chirchebi 1086) in Leicestershire was held by Hamo Beler; KIRBKBY THORE (Ki-, Kyrk(e)bi, -by thore 1179) in Westmorland might go back to the ON personal name porir; KIRKBY STEPHEN (Cherkaby Stephan 1090-7) in Westmorland might refer to the abbot Stephen.
Kir(k)by as a second element
There are fewer instances in which kir(k)by appears as a second element. All names were recorded as Cherchebi-form in 1086 and obtained another word giving more precise information on the location of a place: EAST KIRKBY in Lincolnshire,
37
the abbey Revesby being situated in the east; SOUTH KIRKBY in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the affix sud 'south' being used for the distinction from the old village KIRKBY IN PONTEFRACT, which is situated about 10km away in the north; WEST KIRBY in Cheshire, situated at the western part of a peninsula. On the other hand, one instance MONKS KIRBY in Warwickshire goes back to the monks of St. Nicholas of Angers to whom Geoffrey de Wirce gave land in 1077 (EPNS IV: 112).
Kir(k)by as a family name
Interestingly enough, in some cases kir(k)by is derived from a name of a family who probably used to hold the land or to live there: e. g. KIRBY MOOR in Cumberland is related to Sireda de Kirkby, KIRKBY HO in Westmorland being named after the family Ellis de Kirkeby or Thomas and George Kirkby, KIRBY FM in Warwickshire is related to two families Walter de Kervy and Walter de Kyrkeby, KIRBY HO in Berkshire being named after James Kirkby who built a house there and owned a land in the adjacent village INKPEN. KIRBY'S MANOR FM in Hertfordshire is probably related to John Kirkeby who was recorded 1430; HORTON KIRBY in Kent is associated to Gilbertus de Kirkeby who was a tenant there, KIRBY HALL in Essex is connected with Richard Kirby whose name was recorded in the thirteenth century. While church was frequently combined with atte in the ME period and indicated the presence of a church, kir(k)by took a preposition de, often used after the Conquest, referring rather to an administrative occupation.
Kirkby as an affix
KIRKBY HARDWICH in Nottinghamshire is the only name in which kirkby appears as an affix. It was Herdewic in 1232 containing the OE compound heorde-wTc 'a herd farm'. In the fourteenth century it was called Herdwyk juxta Kyrkeby. Kyrkeby may refer to the neighbouring place KIRKBY IN ASHFIELD which was still called Kierkebi at that time.
Distribution of church, kirk and kir(k)by8
164 names in church (map 1) spread across the whole England. However, an intensive occurrence can be seen from the South to the North Midlands. In comparison,
8 The small superscript numbers on the right of the place-names indicate the numbers of the names localised on the distribution maps 1, 2 and 3.
38
there are no names in Durham, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Rutland and Huntingdonshire. In Cornwall, Sussex and northern England names appear only sporadically. It must be noted that, in spite of the thorough replacement of Celtic languages by English in the Anglo-Saxon period, the westernmost part of Cornwall remained Celtic and Cornish was spoken there until 1800 when it was extinguished virtually altogether. The equivalence for church in Cornwall is the Celtic word llan or lann meaning 'a piece of land', which also referred to a 'cemetery'. With the spread of Christianity, it then obtained the meaning of 'a church'. In fact, names in lann occur intensively in Cornwall (Yamaguchi 1993:Karte 3). MARHAMCHURCH142 would be a trace of an English woman Saint Merwenn (Padel 1988:115). In Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Norfolk, where the first phase of the Scandinavian settlement took place, there are only two names in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Both of them are a relatively new coinage: CHURCH FIELD9 appears only in 1843 and CHURCH FENTON10 was Kyrk(e)fenton until 1641. In Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancashire and the coastal area of Cheshire, being the Norwegian settlement regions, church is mainly a late occurrence, i. e. apart from WOODCHURCH14 and CHURCH12, other names are recorded after 1500: e. g. CHRISTY BANK6 and CHURCH TOWN8 were Kirsty Bank 1829 and Kirktowne 1535 respectively. OLD CHURCH4 was still New Kirk in 1789. In Northumberland, a non-Scandinavian region, there are two old church-names, both of which were recorded in the