NATURA SLOVENIAE Revija za terensko biologijo . Journal of Field Biology Letnik . Volume 18 Številka . Number 2 Ljubljana 2016 NATURA SLOVENIAE Revija za terensko biologijo . Journal of Field Biology Izdajata . Published jointly by Biotehniška fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana Tel.: (0)1 320 30 00; Telefax: (0)1 256 57 82 http://www.bf.uni-lj.si Nacionalni inštitut za biologijo Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana Tel.: (0)59 232 700; Telefax: (0)1 2412 980 http://www.nib.si http://www.bf.uni-lj.si/bi/NATURA-SLOVENIAE/index.php Glavni urednik . Editor in Chief Maja Zagmajster Odgovorni urednik . Responsible Editor Tehnični urednik . Technical Editor Rok Kostanjšek Jernej Polajnar Uredniški odbor . Editorial Board Matjaž Bedjanič (Slovenia), Nicola Bressi (Italy), Janja France (Slovenia), Marijan Govedič (Slovenia), Nejc Jogan (Slovenia), Lovrenc Lipej (Slovenia), Nataša Mori (Slovenia), Toni Nikolić (Croatia), Chris Van Swaay (Netherlands), Peter Trontelj (Slovenia), Rudi Verovnik (Slovenia) Naslov uredništva . Address of the Editorial Office NATURA SLOVENIAE, Večna pot 111, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenija Izvlečki prispevkov so zavedeni v zbirkah ASFA, AGRIS, Biological Abstracts, Biosis Previews, COBISS in Zoological Records ISSN: 1580-0814 UDK: 57/59(051)=863=20 Lektorji . Language Editors za angleščino (for English): Henrik Ciglič za slovenščino (for Slovene): Henrik Ciglič Oblikovanje naslovnice . Layout Daša Simčič akad. slikarka, Atelje T Natisnjeno . Printed in 2016 Tisk . Print Miha Košenina s.p., Brezovica pri Ljubljani Naklada . Circulation 300 izvodov/copies Sofinancira . Cofinanced by Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost RS/Slovenian Research Agency Kazalo vsebine ZNANSTVENI ČLANKI / SCIENTIFIC PAPERS Barbara ZAKŠEK, Stanislav GOMBOC, Marijan GOVEDIČ, Nika KOGOVŠEK, Radovan ŠTANTA, Bojan ZADRAVEC, Helmut DEUTSCH, Franc REBEUŠEK: Prispevek k poznavanju razširjenosti hromega volnoritca Eriogaster catax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) v Sloveniji. / Contribution to the knowledge of Eriogaster catax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) distribution in Slovenia. ................................................................................................................5 Vid ŠVARA, Miloš POPOVIĆ, Andrej PETERNEL, Đorđe RADEVSKI, Kaja VUKOTIĆ, Rudi VEROVNIK: Surveys of butterfly and skipper fauna in the southwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea & Hesperioidea). / Raziskave favne dnevnih metuljev v jugozahodnem delu Republike Makedonije (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea & Hesperoidea). ........................................ 23 Gregor BRAČKO, Lucija ČESNIK: First records of six ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for Slovenia. / Prve najdbe šestih vrst mravelj (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) za Slovenijo. ...................... 39 Anamarija ŽAGAR: Altitudinal distribution and habitat use of the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis (Linnaeus, 1768) and the Horvath’s rock lizard Iberolacerta horvathi (Méhely, 1904) in the Kočevsko region (S Slovenia). / Višinska razširjenost in raba prostora pozidne kuščarice Podarcis muralis (Linnaeus, 1758) in velebitske kuščarice Iberolacerta horvathi (Méhely, 1904) na Kočevskem (J Slovenija). ............................................................................................................ 47 KRATKE ZNANSTVENE VESTI / SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Erik TIHELKA: First record of Opilo germanus Chevrolat, 1843 (Coleoptera: Cleridae) from Italy with remarks on its distribution in Europe. / Prvi podatek o pisancu Opilo germanus Chevrolat, 1843 (Coleoptera: Cleridae) v Italiji s komentarjem njegove razširjenosti po Evropi. ............................... 63 Žan KURALT, Rok KOSTANJŠEK: A contribution to the Slovenian spider fauna – III. / Prispevek k favni pajkov Slovenije – III. ........................................................................................................ 69 Marijan GOVEDIČ, Milan VOGRIN, Dejan BORDJAN, Dominik BOMBEK, Damijan DENAC, Tatjana GREGORC, Franc JANŽEKOVIČ, Nino KIRBIŠ, Melita VAMBERGER: New data on distribution of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Podravje region (NE Slovenia). / Novi podatki o razširjenosti močvirske sklednice Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) v Podravju (SV Slovenija). ........................................................................................................................... 77 TERENSKA NOTICA / FIELD NOTE David ŠKUFCA, Ester PREMATE: Interesting high altitude record of two common adders Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Pokljuka Plateau (Julian Alps, NW Slovenia). / Zanimiva najdba dveh osebkov navadnega gada Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) na visoki nadmorski višini na Pokljuki (Julijske Alpe, SZ Slovenija). .......................................................................................... 83 Prispevek k poznavanju razširjenosti hromega volnoritca Eriogaster catax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) v Sloveniji Barbara ZAKŠEK1, Stanislav GOMBOC2, Marijan GOVEDIČ1, Nika KOGOVŠEK1, Radovan ŠTANTA3, Bojan ZADRAVEC4, Helmut DEUTSCH5, Franc REBEUŠEK1 1 Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Antoličičeva 1, SI-2204 Miklavž na Dravskem polju, Slovenija; E-mails: barbara.zaksek@ckff.si, marijan.govedic@ckff.si, nika.kogovsek@ckff.si, franc.rebeusek@ckff.si 2 Šiškovo naselje 19, SI–4000 Kranj, Slovenia; E-mail: stanislav.gomboc@siol.net 3 Miren 163, SI–5291 Miren, Slovenia; E-mail: radovan.stanta@gmail.com 4 Vipavska cesta 88, SI–5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia; E-mail: bojan.zadravec4@gmail.com 5 Bannberg 22, A–9911 Assling, Austria; E-mail: deutsch.h@gmx.at Izvleček. V prispevku predstavljamo 113 novih, naključno zbranih podatkov o razširjenosti hromega volnoritca Eriogaster catax (Linnaeus, 1758) v Sloveniji na 78 različnih lokacijah. Poznavanje razširjenosti vrste smo s 44 povečali na 56 UTM kvadratov. Največ podatkov je s Primorske. Nova nahajališča vrste so predvsem iz severovzhodne Slovenije: ob reki Ledavi, Muri in Dravi; v vzhodni Sloveniji na Kozjanskem in ob spodnjem toku reke Save. Vrsta je prvič najdena tudi v Beli krajini. Izboljšali smo poznavanje razširjenosti vrste na Notranjskem (Cerkniško jezero in Pivška jezera), na obronkih Nanosa in v dolini Dragonje. Za analizo fenologije in vertikalne razširjenosti vrste smo uporabili vse podatke. Gosenice smo opazovali od konca marca do sredine junija, odrasle osebke pa od sredine septembra do začetka novembra. Po doslej znanih podatkih se hromi volnoritec v Sloveniji pojavlja med 0 in 960 m nadmorske višine. Mediana višinske razporeditve podatkov je pri 258 m n. m., polovica vseh podatkov pa je razporejena v pasu od 166 do 420 m n. m. Ocenjujemo, da je poznavanje razširjenosti vrste v Sloveniji še zmeraj nezadovoljivo. Ključne besede: hromi volnoritec, Eriogaster catax, razširjenost, Slovenija, Natura 2000, fenologija, Direktiva o habitatih Abstract. Contribution to the knowledge of Eriogaster catax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) distribution in Slovenia – The paper reveals 113 new records of Eriogaster catax (Linnaeus, 1758) from 78 localities in Slovenia. Its known distribution was extended from 44 to 56 UTM grid squares. Most of the new records come from the Primorska region. The most valuable extension of the currently known distribution is in north-eastern Slovenia: at the Ledava, Mura and Drava Rivers; in eastern Slovenia: the Kozjansko region and along lower stretches of the Sava River. The species was recorded for the Bela krajina region for the first time. Additional records were collated also in the Notranjska region (Cerkniško Lake and Pivka lakes), at southern slopes of Mt. Nanos and in the Dragonja River valley. Using all the data, an analysis of phenology and vertical distribution of species was conducted. Observations of larval stages of E. catax were made from late March until mid-June, while adults were observed from mid-September until early November. Altitudinal distribution varies between 0 and 960 m a. s. l. The median of vertical distribution is at 258 m a. s. l. Half of the records were made between 166 and 420 m a. s. l. We conclude that the distribution of the species in Slovenia is still inadequately known. Ključne besede: Eriogaster catax, distribution, Slovenia, Natura 2000, phenology, Habitat directive Uvod Hromi volnoritec Eriogaster catax (Linnaeus, 1758) je nočni metulj iz družine kokljic (Lasiocampidae). Gosenice vseh vrst tega rodu v začetnih razvojnih stadijih oblikujejo skupna gnezda. Samice hromega volnoritca jeseni ležejo jajčeca spiralno okoli vejic hranilne rastline gosenic ter jih prekrijejo z dlačicami s konca zadka, da so bolj prikrita in zavarovana pred nizkimi temperaturami (Pro Natura 2000). Vrsta prezimuje v stadiju jajčec, iz njih pa se v toplejših spomladanskih dneh, praviloma aprila pred olistanjem hranilnih rastlin, izležejo gosenice. Te v prvih razvojnih stopnjah živijo skupinsko na gnezdih, ki jih same spletejo iz svilnatih niti. Po treh levitvah gosenice gnezdo zapustijo in živijo samostojno. Po treh do štirih tednih se gosenice po peti levitvi zabubijo v svilenem kokonu v vrhnjem sloju tal. Iz večine bub se jeseni razvijejo metulji, del bub pa lahko prezimi do naslednje jeseni ali celo večkrat (Ebert et al. 1994, Pro Natura 2000, Dolek et al. 2008), kar so potrdila tudi naša opažanja (Gomboc, neobjavljeno). Metulji so aktivni od konca septembra do začetka novembra, njihova aktivnost pa se začne v poznih popoldanskih ali zgodnjih večernih urah, ko samci v hitrem vijugastem letu iščejo sledi feromonov samic, s katerimi se parijo. Samice so aktivne v večernih urah, ko odlagajo jajčeca. Tako samci kot samice neradi priletijo na luči za privabljanje nočnih metuljev. Na luči pogosteje priletijo samice, pa še to le v bližini pomladanskega opazovanja gosenic. Samci zaradi popoldanske aktivnosti neradi priletijo na luči, ker se z večerom njihova aktivnost že zaključi. Če želimo imeti več uspeha, naj bi glede na izkušnje metuljarjev luči za nočne popise metuljev postavili že ob sončnem zahodu, ko samci še letajo med grmišči (Carnelutti & Lasan, neobjavljeno). Metulji se ne hranijo, zato živijo zelo kratek čas, samci poginejo po parjenju, samice po odlaganju jajčec (Freina & Witt 1987, Pro Natura 2000). Hromi volnoritec je vezan na obrobja termofilnih presvetljenih gozdov, zaraščajoče pašnike in travnike, grmišča in mejice v toplih in vlažnih legah, katerih glavna predstavnika sta črni trn (Prunus spinosa) in glog (Crataegus spp.). Vrsta je razširjena od severnega dela Iberskega polotoka prek zahodne, srednje in južne Evrope do Rusije. Na severu sega meja areala do severne Nemčije, na jugu pa prek Italije in Balkanskega polotoka do zahodne Azije (Ebert et al. 1994, Pro Natura 2000, Čelik et al. 2004). Za Slovenijo hromega volnoritca prvi navaja že Mann (1854). Vrsta bi bila še nadalje zgolj ena izmed 3.400 vrst nočnih metuljev, ki živijo v Sloveniji (Gomboc & Lasan 2006), če ne bi bila uvrščena v Prilogo II in IV Direktive o habitatih, zaradi česar je deležna posebne pozornosti tudi v Sloveniji. V Kryštufek et al. (2001) so bili zbrani obstoječi literaturni podatki, podatki iz Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije in nekateri neobjavljeni podatki in takrat je bila vrsta znana iz 20 UTM kvadratov. V delu Čelik et al. (2004) so avtorji podatke o hromem volnoritcu iz leta 2001 (Kryštufek et al. 2001) dopolnili z novimi terenskimi podatki ciljnega vzorčenja gnezd gosenic. Poročilo je bilo kasneje objavljeno v obliki monografije (Čelik et al. 2005). Leta 2005 je bil hromi volnoritec znan iz 44 UTM kvadratov (Čelik et al. 2004, 2005, dopolnjeno s Stauder 1923 in Mladinov 1976). V Čelik et al. (2004) je bilo za opredelitev območij Natura 2000 za hromega volnoritca predlaganih devet območij, razglašeni pa le dve – Slovenska Istra (SI3000212) in Kras (SI3000276) (Ur. l. RS 2004a). Že v letu 2006 je bilo ugotovljeno, da Slovenija v celinski biogeografski regiji ni izpolnila vseh zahtev po opredelitvi območij Natura 2000 za hromega volnoritca (Zagmajster & Skaberne 2006). Kasneje je sicer Republika Slovenija pričela z izvajanjem monitoringa (Verovnik et al. 2011), vendar ne z dodatnimi raziskavami razširjenosti vrste. Slednje je ugotovila tudi Evropska komisija, zato je bilo tudi na zadnjem biogeografskem seminarju v zaključkih sprejeto, da mora Slovenija preveriti stanje vrste v vzhodnem delu Slovenije (Petkovšek 2015). Po zadnjih spremembah območij Natura 2000 v letu 2013 je bil hromi volnoritec kot kvalifikacijska vrsta dodan za območje Natura 2000 Sečoveljske soline in estuarij Dragonje (SI3000240) (Ur. l. RS 2013). Po letu 2005 je bilo o vrsti objavljenih malo podatkov (Lesar & Jež 2006, Jogan Polak 2007). V prispevku predstavljamo nove neobjavljene podatke o pojavljanju vrste v Sloveniji. Večina izmed njih je bila zbrana v zadnjih desetih letih. Materiali in metode Poleg hromega volnoritca iz rodu Eriogaster živita v Sloveniji še dve vrsti: spomladanski volnoritec (E. lanestris) in hrastov volnoritec (E. rimicola), ki so si po obliki jajčec zelo podobne, gosenice pa lahko ločimo po tretji levitvi (Ebert et al. 1994, Pro Natura 2000, Ruf et al. 2003). V prispevku predstavljamo podatke, zbrane v okviru ciljnih raziskav avtorjev prispevka, ter številna naključna opazovanja oziroma ujetja vrste. Ker je bilo v Sloveniji v zadnjih letih opravljenih več favnističnih raziskav s poudarkom na zavarovanih območjih ali zgolj na zavarovanih vrstah, med katere sodi tudi hromi volnoritec (Ur. l. RS 2004b), v tem prispevku predstavljamo tudi te rezultate. Podatki se nanašajo na tri razvojne stadije vrste (jajčeca, gosenice in metulje), ki jih je mogoče popisati v okviru terenskih opazovanj; buba se zadržuje v tleh in jo popisovalci težko opazijo. Po dosedanjih izkušnjah avtorjev se gnezda gosenic hromega volnoritca pri nas pojavljajo izključno na črnem trnu ali glogu, zato je bilo temu dejstvu prilagojeno tudi terensko delo. Prepoznavanje gosenic je sicer mogoče tudi po fotografijah, vendar je zanesljivo šele po drugi do tretji levitvi, ko se gosenice značilno odlakajo in obarvajo, kar smo upoštevali tudi pri samem terenskem delu. Pri popisovanju smo si v dvomljivih primerih pomagali tudi z gojenjem gosenic do odraslega osebka ali do faze zanesljive določitve. Najtežje izsledljiva in prepoznavna so jajčeca. V tem primeru smo v prispevku upoštevali le zanesljive podatke o najdbi jajčec. Podatki o najdbah odraslih metuljev so v glavnem zbrani v okviru popisov nočnih metuljev z UV svetlobnimi šotori. Odrasli osebki so enostavno prepoznavni in so nezamenljivi s sorodnimi vrstami. Vsak podatek je predstavljen z opisom lokacije, koordinatami, datumom najdbe, najditeljem in po potrebi določevalcem ter razvojnim stadijem vrste v času opazovanja (Tab. 1). V primeru več podatkov na isti lokaciji so podatki razvrščeni po datumu. Analize in prikaze smo naredili na novo zbranih podatkih, ki smo jih združili s predhodno zbranimi (Kryštufek et al. 2001, Čelik et al. 2004) in drugimi literaturnimi podatki (Stauder 1923, Mladinov 1976, Lesar & Jež 2006, Jogan Polak 2007). Za namene fenograma smo uporabili vse podatke, ki so nam bili na voljo z datumom najdbe (N = 152). Analizo višinske distribucije smo napravili na vseh podatkih, za katere smo imeli podano natančnost najdbe vsaj za naselje (N = 247). Rezultati V prispevku podajamo 113 novih podatkov za hromega volnoritca na 78 lokacijah, v skupno 27 UTM kvadratih za Slovenijo (Tab. 1). V 15 UTM kvadratih, kjer je bila vrsta že znana, smo potrdili njeno pojavljanje, za 12 kvadratov pa navajamo prve podatke za vrsto (Sl. 1). Slika 1. Najdišča hromega volnoritca Eriogaster catax v Sloveniji glede na nove in literaturne podatke (ALP – alpinska, CON – celinska biogeografska regija). Figure 1. New and published locations of Eriogaster catax in Slovenia (ALP – alpine, CON – continental biogeographical region). Tabela 1. Novi podatki o najdbah hromega volnoritca (Eriogaster catax) v Sloveniji. Table 1. New findings of Eriogaster catax in Slovenia. Lokacija / Location Koordinate / Coordinates (WGS84) UTM10 (10×10 km) Datum / Date Legit Stadij/ Stage Long (°E) Lat (°N) Nasip ob reki Dragonji, 530 m Z od J vhoda v Sečoveljske soline, Parecag, Piran 13,607095 45,465578 UL93 3.4.2010 S. Gomboc larva 8.4.2010 S. Gomboc larva 4.2.2011 S. Gomboc ovum V nasip Sečoveljskih solin od V roba, 540 m J od letališkega stolpa do srednjega dela letališke steze, Sečovlje, Piran 13,615095 45,471506 UL93 8.4.2010 S. Gomboc larva JV nasip Sečoveljskih solin od V roba, 540 m J od letališkega stolpa do reke Dragonje, Sečovlje, Piran 13,615738 45,466691 UL93 3.4.2010 S. Gomboc larva 8.4.2010 S. Gomboc larva 17.4.2010 S. Gomboc larva 24.4.2010 S. Gomboc larva 11.10.2010 S. Gomboc imago 20.10.2010 S. Gomboc imago 24.10.2010 S. Gomboc imago 30.10.2010 S. Gomboc imago 5.11.2010 S. Gomboc imago 29.3.2014 S. Gomboc larva Grmičevje S od reke Dragonje ob J vhodu v Sečoveljske soline (Ornitološka postaja), Sečovlje, Piran 13,615815 45,465117 UL93 8.4.2016 S. Gomboc larva Grmičevje V ob V nasipu solin Fontanigge, 150 m Z od J konca letališke steze, Sečovlje, Piran 13,616876 45,468252 UL93 28.3.2014 B. Zakšek, M. Govedič larva Grmišča med solinami in nasipom na območju opuščenega rudnik, Sečovlje, Piran 13,619258 45,479637 UL93 24.4.2010 S. Gomboc larva Rob gozda na J strani makadamske ceste 770 m SVV od zaselka Klariči, Brestovica pri Komnu, Komen 13,619142 45,812227 UL97 25.3.2012 H. Deutsch larva Travnik ob cesti Z od Dolge njive, Gorjansko, Komen 13,710192 45,791525 UL97 4.6.2009 H. Deutsch larva 9.4.2010 H. Deutsch larva Poseka ob robu makadamske ceste 50 m V od ceste 460 m J od nekdanje karavle Lokvica, Lokvica, Kostanjevica na Krasu 13,586882 45,861096 UL97 23.4.2005 T. Čelik larva Pobočje 340 m S od cerkve v Podsabotinu, Podsabotin, Nova Gorica 13,608921 45,991933 UL99 25.10.2013 B. Zadravec imago Lokacija / Location Koordinate / Coordinates (WGS84) UTM10 (10×10 km) Datum / Date Legit Stadij/ Stage Lokacija / Location Koordinate / Coordinates (WGS84) UTM10 (10×10 km) Datum / Date Legit Stadij/ Stage Lokacija / Location Koordinate / Coordinates (WGS84) UTM10 (10×10 km) Datum / Date Legit Stadij/ Stage Lokacija / Location Koordinate / Coordinates (WGS84) UTM10 (10×10 km) Datum / Date Legit Stadij/ Stage Lokacija / Location Koordinate / Coordinates (WGS84) UTM10 (10×10 km) Datum / Date Legit Stadij/ Stage Lokacija / Location Koordinate / Coordinates (WGS84) UTM10 (10×10 km) Datum / Date Legit Stadij/ Stage Long (°E) Lat (°N) Rob ceste pod 460 m Z od vrha hriba Sabotin, Podsabotin, Nova Gorica 13,628958 45,988199 UL99 17.10.2013 B. Zadravec imago Travnik ob gozdu 770 m J od osrednjega dela vasi Ravnica, 750 m Z od zaselka Pri Peči, Ravnica, Nova Gorica 13,698424 45,973508 UL99 20.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Mejica ob poti 600 m JJV od osrednjega dela vasi Ravnica, 730 m ZSZ od zaselka Pri Peči, Ravnica, Nova Gorica 13,699442 45,975202 UL99 20.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Travnik ob gozdu 770 m JJV od osrednjega dela vasi Ravnica, 560 m ZSZ od zaselka Pri Peči, Ravnica, Nova Gorica 13,701082 45,974087 UL99 20.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Dolina reke Dragonje 600 m JV od zaselka Škrline, Labor, Koper 13,755913 45,469474 VL03 30.4.2016 M. Kastelic larva Grmičevje S od ceste 670 m SZZ od hriba Jažmerca, Komen, Komen 13,759513 45,808610 VL07 27.10.2006 B. Zadravec imago Kraški rob nad cesto 850 m JV od ceste v vasi Movraž, Movraž, Koper 13,929120 45,473128 VL13 28.10.2006 S. Gomboc, B. Porenta imago Grmičevje na travniku J ob cesti 550 m SZ od vasi Črnotiče, Črnotiče, Koper 13,890662 45,556481 VL14 8.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Mejica ob poti 100 m V od železniške postaje Črnotiče 13,892869 45,552364 VL14 15.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Rob gozda 100 m JZ od repetitorja 600 m SV od Lok, Črnotiče, Koper 13,895077 45,540336 VL14 17.10.2004 S. Gomboc imago 10.10.2008 S. Gomboc imago Travnik JV od vasi Črnotiče, Črnotiče, Koper 13,904953 45,549394 VL14 5.10.2004 S. Gomboc imago Kraški travnik 1 km JV od vasi Črnotiče, 200 m JZ od ceste, Črnotiče, Koper 13,909843 45,545562 VL14 21.9.2009 B. Zadravec imago Travnik na Plasi, ob gozdu 600 m ZSZ od vasi Loka, med železniško progo in cesto, Loka, Koper 13,896666 45,538993 VL14 14.