DOKTRINA 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti ICOMOS enje ICOMOS/SI 2014 DOCTRINE 2 už ICOMOS International Charters and Documents Zdr DOKTRINA 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti ICOMOS DOCTRINE 2 ICOMOS International Charters and Documents Združenje ICOMOS/SI 2014 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Zbirka DOKTRINA KONSERVATORSTVA Series CONSERVATION DOCTRINE DOKTRINA 2  /  Mednarodne listine in dokumenti ICOMOS DOCTRINE 2 / ICOMOS International Charters and Documents Izdajatelj / Publisher Združenje za ohranjanje spomenikov in spomeniških območij ICOMOS/SI © Zanj odgovarja / Responsible mag.  Marko STOKIN predsednik ICOMOS/SI / President of ICOMOS/SI Zamisel, oblikovanje, fotografija, priprava za tisk / Idea, Photography, Lay - out, Pre - press Jovo GROBOVŠEK, častni predsednik ICOMOS/SI / Honorary President of ICOMOS/SI Uredniški odbor / Editing Board Jovo GROBOVŠEK, glavni urednik / Editor in chief mag.  Maja OVEN dr.  Blaž ŠEME Prevod iz angleškega jezika v slovenščino / Translate from English into Slovene Ljubica KLANČAR Prevode je delno sofinanciralo Ministrstvo za izobraževanje, znanost, kulturo in šport Republike Slovenije / 2012 Translations were partly financed by the Ministry for Education, Science, Culture and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia / 2012 Redakcija terminologije v prevodih / Redaction of the translation Jovo GROBOVŠEK enija. Ljubljana, 2014 Elektronska publikacija: www.icomos.si Italija. Gorenja Draga, Slov icenza, CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji V Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana . Martina, - 1580). 72.025.3/.4(082)(0.034.2) 1508 INTERNATIONAL Council on Monuments and Sites (Paris) Palladio, Doktrina 2 [Elektronski vir] : mednarodne listine in dokumenti ICOMOS = Doctrine 2 : ICOMOS international charters and documents / Jovo Grobovšek, glavni urednik; prevod iz angleškega jezika v (Andrea slovenščino Ljubica Klančar. - El. knjiga. - Ljubljana : Združenje za ohranjanje spomenikov in spomeniških območij ICOMOS/SI, 2014. - Rotonda” (Zbirka Doktrina konservatorstva - Series Conservation Doctrine) “La ali ISBN 978-961-281-462-5 (pdf) 1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Vzp. stv. nasl. 3. Grobovšek, Jovo Capra 274490112 Almerico ila Fotogfrafija na ovitku: vhodni portal v podružnično cerkev sv V Kazalo / Contents Predgovor / Foreword 9 Jovo Grobovšek častni predsednik ICOMOS/SI / Honorary President of ICOMOS/SI Listine ICOMOS / ICOMOS Charters 12 Načela za analizo, ohranjanje in obnovo konstrukcij arhitekturne dediščine (2003) 15 Principles for the Analisys, Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage (2003) Načela za ohranjanje in konserviranje - restavriranje stenskih poslikav (2003) 21 Principles for the Preservation and Conservation/Restoration of Wall Paintings (2003) Listina o kulturnih poteh (2003) 29 The Charter on Cultural Routes (2003) Listina o interpretaciji in predstavitvi območij kulturne dediščine (2008) 45 The Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites (2008) Drugi dokumenti ICOMOS / Other ICOMOS Documents Smernice za izobraževanje in usposabljanje na področju ohranjanja spomenikov, skupin stavb in spomeniških območij (1993) 57 Guidelines for Education and Training in the Conservation of Monuments, Ensembles and Sites (1993) Narska listina o avtentičnosti (1994) 65 The Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) Načela dokumentiranja spomenikov, skupin stavb in spomeniških območij (1996) 71 Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites (1996) Načela ohranjanja zgodovinskih lesenih objektov (1999) 79 Principles for the Preservation of Historic Timber Structures (1999) Izjava o etični zavezi za člane organizacije ICOMOS (2005) 85 Ethical Commitment Statement for ICOMOS Members (2005) Šjanska deklaracija o ohranjanju okolice dediščinskih objektov, najdišč in spomeniških območij (2005) 95 Xi’an Declaration on the Conservation of the Settings of Heritage Structures, Sites and Areas (2005) 7 Foreword Predgovor Jovo GROBOVŠEK Jovo GROBOVŠEK The selection of texts, presented in Izbor besedil, ki ga v slovenskem prevodu ob Slovenian translation alongside English angleškem izvirniku predstavljamo v drugem zvezku original in the second volume of the serije Konservatorske doktrine, ponuja pester intelektualni Conservation Doctrine series, offers a varied sprehod. Razpet je v čas od daljnega leta 1993, ko so člani intellectual stroll. Stretching from the faraway nevladne organizacije na Cejlonu izoblikovali Smernice za year 1993 in Sri Lanka, where members of the organisation formulated the Guidelines izobraževanja in usposabljanje konservatorjev in restavratorjev on Education and Training in the Conservation vse do leta 2008, predzadnje generalne skupščine of Monuments, Ensembles and Sites, to the year na Kitajskem, kjer so sprejeli Listino o interpretaciji in 2008, the penultimate General Assembly in predstavitvi območij kulturne dediščine. China, where the Charter for the Interpretation Vsako od besedil je zato, da bi bilo sprejemljivo and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites was ratified. za različna kulturna okolja in sisteme varstva v državah, Every text is concise and to the point, le toliko obširno, da je sprejemljivo najširšemu krogu thus ensuring its acceptability for the widest uporabnikov. Sestavljeno je tako, da ga je mogoče array of users in various countries with primerjati s pravnimi določili okolij, kjer jih strokovnjaki different cultural environments and systems in javnost želijo primerjati. of protection. It is presented in such a way that Kar nekaj nacionalnih organizacij je ugotovilo, da it can be easily used by experts and the general public to compare it with their own local legal zmorejo in hočejo podrobneje opredeliti uspešne metode, provisions. ki so se že izazale v njihovih praktičnih varstvenih Several national organizations have dosežkih. Kot so se po eni strani veselile doseženega decided that they can, and want to, further mednarodnega konsenza ob sprejemu vsake temeljne define the successful methods, which were listine ICOMOS, so mnoge od njih same dogradile, da enija. proved during their practical protection pokažejo, v katere smeri uspešno varstvo lahko usmerimo. achievements. They were pleased with the reached international consensus on acceptance Vse večje število strokovnih področij, ki so of each ICOMOS fundamental charter and vključena v sistem varovanja in ohranjanja nepremične in many national organizations refined them z njo povezane premične dediščine, združuje uporabne to show the various directions successful Gorenja Draga, Slov ustvarjalce. Dosežke in znanja izmenjujejo, da bi bila preservation can take. dediščina pestrih svetovnih kultur čim bolj smiselno in The ever increasing number of dolgoročno ohranjena. . Martina, professional fields, included in the system of protection and conservation of immovable Tradicionalnim skupinam arheologov, arhitektov, and movable heritage, gathers useful creators. zgodovinarjev umetnosti, etnologov se pridružujejo They exchange their achievements and statiki, tehnologi gradbenih materialov, filozofi in knowledge in order to preserve the diverse pravniki, strokovnjaki za tehnologije kovinskih in heritage of world cultures in a meaningful and nekovinskih materialov, umetniki, še posebej podrobno long-lasting way. Traditional groups of archeologists, in natančno se pretaka znanje med restavratorji architects, art historians and ethnologists umetnin. Bolj ko je skupina, ki se zbere v mednarodnem are being joined by structural engineers, znanstvenem odboru ( International Scientific Committee) construction materials technicians, dejavna, prej oblikuje predlog za oblikovanje minimalnih philosophers, lawyers, metal and nonmetal skupnih standardov strokovnega dela. Tako so statiki technicians, artists and, the knowledge flows oblikovali Načela za analizo, ohranjanje in obnovo konstrukcij most vibrantly among, the art restorers. The more active a group, gathered in the arhitekturne dediščin e in restavratorji Načela za ohranjanje International Scientific Commitee, is, the Del polkrožne apside z romanskim okencem v cerkvi sv in konserviranje - restavriranje stenskih poslikav. 8 9 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 sooner a proposal for the establishment of Razvoj digitalnega beleženja podatkov našega indicated the difference between the surviving delavnico1 in novembra v Nari na Japonskem sprejeli minimal joint standards of professional work realnega sveta je pri dokumentiranju, precej časa original form and its construction materials, Narsko listino. V postopku strokovnega utemeljevanja is created. For example, structural engineers utemeljenem z ročnimi meritvami in fotografijo, generalno and that which was added during renovation/ created Principles for the analysis, conservation predlogov za uvrstitev spomenikov in območij na reconstruction. The question of authenticity and structural restoration of architectural heritage skupščino v Sofiji prepričal v sprejem dokumenta Načela plagued the expert public until the year 1994. svetovno listo UNESCO2 je eden najpomembnejših and restorers Principles for the preservation and dokumentiranja, ki so utemeljila najširše skupne standarde In February that year they held a preparatory preizkusov prav dokazovanje avtentičnosti3. conservation-restoration of wall paintings. področja, ki se bliskovito razvija. workshop in the Norweigan town of Bergen In ne nazadnje vprašanje, ali je potrebna etika The development of digital data Načela ohranjanja zgodovinskih lesenih objektov and in November they adopted The Nara recording of our real world in documentation, stroke. Zanimivo je, da so najbolj izrazito potrebo po Document on Authenticity in Nara, Japan. One formerly based on hand measurments poudarjajo, da je med dediščinskim patrimonijem kultur of the most important tests in the procedure etičnem kodeksu poudarjali člani organizacije ICOMOS and photography, convinced the General pomembno varovati tudi najpreprostejše, iz lokalnega of expert argumentation of proposals for the iz najbolj demokratičnih in razvitih držav. Uspešno Assembly in Sofia to adopt the document materiala grajene stavbe. Te so za prebivalce vitalnega inclusion of monuments and areas on the varovanje dediščine je v najbogatejših državah pod Principles of Documentation, which established pomena tudi zato, ker jih znajo in lahko naredijo iz UNESCO World Heritage List is the test of the broadest common standards of this rapidly najhujšim pritiskom bogatih investitorjev. Nemalokrat authenticity. evolving field. lokalno dostopnega gradiva na podlagi doma ohranjenih And last but not least, the question idealistično predani strokovnjaki potrebujejo močna Principles for the Preservation of Historic znanj in spretnosti. S sodobnega vidika so nedvomno of whether an ethos of professionalism is zavezništva, da bi ugotovljene vrednote uspešno zaščitili Timber Structures emphasize that among the že od nekdaj trajnostno naravnane, čeprav največkrat v necessary. Interestingly, the need for a code in primerno uredili za javnost. Zavezništva med etično patrimony of cultures, it is important to protect neskladju s predpisi potresne in požarne varnosti, kot jih of ethics was most strongly expressed by the even the simplest structures made from local odgovornimi posamezniki so porok uspehu. Ne glede na ICOMOS members from the most democratic material. These are of vital importance to the poznamo razviti. and developed countries. Successful protection to, da je Izjava o etični zavezi za člane organizacije ICOMOS residents, as they can, and know how to, make Največ izjemno poglobljenega dela je zahtevalo of the heritage is under heavy pressure from poznega nastanka, je le objavila sicer široko prisoten them from locally available materials, using nastajanje Narske listine o avtentičnosti. Napori, ki jih the wealthy investors in the richest countries. etični odnos strokovnjakov do njihove javne vloge. Danes their inherited knowledge and skills. These vlagamo v ohranjanje obstoječega patrimonija, so Often idealistic and commited, experts need structures have undoubtedly always been sta pristanek na vsebino izjave in njen podpis pogoj za strong alliances in order to successfully protect sustainable from the modern point of view, usmerjeni v podaljšanje obstoja in pričevanja tako snovnih and appropriately present the established sprejem v članstvo. although often in conflict with the rules of kot duhovnih in družbenih vsebin dediščinskega objekta values to the public. Alliances between Razvoj civilne družbe, ki tudi na področju seismic and fire safety as we know them in ali območja. Ogrožena so gradiva, okolica, namembnost, ethically responsible individuals are the key to varstva kulturne in naravne dediščine oblikuje društva, developed countries. interpretacija zgodovinskih in družbenih vsebin. Tako success. Regardless of the fact, that the Ethical The creation of The Nara Document of združenja, iniciative in akcije, razgibano turistično Commitment Statement for ICOMOS Members Authenticity required in-depth work. The efforts narava s svojimi pojavi kot človek s svojim delovanjem appeared relatively late, it still presented the dejavnost lokalnega okolja pa vidi v povezovanju z we put into preserving the existing patrimony oba bolj ali manj ogrožata pričevanja zgodovinskih widespread ethical approach of experts to dediščino, zahteva boljše razumevanje strokovnih stališč. are focused on prolonging the existence and korenin kultur in civilizacij. Razprave o avtentičnosti their public role. Nowadays, new members Prav nič ni narobe, če si za začetek izberejo mednarodne testimonies of material, incorporeal and social (samobitnosti) so bile izrazite vse od renesanse dalje, saj must sign and agree to abide by the statement content of heritage property and surroundings. dokumente, kot jih v svojih, do sedaj dveh, publikacijah for acceptance into membership. Materials, surroundings, functionality and je bila interpretacija videnega odvisna od človekovega The development of civil society, which ponuja slovenski ICOMOS. S podrobnim razčlenjevanjem interpretation of historic and social aspects znanja in hotenja razumeti raznoliko preteklost. brought various associations, societies, vsebine listin in dokumentov bodo svoje aktivnosti are at risk. Nature with its phenomena and Izrazito se je oblikovala že ob nastajanju Beneške listine, initiatives and campaigns in the field of heritage približali strokovnim stališčem spomeniškega varstva. man with his acts both more or less endanger ta pa je bila plod temeljitih razmislekov ob velikih protection, demands a better understanding the evidences of historic roots of cultures and V naslednjem koraku bodo lahko z oblikovanjem of expert views. It also links heritage to the civilizations. Debates on authenticity were evropskih rekonstrukcijskih posegih v vojni porušenih varied tourist activities of local areas. There is novih uporabnih rešitev, podprtih z argumentiranimi prominent from the Renaissance onwards, mest. Posebno poljske aktivnosti in posegi pri obnovi, nothing wrong if they choose the international besedami, tvorno pripomogli naravni in kulturni interpretation of the visible depended rekonstrukciji zgodovinskega jedra mesta Varšava, zelo documents, like the ones found in the two dediščini do ohranitve ter sebi izpopolnili kakovostne heavily upon one's knowledge and desire pereča vprašanja, kaj z množico porušenih nemških publications offered by the Slovene ICOMOS, to understand the diverse past. It was vsebine sedanjega življenja. Tako bomo skupaj lažje as a starting point. With careful examination significantly shaped when the Venice Chapter, mest, utemeljitve rekonstrukcijskih posegov v francoskih of charters and documents they will align their utemeljili poti bodočega razvoja bivalnega okolja ter a result of thorough reflection upon the great mestih, bliže nas izjemno težka usoda Zadra na hrvaški activities with the views of the protection of humane, v trajnosten razvoj naravnane družbe. European reconstruction operations of cities obali Jadrana in drugi obnovitveni in rekonstrukcijski monuments experts. ruined by war, was generated. Contributing posegi v Evropi, so v leta 1964 sprejeti listini nakazali In the next step they will actively contribute factors included; the Polish activities and to the preservation of natural and cultural restoration treatments, reconstruction of the skrb mednarodne strokovne juavnosti za ločevanje še heritage, and increase the quality of their lives historical town center of Warsaw, pressing ohranjene izvirne oblike in gradbene snovi od dodanega by creating new useful solutions supported issues of what to do with the multitude of pri obnovi oz. rekonstrukciji. by valid arguments. Future development of a demolished German towns, justification of 1 Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage Convention, Bergen, Norway, Vse do februarja 1994 je vprašanje avtentičnosti humane (sustainable development-oriented) reconstructive treatments in French towns and 31 January – 2 February 1994. Zbornik besedil. Uredila Knut Einar Larsen and Nils Marstein, izdal society and the living environment will be Riksantikvaren, Norveška. TAPIR PUBLISHERS, ISBN 82-519-1445-0. the nearby tragic fate of the Croatian coastal v strokovni javnosti pritajeno tlelo. Februarja tega leta achieved much easier if we work together. 2 Convention Concearning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, UNESCO town Zadar. These, and other interventions so uspeli v Bergnu na Norveškem izvesti pripravljalno Generalna konferenca, Pariz, 16. november 1972. (www.unesco.org) in Europe, led to the 1964 Charter, which 3 Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, WHC, januar Translated by Jernej Grobovšek 2008. (www.unesco.org) 10 11 ICOMOSOVE LISTINE ICOMOS CHARTERS 12 PRINCIPLES NAČELA FOR THE ANALYSIS, ZA ANALIZO, CONSERVATION OHRANJANJE AND STRUCTURAL IN OBNOVO RESTORATION KONSTRUKCIJ OF ARCHITECTURAL ARHITEKTURNE HERITAGE DEDIŠČINE Ratified by Ratificirano the ICOMOS 14th General Assembly na 14. generalni skupščini ICOMOS in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, in 2003 na Viktorijinih slapovih (Victoria Falls), Zimbabve, leta 2003 Purpose of the document Namen dokumenta Structures of architectural heritage, by their Objekti arhitekturne dediščine zaradi svojega značaja very nature and history (material and assembly), in zgodovine (materiala in gradnje) ponujajo številne present a number of challenges in diagnosis and izzive pri diagnozi in obnovi, saj omejujejo uporabo restoration that limit the application of modern sodobnih pravnih predpisov in gradbenih standardov. legal codes and building standards. Recommendations are desirable and necessary Priporočila so zaželena in potrebna, da bi zagotovili to both ensure rational methods of analysis smiselne metode analize in premišljene posege, ki bi and repair methods appropriate to the cultural ustrezali kulturnemu kontekstu. context. Priporočila so namenjena vsem, ki se srečujejo These Recommendations are intended to be s konservatorskimi in restavratorskimi problemi, useful to all those involved in conservation and , Francija. restoration problems, but cannot in anyway vendar nikakor ne morejo nadomestiti posebnih znanj, replace specific knowledge acquired from pridobljenih iz strokovnih in znanstvenih besedil. cultural and scientific texts. Priporočila, predstavljena v celovitem dokumentu, The Recommendations presented in the so razdeljena na dva dela: na »Načela«, z osnovnimi complete document are in two sections: Principles, where the basic concepts of conservation are konservatorskimi koncepti, in na »Smernice«, s presented; Guidelines, where the rules and predlogom pravil in metod, namenjenih projektantom. methodology that a designer should follow are Samo »Načela« imajo značaj potrjenega/ratificiranega discussed. Only the Principles have the status of dokumenta ICOMOS. an approved/ratified ICOMOS document. Smernice so na voljo v ločenem dokumentu, za sedaj The guidelines are available in English in a separate document. le v angleškem jeziku. Načela Principles 1. Splošna merila 1 General criteria 1. 1 Conservation, reinforcement and restoration 1. 1. Ohranjanje, utrjevanje in obnova stavbne dediščine of architectural heritage requires a zahtevjo multidisciplinaren pristop. multidisciplinary approach. 1. 2 Vrednost in avtentičnost arhitekturne dediščine ne 1. 2 Value and authenticity of architectural moreta temeljiti na enovitih in dokončnih merilih, heritage cannot be based on fixed criteria ker vzajemno spoštovanje kultur med drugim because the respect due to all cultures zahteva, da je treba fizično dediščino obravnavati v also requires that its physical heritage be kulturnem kontekstu, v katerega sodi. considered within the cultural context to 1. 3 Vrednost arhitekturne dediščine ni samo njen videz, which it belongs. atorska interpretacija konstrukcije porušenih obokov v nekdanjem benediktinskem samostanu Cluny 1.3 The value of architectural heritage is not temveč tudi celovitost vseh njenih sestavnih delov only in its appearance, but also in the kot enkraten in neponovljiv izraz gradbenih tehnik integrity of all its components as a unique svojega časa. Zato odstranitev notranje konstrukcije Konserv 14 15 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 product of the specific building technology in ohranitev samo fasade kot konservatorsko merilo and their effects, on the phenomena that problemi, ker je treba konstrukcije stabilizirati of its time. In particular the removal of nista sprejemljivi. have occurred, and, finally, on its present med izkopavanjem, ko ugotovitve še niso popolne. the inner structures maintaining only the 1. 4 V primeru predloga kakršnekoli spremembe state. Konstrukcijski odzivi na »ponovno odkrito« façades does not fit the conservation criteria. 2.4 In archaeological sites specific problems uporabe ali namembnosti moramo skrbno 1.4 When any change of use or function is stavbo se lahko popolnoma razlikujejo od tistih na may be posed because structures have proposed, all the conservation requirements upoštevati vse konservatorske zahteve in varnostne to be stabilised during excavation when »izkopano« stavbo. Nujne konstrukcijske rešitve na and safety conditions have to be carefully pogoje. knowledge is not yet complete. The samem najdišču, potrebne za stabilizacijo objekta taken into account. 1. 5 Obnova konstrukcije arhitekturne dediščine ni structural responses to a “rediscovered” med izkopavanjem, ne smejo ogroziti celovite 1.5 Restoration of the structure in Architecture sama sebi namen, temveč je sredstvo, ki vodi do building may be completely different from zasnove oblike in namembnosti stavbe. Heritage is not an end in itself but a means cilja, ta pa je celovito ohranjena stavba. those to an ”exposed” building. Urgent site- to an end, which is the building as a whole. 2. 5 Diagnoza temelji na zgodovinskih, kvalitativnih structural-solutions, required to stabilise 1. 6 Posebnosti dediščinskih objektov z njihovo 1.6 The peculiarity of heritage structures, in kvantitativnih pristopih; kvalitativni pristop the structure as it is being excavated, should with their complex history, requires the zapleteno zgodovino zahtevajo razčlenitev študij not compromise the complete building’s temelji predvsem na neposrednem opazovanju organisation of studies and proposals in in predlogov v natančno zaporedje korakov, concept form and use. poškodb na konstrukcijah in propadanju gradiv, precise steps that are similar to those used podobno kot v medicini. Anamneza, diagnoza, 2.5 Diagnosis is based on historical, qualitative pa tudi na zgodovinskih in arheoloških raziskavah, in medicine. Anamnesis, diagnosis, therapy terapija in kontrolni pregledi se ujemajo z iskanjem and quantitative approaches; the qualitative kvantitavni pristop pa predvsem na preizkusih and controls, corresponding respectively approach being mainly based on direct pomembnih podatkov in informacij, določitvijo to the searches for significant data and konstrukcij in gradiv, na spremljanju stanja in observation of the structural damage and information, individuation of the causes of vzrokov poškodb in propadanja, izbiro ukrepov material decay as well as historical and analizi konstrukcij. damage and decay, choice of the remedial zdravljenja in z nadzorom nad učinkovitostjo archaeological research, and the quantitative 2.6 Pred odločitvijo o posegu v konstrukcije je nujno measures and control of the efficiency posegov. Da bi dosegli stroškovno učinkovitost approach mainly on material and structural najprej ugotoviti vzroke za poškodbe in propadanje of the interventions. In order to achieve in minimalni vpliv na arhitekturno dediščino ob tests, monitoring and structural analysis. in nato oceniti stopnjo varnosti objekta. cost effectiveness and minimal impact on racionalni uporabi razpoložljivih sredstev morajo 2.6 Before making a decision on structural architectural heritage using funds available 2.7 Ocena varnosti, ki je zadnji korak diagnoze, s intervention it is indispensable to determine študije po navadi te korake izvršiti v ponavljalnem in a rational way; it is usually necessary that katero določimo nujnost ukrepov, mora združiti first the causes of damage and decay, and the study repeats these steps in an iterative procesu. then to evaluate the safety level of the ugotovitve kvalitativne in kvantitativne analize, to process. 1. 7 Pred vsakim dejanjem je nujno treba ugotoviti structure. so: neposredno opazovanje, zgodovinske raziskave, 1.7 No action should be undertaken without možne koristi in škodo za arhitekturno dediščino 2.7 The safety evaluation, which is the last step in analiza konstrukcij in po potrebi eksperimenti in having ascertained the achievable benefit razen v primerih, ko so potrebni nujni varnostni the diagnosis, where the need for treatment testi. and harm to the architectural heritage, except measures is determined, should reconcile ukrepi, da bi preprečili rušenje objekta (npr. zaradi in cases where urgent safeguard measures 2.8 Uporaba enakih varnostnih predpisov kot pri qualitative with quantitative analysis: direct are necessary to avoid the imminent potresnih poškodb); toda ti nujni ukrepi ne smejo observation, historical research, structural novogradnji pogosto zahteva pretirane, če ne collapse of the structures (e.g. after seismic nepopravljivo spremeniti tkiva objekta, če je le analysis and, if it is the case, experiments celo nesprejemljive posege. V teh primerih lahko damages); those urgent measures, however, mogoče. and tests. posebne analize in ustrezna razmišljanja upravičijo should when possible avoid modifying the 2.8 Often the application of the same safety drugačno pot k izpolnjevanju varnostnih zahtev. fabric in an irreversible way. levels as in the design of new buildings 2. Raziskave in diagnoza 2.9 Vse vidike pridobljenih informacij, diagnoze, ki requires excessive, if not impossible, 2 Researches and diagnosis measures. In these cases specific analyses upoštevajo varnostne ocene in odločitve o posegu 2. 1 Od samih začetkov študije, kot so prvi pregled and appropriate considerations may justify je treba opisati v »Utemeljitvi«. 2.1 Usually a multidisciplinary team, to be objekta in priprava programa raziskav mora pri determined in relation to the type and the different approaches to safety. scale of the problem, should work together ugotavljanju vrste in obsega problemov sodelovati 2.9 All aspects related to the acquired 3. Ukrepi za obnovo in nadzor from the first steps of a study - as in the delovna skupina, sestavljena iz več strok. information, the diagnosis including initial survey of the site and the preparation the safety evaluation, and the decision 2. 2 Podatke je sprva treba obdelati le približno, da bi 3.1 Terapija mora odpraviti prvotne vzroke poškodb, of the investigation programme. to intervene should be described in an kasneje oblikovali izčrpnejši načrt dejavnosti glede ne le zdraviti simptomov. 2.2 Data and information should first be “Explanatory Report”. na dejanske težave objekta. 3.2. Redno vzdrževanje je najboljša terapija. processed approximately, to establish a more comprehensive plan of activities 2. 3 Za konservatorsko prakso moramo konstrukcije in 3 Remedial measures and controls 3.3 Varnostna ocena in razumevanje pomena in proportion to the real problems of the značilnosti gradiv razumeti do potankosti. Nujno konstrukcije morata biti osnova za konservatorske structures. potrebni so podatki o prvotnem stanju objekta, o 3.1 Therapy should address root causes rather ukrepe in obnovitvene posege. 2.3 A full understanding of the structural than symptoms. njegovem stanju v zgodnejših fazah, o tehnikah, 3.4 Pred vsakim ukrepom je treba dokazati, da je and material characteristics is required 3.2 The best therapy is preventive maintenance. uporabljenih med gradnjo, o spremembah in neizogiben. in conservation practice. Information is 3.3 Safety evaluation and an understanding of njihovih učinkih, o posebnostih, do katerih je prišlo essential on the structure in its original and the significance of the structure should be 3.5 Vsak poseg mora ustrezati postavljenim varnostnim earlier states, on the techniques that were in končno o sedanjem stanju. the basis for conservation and reinforcement ciljem, ob tem morajo biti posegi minimalni, used in the construction, on the alterations 2. 4 Na arheoloških najdiščih se lahko pojavijo posebni measures. zagotoviti morajo varnost in trajnost ter čim manj 16 17 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 3.4 No actions should be undertaken without okrniti dediščinske vrednote. 3.14 The removal or alteration of any historic morebitni ukrep, ki ga narekujejo značaj materialov demonstrating that they are indispensable. 3.6 Posegi morajo biti zasnovani na razumevanju material or distinctive architectural features in objekta, ko obnova z drugimi sredstvi ni mogoča 3.5 Each intervention should be in proportion dejanj, ki so povzročila škodo in propadanje, pa tudi should be avoided whenever possible. ali je škodljiva. to the safety objectives set, thus keeping 3.15 Deteriorated structures whenever possible tistih, ki jih bomo upoštevali pri analizi konstrukcij intervention to the minimum to guarantee 3.18 Začasne varnostne rešitve med posegom morajo should be repaired rather than replaced. po posegu, saj je načrtovanje posegov odvisno od safety and durability with the least harm to 3.16 Imperfections and alterations, when they odražati svoj namen in funkcijo, ne da bi škodili heritage values. obeh. have become part of the history of the vrednotam dediščine. 