thirteenth century: CHIRDON1 and CHIRTON2.9 In the region from Northamptonshire to the inland area of Cheshire, including North-Warwickshire, Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Staffordshire, most names either originated after 1500 or contained the affix church between the thirteenth and the sixteenth centuries: NEWCHURCH COMMON16, CHURCH HILL17, CHURCH MINSHULL18, CHURCH HO19, CHURCH COPPENHALL20 in Cheshire; CHURCH EATON27, CASTLE CHURCH28, CHURCH EATON COMMON29, CHURCH HILL30, CHURCHBRIDGE31 in Staffordshire; CHURCHDALE HALL32, CHURCH HILL33, CHURCH TOWN34, CHURCH FIELDS FM35, CHURCHBALK36, CHURCH BROUGHTON37, CHURCH WILNE38, CHURCH GRESLEY39, CHURCH FLATS FM40 in Derbyshire; CHURCH HILL41, in Northamptonshire; WEST LANGTON CHURCH51, EAST LANGTON CHURCH52 in Leicestershire. In addition, CHURCHFIELD FM47 and ACHURCH48 in Northamptonshire had kirk during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries instead of church. The dense concentration of c/zwrc/z-names in southern Herefordshire would indicate a certain mixture of Celtic and Germanic peoples.10 In most of these names church replaced the Celtic equivalence llan: e. g. LITTLE DEWCHURCH65/MUCH DEWCHURCH68 {Lann Deui Ros Cerion 1130); KENDERCHURCH69 {Lann Cinitir 1130); KENTCHURCH70 {Lann Cein 1130); MICHAELCHURCH71 (Lann mihacgel cil luch 1130).
9	Ekwall suggests (1960:105) OE cierr 'bend' fot the first element of CHIRDON, which is sited on a winding stream.
10	Names in lann appear very densely in this part of Herefordshire (Yamaguchi 1993:Karte 3).
39
In contrast to church-names, 91 names in kirk (map 2) are situated in northern and northeastern England. They show almost a complementary distribution with church-names. What is particularly significant is that there is an overlapping of names in church and kirk in Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Westmorland and Cumberland. The scandinavianised or prefixed names occur frequently in these regions: e. g. KIRKBRIDE15, KIRKDALE40, BRIDEKIRK37, KIRK IRETON79, CAR COLSTON84. The most frequent occurrence of the scandinavianisation of cirice, however, takes place in three Ridings of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk and Nottinghamshire, which would correspond to an intensive Scandinavian settlement in the ninth century: e. g. ROMALDKIRK41, OSWALDKIRK48, KIRKHAM51, FELKIRK73, KIRTON82, KIRKSTEAD85, KIRTON86, COLKIRK89. One further name in the northernmost part of Suffolk, namely KIRKLEY90, might have been, owing to its geographical location, also scandinavianised although there is no English evidence in the record. In Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire there are also scandinavianised names: e.g. KIRKBRIDE15, KIRKSANTON28, KIRKHAM38, ORMSKIRK39. KIRKNEWTON1 and KIRKWHELPINGTON2 in Northumberland and KIRK MERRINGTON4 in Durham appeared first as an English compound, namely Niwetona, Welpinton and Mcerintun respectively. Both names KIRKLEATHAM42 and KIRK LEAVINGTON43, at the northernmost border of the North Riding of Yorkshire also obtained the affix kirk in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In the light of this knowledge, KIRKHAUGH3 situated in the westernmost part of Northumberland might have originally been, in view of its geographical location, an English simplex, as Gelling argues (1981:9).
Compared to the distribution of names in kirk, 48 names in kir(k)by (map 3) spread more sparsely but more widely in England. What is conspicuous in this distribution is that five names, derived from a family name, occur in the South: KIRBY FM43, KIRBY'S MANOR FM44, KIRBY HALL45, KIRB'Y HO47, HORTON KIRBY48. The concentration of kir(k)by is to be seen in the North Midlands and three Ridings of Yorkshire. While kirk-names in Cumberland and the northern part of Westmorland have a dense concentration, kir(k)by is almost empty in these regions. This fact may support what Fellows-Jensen states (1972:6): "It is generally accepted that the village names in -by in England were given by the Danish settlers". However, because of the affinity between Danish and Norwegian languages the Norwegians would have learned by without any problems as Fellows-Jensen claims (1972:6): "The use of the element by in the sense "village" would seem to have penetrated to the north and west from the areas of densest Danish settlement and there been adopted by the Norwegian settlers".