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Skalovje in stene na JV robu vasi Osp ob mostu ob potoku Osapska reka, Osp, Koper 13,858763 45,570690 VL14 10.10.1997 Ž. Predovnik imago Ob poti od Ospa k Mišji peči, Osp, Koper 13,861210 45,567493 VL14 28.10.2011 H. Deutsch (det. S. Gomboc) imago Long (°E) Lat (°N) Travnik ob odcepu ceste od Grmade proti vrhu Slavnika, Podgorje, Koper 13,969611 45,538450 VL14 9.10.2009 T. Lesar, H. Habeler imago Rob gozda 50 m SZ od pokopališča JV od Socerba, Socerb, Koper 13,862290 45,586365 VL14 24.10.2008 R. Štanta imago Travniki in grmičevje 220 m J od Svete jame, Socerb, Koper 13,864825 45,587758 VL14 24.10.2008 B. Zadravec imago Kraška gmajna ob kolovozu 300 m JZ od vasi Beka, J od kala Na Mazariji, Beka, Kozina 13,891377 45,596324 VL14 25.4.2013 B. Zakšek, N. Kogovšek larva Travnik 220 m JJV od cerkve v Petrinjah, Petrinje, Kozina 13,906102 45,572692 VL14 25.10.2007 B. Zadravec imago Petrinje (Hrpelje-Kozina), Petrinje, Kozina 13,907060 45,574834 VL14 22.10.1997 R. Štanta imago Poplavljen gozd J od avtocestnega zbiralnika 150 m Z od ograjenega vojaškega strelišča - Mlake pri Vipavi, Podraga, Vipava 13,964256 45,814114 VL17 19.4.2011 D. Vinko (det. B. Zakšek) larva Zbiralnik odpadnih vod J od avtoceste J od Mlak pri Vipavi, Podraga, Vipava 13,964456 45,814412 VL17 19.4.2011 D. Vinko (det. B. Zakšek) larva Travnik na osrednjem delu Mlak – Mlake pri Vipavi, Vipava, Vipava 13,962374 45,823292 VL17 11.5.2008 B. Zakšek, N. Kogovšek, R. Luštrik larva Travniki na gmajni Podorešnica, 600 m J od vasi Barka, Barka, Divača 14,051227 45,634296 VL25 22.4.2009 S. Polak larva Travniki 100 m JV od vasi Barka, Barka, Divača 14,060963 45,633486 VL25 23.4.2015 N. Kogovšek larva Travnik S ob cesti Vareje-Naklo, J vznožje hriba Grič, Vareje, Divača 14,026034 45,637395 VL25 16.4.2015 B. Zakšek, N. Kogovšek larva Travniki in grmičevje V nad dolino potoka Sušica in Z od ceste Naklo-Podgrad, Zavrhek, Divača 14,007420 45,651317 VL25 20.4.2015 N. Kogovšek larva Travnik in grmičevje ob makadamski poti s ceste Nanos – Lozice, Lozice, Razdrto 14,003158 45,789409 VL27 22.5.1983 H. Deutsch larva 10.4.2016 S. Gomboc, B. Zakšek, N. Kogovšek, T. Koren larva Skalne stene v dvojnem ovinku ceste na Nanos, 1,2 km ZJZ od Šembijske bajte, Hrašče, Vipava 13,997363 45,800552 VL27 12.10.2007 T. Lesar, R. Štanta imago Rob ceste v dvojnem ovinku 1 km SZ od hriba Strmec, Hrašče, Vipava 13,999323 45,798842 VL27 12.10.2007 R. Štanta imago Long (°E) Lat (°N) Mejice na Petelinjskem polju ob cesti Petelinje-Slovenska vas, Petelinje, Pivka 14,206402 45,697693 VL36 21.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Rob gozda ob cesti Orehek-Hruševje, 250 m S od izvira potoka Karantan, Orehek, Postojna 14,134609 45,757620 VL36 21.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Travnik na J robu Palškega jezera, 880 m JJZ od vrha hriba Jezerščak, Palčje, Pivka 14,254355 45,683772 VL45 27.4.2008 V. Zakšek, T. Kogovšek, B. Šarac (det. B. Zakšek) larva Mejice in poseke 400 m J od hriba Loški grič, Cerknica, Cerknica 14,338480 45,807787 VL47 8.10.2007 G. Torkar (det. S. Gomboc) ovum leto 2008 Notranjski regijski park ovum Travnik in mejice 320 m SV od hriba Kamna Gorica, Cerknica, Cerknica 14,354540 45,804244 VL47 leto 2008 Notranjski regijski park ovum Zaraščajoč travnik in rob gozda ob cesti Martinjak – Grahovo 240 m V od ceste proti Slivnici, Grahovo, Cerknica 14,430912 45,779816 VL56 leto 2008 Notranjski regijski park ovum Mejica ob potoku Žerovniščica 670 JZ od hriba Kamna Gorica, Žerovnica, Cerknica 14,411303 45,760101 VL56 28.9.2009 S. Gomboc, V. Schein imago Grmičevje okoli cerkve Sveti Lenart, Dobec, Cerknica 14,359345 45,851888 VL57 21.12.2007 S. Gomboc ovum 25.4.2015 M. Govedič larva leto 2008 Notranjski regijski park ovum Travnik ob gozdu Vrbice 500 m S od vasi Stara lipa, Stara Lipa, Črnomelj 15,205441 45,490264 WL13 12.5.2015 V. Zakšek, B. Zakšek larva Mejice in grmičevje S od makadamske ceste 960 m JZ od jezu ob NE Krško, Brege, Krško 15,507475 45,929119 WL38 11.4.2015 D. Klenovšek larva 25.4.2015 D. Klenovšek larva 7.4.2016 M. Govedič larva Travniki in mejice na desnem bregu Save nasproti NE Krško, 800 m SV od vasi, Brege, Krško 15,508951 45,927007 WL38 7.4.2016 M. Govedič larva 27.4.2016 M. Govedič larva Predel ob poti ob njivi na desnem bregu Save, 1400 m S od vasi Vihre, Vihre, Krško 15,523561 45,927184 WL48 11.4.2015 D. Klenovšek larva Long (°E) Lat (°N) Cerkev Sveti Martin, Veliki Kamen, Veliki Kamen, Krško 15,519494 46,039726 WL49 11.10.2012 D. Klenovšek imago Rob gozda 270 m S od domačije Mlakar, Kozjak nad Pesnico, Kungota 15,629427 46,629400 WM46 6.5.2010 F. Rebeušek, B. Zakšek larva Grmičevje ob državni meji S pri vasi Podigrac, 340 m JV od hriba Plački vrh, Podigrac, Kungota 15,621561 46,678079 WM46 9.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Travnik na J pobočju hriba Brloge, Cirknica, Šentilj v Slovenskih Goricah 15,640749 46,671360 WM46 2.10.2003 T. Lesar imago Gozd V lesu J od vasi Muretinci, Muretinci, Gorišnica 15,998835 46,376587 WM73 6.4.2014 L. Šparl (det. B. Zakšek) larva 6.4.2016 M. Govedič larva Južni nasip odvodnega kanala HE Formin med od mostom J od Cvetkovcev in JV od Mihovcev, Cvetkovci, Ormož 16,083790 46,393951 WM83 27.4.2013 M. Govedič larva 2.5.2015 M. Govedič larva Grmičevje ob poti pri hiši Goričak 28, V od Turškega potoka 550 m J od sotočja z Kojuhovskim potokom, Goričak, Zavrč 16,058365 46,370860 WM83 11.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva Travnik Z od gozdu ob gramoznici Prod, Hrastje-Mota, Radenci 16,090265 46,611551 WM86 19.4.2013 N. Kogovšek larva 4.4.2014 N. Kogovšek larva Grmišče Lovska remiza, SZ od železniške postaje Obrež, Obrež, Središče ob Dravi 16,222546 46,392129 WM93 9.5.2010 M. Govedič (det. F. Rebeušek) larva 11.4.2011 B. Zakšek larva 17.4.2011 M. Govedič larva 20.4.2013 M. Govedič larva 28.4.2013 M. Govedič larva 7.4.2014 M. Govedič larva 3.5.2015 M. Govedič larva 15.4.2016 M. Govedič larva Lovska remiza 490 m JJZ od gasilskega doma Z od ceste proti železniški postaji, Obrež, Središče ob Dravi 16,227868 46,394627 WM93 28.4.2013 M. Govedič larva 7.4.2014 M. Govedič larva Long (°E) Lat (°N) Lovska remiza 600 m JJZ od gasilskega doma V od ceste proti železniški postaji, Obrež, Središče ob Dravi 16,229160 46,393066 WM93 9.4.2014 M. Govedič larva Grmišče na S strani železniške proge J od Ciglence, Obrež, Središče ob Dravi 16,249026 46,390115 WM93 30.4.2016 M. Govedič larva Loka J od mrtvice Kot do državne meje, Kot, Lendava 16,393645 46,538289 XM05 8.4.2014 B. Zakšek larva 25.4.2015 B. Zakšek larva Travnik in gozdni rob V od Male Polane, pri sotočju Črnega potoka in potoka Črnec, Mala Polana, Velika Polana 16,392708 46,575574 XM05 4.4.2014 B. Zakšek larva Zaraščajoč travnik v Panovju, Z ob sotočju potoka Črnec in Črnega potoka, Mala Polana, Velika Polana 16,395100 46,575257 XM05 4.4.2014 B. Zakšek larva Mejica ob poti med reko Ledavo in Radmožanskim kanalom, 250 m JJZ od mosta preko Radmožanskega kanala na cesti Renkovci – Dobrovnik, Dobrovnik, Dobrovnik 16,318769 46,644790 XM06 14.3.2014 B. Zakšek ovum Travnik ob mejici med reko Ledavo in Radmožanskim kanalom, 450 m J od mosta preko Radmožanskega kanala na cesti Renkovci – Dobrovnik, Dobrovnik, Dobrovnik 16,319337 46,642894 XM06 15.4.2011 F. Rebeušek larva 11.10.2011 F. Rebeušek, B. Zakšek imago 18.4.2013 B. Zakšek larva 27.4.2015 B. Zakšek larva Zaraščajoč travnik med reko Ledavo in Radmožanskim kanalom, 600 m J od mosta preko Radmožanskega kanala na cesti Renkovci – Dobrovnik, Dobrovnik, Dobrovnik 16,320864 46,641770 XM06 15.4.2011 F. Rebeušek larva 11.10.2011 F. Rebeušek, B. Zakšek imago Mejica ob kolovozu S od Radmožanskega kanala, 880 m JV od mosta na cesti Dobrovnik –Renkovci, Dobrovnik, Dobrovnik 16,330265 46,643739 XM06 15.4.2011 F. Rebeušek larva Mejica na J bregu Radmožanskega kanala Z ob cesti Dobrovnik –Turnišče, Dobrovnik, Dobrovnik 16,340899 46,639026 XM06 15.4.2011 F. Rebeušek larva Gozd in poseka ob Marijinem drevesu v Črnem Logu, J ob avtocesti 1 km JV od vasi Radmožanci, Radmožanci, Lendava 16,395131 46,598810 XM06 3.4.2014 S. Gomboc, B. Zakšek, N. Kogovšek larva 9.4.2014 B. Zakšek larva Long (°E) Lat (°N) Grmičevje na poseki SZ ob cesti v Urbarialnem gozdu v Črnem logu, 200 m JZ od gramoznice JZ od vasi Banuta, Radmožanci, Lendava 16,403859 46,595626 XM06 9.4.2014 B. Zakšek larva Travnik 180 m JV od zaselka Topola, Prosenjakovci, Moravske Toplice 16,322113 46,747627 XM07 7.4.2014 K. Malačič larva Ugotavljamo, da se gosenice pojavljajo od konca marca do sredine junija (Sl. 2). Večina podatkov o odraslih osebkih je od druge polovice septembra do konca oktobra. Jajčeca so bila najdena zgolj osemkrat, vendar so nam natančni datumi na voljo samo za štiri najdbe. Vse te najdbe so iz zimskih mesecev razen ene, ki je iz začetka oktobra, ko se pojavljajo odrasli osebki. Slika 2. Sezonski pregled najdb razvojnih stadijev hromega volnoritca Eriogaster catax po dekadah v Sloveniji. Figure 2. Seasonal overview of observed life cycle stages of Eriogaster catax in Slovenia. Po doslej znanih podatkih se hromi volnoritec pri nas pojavlja med 0 in 960 m nadmorske višine (Sl. 3). Na najnižji nadmorski višini so populacije tik ob morju v Sečoveljskih solinah, medtem ko je najvišje ležeča najdba na pobočju Slavnika. Mediana višinske razporeditve podatkov je 258 m n. m., polovica vseh podatkov (Q1–Q3) pa je razporejenih med 166 in 420 m n. m. Slika 3. Pregled višinske razširjenosti hromega volnoritca (Eriogaster catax) v Sloveniji. Figure 3. Altitudinal distribution of Eriogaster catax in Slovenia. Diskusija S prispevkom dopolnjujemo dosedanje poznavanje razširjenosti hromega volnoritca v Sloveniji. Poznavanje razširjenosti vrste smo izboljšali predvsem v severovzhodni Sloveniji (ob rekah Ledavi, Muri in Dravi) in v vzhodni Sloveniji (na Kozjanskem in ob spodnjem toku reke Save). Podajamo tudi prvi podatek o najdbi hromega volnoritca v jugovzhodni Sloveniji, v Beli krajini. Dodatne lokacije smo potrdili za območje Notranjske (Menišija, Cerkniško jezero in Pivška jezera), na obronkih Nanosa in v dolini Dragonje (Sl. 1). Največje zgostitve najdb smo zabeležili na Kraškem robu, v Sečoveljskih solinah in v severovzhodni Sloveniji. V osrednji in severni Sloveniji je novih najdb malo. V alpskem in predalpskem svetu severozahodne in osrednje Slovenije nam vrste ni uspelo potrditi, tako za to območje ostajajo le doslej objavljeni podatki, starejši od leta 1950 (Čelik et al. 2005). Vsekakor bi veljalo primerne habitate tu podrobno in ciljno pregledati, saj v tem območju po našem vedenju ni bilo raziskav hromega volnoritca. Razširjenost v Slovenski Istri in dolini Dragonje je neraziskana. Šele v tem prispevku predstavljena najdba vrste je prvi podatek po letu 2000 za območje Natura 2000 Istra, ki je bilo za hromega volnoritca opredeljeno že leta 2004. Razširjenost vrste v Sloveniji se ujema tudi z razširjenostjo v sosednjih državah. Za Hrvaško je malo objavljenih podatkov. Koren (2012) hromega volnoritca navaja kot redko vrsto, v glavnem na osnovi starih zgodovinskih najdb, z le tremi podatki po letu 1990. Najdbe so ob meji s Slovenijo v Istri, ob Kolpi, v okolici Krapine, Zagreba (Koren 2012) in Kumrovca (Rebeušek, neobjavljeno). Razširjenost ob Kolpi in v Istri kaže na verjetno večje pojavljanje vrste tudi na slovenski strani. Obratno pa lahko vrsto na Hrvaškem pričakujejo ob reki Savi, Dravi in Muri. V Italiji je vrsta ob slovenski meji razširjena od Gorice do Trsta (Bertaccini et al. 1995, Lapini et al. 2013). V Avstriji vrsta živi v osmih od desetih dežel, izjemi sta Salzburg in Vzhodna Tirolska (Huemer 2013). Vrsta se Sloveniji približa v okolici Celovca in na avstrijskem Štajerskem (Katzengraben pri Spielfeldu) ob reki Muri (Höttinger et al. 2005, Habeler 2014). Na Madžarskem pa so najbližje lokacije na meji s Slovenijo v narodnem parku Őrség in v okolici kraja Lenti (EIG 2010, Mille 2015). Časovno pojavljanje različnih razvojnih stadijev v Sloveniji se ujema z rezultati drugih raziskav (Pro Natura 2000, Hottinger 2005, Ambrus et al. 2010). Nekoliko se razlikujejo le posamezni podatki o najdbi gosenic v mesecu juniju in najdba odraslega osebka sredi avgusta, ki so verjetno posledica medletnih vremenskih razlik in mikroklime posameznih območij. Tako kot v Sloveniji je vrsta postala zanimiva za raziskave tudi v drugih državah EU. Najlažje je v naravi izslediti gosenice, zato je bila ta metoda uporabljena pri raziskovanju razširjenosti vrste pri nas (Gomboc & Torkar 2011, Verovnik et al. 2011, Zakšek et al. 2015) in tudi v drugih državah (Höttinger 2005, Ambrus et al. 2010). Objav o njeni ekologiji in razširjenosti je malo. Freina & Witt (1987) navajata pojavljanje vrste do 1500 m n. m. Nam najdišča vrste nad 1000 m v srednji Evropi niso znana. Podatki iz drugih držav o vertikalni razširjenosti vrste potrjujejo naše ugotovitve. V Romuniji so na višini 700 m našli visoke gostote gnezd (Sitar 2016), za Švico navajajo podatek o najdbi gosenice na 960 m (Lepiforum 2016) in za Italijo na 800 m (Lepiforum 2016). Z vidika opredeljevanja območij Natura 2000 v Sloveniji imajo poseben pomen najdbe na območju Cerkniškega jezera, ki sodijo v alpinsko biogeografsko regijo. Na biogeografskem seminarju za to regijo Evropska komisija ni želela sprejeti argumentov nevladnih organizacij, da vrsta ni zadostno raziskana, in je vrsto izločila iz referenčnega seznama (Zagmajster 2005). Najnovejši podatki dokazujejo, da se vrsta v alpinski biogeografski regiji zagotovo pojavlja. Prav tako naši rezultati podpirajo mnenje Evropske komisije (Petkovšek 2015) o potrebi po dodatnih raziskavah hromega volnoritca v vzhodni Sloveniji z namenom opredelitve dodatnih območjih Natura 2000 za vrsto. Razširjenost hromega volnoritca je v Sloveniji zaradi razmeroma prikritega načina življenja še vedno slabo poznana. To potrjuje tudi ta prispevek, kjer smo že samo z naključnimi podatki izboljšali poznavanje razširjenosti vrste v Sloveniji za 12 UTM kvadratov (28 %) glede na doslej znanih 44 kvadratov. Tudi v prihodnosti je zato pričakovati nove najdbe vrste v novih območjih. Dejanska razširjenost vrste v Sloveniji je tako še vedno neznanka in jo je treba raziskati. Vrsto pričakujemo predvsem v Halozah, v Beli krajini, v Slovenskih goricah in na Posavskem hribovju. To so tudi območja, kjer najdemo osončena suha travišča z grmišči in njihove zaraščajoče faze, navadno s črnim trnom in glogom, ki sta pri nas glavni hranilni rastlini gosenic hromega volnoritca. Summary Eriogaster catax is a species of moth listed on the Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive. Specimens and its habitat are legally protected by the national Decree on Protected Wild Animal Species (Ur. l. RS 2004a). In Slovenia, implementation of the Habitats Directive for the species is still in progress since Natura 2000 sites have not been fully designated as yet. Due to our poor knowledge of its ecology and distribution in Slovenia, every study of its recent distribution and population size could contribute to a better designation of appropriate Natura 2000 sites, since the species was categorized as »scientific reserve« for both biogeographical regions at the last biogeographical seminars (Petkovšek 2015). The overview of its distribution in Slovenia was prepared by Čelik et al. (2004). In 2005, the species was known from 44 UTM grid squares (Čelik et al. 2004, 2005, complemented with Stauder 1923 and Mladinov 1976). In this paper, we present 113 new records from 78 localities for the species in Slovenia. Records in this contribution are a combination of systematic surveys for the species and chance encounters. These data extend the known distribution of the species to additional 12 UTM grid squares and confirm its presence for 15 UTM grid squares. It was not surprising that most of records come from the Primorska region. This could be mainly due to the presence of the most suitable habitats for the species, as well as popularity of the region among lepidopterologists. The known distribution is now extended to the areas along the Sava, Drava, Mura and Ledava Rivers. The record in Bela krajina is the first for the region. We widened the knowledge of the distribution also on Mt. Nanos, in the Dragonja River valley and in the Notranjska region (Cerkniško Lake and Pivka lakes). The findings in the Notranjska region are within the alpine biogeographical region in Slovenia. Our findings confirm the conclusion of the biogeographical seminars for E. catax as scientific reserve. Larval stages of Eriogaster catax were observed from late March until mid-June and adults from mid-September until early November. Altitudinal distribution varies between 0 and 960 m a. s. l. (Me = 258, Q1–Q3: 166–420). Our findings have improved the current knowledge on distribution of Eriogaster catax in Slovenia. We conclude that the distribution of the species in Slovenia is still inadequately known. Zahvala Zahvaljujemo se vsem, ki so prispevali podatke za ta prispevek ali drugače sodelovali pri terenskem delu: Tatjana Čelik, Miroslav Kastelic, Dušan Klenovšek, Tone Lesar, Kristjan Malačič, Slavko Polak, Bojan Porenta, Željko Predovnik, Luka Šparl, Valentin Schein, Gregor Torkar, Damjan Vinko in Valerija Zakšek. Notranjski regijski park nam je posredoval podatke lastnega monitoringa. Ali Šalamun iz Centra za kartografijo favne in flore (CKFF) je pomagal pri kartografiji in pripravi podatkov. Del terenskega dela Barbare Zakšek, Nike Kogovšek in Franca Rebeuška je bil financiran v okviru naslednjih projektov: »Inventarizacija favne območja reke Mure«, ki ga je opravljal CKFF po naročilu podjetja Dravske elektrarne Maribor d.o.o.; »Vzpostavitev in izvajanje monitoringa izbranih ciljnih vrst metuljev v letih 2010 in 2011«, ki ga je vodila Biotehniška fakulteta po naročilu Ministrstva za okolje in prostor; v okviru presoje vplivov na hromega volnoritca na območju trase plinovoda Osp-Ajdovščina, ki ga je opravljal CKFF po naročilu podjetja Geoplin. Del terenskega dela Staneta Gomboca je bil opravljen v okviru projekta Popis in vrednotenje biodiverzitete živalskih skupin na območju Krajinskega parka Sečoveljske soline, 2010, po naročilu Soline d.o.o. Literatura Ambrus A., Kiss S., Sáfián S., Horváth B., Horváth Á. 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Surveys of butterfly and skipper fauna in the southwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea & Hesperioidea) Vid ŠVARA1, Miloš POPOVIĆ2,3, Andrej PETERNEL4, Đorđe RADEVSKI3, Kaja VUKOTIĆ5, Rudi VEROVNIK6 1 Jakčeva ulica 1, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia; e-mail: vid.svara@gmail.com 2 University of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Serbia; E-mail: mpopovic@pmf.ni.ac.rs 3 HabiProt, Bulevar Oslobođenja 106/34, 11040 Beograd, Serbia 4 Javorje 31, 4223 Poljane, Slovenia; E-mail: andrej.peternel@gmail.com 5 Osek 14b, 5261 Šempas, Slovenia; E-mail: kaja.vukotic@gmail.com 6 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-mail: rudi.verovnik@bf.uni-lj.si Abstract. Data from four surveys within the last six years were combined in order to improve the knowledge of the butterfly distribution in the Republic of Macedonia. These surveys covered a total of 40 localities, with special emphasis on less sampled areas of the south-western part of the country. The study yielded recording of 131 species, including several habitat specialist and potentially threatened butterflies. Interesting records for the following species are discussed in detail: Muschampia tessellum, Anthocharis gruneri, Euchloe penia, Tarucus balkanicus, Cupido alcetas, Pseudophilotes bavius, Polyommatus aroaniensis, Polyommatus escheri, Araschnia levana and Melitaea ornata. Ten species observed are considered threatened at the European level and 18 of them at the country level. This proves high conservation value of the studied region with many butterfly rich habitats still preserved. The lack of concerted effort for mapping of butterfly fauna in Macedonia is discussed and priorities for future surveys given. Key words: distribution, habitat specialists, threatened species, Grypocera Izvleček. Raziskave favne dnevnih metuljev v jugozahodnem delu Republike Makedonije (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea & Hesperioidea) – Predstavljeni so podatki iz štirih raziskav v zadnjih šestih letih, s katerimi želimo prispevati k boljšemu poznavanju razširjenosti dnevnih metuljev v Republiki Makedoniji. Vzorčili smo na 40 lokacijah, s posebnim poudarkom na popisovanju v manj raziskanih predelih jugozahodnega dela države. Skupno smo zabeležili 131 vrst, med njimi več habitatnih specialistov in potencialno ogroženih metuljev. Podrobneje so predstavljene zanimive najdbe naslednjih vrst: Muschampia tesellum, Anthocharis gruneri, Euchloe penia, Tarucus balkanicus, Cupido alcetas, Pseudophilotes bavius, Polyommatus aroaniensis, Polyommatus escheri, Araschnia levana in Melitaea ornata. Deset opaženih vrst je navedenih kot ogrožene na evropski ravni, 18 vrst pa je vključenih v rdeči seznam na državni ravni. Prisotnost teh vrst dokazuje, da je na območju raziskave še vedno mogoče najti ohranjena življenjska okolja z visoko naravovarstveno vrednostjo in veliko vrstno pestrostjo metuljev. V zaključku razpravljamo o pomanjkanju usklajenih prizadevanj za kartiranje favne dnevnih metuljev v Makedoniji ter postavljamo prednostne naloge za prihodnje raziskave. Ključne besede: razširjenost, habitatni specialisti, ogrožene vrste, Grypocera Introduction The Republic of Macedonia is situated in southeastern Europe, in the region where continental and Mediterranean climate influences intersect. The country possesses some of the most stunning mountain ranges of up to about 2700 meters, with typical mountain climate, and deep river gorges which provide great microclimatic variation and serve as refugia for a number of relict taxa. This wide range of climatic types resulted in extremely diverse invertebrate fauna in the country with a relatively small total area (Hristovski et al. 2015). With 205 butterfly species recorded up to date (Melovski & Bozhinovsk 2014), it is definitively one of the hotspots of butterfly diversity in Europe. Comprehensive faunistic surveys from the previous century by Rebel (1913), Alberti (1922) and Thurner (1964) provided valuable outlines of the butterfly species distribution in the country. In 1989, a distribution atlas of the butterflies of Yugoslav Macedonia followed (Schaider & Jakšić 1989), but its reliability is questionable due to lack of record traceability and inclusion of doubtful and imprecise data. In the last two decades, the butterfly surveys intensified resulting in a number of new species records for the country (Kolev & van der Poorten 1997, Krpač & Mihajlova 1997, Melovski 2004, Verovnik & Micevski 2008, Micevski et al. 2009a, 2009b, Verovnik et al. 2010, Micevski 2013, Melovski & Bozhinovsk 2014). Additionally, several faunistic and species targeted surveys were published providing valuable new information on the distribution of several rare species in the country (Dincă et al. 2010, Franeta et al. 2012, Verovnik 2012, Verovnik et al. 2013, Melovski & Bozhinovsk 2014). Although the published surveys vastly improved the knowledge regarding the distribution of butterflies in Macedonia, most of the recent studies focused on already well surveyed areas like Mt. Galičica (Krpač et al. 2011), Mt. Baba (Micevski & Micevski 2002/2003) or Mt. Shar (Melovski 2003, Huemer et al. 2011, Abdija et al. 