COBISS: 1.01 MANAGEMENT MODELS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHOw CAVES AS TOURIST DESTINATIONS IN CROATIA MODELI UPRAVLJANJA IN RAZVOJA TURISTIčNIH JAM KOT TURISTIčNIH CILJEV NA HRVAŠKEM Neven BOčIć1, Aleksandar LUKIć1 & Vuk Tvrtko OPAčIć1 Abstract UDC 551.44:338.48 (497.5) 65.012.43 (497.5):551.44 Neven Bočić, Aleksandar Lukić & Vuk Tvrtko Opačić: Management Models and Development of Show Caves as Tourist Destinations in Croatia Touristic valorisation of caves has long tradition in Croatia. Research has been conducted in order to: identify show caves in Croatia (13), make an overview of their basic geomorpho-logic characteristics and study their role as tourist destinations. Based on Nature Protection Law and current experiences, four diferent management models have been identifed. Management models have been recognized as an important factor for touristic valorisation of show caves. Tese elements as well as linkages of show caves with local economy have been examined in more details in case studies. Paper concludes with overview on current tourist development of show caves in Croatia and proposes some future actions in that respect. keywords: show cave, management model, tourist destination, local economy, sustainable development, Croatia. Izvleček UDK 551.44:338.48 (497.5) 65.012.43 (497.5):551.44 Neven Bočić, Aleksandar Lukić & Vuk Tvrtko Opačić: Modeli upravljanja in razvoja turističnih jam kot turističnih ciljev na Hrvaškem Turistično vrednotenje jam ima na Hrvaškem že dolgo tradicijo. Raziskava je želela sledeče: identifcirati turistične jame na Hrvaškem (13), napraviti pregled njihovih geomorfoloških značilnosti in preučiti vlogo jam kot turističnih ciljev. Temelječ na Zakonu o varstvu narave in na izkušnjah so bili ugotovljeni štirje modeli upravljanja. Ti so bili spoznani za pomembne dejavnike pri turistični oceni turističnih jam. Tako te sestavine kot tudi povezava turističnih jam s krajevnim gospodarstvom so bili podrobno preučeni v tem prispevku. članek sklene pregled tekočega turističnega razvoja jam na Hrvaškem in predlaga na tej osnovi nekaj bodočih ukrepov. ključne besede: turistična jama, model upravljanja, turistični cilj, krajevno gospodarstvo, trajnostni razvoj, Hrvaška. INTRODUCTION Speleological features as special natural phenomena in karst make the components of tourist attraction basis (Kušen, 2002). Te caves having geomorphologic, geo-logical, biological, archaeological, paleontological, land-scape and/or other signifcances, can be touristically valorised. People visit caves out of aesthetic-emotional, recreational, educative and sometimes medical reasons. Speleological phenomena can be touristically valorised in several fundamental ways. Classical tourist cave ar-rangement is the most ofen. It implies accommodation of a cave and its surroundings to a visitor, who has no experience in walking in the country and by caves (Cigna & Buri, 2000). Tradition of tourist cave valorisation is long in Croatia (Božić, 1984). Gospodska špilja near 1 Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: nbocic@geog.pmf.hr ; alukic@geog.pmf.hr ; vtopacic@geog.pmf.hr Received/Prejeto: 15.09.2006 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/2, 13–21, LJUBLJANA 2006 NEVEN BOčIć, ALEKSANDAR LUKIć & VUK TVRTKO OPAčIć the source of the river Cetina can be considered the frst touristically arranged cave. It was arranged for organised visits as early as 1855. Te longest tradition belongs to the Modra špilja on the island of Biševo (visited since 1884) and the Gornja Baraćeva cave near Rakovica, frst ar-ranged in 1892, and reopened in 2003. Te research pur-pose is to state, on the basis of standard criteria, which speleological features in Croatia are included in the cat- egory of tourist caves, how and to what extent are they touristically valorised and what possible role they play in the local economy of the surrounding area consider-ing sustainable development. Božičević (1961), Pepeonik (1982) and Božić (1999) published works about tourism valorisation of caves in Croatia, but without analysing the problematics of management of show caves. METHODS Te frst task was to defne the notion of a tourist cave on the basis of previous domestic and foreign experiences and to single out such phenomena in Croatia (Cigna & Buri, 2000; Božić, 1999). Dealing with the defned tourist caves we had to collect the data about: their location, to-tal length, length of the touristically arranged path, year of the frst opening, number of visits, way of management and protection category On the basis of the col-lected data, especially about the management of a show caves, four case studies have been worked out. Besides the basic comparison of geomorphologic and other fea-tures, the greatest part of the research was done in the feld. By a questionnary survey of the show cave management there were determined initiatives and beginnings of the caves introduction into the tourist ofer, modern way of tourism valorisation (number and structure of visitors, incomes, seasonality, etc), the