3.6 The design of intervention should be based 3.7 Izbiro med »tradicionalnimi« in »inovativnimi« structure, should be maintained so far 3.19 Vsak predlog za poseg mora biti pospremljen s on a clear understanding of the kinds of tehnikami je treba tehtati od primera do primera; so they do not compromise the safety programom nadzora, ki ga je treba čim bolj pogosto actions that were the cause of the damage prednost je treba dati tistim, ki so najmanj invazivne requirements. izvajati med potekom del. and decay as well as those that are taken 3.17 Dismantling and reassembly should only in ki se najbolj ujemajo z dediščinskimi vrednotami, into account for the analysis of the structure 3.20 Ukrepe, ki jih med izvajanjem del ni mogoče be undertaken as an optional measure after intervention; because the design will pri čemer je treba upoštevati zahteve po varnosti in required by the very nature of the materials nadzorovati, moramo prepovedati. be dependent upon them. trajnosti. and structure when conservation by other 3.21 Učinkovitost rezultatov posegov lahko ugotovimo 3.7 The choice between “traditional” and 3.8 Včasih težko ocenimo stopnjo varnosti in možne means impossible, or harmful. z izvajanjem pregledov in nadzorov med posegi in “innovative” techniques should be weighed koristi predvidenih posegov; takrat kaže uporabiti 3.18 Provisional safeguard systems used during po njih. up on a case-by-case basis and preference the intervention should show their purpose »opazovalno metodo«, to je stopnjevan pristop, 3.22 Vsa dejanja v zvezi z pregledi, nadzori in rednim given to those that are least invasive and and function without creating any harm to ki se začne z najmanjšo intervencijo, pozneje pa most compatible with heritage values, heritage values. opazovanjem je treba dokumentirati in hraniti kot bearing in mind safety and durability je mogoče izvesti serijo dodatnih ali korektivnih 3.19 Any proposal for intervention must be del zgodovine objekta. requirements. ukrepov. accompanied by a programme of control to 3.8 At times the difficulty of evaluating 3.9 Če je le mogoče, morajo biti vsi sprejeti posegi be carried out, as far as possible, while the the real safety levels and the possible »reverzibilni«, da jih je mogoče v primeru novega work is in progress. benefits of interventions may suggest “an 3.20 Measures that are impossible to control znanja odstraniti in zamenjati z ustreznejšimi. observational method”, i.e. an incremental during execution should not be allowed. Če posegi niso popolnoma reverzibilni, ne smejo approach, starting from a minimum level of 3.21 Checks and monitoring during and after intervention, with the possible subsequent preprečevati nadaljnjih posegov. the intervention should be carried out to adoption of a series of supplementary or 3.10 Treba je natančno ugotoviti značilnost materialov, ascertain the efficacy of the results. corrective measures. uporabljenih pri restavratorskem delu (še zlasti 3.22 All the activities of checking and monitoring 3.9 Where possible, any measures adopted should be documented and kept as part of novih) in njihovo kompatibilnost z obstoječimi should be “reversible” so that they can be the history of the structure. materiali. Ugotovitve morajo upoštevati dolgoročne removed and replaced with more suitable measures when new knowledge is acquired. vplive, tako se lahko izognemo neželenim stranskim Where they are not completely reversible, učinkom. interventions should not limit further 3.11 Ne smemo uničiti prepoznavnih kvalitet stavbe in interventions. njene okolice, ki so prvotne ali iz zgodnejših faz. 3.10 The characteristics of materials used 3.12 Vsak poseg mora čim bolj spoštovati zasnovo, in restoration work (in particular new tehnike in zgodovinsko vrednost prvotne materials) and their compatibility with existing materials should be fully konstrukcije ali njenih zgodnjih faz in pustiti sledi, established. This must include long-term ki bodo prepoznavne v prihodnosti. impacts, so that undesirable side-effects are 3.13 Poseg mora biti rezultat celovitega načrta, ki avoided. ustrezno upošteva različne vidike arhitekture, 3.11 The distinguishing qualities of the structure njene konstrukcije, napeljav in namembnosti. and its environment, in their original or 3.14 Treba se je čim bolj izogibati odstranitvam earlier states, should not be destroyed. 3.12 Each intervention should, as far as possible, ali spreminjanju zgodovinskega materiala ali respect the concept, techniques and prepoznavnih arhitekturnih lastnosti. historical value of the original or earlier 3.15 Dotrajane konstrukcije je treba popraviti in ne states of the structure and leaves evidence zamenjati, če je le mogoče. that can be recognised in the future. 3.16 Nepravilnosti in spremembe, ki so postale del 3.13 Intervention should be the result of an overall integrated plan that gives due weight to the zgodovine objekta, je treba ohraniti, če se ujemajo z different aspects of architecture, structure, varnostnimi zahtevami. installations and functionality. 3.17 Rušenje in ponovna postavitev sta mogoča le kot 18 19 ICOMOS PRINCIPLES NAČELA FOR THE PRESERVATION ZA OHRANJANJE IN AND CONSERVATION - KONSERVIRANJE - RESTAVRIRANJE RESTORATION STENSKIH OF WALL PAINTINGS POSLIKAV Ratified Ratificirano by the ICOMOS 14th General Assembly, na 14. generalni skupščini ICOMOS, in Victoria Falls, Zimbabve, October 2003 Viktorijini slapovi (Victoria Falls), Zimbabve, oktober 2003 Introduction and Definition Uvod in definicija Wall paintings have been cultural expressions Stenske poslikave so kulturni izraz človeškega of human creation throughout history, from the ustvarjanja skozi zgodovino, od najzgodnejših začetkov, earliest beginnings, such as rock art, extending kot je skalna umetnost, do današnjih stvaritev. Njihovo up to present day murals. Their deterioration, accidental or intentional destruction constitutes propadanje in naključno ali namerno uničenje pomeni a loss affecting a significant part of the world’s izgubo pomembnega dela kulturne dediščine človeštva. cultural heritage. Beneška listina (1964) je podala splošna načela The Venice Charter (1964) has provided general principles for the conservation- konserviranja - restavriranja kulturne dediščine. Načela sta restoration of cultural heritage. The Amsterdam razširili Amsterdamska izjava (1975), ki je uvedla koncept Declaration (1975) introducing the concept of integriranega konservatorstva, in Narska listina o avtentičnosti integrated conservation, and the Nara Document (1994), ki govori o kulturni raznolikosti. Upoštevaje te in on Authenticity (1994) dealing with cultural diversity, have expanded these principles. dodatne pomembne prispevke, kot so Etični kodeks ICOM- Taking into account these and additional CC (1984), P avijska listina (1997) in Strokovne smernice relevant contributions, such as the ICOM-CC E.C.C.O. (1997) je cilj tega dokumenta podati bolj specifična Code of Ethics (1984), Document of Pavia (1997), načela za zaščito, varstvo ter konserviranje - restavriranje and E.C.C.O. Professional Guidelines (1997), the aim of this document is to provide more specific stenskih poslikav. Zato ta dokument odraža osnovna in principles for the protection, preservation and splošno veljavna načela in prakse in ne upošteva specifične the conservation-restoration of wall paintings. problematike posameznih regij in držav, ki jo je po potrebi This document, therefore, reflects basic and mogoče reševati z dodatnimi priporočili na regionalni in universally applicable principles and practices, and does not take into account particular nacionalni ravni. enija. problems of regions or countries, which can be Bogastvo stenskih poslikav temelji na različnih supplemented at regional and national level kulturnih izrazih, estetskih dosežkih in raznolikosti by providing further recommendations where materialov in tehnik, ki so v uporabi od davnine do danes. necessary. The richness of wall paintings is founded Členi v nadaljevanju se nanašajo na slike, ustvarjene on the variety of cultural expressions, aesthetic na neorganskih nosilcih, kot so omet, opeka, glina in achievements, and the diversity of materials and kamen, in ne vključujejo slike na organskih nosilcih, kot orani v gradu Brežice, Slov techniques used from ancient until present times. so les, papir in platno. Sestavljene materiale mnogih The following articles refer to paintings created eliki dv on inorganic supports, such as plaster, brick, zgodovinskih stavb je treba obravnavati še bolj podrobno, clay and stone, and do not include paintings kot zahteva ta dokument. Arhitekturne površine in njihove executed on organic supports, such as wood, vrhnje plasti z zgodovinskimi, estetskimi in tehničnimi paper and canvas. Composite materials in many vrednotami je treba upoštevati kot enakovredne sestavne historic buildings need special consideration outside the scope of this document. Architectural dele zgodovinskih spomenikov. surfaces and their finishing layers, with their Stenske poslikave so sestavni del spomenikov in Del stenskih poslikav v v 20 21 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 historical, aesthetic and technical values have to spomeniških območij, zato jih je treba ohraniti in situ. its superimposed layers with their historical, naj obsega vse snovne in nesnovne vrednote poslikave, be considered as equally important components Vzroki mnogih težav, povezanih s stenskimi poslikavami, aesthetic and technical dimensions. This should vključno z zgodovinskimi predelavami, dodatki in of historic monuments. encompass all material and incorporeal values Wall paintings are an integral part of so slabo stanje stavbe ali objekta, njegova neprimerna of the painting, including historic alterations, obnovami. Za to je potreben interdisciplinaren pristop. monuments and sites and should be preserved in uporaba, slabo vzdrževanje, pogosta popravila in additions and restorations. This calls for an Preiskovalne metode naj bodo čim manj destruktivne. situ. Many of the problems affecting wall paintings prezidave. Nepopravljivo škodo lahko povzročijo tudi interdisciplinary approach. Posebno pozornost je treba nameniti stenskim poslikavam, are linked to the poor condition of the building or pogosti restavratorski posegi, nepotrebno razkrivanje in The methods of investigation should be as far structure, its improper use, lack of maintenance, as possible non-destructive. Special consideration ki so mogoče prebeljene, skrite pod plastmi barve, ometa frequent repairs and alterations. Also frequent uporaba neustreznih metod in materialov. Dodaten razlog should be given to wall paintings that may be itd. Predpogoj za vsako načrtovanje programa posegov so restorations, unnecessary uncovering, and use za nezaželene rezultate so podstandardne in neprimerne hidden under whitewash, paint layers, plaster, etc. znanstvena raziskava mehanizmov propadanja na makro of inappropriate methods and materials can prakse ter poklicna neusposobljenost. Zato je potreben Prerequisites for any conservation program are result in irreparable damage. Substandard the scientific investigation of decay mechanisms in mikro ravni, analiza materiala in diagnoza stanja. and inadequate practices and professional ustrezen dokument, ki po potrebi določa načela ustreznega on macro and micro scale, the material analysis 3. člen Dokumentacija qualifications have led to unfortunate results. It izvajanja konservatorskih in restavratorskih posegov na and the diagnosis of the condition. is for this reason that an appropriate document stenskih poslikavah. Article 3: covering the principles of proper conservation- Documentation V skladu z Beneško listino mora izvajanje konservatorskih restoration of wall paintings is necessary. 1. člen Varstvena politika In agreement with the Venice Charter, the - restavratorskih posegov na stenskih poslikavah spremljati Article 1: Protection Policy conservation-restoration of wall paintings Seznami in inventarji spomenikov in najdišč, vključno s natančen načrt dokumentiranja v obliki analitičnega in must be accompanied by a precise program of kritičnega poročila, ilustriranega z risbami, kopijami, A necessary approach to the protection of stenskimi poslikavami, so nujen pristop k varstvu stenskih documentation in the form of an analytical and wall paintings of every culture and religion is poslikav vseh kultur in religij, tudi v primerih, ko le-te critical report, illustrated with drawings, copies, fotografijami, kartami itd. Treba je zabeležiti stanje slik, to list and make inventories of monuments and niso trenutno vidne. Z zakoni in predpisi varstva kulturne photographs, mapping, etc. The condition of tehnične in oblikovne lastnosti, povezane s procesom sites including wall paintings, even in cases the paintings, the technical and formal features ustvarjanja, in zgodovino objekta. Nadalje je treba when they are not presently visible. Laws and dediščine je treba prepovedati uničenje, degradacijo pertaining to the process of the creation and regulations for the protection of cultural heritage ali spreminjanje stenskih poslikav in njihove okolice. the history of the object must be recorded. dokumentirati vse stopnje konservatorskih - restavratorskih must prohibit the destruction, the degradation Zakonodaja ne sme določati samo varstva stenskih Furthermore, every stage of the conservation- posegov, uporabljene materiale in delovne postopke. To or alteration of wall paintings, including their restoration, materials and methodology used poročilo je treba shraniti v arhiv javne ustanove, kjer je surroundings. Legislation should not only poslikav, temveč tudi zagotavljati sredstva za raziskovanje, should be documented. This report should be provide for the protection of wall paintings, strokovno obdelavo in spremljanje stanja ter poskrbeti za placed in the archives of a public institution and dostopno zainteresirani javnosti. Kopije teh dokumentov but also make available resources for research, primeren družben odnos do njihovih snovnih in nesnovnih made available to the interested public. Copies je treba hraniti tudi in situ ali pri tistih, ki so odgovorni professional treatment and monitoring, and of such documentation should also be kept in za spomenik. Priporoča se tudi objavo rezultatov dela. provide for the appreciation of their tangible and vrednot. situ, or in the possession of those responsible for intangible values by society. Potrebne posege je treba izvesti ob polni vednosti in the monument. It is also recommended that the Dokumentacija naj vključuje določljive enote površine v If interventions are required, these should privoljenju odgovornih organov. Za vsako kršenje teh results of the work should be published. This kontekstu opravljenih raziskav, postavljene diagnoze in be carried out with the full knowledge and the predpisov morajo biti z zakonom predvidene kazni. documentation should consider definable units sprejetih ukrepov. Tradicionalne metode pisne in grafične consent of the authorities responsible. Legal of area in terms of such investigations, diagnosis sanctions should be provided for any violation Zakonske določbe morajo tudi upoštevati nova odkritja and treatment. Traditional methods of written dokumentacije je mogoče dopolniti z digitalnimi. Toda ne of such regulations. Legal provisions should also in njihovo varovanje do formalne zaščite. Regionalnih, and graphic documentation can be supplemented glede na tehniko je najpomembnejša trajnost zapisov in consider new discoveries and their preservation mestnih ali arhitekturnih razvojnih projektov, kot sta by digital methods. However, regardless of the prihodnja dostopnost dokumentacije. pending formal protection. Regional, urban technique, the permanence of the records and or architectural development projects, such as gradnja cest in jezov, preureditev stavb itd., ki vplivajo na the future availability of the documentation is of 4. člen Preventivni konservatorski posegi, the construction of roads, dams, conversion of stenske poslikave, ne smemo izvesti brez predhodne ocene utmost importance. vzdrževanje in upravljanje območja buildings, etc. affecting wall paintings should vpliva in brez sprejetja ukrepov za njihovo zavarovanje. not be carried out without an initial impact Article 4: Preventive Conservation, S sodelovanjem z različnimi organi si je zlasti treba Namen preventivnih konservatorskih posegov je assessment study and without providing Maintenance and Site appropriate remedies for their safeguard. prizadevati za upoštevanje in spoštovanje kultnega Management ustvariti pogoje, ki zagotovijo čim manjše propadanje Special efforts must be made through the co- pomena verskih poslikav, pri čemer se ne sme okrniti The aim of preventive conservation is to in tako ne izzovejo nepotrebnih popravil, kar podaljša operation of various authorities to accommodate njihove avtentičnosti. create favourable conditions minimising decay, življenjsko dobo stenskih poslikav. Nujna sestavna dela and respect the cult function of religious paintings and to avoid unnecessary remedial treatments, without compromising their authenticity. preventivne konservacije sta ustrezno spremljanje in 2. člen Preiskave thus prolonging the life span of wall paintings. nadzor okolja. Neustrezni klimatski pogoji in težave z Article 2: Investigation Appropriate monitoring and the control of the Vsi konservatorski procesi se morajo začeti s temeljitimi environment are both essential components of vlago lahko povzročijo propadanje in biološke okužbe. Z All conservation projects should begin with strokovnimi preiskavami. Njihov cilj je čim bolj spoznati preventive conservation. Inappropriate climatic rednim opazovanjem je mogoče zaznati začetne procese substantial scholarly investigations. The aim conditions and moisture problems can cause propadanja poslikave ali njenega nosilca, kar omogoča of such investigations is to find out as much as tkivo objekta in njegove vrhnje sloje, skupaj z njihovimi deterioration and biological attacks. Monitoring possible about the fabric of the structure and zgodovinskimi, estetskimi in tehničnimi razsežnostmi. To can detect initial processes of decay of the painting preprečitev nadaljnjih poškodb. Zelo zgodaj je mogoče 22 23 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 or the supporting structure, thus preventing prepoznati deformacijo in propadanje nosilca, kar bi lahko results of testing in laboratories as well as on novih materialov in metod na stenske poslikave neznan further damage. Deformation and structural privedlo celo do porušitve. Najboljše zagotovilo za varstvo sites. However, it must be kept in mind that the in da je lahko škodljiv. Zato je treba spodbujati uporabo failure leading even to possible collapse of the long term effects of new materials and methods supporting structure, can be recognised at an stenskih poslikav je redno vzdrževanje stavbe ali objekta. on wall paintings are unknown and could tradicionalnih materialov, če se skladajo s sestavnimi deli early stage. Regular maintenance of the building Neustrezna ali nenadzorovana javna raba spomenikov be harmful. Therefore, the use of traditional poslikave in njene podlage. or the structure is the best guarantee for the in spomeniških območij s stenskimi poslikavami lahko materials, if compatible with the components Namen restavriranja je izboljšati berljivost oblike in safeguard of the wall paintings. of the painting and the surrounding structure, Inappropriate or uncontrolled public uses of povzroči poškodbe. V takšnem primeru je lahko nujen should be encouraged. vsebine stenskih poslikav ob spoštovanju prvotne stvaritve monuments and sites with wall paintings can ukrep omejitev števila obiskovalcev in celo začasno zaprtje The aim of restoration is to improve the in njene zgodovine. Estetska reintegracija pripomore k čim lead to their damage. This may necessitate the za javnost. Toda zaželeno je, da ima javnost možnost legibility of form and content of the wall painting, zmanjšanju vidnosti poškodb in jo je predvsem treba izvesti limitation of visitors and, in certain cases, involve while respecting the original creation and its na neoriginalnih materialih. Retuširanje in rekonstrukcijo temporary closure to public access. However, it doživeti in občudovati stenske poslikave kot del skupne history. Aesthetic reintegration contributes to is preferable that the public should have the kulturne dediščine. Zato je pomembno, da upravljanje minimising the visibility of damage and should je treba izvesti tako, da se opazno razlikujeta od originala. opportunity to experience and appreciate wall z območjem obsega skrbno načrtovanje dostopa in rabe primarily be carried out on non-original material. Vsi dodatki morajo biti z lahkoto odstranljivi. Treba se je paintings as being part of the common cultural ob čim večji ohranitvi avtentičnih snovnih in nesnovnih Retouching and reconstructions should be carried izogibati preslikavam. heritage. It is, therefore, important to incorporate out in a way that is discernible from the original. into the site management careful planning of vrednot spomenikov in spomeniških območij. All additions should be easily removable. Over- Odkrivanje stenskih poslikav zahteva spoštovanje access and use, preserving, as far as possible, the Zaradi različnih socioloških, ideoloških ali gospodarskih painting must be avoided. zgodovinske situacije in oceno tega, kar lahko izgubimo. Ta authentic tangible and intangible values of the razlogov so številne stenske poslikave, ki se pogosto Uncovering of wall paintings requires the poseg je mogoče izvesti šele po predhodni preiskavi stanja, monuments and sites. respect of the historic situation and the evaluation Due to various sociological, ideological nahajajo na odročnih krajih, tarča vandalizma in kraje. V of what might be lost. This operation should be obsega in vrednosti ter pod pogojem, da ne bo povzročil and economical reasons many wall paintings, takšnih primerih morajo odgovorni organi uvesti posebne executed only after preliminary investigations of škode. Novo odkrite poslikave ne smejo biti izpostavljene often situated in isolated locations, become the preventivne ukrepe. their condition, extent and value, and when this negativnim vplivom okolja. victims of vandalism and theft. In these cases, is possible without incurring damage. The newly the responsible authorities should take special V nekaterih primerih je rekonstrukcija dekorativnih 5. člen Konservatorski - restavratorski posegi uncovered paintings should not be exposed to preventive measures. unfavourable conditions. stenskih poslikav ali obarvanih arhitekturnih površin lahko In some cases, reconstruction of decorative del konservatorsko - restavratorskega programa. To obsega Article 5: Conservation-Restoration Stenske poslikave so sestavni del stavbe ali objekta. wall paintings or coloured architectural surfaces Treatments Zato jih je treba ohranjati skupaj s tkivom arhitekturne can be a part of a conservation-restoration konservatorske posege na avtentičnih fragmentih in lahko Wall paintings are an integral part of celote in njene okolice. Vsak poseg v spomenik mora program. This entails the conservation of the zahteva njihovo popolno ali delno prekritje z zaščitnimi the building or structure. Therefore, their upoštevati posebne lastnosti stenskih poslikav in pogoje authentic fragments, and may necessitate their sloji. Dobro dokumentirana in profesionalno izvedena conservation should be considered together complete or partial covering with protective za njihovo ohranitev. Vsi posegi, kot so utrjevanje, čiščenje rekonstrukcija s tradicionalnimi materiali in tehnikami with the fabric of the architectural entity layers. A well-documented and professionally lahko priča o zgodovinskem videzu fasad in notranjščin. and surroundings. Any intervention in the in reintegracija morajo biti minimalni, da bi se izognili executed reconstruction using traditional monument must take into account the specific vsakemu okrnenju avtentičnosti materiala in motiva. Če je materials and techniques can bear witness to the Na vseh stopnjah je potrebno kompetentno vodenje characteristics of wall paintings and the terms historic appearances of facades and interiors. le mogoče, je treba vzorce stratigrafskih plasti, ki pričajo o konservatorskih - restavratorskih projektov s privoljenjem of their preservation. All interventions, such as Competent direction of conservation- ustreznih organov. Zaželeno je, da pristojni organi ali consolidation, cleaning and reintegration, should zgodovini poslikav ohraniti, je pa najbolje, da se ohranjajo restoration projects should be maintained be kept at a necessary minimal level to avoid any in situ. at all stages and have the approval of the ustanove zagotovijo neodvisen nadzor projekta brez reduction of material and pictorial authenticity. Naravno staranje priča o sledeh časa, zato ga je treba relevant authorities. It would be desirable komercialnega interesa glede končnega rezultata. Imenovati Whenever possible, samples of stratigraphic that independent supervision of the project je treba odgovorne za vodstvene odločitve, delo pa morajo layers testifying to the history of the paintings spoštovati. Nepovratne kemijske in fizične spremembe were insured by competent authorities or should be preserved, preferably in situ. je treba ohraniti, če bi njihova odstranitev povzročila institutions without commercial interest in the izvesti strokovnjaki z ustreznim znanjem in veščinami. Natural ageing is a testimony to the trace škodo. Prejšnja restavriranja, dodatki in preslikave so del outcome. Those responsible for management of time and should be respected. Irreversible decisions must be named, and the work must be 6. člen Nujni ukrepi chemical and physical transformations are to be zgodovine stenskih poslikav. Nanje je treba gledati kot na implemented by professionals with appropriate preserved if their removal is harmful. Previous priče preteklih interpretacij in jih kritično oceniti. knowledge and skills. V njunih primerih je potreben takojšen poseg za zaščito restorations, additions and over-painting are part Pri vseh metodah in materialih, ki se jih uporablja pri Article 6: Emergency Measures stenskih poslikav. Uporabljeni materiali in tehnike morajo of the history of the wall painting. These should konservatorskih in restavratorskih posegih na stenskih dopuščati poznejše posege. Z dovoljenjem pristojnih be regarded as witnesses of past interpretations In urgent cases, immediate emergency and evaluated critically. poslikavah je treba upoštevati možnost prihodnjih treatment is necessary for the safeguard of wall organov mu morajo čim prej slediti ustrezni konservatorski All methods and materials used in conservation posegov. Uporaba novih materialov in metod mora biti paintings. Materials and techniques employed ukrepi. and restoration of wall paintings should take into osnovana na popolnih znanstvenih izsledkih in pozitivnih must permit later treatment. Appropriate Snemanje in prenos sta nevarna, drastična in nepovratna account the possibility of future treatments. The conservation measures must follow as soon as use of new materials and methods must be based rezultatih testov, opravljenih v laboratoriju in na kraju possible with the permission of the relevant posega, ki resno vplivata na fizično sestavo, materialno on comprehensive scientific data and positive samem. Toda, treba je upoštevati, da je dolgoročni učinek authorities. strukturo in estetske značilnosti stenskih poslikav. Ta 24 25 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Detachment and transfer are dangerous, posega sta zato upravičena samo v skrajnih primerih, ko conservators-restorers of this kind of cultural izobraževanje na področju konservatorstva - restavratorstva). drastic and irreversible operations that severely ni možen noben poseg in situ. V takšnem primeru mora o property should be professionally educated affect the physical composition, material and trained, as recommended by the Code of 9. člen Tradicije obnavljanja structure and aesthetic characteristics of wall snemanju in prenosu vedno odločati skupina strokovnjakov Ethics of the ICOM - Committee of Conservation paintings. These operations are, therefore, only in ne zgolj posameznik, ki izvaja konservatorska dela. Kjer (1984) and by associations such as E.C.C.O. V mnogih regijah sveta so se avtentične slikarske prakse justifiable in extreme cases when all options je le mogoče, je treba snete stenske slike vrniti na njihovo ( European Confederation of Conservator - Restorers’ umetnikov in rokodelcev ohranile zahvaljujoč ponavljanju of in situ treatment are not viable. Should such Organisations) and ENCoRE ( European Network zgodovinskih dekorativnih in ikonografskih programov, situations occur, decisions involving detachment prvotno lokacijo. for Conservation - Restoration Education). and transfer should always be taken by a team of Za zaščito in vzdrževanje snetih poslikav in za za katere se uporabljajo tradicionalni materiali in tehnike. professionals, rather than by the individual who Article 9: Traditions of Renewal preprečitev njihove kraje in razpečevanja je treba sprejeti Treba je ohraniti te tradicije, ki zadoščajo versko kulturnim is carrying out the conservation work. Detached posebne ukrepe. In many regions of the world, the authentic potrebam in so v skladu z Narskimi načeli. Toda, čeprav paintings should be replaced in their original painting practices of artists and craftsmen are je pomembno ohraniti to posebno znanje, to ne pomeni, location whenever possible. Nanos zaščitnega sloja, ki naj bi prekril obstoječe okrasje continued by repeating historic decorative Special measures should be taken for the z namenom preprečiti poškodbe ali uničenje zaradi and iconographic programs using traditional da naj konservatorske - restavratorske posege na stenskih protection and maintenance of detached izpostavljenosti nenaklonjenemu okolju je treba izvesti z materials and techniques. These traditions, poslikavah izvajajo rokodelci ali umetniki. paintings, and for the prevention of their theft satisfying religio-cultural needs and keeping and dispersion. materiali, ki so kompatibilni s stensko poslikavo in tako, da to the Nara principles, should be sustained. 10. člen Mednarodno sodelovanje The application of a covering layer concealing ga je mogoče v prihodnosti odstraniti. However, as important as it is to preserve this an existing decoration, carried out with the special knowledge, this does not imply that Skupna skrb za skupno dediščino je nacionalno in intention of preventing damage or destruction by 7. člen Raziskave in javne informacije the conservation-restoration treatments of wall exposure to an inhospitable environment, should paintings are to be carried out by craftsmen or mednarodno priznan pojem. Zato je treba spodbujati be executed with materials compatible with the Oblikovanje raziskovalnih projektov na področju artists. izmenjavo znanja in širiti informacije na vseh ravneh. wall painting, and in a way that will permit V duhu interdisciplinarnega sodelovanja se morajo future uncovering. konserviranja - restavriranja stenskih poslikav je nujni Article 10: International Co-operation predpogoj za trajnostno varstveno politiko. Spodbujati je konservatorji in restavratorji povezati s sodelavci v drugih Article 7: Research and Public Sharing the care for common heritage is Information treba preiskave, osnovane na raziskovalnih vprašanjih, ki nationally and internationally an accepted državah in z ustreznimi ustanovami in specialisti po vsem lahko poglobijo znanje o procesih propadanja. Raziskave, ki concept. It is therefore necessary to encourage svetu. The establishment of research projects in the exchange of knowledge and to disseminate the field of conservation-restoration of wall bodo poglobile naše znanje o originalnih tehnikah slikanja information at every level. In the spirit of paintings is an essential requisite of sustainable ter o materialih in metodah preteklih restavratorskih interdisciplinary collaboration, conservators- preservation policy. Investigations based on posegov so nujne za izvajanje ustreznih konservatorskih restorers of wall paintings need to liaise with research questions, which have potential to add to their colleagues in other countries and with the knowledge of degradation processes should projektov. Pomembne so tudi za sorodne veje znanosti in relevant institutions and specialists around the be encouraged. Research that will expand our umetnosti. V pomembno tkivo poslikav je zaradi namena world. knowledge of the original painting techniques, as proučevanja ali jemanje vzorcev treba posegati čim manj. well as materials and methods of past restoration This document, in its present form, was drafted in Osnutek tega dokumenta je v sedanji obliki nastajal v Kopenhagnu od Pomemben del raziskovalnega dela je širjenje znanja, practices are essential in the implementation of Copenhagen from 28th October to 1st November 2002. It was 28. oktobra do 1. novembra 2002. Urejen in dopolnjen je bil v Solunu 8. in 9. maja edited and completed in Thessaloniki from 8th to 9th May 2003. 