Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): II7-H9, 2006 Tr`a{ki zaliv – mednarodno morsko obmo~je IBA / SPA? The Gulf of Trieste – an international marine IBA / SPA site? Pri dosedanji mre`i obmo~ij IBA, ki jo je vzpostavila organizacija BirdLife International in je v Evropi tudi podlaga za dolo~anje obmo~ij SPA v okviru omre`ja Natura 2000 (Heath & Evans 2000), se je pokazalo nekaj pomanjkljivosti, ki ka`ejo na nezadostnost pri uspe{nem varstvu nekaterih vrst ptic. Mednje sodijo morske ptice, saj pravega morskega obmo~ja IBA ni med obmo~ji, ki jih je defniral BirdLife International. S strani organizacije je bila speljana pobuda, imenovana Globalni program za morske ptice (Global Seabird Programme), ki naj bi zapolnila to vrzel. Naloga programa naj bi bila identifkacija morskih obmo~ij IBA, pri ~emer so bili oblikovani {tirje glavni tipi le-teh (Carboneras & Requena 2006): (1) morske raz{iritve obstoje~ih IBA-jev z gnezditvenimi kolonijami morskih ptic (prehranjevali{~a v radiu 5, 15 ali 40 km); (2) obalne negnezde~e koncentracije ptic (gre zlasti za agregacije nekaterih kopenskih vrst na morju, denimo slapnikov Gavia sp., ponirkov Podiceps sp., rac Anatidae ipd.); (3) selitvena ozka grla (predvsem morske o`ine, kjer se selijo ogro`ene in potencialno ogro`ene morske ptice); (4) prehranjevali{~a zunaj dosega gnezde~ih kolonij (gre predvsem za obmo~ja, bogata s hrano, kjer prihaja do ve~jih agregacij morskih ptic). V Sredozemlju, ki obsega tudi manj{i ko{~ek slovenske obale, je bil sprejet splo{ni pristop k varstvu te razmeroma ob~utljive in dokaj obremenjene morske regije. Za 15 ogro`enih morskih ptic je bil v II. dodatku Barcelonske konvencije izdelan akcijski na~rt (UNEP MAP RAC/SPA 2003). V Sloveniji in na slovenskem morju naj bi se po doslej znanih in zbranih podatkih pojavljalo kar 14 vrst s tega seznama, med njimi na Obali, vsaj v zadnjem ~asu, sedem vrst razmeroma redno (Vrezec 2006): sredozemski viharnik Puffnus yelkouan, vranjek Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii, pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus, ribji orel Pandion haliaetus, bengalska ~igra Sterna bengalensis, kri~ava ~igra Sterna sandvicensis in mala ~igra Sternula albifrons. Narejena je bila analiza populacijskih ocen vrst glede dele`a sredozemske oziroma svetovne populacije teh ptic, ki se v slovenskem morju relativno redno zadr`ujejo bodisi na gnezditvi, poleti na prehranjevali{~ih ali pozimi na prezimovali{~ih (podatki primerjani z ocenami po Burfield & van Bommel 2004). Ob tem sta se z visokim dele`em (>1%) svetovne populacije izkazali dve vrsti, in sicer sredozemski viharnik (do 1.5%) in vranjek (do 11.4%), pri slednjem gre za endemi~no sredozemsko podvrsto Ph. a. desmarestii, ki ima edina status naravovarstveno pomembnega taksona (Vrezec 2006). Pri obeh vrstah pa gre za prete`no poletne agregacije ptic na prehranjevali{~ih v razmeroma plitvem in s hrano bogatem morju Tr`a{kega zaliva, kamor sodi tudi slovensko morje. Sredozemski viharnik se na obmo~ju jeseni pojavlja v velikih jatah do 1000 osebkov, kar so najve~je agregacije vrste v Jadranskem morju (zbrano v Stip~evi} & Luka~ 2001). V poletno-jesenskem ~asu se na prehranjevali{~ih v Tr`a{kem zalivu zbere izredno velika populacija vranjekov, po ocenah 1500-2000 ptic (Benussi 2005), kar je verjetno dobra polovica vse jadranske populacije (Burfield & van Bommel 2004). Gledano v celoti, Tr`a{ki zaliv s svojim slovenskim in italijanskim delom II7 Uvodnik / Editorial izpolnjuje kriterije za ~etrti tip morskega obmo~ja IBA, saj je prehranjevali{~e pomembnega dele`a svetovne populacije sredozemskega viharnika in sredozemske podvrste vranjeka. Te`ava pri tem je, da je obmo~je razdeljeno med dve dr`avi, zato bi moral obstajati dogovor med obema stranema o obojestranski razglasitvi mednarodnega morskega obmo~ja IBA. ^eprav, kot ka`e, obmo~je izpolnjuje kriterije, pa je vendar naloga tako slovenskih kot italijanskih ornitologov, da pripravijo ustrezne strokovne podlage, varstvene smernice in hkrati s tem pobude za formalno razglasitev obmo~ja IBA, ki bi po kriterijih BirdLife International sodilo tudi na seznam obmo~ij SPA znotraj omre`ja Natura 2000. Tesno mednarodno sodelovanje je v tem primeru ve~ kot nujno in potrebno! The BirdLife International has developed a net of IBA areas, which is also fundamental for declaring SPA areas in Europe in the scope of the Natura 2000 network (Heath & Evans 2000). However, there are some gaps that do not allow all the needs for successful bird conservation to be fulflled. One is conservation of marine birds, as no real marine IBAs have been declared so far. Therefore, BirdLife International developed a Global Seabird Programme for resolving the problem. The main task of the programme is to identify marine IBA areas, where three distinct types are considered (Carboneras & Requena 2006): (1) Seaward extensions of marine bird breeding colonies in the existing IBAs (foraging areas in radii of 5, 15 or 40 km); (2) Coastal concentrations of non-breeding birds (aggregations of some waterbirds at sea, e.g. divers Gavia sp., grebes Podiceps sp., ducks Anatidae etc.); (3) Migration bottlenecks of threatened and potentially threatened marine birds; (4) Non-contiguous foraging areas (areas rich with food far from breeding colonies, where larger focks of marine birds aggregate). In the Mediterranean, including the Slovenian coast and sea, a general consensus has been accepted for conservation of this relatively sensitive and heavily infuenced sea region. According to Appendix II of the Barcelona Convention, an action plan was prepared for 15 threatened marine bird species (UNEP MAP RAC/SPA 2003). 14 species from this list have been recorded in Slovenia. Among them, seven species have been regularly frequenting the coast in recent years (Vrezec 2006): Mediterranean Shearwater Puffnus yelkouan, European Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii, Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Osprey Pandion haliaetus, Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis, Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis, and Little Tern Sternula albifrons. An analysis of population size estimates was conducted in terms of the proportion of birds of the respective global populations breeding, wintering or foraging relatively regularly in the Gulf of Trieste, including the Slovenian sea (compared to Burfield & van Bommel 2004). Those whose proportion of their global population was high (>1%) were the Mediterranean Shearwater (up to 1.5%) and Shag (up to 11.4%; Vrezec 2006). In the latter species, only the endemic Mediterranean subspecies Ph. a. desmarestii was taken into consideration, as it is the only taxa of the species of conservation importance. Both Mediterranean Shearwater and Shag exhibited dense summer aggregations in foraging 118 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 1-3, 2006 areas of the relatively shallow and rich Gulf of Trieste. The Mediterranean Shearwater is especially abundant in the autumn, when large focks of up to 1,000 individuals forage in the area, which are the largest focks recorded in the Adriatic Sea (Stip~evi} & Luka~ 2001). A large aggregation of Shags also forages in the area in the summer-autumn time with an estimated population of 1,500-2,000 birds (Benussi 2005), which is probably nearly a half the entire breeding population in the Adriatic Sea (Burfield & van Bommel 2004). Given these data, the Italian and Slovenian parts of the Gulf of Trieste area, together fulfl the criteria for the fourth marine IBA type as a foraging area for an important part of the global population of the Mediterranean Shearwater and Mediterranean subspecies of the European Shag. The major problem lies in the fact that two countries contribute to the area, while a common agreement in declaring an international marine IBA area needs to be made. Slovenian and Italian ornithologists should jointly prepare the requisite scientifc background issues, conservation guidelines and initiatives for a formal declaration of a new IBA area, which would according to BirdLife International criteria also be considered as an SPA site in the Natura 2000 network. Close international cooperation is therefore more than needed in this respect! Al Vrezec Literatura / References: Benussi, E. (2005): Marangone dal ciuffo Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus, 1761). pp. 117-118 In: Guzzon, C., Tout, P. & Utmar, P. (eds.): I censimenti degli uccelli acquatici severnanti nelle zone umide del Friuli Venezia Giulia, Anni 1997-2004. – Associazione Studi Ornitologici e Ricerche Ecologiche del Friuli-Venezia Giulia (A.S.T.O.R.E. - FVG), »Centro Stampa« di A. Candito & F. Spanghero Snc, Monfalcone. Burfield, I. & van Bommel, F. , eds. (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12 - BirdLife International, Cambridge. Carboneras, C. & Requena, S. (2006): Important bird areas at sea (marine IBAs) -where we are & next steps. pp. 22-24 In: Aransay, N. (ed.): Proceedings of the frst symposium on the mediterranean action plan for the conservation of marine and coastal birds. Vilanova i la Geltrú (Spain), 17-19 November 2005, RAC/SPA pub., UNEP - MAP - RAC/SPA, Tunis. Heath, M.F. & Evans, M.I., (eds.) (2000): Important Bird Areas in Europe: Priority sites for conservation. BirdLife Conservtion Series No. 8 - BirdLife International, Cambridge. Stip~evi}, M. & Luka~, G. (2001): Status of tubenose seabirds Procellariiformes breeding in the eastern Adriatic. - Acrocephalus 22 (104/105): 9-21. UNEP MAP RAC/SPA (2003): Action Plan for the Conservation of bird species listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas (SPAs), and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean. - RAC/SPA pub., UNEP - MAP - RAC/ SPA, Tunis. Vrezec, A. (2006): Marine and coastal birds of Slovenia: status, population size and conservation of Mediterranean action plan species. pp. 81-85 In: Aransay, N. (ed.): Proceedings of the frst symposium on the mediterranean action plan for the conservation of marine and coastal birds. Vilanova i la Geltrú, (Spain), 17-19 November 2005, RAC/SPA pub., UNEP - MAP - RAC/SPA, Tunis. II9 120 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): I2I-I22, 2006 In memoriam: Prof dr Jozsef Mikuska, 1942-2006 V spomin: Prof. dr. Jozsef Mikuska, 1942-2006 Po hudi bolezni je 26. avgusta 2006 preminil prof. dr. Jozsef Mikuska, ~lan uredni{kega odbora revije Acrocephalus. Rodil se je 28. aprila 1942 v Hajdukovu pri Subotici. Diplomiral je kot zoolog, nato magistriral, doktorat pa je zagovarjal leta 1980, in sicer na temo »ekolo{ke zna~ilnosti in za{~ita Kopa~kega rita«. Slu`boval je na fakulteti v Zagrebu (1965-1969), nato v okviru In{tituta »Ilija \uri~i}« in Lovno-gozdarskega gospodarstva »Jelen« (1969-1980), od leta 1981 do prerane smrti pa je slu`boval na Katedri za biologijo Pedago{ke fakultete Vseu~ili{~a v Osijeku, kot redni profesor, vodja katedre in dekan. Dr. Mikuska je `ivljenje posvetil naravi, bil je eden vodilnih hrva{kih ekologov in ornitologov, ki je svoje raziskovalno delo posvetil razli~nim skupinam vreten~arjev, predvsem pti~em. Njegova velika ljubezen so bila mo~virja in njihovi pernati prebivalci, od Luda{kega jezera, kjer je za~el svojo naravoslovno pot, pa do Kopa~kega rita, kjer je prebil ve~ino svojega `ivljenja. Naravo je raziskoval, od tod pa ni dale~ korak, da jo `eli{ tudi ohranjati. In dr. Mikuska je varstvu narave posve~al posebno pozornost. Med drugim je vedel, kak{en naravni zaklad je Kopa~ki rit, zato ni naklju~je, da je bil prav on tisti, ki je utemeljil javno ustanovo »Naravni park Kopa~ki rit« in bil njen ravnatelj. Kot pedago{ki delavec se je dr. Mikuska posve~al vzgoji mladih naravoslovcev. Mnogi njegovi u~enci so dosegli zavidljive uspehe na podro~ju raziskovanja narave in njenega varstva. Njegovo pedago{ko delo je bilo kronano s ~astnim doktoratom Vseu~ili{~a mad`arskega mesta Pecs. Opus objavljenih del dr. Mikuske je ob{iren, pisal je tako poljudne kot znanstvene prispevke in knjige. Objavil je ve~ kot 200 znanstvenih in strokovnih ~lankov s podro~ij ornitologije, teriologije, herpetologije, ihtiologije, entomologije in imunologije. Nekaj njegovih prispevkov je objavljenih tudi v reviji Acrocephalus. Dr. Mikuska je bil vpet v delovanje razli~nih stanovskih zdru`enj, kar potrjujejo tudi {tevilna odlikovanja, ki jih je prejel. Delo na ornitolo{kem in naravovarstvenem podro~ju ga je vodilo na razli~ne sestanke in konference. In tu smo se sre~evali z njim, po vse mogo~ih krajih na{e nekdanje skupne dr`ave, pa tudi v tujini. Sre~anje z njim je bilo vedno prijetno do`ivetje. Bil je pozoren sogovornik, ki je vedno jasno izra`al svoja stali{~a. Na uradnih sre~anjih vedno vljudno zadr`an, v o`ji dru`bi, ko ga je pre{inila iskriva domislica, pa so se mu zasvetile o~i in obraz spreletel {irok nasmeh. Zadnji~ smo bili skupaj pred dvema letoma v Ljubljani, ko je bil ~lan komisije pri zagovoru doktorata z ornitolo{ko tematiko. Premlevali smo stare ~ase, potarnali, kako je zdaj vse druga~e. Skromen kot vedno o sebi ni dosti govoril, rekel je le, da se ne po~uti najbolje. In Jo`ef je od{el od nas. Za vedno. Od{el je vsestranski naravoslovec, ornitolog in varuh narave, s katerim smo, kljub lo~itvi dr`av, ostali vedno skupaj. In ostal nam bo v blagem spominu. Janez Gregori 121 Prof. dr. Jozsef Mikuska, 1942-2006 V spomin / In memoriam Dela prof. dr. J. Mikuske, objavljena v Acrocephalusu: Schneider-Jacoby, M., Mikuska, T., Kova~i}, D., Mikuska, J., [etina, M. & Tadi}, Z. (2002): Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia. - Acrocephalus 22 (109): 191-206. Mikuska, A., Mikuska, J. & Mikuska, T. (2002): The frst breeding records of Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta for Croatia and Kopa~ki rit. - Acrocephalus 23 (113/114): 139-140. Mikuska, A., Mikuska, J. & Mikuska, T. (2002): Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus. - Acrocephalus 23 (115): 199. Mikuska, J., Ro`ac, V. & Mikuska, A. (2003): Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica. - Acrocephalus 24 (118): 115. Mikuska, J., Mikuska, T. & Mikuska, A. (2004): Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus. - Acrocephalus 25 (122): 164-165. Mikuska, J., Bogdanovi}, T., Mikuska, T., Mikuska, A. & [ali}, V. (2005): Size and distribution of breeding colonies of Grey Heron Ardea cinerea in lowland Croatia. - Acrocephalus 26 (124): 37-40. Adrian, T., Mikuska, J., Mikuska, A., Mikuska, T. & Romuli}, M. (2006): Wood Duck Aix sponsa. - Acrocephalus 27 (128/129): 105-106. Adrian, T., Mikuska, J. & Mikuska, A. (2006): Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus. - Acrocephalus 27 (130/131): 59. Mikuska, T., Romuli}, M., Mikuska, A. & Mikuska, J. (2006): The frst record of African Spoonbill Platalea alba in Croatia. - Acrocephalus 27 (130/131): 159. 122 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 123-129, 2006 The breeding of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus in Montenegro: a review Gnezdenje pritlikavega kormorana Phalacrocorax pygmeus v ^rni gori: pregled Darko Savelji} National Institute for the Protection of Nature of Montenegro, Trg vojvode Be}ir bega Osmanagi}a 16, ME-81000 Podgorica, Montenegro, e-mail: dasav@cg.yu There are currently three Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus breeding sites in Montenegro: Lake Skadar – the Pan~eva oka and Crni `ar reserves, Paratuk Island and Ada Bojana Island. In total, the number of breeding pairs of this species in Montenegro is roughly estimated at 2,200 to 2,500 pairs. It breeds in mixed colonies, together with Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Little Egret Egreta garzetta, Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia and Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus. The colonies are seriously disturbed by tourists and fshermen. Key words: Pygmy Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Montenegro Klju~ne besede: pritlikavi kormoran, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, ^rna gora 1. Introduction The Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus is the smallest of the three European cormorants. This species has a restricted geographical distribution from Italy to the western side of the Caspian Sea (Crivelli et al. 2000), but has occurred accidentally in Central Europe (Cramp & Simmons 1977). The world population of this species was estimated at 21,965 to 27,285 pairs in the 1990s (Crivelli et al. 2000), whereas the Mediterranean population has been estimated at less than 2,500 pairs (UNEP MAP RAC/SPA 2003). The Cormorant Research Group estimates that in 2005 between 22,715 and 24,353 pairs bred in all known colonies (Voskamp et al. 2005). In most of the countries where this species breeds, its population is stable or growing, thanks to implementation of the Action Plan for this species, in particular with regard to protection of habitats (Gallo-Orsi 2001). The largest breeding populations are in Azerbaijan (max. 12,000 pairs) (BirdLife International 2004) and Romania (between 4,000 and 8,000 pairs) (Schogolev et al. 2005). In Turkey, Ukraine, and Albania are the Pygmy Cormorant’s populations decreasing (BirdLife International 2004). As far as the Montenegro's neighbouring countries are concerned, Croatia has a maximum of 25 pairs (Radovi} et al. 2003), Serbia 360 to 500 pairs (Puzovi} et al. 1999 & 2004), Greece max. 1,310 pairs (Nazirides et al. 2005) and Albania 220 pairs in Velipoja (Voskamp et al. 2005). The wintering population in Europe numbers up to 63,000 individuals (BirdLife International 2004). The species used to be classifed as a globally near-threatened species (BirdLife International 2000), vulnerable in Europe, but was recently re-classifed as secure (BirdLife International 2004). It is listed in Appendix II of the Bern Convention, Annex I of the EU Wild Birds Directive, Appendix II of the Bonn Convention and in the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds Agreement (AEWA) developed under the Bonn Convention. For this species, the European Union prepared the Action Plan for its protection in 1994 (Crivelli et al. 1996). Literature data and new data are presented on this species in Montenegro, where it breeds in three areas: Lake Skadar, Paratuk Island and Ada Bojana Island. 123 D. Savelji}: The breeding of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus in Montenegro: a review 2. Study area and Methods 2.1. Study area The study area is shown on Figure 1. Lake Skadar is situated in the very SE part of Montenegro (190 30’ N, 420 30’ E). It is the largest lake on the Balkan Peninsula, with its water surface covering between 354 and 506 km2, subject to the season of the year and water level. It is 44 km long and 15 km wide. Its main water source is the Mora~a River, which provides more than 60% of the lake’s water. Through the Bojana River it is connected with the Adriatic Sea. Lake Skadar is situated in a crypto-depression with an average depth of 5-6 m. Two thirds of the lake area are situated in Montenegro and one third in Albania. The two major breeding localities of the birds on Lake Skadar are the Pan~eva oka (covering approx. 200 ha) and Crni `ar reserves. The Montenegrin part was declared a national park in 1983 and given IBA status in 1989 (Grimmett & Jones 1989). Since 1995, this part of the lake is also a Ramsar site. The Albanian part of the Lake has been protected since November 2005 (IUCN 2005). On Lake Skadar, 281 bird species have been recorded so far (Dhora & Savelji} 2001). During the IWC (International Waterbird Census) in 1999, more than 250,000 water birds were counted on the Lake (Vasi} et al. 2000), while in 2006 only 35,000 were counted (own data). The Paratuk Island on the Bojana River is 120 m long and approximately 10 m wide. It is located 8 km from the mouth of the Bojana River in the Adriatic Sea. The island belongs to Montenegro and is located approximately 100 m from the shore of the Bojana River. It is covered with vegetation, mostly with willows Salix sp., alders Alnus sp. and poplars Populus sp. Ada Bojana Island is the largest river island in Montenegro; from 1988, it has been connected with the mainland. It is triangular in shape, its surface covers 4.5 km2 and its beach is 3,400 m long. Tourist infrastructure occupies only a small part of this peninsula. The rest is covered by wetland forests of oaks Quercus sp., alders, ashes Fraxinus sp., willows and poplars. 2.2. Methods The new estimate of the number of Pygmy Cormorant in the Pan~eva oka and Crni `ar reserves was made during the 2002-2005 period, when the colony was visited several times in the breeding season by the ornithologists Ondrej Vizi and Nela Ve{ovi}, twice by Darko Savelji} (Vizi 2003) and once by Borut Rubini} (B. Rubini} pers.comm.). In the spring of 2002, a mixed colony on Pan~eva Oka was observed from a small aeroplane at an 124 altitude of some 300 m (Savelji} 2004). In 2002, this was also the breeding ground of around 2,000 pairs of Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and several hundred pairs of different heron species. Due to its inaccessibility and the fact that the colony is mixed, it was very diffcult to count the number of pairs of Pygmy Cormorant (Vizi 2003). Pan~eva oka has more than 50 small lakes edged by Common Reed Phragmites australis, Narrowleaf Cattail Typha angustifolia and Common Cattail T. latifolia and located on quicksand called “Kako bilo”. For this area only a rough estimate of breeding Pygmy Cormorant pairs is possible, based solely on the number of birds observed and on an incomplete census of the mixed colony. Ada Bojana Island and Paratuk Island were visited during 2002-2005, on average 4 times in each breeding season. Estimates of the number of pairs were made from the shore, using of binoculars. I made also literature review for the whole area of Montenegro. 