caves role in the tourist ofer of the destination, connection with the local area, ways of protection and orientation towards sustainable development. LEGAL CONTEXT OF CAVE MANAGEMENT IN CROATIA Nature protection in Croatia depends largely on laws and regulations, which are passed not only to preserve natural resources from exploitation, but also to protect the endangered species. Croatian laws on nature protection have a long tradition. First laws of that kind were Bird Protection Act (1893), Hunting Act (1893) and Cave Protection Act (1900) (Opačić, 2001, Opačić et al., 2004). Te basic legal document for nature protection nowadays is Nature Protection Act from 2003. From the aspect of property and government, and thereby from that of protection and management in spe-leological phenomena, this law has introduced several essential innovations. Te frst one is “speleological phenomena are owned by the Republic of Croatia“ (par 47, NN 70/2005). In that way all speleological phenomena in Croatia come within the competence of the Nature Protection Law. Some speleological phenomena can be additionally protected by the natural monument status or be located within some other protected areas (e. g. Natu-ral Park, National Park...). Te other innovation relates to possible ways of management in tourist speleologi-cal phenomena. Te Law defnes two basic management models: 1) through a public institution, and 2) through concession or concession approval. If a speleological phenomenon is located in the protected area managed by a public institution (Natural Park and National Park), the same institution manages it, too. If a speleological phenomenon is located out of a Natural Park or National Park, it is managed by a county public institution for managing the protected areas. Regardless of the phenom-enon’s location (whether it is situated in or out of a Natu-ral Park or National Park), a concession or its approval is possible. Tis Law has put aside a long-standing practice that local tourist societies can manage speleological phe-nomena. Nevertheless, as the Law is relatively new, we still come upon the mentioned practice. 14 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/2 – 2006 MANAGEMENT MODELS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHOw CAVES AS TOURIST DESTINATIONS IN CROATIA EXAMPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF SOME SHOw CAVES IN CROATIA On the basis of the defned criteria (arranged and secured arrangement, way of valorisation, inclusion into tourist path, lighting, guides, arranged approach and the man- destinations, protection and linkages with the local econ- agement body controlling the caves work) thirteen show omy primarily depended on the management form caves in Croatia have been determined. It was found that Name of the cave Location Length of the cave Length of the touristic path Year of the frst opening Models of the cave management Category of protection Vrlovka Kamanje, County of Karlovac 380 m 330 m 1928 Local authorities through local public institution Geomorphologic monument of nature since 1962. Veternica Medvednica, City of Zagreb 7118 m 380 m 1951 Management board of protected area (Park of nature Medvednica) Geomorphologic monument of nature since 1979., in area of Nature Park Medvednica since 1981. Donja Cerovačka Gračac, County of Zadar 2682 m 700 m 1976 Management board of protected area (Park of nature Velebit) Geomorphologic monument of nature since 1961., in area of Nature Park Velebit since 1981. Baredine Nova Vas, County of Istria 120 m 120 m 1994 Private enterpreneur through concession for cave on private (own) land Geomorphologic monument of nature since 1986. Gornja Baraćeva Rakovica, County of Karlovac 520 m 200 m 1892 Local authorities through local public institution - Špilja Vrelo Fužine, County of Primorje-Gorski kotar 310m 180 m 1965 Local authorities through local public institution - Lokvarka Lokve, County of Primorje-Gorski kotar 1 100 m 435 m 1935 Private enterpreneur through concession for cave on public land Geomorphologic monument of nature since 1961. Vranjača Dugopolje, County of Split-Dalmatia 180 m 160 m 1929 Private enterpreneur through concession for cave on private (own) land Geomorphologic monument of nature since 1963. Manita peć Starigrad-Paklenica, County of Zadar 175 m 200 m 1935 Management board of protected area (National park Paklenica) In area of National Park Paklenica since 1949. Samograd Perušić, County of Lika-Senj 220 m 220 m 1903 Local authorities through local public institution Geomorphologic monument of nature since 1964. Grgosova Samobor, City of Zagreb 60 m 20 m 1974 Private enterpreneur through concession for cave on private (own) land Geomorphologic monument of nature since 1974. Modra špilja Biševo, County of Split-Dalmatia 36 m 36 m 1884 Local authorities through local public institution Geomorphologic monument of nature since 1951. Biserujka Krk, County of Primorje-Gorski kotar 110 m 65 m 1967 Local authorities through local public institution - tab.1: main features of show caves in Croatia ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/2 – 2006 15 NEVEN BOčIć, ALEKSANDAR LUKIć & VUK TVRTKO OPAčIć 100 km • Locations ofshow caves • 1 Locations ofshow caves elaborated in čase studies fig.1: distribution of show caves in Croatia and location of case-studies Four distinctive types of cave management have been identyfed: (cave is managed by): a) management board of protected area, b) private enterpreneur through concession for cave on public land, c) private enterpre-neur through concession for cave on private (own) land, d) local authorities through local public institution. Be-cause of diferences among the analysed parameters, es-pecially dealing with the way of management, there were elaborated case studies for the following show caves: the cave Veternica on Medvednica near Zagreb, Lokvarka near Lokve in Gorski Kotar, Baraćeve caves near Rakovi-ca and the pit Baredina near Poreč. example 1. veternica cave – operated by management board of protected area Te cave Veternica, situated on the south-west-ern part of Medvednica is 7,100 m long. In 1951, it was opened for tourists in the length of 380 m. Malinar (1984) wrote about beginnings of tourism valorisation of Veternica cave. Since, as a geomorphological monu-ment of nature, it is situated in the protected area, the Public Institution Nature Park Medvednica is respon-sible for its management. As this is a protected area, the basic purpose of its management is its protection, then tourist, i. e. educative visits, in the course of which the sustainable development postulates are especially taken into account. Terefore, the cave Veter-nica should not be considered as a part of the Zagreb city tourist destination, but as a tourist locality in the Nature Park Med-vednica, where the sojourn tourism is still in the background. Te majority of visi-tors are organised groups of pupils, fami-lies, mountaineers - in one-word hikers, primarily from Zagreb, who visit the cave from the beginning of April to the begin-ning of November. Maximal number of visits is registered during spring (April, May, the beginning of June) and autumn months (the end of September, October), which corresponds with the school year, as well as with the weather conditions favourable for excursions. Although the number of visits is relatively small (2,500-3,000 in recent years), the Parks manage-ment board thinks that in the future caves management more care should be taken about its protection than about eventual tourist visits enlargement. Te share of the Veternica cave in the total indepen-dently realised proft of the Nature Park Medvednica decreased from 22% in 2002 to 12% in 2005. example 2. baraćeve caves - run by local authorities through local public institution Baraćeve Caves (Gornja and Donja - Upper and Lower) are situated near the village Nova Kršlja in the municipality of Rakovica. Baraćeve Caves were among the frst touristically arranged caves in the continental part of Croatia. Garašić (1989) wrote abot touristic potential of surrounding of Baraćeve Caves. Tey were opened for tourists in 1892, but did not fll that function for a long period. Owing to the eforts of the Rakovica municipality the Gornja Baraćeva cave was arranged in 2003 and opened in 2004. It is 520 m long, and the length of its tourist path fgures out at about 200 m. Te main attraction of the cave is a variety of dripstone forms, ar-chaeological and palaeontological remains, as well as an interesting ambience in front of the caves entrance. Be-sides the illuminated path in the cave, the surroundings were arranged too (promenade and excursion centre by the karst source Baraćevac). An instructive path about karst is in preparation. In 2004, the Gornja Baraćeva cave was visited by 4,800 visitors. Although it is a matter of increase, this is still a too small number of visitors for such a natural tourist attraction, which lies against the nearby Plitvice Lakes. Owing to its favourable position, the Baraćeva cave relies on foreign guests in high tour- 16 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/2 – 2006 MANAGEMENT MODELS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHOw CAVES AS TOURIST DESTINATIONS IN CROATIA ist season, and on domestic ones (mostly groups) in the of-season period. Te cave is managed by the local gov-ernment (municipality of Rakovica) through the Public Institution for Managing Protected Natural Values throughout the area of the municipality of Rakovica. example 3. Lokvarka cave - managed by private enter-preneur through concession for cave on public land Te cave Lokvarka is located in Lokve, a settle-ment in Gorski Kotar near Delnice. It was discovered in 1911/1912, and in 1935, a part of it was electrifed and opened for visits. Te cave was arranged on several oc-casions (1961, 1973-74). Te Tourist Community Lokve ran the cave till the frst half of the 1990s, when the public institution Croatian Forestry overtook the management for a short time, and by the mid-1990 it was overtaken by a