2003. appropriate conservation projects. This research kar je treba izvajati na strokovni in splošni ravni. Javne is also relevant to related disciplines of the arts informacije lahko pomembno prispevajo k ozaveščanju o Rapporteur: Isabelle Brajer. Poročevalka: Isabelle Brajer Participants: Udeleženci: and sciences. The disturbance of significant potrebi po ohranjanju stenskih poslikav, čeprav so lahko R.C. Agrawal (India) R.C. Agrawal (Indija) fabric for study, or to obtain samples, should be Valia Anapliotou (Greece) Valia Anapliotou (Grčija minimised. konservatorski - restavratorski posegi začasno moteči za Stefan Belishki (Bulgaria) Stefan Belishki (Bolgarija) Giorgio Bonsanti (Italy) Giorgio Bonsanti (Italija) Dissemination of knowledge is an important okolico. Isabelle Brajer (Denmark) Isabelle Brajer (Danska) feature of research, and should be done on both Marjan Buyle (Belgium) Marjan Buyle (Belgija) the professional and popular levels. Public 8. člen Poklicne kvalifikacije in usposabljanje Jaime Cama Villafranca (Mexico) Jaime Cama Villafranca (Mehika) Nikolas Charkiolakis (Greece) Nikolas Charkiolakis (Grčija) information can substantially advance awareness Rob Crèvecoeur (The Netherlands) Rob Crèvecoeur (Nizozemska) of the need for preservation of wall paintings, Konserviranje - restavriranje stenskih slik je posebna Luigi Dei (Italy) Luigi Dei (Italija) even if conservation-restoration work may cause Alberto Felici (Italy) Alberto Felici (Italija) disciplina na področju varstva dediščine. Ker to delo zahteva Vaios Ganitis (Greece) Vaios Ganitis (Grčija) temporary inconveniences. posebna znanja, veščine, izkušnje in odgovornost, morajo George Kavakas (Greece) George Kavakas (Grčija) Haris Lionis (Greece) Haris Lionis (Grčija) Article 8: Professional Qualifications Penelope Mavroudi (Greece) Penelope Mavroudi (Grčija) and Training biti konservatorji - restavratorji tovrstne kulturne dediščine Vassilis Petropoulos (Greece) Vassilis Petropoulos (Grčija) poklicno izšolani in usposobljeni v skladu s priporočili Michael Petzet (Germany) Michael Petzet (Nemčija) Conservation-restoration of wall paintings is Ursula Schädler-Saub (Germany) Ursula Schädler-Saub (Nemčija) Etičnega kodeksa Odbora za konservatorstvo ICOM (1984) in a specialised discipline in the field of heritage Walter Schudel (Belgium) Walter Schudel (Belgija) Nimal de Silva (Sri Lanka) Nimal de Silva (Šrilanka) preservation. As this work requires specific organizacij, kot sta E.C.C.O. (Evropska zveza konservatorskih Roland Silva (Sri Lanka) Roland Silva (Šrilanka) knowledge, skills, experience and responsibility, - restavratorskih organizacij) in ENCoRE (Evropska mreža za Kirsten Trampedach (Denmark) Kirsten Trampedach (Danska) Ioannis Zervos (Greece) Ioannis Zervos (Grčija) 26 27 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 THE CHARTER LISTINA ON CULTURAL ROUTES O KULTURNIH POTEH Prepared by Pripravil the International Scientific Committee Mednarodni znanstveni odbor on Cultural Routes (CIIC) of ICOMOS za kulturne poti (CIIC) ICOMOS Ratified by Ratificirano the 16th General Assembly of ICOMOS, na 16. generalni skupščini ICOMOS, Québec (Canada), on 4 October 2008 Québec (Kanada) 4. oktobra 2008 Preamble Preambula As a result of the development of the Kot sad razvoja strok ohranjanja kulturne dediščine, sciences of conservation of cultural heritage, odraža nov koncept kulturnih poti evolucijo zamisli, the new concept of Cultural Routes shows the evolution of ideas with respect to the povezanih z vizijo kulturnih spomenikov in rastočega vision of cultural properties, as well as the pomena vrednot, povezanih z njihovo okolico in growing importance of values related to ozemeljsko razsežnostjo ter razkriva makrostrukturo their setting and territorial scale, and reveals the macrostructure of heritage on different dediščine na različnih ravneh. Ta koncept uvaja model levels. This concept introduces a model for nove konservatorske etike, ki upošteva omenjene a new ethics of conservation that considers vrednote kot skupno dediščino, ki presega državne meje these values as a common heritage that goes in ki zahteva skupna prizadevanja. Listina o kulturnih beyond national borders, and which requires joint efforts. By respecting the intrinsic value poteh spoštuje svojsko vrednost vsakega posameznega of each individual element, the Cultural elementa in hkrati priznava in poudarja vrednost vseh Route recognizes and emphasizes the value elementov kot pomembnih delov celote. Prav tako of all of its elements as substantive parts of a whole. It also helps to illustrate the pomaga osvetliti sodobno družbeno dojemanje vrednot contemporary social conception of cultural kulturne dediščine kot vira trajnostnega družbenega in heritage values as a resource for sustainable gospodarskega razvoja. social and economic development. This more extensive notion of cultural Širši pojem kulturne dediščine zahteva nove pristope k heritage requires new approaches to its njeni obravnavi v veliko širšem kontekstu, da bi opisali in treatment within a much wider context in zaščitili njene pomembne odnose, neposredno povezane enija. Fotografija Jon Grobovšek. order to describe and protect its significant relationships directly associated with its z njeno naravno, kulturno in zgodovinsko okolico. Zato natural, cultural and historical setting. je koncept kulturnih poti inovativen, kompleksen in Within this advance, the concept of the večdimenzionalen. Uvaja in predstavlja kvalitativno nov Cultural Route is innovative, complex pristop k teoriji in praksi ohranjanja kulturne dediščine. and multidimensional. It introduces and represents a qualitatively new approach to Kulturne poti so interaktivni, dinamični in razvijajoči the theory and practice of conservation of the se procesi človeških medkulturnih povezav, ki odražajo cultural heritage. bogato raznolikost prispevkov različnih ljudi h kulturni Cultural Routes represent interactive, omagaj, Brezje na Gorenjskem, Slov dynamic, and evolving processes of human dediščini. intercultural links that reflect the rich Čeprav kulturne poti zgodovinsko izvirajo tako iz diversity of the contributions of different miroljubnih kot sovražnih srečanj, odražajo številne peoples to cultural heritage. Though Cultural Routes have resulted skupne razsežnosti, ki presegajo svoje prvotne funkcije historically from both peaceful and hostile in ustvarjajo enkraten prostor za kulturo miru, osnovano encounters, they present a number of shared Romarska cerkev Marije P na povezavah skupne zgodovine, pa tudi strpnosti in 28 29 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 dimensions which transcend their original spoštovanja do kulturne raznolikosti in posluha zanjo kot Cultural Routes have sometimes arisen Santiago, poti afriških trgovskih karavan ali svilena functions, offering an exceptional setting for značilnosti vključenih skupnosti. as a project planned a priori by the human cesta). V obeh primerih ti procesi izhajajo iz človeškega a culture of peace based on the ties of shared will which had sufficient power to undertake history as well as the tolerance, respect, Upoštevanje kulturnih poti kot novega koncepta ali a specific purpose (for example, the Incan stremljenja k določenemu cilju. and appreciation for cultural diversity that kategorije ni v nasprotju in se ne prekriva z drugimi and the Roman Empire Routes). On other Glede na kulturno bogastvo, raznolikost medsebojnih characterize the communities involved. kategorijami ali vrstami kulturnih objektov – spomenikov, occasions, they are the result of a long odnosov in značilnih vrednot, neposredno povezanih The consideration of Cultural Routes as mest, kulturnih krajin, industrijske dediščine itd. – ki evolutionary process in which the collective z razlogom za obstoj kulturnih poti (kot so spomeniki, a new concept or category does not conflict interventions of different human factors nor overlap with other categories or types lahko obstajajo na območju določene kulturne poti. coincide and are channeled towards a arheološki ostanki, zgodovinska mesta, ljudska of cultural properties—monuments, cities, Preprosto jih vključujejo v skupni sistem, ki poudarja common purpose (such as in the Route to arhitektura, nesnovna, industrijska in tehniška dediščina, cultural landscapes, industrial heritage, njihov pomen. Santiago, the African trade caravan routes, javna dela, kulturne in naravne pokrajine, prometna etc.—that may exist within the orbit of a or the Silk Route). In both cases, they are sredstva in drugi primeri uporabe posebnega znanja given Cultural Route. It simply includes Ta integrirani, interdisciplinarni in skupni okvir med processes arising from the human will to them within a joint system which enhances njimi ustvarja nove odnose z inovativnim znanstvenim achieve a specific objective. in tehničnih veščin), proučevanje in upravljanje z njimi their significance. pogledom, ki zagotavlja multilateralno, popolnejšo in Given the cultural richness and variety zahtevata mutidisciplinarni pristop, ki odraža in obuja This integrated, interdisciplinary and of both the interrelationships and the pravilnejšo podobo zgodovine. Ta pristop ne spodbuja različne znanstvene hipoteze in spodbuja poglabljanje shared framework creates new relationships characteristic assets directly associated with among them by means of an innovative samo razumevanja in sporazumevanja med različnimi the reason for the existence of Cultural zgodovinskega, kulturnega, tehničnega in umetnostnega scientific perspective that provides a narodi sveta, temveč povečuje sodelovanje s ciljem Routes (such as monuments, archaeological znanja. multilateral, more complete, and more ohraniti kulturno dediščino. remains, historic towns, vernacular accurate vision of history. This approach architecture, intangible, industrial and Cilji listine stimulates not only understanding and Novost, ki jo uvaja koncept »kulturnih poti«, razkriva technological heritage, public works, cultural communication among the peoples of the dediščinsko vsebino posebnega pojava človeške and natural landscapes, transportation - Oblikovati osnovna načela in metode raziskovalnega world, but also increases cooperation to mobilnosti in izmenjave. Slednji sta se razvili prek means and other examples of the application dela za kategorijo kulturnih poti v skladu z drugimi preserve cultural heritage. of specific knowledge and technical skills), komunikacijskih poti, ki so omogočale njun pretok in prej vzpostavljenimi in proučenimi kategorijami The innovation introduced by the concept their study and management requires a of “Cultural Routes” reveals the heritage ki so bile uporabljene za konkretne in posebne namene. multidisciplinary approach that illustrates kulturne dediščine. content of a specific phenomenon of human Kulturna pot je lahko cesta, ki je bila zgrajena prav za and reinvigorates scientific hypotheses - Predlagati osnovne mehanizme za razvoj poznavanja, mobility and exchange that developed via ta namen ali povezava, ki popolnoma ali delno poteka and stimulates increased historic, cultural, ocenjevanja, varstva, zaščite in ohranjanja kulturnih communication routes that facilitated their technical and artistic knowledge. poti ter upravljanja z njimi. flow and which were used or deliberately po že obstoječih cestah za različne namene. Toda obstoj served a concrete and peculiar purpose. in pomen kulturne poti ni mogoče utemeljiti samo z Objectives of the Charter - Opredeliti osnovne smernice, načela in merila A Cultural Route can be a road that was njenim značajem komunikacijske in prometne povezave, za ustrezno uporabo kulturnih poti kot virov expressly created to serve this purpose or - To establish the basic principles and temveč tudi z njeno specifično namembnostjo v daljšem trajnostnega družbenega in gospodarskega razvoja, a route that takes advantage either totally methods of research specific to the category of Cultural Route as they relate to upoštevaje njihovo avtentičnost in integriteto, of partially of preexisting roads used for zgodovinskem obdobju in z nastajanjem dediščinskih other previously established and studied different purposes. But beyond its character vrednot in kulturnih objektov, povezanih z njo, ki ustrezno zaščito in zgodovinski pomen. categories of cultural heritage assets. as a way of communication or transport, its odražajo vzajemne vplive med različnimi kulturnimi - Vzpostaviti temelje za nacionalno in mednarodno - To propose the basic mechanisms for existence and significance as a Cultural Route the development of knowledge about, sodelovanje, ki bo ključno za projekte raziskovanja, can only be explained by its use for such skupinami kot rezultat njene posebne lastne dinamike. evaluation, protection, preservation, ohranjanja in razvoja kulturnih poti, in tudi za specific purpose throughout a long period Zato kulturne poti niso samo komunikacijske in management and conservation of Cultural of history and by having generated heritage financiranjem teh prizadevanj. prometne povezave, ki vključujejo med drugim kulturne Routes. values and cultural properties associated to objekte in povezujejo različne ljudi, temveč so posebni - To define the basic guidelines, principles it which reflect reciprocal influences between Definicija and criteria for correct use of Cultural different cultural groups as a result of its own zgodovinski pojavi, ki jih ni mogoče ustvariti le tako, da Routes as resources for sustainable Vsaka povezava, naj bo kopenska, vodna ali druga, peculiar dynamics. bi samo z domišljijo in voljo vzpostavili sklop povezanih social and economic development, Therefore, Cultural Routes are not simple ki je fizično razmejena in ki ima posebno dinamiko kulturnih dobrin, ki bi imele skupne značilnosti. respecting their authenticity and integrity, ways of communication and transport in zgodovinsko vlogo ter poseben in jasno opredeljen appropriate preservation and historical which may include cultural properties Nekatere kulturne poti nastanejo kot vnaprej načrtovan significance. namen, mora izpolnjevati naslednje pogoje: and connect different peoples, but special projekt za poseben namen (na primer, inkovske poti in - To establish the bases for national and a) Nastati mora zaradi interaktivnega pretoka ljudi historic phenomena that cannot be created poti Rimskega cesarstva). Ob drugih priložnostih so sad international cooperation that will be by applying one’s imagination and will to the ter večdimenzionalnih, kontinuiranih in vzajemnih dolgega evolucijskega procesa, v katerem se srečujejo essential for undertaking research, establishment of a set of associated cultural izmenjav dobrin, idej, znanja in vrednot med conservation and development projects assets that happen to possess features in kolektivni posegi različnih človeških dejavnikov in related to Cultural Routes, as well as the različnimi narodi, državami, regijami ali celinami v common. so usmerjeni k skupnemu namenu (na primer, pot v financing required for these efforts. daljših časovnih obdobjih in vse to tudi odražati. 30 31 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Definition b) Morala je torej spodbujati medsebojno oplajanje trade, that reflect the technical, scientific njenih posameznih delov skriva v njihovem skupnem, Any route of communication, be it vpletenih kultur v prostoru in času, kar se odraža v and social applications and advances in večplastnem pomenu. land, water, or some other type, which is its various eras; urban centers, cultural njihovi snovni in nesnovni dediščini. 3. Njen širok obseg omogoča kulturne povezave med physically delimited and is also characterized landscapes, sacred sites, places of worship c) Morala je biti del dinamičnega sistema zgodovinskih narodi, državami, regijami in celinami. by having its own specific dynamic and and devotion, etc.) as well as intangible historic functionality to serve a specific and odnosov in kulturnih objektov, povezanih z njenim heritage elements that bear witness to the 4. Obseg kulturne poti je pomemben z vidika welldetermined purpose, which must fulfill obstojem. process of exchange and dialogue between geografske razsežnosti ozemlja kot tudi zaradi the following conditions: the peoples involved along its path. zahtevnosti celostnega upravljanja z raznolikimi, a) It must arise from and reflect interactive Ključni elementi kulturnih poti: 3. Cross-cultural significance as a whole: movements of people as well as multi- v pot vključenimi vsebinami dediščine. Tako njena kontekst, vsebina, čezkulturni pomen celote, dinamični značaj The concept of Cultural Route implies dimensional, continuous, and reciprocal a value as a whole which is greater than kulturna raznolikost ustvarjalno nasprotuje procesu exchanges of goods, ideas, knowledge and in okolica the sum of its parts and gives the Route its kulturne homogenizacije. values between peoples, countries, regions meaning. or continents over significant periods of 1. Kontekst: 1. The cultural route constitutes a cultural 4. Dinamični značaj: time; Kulturne poti so v naravnem in/ali kulturnem asset enriched by the different cultures it Poleg tega, da vključuje fizične dokaze o svojem b) It must have thereby promoted a cross- kontekstu, na katerega vplivajo in ki ga opredeljujejo in has fertilized and which transcends them fertilization of the affected cultures in zgodovinskem obstoju, kulturna pot skupaj s elementi in overall value by offering a substantial space and time, as reflected both in their bogatijo z novimi razsežnostmi v interaktivnem procesu. number of shared characteristics and kulturne dediščine obsega dinamični dejavnik, ki deluje tangible and intangible heritage; value systems. kot usmerjevalec ali kanal vzajemnih kulturnih vplivov. c) It must have integrated into a dynamic 2. Vsebina: 2. Within its overall identity, the value of system the historic relations and cultural Kulturno pot morajo nujno podpirati snovni elementi, 1. Dinamika kulturne poti se ne ravna po naravnih its parts resides in their common, shared, properties associated with its existence. ki pričujejo o njeni kulturni dediščini in fizično potrjujejo multi-faceted significance. zakonih ali običajnih pojavih, temveč samo po človeških procesih in interesih, zato jo je mogoče Defining elements of Cultural Routes: njen obstoj. Nesnovni elementi dajejo smisel in pomen 3. Its wider scale permits a cultural linking of context, content, cross-cultural significance as a različnim elementom, ki sestavljajo celoto. peoples, countries, regions, and continents. razumeti samo kot kulturni pojav. whole, dynamic character, and setting. 4. This breadth of scale is important from the 1. Nepogrešljivi fizični element, ki določa obstoj 2. Ta življenjski sok kulture se ne odraža samo v point of view of both the territory included 1. Context: kulturne poti, je komunikacija sama kot priča and of the comprehensive management of materialnih ali snovnih vidikih, temveč tudi v duhu Cultural Routes occur in a natural and / projekta, oblikovanega ali nastalega s človeškim the various heritage elements included in in tradicijah nesnovne dediščine kulturnih poti. or cultural context upon which they exert an it. At the same time the cultural diversity delovanjem za doseganje določenih ciljev. 3. Če razumemo kulturne poti kot sklope dinamičnih influence and which they help to characterize it implies provides an alternative to a elementov kulturne komunikacije med ljudmi, and enrich with new dimensions as part of an 2. Drugi osnovni bistveni elementi so objekti snovne process of cultural homogenization. interactive process. dediščine, povezani z namembnostjo zgodovinske lahko cenimo njene dobrine kulturne dediščine v 4. Dynamic character: njihovi pravi prostorski in zgodovinski razsežnosti, 2. Content: poti (postojanke, mitnice, skladišča, počivališča, In addition to presenting physical A Cultural Route must necessarily be prenočišča, bolnišnice, tržnice, pristanišča, obrambne evidences of its historic path, along with kar omogoča vsestranski in trajnostni pristop k supported by tangible elements that bear utrdbe, mostovi, komunikacije in prometna sredstva, cultural heritage elements, Cultural Routes ohranjanju poti kot celote. witness to its cultural heritage and provide include a dynamic factor that acts as a industrijski, rudarski ali drugi objekti, povezani z a physical confirmation of its existence. Any conductor or channel through which the 5. Okolica: intangible elements serve to give sense and obrtjo in trgovino, ki odražajo tehnične, znanstvene in reciprocal cultural influences have flowed. Kulturna pot je tesno povezana s svojo okolico in je meaning to the various elements that make družbene dejavnosti in dosežke v različnih obdobjih; 1. The dynamic of a Cultural Route does not njen neločljiv del. up the whole. mestna središča, kulturne krajine, sveti kraji, svetišča obey natural laws or casual phenomena, 1. The indispensable physical element that but rather exclusively human processes and 1. Zemljepisna lega je pripomogla k nastanku kulturne determines the existence of a Cultural itd.), pa tudi nesnovni elementi dediščine, ki pričajo interests, and is therefore understandable poti tako, da je določila njen potek ali sčasoma Route is the communication route itself as o procesu izmenjave in dialoga med narodi ob poti. only as a cultural phenomenon. vplivala na njen razvoj. an instrument serving a project designed 2. This vital fluid of culture is manifested not or arising through human activity to 3. Čezkulturni pomen kot celota: only in material or tangible aspects, but 2. Ozemeljska lega, naravna ali kulturna (mestna ali accomplish specific goals. Koncept kulturne poti nakazuje vrednoto kot celoto, also in the spirit and traditions making up podeželska), vzpostavlja okvir kulturne poti, ji daje 2. Other basic substantive elements are the intangible heritage of Cultural Routes. ki je večja od vsote njegovih posameznih delov in ki daje njeno posebno vzdušje, zaznamovano s fizičnimi in the tangible heritage assets related to its 3. By understanding a Cultural Route as nesnovnimi elementi in vrednotami, in je temeljnega functionality as a historic route (staging poti njen pomen. a set of dynamic elements of cultural posts, customs offices, places for storage, 1. Kulturna pot je kulturna dobrina, obogatena z communication between peoples, pomena za razumevanje in ohranjanje poti in za rest, and lodging, hospitals, markets, ports, različnimi kulturami, ki jih je bogatila in ki jih presega its cultural heritage assets can be uživanje na njej. defensive fortifications, bridges, means of appreciated in their true spatial and 3. Kulturna pot povezuje zemljepisno območje in zelo communication and transport; industrial, v skupni vrednosti, saj odraža precejšnje število historical dimensions, which allows for a mining or other establishments, as well skupnih značilnosti in sistemov vrednot. comprehensive and sustainable approach raznolike dediščinske objekte v eno celoto. Kulturne as those linked to manufacturing and 2. V vseobsežni identiteti kulturne poti se vrednost to the conservation of the Route as a whole. poti in njihova okolica so povezane z različnimi 32 33 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 5. Setting: naravnimi ali kulturnimi pokrajinami, ki so samo included in it to be preserved in their full Tipi kulturnih poti The Cultural Route is closely linked to its nekateri od njihovih sestavnih delov in imajo lastne authenticity and integrity. Such protection setting and forms an inseparable part of it. must include the values of the different 1. The geographical setting has helped posebne značilnosti in identiteto glede na različna landscapes forming part of the Cultural Kulturne poti lahko razdelimo glede na: to shape the Cultural Route, either območja in regije, ki jih prečkajo. Različne pokrajine Route and providing its characteristic * Njihov ozemeljski obseg: na lokalne, državne, determining its path or influencing its prispevajo k značilnostim različnih delov poti kot atmosphere. regionalne, celinske ali medcelinske. development over time. celote in jo bogatijo s svojo raznolikostjo. 2. The territorial setting, whether natural Specific indicators * Njihov kulturni obseg: v zaokroženi kulturni regiji or cultural (urban or rural), provides the 4. Na nekaterih odsekih je še zlasti pomemben As basic differentiating indicators ali na različnih zemljepisnih območjih, ki so imeli framework of the Cultural Route, gives it odnos do narave, na drugih odnos do mestnega ali applicable to the category of Cultural ali še imajo skupen proces vzajemnih vplivov pri its particular atmosphere, characterized podeželskega okolja, na območjih s spomeniki, ki Route, the following should be considered: by elements and values of both physical oblikovanju ali razvoju kulturnih vrednot. so ločeni od drugih stavb (npr. kapele, samostani, the structure of the route and its physical and intangible nature, and is fundamental substratum as well as historical data about its * Njihov cilj ali namembnost: na družbene, for the comprehension, conservation and vodnjaki, mostovi, mejni križi itd.) pa odseku use to accomplish a specific goal; any physical gospodarske, politične ali kulturne. Te značilnosti enjoyment of the route. kulturne poti daje značaj odnos med temi spomeniki structures associated with the concrete 3. A Cultural Route connects and interrelates in pokrajino. lahko najdemo v večdimenzionalnem kontekstu. purpose and functionality of the Cultural geography and very diverse heritage 5. Varstvo in ohranjanje kulturnih poti zahteva Route; communication elements, and the * Njihovo življenjsko dobo: na tiste, ki niso več v properties, forming a unified whole. existence of cultural manifestations of shared uporabi in na tiste, ki se še vedno razvijajo pod Cultural Routes and their setting are poglobljeno poznavanje zgodovinskih, naravnih origin along (or at given points of) the route related to their different landscapes, in kulturnih značilnosti njihove okolice. Vsak vplivom družbenogospodarskih, političnih in such as practices, traditions, customs, and natural or cultural, which are but just one potreben poseg mora biti usklajen s tem kontekstom common uses of a religious, ritual, linguistic, kulturnih izmenjav. of their components and have their own ob spoštovanju njegovih določujočih značilnosti. festival, culinary, or similar nature; reciprocal * Njihovo strukturno konfiguracijo: na linearne, distinctive characteristics and identity influences in music, literature, architecture, depending on the different areas and Omogočati mora njihovo razumevanje in ne sme krožne, križne, žarkaste ali mrežne. fine arts, handicrafts, scientific advances, regions they pass through in their course. iznakaziti tradicionalne naravne, kulturne ali mešane technical and technological skills, and other * Njihovo naravno okolje: na kopenske, vodne, mešane The different landscapes contribute to pokrajine. material and immaterial cultural assets in druge. characterize the diverse sections of the 6. Okolico kulturne poti je treba razmejiti in jasno whose full understanding derives from the Route as a whole, enriching it with their historic function of the Cultural Route. diversity. določiti meje primerno določenega in urejenega Identifikacija, integriteta in avtentičnost 4. The relationship with nature is especially vplivnega območja, ki naj omogoča ohranjanje Types of Cultural Routes sensitive in some sections, in others it materialnih in nematerialnih kulturnih vrednot na * Verjetni pokazatelji is the relationship with the urban or Cultural routes can be classified as follows: njem v vsej njihovi avtentičnosti in celovitosti. Ta rural environment, and in the areas with * According to their territorial scope: Za začetno identifikacijo in oceno je mogoče monuments that are isolated from other zaščita naj pokriva tudi vrednote različnih pokrajin, local, national, regional, continental, or upoštevati naslednje vidike kot verjetne, vendar še ne buildings (such as chapels, monasteries, ki so del kulturne poti in ji dajejo značilno vzdušje. intercontinental. fountains, bridges, boundary crosses, etc.), * According to their cultural scope: within dokončne dokaze o obstoju kulturne poti: it is the relationship of these monuments Posebni pokazatelji a given cultural region or extended across * Odraze dinamičnih družbenih, gospodarskih, with their landscape setting which shapes different geographical areas that have političnih in kulturnih procesov, ki so povzročili the nature of that section of the Cultural Kot osnovne označevalce kategorije kulturnih poti shared or continue to share a process of Route. izmenjave med različnimi kulturnimi skupinami na je treba upoštevati naslednje: strukturo poti in njenega reciprocal influences in the formation or 5. The protection and conservation of the evolution of cultural values. sosednjih območjih. Cultural Routes requires a profound fizičnega gradiva in zgodovinske podatke o njeni * According to their goal or function: social, * Posebne skupne značilnosti različnih zemljepisnih in knowledge of the historic, natural posebni namembnosti; vse fizične objekte, povezane z economic, political, or cultural. These and cultural characteristics of their namembnostjo in uporabo kulturne poti; komunikacijske characteristics can be found shared across kulturnih a zgodovinsko povezanih območij. surroundings. Any interventions that elemente in obstoj kulturnih pojavov skupnega izvora a multi-dimensional context. * Dokaze o mobilnosti in odnosih med narodi ali may be necessary must fit in with this * According to their duration in time: those narodnostmi različnih kultur. context and respect its defining features ob poti (ali na njenih posameznih delih), kot so prakse, that are no longer used versus those that by facilitating their understanding and tradicije, navade in skupne verske, obredne, jezikovne, continue to develop under the influence * Posebne kulturne lastnosti tradicionalnega življenja not distorting the traditional landscape, praznične, kulinarične ali druge značilnosti; vzajemni of socio-economic, political, and cultural različnih skupnosti. whether it is natural, cultural or combined. vplivi v glasbi, književnosti, arhitekturi, likovni exchanges. * Dediščinske elemente in kulturne prakse – na primer 6. A delineation of the setting must be * According to their structural configuration: provided for the Cultural Route, clearly umetnosti, obrteh, znanstvenih dosežkih, tehničnih in linear, circular, cruciform, radial or slovesnosti, praznike in verska slavja, ki odražajo marking the boundaries of a well-defined, tehnoloških veščinah in drugih snovnih in nesnovnih network. skupne vrednote različnih skupnosti na nekem regulated buffer zone, which should allow kulturnih dobrinah, ki jih je mogoče polno razumeti v * According to their natural environment: kulturnem in zgodovinskem območju ali na več njih the material and immaterial cultural values luči zgodovinske namembnosti kulturne poti. land, aquatic, mixed, or other physical setting. – v povezavi s pomenom in namembnostjo poti. 34 35 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Identification, Integrity and Authenticity * Proces identifikacije In the case of a living Cultural Route, • Pri analizi in oceni mora biti avtentičnost razvidna the relationships and dynamic functions * Prima facie indicators tudi v naravnem in kulturnem kontekstu vsakega Proces identifikacije kulturne poti mora upoštevati associated with the specific and well- odseka poti, pa tudi v drugih snovnih in nesnovnih For identification and assessment determined purpose that gave rise to its konkretno in jasno določen, posebni namen poti, snovne purposes, the following aspects may initially existence and serves to define and identify dediščinskih elementih, ki določajo njeno be considered as prima facie, non-conclusive in nesnovne vrednote dediščine na njej, ki so dinamično the route should be maintained, even if the zgodovinsko vlogo in obseg. evidence of the existence of a Cultural Route: ustvarjene kot rezultati vzajemnih kulturnih vplivov, historic processes have undergone change • Expressions of dynamic