3. Results 3.1. Literature review Firer (1894) was the frst to describe the breeding of Pygmy Cormorant in Montenegro, i.e. in the colony below the village of Omerbo`ovi}. Reiser & Firer (1896) observed the species breeding in the Bojana delta. On Lake [asko, Vasi} (1979a & b) found a noteworthy colony in 1969, while 9 years later he registered, in the same habitat, 100 birds sitting on their nests (Vizi 1986). In the Manastirska tapija ornithological reserve, the breeding of Pygmy Cormorants was registered as “most numerous” in the colony mixed with herons (Ivanovi} 1966). Later on, some 600 pairs were observed in the same area (Ivanovi} 1970). In the Bojana delta, the Pygmy Cormorant was at that time still registered as a breeding species, although without any accurate data (Vasi} 1979a & b). In the early 1980s, the breeding population on Lake Skadar was estimated at 1,000 to 2,000 pairs ([oti et al. 1981), although in another reference the Pygmy Cormorant was recorded as a rarity during the breeding season (Vizi 1986). For the needs of IBA designation, the colony on Lake Skadar was estimated at 2,000 pairs, on Lake [asko at 50 and on the Bojana River at max. 2,000 pairs (Grimmet & Jones 1989). Vizi estimated the colony at Crni `ar at 1,100 pairs (Vizi 1995). Total breeding population on Lake Skadar was estimated at more than 1,000 pairs (Hagemeijer 1996) and, eventually, at 2,000 pairs in 1997 (Reichholf 1997). Pygmy Cormorant was listed as a breeding species of the Montenegrin coast, although without mention of the breeding locality and Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): I23-H9, 2006 Table 1: The breeding of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmaeus in Montenegro Tabela 1: Podatki o gnezdenju pritlikavega kormorana Phalacrocorax pygmaeus v ^rni gori Site / Obmo~je Breeding grounds/ Gnezdi{~e No. of pairs/ [tevilo parov Year/ Leto Source / Vir Lake Skadar Manastirska tapija breeding / gnezdi 1966 Ivanovi} (1966) Manastirska tapija 72 1970 Ivanovi} (1970) Manastirska tapija 600 1970 Ivanovi} (1970) 2000 1977 Reichhof (1977) breeding / gnezdi 1981 Vizi (1981) 1000-2000 1981 [oti et al. (1981) low numbers breeding/ gnezdi, malo{tevilen 1986 Vizi (1986) 2000 1989 Grimmet & Jones (1989) 2000 1992 Vasi} et al. (1992) Crni @ar IIOO 1995 Vizi (1995) IOOO 1996 Hagemeijer (1996) 1100-1600 1977 Voskamp et al. (2005) breeding / gnezdi 2003 Vizi (2003) 2200-2500 2005 this work / to delo Lake [asko large colony recorded/ opa`ena velika kolonija 1969 Vasi} (1979a & b) breeding / gnezdi 1977 Vizi (1986) 50 1989 Grimmet & Jones (1989) Paratuk Island 170 2003 Schneider et al. in prep. 200 2005 this work / to delo Ada Bojana Island breeding / gnezdi 1894 Firer (1894) 125 2003 [tumberger et al. (2005) 35-50 2004 Schneider (2004) breeding / gnezdi 1979 Vasi} (1979a & b) breeding / gnezdi 1998 Vizi (1998) 50 2005 this work / to delo Bojana River delta max 2000 1989 Grimmet & Jones (1989) 365 2003 [tumberger et al. (2005) the number of pairs (Vizi 1998). In the area of the Bojana River delta, on the Montenegrin side, 365 breeding pairs were registered in 2003 ([tumberger et al. 2005). For the literature review see Table 1. 3.2. Recent status In Montenegro, the Pygmy Cormorant breeds in three areas: Lake Skadar, Paratuk Island on the Bojana River, and on the Ada Bojana Island. The census results are presented in Table 1. On Lake Skadar, it breeds in mixed colonies with Cormorant, Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides, Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Little Egret Egreta garzetta, Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax and Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus at two localities, Pan~eva oka and Crni `ar, some 3-4 km apart. Earlier on, it also bred in the Manastirska tapija reserve (Vizi 1997, Ivanovi} 1966 & 1970), but due to disturbance the colony was relocated to Crni `ar. The colony has more recently moved every three years on average from Pan~eva oka to Crni `ar, and vice versa. The most likely reasons are disturbance by tourists, 125 D. Savelji}: The breeding of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus in Montenegro: a review *- ÄL5 Montenegro Manastirska tapija Pančeva oka Crni žar Lake Skadar! Shkoder Lake Šasko —— Ada Bojana Island © 2007 Europa T&chnclogles Image © 20Q,7.TerraMGtrit;s Figure 1: The colonies' locations of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus in Montenegro Slika 1: Lokacije kolonij pritlikavega kormorana Phalacrocorax pygmeus v ^rni gori 126 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 123-129, 2006 reed burning during the winter months and disturbance by fshermen. Pygmy Cormorants are victims of the closeness of the colony of Dalmatian Pelicans, which are of special interest to tourists and others (Savelji} et al. 2004). On Paratuk Island, the Pygmy Cormorant breeds in a mixed colony with Cormorant, Squacco Heron, Grey Heron, Little Egret, Night Heron and Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia. The Paratuk colony was estimated at 200 pairs in 2005. From earlier observations, starting in 1999, the number of pairs rose from 170 to 220 pairs, which is a maximum for this island due to the lack of breeding space (Schneider et al. in prep.). On Ada Bojana Island, Pygmy Cormorant breeds in a mixed colony with Cormorant, Squacco Heron, Grey Heron, Little Egret, Night Heron and Spoonbill. The number of breeding pairs was estimated at 125 pairs in 2003 (Schneider et al. in prep) and at approx. 50 pairs in 2005. In total, the number of Pygmy Cormorant breeding pairs in Montenegro is estimated at 2,200 to 2,500 pairs, although we cannot exclude a greater observation error outside this range, due to the extreme inaccessibility of the species’ most important breeding grounds on Lake Skadar. 4. Discussion Literature data on the breeding of Pygmy Cormoran in Montenegro date from 1894 (Firer 1894). Since then, several colonies have been registered: at Manastirska tapija, Pan~eva oka and Crni `ar, on Lake [asko, on Ada Bojana Island and on Paratuk Island on the Bojana River. Pygmy Cormorants have often been subjected to serious disturbance on Lake Skadar, while the colonies on Paratuk Island and Ada Bojana Island have enjoyed complete peace, thanks to the strict protection by the Army. The colony on Lake [asko does not exist any more. Disturbance on Lake Skadar has been intense in the past (Vizi 1995). Consideration of Pygmy Cormorants as their competitors led to the fsh-processing factory on Lake Skadar – Rijeka Crnojevi}a – to set up, in 1970, a working group to destroy their nests at Manastirska tapija. In the ensuing year, the colony moved to Crni `ar (Vizi 1997). In the Pan~eva oka and Crni `ar reserves they are currently seriously disturbed, especially during the breeding period, by tourists and fshermen (Savelji} 2004). This is why it is necessary to implement zoning of the Lake, in order to stop people approaching the immediate vicinity of the colony, especially in the breeding period, when they are most vulnerable (Karen et al. 1996). This is the reason why the colony often changes its nest site, as registered at Mikri Prespa (Catsadorakis 1996). The quite signifcant population fuctuations noted on Lake Skadar have been also ascribed to human disturbance (Vasi} 1983). During the winter, 5,000-11,000 individuals were counted during the IWCs on Lake Skadar, which is 20% of the total Mediterranean / Black Sea population (Vasi} et al. 1992). Global problems facing the protection of Pygmy Cormorants are water drainage, tourism, water pollution, fshery, disturbance by hunters (Tucker & Evans 1997) and, in some countries, e.g. Albania, people hunt them for food (Radovi} et al. 2003, Vangeluwe et al. 1996). On Lake Skadar, the greatest problem is disturbance. On Paratuk Island and Ada Bojana Island, disturbance is not as serious, although there is a danger that, as soon as shipping on the Bojana River is established, these colonis will also be threatened to a considerable extent. 5. Povzetek V ^rni gori trenutno obstajajo tri obmo~ja gnezdenja pritlikavega kormorana Phalacrocorax pygmaeus: rezervata Pan~eva oka in Crni `ar na Skadarskem jezeru, otok Paratuk in otok Ada Bojana. Po grobih ocenah naj bi v ^rni gori gnezdilo med 2200 in 2500 parov. Kolonije vznemirjajo turisti in ribi~i. 6. References: BirdLife International (2000): Threatened birds of the world. - Lynx Editions & BirdLife International, Barcelona & Cambridge. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates and trends (BirdLife Conservation Series No.10). - BirdLife International, Cambridge. Catsadorakis, G., Malakou, M. & Crivelli, A.(1996): The effect of the 1989/1990 drought on colonial waterbirds breeding at lake Mikri Prespa, Greece, with special emphasis on pelicans. - Colonial Waterbirds 19 (Special Publication 1): 207-218. Cramp, S. & Simmons, K.E.L. (eds.) (1977): The birds of the western Palearctic, vol. 1. - Oxford University Press, Oxford. Crivelli, A., Nazirides, T. & Jerrentrup, H. (1996): Action plan for the Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) in Europe. - European Commision, Bruxelles. Crivelli, A., Nazirides, T., Casadorekis, G., Hulea, D., Malakou, M., Marinov, M. & Shogolev, I. (2000): Status and population development of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus breeding in the Paleartic. Monitoring and Conservation Birds, Mammals and Sea Turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. - Proceedings of the 5th Medmaravis Symposium, Gozo, Malta. Dhora, D. & Savelji}, D. (2001): Bibliography and check list on Shkodra/Skadar lake. Section VII – Ornithology - Birds. Promotion of networks and exchanges in the countries of the South Eastern Europe. - REC & SDC, Podgorica & Shkodra. 