The above mentioned remarks result in the following subdivisions (map 4):
I	The solid line indicates the northernmost border of names in church. Names in kirk
and kir(k)by appear almost exclusively to the north and east of this line. The
frequent occurence of the scandinavianised forms of chirchebi is very striking.
II	The interrupted line marks the southern border of names in kirk and kir(k)by. The
line does not go beyond the southernmost border of the Danelaw except for
40
MONKS KIRBY42. In the parts south of this line (except for the area V) names are almost exclusively church, many of which are of an old coinage before 1500. Three other names in kir(k)by are all derived from family names: KIRBY'S MANOR FM44 in Hertfordshire; KIRBY HO47 in Berkshire and HORTON KIRBY48 in Kent.
III	The area between both of these lines from Lincolnshire to the Northwest is a mixed area, in which names in kirk and kir(k)by as well as names in church occur. Most names in church are either of a new coinage after 1500 or adopted the affix church in the later period. In this area the scandinavianisation occurs and there are three anglicized names: CHURCH TOWN34 in Derbyshire; CHRISTY BANK6, CHURCH TOWN8 in Westmorland.
IV	The area surrounded by the dotted line is divided from the areas I and III because it is characterised by names in church coined before 1500 and English names prefixed by kirk. Here, north of the Humber, was once the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria.
V	The area surrounded by the bold, interrupted and solid lines possesses many minor names in church. These parts of the Danelaw from Essex to Northamptonshire might roughly correspond to the area which was recaptured by Wessex in the tenth century.
Summary
With the presentation of the place-names containing church, kirk and kir(k)by and with their distribution, we have illustrated their heterogeneous combinations with many other elements and their complementary distribution which would reflect the early settlements of the Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians. Church, kirk and kir(k)by are, in addition, used more frequently as specifying (first) elements than as specified (second). As affixes they also appear as specifying elements in single word forms. The most frequently compounding elements are habitative in church and topographical elements in kirk and kir(k)by. When these elements appear as specified elements, however, they tend to be compounded with adjectives or nouns which define the church in terms of appearance, construction, location and so forth. Habitative or topographical elements do not appear at all as first elements compounded with church, kirk and kir(k)by.
What is significant with regard to the traces of the interrelations of the peoples are the inverted compounds of kirk with a saint's name in Cumberland, the scandinavianised names in -kirk in the North and the Germanic compounds of church with a saint's name or a personal name in Herefordshire. It is striking that, while the compound names in -kirk appear as -church-form in the first record, the inverted compounds in kirk- are first recorded in a Celtic fashion with only one exception KIRKS ANTON (Santacherch 1086) in Cumberland. In the light of this knowledge, we
41
may assume that the inverted compounds are rather of a non-English coinage indicating the dominance of the Scandinavian and Celtic inhabitants or the Gall-Gdidil in the Northwest. On the other hand, the habitation of Anglo-Saxons before the Viking period in the North might be supposed on the basis of the names in -kirk compounding with an English saint's name, an English personal name or of the English compounds before the prefixing with kirk. The scandinavianisation of these names probably owes a good deal to the adoption of kirk into the standard English language in the North. Accordingly, we may suppose that the names in -kirk were coined either by the Scandinavians or by the Englishmen who lived in the North and used kirk for 'a church'. In comparison, the Celtic llan or lann in Herefordshire did not enter into standard use and was therefore replaced by the dominant English word church.
Kir(k)by gives us a different picture insofar as most names were employed originally as a single unit and probably by the Scandinavians. The palatalised form cherchebi in the eleventh century was then replaced by <k>, to which other words were finally added as a distinction when the necessity arose. Moreover, there are seven names in kir(k)by which have lost the original Scandinavian meaning 'a village with a church' but derive their name from a family name. These names are situated mostly in the southern parts of England.
It should also be mentioned that church and kirk would, with the growth of villages and the development of the parochial system in England, have been appropriate words and were used for distinguishing one village from its adjacent village. These names appear more frequently in the northern parts (Area I and III) than in the southern parts (Area II) of England, where the majority of names in church occurs as a specified element, e. g. all of WHITCHURCH. Most of these are the parish-names.