social, economic, over time and new elements have been • Če materialni sledovi kulturne poti na nekaterih njeno strukturno konfiguracijo, njen celoten zemljepisni political, and cultural processes which incorporated. These new elements should odsekih niso jasno ohranjeni, je obstoj teh delov have generated exchanges between in zgodovinski kontekst, njeno naravno in kulturno be evaluated within the framework of their mogoče prikazati z zgodovinopisjem, nesnovnimi different cultural groups of related areas; okolico, ali je le-ta mestna ali podeželska in njene ustrezne functional relationship to the Cultural Route, • Distinguishing characteristics that are and the case may occur where properties that dokazi in nematerialnimi viri informacij, ki dokazujejo značilne okoljske vrednote, njeno povezanost s pokrajino, shared by different geographical and have heritage values in themselves cannot njihov resnični pomen kot sestavnih delov poti in s cultural areas connected by historical njeno trajanje skozi čas in njeno simbolično in duhovno be considered as components of the Cultural tem dokazujejo njeno avtentičnost. bonds; razsežnost. Vse to prispeva k določitvi in razumevanju Route because they do not form part of it. • Evidences of mobility and of relationships • Tradicionalne in nove tehnike, metode varstva in pomena kulturne poti. * Authenticity forged between peoples or ethnic groups Every Cultural Route should fulfill ohranjanja kulturnih poti ter upravljanja z njimi of different cultures; Nesnovne dobrine kulturne poti so temeljne za authenticity criteria demonstrably and morajo spoštovati merila avtentičnosti. • Specific cultural features rooted in the razumevanje njenega pomena in z njo povezanih credibly expressing its value in terms of traditional life of different communities; both its natural and cultural environment, • Heritage elements and cultural practices— dediščinskih vrednot. Zato je treba materialne vidike and concerning both its defining elements * Integriteta such as ceremonies, festivals and religious vedno proučiti v povezavi z drugimi vrednotami and its distinctive features of a material and celebrations representative of shared nesnovne narave. immaterial nature: values for different communities within • These criteria should be applied to Preverjanje celovitosti kulturne poti mora biti (a) specific cultural and historic area(s)— Za primerjalno oceno je treba upoštevati časovno each section under study to assess its nujno osnovano na dovolj reprezentativnem sklopu related to the significance and functionality trajanje in zgodovinski pomen posameznih delov poti v significance in relation to the overall of the Route. snovnih in nesnovnih dokazov in elementov, ki pričajo odnosu do poti kot celote. meaning of the Route throughout its o njenem globalnem pomenu in vrednotah kot celoti in * Identification process V primeru žive kulturne poti, je treba ohranjati historical development, and to verify the authenticity of its structural layout zagotavljajo popolno predstavitev značilnosti in pomena The process for identifying a Cultural odnose in dinamične funkcije, povezane s specifičnim through the vestiges of its path. zgodovinskih procesov, ki so botrovali nastanku poti. Route will necessarily take into account its in jasno določenim namenom, zaradi katerega je pot • Authenticity should also be evident in specific functionality to serve a concrete and Ohraniti je treba dokaze o zgodovinskih odnosih in nastala in ki določa in opredeljuje pot, čeprav so se the natural and cultural context of each well-determined purpose, the tangible and stretch of the Route subject to analysis and dinamičnih funkcijah, ki so bistveni za svojstven značaj intangible values of its heritage dynamically zgodovinski procesi sčasoma spremenili in so se pojavili assessment, as well as in the other tangible kulturne poti. Poleg tega je treba biti pozoren, ali so njen generated as a results of reciprocal cultural novi elementi. Te nove elemente je treba oceniti v sklopu and intangible heritage elements included influences, its structural configuration, its within its historic functionality and its fizični ustroj in/ali pomembne značilnosti v dobrem whole geographic and historic context, its njihovega funkcionalnega odnosa do kulturne poti. Zgodi setting. stanju, ali je vpliv procesov propadanja pod nadzorom in natural and cultural setting, whether the se lahko, da nekaterih objektov s pomenom dediščine ni • Even if in certain sections the material ali se na poti odražajo morebitni negativni stranski učinki latter is urban or rural, and its corresponding mogoče upoštevati kot sestavnih delov kulturne poti, ker traces of a Cultural Route are not clearly characteristic environmental values, its preserved, its existence in these areas razvoja, zapuščenost ali zanemarjenost. relationships to the landscape, its duration je vsebinsko ne sooblikujejo. could be shown through historiography, in time, and its symbolic and spiritual intangible elements and immaterial Metodologija dimension, all of which will contribute to its * Avtentičnost sources of information that prove their identification and to the understanding of its real meaning as integral components of Koncept kulturne poti zahteva posebne metode significance. Vsaka kulturna pot mora ustrezati merilom that Route and evidence its authenticity. raziskovanja, ocenjevanja, zaščite, varstva, ohranjanja, The intangible assets of a Cultural Route avtentičnosti, ki jasno in verodostojno odražajo njen • The techniques and methodologies used are fundamental for understanding its for the protection, conservation and uporabe in upravljanja. Glede na njen celovit pomen, significance and its associative heritage pomen v naravnem in kulturnem okolju in z njo management of the Cultural Routes, raznolike sestavine, pa tudi ozemeljsko razsežnost, je za values. Therefore, material aspects must povezanimi snovnimi in nesnovnimi sestavinami in whether traditional or newly implemented, metodo treba zasnovati sistem usklajenih in povezano always be studied in connection with other posebnimi značilnostmi, ki pot opredeljujejo: must respect the authenticity criteria. values of an intangible nature. vodenih dejavnosti. For the purpose of its comparative • Merila je treba uporabiti za vsak posamezni odsek, * Integrity Pomembno je začeti z identifikacijo poti kot celote in evaluation, the temporal duration and da bi ocenili njegov pomen v odnosu do pomena poti The verification of the integrity of a historic significance of the different sections Cultural Route must necessarily be based on a njenih posameznih odsekov, skupaj z inventarji dobrin, ki of the Route in relation to the whole should kot celote v vsem zgodovinskem razvoju in da bi sufficiently representative set of both tangible jo sestavljajo, nadaljevati z analizo njihove ohranjenosti, also be taken into account. preverili avtentičnost vseh sestavin njenega poteka. and intangible evidences and elements kar vse omogoča pripravo strateškega načrta za zaščito. 36 37 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 that witness to its global significance and Načrt mora vključevati ukrepe za ozaveščanje javnosti o meaning or historic significance of the route. treba financiranje zagotoviti postopoma, da bi omogočili values as a whole and ensure the complete poti in spodbujanje interesa v javnih ustanovah in med Research teams working on this uravnotežen, usklajen potek raziskovalnih projektov, representation of the features and importance cultural heritage category should be of a of the historic processes which generated the zasebniki. Treba je oblikovati usklajene ukrepe in posebna multidisciplinary and cooperative nature. pa tudi projektov varovanja, uporabe in upravljanja, Cultural Route. pravna sredstva za varstvo, uporabo in upravljanje vseh Common working criteria should be povezanih z njenimi posameznimi odseki. Priporočljivo Evidences of the historic relationships elementov kot sestavnih delov vrednosti in pomena poti established based on the principle of starting je opraviti skupno oceno vrednot, ki jih je treba ohraniti, and dynamic functions essential to the with an investigation of the parts, but without distinctive character of the Cultural Route kot celote. losing sight of the project as a whole. Similarly, da bi omogočili določitev obsega prednostnih nalog should be maintained. In addition, regard common methodological instruments— in izvajanja ustreznih strategij izvedbe. Zato je treba must be had for whether its physical fabric standardized in advance—should be used for and/or its significant features are in good 1. Raziskovalno delo denarna sredstva zagotoviti s sporazumi o bilateralnem the collection of data. The project plan should condition and the impact of deterioration include coordinating mechanisms that will in multilateralnem sodelovanju, pa tudi z ustanavljanjem processes controlled, and whether or not Proučevanje kulturnih poti lahko poteka na facilitate communication and cooperation organov, posebej namenjenih raziskovanju in poudarjanju the Route reflects any possible side effects of among the researchers in order to make it development, abandonment or neglect. različnih zemljepisnih območjih, ki so lahko med pomena poti. Hkrati morajo regionalne ustanove, katerih sabo zelo oddaljena. Zato je priporočljivo oblikovati possible to transmit data about the work and pristojnosti se v celoti ali delno prekrivajo z zgodovinskim Methodology achievements of each team. več raziskovalnih skupin na najbolj značilnih točkah Researchers should keep in mind that the potekom kulturne poti ugotoviti, kako najbolje pritegniti The concept of Cultural Route requires proučevane poti. presence of various types of cultural heritage zanimanje vpletenih držav in zagotoviti njihovo a specific methodology for its research, properties along the path of a Cultural Route assessment, protection, preservation, Raziskovalne metode skupaj z izbiro praks in sodelovanje. Pomembno je tudi pritegniti sodelovanje does not, in and of itself, imply that they conservation, use and management. Given uporabo pokazateljev za ustrezno identifikacijo in oceno are necessarily integral components of that človekoljubnih ustanov in zasebnih darovalcev, če je le its breadth and its value as a whole, as well as dediščinskih vrednot na različnih odsekih kulturne poti route or are appropriate objects of study in mogoče. its territorial dimensions, this methodology relation to it. The only elements that should requires the establishment of a system morajo vedno upoštevati pomen poti kot celote, da bi be highlighted in the scientific investigation of coordinated and integrally managed preprečili razvrednotenje ali izgubo zgodovinskega of a Cultural Route are those related to the 3. Varstvo – ocena – zaščita in ohranjanje activities. pomena poti. specific goal of the Route and any influences It is essential to start with the identification arising from its functional dynamic. both of the Route as a whole and of its Raziskovalne skupine, ki se posvečajo tej kategoriji Kulturne poti in njihova okolica zahtevajo nova orodja individual sections, along with an inventory kulturne dediščine morajo biti multidisciplinarne in 2. Funding za oceno, varstvo, ohranjanje in vrednotenje. Zagotavljanje of the assets that comprise it and an analysis zgolj delnega ali občasnega varstva njihovih dediščinskih of their state of conservation which will pripravljene sodelovati. Skupna delovna merila naj bodo facilitate the elaboration of a strategic izbrana po načelu, da je treba začeti z raziskovanjem Given the scope of the tasks involved sestavin ni dovolj. Pripraviti moramo podrobne inventarje plan for its preservation. This plan should in identifying and highlighting the value posameznih delov, ne da bi pozabili na projekt kot celoto. teh sestavin, oceniti njihovo avtentičnost in celovitost, da necessarily include measures for raising of a vast Cultural Route, funding should bi prepoznali vplive na vrednote kulturne poti in s tem awareness of the Route and creating interest Podobno je treba uporabiti skupne metodološke, vnaprej be obtained in stages that will allow for in it among public and private entities. It standardizirane instrumente za zbiranje podatkov. V balanced, coordinated progress in the vplive na njen pomen. Treba je tudi nadzorovati procese also requires the formulation of coordinated research projects as well as the preservation, načrt projekta je treba vključiti mehanizme usklajevanja, propadanja in razviti strategijo preprečevanja negativnih measures and specific legal instruments for use, and management projects related to its the protection, use and management of all of ki omogočajo komunikacijo in sodelovanje med various sections. It is advisable to establish a učinkov zaradi družbenega razvoja in morebitnega its elements as substantive parts of the value raziskovalci z namenom posredovanja podatkov o delu joint estimation of the values to be preserved zanemarjanja. Vse to zahteva vzpostavitev sistema and significance of the Route as a whole. so as to allow the setting of a scale of in dosežkih vsake skupine. usklajenih pravnih ukrepov in ustreznih instrumentov, priorities for action and the implementation 1. Research Raziskovalci morajo upoštevati, da navzočnost of the corresponding strategies. This requires ki zagotavljajo celostno zaščito poti in poudarjanje njene that funding be obtained through bilateral or vrednosti in pomena. Razumevanje dediščinskih vrednot The study of cultural routes may extend različnih objektov kulturne dediščine ob kulturni poti multilateral cooperation agreements, as well across different geographical areas, possibly še ne pomeni, da so vsi tudi sestavni deli poti oziroma je nujno pred vsakim posegom v kulturne poti, saj bi, as through the creation of bodies specifically widely separated from each other. It is ustrezni za proučevanje v povezavi z njo. V znanstveni slabo izveden, lahko vplival na njihov pomen ali ga therefore advisable to set up several research devoted to researching and highlighting the teams located at the main characteristic študiji kulturne poti je treba poudariti samo tiste value of the Route. Along the same lines, spremenil. points of the Route under study. elemente, ki so povezani s specifičnim ciljem poti in regional bodies whose jurisdictions coincide The research methodology, along with totally or partially with the historic path of vplivi, ki izvirajo iz dinamike njene namembnosti. 4. Trajnostna uporaba – odnos do turističnih dejavnosti the adoption of practices and the attachment a Cultural Route should determine how of indicators for proper identification and they can best gain the interest of the States assessment of the heritage values in the 2. Financiranje involved and obtain their cooperation. It Kulturno pot je mogoče uporabiti za promocijo different sections of a Cultural Route, should is also important to attract, if possible, the družbene ali gospodarske dejavnosti izjemnega pomena never lose sight of the meaning of the Route Glede na obseg nalog, povezanih z identificiranjem cooperation of philanthropic institutions and as a whole, in order to avoid any loss in the in poudarjanjem vrednosti obsežne kulturne poti je private donors. za stabilen razvoj. 38 39 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 3. Protection – Assessment – Preservation / Treba je paziti, da ne pride do zamenjave konceptov environmental impact studies and with plans politik, povezanih z varstvom, zaščito, konservatorstvom, Conservation turističnih poti, pa čeprav s kulturno vsebino, in for public use and community participation, ozemeljsko organizacijo, trajnostnim razvojem, uporabo as well as control and monitoring measures Cultural Routes and their setting require kulturnih poti. Toda hkrati se je treba zavedati, da je intended to prevent the negative impacts of in turizmom. Zato je treba pripraviti skupne projekte, new instruments for their assessment, kulturna pot lahko zelo pomembna za ozemeljsko tourism. ki zagotavljajo trajnostni razvoj na državni (pokrajinski, protection, conservation and evaluation. It is The development of a Cultural Route for not sufficient to guarantee protection of their povezanost in trajnostni razvoj. S tega zornega kota si je regionalni, lokalni, itd.) in mednarodni ravni. Uskladiti tourism purposes should guarantee in any heritage elements on a partial or random treba prizadevati za širjenje poznavanja kulturnih poti case that priority is given to the participation je treba načine upravljanja, usmerjene na zaščito pred basis. The preparation of rigorous inventories of the local community and to local and of these elements, as well as an assessment of in njihove ustrezne in trajnostne uporabe v turizmu, naravnimi nesrečami in vsemi vrstami tveganj, ki bi regional tourist companies. Every effort their authenticity and integrity should take vedno pa je hkrati treba sprejeti ustrezne ukrepe proti should be made to prevent the creation of lahko vplivale na integriteto in avtentičnost kulturne poti place in order to identify impacts on the values tveganjem. Zato mora zaščita in promocija kulturne monopolies by large international companies in s tem na njen pomen. of the Cultural Route and therefore impacts or by powerful companies based in the more on its significance. It is also necessary to poti obsegati dodatno infrastrukturo – za turistične developed countries through which the control the impact of deterioration processes, dejavnosti, dostopne poti, informacije, interpretacijo historic path of the Cultural Route passes. 6. Sodelovanje javnosti and to develop a strategy to prevent the in predstavitev – pod pomembnim pogojem, da ta ne Given the fact that a Cultural Route adverse effects of development and neglect. is an instrument for cooperation and All of this requires the establishment of a ogroža pomena, avtentičnosti in integritete zgodovinskih Varstvo, ohranjanje, zaščita in promocija kulturne understanding which provides a holistic system of coordinated legal measures and vrednot kulturne poti kot ključnih elementov, ki jih je reading of the encounter of cultures and poti ter upravljanje z njo zahtevajo ozaveščanje javnosti in appropriate instruments that guarantee that treba posredovati obiskovalcem. civilization that form that Route, we should sodelovanje prebivalstva z območij, prek katerih poteka the Route will be preserved and its value also keep in mind that independently of the and significance highlighted in a holistic Turistični obiski naj bodo premišljeni, v skladu z pot. relative importance of each one of its parts, fashion. Understanding heritage values is vnaprej opravljenimi študijami vplivov na okolje in z the promotion of positive developments in fundamental prior to any intervention on each one, leads to increased interest on the Cultural Routes that may impact/change načrti javne uporabe in sodelovanja skupnosti, pa tudi 7. Mednarodno sodelovanje Route and benefits for the other parts. their significance. z ukrepi nadzora in rednega opazovanja stanja, da bi preprečili negativne vplive turizma. 5. Management Obstajajo pomembni primeri kulturnih poti z 4. Sustainable Use – Relationship to Tourist Activities Razvoj kulturne poti za turistične namene naj bi v “Understanding of Cultural Routes zgodovinskim potekom v različnih državah. Zato Significance” becomes the basic / fundamental With regard to its use, a Cultural Route vsakem primeru dajal prednost sodelovanju lokalne je potrebno mednarodno sodelovanje na področju principle associated to management of can be used to promote an activity of social skupnosti ter lokalnih in regionalnih turističnih podjetij. cultural routes. This implies ensuring that all raziskovalnega dela, vrednotenja in zaščite dobrin, ki and economic interest of extraordinary Na vse načine je treba preprečiti nastajanja monopolov activities related to their research, assessment sestavljajo mednarodne kulturne poti. importance for stable development. Special and social dissemination of knowledge care should be taken to avoid confusion velikih mednarodnih ali vplivnih podjetij iz razvitejših V primeru kulturnih poti, ki potekajo skozi različno about them are carried out in a coordinated between the concepts of tourist routes—even držav, skozi katere pelje zgodovinski potek kulturne poti. and harmonious manner. This also requires razvite države je priporočljivo, da razvitejše države including those of cultural interest—and Glede na to, da je kulturna pot orodje sodelovanja in a cross coordination that guarantees the poskrbijo za gospodarsko, tehnično in logistično Cultural Routes. However, it should also be combination of policies relating to protection, recognized that a Cultural Route is a reality medsebojnega razumevanja, ki omogoča celostno branje sodelovanje in pomoč v zameno za informacije, izkušnje preservation, conservation, territorial that can have great importance for territorial srečevanja kultur in civilizacij, ki so oblikovale pot, ne organization, sustainable development, in raziskovalce. cohesion and sustainable development. From smemo pozabiti, da, neodvisno od relativnega pomena use and tourism. Therefore, joint projects Zelo zaželeno je, da UNESCO in druge mednarodne this point of view, efforts should be made to need to be prepared that ensure sustainable promote knowledge about Cultural Routes, posameznih odsekov, promocija pozitivnega dogajanja organizacije vzpostavijo mehanizme (finančnega, development on a national (at the provincial, along with their appropriate and sustainable na kateremkoli od njih poveča zanimanje za pot in koristi regional, local level, etc.) and international tehničnega in logističnega) sodelovanja za oblikovanje in use for tourism purposes, always with the scale, as well as the establishment of adoption of appropriate measures aimed at vsem drugim odsekom kulturne poti. izvedbo projektov, povezanih s kulturnimi potmi, ki so v management tools designed to protect the eliminating risks. For this purpose, protection Route against natural disasters and all kinds interesu več kot ene države. and promotion of a Cultural Route should 5. Upravljanje of risks which could impact on the integrity Kulturne poti je treba razumeti kot simbole harmoniously integrate a supplementary and authenticity of the Cultural Route and infrastructure – for tourist activities, access povezanosti različnih narodov. Zgodovinske povezave, ki therefore on its significance. routes, information, interpretation and »Razumevanje pomena kulturnih poti« je osnovno/ so se razvile ob kulturnih poteh lahko služijo za promocijo presentation – with the essential condition temeljno načelo, povezano z upravljanjem kulturnih 6. Public participation projektov, osnovanih na obnovljenem sodelovanju med that it does not jeopardize the meaning, authenticity and integrity of the historic poti. Pomeni zagotovilo, da vse dejavnosti, povezane s The protection, conservation / preservation, narodi, ki so v preteklosti imeli skupne vrednote in values of the Cultural Route as key elements proučevanjem poti, njenim vrednotenjem in širjenjem promotion and management of a Cultural znanje. to be conveyed to visitors. njenega poznavanja v družbi, potekajo usklajeno. To Route calls for the stimulation of public Tourist visits should be managed on awareness, and the participation of the a rational basis in accordance with prior zahteva medsebojno sodelovanje, ki zagotavlja usklajenost inhabitants of the areas which share the Route. 40 41 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 7. International cooperation There are notable examples of Cultural Routes whose historic paths involve various countries. For this reason, international cooperation is essential for research, assessment, and preservation of the assets that make up international Cultural Routes. When Cultural Routes exist which involve countries with different degrees of development, it is recommended that the more developed countries provide the means for economic, technical, and logistic cooperation as well as assistance in the exchange of information, experience, and researchers. It is highly desirable that UNESCO and other international organizations should establish mechanisms of cooperation (financial, technical, and logistic) to help foster and implement projects related to Cultural Routes that are of interest to more than one country. Cultural Routes should be seen as symbols of union between peoples. The historic ties developed along Cultural Routes can serve to promote projects based on renewed cooperation between peoples who shared certain values and knowledge in the past. 42 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 THE CHARTER LISTINA FOR THE INTERPRETATION O INTERPRETACIJI AND PRESENTATION OF IN PREDSTAVITVI CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES OBMOČIJ KULTURNE DEDIŠČINE Prepared under the Auspices Pripravljeno pod okriljem of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Mednarodnega znanstvenega odbora ICOMOS Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites za interpretacijo in predstavitev najdišč kulturne dediščine Ratified by Ratificirano the 16th General Assembly of ICOMOS, na 16. generalni skupščini ICOMOS, Québec (Canada), on 4 October 2008 Québec (Kanada), 4. oktobra 2008 Preamble Preambula Since its establishment in 1965 as Od ustanovitve leta 1965 ICOMOS kot svetovna a worldwide organisation of heritage organizacija strokovnjakov za dediščino, namenjena professionals dedicated to the study, proučevanju, dokumentiranju in varstvu kulturne documentation, and protection of cultural heritage sites, ICOMOS has striven to promote dediščine stremi k promociji konservatorske etike pri the conservation ethic in all its activities vseh svojih dejavnostih in pomaga širiti posluh javnosti and to help enhance public appreciation of za materialno dediščino človeštva v vseh njenih oblikah humanity’s material heritage in all its forms and diversity. in raznolikosti. As noted in the Charter of Venice (1964) V Beneški listini (1964) je zapisano: »Nujno je treba “It is essential that the principles guiding eter Zumthor), Köln, Nemčija. na mednarodni ravni določiti in sprejeti načela ohranjanja in the preservation and restoration of ancient obnove starih stavb, pri čemer je vsaka država odgovorna za buildings should be agreed and be laid down on an international basis, with each country being uresničevanje načrta v okviru svoje kulture in tradicij.« To responsible for applying the plan within the poslanstvo uresničujejo poznejše Icomosove listine, ki framework of its own culture and traditions.” določajo strokovne smernice za specifične konservatorske Subsequent ICOMOS charters have taken izzive in spodbujajo učinkovito komunikacijo o pomenu up that mission, establishing professional guidelines for specific conservation ohranjanja dediščine v vseh regijah sveta. challenges and encouraging effective Te zgodnje Icomosove listine poudarjajo pomen communication about the importance of sodelovanja z javnostjo kot bistvenega dela širšega heritage conservation in every region of the world. konservatorskega procesa (opisujejo ga različno These earlier ICOMOS charters stress kot »širjenje«, »popularizacijo« in »interpretacijo«). the importance of public communication Priznavajo, da je vsako dejanje ohranjanja dediščine as an essential part of the larger – v vseh svetovnih kulturnih tradicijah – po naravi conservation process (variously describing . Kolumbe, Diocezanski muzejski center Kolumba (arhitekt P it as “dissemination,” “popularization,” komunikacijsko dejanje. e sv “presentation,” and “interpretation”). Iz ogromnega razpona ohranjenih materialnih They implicitly acknowledge that every act ostankov in nesnovnih vrednot preteklih skupnosti in of heritage conservation—within all the world’s cultural traditions - is by its nature a civilizacij so odločitve, kaj in kako ohraniti in kako to communicative act. predstaviti javnosti elementi interpretacije najdišča. So From the vast range of surviving material videnje vsake generacije, kaj je pomembno in zakaj je remains and intangible values of past treba materialne ostanke preteklosti ohraniti za prihodnje communities and civilisations, the choice of what to preserve, how to preserve it, rodove. and how it is to be presented to the public Obstaja potreba po jasni utemeljitvi, standardizirani are all elements of site interpretation. They terminologiji in sprejemljivih strokovnih načelih represent every generation’s vision of what Interpretacija arheoloških ostalin gotske cerkv is significant, what is important, and why interpretacije in predstavitve.1 V zadnjih letih so izredni 44 45 1 Glej definicije na str. 3. Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 material remains from the past should be porast interpretacijskih dejavnosti na številnih območjih walking tours, lectures and guided tours, kulturne dediščine, ki jih je mogoče specifično uporabiti passed on to generations yet to come. kulturne dediščine in pojav zapletenih interpretacijskih and multimedia applications and websites. za namene interpretacije in predstavitve, vključno s The need for a clear rationale, standardised Interpretive infrastructure refers to physical terminology, and accepted professional tehnik in novih ekonomskih strategij trženja območij installations, facilities, and areas at, or tistimi, ki interpretacijo omogočajo z novo in obstoječo principles for Interpretation and Presentation1 kulturne dediščine in upravljanja z njimi načeli nove connected with a cultural heritage site that tehnologijo. is evident. In recent years, the dramatic teme in temeljna vprašanja, ki so osrednjega pomena za may be specifically utilised for the purposes Interpreti območja so osebje ali prostovoljci na območju expansion of interpretive activities at many of interpretation and presentation including cultural heritage sites and the introduction of doseganje ciljev ohranjanja kulturne dediščine in večanje those supporting interpretation via new and kulturne dediščine, ki stalno ali začasno dajejo javne elaborate interpretive technologies and new posluha zanjo po vsem svetu: existing technologies. informacije o vrednotah in pomenu najdišča. economic strategies for the marketing and Site interpreters refers to staff or volunteers Območje kulturne dediščine je kraj, lokacija, naravna management of cultural heritage sites have - Kaj so sprejeti in sprejemljivi cilji interpretacije in at a cultural heritage site who are permanently krajina, naseljeno območje, arhitekturni kompleks, created new complexities and aroused basic predstavitve območij kulturne dediščine? or temporarily engaged in the public questions that are central to the goals of both communication of information relating to the arheološko najdišče ali grajena struktura, ki je priznan conservation and the public appreciation of - Katera načela naj pomagajo določiti, katera tehnična values and significance of the site. in pogosto zakonsko zaščiten kot kraj zgodovinskega in cultural heritage sites throughout the world: sredstva in metode so ustrezni v določenih kulturnih Cultural Heritage Site refers to a place, kulturnega pomena. in dediščinskih kontekstih? locality, natural landscape, settlement area, - What are the accepted and acceptable goals - Katere splošne etične in poklicne teme naj pomagajo architectural complex, archaeological site, Cilji for the Interpretation and Presentation of or standing structure that is recognized and cultural heritage sites? oblikovati interpretacijo in predstavitev v luči njene often legally protected as a place of historical - What principles should help determine širše raznolikosti specifičnih oblik in tehnik? and cultural significance. Ob zavedanju, da sta interpretacija in predstavitev which technical means and methods are del splošnega procesa ohranjanja kulturne dediščine in appropriate in particular cultural and Namen te listine je torej definirati osnovna načela Objectives upravljanja z njo, ta listina vzpostavlja sedem glavnih heritage contexts? interpretacije in predstavitve kot osnovnih sestavnih načel, na katerih je treba zasnovati interpretacijo in - What general ethical and professional In recognizing that interpretation and considerations should help shape delov prizadevanj v sklopu ohranjanja dediščine in kot presentation are part of the overall process predstavitev v katerikoli obliki ali mediju, ustreznem v Interpretation and Presentation in light sredstvo za spodbujanje javne naklonjenosti dediščini in of cultural heritage conservation and danih okoliščinah. of its wide variety of specific forms and management, this Charter seeks to establish razumevanja območij kulturne dediščine.2 techniques? seven cardinal principles, upon which Načelo 1: dostop in razumevanje Interpretation and Presentation—in whatever Definicije Načelo 2: viri informacij The purpose of this Charter is therefore to form or medium is deemed appropriate in define the basic principles of Interpretation specific circumstances—should be based. Načelo 3: poudarek na okolici in kontekstu and Presentation as essential components Za namen te listine: Principle 1: Access and Understanding Načelo 4: ohranjanje avtentičnosti of heritage conservation efforts and as a Interpretacija pomeni cel razpon morebitnih dejavnosti Principle 2: Information Sources Načelo 5: trajnostno načrtovanje means of enhancing public appreciation and za ozaveščanje javnosti in poglabljanje razumevanja Principle 3: Attention to Setting and Načelo 6: vključevanje različnih dejavnikov understanding of cultural heritage sites2. območja kulturne dediščine. To lahko vključuje tiskane Context Načelo 7: pomen raziskovanja, usposabljanja in Definitions in elektronske publikacije, javna predavanja, instalacije Principle 4: Preservation of Authenticity Principle 5: Planning for Sustainability ocenjevanja na kraju samem in na drugih lokacijah v neposredni For the purposes of the present Charter Principle 6: Concern for Inclusiveness Glede na teh sedem načel so cilji listine naslednji: Interpretation refers to the full range of povezavi z njim, izobraževalne programe, dejavnosti Principle 7: Importance of Research, potential activities intended to heighten skupnosti in trajne raziskovalne dejavnosti, usposabljanje Training, and Evaluation 1. Omogočiti razumevanje območij kulturne dediščine public awareness and enhance understanding in ovrednotenje interpretacijskega procesa. Following from these seven principles, the of cultural heritage site. These can include in razviti posluh zanje, ozaveščati javnost in Predstavitev natančneje pomeni skrbno posredovanje objectives of this Charter are to: print and electronic publications, public spodbujati njeno vključevanje pri varovanju in lectures, on-site and directly related off- interpretacijske vsebine prek urejanja interpretacijskih 1. Facilitate understanding and appreciation ohranjanju dediščine. site installations, educational programmes, informacij, fizičnega dostopa in interpretacijske of cultural heritage sites and foster public 2. Posredovati raznolikemu občinstvu vedenje o community activities, and ongoing research, infrastrukture na območju kulturne dediščine. Izvesti jo awareness and engagement in the need for training, and evaluation of the interpretation their protection and conservation. vsebini območij kulturne dediščine na osnovi process itself. je mogoče z različnimi tehničnimi sredstvi, vključno z 2. Communicate the meaning of cultural doslednih, dokumentiranih ugotovitev o njihovem Presentation more specifically denotes elementi kot so informacijski panoji, muzejske razstave, heritage sites to a range of audiences pomenu, pridobljenih z veljavnimi znanstvenimi in the carefully planned communication of opremljene pešpoti, predavanja in vodeni ogledi ter through careful, documented recognition interpretive content through the arrangement akademskimi metodami in s pomočjo živih kulturnih of significance, through accepted scientific of interpretive information, physical access, multimedijske aplikacije in spletne strani. and scholarly methods as well as from tradicij. and interpretive infrastructure at a cultural Interpretacijska infrastruktura se nanaša na fizične living cultural traditions. 3. Varovati snovne in nesnovne vrednote območij heritage site. It can be conveyed through a instalacije, prostore in predele, povezane z območjem 3. Safeguard the tangible and intangible kulturne dediščine v njihovem naravnem in variety of technical means, including, yet not values of cultural heritage sites in their requiring, such elements as informational 2 Čeprav lahko načela in cilji te listine veljajo tudi za interpretacijo zunaj natural and cultural settings and social kulturnem okolju in družbenem kontekstu. panels, museum-type displays, formalized območij, so namenjeni predvsem interpretaciji in predstavitvi na samem območju kulturne dediščine ali v njegovi neposredni bližini. contexts. 4. Spoštovati avtentičnost območij kulturne dediščine z 46 47 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 4. Respect the authenticity of cultural informiranjem o pomenu njihovega zgodovinskega 5. Interpretation and presentation activities 4. V interpretacijski infrastrukturi mora biti upoštevana heritage sites, by communicating the gradiva in kulturnih vrednot ter o njihovem varovanju should also be physically accessible to the jezikovna raznolikost obiskovalcev in skupnosti, significance of their historic fabric and public, in all its variety. cultural values and protecting them from pred škodljivimi vplivi vsiljivih oblik pojasnjevanja, 6. In cases where physical access to a povezanih s območjem kulturne dediščine. the adverse impact of intrusive interpretive pritiska obiskovalcev in napačne ali neustrezne cultural heritage site is restricted due 5. Dejavnosti interpretacije in predstavitve morajo biti infrastructure, visitor pressure, inaccurate interpretacije. to conservation concerns, cultural fizično dostopne javnosti v vsej svoji raznolikosti. or inappropriate interpretation. sensitivities, adaptive re-use, or safety 5. Contribute to the sustainable conservation 5. Prispevati k trajnostnemu ohranjanju območij issues, interpretation and presentation 6. V primeru omejenega dostopa do območja kulturne of cultural heritage sites, through kulturne dediščine s promocijo javnega razumevanja should be provided off-site. dediščine zaradi konservatorskih razlogov, kulturne promoting public understanding of, and in sodelovanjem javnosti pri stalnih konservatorskih občutljivosti, prilagojene nove namembnosti ali participation in, ongoing conservation Principle 2: Information Sources efforts, ensuring long-term maintenance of prizadevanjih, kar zagotavlja dolgoročno vzdrževanje varnosti je treba interpretacijo in predstavitev the interpretive infrastructure and regular intrepretacijske infrastrukture in reden pregled Interpretation and presentation should zagotoviti drugje. review of its interpretive contents. njenih interpretacijskih vsebin. be based on evidence gathered through 6. Encourage inclusiveness in the accepted scientific and scholarly methods as 2. načelo: Viri informacij interpretation of cultural heritage 6. Spodbujati vključevanje dejavnikov pri interpretaciji well as from living cultural traditions. sites, by facilitating the involvement of območij kulturne dediščine tako, da omogočimo Interpretacija in predstavitev morata biti zasnovani stakeholders and associated communities sodelovanje zainteresiranih strani in okoliških 1. Interpretation should show the range of na dokazih, zbranih z veljavnimi znanstvenimi in in the development and implementation oral and written information, material of interpretive programmes. skupnosti pri razvoju in izvajanju interpretacijskih remains, traditions, and meanings akademskimi metodami in iz živih kulturnih tradicij. 7. Develop technical and professional programov. attributed to a site. The sources of this guidelines for heritage interpretation 7. Razvijati tehnične in strokovne smernice za information should be documented, 1. Interpretacija mora pokazati razpon ustnih in pisnih and presentation, including technologies, archived, and made accessible to the research, and training. Such guidelines interpretacijo in predstavitev dediščine, vključno s public. informacij materialnih ostalin, tradicij in pomenov, must be appropriate and sustainable in tehnologijami, raziskovanjem in usposabljanjem. Te 2. Interpretation should be based on a well pripisanih najdišču. Viri teh informacij morajo biti their social contexts. smernice morajo biti ustrezne in trajnostne v svojem researched, multidisciplinary study of the site and its surroundings. It should dokumentirani, arhivirani in dostopni javnosti. Principles družbenem kontekstu. also acknowledge that meaningful 2. Interpretacija mora biti zasnovana na dobro raziskani, interpretation necessarily includes multidisciplinarni študiji območja in njegove okolice. Principle 1: Access and Understanding Načela reflection on alternative historical Upoštevati mora, da ustrezna interpretacija vključuje hypotheses, local traditions, and stories. Interpretation and presentation 1. načelo: Dostop in razumevanje 3. At cultural heritage sites where traditional razmislek o alternativnih zgodovinskih hipotezah, programmes should facilitate physical and storytelling or memories of historical lokalnih tradicijah in zgodbah. intellectual access by the public to cultural Programi predstavitev in interpretacije morajo participants provide an important source heritage sites. 3. Na območjih kulturne dediščine, kjer so tradicionalno javnosti omogočati fizični in intelektualni dostop do of information about the significance of the site, interpretive programmes should pripovedništvo ali spomini udeležencev 1. Effective interpretation and presentation območij kulturne dediščine. incorporate these oral testimonies—either zgodovinskih dogodkov pomemben vir informacij o should enhance personal experience, indirectly, through the facilities of the increase public respect and understanding, pomenu območja, morajo interpretacijski programi 1. Učinkovita interpretacija in predstavitev morata interpretive infrastructure, or directly, and communicate the importance of the through the active participation of vključevati ta ustna pričevanja – posredno prek conservation of cultural heritage sites. izboljšati osebno izkušnjo, povečati spoštovanje members of associated communities as on- elementov interpretacijske infrastrukture ali 2. Interpretation and presentation should in razumevanje javnosti in posredovati vedenja o site interpreters. encourage individuals and communities neposredno prek dejavnega sodelovanja članov pomenu ohranjanja območij. 4. Visual reconstructions, whether by artists, to reflect on their own perceptions of architects, or computer modelers, should povezanih skupnosti kot interpretov na območju. a site and assist them in establishing a 2. Interpretacija in predstavitev morata spodbujati be based upon detailed and systematic 4. Vizualne rekonstrukcije, ki jih izdelajo umetniki, meaningful connection to it. The aim posameznike in skupnosti, naj razmišljajo o svojem analysis of environmental, archaeological, arhitekti ali računalniški oblikovalci, morajo biti should be to stimulate further interest, dojemanju območja in jim pomagati vzpostaviti architectural, and historical data, including learning, experience, and exploration. analysis of written, oral and iconographic zasnovane na podrobni in sistematični analizi 3. Interpretation and presentation pomenljiv odnos do njega. Cilj mora biti spodbujanje sources, and photography. The information okoljskih, arheoloških, arhitekturnih in zgodovinskih programmes should identify and assess nadaljnjega zanimanja, učenja, doživljanja in sources on which such visual renderings podatkov, vključno z analizo pisnih, ustnih in their audiences demographically and raziskovanja. are based should be clearly documented culturally. Every effort should be made and alternative reconstructions based on ikonografskih virov in fotografije. Viri informacij, to communicate the site’s values and 3. Programi interpretacije in predstavitve morajo ciljno the same evidence, when available, should na katerih so zasnovane takšne vizualne upodobitve significance to its varied audiences. občinstvo identificirati in oceniti demografsko in be provided for comparison. morajo biti jasno dokumentirani in podati je treba 4. The diversity of language among visitors kulturno. Treba si je z vsemi sredstvi prizadevati za 5. Interpretation and presentation and associated communities connected alternativne rekonstrukcije, osnovane na istih programmes and activities should also with a heritage site should be taken into nagovor najrazličnejšega občinstva o vrednotah in be documented and archived for future dokazih, če so na razpolago. account in the interpretive infrastructure. pomenu območja kulturne dediščine. reference and reflection. 5. Programe interpretacije in predstavitve in dejavnosti 48 49 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Principle 3: Context and Setting je treba tudi dokumentirani in arhivirati za prihodnje communicating its significance without območja, vse kulturne prakse, dostojanstvo domačega reference in razmislek. adversely impacting its cultural values or prebivalstva in z njim povezanih skupnosti. The Interpretation and Presentation of irreversibly altering its fabric. cultural heritage sites should relate to their 3. All visible interpretive infrastructures 2. Interpretacija in predstavitev morata prispevati k wider social, cultural, historical, and natural 3. načelo: Kontekst in okolica (such as kiosks, walking paths, and ohranjanju avtentičnosti območja z obveščanjem o contexts and settings. information panels) must be sensitive njegovem pomenu, ne da bi okrnili njegove kulturne Interpretacija in predstavitev območij kulturne to the character, setting and the cultural vrednote ali nepreklicno spremenili njegovo tkivo. 1. Interpretation should explore the dediščine morata biti povezana s širšimi družbenimi, and natural significance of the site, while significance of a site in its multi-faceted remaining easily identifiable. 3. Vsa vidna interpretacijska infrastruktura (kot so historical, political, spiritual, and kulturnimi, zgodovinskimi in naravnimi konteksti in 4. On-site concerts, dramatic performances, kioski, sprehajalne poti in informacijski panoji) se artistic contexts. It should consider all okolicami. and other interpretive programmes mora ujemati z značajem, okolico in kulturnim in aspects of the site’s cultural, social, and must be carefully planned to protect the environmental significance and values. 1. Interpretacija naj odraža pomen območja v njegovih significance and physical surroundings of naravnim pomenom območja kulturne dediščine, 2. The public interpretation of a cultural večplastnih zgodovinskih, političnih, duhovnih in the site and minimise disturbance to the hkrati pa ostati jasno prepoznavna. heritage site should clearly distinguish and umetnostnih kontekstih. Vključevati mora vse vidike local residents. 4. Koncerte, dramske nastope in druge interpretacijske date the successive phases and influences prireditve na samem območju je treba previdno in its evolution. The contributions of all kulturnega, družbenega in okoljskega pomena Principle 5: Sustainability periods to the significance of a site should njegovih vrednot. načrtovati, da bi zavarovali pomen in fizično okolico be respected. 2. Javna interpretacija območja kulturne dediščine The interpretation plan for a cultural območja in čim manj motili lokalne prebivalce. 3. Interpretation should also take into heritage site must be sensitive to its natural account all groups that have contributed mora jasno razlikovati in datirati zaporedne faze in and cultural environment, with social, 5. načelo: Trajnostnost to the historical and cultural significance vplive med njegovim razvojem. Upoštevati je treba financial, and environmental sustainability of the site. prispevke vseh obdobij k pomenu območja. among its central goals. Interpretacijski načrt za območje kulturne dediščine 4. The surrounding landscape, natural 3. Interpretacija mora tudi upoštevati vse skupine, ki so mora spoštovati njegovo naravno in kulturno okolje, environment, and geographical setting 1. The development and implementation are integral parts of a site’s historical and prispevale k zgodovinskemu in kulturnemu pomenu of interpretation and presentation eden od njegovih glavnih ciljev pa mora biti družbena, cultural significance, and, as such, should območja kulturne dediščine. programmes should be an integral part finančna in okoljska trajnostnost. be considered in its interpretation. 4. Okoliška pokrajina, naravno okolje in zemljepisna of the overall planning, budgeting, and 5. Intangible elements of a site’s heritage such management process of cultural heritage 1. Razvoj in izvedba programov interpretacije in as cultural and spiritual traditions, stories, lega so sestavni deli zgodovinskega in kulturnega sites. predstavitve morata biti sestavni del splošnega music, dance, theater, literature, visual pomena območja kulturne dediščine in jih je zato 2. The potential effect of interpretive arts, local customs and culinary heritage treba upoštevati pri njegovi interpretaciji. infrastructure and visitor numbers on the načrtovalnega, proračunskega in upravljavskega should be considered in its interpretation. 5. Pri interpretaciji je treba upoštevati nesnovne cultural value, physical characteristics, procesa območij kulturne dediščine. 6. The cross-cultural significance of heritage integrity, and natural environment of the 2. V študijah ocene vpliva, je treba polno upoštevati sites, as well as the range of perspectives elemente območja, kot so kulturne in duhovne site must be fully considered in heritage potencialni učinek interpretacijske infrastrukture in about them based on scholarly research, tradicije, zgodbe, glasba, ples, gledališče, književnost, impact assessment studies. ancient records, and living traditions, vizualne umetnosti, lokalne navade in kulinarična 3. Interpretation and presentation should števila obiskovalcev na kulturno vrednost, fizične should be considered in the formulation of dediščina. serve a wide range of conservation, značilnosti, celovitost in naravno okolje območja interpretive programmes. educational and cultural objectives. The 6. Pri oblikovanju interpretacijskih programov je treba kulturne dediščine. success of an interpretive programme Principle 4: Authenticity upoštevati večkulturni pomen območij kulturne should not be evaluated solely on the basis 3. Interpretacija in ohranjanje morata služiti širokemu dediščine, pa tudi razpon različnih pogledov nanje, of visitor attendance figures or revenue. razponu konservatorskih, izobraževalnih in kulturnih The Interpretation and presentation of 4. Interpretation and presentation should ciljev. Uspeha interpretacijskega programa se ne sme cultural heritage sites must respect the basic osnovanih na akademskih raziskavah, starih zapisih be an integral part of the conservation ocenjevati izključno na temelju števila obiskovalcev tenets of authenticity in the spirit of the Nara in živi tradiciji. process, enhancing the public’s awareness Document (1994). of specific conservation problems ali prihodka. 4. načelo: Avtentičnost encountered at the site and explaining 4. Interpretacija in predstavitev morata biti sestavni del 1. Authenticity is a concern relevant to human the efforts being taken to protect the site’s konservatorskega procesa, ozaveščati morata javnost communities as well as material remains. Interpretacija in predstavitev območja kulturne physical integrity and authenticity. The design of a heritage interpretation dediščine mora biti v skladu z osnovnimi določbami o 5. Any technical or technological elements o posebnih konservatorskih problemih na območju in programme should respect the traditional avtentičnosti v duhu Narske listine (1994). selected to become a permanent part of a pojasnjevati prizadevanja za zaščito fizične integritete social functions of the site and the cultural site’s interpretive infrastructure should in avtentičnosti območja kulturne dediščine. practices and dignity of local residents and 1. Avtentičnost je povezana tako z obliko družbene be designed and constructed in a manner 5. Kakršnikoli tehnični ali tehnološki elementi, izbrani associated communities. skupnosti kot z materialnimi ostalinami. Pri that will ensure effective and regular 2. Interpretation and presentation should maintenance. za stalni del interpretacijske infrastrukture najdišča contribute to the conservation of the oblikovanju programa interpretacije dediščine je 6. Interpretive programmes should aim morajo biti oblikovani in postavljeni tako, da authenticity of a cultural heritage site by treba spoštovati tradicionalne družbene funkcije to provide equitable and sustainable zagotavljajo učinkovito in redno vzdrževanje. 50 51 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 economic, social, and cultural benefits 6. Namen interpretacijskih programov mora biti and appreciation of a site’s significance. so pomembni za poglabljanje razumevanja pomena to all stakeholders through education, zagotavljanje pravičnih in trajnostnih gospodarskih, Regular review should be an integral območja. Redno preverjanje mora biti sestavni del training and employment opportunities in element in every heritage interpretation site interpretation programmes. družbenih in kulturnih koristi za vse zainteresirane programme. vsakega interpretacijskega programa. strani s pomočjo izobraževanja, usposabljanja 2. The interpretive program and infrastructure 2. Interpretacijski program in infrastruktura morata Principle 6: Inclusiveness in ustvarjanja priložnosti za zaposlitev v sklopu should be designed and constructed in a biti oblikovana in sestavljena tako, da omogočata way that facilitates ongoing content revision The Interpretation and Presentation of interpretacijskih programov na območju kulturne and/or expansion. nenehno preverjanje in/ali širjenje vsebine. cultural heritage sites must be the result dediščine. 3. Interpretation and presentation programs 3. Programe interpretacije in predstavitve ter njihov of meaningful collaboration between and their physical impact on a site should fizični vpliv na območje kulturne dediščine je treba heritage professionals, host and associated 6. načelo: Vključevanje različnih dejavnikov be continuously monitored and evaluated, nenehno nadzorovati in ocenjevati. Občasno je communities, and other stakeholders. Interpretacija in predstavitev območja kulturne and periodic changes made on the basis of both scientific and scholarly analysis and treba uvesti spremembe na osnovi znanstvenih in 1. The multidisciplinary expertise of scholars, dediščine morata biti rezultat plodnega sodelovanja public feedback. Visitors and members of akademskih analiz in povratnih informacij javnosti. community members, conservation med dediščinskimi strokovnjaki, domačo skupnostjo, associated communities as well as heritage V tem procesu vrednotenja morajo s strokovnjaki experts, governmental authorities, site povezanimi skupnostmi in drugimi zainteresiranimi professionals should be involved in this managers and interpreters, tourism za dediščino sodelovati tudi obiskovalci in člani z stranmi. evaluation process. operators, and other professionals 4. Every interpretation programme should območjem povezanih skupnosti. should be integrated in the formulation be considered as an educational resource 4. Vsak interpretacijski program mora biti izobraževalni of interpretation and presentation 1. Pri oblikovanju programov interpretacije in for people of all ages. Its design should programmes. predstavitve je treba združiti večdisciplinarno take into account its possible uses in vir za ljudi vseh starosti. Pri njegovem oblikovanju 2. The traditional rights, responsibilities, znanje akademikov, predstavnikov skupnosti, school curricula, informal and lifelong je treba upoštevati možne uporabe pri šolskih and interests of property owners and strokovnjakov za konservatorstvo, vladnih oblasti, learning programmes, communications učnih načrtih, za neformalne in vseživljenjske učne host and associated communities should and information media, special be noted and respected in the planning upraviteljev območij in interpretov, turističnih activities, events, and seasonal volunteer programe, komunikacijske in informacijske medije, of site interpretation and presentation subjektov in drugih strokovnjakov. involvement. posebne dejavnosti, dogodke in sezonsko sodelovanje programmes. 2. Pri načrtovanju programov interpretacije in 5. The training of qualified professionals in the prostovoljcev. 3. Plans for expansion or revision of specialised fields of heritage interpretation 5. Ključni cilj je usposabljanje kvalificiranih strokovnih interpretation and presentation predstavitve je treba upoštevati in spoštovati and presentation, such as content creation, programmes should be open for public tradicionalne pravice, odgovornosti in interese management, technology, guiding, delavcev na specializiranih področjih interpretacije comment and involvement. It is the right lastnikov nepremičnin, domače skupnosti in z njo and education, is a crucial objective. In in predstavitve kulturne dediščine, kot so ustvarjanje and responsibility of all to make their addition, basic academic conservation vsebin, upravljanje, tehnologija, vodstva in opinions and perspectives known. povezanih skupnosti. programmes should include a component 4. Because the question of intellectual 3. Načrti za širitev ali revizijo programov interpretacije on interpretation and presentation in their izobraževanje. Poleg tega morajo osnovni akademski property and traditional cultural rights is in predstavitve morajo biti odprti za komentarje courses of study. konservatorski študijski programi vključevati vsebine especially relevant to the interpretation 6. On-site training programmes and courses o interpretaciji in predstavitvi. process and its expression in various in sodelovanje javnosti. Vsak ima pravico in should be developed with the objective communication media (such as on-site odgovornost izraziti svoje mnenje in stališča. of updating and informing heritage 6. Programe in tečaje usposabljanja na območju je multimedia presentations, digital media, 4. Ker je vprašanje intelektualne lastnine in and interpretation staff of all levels and treba razviti z namenom posodobiti in informirati and printed materials), legal ownership tradicionalnih kulturnih pravic zlasti pomembno za associated and host communities of recent konservatorje in interpretacijsko osebje na vseh and right to use images, texts, and other developments and innovations in the field. ravneh, okoliške skupnosti in domačine o najnovejših interpretive materials should be discussed, interpretacijski proces in njegovo izražanje v različnih 7. International cooperation and sharing of clarified, and agreed in the planning komunikacijskih medijih (na primer multimedijske experience are essential to developing and spoznanjih in novostih na tem področju. process. predstavitve na območju, digitalni in tiskani mediji), maintaining standards in interpretation 7. Za razvoj in ohranjanje standardov interpretacijskih methods and technologies. To that end, metod in tehnologij sta zelo pomembna mednarodno Principle 7: Research, Training, je treba med procesom načrtovanja doreči, razjasniti international conferences, workshops and Evaluation in potrditi pravno lastnino in pravico do uporabe and exchanges of professional staff as sodelovanje in izmenjava izkušenj. Zato je treba podob, besedil in drugih interpretacijskih materialov. well as national and regional meetings spodbujati mednarodne konference, delavnice in Continuing research, training, and should be encouraged. These will provide evaluation are essential components of the izmenjave strokovnih delavcev, pa tudi nacionalna an opportunity for the regular sharing interpretation of a cultural heritage site. 7. načelo: Raziskovanje, usposabljanje in vrednotenje of information about the diversity of in regionalna srečanja. To bo ustvarilo priložnosti Nenehno raziskovanje, usposabljanje in vrednotenje interpretive approaches and experiences za redno izmenjavo informacij o raznolikosti 1. The interpretation of a cultural heritage so pomembni sestavni deli interpretacije območja. in various regions and cultures. interpretacijskih pristopov in izkušenj v različnih site should not be considered to be completed with the completion of a 1. Interpretacija območja kulturne dediščine ni regijah in kulturah. specific interpretive infrastructure. Continuing research and consultation are zaključeno z dokončanjem določene interpretacijske important to furthering the understanding infrastrukture. Nenehne raziskave in posvetovanja 52 53 DOKUMENTI ICOMOS ICOMOS DOCUMENTS 54 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 GUIDELINES SMERNICE ON EDUCATION ZA IZOBRAŽEVANJE AND TRAINING IN USPOSABLJANJE IN THE CONSERVATION NA PODROČJU OHRANJANJA OF MONUMENTS, SPOMENIKOV, SKUPIN STAVB ENSEMBLES AND SITES IN SPOMENIŠKIH OBMOČIJ Adopted by Sprejela the 10th General Assembly of ICOMOS, Generalna skupščina ICOMOS, Colombo, Sri Lanka, July 30 to August 7, 1993 na desetem zasedanju v Colombu, Šri Lanka, od 30. julija do 7. avgusta 1993 Considering the breadth of the heritage Udeleženci generalna skupščina, ki so encompassed within the concept of monu- ments, ensembles and sites; upoštevali obseg dediščine, vključene v pojem Considering the great variety of actions spomenikov, spomeniških celot in spomeniških območij; and treatments required for the conservation upoštevali veliko raznolikost ukrepov in posegov za of these heritage resources, and the necessity ohranjanje teh dediščinskih virov in potrebo po skupni of a common discipline for their guidance; stroki, ki bi jih vodila; Recognizing that many different profes- potrdili, da morajo v skupni konservatorski stroki sions need to collaborate within the common sodelovati številni različni poklici, kar zahteva ustrezno discipline of conservation in the process and require proper education and training in or- izobraževanje in usposabljanje, da bi zagotovili dobro der to guarantee good communication and komunikacijo in usklajeno delovanje na področju ohranjanja; coordinated action in conservation; in v skladu z Beneško listino ter z njo povezano doktrino Noting the Venice Charter and related ICOMOS, zaradi potrebe po referenci za ustanove in organe, ICOMOS doctrine, and the need to provide ki sodelujejo pri razvoju programov usposabljanja in zato, a reference for the institutions and bodies in- da bi pomagali pri opredeljevanju in oblikovanju ustreznih volved in developing training programs, and standardov in meril za izpolnjevanje kulturnih in tehničnih to assist in defining and building up appro- zahtev v vsaki skupnosti ali regiji priate standards and criteria suitable to meet the specific cultural and technical require- , Francija. so sprejeli naslednje smernice in priporočila ter ments in each community or region; priporočIli njihovo posredovanje ustreznim ustanovam, Adopts the following guidelines, and Rec- organizacijam in oblastem. ommends that they be diffused for the infor- mation of appropriate institutions, organiza- Cilj smernic tions and authorities. Aim of the Guidelines 1. Cilj tega dokumenta je spodbujati oblikovanje standardov in smernic za izobraževanje in usposabljanje 1. The aim of this document is to promote na področju ohranjanja spomenikov, spomeniških celot the establishment of standards and guidelines for education and training in in spomeniških območij, opredeljenih za kulturno the conservation of monuments, groups dediščino s Konvencijo o svetovni dediščin i iz leta  1972. of buildings (“ensembles”) and sites de- Obsegajo zgodovinske stavbe, zgodovinska območja in . Janeza v nekdanjem benediktinskem samostanu Cluny fined as cultural heritage by the World mesta, arheološka