127 D. Savelji}: The breeding of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus in Montenegro: a review Firer, L. (1894): Jedna godina ornitolo{kog izu~avanja u Crnoj Gori. - Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini 7: 241-258. Gallo-Orsi, U. (2001): Saving Europe’s most threatened birds. Progress in implementing European Species Action Plans. - BirdLife International, Wageningen. Grimmett, R.F.A. & Jones, T.A. (1989): Important Bird Areas in Europe (IBA), ICBP Technical publication 9. - International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge. Hagemeijer, W. (1996): Wintering waterbirds in coastal wetlands of Albania. Management of Coastal Lagoons in Albania. - Proceedings of International Seminar held in Tirana, May 29-June 4, 1994. - European Union for Coastal Conservation (EU CC), pp. 21-36. Ivanovi}, B. (1966): Neka ornitolo{ka zapa`anja na Skadarskom jezeru. - Republi~ki zavod za za{titu prirode, Titograd. Ivanovi}, B. (1970): Neka ornitolo{ka zapa`anja na Skadarskom jezeru. - Larus 21-22: 137-160. IUCN (2005): The biggest lake in the Balkans becomes a transboundary protected area. - Albania and Montenegro Jointly Protect Lake, Skadar & Belgrade. IUCN Offce Belgrade. Karen, C. & Sydeman, W.J. (1996): A Review of Human Disturbance Effect on Nesting Colonial Waterbirds. - Waterbirds 22 (1): 68-79. Nazirides, T. , Koutseris, I. & Crivelli, A. (2005): Status of Pygmy Cormorant. The First Symposium on the Mediterranenean Actioon plan for the Conservation of Marine and Coastal Birds. Referat. - SEO BirdLife Spain, UNPE; RAC/SPA, Vilanova i la Geltru. Puzovi}, S., Gergelj, J. & Luka~, [. (1999): Kolonije ~aplji i kormorana u Srbiji 1998. - Ciconia 8: 111-114. Puzovi}, S., Simi}, D., Savelji}, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov, M., Stojni}, N., Hulo, i., Ham, i., Vizi, O., [}iban, M., Ru`i}, M., Vucanovi}, M. & Jovanovi}, T. (2004): Ptice Srbije i Crne Gore - veli~ine gnjezdili{nih populacija i trendovi: 1990-2002. - Ciconia 12: 36-120. Radovi}, D., Kralj, J., Tuti{, V. & ]ikovi}, D. (2003): Red Data Book of Birds of Croatia. - Ministarstvo za{tite okoli{a i prostornog ure|enja, Zagreb. Reichholf, J. (1977): Ornithologische Studien in Jugoslawen. - Mitteilungen der Zoologischen Gesellschaft Braunau 3 (1/2): 1-28. Reiser, O. & Firer, L. (1896): Ornis Balcanica, 4. Montenegro. - Carl Gerold's Sohn, Wien. Savelji}, D. (2004): Dosije za{ti}enog objekta prirode - Ada Bojana. - Republi~ki zavod za za{titu prirode Crne Gore, Podgorica. Savelji}, D., Rubini~, B., Schneider-Jacoby, M. & Vizi, O. (2004): Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake. - Acrocephalus 25 (122): 111-118. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2004) Basic ideas for the development of sustainable tourism on the Ada Island, Ulcinjsko Primorje, Montenegro. - Euronatur, Radolfzell. Schneider-Jacoby, M., Dhora, D., Sackl, P. , Schwarz, U., Savelji}, D. & [tumberger, B. (in prep.): Rapid assessment of the ecological value of the Bojana-Buna Delta (Albania/ Montenegro). - Euronatur, Radolfzell. Schogolev, I., Rudenko, A. & Crivelli, A.J. (2005): Status of pelicans and cormorants on the northern Black Sea. - Bird Conservation International 15: 63-71. [oti, J. & Vizi, O. (1981): Weight and measures of Pygmy Cormorant, Phalacorocorax pygmeus (Pallas), 1773 from Lake Skadar (Yugoslavia). - Glasnik Republi~kog zavoda za za{titu prirode - Prirodnja~kog muzeja 14: 65-70. [tumberger, B., Schneider-Jacoby, M., Schwarz, U., Sackl, P. , Dhora, D. & Savelji}, D.(2005): Ornithological value of the Bojana/Buna Delta. Universiteti i Shodres “Luigj Gurakuqi”: - Buletin Shkencor, Ser.Shk.Nat., 55: 136-158 Shkoder. Tucker, G.M. & Evans, M.L.(1997): Habitats for Birds in Europe: a conservation strategy for the wider environment. - BirdLife International. Conservation Series No.6. UNEP MAP RAC/SPA (2003): Action Plan for the Conservation of bird species listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas (SPAs) and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean. RAC/SPA, Tunis. Vangeluwe, D., Beudels, M.O. & Lamani, F. (1996): Conservation Status of Albanian Coastal Wetlands and their Colonial Waterbird Populations (Pelecaniformes and Ciconiiformes). - Colonial Waterbirds 19 (Special Publication 1): 81-90. Vasi}, V. (1979a): Sinekolo{ka skica ornitofaune Ulcinjskog primorja u periodu gnije`|enja. - Zbornik II kongresa ekologa Jugoslavije, Zadar, pp. 1681-1689. Vasi}, V. (1979b): Popis faune ptica podru~ja Ulcinja (Ju`na Crna Gora). - Biosistematika 5(1): 71-111. Vasi}, V. (1983): Me|unarodni zna~aj ornitofaune Skadarskog jezera. Skadarsko jezero. Radovi sa simpozijuma, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Titograd, pp. 327-344. Vasi}, V., Puzovi}, S. & Vizi, O. (1992): Capacites for Skadar lake in relation to European regional populations of waterbirds. – Glasnik Republi~kog zavoda za za{titu prirode Prirodnja~kog muzeja Podgorica 25: 53-62. Vasi}, V., Vizi, O., Savelji}, D. & \uri{i}, S (2000): Rezultati zimskog prebrojavanja ptica na Skadarskom jezeru. – Republi~ki zavod za za{titu prirode Podgorica, Podgorica. Vizi, O. (1981): Ornithology of Skadar Lake. p.p. 419-424 - The biota and limnology of Skadar Lake. - Univerzitet Veljko Vlahovic, Institut za medicinska istra`ivanja u SRCG, Biolo{ki zavod Titograd & Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C., USA. Vizi, O. (1984): Za{ti}ene `ivotinjske vrste u Crnoj Gori. - Glasnik Republi~kog zavoda za za{titu prirode - Prirodnja~kjog muzeja 17: 69-108. Vizi, O. (1986): Elaborat: Fauna ptica Crne Gore, Gaviiformes - Falconiformes. Republi~ki zavod za za{titu prirode Crne Gore, Titograd. Vizi, O. (1995): Crni `ar, nova kolonija mo~varnih ptica na Skadarskom jezeru. Nau~ni skup-Prirodne vrijednosti i za{tita Skadarskog jezera. - Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti. Podgorica. Vizi, O. (1997): Uticaj pove}anog uznemiravanja na neke ugro`ene vrste ptica na Skadarskom jezeru. Nau~ni skup »Prirodne vrijednosti i za{tita Skadarskog jezera«, pp. 321-330, CANU, Podgorica. 128 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 123-129, 2006 Vizi, O. (1998): Fauna Morskog dobra Crne Gore - spisak vrsta. In: Prostorini plan podru~ja posebne namjene za Morsko dobro. Flora i vegetacija, fauna i pejza`ne vrijednosti kopnenog dijela Morskog dobra. Bazna studija, Podgorica. Morsko dobro Crne Gore. Budva. Vizi, O. (2003): Ornitolo{ki do`ivljaji sa Skadarskog jezera - kako smo tra`ili pelikane a na{li kormorane. - Natura montenegrina 2: I-IX. Voskamp, P. , Volponi, S. & Va n Rijin, S.(2005): Global population development of the Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus. Overview of available data and proposal to set up a network of national specialist. - Cormorant Research Group Bulletin 6: 21-34. Arrived / Prispelo: 25.5.2006 Accepted / Sprejeto: 21.5.2007 129 I3° Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 131-137, 2006 Dinamika pojavljanja velikega {kurha Numenius arquata na zadr`evalniku Medvedce (SV Slovenija) med leti 2002 in 2005 Seasonal dynamics of the Curlew Numenius arquata occurring at Medvedce reservoir (NE Slovenia) during the 2002-2005 period Dejan Bordjan Ulica 8. februarja 50, SI-2204 Miklav`, Slovenija, e-mail: dejanonih@email.si Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata je bil na zadr`evalniku Medvedce (SV Slovenija) v letih 2002-2005 opa`en v 58 dekadah, kar je 38% vseh dekad v tem obdobju. Najve~ opazovanj je bilo leta 2004, ko je bil opa`en v 26 dekadah. Le dve opazovanji sta iz ~asa spomladanske selitve (leta 2003 in 2005). Veliki {kurh je veliko bolj {tevilen na poletno-jesenski selitvi, ki se za~ne med 20. in 30. junijem s klatenjem mladostnih osebkov. Na jesenski selitvi sta vidna dva vi{ka selitve. Prvi vi{ek jesenske selitve v letih 2002-2005 je bil zabele`en med 18.8. in 7.9., drugi pa med 27.10. in 16.11. Leta 2003 je bilo opa`eno najve~je {tevilo osebkov, v ~asu prvega vi{ka selitve 111 osebkov, ob drugem vi{ku jesenske selitve pa 71 osebkov. Oba podatka veljata za najve~je zabele`eno {tevilo velikih {kurhov v eni jati v Sloveniji. Veliki {kurhi so na zadr`evalniku Medvedce v letu 2003 le po~ivali in preno~evali, v drugih letih pa so se tudi prehranjevali. Na preno~i{~e so priletavali v manj{ih jatah, ki so praviloma {tele manj kot dvajset osebkov, in ki so se kasneje zdru`ile v ve~jo jato. V zimi 2003 / 2004 je bilo opazovano prvo prezimovanje velikega {kurha v celinski Sloveniji. Prezimovalo je osemnajst osebkov. Prezimujo~i osebki so bili opazovani med hranjenjem na intenzivno obdelovanih travnikih na ve~ lokalitetah na obmo~ju Dravskega polja. Decembra 2004 je bil zabele`en {e en zimski podatek. Klju~ne besede: zadr`evalnik Medvedce, Slovenija, veliki {kurh, Numenius arquata Key words: Medvedce reservoir, Slovenia, Curlew, Numenius arquata 1. Uvod Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata je ptica borealnega, zmernega in stepskega obmo~ja (Cramp 1998). V Evropi njegova populacija upada od leta 1970. Samo v obdobju od 1990 do 2000 je evropska populacija velikega {kurha upadla za ve~ kot deset odstotkov (BirdLife International 2004). V Sloveniji ima status zelo redkega gnezdilca (Geister 1995), selivke in zimskega gosta. Po Rde~em seznamu (Uradni list 2002) veliki {kurh spada v kategorijo E1 (mo~no ogro`ena vrsta). Edina redno zasedena prezimovali{~a pri nas so v obalnem delu Slovenije (Sovinc 1994), kar potrjujejo tudi vsakoletna mednarodna januarska zimska {tetja vodnih ptic ([tumberger 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001a, 2002 & 2005, Bo`i~ 2005). Medtem ko sta v Sloveniji prezimovanje in gnezditev relativno dobro poznana (Ota 1985, Polak 1993, Trontelj 1994, Geister 1995), pa se na obdobje selitve nana{ajo le posamezna opazovanja (Rubini} 1995, Bo`i~ 1998), ki so pogosto obravnavana v okviru {ir{e raziskave (Kmecl & Rižner 1993, Gregori & [ere 2005, Tome et al. 2005). V ~lanku predstavljam pojavljanje velikega {kurha na zadr`evalniku Medvedce med leti 2002-2005. 2. Opis obmo~ja in metoda 2.1. Opis obmo~ja Obravnavano obmo~je zajema jug Dravskega polja med naseljema Sestr`e in Trnovec v SV Sloveniji. 131 D. Bordjan: Dinamika pojavljanja velikega {kurha Numenius arquata na zadr`evalniku Medvedce (SV Slovenija) med leti 2002 in 2005 Razdelimo ga lahko na dva dela. Prvi je zadr`evalnik Medvedce, ki meri 155 ha. Sestavlja ga obse`na vodna povr{ina, ki pokriva med 65 in 89 ha (Ker~ek 2005), s sestoji rogoza Typha sp. in trsti~ja Phragmites australis ter zara{~ajo~ih se travi{~ in {a{ja. Drug del obmo~ja sestavljajo razli~ne kmetijske povr{ine. Ta del je v obdobju raziskave do`ivel veliko sprememb v obliki intenzifikacije pridelovanja. Najbolj vidna je bila sprememba travnikov v njive. V zimi 2003 / 2004 smo obravnavano obmo~je raz{irili za potrebe raziskave na kmetijske povr{ine med zadr`evalnikom Medvedce, Pragerskim, Spodnjimi Jablanami in naseljem Dravski dvor. 2.2. Metoda Na zadr`evalniku Medvedce smo v letih 2002-2005 opravili 257 obiskov. Vsak obisk je zajemal obhod celotnega nasipa. Za obhod smo porabili od dve uri hoje v zimskem do {est ur hoje v poletnem ~asu. Med obhodom smo vselej pregledovali tako zadr`evalnik kot vsa okoli{ka obmo~ja, ki so bila vidna z nasipa. Vselej smo zabele`ili velikosti jat velikega {kurha, ki so bile na zadr`evalniku ali pa so tja prihajale. V zimi 2003 / 2004 smo bele`ili pojavljanje velikega {kurha med prehranjevanjem na raz{irjenem obmo~ju. To obmo~je smo pregledovali iz avtomobila ob istih dneh, kot so bili opravljeni obiski na zadr`evalniku Medvedce. Za namen obdelave podatkov in primerjavo med leti sem koledarsko leto razdelil na dekade – desetdnevna obdobja. Tako je vsako leto sestavljeno iz 36 dekad in ene nepopolne na koncu leta. V vsaki dekadi smo opravili najmanj en popis. Kot jato smo {teli skupino osebkov, ki niso bili ve~ kot deset metrov vsaksebi. 