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d). Therefore large portions of the country, particularly its central and eastern parts, remain understudied. Here we combined unpublished data from several visits to the Republic of Macedonia between 2010 and 2016. This study could thus be considered as a continuation of the previously published surveys (Verovnik et al. 2010, Verovnik 2012). Once more, the clear focus was on spring aspect of the fauna which is generally neglected. The study specifically targets the under surveyed regions in the south-western part of the country and the most important habitats for butterfly diversity (e.g. rocky slopes, gorges and gullies, dry grasslands). This enabled us to get a comprehensive overview of the local butterfly fauna and to provide new records for some rare and potentially threatened habitat specialist butterflies. Materials and methods Butterflies were observed during four surveys: July 2010 (Prespa Lake region and surroundings of Prilep), July 2012 (surroundings of Prilep), April/May 2015 (surroundings of Bitola, Prilep, and Makedonski Brod), May 2016 (surroundings of Bitola and Gevgelija). In total, 40 localities were visited (Fig. 1). They were pre-selected based on Google Earth satellite images with a specific preference for dry rocky grasslands and gorges. Adults were captured using entomological nets and released after their identification. For this purpose, Butterflies of Britain and Europe field guide was used as a primary source of information (Tolman & Lewington 2008). Figure 1. A map of the visited sites during four surveys of butterfly fauna in south-western part of the Republic of Macedonia. The numbering corresponds with the list of localities in the text. Slika 1. Karta razporeditve obiskanih lokalitet med štirimi raziskavami dnevnih metuljev v Makedoniji. Oštevilčenje ustreza seznamu lokalitet v besedilu. Results List of localities The list of localities contains the relevant toponyms, a short description of the habitat, altitude, coordinates and dates of the visits. Localities are arranged in geographical order from southwest towards northeast (Fig. 1). 1. Resen, Sirhan, rocky and bushy steep slopes along the road south of the village; 860 m; 40°59'38", 20°55'57"; 30.4.2015. 2. Prespa, Brajčino, rocky and bushy steep slopes N of the village; 1020 m; 40°54'29", 21°9'32"; 9.7.2010. 3. Prespa, Brajčino, small glades and mixed woodlands along dirt road northeast of the village; 1060 m; 40°54'37", 21°10'15"; 9.7.2010. 4. Bitola, Železnec, rocky slopes in the gorge along the road to Belica; 850 m; 41°21'5", 21°2'27"; 26.4.2015. 5. Bitola, Cer, stony meadows and pastures on south facing slopes west from the village; 1000 m; 41°24'45", 21°2'45"; 26.4.2015. 6. Bitola, Žvan, partially overgrown meadows on southern facing slopes north of the village; 670 m; 41°17'38", 21°7'2"; 26.4.2015. 7. Bitola, Sopotnica, rocky slopes and meadows along the dirt road north of the village; 700 m; 41°18'13", 21°9'5"; 26.4.2015. 8. Bitola, Belče, meadows and pastures on south facing slopes north of the village; 650 m; 41°14'48", 21°12'11"; 26.4.2015. 9. Makedonski Brod, Treska Valley, Slatina, meadows, bushes and riparian vegetation along the road to Slatina; 520 m; 41°34'51", 21°12'30"; 1.5.2015. 10. Makedonski Brod, Treska Valley, Grešnica, meadows and bushes along the road to the village; 510 m; 41°33'59", 21°12'39"; 1.5.2015. 11. Makedonski Brod, Treska Valley, Dolni Manastirec, meadows and riparian vegetation along a dirt track west of the village; 510 m; 41°36'15", 21°12'53"; 1.5.2015. 12. Makedonski Brod, Treska Valley, Dolna Belica, rocky slopes along the road northwest of the village; 480 m; 41°41'9", 21°14'2"; 1.5.2015. 13. Makedonski Brod, Treska Valley, Modrište, bushes and meadows along the dirt road towards Vir Village; 550 m; 41°37'41", 21°15'25"; 1.5.2015. 14. Makedonski Brod, Treska Valley, Devič, screes and rocky slopes in a valley 1 km east of the village; 600 m; 41°33'22", 21°15'8"; 1.5.2015. 15. Makedonski Brod, Treska valley, Vir, rocky slopes along the road north of the village; 630 m; 41°36'31", 21°16'22"; 1.5.2015. 16. Bitola, Velušina, dry meadows on south facing slopes along the road west of the village; 850 m; 40°55'47", 21°19'34"; 27.4.2015. 17. Bitola, Kišava, dry meadows on south facing slopes above the road east of the village; 750 m; 40°53'23", 21°19'39"; 27.4.2015. 18. Bitola, Suvodol, grasslands and pastures north of the quarry; 700 m; 41°4'22", 21°31'56"; 27.4.2015. 19. Bitola, Suvodol, grasslands and pastures in a small valley east of the village near artificial lake; 700 m; 41°4'28", 21°32'56"; 27.4.2015. 20. Bitola, Makovo, bushy meadows along the road 1 km west of the village; 800 m; 41°6'32", 21°35'3"; 25.5.2016. 21. Bitola, Živojno, pastures and grasslands in a small valley southeast of the village; 770 m; 40°53'45", 21°36'356"; 25.5.2016. 22. Bitola, Rapeš, partially overgrown meadows 1 km southeast of the village; 640 m; 41°5'55", 21°39'20"; 27.4.2015. 23. Bitola, Rapeš, bushy and rocky south-east facing slopes above the river Crna reka; 470 m; 41°5'43", 21°40'1"; 27.4.2015, 25.5.2016. 24. Bitola, Rapes, hay meadows and riparian vegetation at Crna reka east of the village; 450 m; 41°5'26", 21°40'10"; 25.5.2016. 25. Prilep, Mali Mramorani, rocky and grassy south facing slopes east of the village; 740 m; 41°24'22", 21°29'55"; 5.7.2012. 26. Prilep, Prisad, quarry north of the town, bushy and rocky slopes east of the quarry; 920 m; 41°25'10", 21°35'57"; 14.7.2010, 6.7.2012. 27. Prilep, Prisad, dry grasslands and screes on south facing slopes of Mt. Ćave; 1020 m; 41°24'20", 21°37'21"; 6.7.2012. 28. Prilep, Pletvar, bushy and rocky slopes above the village; 1060 m; 41°22'27", 21°38'48"; 14.7.2010, 5.7.2012, 7.7.2012, 28.4.2015. 29. Prilep, Krstec, in the village at a spring and on grassy slopes north of the village; 1080 m; 41°24'16", 21°40'9"; 6.7.2012. 30. Prilep, Pletvar, steep rocky slopes above the quarry on southern slopes of Mt. Kozjak; 1200 m; 41°23'2", 21°41'30"; 7.7.2012. 31. Prilep, Belovodica, rocky and bushy slopes along the road southeast of the village; 990 m; 41°19'40", 21°42'29"; 6.7.2012. 32. Prilep, Mariovo, meadows and riparian vegetation at a bridge over river Crna reka; 370 m; 41°11'44", 21°42'50"; 8.7.2012. 33. Prilep, Trojaci, partially overgrown meadows along the main road southwest from the village; 670 m; 41°22'2", 21°43'11"; 28.4.2015. 34. Prilep, Trojaci, orchards and meadows along the road in the village and along a small stream; 550 m; 41°22'14", 21°44'17"; 14.7.2010, 8.7.2012. 35. Prilep, Toplica, wet patches in the village at a small spring; 670 m; 41°24'1", 21°44'30"; 6.7.2012. 36. Prilep, Veprčani, bushes and small clearings along the road in a gully northwest of the village; 790 m; 41°16'28", 21°44'50"; 8.7.2012. 37. Prilep, Veprčani, partially overgrown screes and rocky pastures above the quarry northwest of the hamlet; 1030 m; 41°17'39", 21°44'51"; 8.7.2012. 38. Prilep, Vitolište, screes and rocky slopes west of the village; 740 m; 41°10'19", 21°47'19"; 8.7.2012. 39. Gradsko, Raec, bushy and rocky slopes in a gorge 3 km west from the village, along an abandoned road; 300 m; 41°25'50", 21°48'44"; 14.7.2010, 28.4.2015. 40. Gradsko, Raec, south facing rocky and bushy slopes 3 km northeast from the village; 240 m; 41°26'10", 21°52'17"; 14.7.2010, 5.7.2012, 28.4.2015. List of species Butterfly species are listed in taxonomical order (Tab. 1) in principle following the nomenclature of the Fauna Europaea (Fauna Europaea 2016). Butterflies were not collected during our surveys, therefore the genitalia were not measured. We list Leptidea sinapis as Leptidea sinapis/juvernica species complex, although it is very likely that all specimens observed belong to the first mentioned species. Specifically, in the Southern Balkan Peninsula, L. juvernica is limited to high mountains hygrophilous vegetation (Shtinkov et al. 2016), while our surveys were limited to lower altitudes and mostly thermophilous localities. Table 1. The distribution of butterfly species observed during our surveys in southwestern part of Macedonia. The localities are numbered as in the List of localities chapter. D&S stands short for Denis & Schiffermüller. Tabela 1. Razširjenost dnevnih metuljev, opaženih med štirimi raziskavami v jugozahodnem delu Makedonije. Lokalitete so oštevilčene tako kot v poglavju Seznam lokalitet. D&S je okrajšava za Denis & Schiffermüller. Species Localities Papillionidae Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) 4, 10, 15, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40 Papillio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 26, 27, 28, 31, 40 Zerynthia cerisy (Godart, 1824) 24 Zerynthia polyxena ([D&S], 1775) 10, 19, 22, 23, 39 Pieridae Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 3, 20, 21, 23, 24, 38 Pieris balcana (Lorkovic, 1968) 3, 8, 14, 21, 24, 34, 40 Pieris ergane (Geyer, 1828) 3, 5, 6, 7, 14, 28, 33, 34, 39 Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851) 32, 40 Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 28, 39 Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) 7, 13, 14, 21, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40 Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) 2 Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777) 10, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38 Anthocharis cardamines (Linnaeus, 1758) 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 28, 33, 39, 40 Anthocharis gruneri Herrich-Schäffer, 1851 4, 5, 10, 11, 13, 15, 28, 39 Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, 1804) 14, 22, 23, 24 Euchloe penia (Freyer, 1852) 12, 13, 15, 28 Colias alfacariensis Ribbe, 1905 6, 10, 13, 15, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Colias croceus (Fourcroy, 1785) 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40 Gonepteryx cleopatra (Linnaeus, 1767) 25 Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 23, 27 Leptidea duponcheli (Staudinger, 1871) 2, 5, 6, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 35, 36, 40 Leptidea sinapis/juvernica 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 23, 25, 26, 28, 33, 34, 39 Lycaenidae Satyrium acaciae (Fabricius, 1787) 2, 3, 40 Satyrium ilicis (Esper, 1779) 3, 24, 28 Satyrium spini ([D&S], 1775) 26, 27, 28, 30, 31 Satyrium w-album (Knoch, 1782) 34 Favonius quercus (Linnaeus, 1758) 34 Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 5, 6, 8, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 24, 28, 33 Lycaena alciphron (Rottemburg, 1775) 20, 24, 34 Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761) 2, 3, 7, 8, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39 Lycaena thersamon (Esper, 1784) 25, 32, 36 Lycaena tityrus (Poda, 1761) 1, 2, 10, 17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 28, 29, 32, 34, 38, 39 Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 3 Tarucus balkanica (Freyer, 1844) 24, 32, 39 Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767) 34 Cupido alcetas (Hoffmannsegg, 1804) 34 Cupido argiades (Pallas, 1771) 10, 14 Cupido minimus (Fuessly, 1775) 9, 13, 14, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38 Cupido osiris (Meigen, 1829) 2, 9, 20, 24, 25 Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 7, 16, 17, 25, 32, 34, 40 Pseudophilotes bavius (Eversmann, 1832) 9, 13, 14 Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865) 9, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 35, 36, 37, 39 Scolitantides orion (Pallas, 1771) 9, 12, 15, 39 Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761) 6, 9, 13, 14, 18, 23, 24, 28, 40 Iolana iolas (Ochsenheimer, 1816) 23, 24 Phengaris alcon ([D&S], 1775) 28, 29 Cyaniris semiargus (Rottemburg, 1775) 3, 24 Plebejus argyrognomon (Bergstrasser, 1779) 3 Species Localities Plebejus argus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 20, 21, 26, 29, 31, 34, 36 Plebejus idas (Linnaeus, 1761) 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35 Aricia agestis ([D&S], 1775) 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40 Aricia artaxerxes (Fabricius, 1793) 3 Aricia anteros (Freyer, 1838) 20 Polyommatus bellargus (Rottemburg, 1775) 28, 31, 34, 38, 40 Polyommatus coridon (Poda, 1761) 34 Polyommatus daphnis ([D&S], 1775) 25, 29, 34, 35, 36, 39 Polyommatus eros (Ochsenheimer, 1808) 3 Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) 1, 2, 3, 6, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Polyommatus thersites (Cantener, 1835) 2, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 34, 40 Polyommatus escheri (Hübner, 1823) 35 Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792) 3, 24 Polyommatus dorylas ([D&S], 1775) 28, 31 Polyommatus admetus (Esper, 1783) 2, 3, 25, 26, 28, 30, 34, 35 Polyommatus aroaniensis (Brown, 1976) 25, 26, 28, 29, 30 Polyommatus ripartii (Freyer, 1830) 3, 28, 34, 36 Nymphalidae Libythea celtis (Laicharting, 1782) 6, 23, 24 Apatura ilia ([D&S], 1775) 29 Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758) 3 Limenitis reducta Staudinger, 1901 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 34, 39, 40 Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 34 Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) 29 Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758) 6, 11, 31, 34, 39 Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758) 6, 7 Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 11, 15, 20, 34, 36, 39, 40 Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 9, 21, 24, 29 Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758) 11 Argynnis adippe ([D&S], 1775) 3, 36 Argynnis aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758) 28, 29 Argynnis niobe (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 3, 25, 26,29, 34 Argynnis pandora ([D&S], 1775) 3, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 38 Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 29, 34 Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 8, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38 Boloria dia (Linnaeus, 1767) 8, 9, 29, 34 Brenthis daphne (Bergstrasser, 1780) 3, 25, 29, 34, 40 Brenthis hecate ([D&S], 1775) 20, 25 Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775) 3 Melitaea phoebe ([D&S], 1775) 2, 3, 21 Melitaea ornata Cristoph, 1893 39 Melitaea arduinna (Esper, 1783) 20 Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758) 20, 24 Melitaea didyma (Esper, 1778) 2, 3, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 40 Melitaea trivia ([D&S], 1775) 2, 23, 30, 35 Aphantopus hyperanthus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 34 Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775) 2, 3, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40 Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 3, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40 Hyponephele lupinus (O. Costa, 1836) 34 Hyponephele lycaon (Kuhn, 1774) 25, 38 Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1767) 32, 34 Kirinia roxelana (Cramer, 1777) 3, 29, 34, 39 Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus, 1758) 39 Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767) 12, 20, 21, 23, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40 Species Localities Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 9, 13, 21, 34, 39 Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus, 1761) 3 Coenonympha leander (Esper, 1784) 21, 23, 24 Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 6, 8, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40 Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 3, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34, 36, 38 Melanargia larissa (Geyer, 1828) 2, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Hipparchia senthes (Fruhstorfer, 1908) 27, 30, 31 Hipparchia syriaca (Staudinger, 1871) 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 38 Satyrus ferula (Fabricius, 1793) 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 38 Chazara briseis (Linnaeus, 1764) 26, 27, 28, 30, 37, 40 Pseudochazara cingovskii (Gross, 1973) 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 37, 38 Pseudochazara anthelea (Hübner, 1824) 40 Hesperiidae Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758) 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 25, 28, 34, 39, 40 Carcharodus alceae (Esper, 1780) 6, 23, 24, 34, 35, 39, 40 Carcharodus floccifera (Zeller, 1847) 34 Carcharodus lavatherae (Esper, 1783) 25, 30 Carcharodus orientalis Reverdin, 1913 3, 9, 21, 23, 24, 34 Muschampia tessellum (Hübner, 1803) 21 Pyrgus alveus (Hübner, 1803) 28 Pyrgus armoricanus (Oberthür, 1910) 1, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 34, 36, 40 Pyrgus serratulae (Rambur, 1839) 24, 25 Pyrgus cinarae (Rambur, 1839) 2, 3, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 38 Pyrgus sidae (Esper, 1784) 20, 24, 25 Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 31 Spialia orbifer (Hübner, 1823) 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 36, 40 Ochlodes sylvanus (Esper, 1777) 2, 3, 24, 25, 28, 29, 34 Thymelicus acteon (Rottemburg, 1775) 25, 29 Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808) 3, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 37 Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761) 3, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 34 Discussion A total of 131 species were encountered during the survey representing roughly 65% of the butterfly fauna of Macedonia. Given the size of the surveyed area and lack of high alpine localities, the number of the species observed is relatively high and could be attributed to sampling in spring and summer period when butterfly diversity is the highest. Also, wide variety of habitats was surveyed and potentially butterfly rich sites were selected over intensively managed areas. The multivoltine species like Aricia agestis, Polyommatus icarus and Lycaena phleas were the most widespread and are generally known as common in Macedonia (Schaider & Jakšić 1989). In contrast, several rare and locally distributed species were encountered during our surveys. Records of two of these, Gonepteryx cleopatra and Pseudochazara cingovski, were published and discussed separately (Verovnik et al. 2013, Micevski & Micevski 2014), while additional interesting species observations are briefly presented below: . Muschampia tessellum – This butterfly was mentioned for the first time for Macedonia by Thurner (1964) for the surroundings of Ohrid and Struga towns, but without further details on locality or collector. An additional record is roughly depicted in the atlas from the region southwest of Dojran Lake (Schaider & Jakšić 1989). The species was also reported from Grupčin village east of Skopje (Russell 1992), however, the record was later revoked due to confusion with even more local Muschampia cribrellum (Eversmann, 1841) (Dincă et al. 2010, Peter Russell pers. comm.). The species was recently found on Mt. Suva Planina south of Skopje (Nikola Micevski, pers. comm.). We discovered this impressively large skipper at Živojno village not far from the Greek border. The habitat is dominated by overgrazed grasslands, but small gullies with steep, partially eroded slopes still provide some flower rich patches (Fig. 2a). No host plants were detected at the site, but observation of two territorial males (Fig. 2b) patrolling the small valley indicates potential residence of the species in this area. b a Figure 2. Habitat (a) and territorial male (b) of Tessellated Skipper Muschampia tessellum discovered at Živojno village southeast of Bitola. Slika 2. Habitat (a) in teritorialni samec (b) debeloglavčka vrste Muschampia tessellum, najden pri vasi Živojno jugovzhodno od Bitole. . Anthocharis gruneri – The species is locally distributed in Macedonia in the Vardar valley and Ohrid Lake region (Schaider & Jakšić 1989). We found it at several sites in the upper part of the Treska Valley, which is not unexpected given the known presence of the species in the lower part of the valley (Thurner 1964, Verovnik 2012) and recent observations from the southern Serbia (Popović & Milenković 2012). More interestingly, the species was found for the first time in the Raec Gorge and at Pletvar Pass, both well studied localities with extensive faunistic records (Alberti 1922, Schaider 1984, Russell 1992). Additionally, we recorded it on dry rocky slopes at Cer and Železnec villages filling the gap between the Treska Valley and Mt. Galičica. Apparently, the species is more widespread in Macedonia than previously thought and will probably be recorded in additional localities during future spring surveys. . Euchloe penia – This is another extremely local species known only from the lower and middle part of the Treska Valley (Thurner 1964, Verovnik et al. 2010). Two new sites further south in the upper part of the Treska Valley are only a small extension of its known range, however, this is a good indication of potentially wider distribution of the species in the region. It was rather common during both visits at Pletvar Pass, a known stronghold of the species (Russell 1992, Hainsch 1993). . Tarucus balkanicus – This attractive little blue is distributed in the hottest parts of Macedonia, which include the Vardar Valley, surroundings of Štip and Ohrid town (Thurner 1964, Schaider & Jakšić 1989, Verovnik