private concessionaire. Te concession was approved for three years, and then it had to be prolonged every year. In 2005, the number of sold tickets amounted to some 7,000, although the number of visits was somewhat larg-er (free entrances for associations, etc). In that time, the cave was permanently opened from 1 May to 1 October, and the visits accompanied by guide services were fxed from 10 to 19 oclock In the remaining months the cave could be visited having made a preliminary announce-ment. Group visits of the Croatian pupils dominated in the visitor structure. As to the other group visits, we must single out foreign guests (especially the German), who visited the cave in the course of one-day trips to Gorski Kotar organised by the travel agency, which managed the cave. Between 20 June and 1 September (during school holidays), individual guests from the country and abroad dominated. During his management, the concessionaire did only the necessary infrastructure maintaining (stair-case handholds, painting, electric power, and similar), because he had no fnances for greater interventions, e. g. a complete replacement of three steep staircases. Te aggravating circumstance in the cave management was the risk of long-term investments in such a short-term concession (1 year). Since the spring of 2006, the cave has been managed by the Tourist Community Lokve. Con-siderations about further tourist valorisation and management in the framework of the local government are in progress. example 4. baredine pit - managed by private enter-preneur through concession for cave on private (own) land Te pit Baredine is the youngest, but also, by the number of visitors, touristically the most important spe-leological feature in Croatia. It is also the frst touristically arranged pit in the Croatian part of Istria (Dečak, 1994). Te Baredine was discovered in the nineteen seventies on a private estate in the village of Nova Vas. Te activities of the pits protection and tourist valorisation was initiated by the estates owner, who was also a caver. He did it by his own fnances. Till the mid1990-s a confned number of visitors was allowed to visit the pit through speleoad-venture. In 1995, the Baredine was opened for tourist visits (arranged electric lighting and staircase). Between 7,000 and 8,000 tourists visited the pit that year. Te number of guests in 2004 and 2005 amounted to about 50,000. From 1 April till 31 October the pit is opened for visitors every day and during the remaining fve months only for announced groups. 8 people are permanently employed there, and some additional guides only period-ically. As to the visitor structure, individual guests domi-nate (especially in the summer months at the peak of the tourist season), and the share of foreign visitors is also very signifcant, especially that of the German, Danish, Dutch, Russian, Italian… Individual visits, mostly out of the summer season, supplement school and expert ex-cursions from Croatia and abroad (Italy, Germany, Bel-gium, Denmark…). Besides by the speleological feature itself, the visitors are also motivated by the speleothems and Proteus anguinus placed in a natural recess flled with water. Te basic function of this pit is tourist, which is also visible from the arrangement of the accompanying attractions (catering establishment, “agro-museum” in the open air, souvenirs sale, sale of original food-stuf, fruit and vegetables, picnic place, exhibition space...). Some 20 families take part periodically in the mentioned accompanying tourist ofer. Te owner plans to widen the tourist ofer and to create a complex tourist product, for which there are corresponding space-planning regu-lations MODELS OF MANAGEMENT IN SHOw CAVES IN CROATIA In view of the analysed examples and actual legal basis we are dealing with four diferent models of management tourist caves in Croatia (Fig. 2). ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/2 – 2006 17 NEVEN BOčIć, ALEKSANDAR LUKIć & VUK TVRTKO OPAčIć fig.2: management models of show caves in Croatia a) management board of a protected area Te largest part of the area within the protected re-gions in Croatia relates to two categories. Tey are natu-ral parks and national parks, which together account for 90 per cent of all protected Croatian regions. Nature Protection Law says that public institutions manage these two categories. Tree show caves belong to this type of management, so they are in the competence of public institutions (Veternica in the Natural Park Medvednica, Cerovac Caves in the Natural Park Velebit, Manita Peć in the National Park Paklenica).1 According to the Nature Protection Law, “public institutions...attend to the busi- 18 1 Te Law enables a concession assignment for a speleological phenomenon within National and Natural Parks too. Although there are no such cases in Croatia at the moment, it is interest-ing to single out the example of the Cerovac Caves. Tey are located in the Natural Park Velebit, and until recently have been managed by a private concessionaire. Unsatisfed with the management, the public institution of the Natural Park Velebit has overtaken it. ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/2 – 2006 ness of protection, maintenance and promotion of the protected area in order to protect and preserve authen-ticity of nature, to ensure an undisturbed development of natural processes and sustainable use of natural goods, and to supervise the execution of conditions and mea-sures of nature protection in the area of their management” (NN 70/2005). National Park and Natural Park are managed on the basis of a special spatial plan introduced by the Croatian National Parliament, the plan of manag-ing a protected area and regulations about the internal order. Tese determinants have really defned the way of evaluation of speleological phenomena in the protected regions. Te most important is “preservation of signif-cant and characteristic features of a landscape and main-tenance of biological, geological and cultural values, which defne its signifcance and aesthetic experience” (NN 70/2005). Terefore, tourist signifcance of speleo-logical objects in this management type is subordinate to their protection. Moreover, National and Natural Parks become distinctive as peculiar tourist destinations MANAGEMENT MODELS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHOw CAVES AS TOURIST DESTINATIONS IN CROATIA (branding and marketing at the park level), while partic-ular localities in them, e.g. caves and pits, make a part of their attraction ofer and have not yet developed into sep-arate tourist destinations. Public institutions make proft out of several diferent sources: budget, gate receipts in National Parks and speleological phenomena and other own profts. Terefore, dependence on the profts from the “cave” is signifcantly smaller than under private forms of management. b) local authorities through a local public institution out of a protected area Units of local authorities and self-government (municipalities and towns) on whose territory there is a speleological phenomenon, can manage the phenom-enon by giving a concession to a private entrepreneur or, more ofen, to run it through a local tourist community or through for that purpose established public institution (Baraćeve špilje, Biserujka, Lokvarka 2, Samograd, Vrelo, Vrlovka). Consequently, respecting the Croatian Nature Pro-tection Law, a special stress has been laid upon economic exploitation of a speleological phenomenon. Local au-thority unit realises earnings, therefore it is interested in transformation of a touristically evaluated cave or pit into a peculiar separate destination. Te advantage of this management model is in the fact that the management and marketing are being done from the same centre, which can contribute to a more powerful and more durable defnition of the cave as an important segment of local tourist ofer – and which is not always the case in relation between a private concessionaire and local com-munity. c) private entrepreneur (through concession) of a cave on public land According to the Law a concessionaire can manage a speleological phenomenon. “Concession enables the privilege of economic exploitation of natural resources or that of performing activities of interest to the Republic of Croatia, as well as the privilege for construction and use of facilities necessary for doing those activities in protected areas and speleological phenomena where it is permitted according to this Law (NN 70/2005). Although this way of management was used in Croatia afer trans-fer to market economy (Lokvarka and Cerovac Caves), there is only one speleological phenomenon arranged for tourist visits (submarine Modra Cave on the island of Biševo), where concession has been given to the tour-ist agencies, which organise visits by vessels. In this case the primary motivation of the concessionaire is fnancial beneft, while big investments, especially dealing with a contract of short duration, are not proftable. Terefore a concession contract, as well as management supervision, is a necessary measure of protection. According to the available data, a short duration of concessions deepens the gap between fnancial interests of a concessionaire on the one hand and necessity for a long sustainable evalu-ation of a cave for tourist purposes on the other. Such situation has resulted in mutual discontents and breaks of cooperation. From the aspect of destination, certain disadvantages of this model can be noticed: the management is in the hands of a concessionaire, and the local authorities take care about development of the destination. Consequently, the relations between the interested parties directly infuence tourism valorisation of a spe-leological phenomenon. d) private owners of the cave through concession and on his own land Te law says: “Te owner or privilege holder of the land where there is a speleological phenomenon has priority in getting concession or compensation for limitations imposed because of using the speleological phenomenon proportionally to the reduced