3. Rezultati V letih 2002-2005 je bil veliki {kurh na zadr`evalniku Medvedce opa`en v 58 (38%) dekadah. Dele` dekad z opazovanimi osebki velikega {kurha niha med leti (tabela 1). Na spomladanski selitvi smo opazovali velikega {kurha leta 2003 in 2005, obakrat po en osebek. Prva poletna opazovanja mladostnih velikih {kurhov so bila med 20. in 30.6. (tabela 2). Na jesenski selitvi sta bila opazna dva vi{ka selitve (slika 2 & 3). Prvi vi{ek jesenske selitve je bil v letih 2002-2005 med 18.8. in 7.9, drugi pa med 27.10. in 16.11., oziroma drugega vi{ka ni bilo (tabela 2). Najve~je {tevilo osebkov v eni jati smo opazovali v letu 2003, tako v ~asu prvega jesenskega vi{ka (111 osebkov) kot v ~asu drugega jesenskega vi{ka (71 osebkov; tabela 2). V preostalih letih je bilo velikih {kurhov ob~utno manj (tabela 2, slike 1, 3 & 4). Najmanj jih je bilo v letu 2002, in sicer tako po {tevilu osebkov kot po {tevilu opazovanj (tabela 1 & 2, slika 1). V zimi 2003 / 2004 je prezimovalo 18 osebkov. V zimi 2004 / 2005 je bil zabele`en {e en zimski podatek. Velike jate {kurhov so se na zadr`evalniku Medvedce oblikovale {ele ob zdru`evanju majhnih jat, ki so bile praviloma manj{e od dvajset osebkov (slika 5). Tako jeseni 2003 kot v zimi 2003 / 2004 so veliki {kurhi zadr`evalnik uporabljali le kot preno~i{~e in po~ivali{~e; hranili so se v {ir{i okolici (tabela 3). V preostalih letih so se veliki {kurhi prehranjevali tako znotraj kot zunaj zadr`evalnika Medvedce. Vse opazovane skupine zunaj zadr`evalnika so se prehranjevale na intenzivnih travnikih (druga~nih v okolici ni). Tabela 1: Dele` dekad, v katerih so bili opazovani veliki {kurhi Numenius arquata Table 1: Proportion of decades during which Curlews Numenius arquata were observed Leto / Year Dele` dekad/ Proportion of decades (%) 22 2003 2004 2005 40 70 24 Vsa leta / All years 38 4. Diskusija Veliki {kurh se v ~asu jesenske selitve redno pojavlja na zadr`evalniku Medvedce. Na spomladanski selitvi in v zimskem ~asu je redek in malo{tevilen, kot ugotavlja `e Ker~ek (2005). ^eprav veliki {kurh v zunajgnezditvenem obdobju izbira prete`no obmorske habitate, obiskuje tudi vodna telesa s podobnimi zna~ilnosti v notranjosti. V tem ~asu se osebki zdru`ujejo v ve~je jate na skupnih preno~i{~ih (Cramp 1998). Predvidevam, da je bilo leta 2003 na zadr`evalniku toliko velikih {kurhov zaradi zanje ugodnih razmer. Ker je bilo v zadr`evalniku Medvedce takrat malo vode, je nastalo ve~ nepora{~enih blatnih povr{in, ki so obi~ajna preno~i{~a in po~ivali{~a za velikega {kurha (Cramp 1998). Obi~ajne prehranjevalne skupine velikega {kurha {tejejo od 2 do 20 osebkov (Cramp 1998), kar je bilo zna~ilno tudi za skupine na zadr`evalniku Medvedce leta 2003, ko je bilo tak{nih skupin kar 76%. 132 2002 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 131-137, 2006 Tabela 2: Klju~ni datumi opazovanj in {tevila velikih {kurhov Numenius arquata na zadr`evalniku Medvedce Table 2: Key dates of observations of Curlews Numenius arquata at Medvedce reservoir Spomladanski prelet/ Spring passage Jesenski prelet / Autumn passage Prvi Datumi Maks. {tevilo Prvo jesenski spomladanskih opa`enih opazovanje/ vi{ek/ opa`anj/ osebkov/ First First Dates of spring Max. No. of observation autumn maximum 2003 2004 2005 observations individuals 6 Mar 27 Mar 30 Jun 21 Jun 20 Jun 22 Jun 18 Aug 7 Sep 28 Aug 28 Aug Maks. {tevilo opa`enih osebkov/ Max. No. of individuals 4 111 42 25 Drugi Maksimalno jesenski {tevilo Zadnje vi{ek/ opa`enih opazovanje/ Second osebkov/ Last observation autumn Max. No. of maximum individuals 27 Oct 16 Nov 71 31 20 Nov prezimovanje/ overwintering 18 Dec 16 Sep Prvi datumi opazovanj velikih {kurhov na poletno-jesenski selitvi se ujemajo z za~etkom klatenja mladostnih osebkov. Prvi vi{ek jesenske selitve se glede na literaturo ujema s selitvenim vi{kom odraslih osebkov, drugi pa s selitvijo mladih osebkov (Cramp 1998). Za Slovenijo je ve~ objavljenih podatkov iz obdobja jesenske selitve, kar sovpada z na{imi opazovanji na zadr`evalniku Medvedce. Izjema pri tem je le Ljubljansko barje, kjer je bila opa`ena mo~nej{a spomladanska selitev (Tome et al. 2005), kar je verjetno povezano s tamkaj{njo gnezde~o populacijo. [tevilo opa`enih osebkov v eni jati na zadr`evalniku Medvedce v letu 2003 je doslej najve~je za Slovenijo, saj je bilo dotlej najve~je {tevilo zabele`enih osebkov na Ljubljanskem barju 35 (Tome et al. 2005), na Cerkni{kem jezeru 9 (Kmecl & Ri`ner 1993), na Ormo{kem jezeru in okolici 10 (Bo`i~ 1998) in na Ptujskem jezeru in okolici 9 (Rubini} 1995). Prezimovanje velikega {kurha na zadr`evalniku Medvedce v zimi 2003 / 2004 je prvo zabele`eno prezimovanje za celinsko Slovenijo. Dotlej so bila zabele`ena samo posamezna zimska opazovanja •a ¦5 1 o 10 9 8 7 6 -5 - e 2 - S 1 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 J M A M J J A S 0 Dekada / Decade Mesec / Month Slika 1: [tevil~nost velikega {kurha Numenius arquata po dekadah na zadr`evalniku Medvedce leta 2002 Figure 1: Numbers of Curlew Numenius arquata per decades at Medvedce reservoir in 2002 N D 133 2002 1 1 D. Bordjan: Dinamika pojavljanja velikega {kurha Numenius arquata na zadr`evalniku Medvedce (SV Slovenija) med leti 2002 in 2005 120 s 100 CO 80 1 ! 60 40 > 20 J 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 M A M J Dekada / Decade J A S Mesec / Month N Slika 2: [tevil~nost velikega {kurha Numenius arquata po dekadah na zadr`evalniku Medvedce leta 2003 Figure 2: Numbers of Curlew Numenius arquata per decades at Medvedce reservoir in 2003 60 n I" = 40 30 ! 20 >«> 10 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 A M J Dekada / Decade J A S Mesec / Month N Slika 3: [tevil~nost velikega {kurha Numenius arquata po dekadah na zadr`evalniku Medvedce leta 2004 Figure 3: Numbers of Curlew Numenius arquata per decades at Medvedce reservoir in 2004 134 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): I3I-I37, 2006 40 1 I- 20 a> 10 o I 10 S 'CO 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 A M J Dekada / Decade J A S Mesec / Month 0 Slika 4: [tevil~nost velikega {kurha Numenius arquata po dekadah na zadr`evalniku Medvedce leta 2005 Figure 4: Numbers of Curlew Numenius arquata per decades at Medvedce reservoir in 2005 N 60 50 Ss 40 S 30 Q. I 20 10 0 ¦ selitev /passage 2003 (N=26) D prezimovanje/wintering 2003/2004 (N=9) CS selitev/passage 2004 (N=12) 1 2 do 5 6 do 10 11 do 20 Velikostni razred / Number class Slika 5: Dele` jat po velikostnih razredih na zadr`evalniku Medvedce v letih 2003 in 2004 Figure 5: Proportion of focks per size classes at Medvedce reservoir in 2003 and 2004 >20 135 D. Bordjan: Dinamika pojavljanja velikega {kurha Numenius arquata na zadr`evalniku Medvedce (SV Slovenija) med leti 2002 in 2005 Tabela 3: Opazovanja velikih {kurhov Numenius arquata na prehranjevali{~ih pozimi in zgodaj spomladi 2003 / 2004 Table 3: Observations of Curlews Numenius arquata at their feeding grounds during the winter and early spring 2003 / 2004 Datum opazovanja/ Date of observation 28.11.2003 7.12.2003 12.12.2003 10.2.2003 5.3.2004 13.3.2004 Kraj opazovanja skupine / Group observed at travniki J od [ikol / meadows S of [ikole travniki J od [ikol / meadows S of [ikole travniki V od Sestr` / meadows E of Sestr`e travniki J od [ikol / meadows S of [ikole travniki S od Stra`gonjce / meadows N of Stra`gonjce travniki S od Stra`gonjce / meadows N of Stra`gonjce [tevilo osebkov/ No. individuals TJ 4 7 3 13 6 (^elik 1992, Sovinc 1994, [tumberger 2001b & 2002, Ko~evar 2002, Toma`i~ 2002, Bo`i~ 2005). Zanimiva so kar {tiri opazovanja iz zime 2000 / 2001 ([tumberger 2001, Ko~evar 2002, Toma`i~ 2002). Sedem osebkov, ki so bili opazovani na Dravskem polju v okviru {tetja za mednarodno januarsko {tetje vodnih ptic (Bo`i~ 2005), verjetno pripada prezimujo~i skupini z zadr`evalnika Medvedce. Osemnajst (18) prezimujo~ih osebkov v zimi 2003/ 2004 je drugo najve~je doslej zabele`eno za Slovenijo in primerljivo s prezimujo~o populacijo na Kolanskem blatu na otoku Pagu (Hrva{ka) (Tome 2003). V zimi 2001 / 2002 je na slovenski obali prezimovalo 35 osebkov ([tumberger 2002). Zahvala: Zahvaljujem se Matja`u Ker~ku za mnoge skupne obiske v letih 2002 in 2003 ter za posredovane podatke. Zahvaljujem se tudi drugim, ki so obiskovali zadr`evalnik Medvedce med mojo odsotnostjo: Luki Bo`i~u, Jakobu Smoletu, Ale{u Toma`i~u in Matja`u Premzlu. 5. Summary At Medvedce reservoir (NE Slovenia), the Curlew Numenius arquata was observed in 58 decades during the 2002-2005 period, which is 38% of all decades. Most observations were made in 2004, when the species was observed in 26 decades. Only two spring observations were made (2003 and 2005), with single individuals. The Curlew is more numerous during summer-autumn migration, which begins between 20 and 30 Jun when the wandering juveniles are observed. During autumn migration, two peaks were recorded. The first autumn migration peak between the 2002 and 2005 occurred between 18 Aug and 7 Sep, and the second between 27 Oct and 16 Nov. In 2003, the largest numbers of individuals were observed both for the first peak (111 individuals) and for the second, with 71 individuals. Both numbers are the largest recorded for a single flock in Slovenia. Medvedce reservoir was a roosting site for Curlews during the autumn migration and in winter. Most flocks frequenting the roosting site were smaller than 20 individuals but on the roosting site they made one, larger flock. In winter 2003 / 2004, the first overwintering for inland Slovenia was recorded with 18 individuals. Individuals were seen feeding in the intensively cultivated meadows of Dravsko polje. In December 2004, one additional winter observation was recorded. 6. Literatura BirdLife International (2004): Birds of Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12). - BirdLife International, Cambridge. Bo`i~, L. (1998): Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata. - Acrocephalus 19 (90/91): 167-171. Bo`i~, L. (2005): Rezultati januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic leta 2004 in 2005 v Sloveniji. - Acrocephalus 26 (126): 137-137. Cramp, S. (1998): The complete birds of western Palearctic on CD-ROM. - Oxford University Press. ^elik, T. (1992): Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata. - Acrocephalus 13 (50): 25. Geister, I (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije; DZS, Ljubljana. Gregori, J. & [ere, D. (2005): Pti~i [ale{kih jezer. Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana. Ker~ek, M. (2005): Ptice akumulacije Medvedce. - Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Pedago{ka fakulteta, oddelek za biologijo. Kmecl, P. & Ri`ner, K. (1993): Pregled vodnih ptic in ujed Cerkni{kega jezera; spremljanje {tevil~nosti s poudarkom na preletu in prezimovanju. - Acrocephalus 14 (56/57): 4-30. 136 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): I3I-I37, 2006 Ko~evar, B. (2002): Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata. - Acrocephalus 22 (109): 233-241. Ota, D. (1985): Gnezditev velikega {kurha Numenius arquata na Ljubljanskem barju v letu 1985 - Acrocephalus 6 (24): 21-22. Polak, S. (1993): Ptice gnezdilke Cerkni{kega jezera in bli`nje okolice - Acrocephalus 14 (56/57): 32-62. Rubini}, B. (1995): Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata. - Acrocephalus 16 (68/69/70): 79-85. Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. - TZS, Ljubljana. [tumberger, B. (1997): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 1997 v Sloveniji. - Acrocephalus 18 (80/81): 29-39. [tumberger, B. (1998): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 1998 v Sloveniji. - Acrocephalus 19 (87/88): 36-48. [tumberger, B. (1999): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 1999 v Sloveniji. - Acrocephalus 20 (92): 6-22. [tumberger, B. (2000): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 2000 v Sloveniji. - Acrocephalus 21 (102/103): 261-274. [tumberger, B. (2001a): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 2001 v Sloveniji. - Acrocephalus 22 (108): 171-174. [tumberger, B. (2001b): Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata. - Acrocephalus 22 (104/105): 54-64. [tumberger, B. (2002): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 2002 v Sloveniji. - Acrocephalus 23 (110/111): 43-47. [tumberger, B. (2005): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 2003 v Sloveniji. - Acrocephalus 26 (125): 99-103. Toma`i~, A. (2002): Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata. - Acrocephalus 23 (115): 193-202. Tome, D. (2003): Prezimovanje velikaga {kurha Numenius arquata, pribe Vanellus vanellus in liske Fulica atra na Kolanskem blatu (otok Pag, Hrva{ka). - Acrocephalus 24 (116): 29-30. Tome, D., Sovinc, A. & Trontelj, P. (2005): Ptice Ljubljanskega barja. - DOPPS, Monografja DOPPS {t. 3, Ljubljana. Trontelj, P. (1994): Ptice kot indikator ekolo{kega pomena Ljubljanskega barja (Slovenija). - Scopolia 32: 1-61. Uradni list RS (2002): Pravilnik o uvrstitvi ogroženih rastlinskih in živalskih vrst v rde~i seznam (no. 82/02). Arrived / Prispelo: 28.2.2006 Accepted / Sprejeto: 21.5.2007 138 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 139-145, 2006 New data on the lice (Phthiraptera) of some birds in Northern Dobrogea (Romania) Novi podatki o u{eh (Phthiraptera) na nekaterih pticah v severni Dobrud`i (Romunija) József RÉkÁsi1 & J. Botond Kiss2 1 2 Vár street, HU-9090 Pannonhalma, Hungary, e-mail: rekasi@osb.hu 2 Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, 165 Babadag street, RO-820112 Tulcea, Romania, e-mail: jbkiss@indd.tim.ro The authors present new data on the lice (Phthiraptera) from birds collected between 14 Apr 2004 and 20 May 2006 in northern Dobrogea. In this period 186 individuals of 30 bird species were checked. 31 louse species were collected from 76 birds representing 21 species, while 110 birds belonging to 15 species were free of lice. The occurrence of some of these parasite species in this area had already been published, however, 5 species are new to the area and another 5 species (Eucolpocephalum femorale, Laemobothrion maximum, Austromenopon phaeopodis, Strigiphilus portigi, Brueelia obligate) are new to the Romanian fauna. The authors also provide data on host body specificity and abundance of lice. Key words: Phthiraptera, birds, Dobrogea, Romania Klju~ne besede: Phthiraptera, ptice, Dobrud`a, Romunija 1. Introduction A total of 306 louse species were described from 194 bird species up to 1996 by Rékási & Kiss (1997) out of the 306 bird species known to occur in Northern Dobrogea. Another paper described lice collected from diurnal raptors between 1996 and 2004 (Rékási & Kiss 2005). Although many species of louse are known in Romania, there are a number of bird species which have never been studied as bird lice hosts. Moreover, there are species of birds which may host more than one species of louse, and lice which may parasitize many bird species. The aim of the present paper is to present new data on the lice from wild bird species found in Northern Dobrogea. We present results of our more recent louse collections from 14 Apr 2004 to 20 May 2006. 2. Methods The research area is depicted on Figure 1. Lice were collected by the second author, following collection methods detailed previously (Rékási & Kiss 1994, 1997, Rékási et al. 1997). To enable a better understanding of the ecology of host-parasite interactions we also paid attention on the localisation of parasites on different parts of the bird body. We were not able to collect all louse individuals from each of the hosts analysed (e.g. there is no time and possibility for a complete body survey during ringing pelican nestlings in a colony). Mist-netted birds could be stressed by too long surveys, thus louse collection was often limited to a short visual screening, particularly in the case of birds with large bodies. Mist netting was employed on the site Grindul Lupilor, between May and Dec 2005. The mist nets were erected in reed and between bush vegetation of Russian Olive Eleagnus angustifolia. The nets were controlled on an hourly basis and all captured birds were extracted and ringed at the nearby station. Most birds were freed within a few minutes of their capture. Lice were collected from nestlings of pelicans and herons breeding on small islands of the Sinoie Lake. Each nestling was briefly checked for ectoparasites, either in the guttural sack (pelicans) or on the head (of a dead Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, none were found on ringed live birds). In addition, a number of corpses of species that are difficult to capture using mist nets were collected. A total of 15 birds from 4 species were received from 139 J. RÉkÁsi & J.B. Kiss: New data on the lice (Phthiraptera) of some birds in Northern Dobrogea (Romania) 1. Hrescina-Buhaiova 2. Gr. Lupilor 3. Can. Condura 4. Crisan 5. Salcioara 6. Gura Dobrogei 7. Sf. Gheorghe 8. Babadag 9. Baia 10. Sinoie 11. Tulcea Figure 1: The research area in northern Dobrogea with localities of lice (Phthiraptera) fndings Slika 1: Obmo~je raziskave v severni Dobrudži z ozna~enimi lokalitetami najdb u{i (Phthiraptera) hunters. These hunting bags were received fresh and stored individually until lice survey. Corpses were collected from beneath power lines and from the roadside. A Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina accidentally drowned in a fishing gill and a poisoned Black Kite Milvus migrans were also checked. Each bird was scanned visually, paying particular attention to those parts likely to host bird lice (head, neck, and underwing). Each louse encountered was carefully collected with the use of scissors and stored in 70% ethanol in a labelled tube. The specimens were subsequently cleared and mounted on a microscope slide in Canada Balsam for identification. The slides were examined using a 20X Wild-type Heerbrug stereo microscope as well an NfpK2 type light microscope. Mounting and identification of lice was carried out by the first author. All specimens were identified using the works of Hopkins & Clay (1952) and Price et al. (2003). The specimens are deposited in the personal collection of J. Rékási. Louse taxonomy follows Hopkins & Clay (1952), while bird nomenclature is based on Munteanu (1992). The list of lice known to the Romanian fauna is based on Bechet (1961, 1961a), Constantineanu et al. (1961), Pisică (1980), Rékási & Kiss (1994, 1997 & 2005) and Rékási et al. (1997). 3. Results A total of 186 birds of 30 species were surveyed. Of these, 76 individuals of 21 species hosted 31 species of lice. No lice were found on 110 individuals of 15 avian species (Table 1). All controlled Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus nestlings were infested with bird lice in the guttural sack. 60 Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus nestlings were controlled but only one had bird lice in the guttural sack. Only one dead Spoonbill had lice, and none were found on ringed live birds. Of the birds checked as dead individuals, no lice were found on 13 birds belonging to 8 species. From the birds captured alive, no lice were detected on a total of 97 birds belonging to 7 species. The parasitological survey provided samples of 31 louse species belonging to 25 genera, 3 families and 2 suborders (Subord. Amblycera: Fam. Menoponidae: 6 spp., Fam. Laemobothriidae: 2 spp., Subord. Ischnocera, Fam. Philopteridae: 23 spp; see Table 2 for the bird species parasitized and lice found). We probably didn’t collect all the louse species that were present on the host, because of the relatively small sample size and because of relatively short surveys of individual birds, surveys which did not include the whole body. 140 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 139-145, 2006 Table 1: Bird species and numbers of individuals controlled for the presence of bird lice between 17 Apr 2004 and 15 Jul 2005 Tabela 1: Vrste in {tevilo ptic v raziskavi o pojavljanju u{i med 17.4.2004 in 15.7.2005 No./ Št. Bird species/ Vrsta ptice No. of birds assessed/ Št. obravnavanih ptic 39 No. of birds hosting lice/ Št. ptic z u{mi I Pelecanus onocrotalus 39 2 Pelecanus crispus 60 1 3 Platalea leucorodia 17 1 4 Anas platyrhynchos 6 5 5 Netta rufina 1 1 6 Fuliai atra 8 8 7 Milvus migrans 1 1 8 Buteo buteo 1 1 9 Falco subbuteo 1 1 10 Falco tinnunculus 1 0 11 Scolopax rusticola 1 1 12 Tringa hypoleucos 2 0 13 Numenius phaeopus 1 1 14 Cuculus ainorus 1 1 15 Strix aluco 1 1 16 Asio otus 1 1 17 Upupa epops 2 2 18 Alcedo atthis 4 1 19 Coracias garrulus 3 1 20 Dendrocopus syriacus 1 1 21 Hirundo rustiai 1 0 22 Delichon urbica 1 0 23 Motacilla flava 1 0 24 Turdus merula 3 0 25 Acrocephalus arundinaceus 12 0 26 Lantus collurio 5 0 27 Oriolus oriolus 1 1 28 Sturnus vulgaris 1 0 29 Passer domesticus 5 5 30 Emberiza schoeniclus 4 2 Notes / Beležke nestlings in colonies / mladi~i v kolonijah nestlings in colonies / mladi~i v kolonijah nestlings in colonies / mladi~i v kolonijah hunting bag / žrtev lova drowned in fishing net / utopljena v ribi{ki mreži hunting bag / žrtev lova poisoned / zastrupljena traffic casualty / žrtev prometa