et al. 2010, Verovnik 2012). We found the species at two sites, both in the valley of the river Crna reka east of Bitola. Paliurus spina-christi Mill., the host plant of the species, is common on steep rocky slopes at both sites, therefore the presence of local populations is not questionable. These new localities are well outside its known range in Macedonia. . Cupido alcetas – This is a very rare species in Macedonia, known only from Ohrid region, Mt. Shar (Lešok) and central part of the Treska Valley (Thurner 1964, Schaider & Jakšić 1989, Verovnik et al. 2010). We found a single specimen along the road near a small stream in Trojaci village. Based on two consecutive observations, the presence of streams and riparian vegetation seems to be important habitat requirement for this species. . Pseudophilotes bavius – Historically, the species was known from the lower Treska Valley (Thurner 1964), where it is still present (Verovnik 2012), and from the valley of the Babuna and Topolka Rivers south of Veles town (Schaider 1984). Despite several visits by the authors to both valleys near Veles in spring, the species could not be re-found there. The situation is also deteriorating at the Treska-Matka dam site, where overgrowing of the larval habitat is a serious problem (Verovnik 2012). Observing strong populations at three new sites further up the Treska Valley is therefore a welcoming relief, as the species is nearly extinct at the previously known sites. The species is listed in the Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EGS 2009), therefore the newly discovered populations should be targeted for long term conservation. . Polyommatus escheri – Owing to the rarity of its hostplant Astragalus monspessulanus (Bernh.) in Macedonia, the species has so far been recorded only at three localities (Micevski et al. 2009b). We observed a single male mud puddling at a spring in Toplica village, which is less than 10 km away from a historically known site in the Raec Gorge, central Macedonia (Thurner 1964). No host plants were observed in the vicinity, but as this butterfly is relatively sedentary (Verovnik 2004) a local population is likely to occur in close proximity of the village. . Polyommatus aroaniensis – The species was first mentioned for Macedonia by Kolev & van der Poorten (1997) from the vicinity of Prilep and Mt. Galičica (Petrina Planina). Recently it was also found near Mariovo in southern Macedonia (Melovski & Bozhinovsk 2014). Our records came from several sites in vicinity of Pletvar Pass and at Mali Mramorani village, northeast of Prilep. The identification of this species is, however, tentative and based on lack of white stripe on the hind wing underside (Fig. 3), which is considered the main characteristic of the species (Pamperis 2009). However, it has been recently shown that this character is extremely variable in closely related P. ripartii (Lovrenčić et al. 2016), which is also present in this region. Figure 3. A male of the Grecian Anomalous Blue Polyommatus aroaniensis mud puddling on a road in Trojaci village. A vestigial white stripe on hind wings, typical for the species, is visible. Slika 3. Samec modrina vrste Polyommatus aroaniensis med srkanjem mineralov na cesti v vasi Trojaci. Vidna je komaj opazna bela proga na zadnjih krilih, ki je značilna za to vrsto. . Araschnia levana – First recorded for Macedonia by Thomas (1993) and subsequently reported as new for the country by Melovski (2003, 2004). The species is becoming more widespread in the region (Verovnik et al. 2010) and our record from Dolni Manastirec in the upper part of the Treska Valley is in line with this observation. . Melitaea ornata – Based on the adult characteristics, the species was first reported for Macedonia by Verovnik et al. (2010), followed by several additional observations in southeastern part of the country (Verovnik 2012). Its presence in Macedonia has also been confirmed using larval stage, with conspicuous red head of the caterpillars being a more reliable taxonomic character (Russell et al. 2015). This study also concluded that the species should be more widespread in the country. We found specimens with typical phenotype just at a single locality in the Raec Gorge in spring 2015. Among the species observed, the endemic Pseudochazara cingovskii is one of the most threatened butterflies worldwide. Only a few localities are known, all within the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. Habitat destruction due to quarrying is considered as the largest threat for this butterfly. However, its critically endangered status (CR) has recently been downgraded to endangered (EN) due to new data on distribution and population size (Verovnik et al. 2013). Additional European red list species (van Swaay et al. 2010) recorded during our surveys are: Carcharodus lavatherae, Carcharodus floccifera, Thymelicus acteon, Zerynthia cerisy, Pseudophilotes vicrama, Aricia anteros, Polyommatus eros, Polyommatus dorylas, and Chazara briseis, all categorized as near threatened (NT). The majority of them were observed at one or two localities and are not widespread in the country. A notable exception is P. vicrama found at 13 sites. Considering the red list of butterflies of Macedonia (Krpač & Darcemont 2012), 18 of the observed species are listed. Yet, this red list assessment should be considered tentative, given the lack of sufficient butterfly data coverage, specific studies of habitat requirements and major threats for the butterflies in the country. The butterfly data coverage for Macedonia is still insufficient and there are many regions with very limited butterfly records. This is especially true for the north-eastern part of the country, where further surveys should be targeted covering at least some of the unstudied areas. By providing new records for several rare, local and potentially threatened butterfly species we hope to contribute to their conservation and long term survival. We also wish to encourage further butterfly surveys in Macedonia and call for a more concerted effort on a modern butterfly distribution atlas, which is essential for red list assessments and conservation decisions. Povzetek V obdobju zadnjih šestih let (2010–2016) smo štirikrat obiskali Republiko Makedonijo, kjer smo se osredotočili na popisovanje dnevnih metuljev v slabše raziskanih območjih na jugozahodu države. Skupno smo obiskali 40 lokacij in zabeležili 131 vrst, kar pomeni približno 65 % vseh za Makedonijo znanih vrst. Tako velik delež opaženih vrst pripisujemo kombinaciji popisovanja v pomladanski in poletni sezoni ter načrtnemu iskanju za dnevne metulje potencialno vrstno bogatih življenjskih okolij. S tem smo v popis zajeli tudi nekatere redke in potencialno ogrožene habitatne specialiste. Najbolj zanimiva je najdba debeloglavčka vrste Muschampia tessellum pri vasi Živojno, jugovzhodno od Bitole. Ta vrsta je bila glede na zgodovinske vire znana iz dveh območij, naša najdba pa je druga recentna za Makedonijo. Favnistično so zanimive tudi nove najdbe za vrste Araschnia levana, Melitaea ornata, Anthocharis gruneri, Euchloe penia, Tarucus balkanicus, Cupido alcetas, Pseudophilotes bavius, Polyommatus aroaniensis in Polyommatus escheri. Za slednjega je najdba v vasi Topolec četrta za Makedonijo. Naravovarstveno najvidnejša je najdba okarja Pseudochazara cingovskii, ki pa je podrobneje obravnavana v predhodni objavi (Verovnik et al. 2013). Od drugih vrst jih je devet vključenih v rdeči seznam na evropskem nivoju kot potencialno ogrožene (NT), v rdečem seznamu Makedonije pa jih je navedenih 18. To priča o veliki naravovarstveni vrednosti območja raziskave in ohranjenosti nekaterih posebnih življenjskih okolij, na katera so vezane ogrožene vrste metuljev. Razveseljujejo tri nove najdbe modrina vrste Pseudophilotes bavius, ki je navedena v habitatni direktivi in sodi med najbolj ogrožene vrste dnevnih metuljev v Makedoniji. Gledano v celoti je favna metuljev še vedno nepopolno raziskana, saj obstajajo večja območja, v katerih niso bili opravljeni nobeni favnistični popisi. To velja predvsem za severovzhodni del države, kjer bi v prihodnje bilo smiselno organizirati obširnejše raziskave. Prav tako je nujno bolj sistematsko in organizirano popisovanje favne metuljev Makedonije, ki bi omogočilo pripravo sodobnega atlasa razširjenosti te naravovarstveno zelo pomembne skupine žuželk. Acknowledgements This study would not have been possible without the great support from Branko and Nikola Micevski who also helped during part of the surveys in 2012. Funding for the survey in 2012 was in part provided for by the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund. Additionally we would like to thank Milan Đurić, Arthur van Dijk, Chris van Swaay, Bosse van Swaay, and Irma Wynhoff for their company during field work in 2012. References Abdija X., Beadini N., Beadini S., Iseni A. 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Verovnik R., Micevski B., Đurić M., Jakšić P., Keymeulen A., van Swaay C., Veling K. (2010): Contribution to the knowledge of the butterfly fauna of the Republic of Macedonia (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea & Hesperioidea). Acta Ent. Slo. 18: 31-46 Verovnik R., Micevski B., Maes D., Wynhoff I., van Swaay C., Warren M. (2013): Conserving Europe’s most endangered butterfly: the Macedonian Grayling (Pseudochazara cingovskii). J. Insect Conserv. 17: 941-947. First records of six ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for Slovenia Gregor BRAČKO1 & Lucija ČESNIK2 1 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-mail: gregor.bracko@bf.uni-lj.si 2 Ravne 25a, 5262 Črniče, Slovenia Abstract. Six ant species recorded for the first time in Slovenia are presented: Camponotus gestroi, Hypoponera eduardi, Lasius lasioides, Tapinoma cf. nigerrimum, Temnothorax jailensis and Temnothorax turcicus. They were found in the period of the last 9 years, five of them in southwestern Slovenia in the Submediterranean region, while T. turcicus was recorded in northeastern Slovenia. Findings of C. gestroi and T. jailensis considerably extend their previously known ranges in Europe. Key words: ants, Slovenia, Mediterranean species, faunistics Izvleček. Prve najdbe šestih vrst mravelj (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) za Slovenijo – Predstavljamo šest vrst mravelj, ki so bile prvič zabeležene v Sloveniji: Camponotus gestroi, Hypoponera eduardi, Lasius lasioides, Tapinoma cf. nigerrimum, Temnothorax jailensis in Temnothorax turcicus. Najdene so bile v obdobju zadnjih 9 let, od tega pet vrst v jugozahodni Sloveniji v submediteranski regiji, medtem ko je bila T. turcicus odkrita v severovzhodni Sloveniji. Najdbi vrst C. gestroi in T. jailensis znatno povečujeta njuni doslej znani območji razširjenosti v Evropi. Ključne besede: mravlje, Slovenija, mediteranske vrste, favnistika Introduction Investigations of the Slovenian ant fauna became more systematic only in the last 20 years. As the result of more extensive sampling and included literature data, first general review of the Slovenian ant fauna, which included 105 species, was prepared (Bračko 2000). In the last checklist of ants of Slovenia, 132 species were listed (Bračko 2007). In the following years, two additional species were mentioned for the country, i.e. Myrmica hellenica Finzi, 1926 (Seifert et al. 2009) and Myrmoxenus gordiagini Ruzsky, 1902 (Bračko 2010). Within Slovenia, the ant fauna is not uniformly distributed. The richest region is the southwestern (Submediterranean) part of the country, where approximately 75% of all Slovenian species have been found (Bračko 2007). The article presents six ant species recorded in Slovenia for the first time, five of them from the southwestern and one from the northeastern parts of the country. Materials and methods The faunistic studies that we refer to were conducted in the years 2008 to 2016. The main collection method applied was direct sampling (hand collecting), while in one case pitfall trapping was applied as well. In the latter case, 7 cm diameter plastic pots placed in the ground with vinegar as the fixative were used. All specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. We used the relevant taxonomic literature (Seifert 1992, 2007, 2012), as well as high quality images of the type specimens on the AntWeb website (http://www.antweb.org) for species identification. All specimens are kept in the collection of ants of the first author. Results and discussion We found six new species for the Slovenian ant fauna. Five of them were recorded in the southwestern part (Submediterranean region) of the country, proving that ants are richly represented here and that additional faunistic investigations in this region can still bring new species. Based on their known ranges, Hypoponera eduardi and Temnothorax turcicus could be expected for southwestern and northeastern Slovenia, respectively, while the findings of Camponotus gestroi and Temnothorax jailensis were rather unexpected and considerably extended their previously known ranges in Europe. New records of the two Temnothorax species are valuable as in general they have been rarely collected and the literature data on them are scarce. The probable reason is that they are small-sized arboricolous species with small colonies and consequently often overlooked in faunistic studies. In the following text we present the list of records of each species, with WGS84 coordinates of each locality, followed by notes on each species. Localities are shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1. Localities of six ant species recorded in Slovenia for the first time. Slika 1. Lokalitete šestih vrst mravelj, ki so bile prvič najdene v Sloveniji. Camponotus gestroi Emery, 1878 Record: Patchy karst meadow with surrounding scrub and trees, 0.5 km S of Dragonja village, Piran, SLO, 45°27.19'N, 13°39.61'E, 30 m a.s.l., 21.5.2016, hand collecting, leg. G. Bračko & L. Česnik. The finding of C. gestroi in Slovenia was rather unexpected. Its so far known distribution range extends from southern Europe to Iran (Bračko et al. 2014a). In the Balkan Peninsula, it has been reported from Greece (Borowiec & Salata 2012), southern Bulgaria (Lapeva-Gjonova et al. 2010, Lapeva-Gjonova & Kiran 2012), Republic of Macedonia (Bračko et al. 2014a) and southern Montenegro (Bračko et al. 2014b), while in Italy it is known from the southern part of the mainland, Sardinia and Sicily (Poldi et al. 1995). Slovenian record indicates that the range of C. gestroi extends much further to the north. We found this species at the limestone hill in the lower Dragonja Valley in Coastal Slovenia. The hill is known for its species rich eumediterranean flora (Wraber 2002) and many Mediterranean invertebrate species (Kostanjšek 2003, Gogala et al. 2007), including several other Mediterranean ants which we have collected during the past myrmecological surveys of the site, e.g. Aphaenogaster epirotes (Emery, 1895), Camponotus dalmaticus (Nylander, 1849), Messor capitatus (Latreille, 1798), Temnothorax exilis (Emery, 1869), Tetramorium cf. semilaeve André, 1883 (Bračko, unpubl. data). Hypoponera eduardi (Forel, 1894) Records: Grassy, partly shrubby bank of a brackish lagoon, Škocjanski zatok, 2 km E of Koper, SLO, 45°32.73'N, 13°45.39'E, 3 m a.s.l., 15.10.2009, pitfall traps, leg. S. Polak; Forest edge along the road, 1 km NW of Osp, SLO, 45°34.48'N, 13°50.86'E, 30 m a.s.l., 23.6.2012, hand collecting, leg. G. Bračko; Grassy bank along the road, 3 km W of Izola, SLO, 45°31.96'N, 13°37.45'E, 100 m a.s.l., 21.5.2016, hand collecting, leg. G. Bračko & L. Česnik. H. eduardi is distributed in the Mediterranean region, Middle East and Central Asia, but occurs in many parts of the world as a tramp species (Bolton & Fisher 2011). In Central Europe, two other related species, H. ergatandria (Forel, 1893) and H. punctatissima (Roger, 1859), can be found in heated buildings or outdoors in mounds of decomposing, heat-producing organic material (Seifert 2013). Since Hypoponera ants are small and cryptobiotic (Schmidt & Shattuck 2014), they are hard to detect, therefore three new records of H. eduardi, all from Coastal Slovenia, suggest that it is not so rare in this part of the country at least. The species could be expected here, as it was already found in Trieste, Italy (Finzi 1928) and central Istria, Croatia (Bračko, unpubl. data). Lasius lasioides (Emery, 1869) Record: Grassy bank along the path, Osp, SLO, 45°34.22'N, 13°51.37'E, 30 m a.s.l., 23.6.2012, hand collecting, leg. G. Bračko. This species' distribution range spreads from the Mediterranean region towards the east to Central Asia (Bračko et al. 2014a). The closest known records of L. lasioides to the Slovenian one are from North Dalmatia, Croatia (Bračko, unpubl. data). Our locality is in the vicinity of a limestone rock wall above Osp village (southwestern Slovenia), where we have already found several other Mediterranean ant species, e.g. Aphaenogaster muelleriana Wolf, 1915, Camponotus dalmaticus, Messor capitatus, Temnothorax exilis, Temnothorax cf. recedens (Nylander, 1856) (Bračko, unpubl. data). Tapinoma cf. nigerrimum (Nylander, 1856) Record: Urban park, next to the city cemetery in Izola, SLO, 45°32.32'N, 13°39.97'E, 3 m a.s.l., 20.4.2008 & 30.5.2011, hand collecting, leg. G. Bračko. In Slovenia, two species of the genus Tapinoma are widespread, i.e. T. erraticum (Latreille, 1798) and T. subboreale Seifert, 2012 (the latter listed under the name T. ambiguum Emery, 1925 in Bračko (2007)). Here we report on the third Tapinoma species found in the coastal town of Izola. It belongs to the taxonomically still unresolved Tapinoma nigerrimum complex, which includes three described and one undescribed species (Dekoninck et al. 2015). They are distributed in the Mediterranean region and have larger workers and usually form much larger colonies compared to T. erraticum and T. subboreale (Seifert 2012, Dekoninck et al. 2015). One species of the complex was reported outside its natural range from few cities in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, to where it was imported with soil and plant material and shows invasive behaviour (Seifert 2012, Dekoninck et al. 2015, Noordijk 2016). Regarding the Slovenian record, a large nest was discovered, spreading several meters along the herbaceous border in an urban park in Izola. The origin of the finding is not clear. This could present the natural site of the species, with the next closest records coming from Rab Island and Northern Dalmatia, Croatia (Bračko 2006) and from northern Italy (Venice) (Emery 1925). It is possible, however, that the colony was established here after being transported with soil and plant material from other parts of the Mediterranean area. Temnothorax jailensis (Arnoldi, 1977) Records: Thermophilic open forest on a rocky slope, 1 km SW of Kastelec, Kozina, SLO, 45°34.79'N, 13°51.63'E, 290 m a.s.l., 14.6.2014, hand collecting, leg. G. Bračko; Karst meadow with some trees, Lipica, Sežana, SLO, 45°39.62'N, 13°53.46'E, 410 m a.s.l., 20.5.2016, hand collecting, leg. G. Bračko. This is a rarely recorded arboricolous species known from few localities in Austria (Schlick-Steiner et al. 2003), Hungary (Csősz et al. 2011), Czech Republic (Vodka et al. 2010), Slovakia (Werner & Wiezik 2007) and Ukraine (Crimea) (Radchenko 1995). In addition, Vodka et al. (2010) mention unpublished and unspecified records from Italy and the Balkans. We found it at two localities in southwestern Slovenia: two colonies on pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens) at a height of approximately 1.5 to 2 m, in a highly thermophilic open forest near Kastelec, and few individual workers again on Q. pubescens in Lipica. These are the first specified localities of the species from the Mediterranean region. Temnothorax turcicus (Santschi, 1934) Record: Meadow with some trees, 1 km NW of Kobilje, Lendava, SLO, 46°41.38'N, 16°22.63'E, 190 m a.s.l., 11.5.2012, hand collecting, leg. G. Bračko. This is another rarely recorded arboricolous species known from the eastern part of Central Europe, southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and western Anatolia (Wagner et al. 2011). We collected a single worker on sessile oak (Quercus petraea). Since T. turcicus was reported from eastern Austria, southern Slovakia (Wagner et al. 2011) and from the vicinity of Budapest, Hungary (S. Csősz, pers. comm. 2016), its finding near Kobilje village in northeastern (Subpannonian) Slovenia is not surprising. Povzetek Po doslej objavljenih podatkih je bilo na ozemlju Slovenije najdenih 134 vrst mravelj (Bračko 2007, 2010, Seifert et al. 2009), pri čemer je z vrstami najbogatejši jugozahodni (submediteranski) del države. S favnističnimi raziskavami, ki so potekale v obdobju zadnjih 9 let, smo našli šest doslej za Slovenijo neregistriranih vrst, od tega pet v jugozahodnem delu države v submediteranski regiji (Camponotus gestroi, Hypoponera eduardi, Lasius lasioides, Tapinoma cf. nigerrimum in Temnothorax jailensis) ter eno v severovzhodnem delu (Temnothorax turcicus). Večina mravelj je bila nabrana z metodo direktnega vzorčenja (ročnega nabiranja), v enem primeru pa s talnimi pastmi. Za določevanje smo poleg taksonomske literature nabrane osebke primerjali tudi z visoko kvalitetnimi fotografijami tipskih primerkov na spletni strani AntWeb (http://www.antweb.org). Medtem ko sta bili vrsti H. eduardi in T. turcicus na podlagi njunega pojavljanja na sosednjih območjih pričakovani, pa sta bili najdbi vrst C. gestroi in T. jailensis precej presenetljivi in znatno povečujeta njuna doslej znana areala razširjenosti v Evropi. Vrsta C. gestroi je bila do sedaj registrirana precej južneje na Balkanu in v južni Italiji. Našli smo jo na apnenčastem griču v dolini Dragonje, znanem po rastišču eumediteranske flore in nahajališču več mediteranskih nevretenčarskih vrst. Vrsta L. lasioides, ki smo jo zabeležili v Ospu, je bila slovenskemu ozemlju najbliže poznana iz severne Dalmacije. Kriptično živeča vrsta H. eduardi je bila najdena na treh lokalitetah na Obali, tako da predvidevamo, da je tu dosti pogostejša, kot so kazale dosedanje raziskave. V mestnem parku v Izoli smo odkrili večje mravljišče vrste T. cf. nigerrimum (eno izmed štirih mediteranskih vrst iz taksonomsko še nerazrešenega kompleksa T. nigerrimum). Ni jasno, ali najdba pomeni naravno območje razširjenosti vrste, ali pa je bila kolonija tja prinesena s prstjo in rastlinami iz drugih delov Mediterana, kot je bilo pri vrsti iz omenjenega kompleksa že opaženo iz nekaj mest v srednji in zahodni Evropi. 