najdišča in najdbe ter zgodovinske Heritage Convention of 1972. They in- in kulturne krajine. Njihovo ohranjanje je in bo nujno clude historic buildings, historic areas potrebno. and towns, archaeological sites, and the Vhod v kapelo sv 56 57 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 contents therein, as well as historic and Ohranjanje servation, and interpret the results of this opredelili njihovo identiteto, načrtovali posege za cultural landscapes. Their conservation is research; ohranitev in interpretirali rezultate raziskav; now, and will continue to be a matter of 2. Ohranjanje kulturne dediščine danes velja za del c) understand the setting of a monument, c) razumeli okolico spomenika, spomeniške celote ali urgency. ensemble or site, their contents and sur- splošnega področja okoljskega in kulturnega razvoja. spomeniškega območja, njihovo vsebino in območje v roundings, in relation to other buildings, Conservation Trajnostne strategije upravljanja v smeri sprememb, ki gardens or landscapes; povezavi z drugimi stavbami, vrtovi ali krajinami; spoštujejo kulturno dediščino, zahtevajo povezanost d) find and absorb all available sources of d) poiskali in uporabili vse razpoložljive vire informacij 2. Conservation of cultural heritage is now konservatorskih in restavratorskih pogledov s information relevant to the monument, recognized as resting within the gen- o obravnavanem spomeniku, spomeniški celoti ali ensemble or site being studied; eral field of environmental and cultural sodobnimi gospodarskimi in družbenimi cilji, vključno spomeniškem območju; e) understand and analyze the behavior of development. Sustainable management s turizmom. monuments, ensembles and sites as com- e) razumeli in analizirali obnašanje spomenikov, strategies for change which respect cul- 3. Namen konservatorstva in restavratorstva je podaljšati plex systems; spomeniških celot in spomeniških območij kot tural heritage require the integration of življenjsko dobo kulturne dediščine, in če je mogoče, f) diagnose intrinsic and extrinsic causes of conservation attitudes with contempo- kompleksnih sistemov; decay as a basis for appropriate action; rary economic and social goals including pojasniti njena umetniška in zgodovinska sporočila, g) inspect and make reports intelligible to f) diagnosticirali notranje in zunanje vzroke propadanja tourism. ne da bi pri tem okrnili njeno avtentičnost in pomen. non-specialist readers of monuments, kot osnovo za ustrezno ukrepanje; 3. The object of conservation is to prolong Konservatorstvo in restavratorstvo sta kulturni, ensembles or sites, illustrated by graphic g) izvajali nadzor in pisali poročila, ki bodo razumljiva the life of cultural heritage and, if pos- umetniški, tehnični in obrtniški dejavnosti, osnovani na means such as sketches and photographs; sible, to clarify the artistic and historical nestrokovnjakom za spomenike, spomeniške celote ali h) know, understand and apply UNESCO messages therein without the loss of au- humanističnih in znanstvenih vedah in sistematičnih conventions and recommendations, and spomeniška območja in ki bodo opremljena s slikovnim thenticity and meaning. Conservation is raziskavah. Konservatorstvo in restavratorstvo morata ICOMOS and other recognized Charters, materialom, kot so risbe in fotografije; a cultural, artistic, technical and craft ac- spoštovati kulturni kontekst. regulations and guidelines; h) poznali, razumeli in izvajali Unescove konvencije in tivity based on humanistic and scientific i) make balanced judgments based on studies and systematic research. Conser- priporočila ter Icomosove in druge listine, predpise in Programi in tečaji shared ethical principles, and accept re- vation must respect the cultural context. sponsibility for the long-term welfare of smernice; izobraževanja in usposabljanja cultural heritage; i) uravnoteženo presojali na osnovi skupnih etičnih Educational and Training j) recognize when advice must be sought Programs and Courses 4. Do svoje dediščine moramo vzpostaviti celosten načel in prevzeli odgovornost za dolgoročno dobrobit and define the areas of need of study by pristop na temelju kulturnega pluralizma in kulturne dediščine; different specialists, e.g. wall paintings, 4. There is a need to develop a holistic ap- raznolikosti, ki bi ga spoštovali strokovnjaki, obrtniki sculpture and objects of artistic and his- j) prepoznali, kdaj je treba poiskati nasvet in določili proach to our heritage on the basis of cul- torical value, and/or studies of materials tural pluralism and diversity, respected in upravljalci. Konservatorstvo in restavratorstvo področja, ki jih morajo proučiti različni strokovnjaki, and systems; by professionals, craftspersons and ad- zahtevata sposobnost opazovanja, analiziranja in npr. stenske poslikave, skulpture in predmete k) give expert advice on maintenance strate- ministrators. Conservation requires the povezovanja. Konservator / restavrator mora imeti umetniške in zgodovinske vrednosti, in/ali materiale in gies, management policies and the policy ability to observe, analyze and synthe- prilagodljiv, celo pragmatičen pristop, utemeljen na framework for environmental protec- sisteme; size. The conservationist should have a tion and preservation of monuments and flexible yet pragmatic approach based kulturni zavesti, ki mora prežemati vse praktično delo, k) strokovno svetovali o strategijah vzdrževanja, politikah their contents, and sites; on cultural consciousness which should ustrezno izobraževanje in usposabljanje, trezno presojo upravljanja in v sistemskih okvirih varstva okolja in l) document works executed and make penetrate all practical work, proper ed- in občutek za pravo mero skupaj z razumevanjem ohranjanja spomenikov, vključno z njihovo vsebino, same accessible. ucation and training, sound judgment potreb skupnosti. Za to interdisciplinarno dejavnost so m) work in multi-disciplinary groups using nudili strokovno oporo; and a sense of proportion with an un- sound methods; derstanding of the community’s needs. potrebne številne strokovne in obrtniške veščine. l) dokumentirali opravljena dela in jih naredili dostopna; n) be able to work with inhabitants, admin- Many professional and craft skills are in- 5. Konservatorska in restavratorska dela smejo biti zaupana m) delovali v interdisciplinarnih skupinah, ki uporabljajo istrators and planners to resolve conflicts volved in this interdisciplinary activity. le posameznikom, ki so usposobljeni za posamezne zanesljive metode; and to develop conservation strategies 5. Conservation works should only be en- specialistične posege. Izobraževanje in usposabljanje appropriate to local needs, abilities and n) in bili sposobni sodelovati s prebivalci, upravljalci in trusted to persons competent in these resources; specialist activities. Education and train- za potrebe konservatorstva in restavratorstva morata načrtovalci pri reševanju sporov in razvijanju strategij ing for conservation should produce dati širok razpon strokovnjakov, konservatorjev in varstva in ohranjanja v skladu z lokalnimi potrebami, from a range of professionals, conserva- Aims of Courses konservatorjev, ki bodo: možnostmi in finančnimi spomeniškem območju viri. tionists who are able to: a) brali spomenik, spomeniško celoto ali spomeniško 6. There is a need to impart knowledge of a) read a monument, ensemble or site and conservation attitudes and approaches to Cilji tečajev identify its emotional, cultural and use območje ter opredelili njihov čustveni, kulturni in all those who may have a direct or indi- significance; uporabni pomen; rect impact on cultural property. 6. Poznavanje konservatorskih in restavratorskih načinov b) understand the history and technology of b) razumeli zgodovino in tehnologijo gradnje spomenikov, 7. The practice of conservation is interdisci- in pristopov je treba podati vsem, ki bi lahko imeli monuments, ensembles or sites in order spomeniških celot ali spomeniških območij, da bi plinary; it therefore follows that courses to define their identity, plan for their con- neposreden ali posreden vpliv na objekte kulturne 58 59 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 should also be multidisciplinary. Profes- dediščine. able method for advanced teaching, and in usposabljanje. Spodbujati je treba praktično ročno sionals, including academics and special- 7. Konservatorska praksa je interdisciplinarna; to useful in major population centers. Short usposabljanje v posameznih obrteh. ized craftspersons, who have already pomeni, da morajo biti interdisciplinarni tudi tečaji. courses can enlarge attitudes, but cannot received their normal qualification will 13. Tečaji za nadaljevanje strokovnega razvoja lahko teach skills or impart profound under- need further training in order to become Strokovnjaki, vključno z akademiki in že usposobljenimi standing of conservation. They can help dopolnijo tako osnovno izobrazbo kot usposabljanje conservationists; equally those who seek specializiranimi obrtniki, bodo potrebovali nadaljnje introduce concepts and techniques of strokovnjakov. Dolgoročni in popoldanski tečaji so to act competently in historic environ- šolanje, da bi postali konservatorji ali restavratorji; conservation in the management of the dragocene metode dodatnega izobraževanja in so ment. built and natural environment and the to velja tudi za tiste, ki želijo kompetentno delovati v 8. Conservationists should ensure that all uporabni v velikih naseljih. Kratki tečaji lahko razširijo objects within it. artisans and staff working on a monu- zgodovinskem okolju. 14. Participants in specialist courses should obzorja, ne morejo pa ljudi izuriti ali jim podati globljega ment, ensemble or site respect its signifi- 8. Konservatorji in restavratorji morajo zagotoviti, da be of a high caliber normally having had razumevanja konservatorstva in restavratorstva. cance. vsi obrtniki in osebje, ki delajo pri nekem spomeniku, appropriate education and training and Pomagajo lahko uvesti varstvene pojme in tehnike 9. Training in disaster preparedness and in practical working experience. Special- spomeniški celoti ali spomeniškem območju, spoštujejo methods of mitigating damage to cultural v upravljanje s grajenim in naravnim okoljem ter ist courses should be multi-disciplinary property, by strengthening and improv- pomen le-tega. with core subjects for all participants, tamkajšnjimi objekti. ing fire prevention and other security 9. Tečaji naj vključujejo usposabljanje za pravilno and optional subjects to extend capaci- 14. Udeleženci specialističnih tečajev morajo biti measures, should be included in courses. ukrepanje v primeru naravnih in drugih nesreč, ties and/or to fill the gaps in previous visokega profila, ustrezno izobraženi, usposobljeni 10. Traditional crafts are a valuable cultural education and training. To complete the predstavijo naj metode za blažitev škode, ki bi jo utrpeli resource. Craftspersons, already with in s praktičnimi delovnimi izkušnjami. Specialistični education and training of a conservation- high level manual skills, should be fur- kulturni objekti, z uporabo ostrejših in učinkovitejših ist an internship is recommended to give tečaji morajo biti interdisciplinarni z glavnimi ther trained for conservation work with protipožarnih in drugih ukrepov. practical experience. predmeti za vse udeležence in izbirnimi predmeti za instruction in the history of their craft, 10. Tradicionalne obrti so dragocen kulturni vir. Že 15. Every country or regional group should širjenje kapacitet in/ali zapolnitev vrzeli prejšnjega historic details and practices, and the be encouraged to develop at least one dobro izurjene obrtnike je treba dodatno usposobiti theory of conservation with the need for izobraževanja in usposabljanja. Da bi konservator ali comprehensively organized institute giv- documentation. Many historic skills will za konservatorsko in restavratorsko delo v obliki ing education and training and specialist restavrator zaključil izobraževanje in usposabljanje, je have to be recorded and revived. predavanj o zgodovini njihove obrti, zgodovinskih courses. It may take decades to establish priporočljivo, da opravi pripravništvo, s katerim bo podrobnostih in praksah ter o teoriji konservatorstva a fully competent conservation service. Organisation of Education and Training pridobil praktične izkušnje. Special short-term measures may there- in restavratorstva s poudarkom na potrebi po 15. Vsako državo ali regionalno skupino je treba fore be required, including the grafting of 11. Many satisfactory methods of achiev- dokumentiranju. Evidentirati in obuditi bo treba veliko new initiatives onto existing programs in spodbujati, naj razvije vsaj en vsestransko organiziran ing the required education and training veščin, uporabljenih v preteklosti. order to lead to fully developed new pro- are possible. Variations will depend on inštitut za izobraževanje, usposabljanje in specialistične grams. National, regional and interna- traditions and legislation, as well as on tečaje. Vzpostavljanje popolnoma kompetentne Organizacija izobraževanja in usposabljanja tional exchange of teachers, experts and administrative and economic context of konservatorske službe lahko traja več desetletij. Zato so students should be encouraged. Regular each cultural region. The active exchange 11. Potrebno izobraževanje in usposabljanje je mogoče evaluation of conservation training pro- lahko potrebni posebni, kratkoročni ukrepi, vključno z of ideas and opinions on new approaches grams by peers is a necessity. to education and training between na- zagotoviti s številnimi zadovoljivimi metodami. dodajanjem novih pobud k že obstoječim programom, tional institutes and at international lev- Odstopanja so odvisna od tradicij in zakonodaje, kar naj bi pripeljalo k popolnoma razvitim novim Resources els should be encouraged. Collaborative pa tudi od upravnega in gospodarskega konteksta programom. Treba je spodbujati nacionalno, regionalno network of individuals and institutions is 16. Resources needed for specialist courses vsake kulturne regije. Spodbujati je treba tudi in mednarodno izmenjavo učiteljev, strokovnjakov essential to the success of this exchange. may include e.g.: 12. Education and sensitization for conserva- dejavno izmenjavo idej in mnenj o novih pristopih in študentov. Nujno je potrebna redna evalvacija a) an adequate number of participants of re- tion should begin in schools and continue k izobraževanju in usposabljanju med nacionalnimi quired level ideally in the range of 15 to programov konservatorskega ali restavratorskega in universities and beyond. These institu- ustanovami in onimi na mednarodni ravni. Za uspešno 25; usposabljanja, ki ga naj izvajajo strokovnjaki z istega tions have an important role in raising b) a full-time co-ordinator with sufficient izmenjavo je njuno potrebna mreža sodelovanja med področja. visual and cultural awareness - improv- administrative support; ing ability to read and understand the posamezniki in ustanovami. c) instructors with sound theoretical knowl- elements of our cultural heritage - and Pogoji 12. Izobraževanje o konservatorstvu in restavratorstvu, edge and practical experience in conser- giving the cultural preparation needed negovanje posluha zanj, se mora začeti v šolah in vation and teaching ability; 16. Pogoji za specialistične tečaje lahko npr. obsegajo: by candidates for specialist education d) fully equipped facilities including lecture and training. Practical hands-on training nadaljevati na univerzah in pozneje. Te ustanove space with audio-visual equipment, vid- a) ustrezno število od 15 do 25 udeležencev zahtevane in craft work should be encouraged. imajo pomembno vlogo pri vizualnem in kulturnem eo, etc., studios, laboratories, workshops, ravni; 13. Courses for continuing professional de- ozaveščanju – izboljševanju sposobnosti branja in seminar rooms, and staff offices; b) koordinatorja s polnim delovnim časom z ustrezno velopment can enlarge on the initial razumevanja elementov naše kulturne dediščine – in e) library and documentation center pro- education and training of professionals. administrativno podporo; viding reference collections, facilities for Long-term, part-time courses are a valu- pri pripravi kandidatov za specialistično izobraževanje coordinated research, and access to com- c) inštruktorje z dobrim teoretičnim znanjem in 60 61 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 puterized information networks; praktičnimi izkušnjami na področju konservatorstva f) a range of monuments, ensembles and ali restavratorstva ter s sposobnostmi poučevanja; sites within a reasonable radius. d) popolno opremljene prostore: predavalnico z avdio- 17. Conservation depends upon documen- vizualno opremo, videom itd., ateljeje, laboratorije, tation adequate for understanding of delavnice, seminarske sobe in pisarne za osebje; monuments, ensembles or sites and their e) knjižnico in dokumentacijski center z referenčnimi respective settings. Each country should have an institute for research and archive zbirkami, opremo za koordiniranje raziskovalnega dela for recording its cultural heritage and all in dostopom do računalniških informacijskih mrež; conservation works related thereto. The f) v bližini dovolj spomenikov, spomeniških celot in course should work within the archive spomeniških območij. responsibilities identified at the national level. 17. Konservatorstvo in restavratorstvo sta odvisna od 18. Funding for teaching fees and subsist- ence may need special arrangements for dokumentacije, ustrezne za razumevanje spomenikov, midcareer participants as they may al- spomeniških celot in spomeniških območij ter njihove ready have personal responsibilities. okolice. Vsaka država mora imeti raziskovalni inštitut in arhiv za evidentiranje kulturne dediščine in vseh konservatorskih posegov, povezanih z njo. Tečaji naj potekajo v sklopu nalog arhiva, ki so določene na nacionalni ravni. 18. Za financiranje plačil in dnevnic za učitelje bo morda treba najti posebne rešitve v primeru tistih sodelavcev, ki so sredi poklicne poti, in morda že imajo službene dolžnosti. 62 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 THE NARA DOCUMENT NARSKA LISTINA ON AUTHENTICITY O AVTENTIČNOSTI Nara Conference on Authenticity Konferenca o avtentičnosti in Relation to the World Heritage Convention, v okviru Konvencije o svetovni dediščini (World Heritage Convention), Nara, Japan, from 1 - 6 November 1994 Nara, Japonska, od 1. - 6. novembra 1994 Preamble Preambula 1. We, the experts assembled in Nara 1. Strokovnjaki, zbrani v japonskem mestu Nara se (Japan), wish to acknowledge the želimo zahvaliti za velikodušnost in intelektualni generous spirit and intellectual courage of the Japanese authorities in providing pogum japonskih oblasti, ker so v pravem trenutku a timely forum in which we could omogočile forum, na katerem smo lahko prevetrili challenge conventional thinking in the conservation field, and debate ways ustaljeno razmišljanje na področju konservatorstva and means of broadening our horizons in razpravljali o načinih in sredstvih za širjenje naših to bring greater respect for cultural and heritage diversity to conservation obzorij, da bi zagotovili večje spoštovanje kulturne in practice. dediščinske raznolikosti v konservatorski praksi. 2. We also wish to acknowledge the value 2. Želimo tudi izraziti, kako neprecenljiv je okvir za of the framework for discussion provided by the World Heritage razpravo, za katerega je poskrbel Odbor za svetovno Committee’s desire to apply the test dediščino v želji uvesti preizkus avtentičnosti ob of authenticity in ways which accord full respect to the social and cultural polnem spoštovanju družbenih in kulturnih vrednot values of all societies, in examining the vseh družb in tako preveriti izjemen univerzalni outstanding universal value of cultural properties proposed for the World pomen kulturnih spomenikov predlaganih na Heritage List. Seznam svetovne naravne in kulturne dediščine. 3. The Nara Document on Authenticity 3. Narska listina o avtentičnosti je nastala v duhu is conceived in the spirit of the Charter of Venice, 1964, and builds on it and Beneške listine iz leta 1964, zasnovana je na njej in extends it in response to the expanding jo nadgrajuje zaradi vse širšega obsega vprašanj scope of cultural heritage concerns and enija. interests in our contemporary world. in interesov, povezanih s kulturno dediščino v 4. In a world that is increasingly subject sodobnem svetu. to the forces of globalization and 4. V svetu, ki mu vse bolj vladajo sile globalizacije homogenization, and in a world in which the search for cultural identity is in homogenizacije in v katerem iskanje kulturne sometimes pursued through aggressive identitete včasih poteka v duhu nasilnega nationalism and the suppression of the cultures of minorities, the essential nacionalizma in zatiranja manjšinskih kultur, je glavni contribution made by the consideration prispevek upoštevanja avtentičnosti v konservatorski . Martina, Gorenja Draga, Slov of authenticity in conservation practice is to clarify and illuminate the collective praksi razjasnitev in osvetlitev kolektivnega spomina memory of humanity. človeštva. Cerkev sv 64 65 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Cultural Diversity and Heritage Diversity Kulturna in dediščinska raznolikost characteristics of the cultural heritage, vseh znanstvenih študijah o kulturni dediščini, pri and their meaning, is a requisite basis for načrtovanju konservatorskih in restavratorskih 5. The diversity of cultures and heritage 5. Raznolikost svetovnih kultur in dediščine je assessing all aspects of authenticity. in our world is an irreplaceable source posegov, pa tudi med postopki vpisa na sezname v nenadomestljiv vir duhovnega in intelektualnega 10. Authenticity, considered in this way of spiritual and intellectual richness and affirmed in the Charter of Venice, skladu s Konvencijo o svetovni kulturni in naravni for all humankind. The protection and bogastva vsega človeštva. Dejavno je treba appears as the essential qualifying factor dediščini in v druge inventarje. enhancement of cultural and heritage spodbujati zaščito in poudarjanje svetovne kulturne concerning values. The understanding 11. Vse oblike presojanja vrednot, pripisanih kulturnim diversity in our world should be actively in dediščinske raznolikosti kot bistvenih delov of authenticity plays a fundamental promoted as an essential aspect of spomenikom in verodostojnosti z njimi povezanih človeškega razvoja. role in all scientific studies of the human development. cultural heritage, in conservation and virov informacij se razlikujejo od kulture do kulture, 6. Cultural heritage diversity exists in 6. Raznolikost kulturne dediščine obstaja v času in restoration planning, as well as within pa tudi znotraj iste kulture. Zato presojanj vrednot time and space, and demands respect prostoru ter zahteva spoštovanje drugih kultur in the inscription procedures used for the for other cultures and all aspects of in verodostojnosti ni mogoče zasnovati z dokončno vseh vidikov njihovih sistemov prepričanj. Kadar se World Heritage Convention and other their belief systems. In cases where zdi, da so kulturne vrednote v konfliktu, spoštovanje cultural heritage inventories. določenimi merili. Nasprotno, spoštovanje vseh cultural values appear to be in conflict, 11. All judgements about values attributed kultur zahteva, da je treba primere dediščine presojati respect for cultural diversity demands kulturne raznolikosti zahteva priznavanje to cultural properties as well as the in ocenjevati v luči njihovih kulturnih kontekstov. acknowledgment of the legitimacy of the legitimnosti kulturnih vrednot vseh vpletenih strani. credibility of related information sources cultural values of all parties. 7. Vse kulture in družbe imajo korenine v posebnih may differ from culture to culture, 12. Zato je zelo pomembno in nujno, da vsaki kulturi 7. All cultures and societies are rooted oblikah in pomenih snovnega in nesnovnega and even within the same culture. It is priznamo posebno naravo njenih dediščinskih in the particular forms and means of thus not possible to base judgements vrednot in v povezavi z verodostojnostjo in tangible and intangible expression izraza, ki sestavljajo njihovo dediščino in jih je treba of values and authenticity within fixed resničnostjo z njimi povezanih virov podatkov. which constitute their heritage, and spoštovati. criteria. On the contrary, the respect due these should be respected. 8. Pomembno je poudariti temeljno načelo Unesca, ki to all cultures requires that heritage 13. Glede na naravo kulturne dediščine, njen 8. It is important to underline a pravi, da je kulturna dediščina posameznika kulturna properties must be considered and kulturni kontekst in razvoj skozi čas je presojanje fundamental principle of UNESCO, judged within the cultural contexts to avtentičnosti lahko povezano z vrednostjo širokega to the effect that the cultural heritage dediščina vseh. Odgovornost do kulturne dediščine which they belong. of each is the cultural heritage of all. in upravljanje z njo pripadata predvsem kulturni 12. Therefore, it is of the highest importance razpona virov informacij. Ti viri lahko vključujejo Responsibility for cultural heritage and skupnosti, ki jo je ustvarila, nato pa še tistemu, ki skrbi and urgency that, within each culture, obliko in oblikovanje, materiale in snovi, uporabo the management of it belongs, in the first zanjo. Toda poleg teh dolžnosti je treba upoštevati tudi recognition be accorded to the specific in namembnost, tradicije in tehnike, lokacijo in place, to the cultural community that has nature of its heritage values and the okolico, duh in občutje in druge notranje in zunanje generated it, and subsequently to that načela in odgovornosti, ki jih narekujejo mednarodne credibility and truthfulness of related which cares for it. However, in addition listine in konvencije o ohranjanju kulturne dediščine. information sources. dejavnike. Uporaba teh virov omogoča obravnavo to these responsibilities, adherence to the Zelo je zaželeno, da vsaka skupnost uskladi svoje 13. Depending on the nature of the cultural posebnih umetnostnih, zgodovinskih, družbenih international charters and conventions heritage, its cultural context, and its in znanstvenih razsežnosti obravnavane kulturne developed for conservation of cultural zahteve z zahtevami drugih kulturnih skupnosti, pri evolution through time, authenticity heritage also obliges consideration čemer to usklajevanje ne sme spodkopati temeljnih judgements may be linked to the worth of dediščine. of the principles and responsibilities kulturnih vrednot katerekoli od njih. a great variety of sources of information. flowing from them. Balancing their own Aspects of the sources may include form Dodatek I requirements with those of other cultural and design, materials and substance, use Predlogi za nadaljevanje communities is, for each community, Vrednote in avtentičnost and function, traditions and techniques, highly desirable, provided achieving location and setting, and spirit and (predlagal Herb Stovel) this balance does not undermine their 9. Ohranjanje kulturne dediščine v vseh njenih feeling, and other internal and external fundamental cultural values. oblikah in iz vseh zgodovinskih obdobij temelji na factors. The use of these sources permits 1. Spoštovanje kulturne in dediščinske raznolikosti elaboration of the specific artistic, zahteva zavestno izogibanje vsiljenim rutinskim Values and Authenticity dediščini pripisanih vrednotah. Naša sposobnost historic, social, and scientific dimensions razumevanja teh vrednot je delno odvisna od stopnje of the cultural heritage being examined. obrazcem ali standardiziranim postopkom pri 9. Conservation of cultural heritage in verodostojnosti ali resničnosti virov informacij o teh razlaganju ali določanju avtentičnosti posameznih all its forms and historical periods is vrednotah. Poznavanje in razumevanje teh virov Appendix 1 spomenikov in spomeniških območij. rooted in the values attributed to the Suggestions for follow-up heritage. Our ability to understand these informacij v luči prvotnih in poznejših značilnosti (proposed by Herb Stovel) 2. Prizadevanje določiti avtentičnost na način, ki values depends, in part, on the degree to kulturne dediščine in njihovega pomena so nujna bi bil spoštljiv do različnih kultur in dediščinske which information sources about these osnova za oceno vseh vidikov avtentičnosti. 1. Respect for cultural and heritage raznolikosti zahteva pristope, ki spodbujajo kulture, values may be understood as credible or 10. Tako razumljena avtentičnost, ki jo potrjuje Beneška diversity requires conscious efforts to naj razvijejo analitične procese in orodja glede na truthful. Knowledge and understanding avoid imposing mechanistic formulae or of these sources of information, in listina, je bistveni določujoči dejavnik vrednotenja. standardized procedures in attempting svojo naravo in potrebe. Takšni pristopi imajo lahko relation to original and subsequent Razumevanje avtentičnosti ima temeljno vlogo v to define or determine authenticity of več skupnih potez: 66 67 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 particular monuments and sites. • prizadevanja zagotoviti oceno avtentičnosti obsegajo Appendix 2 Dodatek II 2. Efforts to determine authenticity in multidisciplinarno sodelovanje in ustrezno uporabo a manner respectful of cultures and Definitions Definiciji pojmov heritage diversity requires approaches vsega razpoložljivega strokovnega in drugega znanja; which encourage cultures to develop • prizadevanja zagotoviti pripisane vrednote dejansko Conservation: all efforts designed to Konservatorstvo: vsa prizadevanja za razumevanje analytical processes and tools specific to odražajo kulturo in raznolikost njenih interesov, še understand cultural heritage, know its history kulturne dediščine, poznavanje njene zgodovine in their nature and needs. Such approaches zlasti spomenikov in najdišč; and meaning, ensure its material safeguard pomena, zagotavljanje njene materialne zaščite in po may have several aspects in common: and, as required, its presentation, restoration • efforts to ensure assessment of • prizadevanja jasno dokumentirati posebnosti and enhancement. (Cultural heritage is potrebi predstavitve, obnove in izboljšanja. (Kulturna authenticity involve multidisciplinary avtentičnosti spomenikov in najdišč kot praktičen understood to include monuments, groups dediščina so spomeniki, skupine stavb in spomeniška collaboration and the appropriate vodnik za prihodnjo obravnavo in nadzor; of buildings and sites of cultural value as območja, kot so opredeljeni v 1. členu Konvencije o utilization of all available expertise and defined in article one of the World Heritage • prizadevanja posodobiti ocene avtentičnosti v luči svetovni dediščini). knowledge; Convention). • efforts to ensure attributed values are spremenljivih vrednot in okoliščin. Information sources: all material, written, oral Viri informacij: vsi materialni, pisni, ustni in slikovni viri, truly representative of a culture and the 3. Še zlasti pomembna so prizadevanja zagotoviti and figurative sources which make it possible ki omogočajo spoznati naravo, posebnosti, pomen in diversity of its interests, in particular spoštovanje dediščini pripisanih vrednot in da to know the nature, specifications, meaning zgodovino kulturne dediščine. monuments and sites; and history of the cultural heritage. opredelitev teh vrednot obsega prizadevanja • efforts to document clearly the particular nature of authenticity for monuments vzpostaviti čim večji konsenz o njih med različnimi and sites as a practical guide to future strokovnimi panogami in v lokalni skupnosti. treatment and monitoring; 4. Pristopi morajo graditi mednarodno sodelovanje • efforts to update authenticity med vsemi zainteresiranimi za ohranjanje kulturne assessments in light of changing values and circumstances. dediščine, ki ga je treba omogočati, da bi izboljšali 3. Particularly important are efforts globalno spoštovanje in razumevanje raznolikih to ensure that attributed values are izrazov in vrednot vsake kulture. respected, and that their determination 5. Nadaljevanje in širjenje tega dialoga v različnih includes efforts to build, as far as possible, a multidisciplinary and regijah in kulturah sveta je predpogoj za vse večjo The Nara Document on Authenticity was drafted by the Osnutek Narske listine o avtentičnosti je pripravilo petinštirideset udeležencev 45 participants at the Nara Conference on Authenticity Konference o avtentičnosti s stališča Konvencije o svetovni dediščini, ki community consensus concerning these praktično vrednost upoštevanja avtentičnosti pri in Relation to the World Heritage Convention, held at je potekala v Nari, Japonska, od 1. do 6. novembra 1994 na vabilo Agencije values. ohranjanju skupne dediščine človeštva. Nara, Japan, from 1-6 November 1994, at the invitation za kulturne zadeve (Vlada Japonske) in prefekture Nara. Agencija je narsko 4. Approaches should also build on and 6. Ozaveščanje javnosti o tej temeljni razsežnosti of the Agency for Cultural Affairs (Government of konferenco organizirala v sodelovanju z UNESCO, ICCROM in ICOMOS. facilitate international co-operation Japan) and the Nara Prefecture. The Agency organized among all those with an interest in dediščine je nujno potrebno, da bi oblikovali the Nara Conference in cooperation with UNESCO, conservation of cultural heritage, konkretne ukrepe za zaščito ostankov iz preteklosti. ICCROM and ICOMOS. in order to improve global respect To pomeni razvijanje večjega razumevanja vrednot, Končno različico Narske listine and understanding for the diverse This final version of the Nara Document ki jih predstavljajo same kulturne nepremičnine, has been edited by the general rapporteurs sta pripravila expressions and values of each culture. of the Nara Conference, glavna poročevalca konference v Nari, 5. Continuation and extension of this pa tudi spoštovanje vloge, ki jih ti spomeniki in dialogue to the various regions and spomeniška območja imajo v sodobni družbi. Mr. Raymond Lemaire and Raymond Lemaire in cultures of the world is a prerequisite Mr. Herb Stovel. Herb Stovel. to increasing the practical value of consideration of authenticity in the conservation of the common heritage of humankind. 