The list of the located place-names in numerical order
Names in church		
1 Chirdon (Nb)	14 Woodchurch (Ch)	27 Church Eaton (St)
2 Chirton (Nb)	15 Churton (Ch)	28 Castle Church (St)
3 Church Hill (Cu)	16 Newchurch Common (ch)	29 Church Eaton Common (St)
4 Old Church (Cu)	17 Church Hill (Ch)	30 Church Hill (St)
5 Church Ho (Cu)	18 Church Minshull (Ch)	31 Churchbridge (St)
6 Christy Bank (We)	19 Church Ho (Ch)	32 Churchdale Hall (Db)
7 Church Brough (We)	20 Church Coppenhall (Ch)	33 Church Hill (Db)
8 Church Town (We)	21 Church Lawton (Ch)	34 Church Town (Db)
9 Church Field (YW)	22 Whitchurch (Sa)	35 Church Fields Fm (Db)
10 Church Fenton (YW)	23 Baschurch (Sa)	36 Churchbalk (Db)
11 Churchtown (La)	24 Chirbury (Sa)	37 Church Broughton (Db)
12 Church (La)	25 Church Stretton (Sa)	38 Church Wilne (Db)
13 Newchurch (La)	26 Hanchurch (St)	39 Church Gresley (Db)
42
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Church Flats Fm (Db)	82 Pucklechurch (Gl)
Church Hill (Nt)	83 Church Icomb (Gl)
Church Fm (C)	84 Church Enstone (O)
Church End (C)	85 Churchill (O)
Church End (C)	86 Churchill Heath Fm (O)
Church End (C)	87 Sarsden (O)
Church Fm (Nth)	88 Sarsden Lodge (O)
Churchfield Fm (Nth)	89 Churchill Mill (0)
Achurch (Nth)	90 Whitchurch Hill (0)
Church Brampton (Nth)	91 Whitchurch (0)
Church Slade (Nth)	92 Whitchurch (Bk)
West Langton Church (Lei)	93 Stockenchurch (Bk)
East Langton Church (Lei)	94 Church End (Hrt)
Church End (Wa)	95 Church End (Hrt)
Church End (Wa)	96 Churchgate (Hrt)
Churchover (Wa)	97 Church Fm (Hrt)
Church Lawford (Wa)	98 Church End (Hrt)
Dunchurch (Wa)	99 Church Fm (Hrt)
Offchurch (Wa)	100 Northchurch (Hrt)
Whitchurch (Wa)	101 Church Fm (Ess)
Cherrington (Wa)	102 Berechurch (Ess)
Churchill (Wo)	103 Churchhouse Fm (Ess)
Alvechurch (Wo)	104 Church End (Ess)
Churchill (Wo)	105 Churchend (Ess)
Church Lench (Wo)	106 Church Hall (Ess)
Little Dewchurch (He)	107 Southchurch (Ess)
Vowchurch (He)	108 Hornchurch (Ess)
Michaelchurch Escley (He)	109 Churchgate Street (Ess)
Much Dewchurch (He)	110 Church End (Mx)
Kenderchurch (He)	111 Whitchurch (Mx)
Kentchurch (He)	112 Church Fm (Brk)
Michaelchurch (He)	113 Church End (Brk)
Whitchurch (He)	114 Church Fm (Brk)
Churches Fm (Gl)	115 Church Fm (Brk)
Church End (Gl)	116 Chirton (W)
Ashchurch (Gl)	117 Ivy church (W)
Churcham (Gl)	118 Whitchurch (So)
Church Hill (Gl)	119 Churchill (So)
Church End (Gl)	120 North Cheriton (So)
Churchend (Gl)	121 South Cheriton (So)
Cherington (Gl)	122 Churingford (D)
Church Fm (Gl)	123 Cheriton (D)
124	Churchill (D)
125	Churchill (D)
126	Lower Cheriton (D)
127	Higher Cheriton (D)
128	Churchill Fm (D)
129	Cheriton Fitzpaine (D)
130	Cherubeer (D)
131	Honeychurch (D)
132	Cheriton Bishop (D)
133	Eastchurch (D)
134	St Marychurch (D)
135	Churston Ferrers (D)
136	Charford (D)
137	Churchstow (D)
138	Cheristow (D)
139	Whitchurch Down (D)
140	Whitchurch (D)
141	Hawkchurch (D)
142	Marhamchurch (Co)
143	Chescombe Fm (Do)
144	Winterborne Whitchurch (Do)
145	Wildchurch Bottom (Do)
146	Church Knowle (Do)
147	Churchills (Wt)
148	Newchurch (Wt)
149	Bonchurch (Wt)
150	Christchurch (Ha)
151	Whitchurch (Ha)
152	Cheriton (Ha)
153	Church Croft (Sr)
154	Church End (Sr)
155	Church Town (Sr)
156	Church Wood (Sx)
157	Estchurch (K)
158	Lillechurch (K)
159	Upchurch (K)
160	Cheriton (K)