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Altitudinal distribution and habitat use of the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis (Linnaeus, 1768) and the Horvath’s rock lizard Iberolacerta horvathi (Méhely, 1904) in the Kočevsko region (S Slovenia) Anamarija ŽAGAR CIBIO, Centro de Investigaçao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairao, 4485-661 Vairao, Portugal; E-mail: anamarija.zagar@gmail.com Abstract. The study reports on the distribution and habitat use of two lizard species in the Kočevsko region: Horvath’s rock lizard and common wall lizard. Extensive sampling across an altitudinal span of 200 to 1,100 m a.s.l. in the study area revealed 62 localities with populations of both or either species. At 11 of these localities (18%) species occurred in syntopy, at 42 locations (68%) only common wall lizards were found, while at 9 locations (14%) only Horvath’s rock lizards were recorded. Both species occurred across the entire altitudinal span but exhibited an opposite pattern of relative abundances and frequencies, which increased with increasing altitude in Horvath’s rock lizard and with decreasing altitude in common wall lizard. The habitat use of common wall lizard was more general (it was found in seven habitat types) than Horvath’s rock lizard that was registered only in three habitat types with rocks. Key words: Podarcis muralis, Iberolacerta horvathi, altitudinal gradient, habitat use, Kočevsko region, Slovenia Izvleček. Višinska razširjenost in raba prostora pozidne kuščarice Podarcis muralis (Linnaeus, 1758) in velebitske kuščarice Iberolacerta horvathi (Méhely, 1904) na Kočevskem (J Slovenija) – V raziskavi smo pridobili skupno 62 novih podatkov o razširjenosti dveh vrst kuščaric na Kočevskem: za pozidno kuščarico (Podarcis muralis) in velebitsko kuščarico (Iberolacerta horvathi). Od vseh 62 lokacij sta se vrsti pojavljali sintopično na 11 lokacijah (18 %), na 42 lokacijah (68 %) je bila zabeležena le pozidna kuščarica, na 9 lokacijah (14 %) pa izključno velebitska kuščarica. Obe vrsti sta na Kočevskem razširjeni čez celotni višinski gradient, ki se razteza med 200 m n.m. v dolini reke Kolpe do 1100 m n.m. na najvišjih vrhovih planot. Vendar pa se vrsti pojavljata v višjih relativnih gostotah na različnih nadmorskih višinah, in sicer je velebitska kuščarica pogostejša v višjih legah, pozidna kuščarica pa v nižjih. Kar zadeva rabo prostora, smo ugotovili, da je pozidna kuščarica nagnjena bolj k splošni rabi prostora kot velebitska kuščarica. Pozidna kuščarica je bila najdena v sedmih različnih habitatnih tipih, medtem ko je bila velebitska kuščarica najdena le v treh, in sicer: v naravnih in umetnih ostenjih in presvetljenem gozdu. Ključne besede: Podarcis muralis, Iberolacerta horvathi, višinski gradient, raba prostora, Kočevsko, Slovenija Introduction Horvath’s rock lizard (Iberolacerta horvathi (Méhely, 1904)) and the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768)) are small lacertid lizards that exhibit a sympatric distribution, where the distribution range of I. horvathi overlaps completely with the range of P. muralis (Sillero et al. 2014) and have similar life-history traits and ecology (heliothermy, diet, habitat use, activity, etc. (review in Žagar 2016)). Horvath’s rock lizard is one of the eight species currently recognized in the genus Iberolacerta Arribas, 1997 (Mayer & Arribas 1996, Odierna et al. 1996, Arribas 1999a, 1999b, Almeida et al., 2002, Mayer & Arribas, 2003, Arribas & Carranza 2004, Carranza et al. 2004, Crochet et al. 2004, Arribas et al. 2006, Arnold et al. 2007, Galán et al. 2007, Mayer & Pavlicev 2007). Seven of these species live in the Pyrenees and in the northern and central mountains of the Iberian Peninsula, while one, Horvath’s rock lizard, occurs in Central and South-eastern Europe (Gasc et al. 1997, Arnold et al. 2007, Sillero et al. 2014). Today, the distribution of Horvath’s rock lizard is restricted to a relatively small range extending across the eastern Alps, pre-Alps and northern Dinaric Mountains (Bischoff 1984, Sillero et al. 2014, Žagar et al. 2014). It occurs in at least four countries: Italy (Lapini & Dolce 1983, De Luca 1989, Lapini et al. 1993, 2004, Lapini & Dal Farra 1994, Rassati 2010), Austria (Grillitsch & Tiedemann 1986, De Luca 1989, Tiedemann 1992, Grillitsch et al. 2001, Cabela et al. 2002, 2004, 2007), Slovenia (Brelih 1954, Brelih & Džukić 1974, De Luca 1989, Tome 1996, Mršić 1997, Tome 2001, Žagar et al. 2007, 2013, Žagar 2008a, 2008b, Krofel et al. 2009, Cafuta 2010) and Croatia (Méhely 1904, Karaman 1921, Arnold 1987, De Luca 1989, Tvrtković & Veen 2006, Kryštufek et al. 2008, Jelić 2014). It likely occurs also in Bosnia and Hercegovina, but has not been discovered there yet (Žagar et al. 2014). The report on the population found in Karwendel Gebirge in south Germany (Capula & Luiselli 1990) was strongly disputed (Bischoff 1991, Faberl & Faberl 1991, Tiedemann 1992, Capula & Luiselli 1993, Franzen et al. 1993, Schmidtler & Schmidtler 1996) and has not been re-confirmed (Cabela et al. 2004). The common wall lizard has the largest distributional range of all species of the genus Podarcis Wagler, 1830 (Gasc et al. 1997, Sillero et al. 2014). Previous studies revealed that this species originated from multiple glacial refugia (Gassert et al. 2013, Salvi et al. 2013), and multiple lineages were identified within three Mediterranean peninsulas (Iberian, Apennine and Balkan; Salvi et al. 2013). Its widespread distribution expands across most of Central Europe, the northern part of Iberian Peninsula, large parts of the Apennine and the Balkan Peninsulas and stretches to the east into North Turkey (Gasc et al. 1997, Sillero et al. 2014). The northernmost native distribution is probably still unresolved because results from a recent genetic study suggested that the population on Jersey (Channel Islands, UK) and in the Chausey archipelago may be of native origin (Michaelides et al. 2015), while in the past it has been believed that the species distribution does not extend beyond the Netherlands and that common wall lizards found in UK were introduced (Arnold 1995). In Slovenia, it is relatively common and widespread (Tome 1996, Mršić 1997, Tome 2001, Krofel et al. 2009). Syntopic populations of I. horvathi and P. muralis have been most frequently found at low and middle altitudes in Slovenia (Brelih 1954, Žagar et al. 2007, Žagar 2008a) as well as elsewhere (Bischoff 1984, Arnold 1987, De Luca 1989, Lapini et al. 1993, Richard & Lapini 1993, Grillitsch et al. 2001, Cabela et al. 2002, 2007, Lapini et al. 2004, Rassati 2010). The species tandem studied here is not unique, since other Iberolacerta-Podarcis species pairs with completely or partly attitudinally segregated distributional patterns have been observed also in the Iberian Peninsula, where other species of Iberolacerta occur (e.g. Moreira et al. 1999, Arribas et al. 2006, Monasterio et al. 2010). In several parts of the species range, I. horvathi populations tend to be denser at higher altitudes (e.g. De Luca 1989), while density in P. muralis follows an opposite trend (e.g. Krofel et al. 2009, Žagar et al. 2013). In general, both species are found on rocky substrates with sparse vegetation (Arnold 1987; Arnold & Ovenden, 2004; Arnold et al. 2007; Cabela et al. 2007; Žagar et al. 2013), except that Horvath’s rock lizards are more associated with rocks, while common wall lizards occur in a wider variety of different habitats (Arnold & Ovenden 2004). In this study, an extensive sampling across an altitudinal span of 200 to 1,100 m a.s.l. was conducted in the Kočevsko region in order to comprehensively recognise syntopic and allotopic occurrence, altitudinal distribution and habitat use of Horvath’s rock lizard and common wall lizard. Materials and methods The study was limited to the Kočevsko region, where we collected data on the presence and relative abundances (using transect line counts) of the study species in the period between 2006 and 2015 (Fig. 1, Annex 1). Part of the data collected in the 2006–2008 period was obtained within the framework of a diploma thesis (Žagar 2008a) and was published in a study of habitat use of reptile community in the Kočevsko region (Žagar et al. 2013). Specifically, in that work we included information on the altitude, exposition, vegetation cover and habitat type of 10 reptile community members, from which we included for I. horvathi and P. muralis finds from 33 localities that are also included in this analysis. The data of the 2009–2015 period was collected within the framework of a PhD thesis (Žagar 2016). Species recognition was done by either coming very close to the lizard or photographing it, to inspect the position of scales on the head or colouration of the throat region. The species can readily be identified upon either of these characteristics (Tome 1999, Arnold & Ovenden 2004). We did not distinguish sex or age of individuals in this data set (Annex 1). Locations were described as allotopic, when all visits of that location confirmed the presence of only one species, and syntopic, when both species were found at least once during the same visit. Transect line counts (Buckland et al. 1993) were conducted in one or up to three replicates (Annex 1). We summed all observations per transect and corrected for the number of times that we walked that transect (divided by number of replicates) to calculate the frequency of individuals recorded on each transect. We grouped transects into five altitudinal belts, each encompassing 200 m of altitude (Tab. 1). Thereupon, we determined the relative abundances for each altitudinal belt by summing up frequencies of individuals and dividing it by the summed length of transects inside each altitudinal belt. Figure 1. Map of the Kočevsko region with localities where one or both studied species, Horvath’s rock lizard (Iberolacerta horvathi) and common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), were found (N = 62) in the 2006–2015 period (see Annex 1). Slika 1. Karta razširjenosti lokacij (N = 62) na Kočevskem, kjer je bila najdena ena ali obe preučevani vrsti, velebitska kuščarica (Iberolacerta horvathi) in pozidna kuščarica (Podarcis muralis), v obdobju 2006–2015 (glej Prilogo 1). Table 1. Distribution of transects across five altitudinal belts with corresponding frequencies corrected for the replicated transect visits (No. of ind.) and calculated relative abundances of Horvath’s rock lizard (Iberolacerta horvathi) and common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) in the Kočevsko region. Tabela 1. Razporeditev transektov v petih višinskih razredih in pripadajoče frekvence osebkov z upoštevanjem števila pregledov posameznega transekta (No. of ind.) in preračunane relativne gostote (ind./km) za vrsti velebitska kuščarica (Iberolacerta horvathi) in pozidna kuščarica (Podarcis muralis) na Kočevskem. ALTITUDINAL BELT (m a.s.l.) No. of transects Total distance of transects (m) P. muralis I. horvathi No. of ind. Relative abundance (ind./km) No. of ind. Relative abundance (ind./km) 100–299 20 5430 50 9.21 3 0.55 300–499 10 3960 30 7.57 1 0.25 500–699 16 5470 26 4.75 4 0.73 700–899 6 2720 19 6.96 6 2.21 900–1099 10 2910 12 4.12 37 12.71 SUM 62 20490 We compared the observed frequencies of lizards (corrected for replicated transect visits, Tab. 1) in five altitudinal belts with expected frequencies (if species were equally distributed across the altitudinal span in the study area corrected for the total distance of surveyed transects in each altitudinal belt) using the Chi square test. For assessing habitat use, one of the seven different habitat types were assigned to each transect occupied by study species: (i) natural rock area, (ii) urban area, (iii) agricultural land, (iv) water bank, (v) road, (vi) artificial rock area, and (vii) open forest (Annex 1). Habitat types describe the typical areas where transects were located in the study area. Natural rock areas were naturally occurring rock cliffs and screes, urban area included backyards, cemeteries and house ruins, agricultural land included grasslands, pastures and crop fields, water banks were banks of rivers, streams or lakes, roads were gravel or asphalt roads, artificial rock areas comprised of any rocky ground or walls originating from human activities, and open forest were located in forests with <85% crown coverage (Žagar et al. 2013). We calculated the relative proportion of allotopic and syntopic populations in each habitat type to present it graphically (Fig. 2). Results Syntopic and allotopic occurrence Results represent a dataset of 62 localities, at which one or both study species, Horvath’s rock lizard and common wall lizard, were found in the Kočevsko region within the 2008–2015 period (Fig. 1, Annex 1). Both species were found to occur in syntopy at 10 localities (16%), common wall lizard was allotopic at 43 locations (69.5%) and Horvath’s rock lizard at 9 locations (14.5%) (Fig. 1). Syntopic populations were found across the whole altitudinal span but with the majority of them located at middle altitudes (average altitude of syntopic populations (N = 10) was 620 m a.s.l., lower quartile range = 512 m a.s.l., upper quartile range = 813 m a.s.l., Annex 1). The lowest syntopic population was found at the entrance to Bilpa cave at 200 m a.s.l. and the highest at Kameni zid at 1,061 m a.s.l. (Annex 1). Altitudinal distribution The highest relative abundances of Horvath’s rock lizard were determined for the highest altitudinal belt (900–1099 m a.s.l.) and relative abundances decreased with decreasing altitude (Tab. 1, Fig. 2). The opposite pattern was observed for the common wall lizard; relative abundance was highest at the two lowest altitudinal belts (100–299 and 300–499 m a.s.l.) and decreased with increasing altitude (Tab. 1, Fig. 2). Results of the Chi square test to compare observed frequencies of lizards (Tab. 1) in five altitudinal belts with expected frequencies (if species were equally distributed across the altitudinal span, see also Methods) showed significant differences between expected and observed frequencies for both species (for Horvath’s rock lizard: .2 = 145.27, df = 4, P < 0.0001); for common wall lizard: .2 = 11.31, df = 4, P = 0.0233). Results of comparing altitudes from all finds of both species also showed a statistically significant difference between the species (Horvath’s rock lizard, N = 71, median = 948 m a.s.l., and common wall lizard, N = 205, median = 430 m a.s.l., Mann-Whitney U tests: U = 1425, Z = 10.10, P < 0.0001). Figure 2. Relative abundances of the studied species across five altitudinal belts. Slika 2. Relativne gostote preučevanih vrst v petih razredih nadmorskih višin. Habitat use The study species were found in seven different habitat types; Horvath’s rock lizard in three and common wall lizard in seven of them (Fig. 3, Annex 1). Allotopic populations of common wall lizard were found in all seven habitat types, syntopic populations in all three habitat types where Horvath’s rock lizard was found: in natural and artificial rocky habitats and in open forests (Fig. 2). These three habitat types occurred throughout the altitudinal range (artificial rock: 203–1058 m a.s.l. (min–max), natural rock: 208–1055 m a.s.l. (min–max), open forest: 336–1118 m a.s.l. (min–max); Annex 1). On the other hand, four habitat types exclusively occupied by common wall lizard (agricultural land, road, urban area, and water banks) were mostly limited to middle and lower altitudes (agricultural land: 588 a.s.l. (one location), roads: 204–612 a.s.l. (min–max), urban area: 229–959 a.s.l. (min–max), water banks: 204–274 m a.s.l. (min–max); Annex 1). Figure 3. Relative proportion of allotopic and syntopic populations of Horvath’s rock lizard (Iberolacerta horvathi) and common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) in seven different habitat types in the Kočevsko region. Slika 3. Relativni delež alotopičnih in sintopičnih populacij za vrsti velebitska kuščarica (Iberolacerta horvathi) in pozidna kuščarica (Podarcis muralis) v sedmih habitatnih tipih na Kočevskem. To check whether the changes in relative abundance with altitude can be explained by observed differences in habitat use between the species due to changes in habitat availability across the altitude, we decided to repeat the comparison of altitudes between the species by including findings in only three habitat types that occurred throughout the altitudinal range and were used by both species (artificial and natural rock areas and open forest). Results showed that in these habitat types, too, Horvath’s rock lizard was found at significantly higher altitudes (N = 71, median = 948 m a.s.l.) than common wall lizard (N = 113, median = 507 m a.s.l..; Mann-Whitney U tests: U = 815, Z = 9.09, P < 0.0001). Discussion In conclusion, we have found that in the Kočevsko region, Horvath’s rock lizard and the common wall lizard – two lizard species, which exhibit a high resemblance in overall body plan and many ecological characteristics – occurred across the entire altitudinal span but exhibited an opposite pattern of relative abundances and frequencies, which increased with increasing altitude in Horvath’s rock lizard and with decreasing altitude in common wall lizard. The observed pattern of habitat use suggests that the common wall lizard occupies here a more diverse array of habitat types than Horvath’s rock lizard. Jointly, the opposite pattern in relative abundances across the altitudinal span and wider use of habitat types of the common wall lizard compared to Horvath’s rock lizard suggest that the species segregate to some extent in their spatial distribution and spatial niches in the Kočevsko region. However, compared to other studies of distribution of these two species (see introduction), our results showed an interestingly high altitudinal overlap in the distribution of the two species and relatively high proportion of syntopic populations (16%), as well as an overlap in three habitat types. Previous studies reported that syntopic populations of studied species occurred only in a limited zone of middle altitudes, while Horvath’s rock lizard was found in allotopic populations at higher altitudes and the common wall lizard in allotopic populations at lower altitudes (De Luca 1989, Lapini et al. 1993, Richard & Lapini 1993, Lapini et al. 2004, Cabela et al. 2007, Rassati 2010). So far, this is the first observation of syntopic populations found across the entire altitudinal span of an area for these two species. This may be due to the specific topography of the Kočevsko region where altitudes do not exceed 1,100 m a.s.l. (Perko & Orožen Adamič 1998), whereas other study areas had higher altitude ranges (over 2,000 m a.s.l. in the Alpine region or up to 1,757 m a.s.l. at Velebit). Horvath’s rock lizard was found there in places up to the highest peaks in Velebit (De Luca 1989) or up to 2,000 m a.s.l. in the Alps (De Luca 1989, Lapini et al. 1993, Richard and Lapini 1993, Lapini et al. 2004, Cabela et al. 2007, Rassati 2010). The found between-species differences in altitudinal distribution, not only in the Kočevsko region but elsewhere, reinforce that Horvath’s rock lizard is a high-altitude species that can also occur in lowlands but on rarer occasions, while the common wall lizards’ populations are most abundant in lowlands and become less dense at higher altitudes. Recent research revealed that both species also exhibit differences in physiological characteristics and that Horvath’s rock lizard has adaptations that are potentially advantageous in high-altitude areas that are climatically thermally more restrict (lower yearly average air temperatures and shorter activity periods for lizards) compared to lowlands. For example, the study species differ in seasonal variation of their preferred body temperatures in terms that Horvath’s rock lizard exhibits a more accurate thermoregulation across the seasons than the common wall lizard (Osojnik et al. 2013). The differences between the species were also observed on the cellular level where Horvath’s rock lizard had higher potential metabolic activity than the common wall lizard, which may be advantageous in thermally restrictive environment together with more precise thermoregulatory behaviour as exhibited by Horvath’s rock lizard (Žagar et al. 2015). Acknowledgements The work of AŽ was funded through a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/81324/2011) supported by Fundaçao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT) doctoral fellowships under the Programa Operacional Potencial Humano – Quadro de Referencia Estratégico Nacional funds from the European Social Fund and Portuguese Ministério da Educaçao e Ciencia and has in 2016 received a grant of the program »Women in Science« from L'Oreal Slovenia d.o.o. and Slovenian national committee for UNESCO. I would greatly like to thank supervisors of my PhD thesis, Dr Miguel A. 