6. Increasing awareness within the public of this fundamental dimension of heritage is an absolute necessity in order to arrive at concrete measures for safeguarding the vestiges of the past. This means developing greater understanding of the values represented by the cultural properties themselves, as well as respecting the role such monuments and sites play in contemporary society. 68 69 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 PRINCIPLES NAČELA FOR THE RECORDING DOKUMENTIRANJA OF MONUMENTS, SPOMENIKOV, GROUPS OF BUILDINGS SKUPIN STAVB AND SITES IN SPOMENIŠKIH OBMOČIJ Ratified by Ratificirana the 11th ICOMOS General Assembly, na 11. generalni skupščini ICOMOS Sofia, Bulgaria, October 1996. v Sofiji, Bolgarija, oktober 1996 As the cultural heritage is a unique Ker je kulturna dediščina neponovljiv odraz expression of human achievement; and dosežkov človeštva, As this cultural heritage is continuously at ker je nenehno ogrožena, risk; and As recording is one of the principal ways ker je dokumentiranje eden od glavnih razpoložljivih available to give meaning, understanding, načinov osmišljanja, razumevanja, definiranja in definition and recognition of the values of the priznanja vrednot kulturne dediščine, cultural heritage; and ker odgovornosti za varstvo in vzdrževanje kulturne As the responsibility for conserving and maintaining the cultural heritage rests not only dediščine ne nosijo samo lastniki temveč tudi with the owners but also with conservation konservatorji, restavratorji in drugi strokovnjaki, specialists and the professionals, managers, upravljalci, politiki in administratorji na vseh ravneh politicians and administrators working at all oblasti, in javnost, levels of government, and with the public; and ter v smislu 16. člena Beneške listine, As article 16 of the Charter of Venice je bistvenega pomena, da pristojne organizacije in requires, it is essential that responsible posamezniki dokumentirajo značilnosti kulturne organisations and individuals record the dediščine. nature of the cultural heritage. The purpose of this document is therefore to Namen tega dokumenta je torej opredeliti glavne set out the principal reasons, responsibilities, razloge, odgovornosti, načrtovalske ukrepe, planning measures, contents, management vsebine, upravljanje in skupne naloge, povezane z and sharing considerations for the recording a Brdarja ob razstavi v Galeriji Loža leta 2007. of the cultural heritage. dokumentiranjem kulturne dediščine. Definition of Words used in this Document: Definicija uporabljenih izrazov: Cultural Heritage Kulturna dediščina refers to monuments, groups of buildings and sites of heritage value, constituting the so spomeniki, skupine stavb in spomeniška območja, historic or built environment. ki tvorijo zgodovinsko ali grajeno okolje. Recording Dokumentiranje is the capture of information which describes je zapisovanje informacij, ki opisujejo fizično the physical configuration, condition and use of monuments, groups of buildings and sites, konfiguracijo, stanje in rabo spomenikov, skupin at points in time, and it is an essential part of stavb in spomeniških območij v različnih obdobjih the conservation process. enija. Pred njo začasno razstavljena plastika Jakov in je zelo pomemben del konservatorskega procesa. Records Dokumentacija of monuments, groups of buildings and sites may include tangible as well as intangible spomenikov, skupin stavb in spomeniških območij evidence, and constitute a part of the lahko vključujejo snovne in nesnovne dokaze in documentation that can contribute to an so del širše dokumentacije, ki lahko prispeva k understanding of the heritage and its related Katedrala v Kopru, Slov razumevanju dediščine in z njo povezanih vrednot. values. 70 71 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 The Reasons for Recording Razlogi za dokumentiranje tural heritage; dediščina ogrožena zaradi človeškega 1. The recording of the cultural heritage is es- f) When change of use or responsibility for delovanja ali naravnih sil; 1. Dokumentiranje kulturne dediščine je ključno: sential: management or control occurs. e) med naključno ali nepredvideno motnjo, ki a) To acquire knowledge in order to advance a) pri poglabljanju znanja za boljše razumevanje Responsibility for Recording poškoduje kulturno dediščino ali po njej; the understanding of cultural heritage, its kulturne dediščine, njenih vrednot in razvoja; values and its evolution; f) ob spremembi uporabe ali odgovornosti za b) za spodbujanje javnega interesa in sodelovanja b) To promote the interest and involvement 1. The commitment at the national level to upravljanje ali nadzor. javnosti pri ohranjanju dediščine s širjenjem of the people in the preservation of the conserve the heritage requires an equal heritage through the dissemination of re- zbranih informacij; commitment towards the recording proc- Odgovornost za dokumentiranje corded information; ess. c) za omogočanje z informacijami podprtega c) To permit informed management and 2. The complexity of the recording and inter- upravljanja in nadzora gradbenih del in vseh 1. Dolžnost ohranjanja dediščine na nacionalni control of construction works and of all pretation processes requires the deploy- posegov v kulturno dediščino; ravni prinaša tudi enako pomembno dolžnost change to the cultural heritage; ment of individuals with adequate skill, knowledge and awareness for the associ- dokumentiranja. d) To ensure that the maintenance and con- d) za zagotavljanje vzdrževanja in ohranjanja servation of the heritage is sensitive to its ated tasks. It may be necessary to initiate dediščine ob upoštevanju njenih fizičnih oblik, 2. Večplastnost postopkov dokumentiranja physical form, its materials, construction, training programmes to achieve this. materialov, konstrukcije ter zgodovinskega in in interpretacije zahteva sodelovanje and its historical and cultural significance. 3. Typically the recording process may in- posameznikov z ustreznimi veščinami, 2. Recording should be undertaken to an ap- kulturnega pomena. volve skilled individuals working in col- laboration, such as specialist heritage znanjem in poznavanjem ciljev naloge. Zato je propriate level of detail in order to: 2. Zbiranje podatkov naj bo ustrezno podrobno, a) Provide information for the process of recorders, surveyors, conservators, archi- včasih treba uvesti programe usposabljanja. da bi zagotovilo: identification, understanding, interpreta- tects, engineers, researchers, architectural 3. Proces dokumentiranja lahko vključuje a) informacije za proces prepoznavanja, tion and presentation of the heritage, and historians, archaeologists above and be- sodelovanje usposobljenih posameznikov, kot to promote the involvement of the public; razumevanja, interpretacije in predstavljanja low ground, and other specialist advisors. 4. All managers of cultural heritage are re- so strokovnjaki za dokumentiranje dediščine, b) Provide a permanent record of all monu- dediščine ter spodbudilo sodelovanje javnosti; ments, groups of buildings and sites that sponsible for ensuring the adequate re- geodeti, konservatorji, arhitekti, inženirji, b) trajno dokumentacijo spomenikov, skupin stavb are to be destroyed or altered in any way, cording, quality and updating of the raziskovalci, zgodovinarji arhitekture, in spomeniških območij, ki jih je treba porušiti or where at risk from natural events or hu- records. arheologi za najdišča nad in pod zemljo in man activities; ali kakorkoli spremeniti ali ki so ogroženi Planning for Recording drugi strokovni svetovalci. c) Provide information for administrators zaradi naravnih dogodkov ali človekovega and planners at national, regional or local 4. Dolžnost vseh upravljalcev kulturne dediščine delovanja; levels to make sensitive planning and de- 1. Before new records are prepared, existing je zagotoviti ustrezno dokumentiranje ter c) potrebne informacije administratorjem in velopment control policies and decisions; sources of information should be found kakovost in posodabljanje dokumentacije. d) Provide information upon which appro- načrtovalcem na nacionalni, regionalni and examined for their adequacy. priate and sustainable use may be identi- ali lokalni ravni za ustrezno načrtovanje, a) The type of records containing such in- Načrtovanje dokumentiranja fied, and the effective research, manage- formation should be searched for in sur- oblikovanje nadzornih politik in odločanje; veys, drawings, photographs, published 1. Pred pripravo novih dokumentacij je treba ment, maintenance programmes and con- d) potrebne informacije za določanje ustrezne struction works may be planned. and unpublished accounts and descrip- poiskati obstoječe vire informacij in preveriti 3. Recording of the cultural heritage should in trajnostne rabe, za načrtovanje učinkovitih tions, and related documents pertaining njihovo ustreznost. be seen as a priority, and should be under- programov raziskovanja, upravljanja in to the origins and history of the building, a) Vire informacij je treba iskati v pregledih, taken especially: group of buildings or site. It is important vzdrževanja ter gradbenih del. to search out recent as well as old records; risbah, fotografijah, objavljenih in neobjavljenih a) When compiling a national, regional, or lo- 3. Dokumentiranje kulturne dediščine mora biti cal inventory; b) Existing records should be searched for in pričevanjih in opisih ter ustreznih dokumentih, b) As a fully integrated part of research and prednostna naloga, ki jo je treba opraviti zlasti: locations such as national and local public povezanih z nastankom in zgodovino stavbe, conservation activity; archives, in professional, institutional or a) ob izdelavi nacionalnega, regionalnega ali skupine stavb ali spomeniškega območja. c) Before, during and after any works of re- private archives, inventories and collec- lokalnega inventarja; Pomembno je pregledati tako najnovejše kot pair, alteration, or other intervention, and tions, in libraries or museums; b) kot nujni sestavni del raziskovalnih, c) Records should be searched for through starejše vire. when evidence of its history is revealed during such works; konservatorskih in restavratorskih aktivnosti; consultation with individuals and organi- b) Obstoječe podatke je treba iskati v nacionalnih d) When total or partial demolition, destruc- sations who have owned, occupied, re- c) pred in med kakršnimikoli popravili, in lokalnih arhivih ter v strokovnih, javnih tion, abandonment or relocation is con- corded, constructed, conserved, or carried adaptacijami ali drugimi posegi na dediščini in zasebnih arhivih, inventarjih in zbirkah, v templated, or where the heritage is at risk out research into or who have knowledge of the building, group of buildings or site. knjižnicah in muzejih. of damage from human or natural external in po njih ter ob odkritju dokazov o njeni forces; zgodovini med takšnimi posegi; 2. Arising out of the analysis above, selection c) Podatke je treba iskati s posvetovanjem s e) During or following accidental or unfore- of the appropriate scope, level and meth- d) ko se razmišlja o popolni ali delni rušitvi, posamezniki in organizacijami, ki so stavbo, seen disturbance which damages the cul- ods of recording requires that: uničenju, opustitvi ali preselitvi ali ko je skupino stavb ali spomeniško območje imeli v a) The methods of recording and type of 72 73 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 documentation produced should be ap- lasti, tam stanovali, jih dokumentirali, gradili, c) The nature, quality, cultural, artistic and 3. Vsaka nova dokumentacija mora vsebovati propriate to the nature of the heritage, the ohranjali in raziskovali ali jih poznajo. scientific significance of the heritage and seznam virov informacij, ki niso pridobljene purposes of the record, the cultural con- 2. Glede na gornjo analizo, izbor ustreznega its components and the cultural, artistic text, and the funding or other resources neposredno na spomeniku, skupini stavb ali na and scientific significance of: available. Limitations of such resources obsega, ravni in metod dokumentiranja • the materials, constituent parts and con- spomeniškem območju. may require a phased approach to record- zahteva, da: struction, decoration, ornament or inscrip- 4. Dokumentacija mora obsegati nekatere ali vse ing. Such methods might include written a) metode evidentiranja in vrsta nastale tions naslednje podatke: descriptions and analyses, photographs • services, fittings and machinery, dokumentacije morajo ustrezati vrsti dediščine, (aerial or terrestrial), rectified photogra- a) tip, obliko in dimenzije stavbe, skupine stavb, • ancillary structures, the gardens, land- phy, photogrammetry, geophysical sur- namenom zbiranja podatkov, kulturnemu scape and the cultural, topographical and spomenika ali spomeniškega območja; vey, maps, measured plans, drawings and kontekstu in financiranju oziroma drugim natural features of the site; b) notranje in zunanje značilnosti, kot je najbolj sketches, replicas or other traditional and razpoložljivim virom; pri delu je mogoče d) The traditional and modern technology ustrezno, spomenika, skupine stavb ali modern technologies; and skills used in construction and main- izbrati postopen pristop, če so ti viri omejeni; b) Recording methodologies should, wherev- spomeniškega območja; tenance; er possible, use non-intrusive techniques, metode lahko vključujejo pisne opise in e) Evidence to establish the date of origin, c) vrsto, kakovost, kulturni, umetniški in and should not cause damage to the object analize, fotografije (posnete iz zraka in s authorship, ownership, the original de- znanstveni pomen dediščine in njenih sestavnih being recorded; tal), rektificirano fotografijo, fotogametrijo, sign, extent, use and decoration; delov ter kulturni, umetniški in znanstveni c) The rationale for the intended scope and f) Evidence to establish the subsequent his- geofizične preglede, načrte, risbe in skice, the recording method should be clearly pomen: tory of its uses, associated events, structur- stated; replike in druge tradicionalne in sodobne al or decorative alterations, and the impact • materialov, sestavnih delov in konstrukcije, d) The materials used for compiling the fin- tehnike; of human or natural external forces; poslikave, okrasja in napisov, ished record must be archivally stable. b) metode dokumentiranja morajo, če je le g) The history of management, maintenance • namembnosti, infrastrukture in strojne opreme, and repairs; mogoče, uporabiti neinvazivne tehnike in ne Content of Records h) Representative elements or samples of • pomožnih objektov, vrtov, krajine ter kulturnih, smejo poškodovati objekta, ki ga obravnavamo; construction or site materials; topografskih in naravnih značilnosti območja; 1. Any record should be identified by: c) nameravani obseg in metodo dokumentiranja i) An assessment of the current condition of d) tradicionalne in sodobne tehnologije in veščine, a) The name of the building, group of build- je treba jasno utemeljiti; the heritage; uporabljene pri gradnji in vzdrževanju; ings or j) An assessment of the visual and functional b) A unique reference number; d) materiali, uporabljeni za končno dokumentacijo relationship between the heritage and its e) dokaze o datumu nastanka, avtorstvu, c) The date of compilation of the record; morajo biti arhivsko stabilni. setting; lastnikih, izvirni obliki, velikosti, uporabah in d) The name of the recording organisation; k) An assessment of the conflicts and risks okrasju; e) Cross-references to related building Vsebina evidence from human or natural causes, and from records and reports, photographic, graph- f) dokaze o poznejši zgodovini namembnosti, environmental pollution or adjacent land ic, textual or bibliographic documentation, 1) Vse evidence morajo biti označene z: uses. ključnih dogodkih, spremembah konstrukcije archaeological and environmental records. a) imenom stavbe, skupine stavb ali spomeniškega 5. In considering the different reasons for re- in opreme ter vplivu drugih človekovih 2. The location and extent of the monument, območja; cording different levels of detail will be re- posegov ali delovanja naravnih sil; group of buildings or site must be given quired. All the above information, even if accurately - this may be achieved by de- b) enolično referenčno številko; g) zgodovino upravljanja, vzdrževanja in briefly stated, provides important data for scription, maps, plans or aerial photo- c) datumom nastanka dokumentacije; local planning and building control and popravil; graphs. In rural areas a map reference or d) imenom organizacije, ki je opravila postopke management. Information in greater detail h) reprezentativne kose ali vzorce gradbenih triangulation to known points may be the dokumentiranja; is generally required for the site or build- materialov ali drugih najdb z območja; only methods available. In urban areas an ing owner’s, manager’s or user’s purposes address or street reference may be suffi- e) navzkrižnimi povezavami do sorodnih stavbnih i) oceno sedanjega stanja dediščine; for conservation, maintenance and use. cient. evidenc in poročil, fotografske, grafične, j) oceno vizualnega in funkcionalnega odnosa 3. New records should note the sources of all besedilne ali bibliografske dokumentacije in Management, dissemination and sharing of med dediščino in njeno okolico; information not obtained directly from the arheoloških in okoljskih zapisov. Records k) oceno konfliktov in tveganj zaradi človeških monument, group of buildings or site it- self. 2. Natančno je treba navesti lokacijo in obseg ali naravnih vzrokov, onesnaženja okolja ali 1. The original records should be preserved 4. Records should include some or all of the spomenika, skupine stavb ali spomeniškega in a safe archive, and the archive’s envi- škodljive rabe bližnjih zemljišč. following information: območja; to je mogoče doseči z opisom, ronment must ensure permanence of the 5. Stopnja podrobnosti dokumentiranja je a) The type, form and dimensions of the information and freedom from decay to zemljevidi, načrti ali fotografijami iz zraka. Na odvisna od razlogov, zaradi katerih izvajamo building, monument or site; recognised international standards. b) The interior and exterior characteristics, as podeželju je včasih edina razpoložljiva metoda dokumentiranje. Vse gornje informacije, 2. A complete back-up copy of such records appropriate, of the monument, group of sklic na zemljevid ali triangulacijska meritev. V should be stored in a separate safe loca- čeprav navedene le v grobem, so pomembne za buildings or site; mestu lahko zadošča ves naslov ali le ime ulice. tion. lokalno načrtovanje in nadzor nad gradnjami 74 75 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 3. Copies of such records should be acces- in upravljanjem. Podrobnejše informacije so sible to the statutory authorities, to con- potrebne za konservatorstvo, vzdrževanje cerned professionals and to the public, in uporabo s strani lastnika, upravljalca ali where appropriate, for the purposes of research, development controls and other uporabnika stavbe. administrative and legal processes. 4. Up-dated records should be readily availa- Upravljanje, širjenje in izmenjava dokumentacij ble, if possible on the site, for the purposes of research on the heritage, management, 1. Originalni zapisi morajo biti hranjeni v maintenance and disaster relief. varnem arhivu, okolje v arhivu pa mora 5. The format of the records should be stand- zagotavljati trajnost informacij in preprečevati ardised, and records should be indexed njihovo propadanje v skladu s priznanimi wherever possible to facilitate the ex- change and retrieval of information at a mednarodnimi standardi. local, national or international level. 2. Popolna kopija dokumentacije mora biti 6. The effective assembly, management and shranjena na ločeni varni lokaciji. distribution of recorded information re- 3. Kopije evidenc morajo biti dostopne zakonitim quires, wherever possible, the understand- ing and the appropriate use of up-to-date oblastem, zainteresiranim strokovnjakom in information technology. javnosti, kadar jih ti potrebujejo za raziskave, 7. The location of the records should be made usmerjanje razvoja in druge upravne in pravne public. postopke. 8. A report of the main results of any record- ing should be disseminated and published, 4. Za potrebe raziskovanja, upravljanja in when appropriate. vzdrževanja dediščine in odpravljanja posledic naravnih nesreč morajo biti posodobljene evidence prosto dostopne, če je le mogoče na kraju samem. 5. Format dokumentacije mora biti standardiziran, dokumenti pa morajo po možnosti imeti kazalo, ki omogoča izmenjavo informacij in dostop do njih na lokalni, nacionalni in mednarodni ravni. 6. Učinkovito zbiranje in širjenje zbranih podatkov ter upravljanje z njimi zahteva, kjer je le mogoče, poznavanje in ustrezno uporabo najsodobneše informacijske tehnologije. 7. Lokacija vsake dokumentacije mora biti javno znana. 8. Poročilo o bistvenih izsledkih dokumentiranja je treba, če je to primerno, širiti med javnost in javno objaviti. 76 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 PRINCIPLES NAČELA FOR THE PRESERVATION OHRANJANJA OF HISTORIC ZGODOVINSKIH TIMBER STRUCTURES LESENIH OBJEKTOV Adopted by Sprejeta the 12th General Assembly ICOMOS na 12. generalni skupščini ICOMOS in Mexico, October 1999 v Mehiki, oktobra 1999 The aim of this document is to define basic Namen tega dokumenta je opredeliti osnovna in splošno and universally applicable principles and uporabna načela in prakse za zaščito in ohranjanje practices for the protection and preservation of historic timber structures with due respect zgodovinskih lesenih objektov glede na njihov kulturni to their cultural significance. Historic timber pomen. Zgodovinski leseni objekti v tem primeru structures refer here to all types of buildings obsegajo vse vrste stavb in drugih objektov, ki so v celoti or constructions wholly or partially in tim- ber that have cultural significance or that are ali delno leseni, ki imajo kulturni pomen ali stojijo na parts of an historic area. zgodovinsko pomembnem območju. For the purpose of the preservation of such Načela, sprejeta za ohranjanje teh objektov: structures, the Principles: • recognize the importance of timber struc- tures from all periods as part of the cul- • priznavajo pomen lesenih objektov iz vseh obdobij kot tural heritage of the world; del kulturne dediščine človeštva; enija. • take into account the great diversity of his- toric timber structures; • upoštevajo različne vrste in lastnosti lesa, iz katerih so • take into account the various species and aki, Slov zgrajeni; qualities of wood used to build them; • priznavajo ranljivost popolnoma ali delno lesenih • recognize the vulnerability of structures wholly or partially in timber due to ma- objektov zaradi propadanja materiala in slabšanja terial decay and degradation in varying različnih okoljskih in podnebnih pogojev, ki jih environmental and climatic conditions, povzročajo nihanja vlažnosti, svetloba, napadi plesni caused by humidity fluctuations, light, fungal and insect attacks, wear and tear, in žuželk, obraba in dotrajanost, požari in druge fire and other disasters; nesreče; • recognize the increasing scarcity of historic • priznavajo vse večjo redkost zgodovinskih lesenih timber structures due to vulnerability, misuse and the loss of skills and knowl- objektov zaradi ranljivosti, napačne uporabe in edge of traditional design and construc- izgubljenih veščin in poznavanja tradicionalne tion technology; tehnologije oblikovanja in gradnje; • take into account the great variety of actions • upoštevajo veliko raznolikost dejanj in ukrepov za and treatments required for the preservation and conservation of these heritage re- ohranjanje in zaščito teh dediščinskih virov; sources; • upoštevajo Beneško listino, Burrsko listino in ustrezno • note the Venice Charter, the Burra Charter Unescovo in Icomosovo doktrino ter poskušajo and related UNESCO and ICOMOS doc- trine, and seek to apply these general prin- prenesti ta splošna načela na zaščito in ohranjanje ciples to the protection and preservation of zgodovinskih lesenih objektov; historic timber structures; and make the following recommendations: in podajajo naslednja priporočila: Detajl iz spomeniškega območja partizanske bolnišnice Franja po obnovi, 2010, Dolenji Nov 78 79 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Nadzor, beleženje in dokumentiranje preservation work whenever this may del objekta. Inspection, recording and documentation become necessary; and 6. Ideal naj bo minimalen poseg v tkivo zgodovinskega 1. Pred vsakim posegom je treba v skladu s d. not hinder the possibility of later ac- 1 The condition of the structure and its lesenega objekta. V določenih okoliščinah lahko 16. členom Beneške listine in Icomosovimi načeli cess to evidence incorporated in the components should be carefully record- minimalen poseg pomeni, da je za potrebe za dokumentiranje spomenikov, skupin stavb ali structure. ed before any intervention, as well as 6 The minimum intervention in the fab- ohranjanja in zaščite lesene objekte treba popolno all materials used in treatments, in ac- spomeniških območij skrbno beležiti stanje objekta ric of an historic timber structure is an ali delno razstaviti in pozneje spet sestaviti, če jih cordance with Article 16 of the Venice in njegovih delov, pa tudi materiale, uporabljene ideal. In certain circumstances, mini- Charter and the ICOMOS Principles for želimo obnoviti. med posegi. Treba je zbrati, katalogizirati, varno mum intervention can mean that their the Recording of Monuments, Groups of preservation and conservation may 7. V primeru posegov je treba zgodovinske objekte Buildings and Sites. All pertinent docu- shraniti in narediti po potrebi dostopno vso nastalo require the complete or partial dis- obravnavati kot celote; enako pozornost je mentation, including characteristic sam- dokumentacijo skupaj z značilnimi vzorci odpadlih mantling and subsequent reassembly treba nameniti vsem materialom, vključno s ples of redundant materials or members materialov ali elementov, odstranjenih s stavbe, in in order to allow for the repair of tim- removed from the structure, and infor- ber structures. konstrukcijskimi elementi, polnili, oboji, strehami, mation about relevant traditional skills informacije o ustreznih tradicionalnih veščinah in 7 In the case of interventions, the histor- podi, vrati in okni itd. Načeloma je treba ohraniti and technologies, should be collected, tehnologijah. Dokumentacija mora zabeležiti tudi ic structure should be considered as a čim več obstoječega materiala. Zaščita naj tudi catalogued, securely stored and made razloge, ključne za izbiro materialov in metod za whole; all material, including struc- vključuje končno obdelavo površin z mavcem, accessible as appropriate. The documen- zaščitne posege. tural members, in-fill panels, weath- tation should also include the specific er-boarding, roofs, floors, doors and barvo, premazi, tapetami itd. Če je treba obnoviti reasons given for choice of materials and 2. Pred vsakim posegom je treba opraviti temeljito in windows, etc., should be given equal ali zamenjati obdelavo površin, je treba čim bolj methods in the preservation work. natančno diagnozo stanja in vzrokov za propadanje attention. In principle, as much as pos- posnemati originalne materiale, tehnike in teksture. 2 A thorough and accurate diagnosis of in konstrukcijske pomanjkljivosti lesenih objektov. sible of the existing material should be 8. Namen obnove je ohraniti zgodovinski objekt in the condition and the causes of decay retained. The protection should also and structural failure of the timber struc- Diagnoza mora biti osnovana na dokumentiranih include surface finishes such as plas- njegovo nosilnost ter razkriti njegove kulturne ture should precede any intervention. dokazih, fizičnem pregledu in analizi ter, po potrebi, ter, paint, coating, wall-paper, etc. If it vrednote, izboljšati berljivost njegove zgodovinske The diagnosis should be based on docu- na meritvah fizičnega stanja in neinvazivnih is necessary to renew or replace sur- celovitosti, njenega prejšnjega stanja in oblike mentary evidence, physical inspection poskusnih metodah. To ne sme preprečiti potrebnih face finishes, the original materials, v mejah obstoječih zgodovinskih materialnih and analysis, and, if necessary, measure- techniques and textures should be du- ments of physical conditions and non- manjših intervencij in nujnih ukrepov. plicated as far as possible. dokazov, kot določajo členi 9. - 13. Beneške listine. destructive testing methods. This should 8 The aim of restoration is to conserve Odstranjene elemente in druge dele zgodovinskega not prevent necessary minor interven- Nadzor in vzdrževanje the historic structure and its load bear- objekta je treba katalogizirati, značilne vzorce pa tions and emergency measures. ing function and to reveal its cultural trajno shraniti kot del materialne dokumentacije. values by improving the legibility of Monitoring and maintenance 3. Za zaščito zgodovinskih lesenih objektov in its historical integrity, its earlier state njihovega kulturnega pomena je ključna skladna and design within the limits of exist- Popravilo in zamenjava 3 A coherent strategy of regular monitor- strategija rednega opazovanja, nadzora in ing historic material evidence, as in- ing and maintenance is crucial for the vzdrževanja. dicated in articles 9 - 13 of the Venice protection of historic timber structures Charter. Removed members and other 9. Za popravilo zgodovinskega objekta je mogoče and their cultural significance. components of the historic structure uporabiti nadomestni les, ki ustreza zgodovinskim Posegi should be catalogued, and characteris- in estetskim vrednotam objekta, če je treba zamenjati Interventions tic samples kept in permanent storage 4. Glavni namen varstva in ohranjanja je vzdrževati propadle ali poškodovane sestavine ali njihove dele as part of the documentation. 