161	Woodchurch (K)
162	Newchurch (K)
163	Dymchurch (K)
164	Ivy church (K)
43
Names in kirk
1	Kirknewton (Nb)
2	Kirkwhelpington (Nb)
3	Kirkhaugh (Nb)
4	Kirk Merrington (Du)
5	Kirkcambeck (Cu)
6	Kirlinton Hall (Cu)
7	Kirklinton (Cu)
8	Kirklintonpark (Cu)
9	Kirkhouse (Cu)
10	Kirkoswald (Cu)
11	Kirkland (Cu)
12	Kirkandrews (Cu)
13	Kirkland Ho (Cu)
14	Kirkandrews upon Eden (Cu)
15	Kirkbride (Cu)
16	Kirkbampton (Cu)
17	Kirkland Hall (Cu)
18	West Curthwaite (Cu)
19	East Curthwaite (Cu)
20	Islekirk Hall (Cu)
21	Kirkland Guards (Cu)
22	Bradkirk (Cu)
23	Kirkhead (Cu)
24	Kirkland (Cu)
25	Kirkland How (Cu)
26	Kirkbarrow (Cu)
27	Kirk Fell (Cu)
28	Kirksanton (Cu)
29	Kirk Ho (We)
30	Kirkban-ow (We)
31	Kirkber (We)
Names in kir(k)by
1	Kirby Moor (Cu)
2	Kirkby Thore (We)
3	Kirkby Stephen (We)
4	Kirkby Ho (We)
5	Kirkby Lonsdale (We)
6	Kirkby Ireleth (La)
7	Kirkby (La)
8	Kirby Ravensworth (YN)
9	Kirby Hill (YN) 44
32	Towtop Kirk (We)
33	Kirkstone Pass (We)
34	Kirk Stone (We)
35	Kirkthwaite (La)
36	Kirkland (La)
37	Bridekirk (La)
38	Kirkham (La)
39	Ormskirk (La)
40	Kirkdale (La)
41	Romaldkirk (YN)
42	Kirkleatham (YN)
43	Kirk Leavington (YN)
44	Kirkless (YN)
45	Cock Flat (YN)
46	Crosslets (YN)
47	Kirkdale (YN)
48	Oswaldkirk (YN)
49	Felixkirk (YN)
50	Kirkbridge (YN)
51	Kirkham (YE)
52	Kirkburn (YE)
53	Kirk Ella (YE)
54	Kirk Gill (YW)
55	Kirksteads (YW)
56	Kirk Syke (YW)
57	Maidenkirk (YW)
58	Kirk Sykes (YW)
59	Kirk Hammerton (YW)
60	Skewkirk Hall (YW)
61	Kirk Deighton (YW)
62	Kirklands (YW)
63	Ogden Kirk (YW)
64	Kirks tall (YW)
65	Whitkirk (YW)
66	Woodkirk (YW)
67	Kirklees (YW)
68	Kirkhamgate (YW)
69	Kirkheaton (YW)
70	Kirkburton (YW)
71	Kirkthorpe (YW)
72	Kirk Smeaton (YW)
73	Felkirk (YW)
74	Kirkhouse Green (YW)
75	Kirk Bramwith (YW)
76	Kirk Sandal (YW)
77	Dunkirk (Ch)
78	Kirk Dale (Db)
79	Kirk Ireton (Db)
80	Kirk Langley (Db)
81	Kirk Hallam (Db)
82	Kirton (Nt)
83	Kirton Wood (Nt)
84	Car Colston (Nt)
85	Kikstead (L)
86	Kirton (L)
87	Algarkirk (L)
88	Peakirk (Nth)
89	Colkirk (Nf)
90	Kirkley (Sf)
91	Kirton (Sf)
10	Kirkby Fleetham (YN)
11	Kirby Sigston (YN)
12	Kirby (YN)
13	Kirby Wiske (YN)
14	Kirby Knowle (YN)
15	Kirkby Moorside (YN)
16	Kirby Misperton (YN)
17	Kirkby Malzeard (YW)
18	Kirkby Malham (YW)
19	Kirby Hall (YW)
20	Kirkby Overblow (YW)
21	Kirkby Wharfe (YW)
22	South Kirkby (YW)
23	Kirkby (YW)
24	Kirby Grindalythe (YE)
25	Kirby Underdale (YE)
26	West Kirby (Ch)
27	Kirkby Hardwich (Nt)
28	Kirkby in Ashfield (Nt)
29	Kirkby Woodhouse (Nt)
30	Kirkby Forest (Nt)
31	Kirkby (L)
32	East Kirkby (L)
33	Kirkby on Bain (L)
34	Kirkby Green (L)
35	Kirkby Laythorpe (L)
36	Kirkby Underwood (L)
41 Kirby Hall (Nth)
37	Kirby Bellars (Lei)
38	Kirby Mallory (Lei)
39	Kirkby Bedon (Nf)
40	Kirby Cane (Nf)
42	Monks Kirby (Wa)
43	Kirby Fm (Wa)
44	Kiiby's Manor Fm (Hrt)
45	Kirby Hall (Ess)
46	Kirby le Soken (Ess)
47	Kirby Ho (Brk)
48	Horton Kirby (K)
Abbreviations and bibliography
As sources I have mostly used the county volumes from EPNS (III-LXIV/LXV). The relevant monographs are listed below.
Addison, William 1978: Understanding English Place-Names. London: B. T. Batsford.