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(m) 493652 38810 493728 40033 494419 42673 493567 38681 494125 42501 494412 42675 493920 41899 493751 41851 497441 40858 49368541801 494406 42644 497228 41041 495705 42336 GKX GKY urban area urban area natural rock artificial rock artificial rock artificial rock artificial rock road natural rock artificial rock water bank road artificial rock Habitat type A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. S A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. Sp. pres. 0 2 2 1 4 0 5 P.m. 2006 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I.h. 2006 (1) 1 8 1 P.m. 2007 (1) 0 0 0 I.h. 2007 (1) 0 2 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 1 0 P.m. 2007 (2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I.h. 2007 (2) 2 2 5 4 2 2 3 1 3 0 5 P.m. 2008 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I.h. 2008 (1) 2 P.m. 2008 (2) 0 I.h. 2008 (2) P.m. 2010 (1) I.h. 2010 (1) P.m. 2011 (1) I.h. 2011 (1) P.m. 2011 (2) I.h. 2011 (2) P 0 6 12 P.m. 2012 (1) / 0 3 0 I.h. 2012 (1) P.m. 2012 (2) I.h. 2012 (2) P.m. 2013 (1) I.h. 2013 (1) P.m. 2013 (2) I.h. 2013 (2) P P P.m. 2014 (1) P / I.h. 2014 (1) P P.m. 2014 (2) P I.h. 2014 (2) P P P P P P P P P.m. 2015 (1) / / / / / P / / I.h. 2015 (1) Annex 1. Locality descriptions with presence of studied species that were surveyed in the period between 2006 and 2015 in Kočevsko region and sorted by altitude. Surveys done in spring (before 30th June of the calendar year) are labelled with (1), while (2) corresponds to surveys done in summer (after 1st July of the calendar year). During each survey, we either made counts of individuals on a predetermined transect route or we only noted presence (P) or absence (/) of studied species. Maximum numbers of individuals counted are in bold. In cases when the maximum number of individuals was found more than once per location, only the first such count is in bold. Abbreviations: Alt. – average altitude, GKY and GKX = Y and X coordinates of the Gauss Krüger coordinate system, Sp. pres. – species presence, P.m. = Common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) and I.h. = Horvath’s rock lizard (Iberolacerta horvathi), A = Allotopic, S = Syntopic. Priloga 1. Opisi lokacij v Kočevski regiji, kjer sta bili zabeleženi ena ali obe preučevani vrsti v obdobju raziskave med leti 2006 in 2015. Lokacije so razporejene po nadmorski višini. Najdbe, ki so bile zabeležene na popisih pred 30. junijem v koledarskem letu, so označene z (1) in tiste po1. juliju v koledarskem letu z (2). Na posameznem obisku lokacije smo prešteli osebke na predhodno določenem transektu (N) ali pa smo zabeležili le prisotnost vrste (P = vrsta prisotna, / = vrsta ni prisotna). Največje število osebkov iz transektnih popisov na posamezni lokaciji je poudarjeno (v primeru ponavljanja je poudarjeno le časovno prej zabeleženo največje število osebkov). Okrajšave: Alt. – povprečna nadmorska višina, GKY in GKX = Y in X koordinate Gauss Krügerjevega koordinatnega sistema, Sp.pres. – prisotnost vrste, P.m. = pozidna kuščarica (Podarcis muralis) in I.h. = velebitska kuščarica (Iberolacerta horvathi), A = alotopična populacija, S = sintopična populacija. I.h. 2015 (1) / / / / / P.m. 2015 (1) P P P P P I.h. 2014 (2) P.m. 2014 (2) I.h. 2014 (1) P.m. 2014 (1) I.h. 2013 (2) P.m. 2013 (2) I.h. 2013 (1) P.m. 2013 (1) I.h. 2012 (2) P.m. 2012 (2) I.h. 2012 (1) / / / P.m. 2012 (1) P P P I.h. 2011 (2) P.m. 2011 (2) I.h. 2011 (1) / P.m. 2011 (1) P I.h. 2010 (1) P.m. 2010 (1) I.h. 2008 (2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 P.m. 2008 (2) 0 1 0 2 3 1 I.h. 2008 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 P.m. 2008 (1) 6 1 1 2 1 3 0 1 2 1 4 5 11 6 1 5 1 5 0 I.h. 2007 (2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P.m. 2007 (2) 3 0 1 1 0 2 8 4 3 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 I.h. 2007 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 P.m. 2007 (1) 3 12 0 0 0 I.h. 2006 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P.m. 2006 (1) 3 1 1 0 2 1 10 0 0 0 6 Sp. pres. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. S A - P.m. A - P.m. Habitat type urban area road artificial rock urban area urban area water bank road urban area open forest urban area artificial rock artificial rock road road artificial rock open forest artificial rock road road GKX GKY 491217 37083 486880 35251 486880 35251 483050 40666 484664 39915 482871 41106 491251 37067 491452 37337 484894 39571 492939 40372 489201 37430 491440 42191 489253 37450 489983 42358 490044 42240 482701 41016 492289 42271 490457 43051 489309 37690 Alt. (m) 238 245 245 260 266 274 288 310 336 348 378 384 430 435 435 459 499 501 506 Locality pokopališče v Fari med Grivacom in Gladloko pri Gladloki Mirtoviči Srobotnik Mirtoviški potok nad cerkvijo v Fari pokopališče sv. Štefan pri Srobotniku Kostel nad vasjo Planina zapuščen kamnolom kamnolom v Podstenah od Planine na Planinsko steno med Friškovo grabo in Dolenjim Potokom pri Dolenjem Potoku pot na Krempo od vasi Podstene do sten pod Podstenami od Planine na Planinsko steno Annex 1 / Priloga 1. Continued. / Nadaljevanje. I.h. 2015 (1) P P / / / / / P.m. 2015 (1) P P P P P P P I.h. 2014 (2) / / P.m. 2014 (2) P P I.h. 2014 (1) / P P.m. 2014 (1) P P I.h. 2013 (2) / P P.m. 2013 (2) P P I.h. 2013 (1) / P.m. 2013 (1) P I.h. 2012 (2) / P P.m. 2012 (2) P P I.h. 2012 (1) / 0 0 / 0 P P.m. 2012 (1) P 3 4 P 4 P I.h. 2011 (2) 0 P.m. 2011 (2) P I.h. 2011 (1) / 0 / 4 P P.m. 2011 (1) P 11 P 2 P I.h. 2010 (1) P.m. 2010 (1) I.h. 2008 (2) 0 0 0 0 1 P.m. 2008 (2) 3 0 0 0 4 I.h. 2008 (1) 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 P.m. 2008 (1) 4 2 3 0 0 2 5 1 3 1 1 2 1 5 I.h. 2007 (2) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 P.m. 2007 (2) 0 1 3 1 0 2 2 1 0 1 I.h. 2007 (1) 0 0 0 P.m. 2007 (1) 0 0 3 I.h. 2006 (1) 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 P.m. 2006 (1) 2 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 Sp. pres. A - P.m. S A - P.m. S S S A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. A - P.m. S S S Habitat type natural rock natural rock natural rock natural rock natural rock open forest artificial rock agricultu-ral land road open forest artificial rock artificial rock natural rock artificial rock artificial rock artificial rock open forest natural rock natural rock GKX GKY 485700 39266 490601 42918 489248 37615 492625 42002 491281 42557 491514 42527 484048 48638 482433 41682 489309 37690 482433 42036 484898 43018 487781 38035 482339 42317 484171 65412 482454 67654 483079 66525 486949 37909 486505 37768 476722 49022 Alt. (m) 507 512 513 515 515 521 575 588 612 615 616 652 676 681 726 760 766 813 828 Locality pri Srobotniku na Podstenah 1 pod Planinsko steno na Podstenah 2 na Podstenah 3 od vasi Podstene do sten kamnolom pri Kočevski Reki pot na Krempo od Planine na Planinsko steno na planinski poti na Krempo 1 med Gornjo Brigo in Borovcem pri Kočevski Reki Planinska stena na planinski poti na Krempo 2 območje Stevniki na Mali gori zahodno od Špičastega vrha na Mali gori Gornje niše na Mali gori pod Kuželjsko steno Kuželjska stena na Žurgarski steni 1 Annex 1 / Priloga 1. Continued. / Nadaljevanje. I.h. 2015 (1) P P P P P.m. 2015 (1) / / P / I.h. 2014 (2) P P P.m. 2014 (2) / / I.h. 2014 (1) P / P P P P P P.m. 2014 (1) / P / / P / / I.h. 2013 (2) P P.m. 2013 (2) / I.h. 2013 (1) 8 P.m. 2013 (1) 0 I.h. 2012 (2) P P.m. 2012 (2) / I.h. 2012 (1) 0 P P 2 8 4 P.m. 2012 (1) 10 / / 2 0 0 I.h. 2011 (2) P P P P.m. 2011 (2) / / / I.h. 2011 (1) P / P 9 3 P P.m. 2011 (1) / P / 0 2 / I.h. 2010 (1) 5 P P.m. 2010 (1) 0 / I.h. 2008 (2) 0 13 0 1 0 P.m. 2008 (2) 0 0 0 0 0 I.h. 2008 (1) 6 3 0 4 1 P.m. 2008 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 I.h. 2007 (2) P.m. 2007 (2) I.h. 2007 (1) P.m. 2007 (1) I.h. 2006 (1) 3 1 1 3 1 P.m. 2006 (1) 0 0 0 0 0 Sp. pres. A - I.h. A - I.h. A - P.m. A - I.h. A - I.h. A - I.h. S A - I.h. A - I.h. A - I.h. A - I.h. Habitat type artificial rock natural rock urban area artificial rock natural rock artificial rock natural rock and open forest natural rock natural rock artificial rock natural rock and open forest GKX GKY 477181 49089 477075 48768 488966 52243 476572 61464 478628 48293 477087 59976 479672 52082 478193 48482 478891 48207 477753 59090 47744 59648 Alt. (m) 899 948 959 976 991 996 1028 1029 1055 1058 1118 Locality pred Žurgarsko steno na Žurgarski steni 2 Fridrikštajn Male Bele stene Taborska stena ob cesti pod Velikimi Belimi stenami Kameni zid na Taborski steni 1 na Taborski steni 2 na ovinku pred Velikimi Belimi stenami Velike Bele stene na robu sten Annex 1 / Priloga 1. Continued. / Nadaljevanje. First record of Opilo germanus Chevrolat, 1843 (Coleoptera: Cleridae) from Italy with remarks on its distribution in Europe Erik TIHELKA The Prague British School, K Lesu 558/2, Prague 4, 142 00, Czech Republic; E-mail: erik@yourbeehouse.cz Abstract. The checkered beetle Opilo germanus Chevrolat, 1843 is reported from Italy for the first time. The species is extremely rare in Europe and its biology is not well known. In the past, single specimens have been collected only at a few localities throughout the continent. The classification of O. germanus is complicated, since some authors consider it synonymous to O. abeillei, O. domesticus, O. pallidus or O. mollis. Localities where O. germanus was collected in Europe are listed and its distribution range is compared to the abovementioned species. The distribution range of O. germanus is not identical to neither of the species, suggesting distinct ecological preferences. Further faunistic data may help resolve the complicated taxonomy of the genus Opilo. Key words: biogeography, distribution, Cleridae, Italy, Opilo germanus Izvleček. Prvi podatek o pisancu Opilo germanus Chevrolat, 1843 (Coleoptera: Cleridae) v Italiji s komentarjem njegove razširjenosti po Evropi – V prispevku poročamo o prvi najdbi hrošča pisanca Opilo germanus Chevrolat, 1843 v Italiji. Ta vrsta je zelo redka v Evropi, slabo je poznana tudi njena biologija. Doslej je bilo najdenih le nekaj primerkov z območja celotnega kontinenta. Klasifikacija O. germanus je nejasna, nekateri avtorji ga obravnavajo kot sinonim vrstam O. abeillei, O. domesticus, O. pallidus ali O. mollis. Podajamo vse lokacije, kjer je vrsta bila najdena, in primerjamo areal razširjenosti s prej omenjenimi vrstami. Razširjenost O. germanus se ne prekriva z nobeno od vrst, kar kaže na različne ekološke preference. Nadaljnji favnistični podatki bodo pomagali pri razrešitvi zapletene taksonomije rodu Opilo. Ključne besede: biogeografija, razširjenost, Cleridae, Italija, Opilo germanus Introduction Opilo germanus is a checkered beetle belonging to the subfamily Clerinae within the family Cleridae. It was first described by M. Chevrolat in 1843, who collected a single specimen in Hamburg in northern Germany (Chevrolat 1843). It has been, however, considered a separate species by the general entomological public only during a brief period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since then, many authors synonymised it with O. mollis (Linnaeus, 1758), O. domesticus (Sturm, 1837) and O. pallidus (Olivier, 1795) (Hubenthal 1916, Korge 1960). Furthermore, Gerstmeier (2013) synonymized O. germanus under O. abeillei Korge, 1960. This makes tracing the history of this taxa complicated, and a detailed taxonomic study would be needed to establish whether O. germanus is a separate species or just a synonym. Regardless the taxonomic opinion, novel faunistic findings should be interesting, since they may help resolve the complicated classification of the taxa. Materials and methods During the summer 2016, selected checkered beetle specimens deposited in the Slovenian Natural History Museum (Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije) in Ljubljana were examined. The Slovenian Natural History Museum houses some of the largest and oldest insect collections in Slovenia. Since some recent communications on Cleridae have not considered O. germanus a separate species, the original description of Chevrolat (1843) was consulted. The specimen was revised using a stereomicroscope. Results with discussion During a study of checkered beetles deposited in the Slovenian Natural History Museum, a single specimen labelled as O. germanus was found. The specimen was pinned in the collection »Savo-zbirka-Coleoptera 16-003« in box number 16-003. The locality label reads: Triest, S. Luigi; 10. 8. 20; SPRINGER (Fig. 1). This is thus the first record of the species from Italy, although more than 95 years old. Figure 1. Photograph of O. germanus deposited in the Slovenian Natural History Museum (Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije) in Ljubljana (photo: E. Tihelka). Note the characteristic dark brown markings near the apex of the elytra (Korge 1960). Slika 1. Fotografija O. germanus, ki je shranjen v Prirodoslovnem muzeju Slovenije v Ljubljani (foto: E. Tihelka). Vidne so značilne temne lise na koncu eliter (Korge 1960). The body of O. germanus takes the colour of different shades of brown, specimens are typically about 9.5 mm long. The elytra are coarsely covered by dense rows of uniform and square-like punctures. These rows of punctures run in the same thickness and intensity all the way from the shoulders up to about 2/3 of the elytra length. Except for the 2nd row, the elytral interval is always smaller than the thickness of the elytra stria (Chevrolat 1843, Reitter 1893). However, the micro sculpture of the elytra itself cannot be considered a distinguishing feature, since it is similar for many beetles of the genus Opilo. Rather, O. germanus is specific for its dark brown markings in about 2/3 of its elytra. Because this feature shows remarkable uniformity in a number of specimens collected in different parts of the Palearctic region, several authors consider it to be a specific distinguishing feature of O. germanus (e.g. Kniephof 1913). It would be interesting to investigate whether or not populations of O. germanus survived in Italy until the present day. O. germanus is distributed extremely scarcely through Europe and its biology is poorly understood (Reitter 1911, Burakowski et al. 1986), which makes attempts to rediscover it difficult. It was collected on oaks and old buildings in the past (Kniephof 1913, Hubenthal 1916). According to some authors, the beetle lives in the stems of madders (Rubia sp.) or brambles (Rubus sp.) with many exit holes of Hymenoptera (Hubenthal 1916). It was also recorded to occur together with O. mollis (Kniephof 1913), suggesting similar ecological preferences. According to Löbl et al. (2007), O. germanus is distributed throughout France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Algeria and Tunisia, but typically only a few specimens are known from each country. Altogether, only eight records of the species as far as Europe is concerned are known (Tab. 1, Fig. 2). It is interesting to note that all the sites of O. germanus are located within a close proximity to the coastline. O. germanus was never reported from inland Europe. It can be speculated that the species may not be native to Europe, and that isolated populations were introduced via merchant trade. During the 19th century, Trieste was considered to be the most important port of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (Hubert 2015) and remains to be one of the most important trade hubs in the region. Other localities, where the species was collected, are also close to major ports (Hamburg, Le Havre, Marseille, Gdánsk). This is not a new idea, since Winkler (1959) already argued that O. germanus may not be native to northern Germany. If O. germanus is not native to Europe, where does its original distribution range lie? This question is hard to answer, given that the clerid was never collected outside of Europe, except for Algeria and Tunisia. However, since all of the nearly 70 species of the genus Opilo are probably native to the Old World, mainly to the Oriental realm (Kolibáč et al. 2005), it can be expected that the original distribution range of O. germanus lies somewhere in this territory. Figure 2. The known distribution range of O. germanus compared to the distribution ranges of O. abeillei, O. domesticus, O. mollis and O. pallidus (according to Löbl et al. 2007). Localities where O. germanus was collected are marked with black dots. For details on point localities see Tab. 1. Slika 2. Poznana razširjenost O. germanus v primerjavi z razširjenostjo vrst O. abeillei, O. domesticus, O. mollis in O. pallidus (po Löbl et al. 2007). Z rdečimi pikami so označene lokalitete z O. germanus. Za podrobnosti o točkastih lokalitetah glej Tab. 1. It could be expected that if O. germanus had an identical distribution range to some of the species, they probably are synonymous (all distribution ranges are in Fig. 2). While the distribution range of O. abeillei is limited to the Iberian Peninsula, O. domesticus, O. mollis and O. pallidus are distributed throughout continental Europe. It is apparent that the distribution range of O. germanus is not identical to neither of the aforementioned species. On the other hand, the distribution ranges of O. domesticus, O. mollis and O. pallidus overlap only partially with O. germanus. Distribution ranges suggest that O. germanus has distinct ecological preferences to all other mentioned species. Table 1. Chronological overview of all localities at which O. germanus was collected in Europe. Tabela 1. Kronološki pregled vseh lokalitet O. germanus v Evropi. Locality Time period Comments Reference Surroundings of Hamburg (Germany) 1840s? type specimen deposited in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris (according to Hubenthal 1916) Chevrolat (1843) Marseille (France) second half of the 19th century? de la Puebla & Bahillo (2000) Rouen (France) second half of the 19th century? de la Puebla & Bahillo (2000) Wieliszewo (Poland) 1900s-1910s? 1 spec. Kniephof (1913) Trieste (Italy) 10. 8. 1920 1 spec., coll. Slovenian Natural History Museum Międzyzdroje (Poland) 9.8.1924 coll. Koch Korge (1960) Coimbra (Portugal) ? Korge (1960) Provence (France) ? de Mersaul (1857) Since many authors do not consider O. germanus a separate species, it was very likely overlooked by researchers and it may be distributed much more widely than currently thought. It is recommended that larger private and public collections with a number of Opilo specimens are revised according to the description of Chevrolat (1843). This may help elucidate the problematic taxonomy and faunistics of beetles of the genus Opilo. Acknowledgements I thank the invertebrate collection curator dr. Tomi Trilar from the Slovenian Natural History Museum for his warm welcome, his kind help when accessing the collections, and providing the stereomicroscope. I also thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments that considerably improved the manuscript. References Burakowski B., Mroczkowski M., Stefańska J. (1986): Katalog Fauny Polski: Chrząszcze – Coleoptera. Dermestoidea, Bostrichoidea, Cleroidea i Lymexyloidea, 1st edition. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw, 243 pp. Chevrolat M. (1843): Description de vingt-quatre nouvelles espěces de Terediles, pour faire suite a la monographie des Clairones, de M. le docteur Klug. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 2: 31-42. de la Puebla P.B., Bahillo P. (2000): El género Opilo Latreille, 1802 en la Península Ibérica (Coleóptera, Cleridae). Boln. Asoc. Esp. Ent. 24: 213-227. de Mersaul S-A. (1857): Catalogues des Coleoptéres de France. L´auteur, Paris, 249 pp. Gerstmeier R. (2013): Opilo abeillei. Fauna Europea version 2.6.2. http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=187266 [accessed 9. 8. 2016] Hubenthal W. (1916): Über Opilo germanus Chevrolat. Entomol. Bl. 12: 258-260. Hubert M. (2015): Do světa s parníky rakouského Lloyd, 1st edition. Mare-Czech, Prague, 145 pp. Kniephof J. (1913): Neuheiten der pommerschen Käferfauna. (Col.). Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 1915: 185-190. Kolibáč J., Majer K., Švihla V. (2005): Brouci nadčeledi Cleroidea Česka, Slovenska a sousedních oblastí (Beetles of the Superfamily Cleroidea in the Czech and Slovak Republics and Neighbouring Areas). Clarion Production, Praha, 143 pp. Korge H. (1960): Faunistische Neuigkeiten aus Deutschland: Opilo germanus. Entomol. B. 56: 185-186. Löbl I., Rolčík J., Kolibáč J., Gerstmeier R. (2007): Cleridae. In: Löbl I., Smetana A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearcitic Coleoptera Volume 4: Elateroidea – Derodontoidea – Bostrichoidea – Lymexyloidea – Cleroidea – Cucujoidea, Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 935 pp. Reitter E. (1893): Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Coleopteren Familie der Cleriden, des palaearctischen Faunengebietes. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn 32: 37-89. Reitter E. (1911): Fauna Germanica, Die Käfer des Deutschen Reiches, Band III, 1st Edition. K. G. Lutz Verlag, Stuttgart, 436 pp. Winkler J.R. (1959): Středoevropské druhy pestrokrovečníků a poznámky o jejich výskytu ve středních Čechách. Boh. Centr. 