traffic casualty / žrtev prometa traffic casualty / žrtev prometa hunting bag / žrtev lova mist-netted / ujeta z mrežo electrocution / elektrokucija mist-netted / ujeta z mrežo traffic casualty / žrtev prometa traffic casualty / žrtev prometa mist-netted / ujeta z mrežo mist-netted / ujeta z mrežo traffic casualty / žrtev prometa mist-netted / ujeta z mrežo traffic casualty / žrtev prometa traffic casualty / žrtev prometa traffic casualty / žrtev prometa mist-netted / ujeta z mrežo mist-netted / ujeta z mrežo traffic casualty / žrtev prometa traffic casualty / žrtev prometa traffic casualty / žrtev prometa traffic casualty / žrtev prometa mist-netted / ujeta z mrežo 4. Discussion From faunistic and ecological points of view, the following points are worthy of mention (listed according to host taxonomy): (1) Piagetiella titan (Piaget, 1880). This louse species belongs to a species-poor genus and lives in the guttural sack of pelicans. Adults migrate to the hind neck to lay eggs and, after hatching, the larvae move back to the guttural sack. The two pelican species breeding in the Danube Delta host different species of lice. The Great White Pelican hosts Colpocephalum eucarenum (Burmeister, 1838) and Pectinopygus forficulatus (Nitzsch [In Giebel] 1866), 141 J. RÉkÁsi & J.B. Kiss: New data on the lice (Phthiraptera) of some birds in Northern Dobrogea (Romania) Table 2: Lice (Phthiraptera) recorded from wild birds in northern Dobrogea; denotes frst record for Romania M – Male, F – Female, L – Larvae; asterisk Tabela 2: U{i (Phthiraptera), najdene na divjih pticah v severni Dobrud`i; M pomeni prvi zapis za Romunijo samec, F – samica, L – li~inka; zvezdica No. Host / Gostitelj Pelecanus onocrotalus Collection locality/ Lokaliteta Hrecisca Date / Datum Parasite / Parazit M F L 1 17 Jul 2004 Piagetiella titan 8 16 13 (45°20’N; 29°25’E) (Piaget, 1880) 2 Pelecanus crispus Grindul Lupilor (44°37’N; 28°48’E) 23 Jun 2005 Piagetiella titan (Piaget, 1880) 1 3 Platalea leucorodia Grindul Lupilor (44°37’N; 28°48’E) 23 Jun 2005 Ibidoecus plataleae (Denny, 1842) Ardeicola plataleae (L., 1758) 10 2 21 6 6 Canal Candura * Eucolpocephalum 1 5 (45°07’N; 29°20’E) femorale (Piaget, 1880) 4 Anas platyrhynchos Canal Candura (45°07’N; 29°20’E) 12 Dec 2004 Trinoton querquedulae (Linne, 1758) 1 5 Anas platyrhynchos Crişan (45°05’N; 29°24’E) 15 Jan 2005 Anaticohi crassicornis (Scopoli, 1763) 1 6 Anas platyrhynchos Crişan (45°05’N; 29°24’E) 01 Feb 2005 Trinoton querquedulae (Linne, 1758) Anaticohi crassicornis (Scopoli, 1763) Anatoecus dentatus (Scopli, 1763) 1 1 1 1 1 7 Netta rufina Sälcioara (44°46’N; 28°51’E) 14 Apr 2005 Acidoproctus moschatus (L., 1758) 1 3 1 8 Fuliai atra Crişan (45°05’N; 29°24’E) 02 Feb 2005 Laemobothrion atrum (Nitzsch, 1818) 2 3 3 Rallicola fulicae 21 38 19 (Denny, 1842) Fulicoffula lurida 4 7 9 (Nitzsch, 1818) Incidifrons fulicae 6 6 4 (Linne, 1758) Pseudomenopon pilosum 3 37 4 (Scopoli, 1763) 9 Fulica atra Crişan (45°05’N; 29°24’E) 06 Mar 2005 Fulicoffula lurida (Nitzsch, 1818) 1 1 Pseudomenopon 7 7 21 pilosum (Scopoli, 1763) 10 Milvus migrans Gura Dobrogei (44°30’N; 28°25’E) 24 May 2005 * Laemobothrion maximum (Scopoli, 1763) Degeeriella regalis (Giebel, 1866) 6 1 6 1 9 11 Buteo buteo Gura Dobrogei (44°30’N; 28°25’E) 13 Jun 2005 Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874) 4 19 1 Colpocephalum 1 2 1 turbinatum (Denny, 1842) 142 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 139-145, 2006 continuation of Table 2 / nadaljevanje tabele 2 No. Host / Gostitelj Falco subbuteo Collection locality/ Lokaliteta Sfântu Gheorghe (44°53’N; 29°36’E) Date / Datum Parasite / Parazit M F L 12 05 May 2005 Degeeriella rufa (Burmeister, 1838) 1 1 13 Scolopax rusticola Can. Candura (45°07’N; 29°20’E) 12 Dec 2004 Rhynonirmus helvolus (Burmeister, 1838) 2 14 15 Numenius phaeopus Cuculus ainorus Murighiol (45°02’N; 29°08’E) Grindul Lupilor (44°37’N; 28°48’E) 06 May 2003 22 Jun 2005 *Austromenopon phaeopodis (Schrank, 1802) Lunaceps numenii phaeopi (Denny, 1842) Cuculoecus latifrons (Denny, 1842) 2 2 4 3 3 14 2 6 1 16 Strix aluco Babadag (44°54’N; 28°44’E) 05 Dec 2004 * Strigiphilus portigi (Eichler, 1952) 3 7 7 17 Asio otus Baia (44°43’N; 28°40’E) 09 Sep 2004 Strigiphilus barbatus (Osborn, 1902) 2 3 1 18 Alcedo atthis Grindul Lupilor (44°37’N; 28°48’E) 15 Jul 2005 Alcedoffula alcedinis (Denny, 1842) 2 19 20 Coracias garrulus Dendrocopus syriacus Tulcea (45°10’N; 28°48’E) Tulcea (45°10N; 28°48E) 18 Aug 2005 09 Jul 2005 Capraiella subcuspidata (Burmeister, 1838) Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli, 1763) 1 1 1 21 Passer domesticus Sinoie (44°37’N; 28°43’E) 22 May 2005 Philopterus fringillae (Scopoli, 1772) Brueelia cyclothorax (Burmeister, 1838) 1 3 5 1 22 Passer domesticus Tulcea (45°10’N; 28°48’E) 10 Jul 2005 * Brueelia obligata (Eichler, 1954) 1 3 3 Philopterus fringilhie (Scopoli, 1772) 1 1 2 23 Passer domesticus Baia (44°43’N; 28°40’E) 12 Jul 2005 Philopterus fringillae (Scopoli, 1772) * Brueelia obligata (Eichler, 1954) 2 1 2 1 3 24 Emberiza schoeniclus Grindul Lupilor (44°37’N; 28°48’E) 13 Jul 2005 Philopterus residuus (Zlotorzycka, 1964) 1 25 Emberiza schoeniclus Grindul Lupilor (44°37’N; 28°48’E) 15 Jul 2005 Philopterus residuus (Zlotorzycka, 1964) 1 1 Total / Skupaj 104 221 131 while the Dalmatian Pelican hosts Pectinopygus bifasciatus (Piaget, 1880). They share the same species of guttural sack lice, i.e. P. titan (see e.g. Rékási & Kiss 1994 & 1997). As direct body contact between the two host species is rare, we suggest that the consumption of regurgitated food from the other species may be responsible for cross-infestation. (2) Ibidoecus plataleae (Denny, 1842) was already known from the region, and now the occurrence of a further two Spoonbill lice, i.e. Ardeicola plataleae (L., 1758) and the Eucolpocephalum femorale (Piaget, 1880) is also documented. The latter species is new to the Romanian fauna. Most A. plataleae specimens were aggregated around the cloaca, and the other two species were found on the head and the upper neck. The infestation on the individual examined was high, probably because it was caught in a large colony. (3) High infestation was found on Coot Fulica atra; a large number of individuals belonging to 5 louse species were found. In the study area, great richness of louse species was already found on a 143 J. Rekasi & J.B. Kiss: New data on the lice (Phthiraptera) of some birds in Northern Dobrogea (Romania) few other hosts; Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca -10 species, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos and a Red-crested Pochard - 8 species, Grey-lag Goose Anser anser - 7, and 6 louse species were found on Pheasant Phasianus colchicus. Five louse species were found on individuals of Garganey Anas querquedula, Lapwing Vanellus vanellus, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Ruff Philomachos pugnax and Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinanns. The phenomenon of multispecies infestation may be attributed to the gregarious habits of these species (Rékási et al. 1997 & 1998). In contrast, several other gregarious, colony breeding species, like pelicans, cormorants, herons, egrets, and most gull and tern species, have much fewer parasite species. (4) Laemobothrion maximum (Scopoli, 1763) is a species new to the fauna of Romania. Its host, the Black Kite, had not been studied in Northern Dobrogea. This species exhibits a remarkable mobility that is rare in this order of arthropods. (5) Colpocephalum turbinatum (Denny, 1842) from a Common Buzzard Buteo buteo is a species new to the region. (6) Degeeriella rufa (Burmeister, 1838) was found on a Hobby Falco subbuteo, and this is a new host record. (7) Austromenopon phaeopodis (Schrank, 1802) from a Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus is new to fauna of Romania. The only louse we previously found on Whimbrel is Lunaceps numenii phaeopi (Denny, 1842). (8) Cuculoecus latifrons (Denny, 1842) specific to the Cuckoo Cuculus canorus was already known from the area (Rékási & Kiss 1997). This species, together with Cuculiphilus fasciatus (Scopoli, 1763), parasitizes exclusively the Cuckoo, however, neither occurs on Cuckoo nestlings (Brooke & Nakamura 1998). (9) Strigiphilus portigi (Eichler, 1952) from a Tawny Owl Strix aluco is new to the fauna of Romania; only the Strigiphilus laticephalus (Uchida, 1949) had previously been collected from this host. (10) Alcedoffula alcedinis (Denny, 1842) was collected from only one Kingfisher Alcedo atthis out of a sample of four. We consider that it is a fairly rare parasite, as we searched many hosts in the past without finding it. (11) Several individuals of Philopterus residuus (Zlotorzycka, 1964) were collected from feathers close to the eyes of a Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus. (12) Philopterus fringillae (Scopoli, 1772) and Brueelia obligata (Eichler, 1954), species new to the region, were found on House Sparrows Passer domesticus, and the latter is new to the fauna of Romania. Formerly, Brueelia cyclothorax (Burmeister, 1838), Docophorulus fringillae fringillae (Scopoli, 1772) and Rostrinirmus (Sturnidoecus) refractariolus (Zlotorzycka, 1964) were collected from House Sparrows. Being a fairly common species, the House Sparrow did not motivate us to carry out a formal search before. A total of 186 birds of 30 species were surveyed, of which 76 individuals of 21 species hosted 31 species of lice. No lice were found on 110 individuals of 15 avian species. The lice collected belong to 25 genera, 3 families and 2 suborders. Five of the species are new to the Romanian fauna: E. femorale (Piaget, 1880), L. maximum (Scopoli, 1763), A. phaeopodis (Schrank, 1802), S. portigi (Eichler, 1952) and B. obligata (Eichler, 1954). Acknowledgments: We thank our colleagues Andrea Virginás and Attila D. Sándor for translating the text into English and for helpful comments on the manuscript. 5. Povzetek Avtorja ~lanka predstavljata nove podatke o u{eh (Phthiraptera), najdenih na divjih pticah, pregledanih med 14. aprilom in 20. majem 2006. V tem obdobju sta pregledala 186 osebkov 30 razli~nih vrst ptic. Skupaj sta na{la 31 vrst u{i na 76 pticah, pripadajo~ih 21 vrstam, medtem ko na 110 pticah, pripadajo~ih 15 vrstam, u{i nista na{la. ^eprav so bili podatki o pojavljanju teh zajedalskih vrst v tem obmo~ju `e objavljeni, pa je 5 vrst novih za to obmo~je, {e nadaljnjih 5 vrst (Eucolpocephalum femorale, Laemobothrion maximum, Austromenopon phaeopodis, Strigiphilus portigi, Brueelia obligate) pa novih za celotno romunsko favno. Avtorja hkrati predstavljata podatke o specifi~nosti gostiteljskih teles in o {tevil~nosti u{i. 6. References Bechet, I. (1961a): Malofagele din Republica Popularä Română. - Studii şi Cercetäri de Biologie, Cluj 12: 91-102. Bechet, I. (1961b): Contribuţii la cunoaşterea faunei Malofagelor din RPR. III. - Studii şi Cercetäri de Biologie, Cluj 2: 217-227. Brooke, M. & Nakamura, H. (1998) The acquisition of host-specifc feather lice by common cuckoos (Cuculus canorui). - Journal of Zoology 244: 167-173. Constantineanu, M.I., Borcea, P., Suciu, I., AnDRIESCU, I. & Pisicl, C. (1961): Contribuţii la studiul Malofagelor (Mallophaga Nitzsch), parazite pe mamifere domestice şi de vînat din R.P.R. - Analele §tiinţifce ale Universitätii “Al. I. Cuza”, Iaşi 7 (1): 81-94. 