ASC: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Bannister, A. T. 1916: The Place-Names of Herefordshire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bede 1990: Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. by D. H. Farmer and transl. by L. Shereley-Price. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Cameron, Kenneth 1961: English Place-Names. London: B. T. Batsford.
Ekwall, Eilert 1918: Scandinavians and Celts in the North-West of England. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup + leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz.
Ekwall, Eilert 1922: The Place-Names of Lancashire. Manchester.
Ekwall, Eilert 1928: English River-Names. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Ekwall, Eilert 1931: Studies on English Place- and Personal Names. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups Forlag.
Ekwall, Eilert 1960 : The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names, 4. edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
EPNS: English Place-Name Society
Fellows-Jensen, Gillian 1972: Scandinavian Settlement Names in Yorkshire. Copenhagen: I Kommission hos Akademisk forlag.
Fellows-Jensen, Gillian 1987: "The Vikings' Relationship with Christianity in the British Isles: the evidence of place-names containing the element kirkja". Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, vol. 10, 295-307.
Gelling, Margaret 1978: Signposts to the Past. Place-Names and the History of England. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.
Gelling, Margaret 1981: "The Word 'church' in English Place-Names". Bulletin of the CBA Churches Committee, Nov. 15, 5-9.
Gelling, Margaret 1984: Place-Names in the Landscape. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.
Godfrey, John 1974: "The Emergence of the Village Church in Anglo-Saxon England". British Archaeological Reports 6, 131-138.
Jackson, Kenneth 1953: Language and History in Early Britain. A Chronological Survey of the Brittonic Languages First to Twelfth Century A. D. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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Jones, Charles 1982: An Introduction to Middle English. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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ME: Middle English
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OE: Old English
ON: Old Norse
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map 3: Distribution of the place-names in 'kir(k)by'
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map 3: Distribution of the place-names in 'kir(k)by'
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map 3: Distribution of the place-names in 'kir(k)by'
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map 4: Distribution patterns of the place-names
in 'church', 'kirk' and 'kir(k)by' — southern limit of the Danelaw
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Povzetek
RAZPOREDITEV PRVIN CHURCH, KIRK IN KIR(K)BY V ANGLEŠKIH KRAJEVNIH IMENIH
Sestavek obravnava razporeditev prvin church, kirk in kir(k)by v angleških krajevnih imenih, kakor so slednja navedena v virih Angleškega društva za krajevna imena. Glavna ugotovitev je, da zemljepisna razporeditev naštetih prvin odseva zgodnjo poselitev Anglosasov in Skandinavcev na Britanskem otoku. Raziskano je tudi, kako naštete prvine tvorijo zloženke z drugimi jezikovnimi in pomenskimi prvinami.
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