1: 413-511. A contribution to the Slovenian spider fauna – III Žan KURALT* & Rok KOSTANJŠEK University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia *E-mail: zan.kuralt@gmail.com Abstract. The study reports on first records of two spider species for Slovenian fauna, Zodarion rubidum and Prinerigone vagans from the Bela krajina region in southeastern Slovenia. Regarding their presence in the neighbouring countries and distribution in Europe, both species could be considered as expected. The finding of Z. rubidum during night time in the urban area demonstrates negligence of sampling at unconventional time and in anthropogenic habitats. Finding two new records during short term field survey also indicates undersampling of the spider fauna and supports the need for further faunistic work in the field of arachnology. Key words: Araneae, first records, Bela krajina, Zodarion rubidum, Prinerigone vagans, spiders, Slovenia Izvleček. Prispevek k favni pajkov Slovenije – III – Prispevek obravnava najdbi dveh vrst pajkov v Beli krajini, Zodarion rubidum in Prinerigone vagans, ki doslej v Sloveniji še nista bili najdeni. Glede na njuna areala v Evropi in potrjeno pojavljanje v sosednjih državah sta bili obe vrsti v Sloveniji pričakovani. Ulov vrste Z. rubidum v mestnem okolju ponoči kaže na zapostavljanje vzorčenja v nočnem času in v antropogenem okolju. Najdbi dveh novih vrst za slovensko araneofavno v kratkem času vzorčenja v Beli krajini kažeta na pomanjkljivo poznavanje favne pajkov Slovenije in potrebo po tovrstnih favnističnih študijah. Ključne besede: Araneae, prve najdbe, Bela krajina, Zodarion rubidum, Prinerigone vagans, pajki, Slovenija Introduction Slovenian spider fauna currently comprises 750 species (Kostanjšek & Kuntner 2015, CKFF 2016). Compared to the number of recorded spider species in neighbouring countries according to the Fauna Europaea Database (Van Helsdingen 2013) and the variety of zoogeographical regions within Slovenia (such as Submediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine, Prealpine and Subpannonian) (Mršić 1997, Ciglič & Perko 2012), the checklist of Slovenian spiders is still far from complete. In Bela krajina in southeastern Slovenia, data of spiders derive from reports focused on endangered species (Polenec 1992), general surveys of invertebrates (Bole et al. 1980, Kos & Praprotnik 2000) and spider fauna (Kostanjšek 2002), first records for Slovenian fauna (Kostanjšek & Miller 2004, Kostanjšek 2010) and a study focused on spider species richness estimation (Budja 2008). Current knowledge on the araneofauna in Bela krajina is supplemented by several records on the hypogeic spiders (Kratochvil 1934, Nikolić 1963, Deeleman-Reinhold 1978, Nikolić & Polenec 1981). In the present work, we report on two new species for the Slovenian spider fauna, specifically Zodarion rubidum Simon, 1914 from the family Zodariidae and Prinerigone vagans (Audouin, 1826) from the family Linyphiidae. Materials and methods Survey area Sampling took place in Bela krajina, the region situated in southeastern Slovenia (Fig. 1). Bela krajina is mainly a karst area confined by the Gorjanci and Kočevski Rog mountain ranges in the north and west and the Kolpa River in the south and east. The area is a mosaic of agricultural land, forests, meadows and pastures. Field surveys were performed during the »27th Biology Summer Research Camp – Dragatuš 2015« between 19. and 30. 7. 2015. Figure 1. Sampling area in Bela krajina in southeastern Slovenia (dashed line on the inset), with locations of two new species for Slovenia: Zodarion rubidum and Prinerigone vagans. Slika 1. Območje vzorčenja v jugovzhodni Sloveniji (črtkana črta na karti Slovenije) z označenimi lokacijami najdb vrst Zodarion rubidum in Prinerigone vagans. Sampling methods, determination and specimen preparation All specimens were collected with aspirator or forceps and preserved in denatured 70% ethanol. Determination, preparation and observation of the specimens with both light and electron microscopy were performed at the Department of Biology of the Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana. We used different determination keys for species identification (Roberts 1995, Nentwig et al. 2016, Oger 2016). The epigyne of one female specimen was dissected and macerated in 15% KOH overnight to remove soft tissue. The prepared sample was inspected with Leica MZ FLIII stereo microscope and photographed by Leica DFC 425 C camera under 100× magnification. For electron microscopic observation, the male specimen was briefly sonicated in ultrasonic bath PIO Sonis 2 T, air-dried, mounted on aluminium stubs and sputter-coated with platinum. The prepared samples were observed by Jeol JSM-7500F field emission scanning electron microscope. Results and discussion The two spider species, presenting the first records for Slovenia, belong to two different families, Zodariidae and Linyphiidae. They were found on one and two localities, respectively (Fig. 1). Zodarion rubidum Simon, 1914 (fam. Zodariidae) A single female was collected by araneological group during the night in the vicinity of school buildings in the Dragatuš village (45.52285°N, 15.17992°E; altitude: 176 m a. s. l.) on 21. 7. 2015. Finding of the specimen in the village supports the potential of anthropogenic environments as important, yet overlooked habitats for species rarely found in natural environments (Kostanjšek & Celestina 2008). Epigyne and the vulva are shown in Figs 2-3, respectively. Like other members of the family Zodariidae, Z. rubidum specializes in ant-eating (Pekár & Křál 2002, Pekár 2004). Zodarion rubidum mimics red ants and often feeds on Myrmica sabuleti, Tetramorium caespitum or Lasius platythorax. It has up to 5 mm long body and hunts across open ground in the evening and during nighttime (Pekár & Křál 2002, Pekár 2004). Although it shows some spreading tendencies, the species is still considered Central-European (Nentwig et al. 2016). It has also been introduced to North America (Paquin & Dupérré 2006). Figure 2. Ventral view of Zodarion rubidum, showing the distinctive epigynal morphology. Slika 2. Trebušna stran Zodarion rubidum z značilno oblikovano epigino. Figure 3. The morphology of the internal genitalia (vulva) isolated from the same specimen of Z. rubidum, depicted in Fig. 2. Slika 3. Zgradba notranjih spolnih organov (vulve), izoliranih iz primerka Z. rubidum, prikazanega na Sl. 2. Prinerigon e vagans (Audouin, 1826) (fam. Linyphiidae) Two males were collected by Alja Pirnat and Urška Ratajc on two locations in gravel bars of the Kolpa River on 24. 7. 2015. One male was collected from gravel bars near the Vinica village (45.45869°N, 15.25861°E; altitude: 168 m a. s. l.), the other from gravel bars near the Žuniči village (45.47973°N, 15.36656°E; altitude: 161 m a. s. l.). The specimens were identified based on the distinctive shape of their patellar apophysis and morphology of the distal parts of their pedipalps (Fig. 4). According to the available literature, P. vagans is widespread in western and central Europe (Nentwig et al. 2016), although uncommon in England (Harvey et al. 2002, British Arachnological Society 2016). This species inhabits wet habitats, such as wet grassy meadows, shores of lakes and gravel bars (Harvey et al. 2002, Nentwig et al. 2016). Adult specimens are usually found throughout the year, but are most abundant early to mid-summer and autumn (Harvey et al. 2002, Nentwig et al. 2016). Figure 4. Distinctive patellar apophysis (arrow) of male pedipalp of Prinerigone vagans (4a) and detailed morphology of cymbium and bulbar sclerites (4b). Slika 4. Značilna apofiza na pateli pedipalpa samca vrste Prinerigone vagans (7a) in povečan prikaz distalnega dela pedipalpa (7b). According to known distribution and confirmed records in the neighbouring countries (Nentwig et al. 2016), the presence of both species in Slovenia could be expected. Finding of Z. rubidum in Bela krajina represents the southernmost record in the Balkans (Nentwig et al. 2016). The vicinity of the national border and high dispersal capabilities of spiders (Foelix 2011) imply the species may be present in Croatia, where it has not been recorded yet (Nentwig et al. 2016). The findings of the two new spider species in a relatively short survey period in July 2015 imply the Slovenian spider fauna is undersampled (Kostanjšek & Kuntner 2015). This supports the need for further faunistic work in the field of arachnology. Acknowledgements We thank the other members of araneological group, Manca Velkavrh and Nina Šramel, for their hard work during the research camp and also to Alja Pirnat and Urška Ratajc for providing the spider samples. We would also like to express our gratitude to CKFF for allowing us to access the araneological data from their Bioportal database. References Bole J., Drovenik B., Brelih S., Kryštufek B., Polenec A. (1980): Naravna in kulturna dediščina Slovenskega naroda: Floristične, vegetacijske in zoološke raziskave (Poročilo M-618/3469/80). Naravna in kulturna dediščina Slovenskega naroda, Biološki inštitut Jovana Hadžija ZRC SAZU Ljubljana, 209 pp. British Arachnological Society (2016): Spider and harvestman recording scheme website. http://srs.britishspiders.org.uk [accessed on 23.7.2016]. Budja U. (2008): Comparison of species richness estimation of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in three forests in Slovenia. Graduation thesis. University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, 44 pp. CKFF (2016). The database of Centre for Cartography of Fauna and Flora. Bioportal. http://www.bioportal.si/katalog/araneae.php [accessed on 23.7.2016] Ciglič R., Perko D. (2012): Slovenia in geographical typifications and regionalizations of Europe. Geografski vestnik 84(1): 23–37. Deeleman-Reinhold C.L. (1978): Revision of the cave-dwelling and related spiders of the genus Troglohyphantes Joseph (Linyphiidae), with special reference to the Yugoslav species. Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Ljubljana, 218 pp. Foelix R. F. (2011): Biology of Spiders. Oxford University Press, New York, 432 pp. Harvey P.R., Nellist D., Telfer M. (2002): Provisional atlas of British spiders (Arachnida, Araneae), Volumes 1 & 2. Huntingdon, Biological Records Centre, 406 pp. Kos I., Praprotnik L. (2000): Talna gozdna favna na različni geološki podlagi v okolici Kočevske. In: Kraigher H., Smolej I. (Eds.), Rizosfera: raziskave gozdnih tal in rizosfere ter njihov vpliv na nekatere fiziološke parametre gozdnega drevja v izbranih gozdnih ekosistemih, sestojnih tipih in razvojnih fazah gozda, Strokovna in znanstvena dela, 118, Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, pp. 206-220. Kostanjšek R. (2002): Poročilo o delu araneološke skupine. In: Gergeli A. (Ed.), Raziskovalni tabor študentov biologije, Semič 2001, Zveza za tehnično kulturo Slovenije, Gibanje znanost mladini, Ljubljana, pp. 23-26. Kostanjšek R. (2010): A contribution to the Slovenian spider fauna I. Nat. 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Fauna Europaea version 2.6. http://www.fauna-eu.org [accessed on 23. 7. 2016] New data on distribution of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Podravje region (NE Slovenia) Marijan GOVEDIČ1, Milan VOGRIN2, Dejan BORDJAN3, Dominik BOMBEK4, Damijan DENAC4, Tatjana GREGORC5, Franc JANŽEKOVIČ6, Nino KIRBIŠ7, Melita VAMBERGER8 1 Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Klunova 3, SI-1000 Ljubljana; E-mail: marijan.govedic@ckff.si 2 Zg. Hajdina 83c, SI-2288 Hajdina; E-mail: milan.vogrin@guest.arnes.si 3 Košiše 13b, SI-1240 Kamnik; E-mail: dejan.bordjan@gmail.com 4 Društvo za opazovanje in proučevanje ptic Slovenije, Tržaška cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana; E-mails: dominik.bombek@dopps.si, damijan.denac@dopps.si 5 Lutra, Institute for Conservation of Natural Heritage, Pot ilegalcev 17, SI-1210 Ljubljana – Šentvid; E-mail: tatjana@lutra.si 6 Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Univerza v Mariboru, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor; E-mail: franc.janzekovic@um.si 7 Herpetološko društvo – Societas herpetologica slovenica, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana; E-mail: ninokirbis911@gmail.com 8 Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Dresden, A. B. Meyer Building, D-01109 Dresden, Germany; E-mail: melita.vamberger@senckenberg.de Abstract. Ten new observations of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Podravje region are presented. One observation is fairly old, while the others have been made in the last six years. Most of the data are just random observations and do not give a complete overview of the species distribution in the Podravje region. New data suggest that the European pond turtle is more abundant in the Drava River basin than previously known. Distribution and population size of the species in the Drava River basin still remain to be investigated in detail and not only at the Natura 2000 Drava site, especially in the areas of potential habitats prior to planning any new activities. Key words: European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis, Drava River, Natura 2000, Podravje, Slovenia Izvleček. Novi podatki o razširjenosti močvirske sklednice Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) v Podravju (SV Slovenija) – V prispevku navajamo deset novih podatkov o pojavljanju močvirske sklednice Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) v Podravju. Eno opazovanje je starejšega datuma, ostala pa so iz zadnjih šestih let. Večina podatkov je bila zbrana ob naključnih opazovanjih, zato ne omogočajo celostnega vpogleda v razširjenost močvirske sklednice v Podravju. Novi podatki nakazujejo, da je močvirska sklednica v porečju reke Drave bolj pogosta, kot je bilo znano doslej. Zato bo treba ugotoviti njeno dejansko razširjenost in velikost populacije ne samo na območju Natura 2000 Drava, temveč v celotnem porečju reke Drave, še posebej na območjih, kjer so načrtovani posegi v njen potencialni habitat. Ključne besede: močvirska sklednica, Emys orbicularis, reka Drava, Natura 2000, Podravje, Slovenija Introduction The knowledge of the distribution of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) in Slovenia has improved in recent years (Grželj & Grželj 2012, Vamberger et al. 2013, Pekolj et al. 2015), but not for the Drava River basin. In the past 20 years, only three single observations have been reported for this region (Govedič & Janžekovič 2003), i.e. at Središče ob Dravi in 1997 at Slivniški ribniki in 1998, and at Borl in 2002. In the following publications on the distribution of reptiles no new data for the European pond turtle were reported for the Drava River basin (Janžekovič et al. 2008, Krofel et al. 2009, Vogrin 2009a, 2009b). Furthermore, there are no records of the European pond turtle occurring in the Drava River basin in Croatia along the Slovenian border (Šalamon et al. 2013). In 2004, Natura 2000 sites were established in the Drava River basin, including the Natura 2000 site Drava (SI3000220) for the European pond turtle (Ur. l. RS 2004a). In 2007, the Natura 2000 Management Programme 2007–2013 was adopted (Vlada RS 2007). Despite the lack of data, this management plan did not propose additional field work for assessing the distribution of the European pond turtle. In 2015, the Natura 2000 Management Programme 2015–2020 was adopted (Vlada RS 2015), even though no additional information on the distribution of the pond turtle had become available. A single observation at Borl (Govedič & Janžekovič 2003) still remains the only record of the European pond turtle at the Natura 2000 site Drava. In this article we summarize new observations of the European pond turtles, older unpublished data and literature data for the Drava River basin. Materials and methods Our random observations and data gathered by the Herpetological Society – Societas herpetologica slovenica were summarized together for the Podravje region. Due to presence of the red-eared terrapin (Trachemys scripta) in the area (Krofel et al. 2009), only unambiguous observations are included. Most of the records are photo documented. If possible, sex of turtles was determined on the basis of eye colour in field or at photo. Combination of the number of growth rings, shield abrasion and size were used to distinguish between young and adult turtles. Results and discussion We gathered nine new observations during the past six years, supplemented by one older unpublished observation, all of them from the Podravje region. Most turtles were seen randomly during biological field work or when crossing the road. The only record from the clay pit at Janežovci in 2016 was the result of a focused visit (Tab. 1). All data are from locations where the European pond turtle had previously not been known, with the exception of clay pit at Janežovci. Four observations are from the Natura 2000 site Drava. Figure 1. New observations of the European pond turtle in the Podravje region (with numbers on figure corresponding to ID Number in Tab. 1). Slika 1. Nova opazovanja močvirske sklednice v Podravju (številke na sliki so enake ID-vrednostim v Tab. 1). Surprisingly, as early as in 2002 Flis et al. (2002) stated in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the expansion of Janežovci clay pit that very high population density of the European pond turtle was observed. The population size estimation was based on visual observation, since there are no research methods described and traps were not used for turtle research in Slovenia in 2002 as yet. Unfortunately, this information was not known in the time of proposals of Natura 2000 sites (Tome 2003), since EIA reports were not accessible to the public. In 2004, this area was recognized as an Ecosystem and Zoological Valuable Natural Feature (ekosistemska in zoološka naravna vrednota; Ur. l. 2004b). A few years later, after the implementation of the Habitats Directive in Slovenia, a new EIA report for Tourist Development of the Janežovci clay pit area was prepared (Flis et al. 2006). In this EIA report, the very high population density of the European pond turtle was still mentioned, but no additional research was carried out. It seems that in the evaluation of impacts and in the conclusions of the EIA as well as in the environmental permit issued by the authorities, species habitat requirements were largely neglected. Warning about the significant impact on the European pond turtle was later indicated in the EIA report for the Municipal Development Plan (Gregorc et al. 2009). Because construction works did not start during the two-year period, the building permit expired. According to the comparison of aerial photos of the clay pit area, the area hasn.t changed much since 2002. As the European pond turtle is still present in these clay pits (Tab. 1), we conclude that the area has a high value for conservation of the species in the region, although its population size is not known. The proposal of Natura 2000 sites for the European pond turtle (Tome 2003) as well as for many other species was made on the existing data without additional research. In the case of the European pond turtle, the proposal was based on occurrence data or observation density. The clay pit at Janežovci had been the only known location for the European pond turtle in the Drava River basin, where it was possible to observe several turtles at the same time. According to the used methodology of defining Natura 2000 network in 2003, we believe that the site certainly fulfilled all conditions for the establishment of a Natura 2000 site. Table 1. Data on observations of the European pond turtle in the Podravje region. GKX, GKY refer to coordinates in Gauss-Krüger coordinate system. Tabela 1. Podatki o opazovanjih močvirske sklednice v Podravju. GKX in GKY se nanaša na koordinate v Gauss-Krügerjevem koordinatnem sistemu. ID Location/ Najdišče GKX, GKY Number/ Sex/Age Št./Spol/ Starost Type of observation/ Način opazovanja Date/ Datum Observer/ Opazovalec 1 Western side of Požeg water reservoir 550396, 142553 One turtle Visual observation 7.5.2013 M. Vogrin 2 Road parallel to a fishpond close to Vurberk 562187, 149621 One turtle Found dead (run over) 26.5.2016 F. Janžekovič 3 Road parallel to a fishpond in the Grajena stream valley 562782, 149594 One female Captured/ picture 16.6.2015 F. Janžekovič 4 Garden at Krčevina pri Vurbegu close to oxbow of the Drava River 562742, 146942 One male Captured/ picture 28.4.2013 E. Šmigoc 5 Clay pit near Janževci in the Rogoznica stream valley 567556, 147405 Two young females Visual observation/ picture 29.5.2011 D. Bordjan One male turtle Visual observation/ picture 10.7.2016 N. Kirbiš & M. Vamberger 6 River bank 100 m from the mouth of the Dravinja River 572793, 136564 One turtle Visual observation 29.7.2011 M. Vogrin 7 Oxbow of the Drava River near Gajevci 578369, 138506 One young male Captured/ picture 14.3.2013 D. Bombek 8 Road in the Sirotka valley 589905, 147952 One adult Captured/ picture 16.6.2016 T. Gregorc 9 Area of the present-day Ormož Basins Nature Reserve 592065, 138969 One turtle Captured Between 1990 and 1995 D. Denac All data are just random observations, so actual distribution of the species in the Drava River basin is still unknown also at the Natura 2000 Drava site. However, even these random data provide firm evidence that European pond turtles do occur in the area from where it was largely unknown. New data suggest that the European pond turtle is more abundant in the Podravje region than previously known. The species is listed in Annex IV of the Habitats Directive and fully protected by our national legislation (Ur. l. RS 2004c). Its habitat is also protected, especially egg deposition sites that are subjects of environmental liability (okoljske odgovornosti; Ur. l. RS 2009), irrespective of whether they are located within Natura 2000 sites or not. Distribution and population size of the species in the Drava River basin still remain to be investigated in detail and not only at the Natura 2000 Drava site. Before the authorities issue any environmental permit for new activities in all potential habitats of the European pond turtle in the Podravje region, conservation status of the species should be considered independently of existing data. Results of the focused research into the species have to be considered as well. There are many other potential well suited habitats for the European pond turtle like oxbow lakes, gravel and clay pits, ponds and fishponds in the Podravje region. References Flis J., Pokorny B., Bole M., Rošer-Drev A., Ramšak R., Zapušek A., Svetina Veder M., Al Sayegh-Petkovšek S., Špeh N., Kotnik K., Kaligarič M., Drev J., Peršak B., Marhold R., Holobar A. (2002): Poročilo in ocena vplivov na okolje gradnje Opekarne in glinokopa opekarske gline v Janežovcih. ERICo, Velenje, 133 pp. Flis J., Pokorny B., Bole B., Mljač M., Pavšek Z., Bedjanič M., Škornik S., Frangež L., Kresnik D., Kovačič M. (2006): Poročilo o vplivih na okolje za turistično rekreacijski kompleks v Janežovcih pri Destrniku. ERICo, Velenje, 119 pp. Govedič M., Janžekovič F. (2003): Prispevek k poznavanju razširjenosti močvirske sklednice (Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)) ob reki Dravi v Sloveniji. Nat. Slov. 5(2): 59–63. Gregorc T., Nekrep I., Mohar P. (2009): Okoljsko poročilo za OPN Destrnik, poglavje Narava. LUTRA, Inštitut za ohranjanje naravne dediščine, 37 pp. Grželj T., Grželj R. (2012): First record of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in the Nanoščica River basin, central Slovenia. Nat. Slov. 14(1): 43-44. Janžekovič F., Govedič M., Janžekovič B. (2008): Vretenčarji, še posebej ptiči. In: Pičerko Peklar S. (Ed.), Občina Markovci – o naših krajih in ljudeh, Občina Markovci, Markovci, pp. 369-378. Krofel M., Cafuta V., Planinc G., Sopotnik M., Šalamun A., Tome S., Vamberger M., Žagar A. (2009): Razširjenost plazilcev v Sloveniji: pregled podatkov, zbranih do leta 2009. Nat. Slov. 11(2): 61-99. Pekolj A., Rexhepi B., Urek T., Dajčman U., Drašler K., Žagar A., Lipovšek G., Govedič M. (2015): First record of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) near Kočevje, SE Slovenia. Nat. Slov. 17(1): 47-48. Šalamon D., Janev Hutinec B., Lončar M. (2013): Conservation activities for European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) in Croatia. Herpetology Notes 6: 149-152. Tome S. (2003): Strokovna izhodišča za vzpostavljanje omrežja Natura 2000. Močvirska sklednica Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758), 11 pp. Ur. l. RS (2004a): Uredba o posebnih varstvenih območjih (območjih Natura 2000). Uradni list RS 14(49): 13173-13395. Ur. l. RS (2004b): Pravilnik o določitvi in varstvu naravnih vrednot. Uradni list RS 14(111): 6409-6480. Ur. l. RS (2004c): Uredba o zavarovanih prosto živečih živalskih vrstah Uradni list RS 14(46): 5963-6016. Ur. l. RS (2009): Uredba o spremembah in dopolnitvah Uredbe o zavarovanih prosto živečih živalskih vrstah. Uradni list RS 19(36): 5046-5070. Vamberger M., Govedič M., Lipovšek G. (2013): Prispevek k recentni razširjenosti, ekologiji in varstvu močvirske sklednice Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) v Beli krajini (JV Slovenija). Nat. Slov. 15(2): 23-38. Vlada RS (2007): Operativni program – program upravljanja območij Natura 2000 2007–2013 (accepted on 11. 