144 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 139-145, 2006 Hopkins, G.H.E. & Clay, T. (1952): Checklist of the genera species of Mallophaga. - British Museum of Natural History, London. MunTEANu, D. (1992): Dicţionar poliglot al speciilor de päsäri din România. - Editura SOR, Ediţia 3., Cluj. Pisicl, C. (1980): Malofagele (Mallophaga Nitzsch) cunoscute de pe päsärile şi mamiferele domestice din România. - Anuarul Muzeului Judeţean Suceava 6: 41-49. Price, R.D., Hellenthal, R.A., Palma, R.L., Johnson, K.P. & Clayton, D.H. (2003): The chewing lice: World checklist and biological overview. - Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. Rékási, J. & Kiss, J.B. (1994): Date privind malofagele (Mallophaga) päsärilor din Delta Dunärii. - Analele §tiinţifce ale Institutului de Cercetare “Delta Dunärii” 3: 101-110. Rékási, J. & Kiss, J.B. (1997): Data on the bird lice (Mallophaga) of some bird species from the Danube Delta (North Dobrogea, Romania). - Travaux aux Museum d’Histoire Naturelle “Gr. Antipa” 39: 59-82. Rékási, J. & Kiss, J.B. (2005): New data regarding the birdlice (Phthyraptera) living on diurnal birds of prey (Accipitriformes) in Danube Delta, Romania. - Analele §tiinţifce ale Institutului de Cercetare “Delta Dunärii” 11: 89-91. Rékási, J., Kiss, J.B., Rózsa, L. & Reiczigel, J (1998): Tolltetvek (Mallophaga) ökológiai vizsgálata, különös tekintettel a gazda telepes életmódjának hatására. - Ornis Hungarica 8. Suppl. 1: 205-209. Rékási, J., Kiss, J.B. & Török, Zs. (1997): Data on the bird lice (Mallophaga) parasitising the bird species of the Danube Delta (Romania). - Analele §tiinţifce ale Institutului de Cercetare “Delta Dunärii” 5 (1): 41-46. Rékási, J., Rózsa, L. & Kiss, J.B. (1997): Patterns in the distribution of avian lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, hchnocera). - Journal of Avian Biology 28: 150-156. Arrived / Prispelo: 29.11.2005 Accepted / Sprejeto: 21.5.2007 146 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 147-154, 2006 Prehrana lesne sove Strix aluco na Kozjanskem (V Slovenija) Diet of the Tawny Owl Strix aluco in the Kozjansko region (E Slovenia) Branka Kuhar1, Gregor Kalan2 & Franc Jan`ekovi~3 1 Vesnaverjeva 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: branka.kuhar@gmail.com 2 Zavod RS za varstvo narave, Opekarni{ka c. 2, SI-3000 Celje, Slovenija, e-mail: gregor.kalan@zrsvn.si 3 Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, Koro{ka cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: franc.janzekovic@uni-mb.si V ~lanku je prikazana prehrana lesne sove Strix aluco na obmo~ju Kozjanskega. V obdobju od jeseni 2002 do pomladi 2005 smo na 13 lokalitetah nabrali 600 izbljuvkov in evidentirali 2028 enot plena. Polovico plena je lesna sova pridobila s plenjenem malih sesalcev (50.4%), ve~ kot tretjino pa s plenjenjem velikih `u`elk (38.2%). V izbljuvkih smo dolo~ili 59 taksonov, od tega 21 vrst sesalcev in 13 taksonov hro{~ev. Lesna sova je najpogosteje plenila rumenogrlo mi{ Apodemus flavicollis (17.2%) in navadno belonogo mi{ Apodemus sylvaticus (6.6%). Najve~ji dele` biomase plena v prehrani lesne sove je {el na ra~un navadnega polha Glis glis (28.3%). Plen je sova izbirala oportunisti~no, kar se izkazuje z veliko pestrostjo uplenjenih vrst in visokim indeksom trofi~ne diverzitete (H’ = 0.886). Predstavljene so spremembe vrstne sestave plena glede na letne ~ase, v zimskem obdobju ni polhov, dvo`ivk in `u`elk, ki zunaj zimskega obdobja zasedajo ca. polovico biomasnega dele`a plena. V izbljuvkih smo na{li ostanke ilirske voluharice Microtus multiplex, ki doslej ni bila znana za obmo~je Kozjanskega. Klju~ne besede: lesna sova, Strix aluco, prehrana, sezonska dinamika v prehrani, Kozjansko, Slovenija Key words: Tawny Owl, Strix aluco, diet, seasonal diet dynamics, Kozjansko, Slovenia 1. Uvod Lesna sova Strix aluco je v Sloveniji naj{tevil~nej{a in najbolj raz{irjena sovja vrsta (Geister 1995) in dosega ve~ kot 0.2% dele` evropske populacije (Vrezec 2000). V Kozjanskem parku gnezdi od 50 do 100 parov lesne sove (Jan~ar & Trebu{ak 2000). Je no~na plenilka, prilagojena `ivljenju in prehranjevanju v gozdu. Najpogosteje se prehranjuje z gozdnimi vrstami malih sesalcev, predvsem z mi{mi in voluharicami (Mikkola 1992). ^eprav je prehrana lesne sove tako pri nas kot v tujini dobro raziskana (Kry{tufek 1980, Lipej 1988, Mikkola 1992, Cramp 1994, Bal~iauskiene et al. 2006, Fattorini et al. 1999, [orgo & Jan`ekovi~ 1995, Lipej & Gjerke{ 1996, Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1994), tovrstne raziskave na Kozjanskem {e niso bile narejene. V prispevku predstavljamo prehrano lesne sove na obmo~ju Kozjanskega in njeno sezonsko dinamiko v prehrani. 2. Opis obravnavanega obmo~ja in metode 2.1. Opis obravnavanega obmo~ja Kozjansko je robna panonska pokrajina na jugovzhodu Slovenije. Na severu, zahodu in jugu jo omejujejo vzhodni odrastki predalpskega Posavskega hribovja, na vzhodu, ob meji s Hrva{ko, pa reka Sotla. Povpre~na nadmorska vi{ina obmo~ja je 305 m 147 B. Kuhar et al.: Prehrana lesne sove Strix aluco na Kozjanskem (V Slovenija) (Perko & Oro`en Adami~ 1998). Polovico obmo~ja prekriva gozd. V gozdni vegetaciji prevladujeta zdru`bi bukve in pravega kostanja (Castaneo sative-Fagetum) ter bukve in ~rnega gabra (Ostryo-Fagetum; ^arni et al. 2002). Najpogostej{a raba tal so travniki in njive, manj je pa{nikov in vinogradov (Perko & Oro`en Adami~ 1998). uporabljali dolo~evalne klju~e (Kry{tufek 1985 & 1991, Kry{tufek & Jan`ekovi~ 1999), `u`elke pa smo determinirali s pomo~jo entomolo{ke zbirke Biolo{kega in{tituta Jovana Had`ija ZRC SAZU. [tevilo malih sesalcev v izbljuvku smo dolo~evali po {tevilu lobanj in spodnjih ~eljustnic, {tevilo ptic po {tevilu lobanj oziroma kljunov, plazilcev po {tevilu Tabela 1: Ravninske koordinate Gauss-Krügerjevega koordinatnega sistema in nahajali{~a izbljuvkov lesne sove Strix aluco na obmo~ju Kozjanskega Table 1: Gauss-Krüger coordinates of the locality of the Tawny Owl’s Strix aluco pellets in the Kozjansko district Lokacija / Location Zavr{e pri Dobjem Jakob pri [entjurju Kalobje Hrastje Sv. Miklav` v Bukovju pri Slivnici Dekmanca Podsreda 1 Podsreda 2 Pi{e~ki grad Zg. Treb~e Sv. Mihael v Pil{tanju Lastni~ Ore{je na Bizeljskem Koordinate / Coordinates (Gauss-Krüger) y X 529664 110189 531269 115036 530153 113903 536151 112425 535301 113989 548466 103094 546692 100519 546151 99417 549710 96002 548235 99945 540920 106185 548022 104318 554868 100891 2.2. Metode Sovje izbljuvke smo sistemati~no iskali v zapu{~enih skednjih in kozolcih, zapu{~enih stanovanjskih hi{ah, cerkvenih zvonikih, gradovih in grajskih razvalinah ter upo{tevali tudi naklju~ne najdbe v drugih gnezditvenih habitatih (bukov gozd, smrekov nasad). Za posamezno lokaliteto podajamo ravninske koordinate Gauss-Krügerjevega koordinatnega sistema (tabela 1), ki smo jih dolo~ili s pomo~jo interaktivnega naravovarstvenega atlasa (Agencija RS za okolje 2006). Prehrano lesne sove smo ugotavljali po vsebini izbljuvkov, najdenih na trinajstih po~ivali{~ih. Izbljuvke smo nabirali od jeseni 2002 do pomladi 2005. Bili so razli~nih starosti, od starih do sve`ih. V laboratoriju smo izbljuvke razdrli ter odbrali kosti in druge ostanke, pomembne za kvantitativno in kvalitativno obdelavo plena. Do nivoja vrste smo dolo~evali male sesalce in nekatere hro{~e z dovolj dobro ohranjenimi hitinskimi ostanki. Za determinacijo sesalcev smo lobanj, dvo`ivk po {tevilu okol~ij, rib po {tevilu operkularnih kosti in hro{~ev po {tevilu glav in pokrovk. Povpre~no maso malih sesalcev za izra~un biomase smo povzeli po Kry{tufek (1991) in [orgo (1993). Za maso drugih skupin smo za vsak osebek upo{tevali naslednje povpre~ne ocene: pti~i (Aves) in dvo`ivke (Amphibia) 20 g, plazilci (Reptilia) in ribe (Osteichthyes) 10 g, bramor Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa 5 g, roga~i (Lucanidae) 3 g, kozli~ki (Cerambycidae) 2 g, manj{i hro{~i 0.5 g, drugi nevreten~arji 1 g. Pri poljskem zajcu Lepus europaeus smo se omejili na srednjo vrednost mase malih sesalcev, saj lahko lesna sova pleni plen do maksimalne mase 320 g (Cramp 1994), kar pa se verjetno redko dogaja. Formulo za izra~un indeksa ovalnosti smo povzeli po Tome (1992), indeks trofi~ne diverzitete (H’) pa smo izra~unali po formuli, povzeti po Krebs (1999). Na lokaliteti Podsreda 1 smo izbljuvke pobirali sezonsko in ugotavljali spremembe v prehrani lesne sove glede na letne ~ase. 148 Acrocephalus 2.J (130/131): 147-154, 2006 3. Rezultati sylvaticus (6.6%) (tabela 4). Med `u`elkami so v prehrani prevladovale kobilice in hro{~i, od katerih so Na obmo~ju Kozjanskega smo izbljuvke lesne sove bili najpogostej{i usnjar Prionus coriarius in skarabeji na{li na 13 lokacijah (tabela 1). Analizirali smo (Scarabaeidae) (tabela 5). Najve~ji dele` biomase je 600 izbljuvkov lesne sove, ki so v povpre~ju merili pripadal sesalcem (85.7%), sledili so pti~i (7.3%) 42 x 22 x 17 mm, povpre~en indeks ovalnosti je zna{al in dvo`ivke (3.9%) (tabela 3). Od vrst sta bili po Tabela 2: Opisna statistika meritev 600 izbljuvkov lesne sove Strix aluco na obmo~ju Kozjanskega Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the measurements of the Tawny Owl’s Strix aluco 600 pellets in the Kozjansko district Parameter Dol`ina / Lenght (mm) [irina / Width (mm) Vi{ina / Height (mm) [t. uplenjenih `ivali na izblj. / No. of preyed animals per pellet Biomasa na izbljuvek / Biomass per pellet (g) Indeks ovalnosti / Ovalness index _ min max X 20 79 42 II 43 22 9 30 17 0 14 2.9 0 329 50.4 0.5 0.9 0.66 Tabela 3: Zastopanost posameznih skupin `ivali v prehrani lesne sove Strix aluco na obmo~ju Kozjanskega (N – {t. uplenjenih `ivali, PN – dele` uplenjenih `ivali, B – biomasa plena, PB – dele` biomase) Table 3: Representation of individual animal taxa in the diet of Tawny Owl Strix aluco in the Kozjansko district (N – No. of preyed animals, PN – proportion per preyed animals, B – prey biomass, PB – biomass ratio) Plen / Prey N PN (%) B (g) PB (%) Sesalci (Mammalia) 1021 50.3 33687.5 85.6 Ptiči (Aves) 144 7.1 2880 7.3 Plazilci (Reptilia) 7 0.3 70 0.2 Dvo`ivke (Amphibia) 76 3.7 1520 3.9 Ribe kostnice (Osteichthyes) 5 0.2 50 O.I Žuželke (Insecta) 774 38.2 1085.5 2.8 Pol`i (Gastropoda) 1