proft.” we consider this Law paragraph the key one in this management model analysis, because it enables continuity in managing, which is the prerequisite of a long sustainable use of the speleological phenomenon. Tis management form, just as the former one, appeared in Croatia afer the transfer to the market economy Tree caves in Croatia (Baredine, Grgosova Cave and Vranjača) are managed on the basis of this model. Te land owner, also the concessionaire, is interested in transformation of the speleological phenomenon into an independent tourist destination, the notion of which includes a more complex ofer (from accommodation and catering services to accompanying elements such as souvenirs, collections, galleries...). It brings diversifcation of the concessionaire s product, but also the spill-over of economic efects to the local com-munity Te branding process of the total destination product has also been singled out, but under the name of speleological phenomenon. If this is realised, a show cave or pit becomes an important tourist ofer of the region. 2 According to this model, today you can count and Lokvarka cave, although, not so long it was managed through concession on public land (model c). As of such kind it was treated in this work. ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/2 – 2006 19 NEVEN BOčIć, ALEKSANDAR LUKIć & VUK TVRTKO OPAčIć CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the collected data about show caves in Croatia, as well as on the more analysed case studies, it is possible to draw the following conclusions: • Although there are 13 speleological features ar-ranged for tourist visits in Croatia, we consider that, re-garding attractiveness, trafc accessibility and possibility of an average tourist s visit, there are some more potential caves for tourist valorisation (for example Gvozdenica cave). • Four distinctive management models have been identifyed: a) management board of protected area, b) private enterpreneur through concession for cave on pub-lic land, c) private enterpreneur through concession for cave on private (own) land, d) local authorities through local public institution.Tey have been recognized as an important factor for tourism valorisation of show caves. • It has been recognised that the model of management by concession on public land under the exist-ing circumstances has turned out as inadequate, so it is disappearing. • Although the majority of the show caves in Croatia are protected by a category of a geomorphological monument of nature, their tourism valorisation primar-ily depends on the way of management. Namely, if a public institution runs a cave (e. g., Nature Park or National Park), the protection component is more prominent, which is understandable regarding the basic function of the institution, as well as the fact that the proft from the cave does not make the basic element of the public institution proft structure. On the other hand, if a private concessionaire manages a show cave, the business orien-tation towards tourism is more marked. Consequently, in these cases the connection with local economy is more prominent, just as the signifcance of the phenomenon within the tourist destinations. • Having compared our situation with the experi-ences abroad (Forti & Cigna, 1989; Ramšak, 2004; Cabe-zas, 2004; Bartholeyns, 2004), but also on the basis of the specifc data about the number of visits, inclusion into the tourist product of destinations and way of valorisation (almost exclusively only a visit), we consider that the majority of the show caves in Croatia are still insuf-fciently explored. Actual legal basis, which is the foundation of the cave management in Croatia, is relatively new. Terefore, the presented management models could not completely become a reality Teir continuous observation and eval-uation intrudes as an essential factor of the sustainable development of the Croatian karst area. ACKNOwLEDGEMENTS we thank those who helped us unselfshly in our research: Park Medvednica), Franjo Franjković, Tihana Rakić (Ra-Silvio Legović (Jama Baredine), Silvija Barbarić (Tourist kovica Municipality) and Mr. Gašparac from Lokve. Community Lokve), Snježana Malić - Limari (Nature 20 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/2 – 2006 MANAGEMENT MODELS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SHOw CAVES AS TOURIST DESTINATIONS IN CROATIA REFERENCES Bartholeyns, J.-P., 2004: Sustainable Development of Show Caves and Protection of a Common Heritage. IV I.S.C.A. International Congress, Postojna, Slove-nia 2002, 195-200, Postojna Božić, V. , 1984: Počeci speleološkog turizma u Hrvatskoj. Zbornik predavanja 9. jugoslavenskog speleološkog kongresa, Karlovac 1984, Speleološko društvo Hrvatske, 829-836, Zagreb Božić, V. , 1999: Speleološki turizam u Hrvatskoj-vodič po uređenim i pristupačnim špiljama i jamama. 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International Congress, Postojna, Slovenia 2002, 49-54, Postojna ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/2 – 2006 21