10. 2007). Vlada Republike Slovenije, 66 pp. Vlada RS (2015): Program upravljanja območij Natura 2000 (2015–2020). Vlada republike Slovenije (accepted on 9. 4. 2015). Vlada Republike Slovenije, 33 pp. Vogrin M. (2009a): Dvoživke in plazilci med Pohorjem in Halozami. In: Gradišnik S. (Ed.), Zbornik občine Slovenska Bistrica III: Svet med Pohorjem in Bočem, Zavod za kulturo Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenska Bistrica, pp. 492-504. Vogrin M. (2009b): Dvoživke in plazilci – v vodi in na soncu. In: Bedjanič M. (Ed.), Narava v občini Poljčane, Občina Poljčane, Poljčane, pp. 81-85. Interesting high altitude record of two common adders Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Pokljuka Plateau (Julian Alps, NW Slovenia) Zanimiva najdba dveh osebkov navadnega gada Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) na visoki nadmorski višini na Pokljuki (Julijske Alpe, SZ Slovenija) David ŠKUFCA, Stranska vas ob Višnjici 20, SI-1295 Ivančna Gorica, Slovenija; E-mail: davidskufca.bio@gmail.com Ester PREMATE, Puhova ulica 9, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija; E-mail: ester.premate@gmail.com The common adder Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) is the most widely distributed snake species in the world: its range extends from northern Scandinavia to the north of Albania and from Scotland on the west to the Sakhalin Island on Russia’s Pacific coast in the east; it is found at altitudes from 0 to 2,600 m a.s.l. (Gasc et al. 1997, Andersson 2003, Carlsson 2003). Its habitats include hedgerows, forest edges, clearings, heaths, meadows, bogs and rocky slopes (Carlsson 2003). In Slovenia, the common adder is found mostly in hilly and mountainous parts of the Alps and the Dinarides (Tome 1996, Krofel et al. 2009). Individuals have also been reported from the Prekmurje region (Cafuta 2010), but the common adder is usually found at higher altitudes and is rare in lowlands (Krofel et al. 2009). It is more adapted to colder temperatures and higher humidity and therefore often found on northern slopes, in contrast with V. aspis and V. ammodytes (Mebert et al. 2015). The common adder is a protected species in Slovenia; it is legally protected by the Decree on Protected Wild Animal Species (Ur. l. RS 2004) and listed as a vulnerable species (V) in the »Slovenian Red Data List« (Ur. l. RS 2002). Here we report on two individuals of the common adder, which were found on 2. 4. 2016 on the NE slope of Viševnik Mt above the Pokljuka Plateau in the Julian Alps, at 1,928 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). Both were basking on a branch of dwarf mountain pine Pinus mugo, just above the entrance to a newly discovered cave (46,35994° N; 13,90077° E) (Fig. 2). The surrounding vegetation is composed of grasses and alpine heath Erica carnea, which were overlain by approx. 2 m thick snow cover at the time of its detection. The maximum temperature on that day was 9.6°C, and the lowest -1.5°C during the night (measurements taken at the nearest weather station Rudno polje at 1,344 m a.s.l.; ARSO 2016). The cave is located approx. 600 m higher than the weather station, hence we can assume the temperatures there were several degrees lower. Above the entrance the snow had melted due to the warmer air current coming out of the cave. One common adder individual was coloured sandy brown, with a distinctive zigzag pattern, while the other was melanistic. Both responded to our presence by moving, with one individual coiling into a defensive position (Fig. 1). Our finding is currently the highest record of the common adder in Slovenia, which includes information on exact location and a photograph of individuals. Up to now, the finding at Mali vrh, Belščica (the Karavanke mountain chain) at 1,886 m a.s.l. was considered the highest based on exact locality (Krofel et al. 2009). Krofel et al. (2009) disregarded the report from the area of Prehodavci in the Julian Alps at 2,100 m a.s.l. (Tome 1996) as the highest, as it contained no information on exact locality. The common adder hibernates up to eight months, depending on the altitude, latitude, and exposition of its habitat; the hibernation is terminated when the maximum air temperatures reach 8° or 12°C for males and females, respectively (Viitanen 1967). Prestt (1971) reports on the following hibernation period for southern England: from the end of September till the beginning of March for adult males and till the end of March for adult females. Andersson (2003) estimates that the hibernation period north of the Arctic Circle in Sweden lasts from the beginning of September till the beginning of May for adult males and till the middle of May for reproductive females. These data refer to low altitudes (up to 450 m a.s.l.). To the best of our knowledge, there is no information on duration of hibernation of common adder at such high altitudes as our finding. It may be that the relatively warm air, coming from the cave, contributed to an earlier termination of hibernation in these two individuals. Considering the presence of snow and low air temperatures in the area, we can hypothesize that the two individuals stayed in the vicinity of the cave entrance due to the warmer air, which provided a more suitable environment, especially during nighttime. It may be that caves at high altitudes represent potential refuges for snakes during low temperatures, as they provide more stable temperatures than the surface. References Andersson S. (2003): Hibernation, habitat and seasonal activity in the adder, Vipera berus, north of the Arctic Circle in Sweden. Amphibia-Reptilia 24(4): 449-457. ARSO (2016): Javne informacije Slovenije, ARSO – met. Arhiv – opazovani in merjeni meteorološki podatki po Sloveniji. Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor, Agencija RS za okolje, Ljubljana. http://meteo.arso.gov.si/met/sl/archive/ [accessed on 1. 6. 2016] Cafuta V. (2010): A new find of the adder (Vipera berus) in the Prekmurje region, NE Slovenia. Nat. Slov. 12(1): 129-130. Carlsson M. (2003): Phylogeography of the adder, Vipera berus. Dissertation. Comprehensive summaries of Uppsala dissertations from the Faculty of sciences and technology 849. Acta Univ. U. Uppsala, 32 pp. Gasc J.P., Cabela A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic J., Dolmen D., Grossenbacher K., Haffner P., Lescure J., Martens H., Martínez Rica J.P., Maurin H., Oliveira M.E., Sofianidou T.S., Veith M., Zuiderwijk A. (Eds.) (1997): Atlas of amphibians and reptiles in Europe. Collection Patrimoines Naturels 29, Societas Europaea Herpetologica, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Service du Petrimone Naturel, Paris, 496 pp. Krofel M., Cafuta V., Planinc G., Sopotnik M., Šalamun A., Tome S., Vamberger M., Žagar A. (2009): Razširjenost plazilcev v Sloveniji: pregled podatkov, zbranih do leta 2009. Nat. Slov. 11(2): 61-99. Mebert K., Jagar T., Grželj R., Cafuta V., Luiselli L., Ostanek E., Golay P., Dubey S., Golay J., Ursenbacher S. (2015): The dynamics of coexistence: habitat sharing versus segregation patterns among three sympatric montane vipers. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 116(2): 364-376. Prestt I. (1971): An ecological study of the viper Vipera berus in southern Britain. J. Zool. 164(3): 373-418. Tome S. (1996): Pregled razširjenosti plazilcev v Sloveniji. Ann. Ser. Hist. Nat. 9(96): 217-228. Ur. l. RS (2002): Pravilnik o uvrstitvi ogroženih rastlinskih in živalskih vrst v rdeči seznam. Uradni list RS 12(82): 8893-8975. Ur. l. RS (2004): Uredba o zavarovanih prosto živečih živalskih vrstah. Uradni list RS 14(46): 5963-6016. Viitanen P. (1967): Hibernation and seasonal movements of the viper, Vipera berus berus (L.), in southern Finland. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 4(4): 472-546. Figure 1. Two specimens of the common adder (V. berus) found on 2. 4. 2016 at the entrance to a cave at 1,928 m a.s.l. on Pokljuka, NW Slovenia (photo: David Škufca). Slika 1. Navadna gada (V. berus), najdena 2. 4. 2016 na vhodu jame na Pokljuki, SZ Slovenija, na 1.928 m nmv (foto: David Škufca). Figure 2. Cave entrance on Pokljuka, NW Slovenia, above which the two common adders (V. berus) were found (photo: David Škufca). Slika 2. Vhod jame na Pokljuki, SZ Slovenija, nad katerim sta bila najdena navadna gada (V. berus) (foto: David Škufca). NAVODILA AVTORJEM NATURA SLOVENIAE objavlja izvirne prispevke, ki imajo za ozadje terensko delo s področja biologije in/ali prispevajo k poznavanju favne in flore osrednje in jugovzhodne Evrope. Prispevki so lahko v obliki znanstvenih člankov, kratkih vesti ali terenskih notic. Znanstveni članek je celovit opis izvirne raziskave in vključuje teoretično ozadje tematike, območje raziskav in metode uporabljene pri delu, podrobno predstavljene rezultate in diskusijo, sklepe ter pregled literature. Dolžina naj ne presega 20 strani. Kratka znanstvena vest je izvirni prispevek, ki ne vsebuje podrobnega teoretičnega pregleda. Njen namen je seznaniti bralca z delnimi ali preliminarnimi rezultati raziskave. Dolžina naj ne presega petih strani. Terenska notica je krajši prispevek o zanimivih favnističnih ali florističnih opažanjih in najdbah na področju Slovenije. Dolžina naj ne presega treh strani. Vsi prispevki bodo recenzirani. Avtorji lahko v spremnem dopisu sami predlagajo recenzente, kljub temu pa urednik lahko izbere tudi kakšnega drugega recenzenta. Recenziran članek popravi avtor oz. avtorji sami. V primeru zavrnitve se originalne materiale skupaj z obrazložitvijo glavnega urednika vrne odgovornemu avtorju. Prispevki, objavljeni v reviji Natura Sloveniae, ne smejo biti predhodno objavljeni ali sočasno predloženi in objavljeni v drugih revijah ali kongresnih publikacijah. Avtorji se s predložitvijo prispevkov strinjajo, da ob njihovi potrditvi, ti postanejo last revije. Prispevke lahko oddate na naslov Natura Sloveniae, Večna pot 111, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenija (telefon: (01) 423 33 70, fax: 273 390, E-mail: maja.zagmajster@bf.uni-lj.si). FORMAT IN OBLIKA PRISPEVKA Prispevki naj bodo napisani v programu Word for Windows, v pisavi "Times New Roman CE 12'', z levo poravnavo in 3 cm robovi na A4 formatu. Med vrsticami naj bo dvojni razmak, med odstavki pa prazna vrstica. Naslov prispevka in naslovi posameznih poglavij naj bodo natisnjeni krepko v velikosti pisave 14. Latinska imena rodov in vrst morajo biti pisana ležeče. Uredniku je potrebno prispevek oddati v primerni elektronski obliki (disketa, CD, elektronska pošta) v Rich text (.rtf) ali Word document (.doc) formatu. Naslov prispevka (v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku) mora biti informativen, jasen in kratek. Naslovu naj sledijo celotna imena avtorjev in njihovi naslovi (vključno z naslovi elektronske pošte). Izvleček v slovenskem jeziku mora na kratko predstaviti namen, metode, rezultate in zaključke. Dolžina izvlečka naj ne presega 200 besed za znanstveni članek oziroma 100 besed za kratko znanstveno vest. Pod izvlečkom naj bodo ključne besede, ki predstavljajo področje raziskave. Njihovo število naj ne bo večje od 10. Sledi abstract in key words v angleškem jeziku, za katere velja enako kot za izvleček in ključne besede. Glavnina prispevka znanstvenega članka in kratke znanstvene vesti je lahko pisana v slovenskem jeziku čeprav je bolj zaželjen angleški jezik. Prispevek, ki je pisan v slovenskem jeziku mora vsebovati obširnejši angleški povzetek - summary, prispevek pisan v angleškem jeziku pa obširnejši slovenski povzetek (200-500 besed). Terenska notica je v celoti napisana v angleškem jeziku, brez izvlečka, ključnih besed in povzetka. Pri oblikovanju besedil naj se avtorji zgledujejo po zadnjih številkah revije. SLIKE IN TABELE Skupno število slik in tabel v prispevku naj ne bo večje od 10, njihovo mesto naj bo v članku nedvoumno označeno. Posamezne tabele z legendami naj bodo na ločenih listih. Naslovi tabel naj bodo nad njimi, naslovi slik in fotografij pa pod njimi. Naslovi in legenda slik in tabel naj bodo v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku. Pri navajanju slik in tabel v tekstu uporabljajte okrajšave (npr. angl: Tab. 1 ali Tabs. 1-2, Fig. 1 ali Figs. 1-2 in slo.: Tab. 1 in Sl. 1). NAVAJANJE LITERATURE Navajanje literature v besedilu mora biti na ustreznem mestu. Kadar citiramo enega avtorja, pišemo Schultz (1987) ali (Schultz 1987), če sta avtorja dva (Parry & Brown 1959) in če je avtorjev več (Lubin et al. 1978). Kadar navajamo citat večih del hkrati, pišemo (Ward 1991, Pace 1992, Amman 1998). V primeru, ko citiramo več del istega avtorja objavljenih v istem letu, posamezno delo označimo s črkami (Lucas 1988a, b). Literatura naj bo urejena po abecednem redu. Primeri: - članke iz revij citiramo: Schultz J.W. (1987): The origin of the spinning aparatures in spiders. Biol. Rev. 62: 123-134. Parry D.A., Brown R.H.J. (1959): The hydraulic mechanism of the spider leg. J. Exp. Biol. 36: 654-657. Lubin Y.D., Eberhard W.G., Montgomery G.G. (1978): Webs of Miagrammopes (Araneae: Araneaidae) in the neotropics. Psyche 85: 1-13. Lucas S. (1988a): Spiders in Brasil. Toxicon 26: 759-766. Lucas S. (1988b): Spiders and their silks. Discovery 25: 1-4. - knjige, poglavja iz knjig, poročila, kongresne povzetke citiramo: Foelix R.F. (1996): Biology of spiders, 2. edition. Harvard University Press, London, pp. 155-162. Nentwig W., Heimer S. (1987): Ecological aspects of spider webs. In: Nentwig W. (Ed.), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 211 pp. Edmonds D.T. (1997): The contribution of atmospheric water vapour to the formation of a spider’s capture web. In: Heimer S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology. Oxford Press, London, pp. 35-46. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS NATURA SLOVENIAE publishes original papers in Slovene and English which contribute to the understanding of the natural history of Central and Southeast Europe. Papers may be submitted as Scientific Papers, Short Communications or Field Notes. Scientific Paper is a complete description of the original research including theoretical review, research area, methods, detailed presentation of the results obtained and discussion, conclusions and references. The length of the Scientific Paper may not exceed twenty pages. Short Communication is an original paper without detailed theoretical review. Its purpose is to introduce partial or preliminary results of the research. The length of the Short Communication may not exceed five pages. Field Note is a short report on interesting faunistical or botanical findings or observations in Slovenia. The lehgth of the Field Note may not exceed three pages. All papers will be subject to peer review by one referee. Authors are invited to suggest the names of referees, although the editor reserves the right to elect an alternative referee to those suggested. The reviewed paper should be corrected by author or authors themselves. In the case of the rejection, the original materials will be sent back to the corresponding author with the editors explanation. The submitted papers should not have been previously published and should not be simulatenously submiteed or published elsewhere (in other journals, bulletins or congress publications). By submitting a paper, the authors agree that the copyright for their article is transferred to the publisher if and when the article is accepted for publication. Papers should be submitted to NATURA SLOVENIAE, Večna pot 111, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia (telephone: +386 (0) 1 423 33 70, fax: +386 (0) 1 273 390, E-mail: maja.zagmajster@bf.uni-lj.si). FORMAT AND FORM OF ARTICLES Papers should be written with Word for Windows using "Times New Roman CE" size 12 font, align left and margins of 3 cm on A4 pages. Double spacing should be used between lines and paragraphs should be separated with a single empty line. The title and chapters should be written bold in font size 14. The latin names of all genera and species must be written italic. All submissions should be sent to the editor in the appropriate electronic version on diskette, CD or via e-mail in Rich text format (.rtf) or Word document (.doc) format. Title of paper should be informative, understandable, and concise. The title should be followed by the name(s) and full adress(es) of the author(s), including E-mail adresse(s). Abstract must give concize information about the objectives, methods used, results and the conclusions. The abstract length should not exceed 200 words for »Scientific Papers« and 100 words for »Short Communications«. There should be no more than ten keywords which must accurately reflect the field of research covered in the paper. Field notice does not include abstract and keywords. Author(s) should check the last issue of Natura Sloveniae when preparing the manuscript. ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES Papers should not exceed a total of ten illustrations and/or tables, with their positon amongst the text clearly indicated by the author(s). Tables with their legends should be submitted on separate pages. Titles of tables should appear above them, and titles of illustrations and photographs below. Illustrations and tables should be cited shortly in the text (Tab. 1 or Tabs. 1-2, Fig. 1 or Figs. 1-2). LITERATURE References should be cited in the text as follows: a single author is cited, as Schultz (1987) or (Schultz 1987); two authors would be (Parry & Brown 1959); if a work of three or more authors is cited, (Lubin et al. 1978); and if the reference appears in several works, (Ward 1991, Pace 1992, Amman 1998). If several works by the same author published in the same year are cited, the individual works are indicated with the added letters a, b, c, etc. (Lucas 1988a, b). The literature should be arranged in alphabetical order. Examples (use the the following forms): - articles from journals: Schultz J.W. (1987): The origin of the spinning aparatures in spiders. Biol. Rev. 62: 123-134. Parry D.A., Brown R.H.J. (1959): The hydraulic mechanism of the spider leg. J. Exp. Biol. 36: 654-657. Lubin Y.D., Eberhard W.G., Montgomery G.G. (1978): Webs of Miagrammopes (Araneae: Araneaidae) in the neotropics. Psyche 85: 1-13. Lucas S. (1988a): Spiders in Brasil. Toxicon 26: 759-766. Lucas S. (1988b): Spiders and their silks. Discovery 25: 1-4. - for books, chapters from books, reports, and congress anthologies: Foelix R.F. (1996): Biology of spiders, 2. edition. Harvard University Press, London, pp. 155-162. Nentwig W., Heimer S. (1987): Ecological aspects of spider webs. In: Nentwig W. (Ed.), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 211 pp. Edmonds D.T. (1997): The contribution of atmospheric water vapour to the formation of a spider’s capture web. In: Heimer S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology. Oxford Press, London, pp. 35-46.