4 The primary aim of preservation and zgodovinsko avtentičnost in celovitost kulturne in če to ustreza zahtevam obnove. conservation is to maintain the histori- dediščine. Torej mora biti vsak poseg osnovan na Repair and replacement Nove elemente ali njihove dele je treba izdelati iz cal authenticity and integrity of the cul- enakih vrst dreves z enakim ali, če je to primerno, tural heritage. Each intervention should ustreznih študijah in ocenah. Probleme je treba 9 In the repair of an historic structure, therefore be based on proper studies and reševati glede na vsakokratne pogoje in potrebe replacement timber can be used with boljšim lesom kot tistim iz katerega so posamezni assessments. Problems should be solved ob upoštevanju estetskih in zgodovinskih vrednot due respect to relevant historical and sestavni deli. Les naj ima po možnosti podobne according to relevant conditions and in fizične celostnosti zgodovinskega objekta ali aesthetical values, and where it is an naravne značilnosti. Vsebnost vlage in druge fizične needs with due respect for the aesthetic appropriate response to the need to lastnosti nadomestnega lesa morajo ustrezati and historical values, and the physical območja dediščine. replace decayed or damaged members integrity of the historic structure or site. 5. Vsak predlagan poseg mora predvsem: or their parts, or to the requirements obstoječemu objektu. 5 Any proposed intervention should for a) slediti tradicionalnim sredstvom; of restoration. Obrtniška izvedba in gradbena tehnologija, vključno preference: b) biti reverzibilen, če je le tehnično mogoče; ali New members or parts of members z uporabo orodij in naprav za končno obdelavo se a. follow traditional means; should be made of the same species b. be reversible, if technically possible; or c) omogočitii prihodnja potrebna zaščitna dela; in of wood with the same, or, if appro- mora, če je le mogoče ujemati s prvotno. Žeblji in c. at least not prejudice or impede future d) dopustiti kasnejši dostop do dokazov, ki so sestavni priate, with better, grading as in the drugi sekundarni materiali se morajo ujemati z 80 81 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 members being replaced. Where pos- originalnimi, kjer je to ustrezno. factorily proven over a sufficiently long Izobraževanje in usposabljanje sible, this should also include similar V primeru zamenjave dela elementa je treba period of time. Utilities, such as heat- natural characteristics. The moisture ing, and fire detection and prevention content and other physical characteris- novi in obstoječi del povezati s tradicionalnimi systems, should be installed with due 15. Oživitev vrednot, povezanih s kulturnim pomenom tics of the replacement timber should be tesarskimi spoji, če je to ustrezno in če se ujema s recognition of the historic and aesthetic zgodovinskih lesenih objektov s pomočjo compatible with the existing structure. konstrukcijskimi zahtevami. significance of the structure or site. izobraževalnih programov je ključni predpogoj Craftsmanship and construction tech- 10. Treba je sprejeti, da se novi elementi ali deli 14 The use of chemical preservatives should za politiko trajnostnega ohranjanja in razvoja. nology, including the use of dressing be carefully controlled and monitored, tools or machinery, should, where pos- razlikujejo od obstoječih. Na zamenjanih delih and should be used only where there is Zaželena sta vzpostavitev in nadaljnji razvoj sible, correspond with those used origi- ni zaželeno kopiranje naravne načetosti ali an assured benefit, where public and en- programov usposabljanja za zaščito, obnovo in nally. Nails and other secondary materi- deformiranosti. Barvno skladnost starega in novega vironmental safety will not be affected ohranjanje zgodovinskih lesenih objektov. Takšno als should, where appropriate, duplicate and where the likelihood of success over the originals. dela je mogoče doseči z ustreznimi tradicionalnimi the long term is significant. usposabljanje naj bo osnovano na celostni strategiji, If a part of a member is replaced, tradi- ali preizkušenimi sodobnimi metodami, če ne usklajeni s potrebami trajnostne proizvodnje in tional woodwork joints should, if appro- poškodujejo ali degradirajo površine lesenega Education and training potrošnje, ki naj obsega programe na lokalni, priate and compatible with structural elementa. regionalni, nacionalni in mednarodni ravni. requirements, be used to splice the new 15 Regeneration of values related to the and the existing part. 11. Nove elementi ali dele elementov je treba diskretno cultural significance of historic timber Programi naj bodo namenjeni vsem pomembnim 10 It should be accepted that new members zaznamovati z vrezanim ali vžganim znamenjem structures through educational pro- poklicem in obrtem, povezanim s takšnimi posegi, or parts of members will be distinguish- v lesu ali z drugimi načini, da bodo v bodoče grams is an essential requisite of a sus- še zlasti arhitektom, konservatorjem, inženirjem, able from the existing ones. To copy the tainable preservation and development natural decay or deformation of the re- prepoznavni. policy. The establishment and further obrtnikom in upravljalcem spomenikov. placed members or parts is not desirable. development of training programs on Appropriate traditional or well-tested Zgodovinski gozdni rezervati the protection, preservation and con- modern methods may be used to match servation of historic timber structures the coloring of the old and the new with 12. Spodbujati je treba ustanovitev in zaščito gozdnih ali are encouraged. Such training should due regard that this will not harm or de- gozdnatih rezervatov, kjer je mogoče najti ustrezen be based on a comprehensive strategy grade the surface of the wooden mem- les za ohranjanje in popravilo zgodovinskih lesenih integrated within the needs of sustain- ber. able production and consumption, and 11 New members or parts of members objektov. include programs at the local, national, should be discretely marked, by carving, Ustanove, odgovorne za zaščito in ohranjanje regional and international levels. The by marks burnt into the wood or by oth- zgodovinskih objektov in območij morajo ustanoviti programs should address all relevant er methods, so that they can be identified ali spodbujati ustanovitev prodajaln z lesom, professions and a trade involved in such later. work, and, in particular, architects, con- ustreznim za takšna dela. servators, engineers, and craftsperson Historic Forest reserves and site managers. Sodobni materiali in tehnologije 12 The establishment and protection of forest or woodland reserves where ap- 13. Sodobni materiali, kot so umetne smole, in tehnike, propriate timber can be obtained for the kot so ojačitve konstrukcije s kovinskimi elementi preservation and repair of historic tim- ber structures should be encouraged. je treba izbirati in uporabljati zelo previdno in Institutions responsible for the pres- samo v primerih, ko so trpežnost in konstrukcijsko ervation and conservation of historic obnašanje materialov in konstrukcijske tehnike structures and sites should establish or zadovoljivo preverjene v ustrezno dolgem encourage the establishment of stores of timber appropriate for such work. časovnem obdobju. Instalacije, kot so ogrevanje in protipožarni sistemi je treba vgraditi v skladu z Contemporary materials and technologies zgodovinskim in estetskim pomenom objekta ali 13 Contemporary materials, such as epoxy najdišča. resins, and techniques, such as structur- 14. Uporabo kemičnih konzervansov je treba skrbno al steel reinforcement, should be chosen nadzirati in spremljati. Uporabiti jih je treba samo, and used with the greatest caution and če bodo zagotovo prinesli korist, če ne bodo ogrozili only in cases where the durability and structural behavior of the materials and javne in okoljske varnosti in če je zagotovljena construction techniques have been satis- njihova dolgoročna učinkovitost. 82 83 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 ETHICAL IZJAVA COMMITMENT O ETIČNI ZAVEZI STATEMENT ZA ČLANE FOR ICOMOS MEMBERS ORGANIZACIJE ICOMOS Revision, Sprememba, November 2002, november 2002, Madrid, Spain Madrid, Španija Introduction Uvod For some years ICOMOS has struggled with Organizacija ICOMOS se že več let srečuje z željo in the desire and need to develop an ethical prac- potrebo, da bi za svoje člane oblikovala izjavo o etičnem tice statement for its members. Former ICO- delovanju. Na potrebo po takem dokumentu je zlasti MOS President Roland Silva has been a particu- lar champion of the need for such a document. opozarjal nekdanji predsednik organizacije ICOMOS There have been various conferences and meet- Roland Silva. Na to temo je že potekalo več konferenc in ings. The Training and Education International srečanj. V tej razpravi je bil zlasti dejaven Mednarodni Scientific Committee has been especially active znanstveni odbor za usposabljanje in izobraževanje. Več in this debate. Several ICOMOS National Com- mittees already operate their own such ethical nacionalnih odborov organizacije ICOMOS že deluje v commitment statements. Many cultural and skladu s svojimi izjavami o etični zavezi. Veliko kulturnih heritage organisations have already developed in dediščinskih organizacij. je podobne dokumente že such documents, in a variety of spheres of pro- fessional interest. oblikovalo na različnih področjih svojega strokovnega In the ICOMOS Strategic Plan, the priority delovanja. of developing such an international statement Oblikovanje ustrezne mednarodne izjave je bilo kot was recognised, and in 1999 the first of a series prednostna naloga vključeno v strateški načrt organizacije of drafts was presented to the ICOMOS Execu- tive Committee for consideration. There has ICOMOS, leta 1999 pa je bila kot prva v vrsti osnutkov been extensive debate, and several versions cir- predlagana v razpravo Izvršnemu odboru organizacije culated for comment. ICOMOS. Obširna razprava je zajemala več različnih The objective of the ICOMOS Ethical Com- osnutkov. mitment Statement is to clarify ethical conser- vation standards and principles, outlining an Cilj Izjave organizacije ICOMOS o etični zavezi je ICOMOS member’s practical responsibility to- razjasniti etične konservatorske standarde in načela ter ward cultural heritage and toward fellow mem- opredeliti praktično odgovornost članov organizacije bers. It should be a useful statement of princi- ples for ICOMOS members and non-members ICOMOS do kulturne dediščine in do drugih članov alike. organizacije. Izjava o načelih naj bi bila koristna za člane The matter of using “post nominals” to in- in nečlane organizacije ICOMOS. dicate ICOMOS membership and recognize the V skladu z osnutkom Izjave organizacije ICOMOS o professional nature of the organization is re- solved in association with consideration of the etični zavezi je rešeno vprašanje uporabe kratic na koncu draft ICOMOS Ethical Commitment Statement. imena kot oznaka članstva v organizaciji ICOMOS in It is proposed that when ICOMOS members priznanje strokovne narave organizacije. agree to the Statement of Ethical Commitment Člani organizacije ICOMOS naj bi po sprejetju Izjave o (e.g. via their National Committee annual mem- bership renewal, or when they first apply to be etični zavezi (npr. pri sklepanju ali podaljšanju članstva v members), if they are suitably qualified and ex- Spomenik Hipokratu v pristaniškem delu mesta, Kos, Grčija. svojem nacionalnem odboru) za svojim imenom uporabili 84 85 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 perienced, they may use the appellation/suffix naziv »M. ICOMOS«, če so ustrezno usposobljeni in engaging with local communities and recogniz- Cilj izjave organizacije ICOMOS o etični zavezi je (post nominals) “M.ICOMOS” after their name, izkušeni, in tako pokazali priznano strokovno pripadnost ing the economic contribution which heritage oblikovanje orodja za izboljšanje in razjasnitev etične to indicate their professionally recognised af- conservation makes to local and regional devel- filiation with an ICOMOS Committee. organizaciji ICOMOS. opment. prakse in načel konservatorstva, ki koristijo članom, The operational management of the State- Operativno upravljanje z izjavo je odvisno od The object of the ICOMOS Ethical Commit- pridruženim članom, nečlanom in skupnostim, dejavnim ment is dependant upon the willingness of Na- pripravljenosti nacionalnih in mednarodnih znanstvenih ment Statement is to provide a tool to improve na področju konservatorstva. tional and International Scientific Committees odborov na njeno izvajanje. Posebno vprašanje, o katerem and clarify ethical conservation practice and Revizija Izjave bo potekala vsakih šest let. to implement it. A particular issue for commit- principles useful amongst members, Associ- tees to consider is the handling of breaches of morajo odbori razmisliti je obravnavanje kršitev izjave. ates, non-members and communities who are 1. člen the statement. Guidelines for the operational Smernice za operativno upravljanje z izjavo so priložene active in conservation. management of the Statement are attached for informativno in niso del same izjave. Vzorec besedila o The Ethical Commitment Statement will be Člani organizacije ICOMOS so dolžni nuditi strokovne information but do not form part of the State- obravnavanju kršitev je na željo dostopen v sekretariatu. reviewed every 6 years. ment itself. A sample text for the management nasvete in ravnati v skladu z listinami in doktrino of breaches is available on request from the Sec- Osnutek izjave je na zasedanju v Dubrovniku oktobra Article 1: organizacije ICOMOS, ustreznimi mednarodnimi retariat. 2001 toplo sprejel Svetovalni odbor, nato pa je bil It is an ICOMOS member’s responsibil- konvencijami (1), priporočili organizacije UNESCO in The draft Statement was warmly approved posredovan vsem nacionalnim odborom. V letu 2002 smo ity to give professional advice and act in ac- drugimi ustreznimi zakoni, predpisi in listinami, ki by the Advisory Committee meeting in Du- od posameznikov in zlasti nacionalnih odborov Francije, cordance with the charters and doctrine of brovnik in October 2001 and circulated to all organizacijo ICOMOS pravno zavezujejo. ICOMOS, relevant international conven- committees. During 2002, a range of support- Velike Britanije in Avstralije prejeli vrsto splošnih tions (1), recommendations of UNESCO ive general comments were received from in- pripomb v podporo osnutku, pa tudi nekaj predlogov 2. člen and other relevant Acts, codes and char- dividuals and notably from the French, United za spremembe, ki so bili upoštevani v spremenjenem ters to which ICOMOS is legally committed. Kingdom and Australian national committees, Temeljna obveznost članov organizacije ICOMOS je besedilu. Toplo se zahvaljujem vsem, ki so poslali mnenja together with some suggested wording amend- Article 2: zavzemanje za ohranjanje spomenikov in spomeniških ments, which have been incorporated into the in koristne nasvete o osnutkih dokumentov. območij, da bi ohranili njihov kulturni pomen kot revised text. My thanks to all those who pro- The fundamental obligation of an ICO- Sheridan Burke zanesljivo pričevanje preteklosti in storili čim več vided comment and wise advice on the draft podpredsednica ICOMOS MOS member is to advocate the conservation documents. Sydney, 2. november 2002 of monuments, sites and places so that their za ohranjanje in podporo njihovi trajni uporabi in cultural significance is retained as reliable evi- vzdrževanju, a ob tem nanje čim manj negativno vplivali. Sheridan Burke Preambula dence of the past, doing as much as is necessary ICOMOS Vice-President Za to je potreben izčrpen, celosten, dinamičen in pogosto Mednarodni svet za spomenike in spomeniška območja to care for them and support their ongoing use Sydney, 2 November 2002 and maintenance but adversely affecting them multidisciplinaren pristop, da bi zagotovili pristnost ICOMOS je mednarodna nevladna organizacija, ki je bila as little as possible. This requires a comprehen- in celovitost ter predstavili in pojasnili njihov pomen. Preamble ustanovljena leta 1965 in ki spodbuja uporabo teorije, sive, holistic, dynamic and often multidiscipli- Potrebno je priznati zgodovinsko in gospodarsko vlogo nary approach to guarantee authenticity and ICOMOS, the International Council on metodologije in znanstvenih metod, ki se uporabljajo v integrity and to present and interpret signifi- ohranjanja dediščine v lokalnem in svetovnem razvoju. Monuments and Sites, is the international non- konservatorstvu ter pri ohranjanju, zaščiti in uveljavljanju cance. It requires the recognition of the histori- governmental organization, established in 1965 svetovne kulturne dediščine Je uradno svetovalno telo cal and economic role of heritage conservation 3. člen that works to promote the application of theory, organizacije UNESCO in Odbora za svetovno dediščino in local and world development. methodology and scientific techniques applied Člani organizacije ICOMOS spoštujejo različne to the conservation, protection and enhance- za izvajanje Konvencije o svetovni dediščini. Article 3: dinamične snovne in nesnovne vrednote lokacij, ment of the world’s cultural heritage. It is an Kulturna dediščina sveta obsega spomenike, official advisory body to UNESCO, and to the ICOMOS members respect the diverse, dy- spomenikov in območij, ki imajo za različne skupine in spomeniška območja in kraje od monumentalnih do World Heritage Committee on the implementa- namic tangible and intangible values of places, skupnosti morda drugačen pomen in ki bogatijo človeško tion of the World Heritage Convention. ljudskih, od kulturne krajine z nesnovnimi vrednotami, monuments and sites that may hold different kulturo. Člani se zavezujejo, da bodo prek sodelovanja The world’s cultural heritage includes mon- ki odsevajo plasti družbenih tradicij, do posameznih meaning for various groups and communities, uments, sites and places that range from the z ljudmi ali skupnostmi, ki so povezane s spomenikom, spomeniških območij, ki so pomembna za lokalno enriching human culture. Members are com- monumental to the vernacular; from cultural mitted to promoting effective community in- območjem ali krajem, spodbujali učinkovito udeležbo skupnost. landscapes with intangible values which reflect volvement in conservation processes, through skupnosti v konservatorskih procesih ter da bodo layers of social traditions, to individual sites of Organizacija ICOMOS je mnenja, da je ohranjanje collaborating with people or communities as- priznavali, spoštovali in spodbujali sobivanje različnih community importance. raznolike dediščine na svetu odgovornost in privilegij sociated with the monument, site or place and ICOMOS considers that the conservation recognizing, respecting and encouraging the kulturnih vrednot. sedanjih ter privilegij in pravica prihodnjih generacij. of the world’s diverse cultural heritage is the co-existence of diverse cultural values. responsibility and privilege of current genera- Njeni člani delujejo na različnih področjih, pri čemer 4. člen Article 4: tions as well as the privilege and right of future sodelujejo z lokalnimi skupnostmi in priznavajo generations. gospodarski prispevek ohranjanja dediščine k lokalnemu ICOMOS members should maintain, refine Člani organizacije ICOMOS naj bi ohranjali, Its members work in a diverse range of fields, in regionalnemu razvoju. and update their knowledge of contemporary izboljševali in dopolnjevali svoje znanje o sodobni 86 87 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 conservation philosophy, practice and tech- konservatorski filozofiji, praksi in metodah, po potrebi Article 8: javno dostopna (ob upoštevanju zahtev naročnikove / niques including relevant legal requirements, pa tudi o ustreznih zakonskih zahtevah, podpirali njihov delodajalčeve zaupnosti, varnosti in zasebnosti), kjer je to where applicable furthering their development, In an emergency, where heritage monu- exchanging information and sharing experi- razvoj, izmenjavali informacije in si delili izkušnje (ob ments, sites and other cultural places are in im- kulturno ustrezno. ence (subject to a client’s or employer’s right of upoštevanju naročnikove ali delodajalčeve pravice do mediate danger or at risk, ICOMOS members 8. člen confidentiality). ICOMOS members can also be zaupnosti). Člani organizacije ICOMOS so lahko tudi render all assistance practicable, provided they members of the professional organizations af- do not put their own health in jeopardy. člani strokovnih organizacij, ki so povezane z njihovim V nujnih primerih, ko so spomeniki in območja filiated with their training and field of work, Article 9: adhering to their relevant codes and discipli- usposabljanjem in področjem dela, in lahko spoštujejo kulturne dediščine ter drugi kraji kulturnega pomena nary standards. njihove ustrezne predpise in disciplinske standarde. ICOMOS members are personally and pro- neposredno ogroženi, člani organizacije ICOMOS nudijo fessionally accountable to their society and vso razpoložljivo pomoč, če s tem ne ogrožajo lastne Article 5: 5. člen community for the authorship and validity of varnosti. ICOMOS members promote public aware- their advice, and for data collected, analyses Člani organizacije ICOMOS spodbujajo javno ness, appreciation, access and support for her- performed and plans developed under their 9. člen itage, fostering informed debate, education, osveščenost o dediščini, posluh javnosti zanjo, javni dostop direction. Člani organizacije so osebno in strokovno odgovorni training programs and in particular, interna- do nje in javno podporo zanjo. Spodbujajo tudi strokovne Article 10: tional information exchange. They support fel- razprave, izobraževanje, programe usposabljanja in svoji družbi in skupnosti za avtorstvo in veljavnost low professionals and mentor junior colleagues ICOMOS members actively discourage mis- zlasti mednarodno izmenjavo informacij. Podpirajo svojih nasvetov ter za podatke, ki so zbrani, analize, by promoting ethical heritage conservation representation, false advertising and/or misuse ki so opravljene in načrte, ki so izdelani pod njihovim practice to advance the wider understanding of strokovne sodelavce in so mentorji mlajšim sodelavcem of work and will accurately and fairly acknowl- vodstvom. conservation philosophy, standards and meth- s tem, ko širijo etično prakso ohranjanja dediščine in tako edge, record and publicise the intellectual, ma- ods. ICOMOS Committees are open to a diver- spodbujajo njihovo širše razumevanje konservatorske terial and practical contributions of others. 10. člen sity of appropriately qualified experienced end filozofije, standardov in metod. Odbori organizacije Article 11: committed applicants for membership. Člani organizacije ICOMOS dejavno nasprotujejo ICOMOS so odprti za različne ustrezno usposobljene in ICOMOS members oppose any manipula- napačnemu prikazovanju, neprimernem oglaševanju in/ Article 6: predane prosilce za članstvo. tion or the concealment of results of necessary ali zlorabi dela ter intelektualne, materialne in praktične conservation work to meet outside demands. ICOMOS members recognize that many con- 6. člen Subject to client/employer confidentiality, prispevke drugih natančno in pošteno priznajo, zabeležijo servation projects require an interdisciplinary ICOMOS members ensure appropriate disclo- in objavijo. approach, needing collaborative teamwork Člani organizacije ICOMOS priznavajo, da je za mnoge sure of the scope and limitations of their work, amongst professionals, technicians, administra- konservatorske projekte potreben interdisciplinaren for example, limitations due to insufficient re- 11. člen tors and craftsperson and communities. pristop, ki zahteva sodelovanje in skupinsko delo sources, budgetary constraints or other factors. Člani organizacije ICOMOS nasprotujejo kakršni Article 7: strokovnjakov, tehnikov, upravnih delavcev, obrtnikov in Article 12: koli manipulaciji ali prikrivanju rezultatov potrebnega ICOMOS members are committed to ensur- skupnosti. ICOMOS members act in an honest, impar- konservatorskega dela z namenom zadovoljiti zunanje ing that conservation decisions are based on tial and tolerant manner. An ICOMOS member zahteve. Člani organizacije ICOMOS ob upoštevanju adequate knowledge and research where viable 7. člen will always advise another member (where an- naročnikove / delodajalčeve zaupnosti zagotavljajo options are explored and that chosen options other member’s involvement is known about) are justified. Člani organizacije ICOMOS morajo zagotoviti, da so when undertaking a commission or providing ustrezno razkrivanje obsega in omejitev njihovega ICOMOS members ensure that complete, konservatorske odločitve osnovane na ustreznem znanju a second opinion to assess or review work car- dela, na primer omejitev zaradi nezadostnih sredstev, durable and accessible records are made of the ried out by that member. proračunskih omejitev ali drugih dejavnikov. conservation process and works carried out in raziskavah, pri katerih se preverjajo različne možnosti (including diagnostic examination, monitor- in utemeljijo izbrane rešitve. Article 13: 12. člen ing techniques, managerial methods, preven- Člani organizacije ICOMOS zagotavljajo, da Members undertake to enhance and to up- tive conservation and restoration intervention) Člani organizacije ICOMOS ravnajo pošteno, se o konservatorskem procesu in izvedenih delih hold the dignity and reputation of ICOMOS. on all conservation projects for which they are nepristransko in strpno. Član organizacije ICOMOS (vključno z diagnostičnim pregledom, tehnikami They conduct their professional activities in an responsible. Such documentation should be open, honest, accountable and objective man- drugemu članu vedno svetuje pri izvedbi naročila ali placed in a permanent archive (such as a na- opazovanja, metodami upravljanja in preventivnimi ner, avoiding bias or dishonesty. Members shall posreduje drugo mnenja za oceno ali pregled njegovega tional library) and made publicly accessible as konservatorskimi in restavratorskimi posegi) v sklopu at all times avoid or publicly declare any real or promptly as possible, (subject to requirements dela (če za sodelovanje drugega člana ve). vseh konservatorskih projektov, za katere so odgovorni apparent conflict of interest. of client/employer confidentiality, security and pripravijo popolni, trajni in dostopni dokumentacijski 13. člen privacy), and where this is culturally appropri- Article 14: ate. podatki. Dokumentacijo je treba hraniti v stalnem arhivu A member may not claim to act or speak on Člani se zavezujejo, da bodo krepili in ohranjali (na primer v nacionalni knjižnici) in mora biti čim prej behalf of ICOMOS or one of its committees, dostojanstvo in sloves organizacije ICOMOS. Svoje 88 89 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 without the authority of the relevant ICOMOS strokovne dejavnosti opravljajo odkrito, pošteno, of values for different individuals or groups »Kulturni pomen« je estetski, zgodovinski, znanstveni Committee. odgovorno in objektivno, ob tem se izogibajo predsodkom and values are continually renegotiated. ali družbeni pomen za pretekle, sedanje ali prihodnje Article 15: ali nepoštenosti. Člani se morajo vedno izogibati kakršnim (1) Including the UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972), generacije (4). Kulturni pomen je utelešen v kraju, the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing Failure to observe the principles and obli- koli resničnim ali navideznim navzkrižjem interesov in najdišču ali spomeniku, v njegovem tkivu, okolici, of Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of gations of this statement constitutes unprofes- jih morajo javno predstaviti. povezavah njegove namembnosti, pomenih, zapisih ter z Cultural Property (1970), the International Charter for the sional conduct and may bring ICOMOS into Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (Venice njim povezanih krajih in predmetih. disrepute. ICOMOS membership is contingent 14. člen Charter) (1964) + subsequent Charters: the Florence Charter »Vrednote« so prepričanja, ki so pomembna za kulturno upon the member conforming to the provi- Član organizacije ICOMOS brez pooblastila ustreznega (Historic Gardens, 1981), the Charter for the Conservation of sions and the spirit of the Ethical Commitment skupino ali posameznika in ki pogosto vključujejo Historic Towns and Urban Areas (1987), the Charter for the Statement. Failure to observe the articles of odbora organizacije ICOMOS ne sme govoriti v imenu Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage duhovna, politična, verska in moralna prepričanja, čeprav this statement may cause sanctions against the organizacije ali katerega od njenih odborov. (1990), the Charter for the Protection and Management of niso omejena nanje (5). Spomeniki, najdišča in kraji imajo member, including review of his/her ongoing the Underwater Cultural Heritage (1996), the International lahko za razne posameznike ali skupine različne pomene, membership. 15. člen Cultural Tourism Charter (revised in 1999), the Charter ki se nenehno na novo določajo. This Statement is from time to time amended on the Built Vernacular Heritage (1999), the Principles by the Executive Committee of ICOMOS and Nespoštovanje načel in dolžnosti zapisanih v tej for the Preservation of Historic Timber Buildings (1999). (1) Vključno s Konvencijo organizacije UNESCO o svetovni kulturni dediščini ratified by members of an ICOMOS General izjavi predstavlja neprofesionalno ravnanje in lahko (2) Nara Document on Authenticity, 1994 (1972), Konvencijo o ukrepih za prepoved in preprečevanja nedovoljenega Assembly. škodi dobremu imenu organizacije ICOMOS. Pogoj za (3) Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999 uvoza in izvoza kulturnih dobrin ter prenosa lastninske pravice na (4) Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999 njih (1970), Mednarodno listino o ohranjanju in obnovi spomenikov in Glossary članstvo v organizaciji ICOMOS je, da njeni člani ravnajo (5) Australia ICOMOS Code on the Ethics of Co-existence in spomeniških območij (Beneška listina, 1964) + kasnejšimi listinami: Listino v skladu z določbami in v duhu Izjave o etični zavezi. Conserving Significant Places, 1998 “Authenticity” depending on the nature of o ohranjanju zgodovinskih vrtov (1981), Listino o ohranjanju zgodovinskih the cultural heritage, and its cultural context, Nespoštovanje členov te izjave ima lahko za posledico Guidelines mest in urbanih območij (1987), Listina o ohranjanju in upravljanju authenticity judgements may be linked to the sankcije proti članu vključno s presojo njegovega/njenega for operational management arheološke dediščine (1990), Listino o varovanju in upravljanju podvodne worth of a great variety of sources of informa- kulturne dediščine (1996), Listino o kulturnem turizmu (spremenjeno 1999), nadaljnjega članstva. of the statement Listino o ljudski stavbni dediščini (1999), Načeli ohranjanja zgodovinskih tion. Aspects of the sources may include form Izvršni odbor organizacije ICOMOS to izjavo občasno National Committees may determine mem- lesenih objektov (1999). and design, materials and substance, use and bership standards regarding qualifications and (2) Narska listina o avtentičnosti, 1994. function, traditions and techniques, location dopolni, člani pa jo sprejmejo na generalni skupščini experience to be met in order to become an (3) Listina Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999. and setting, and spirit and feeling, and other organizacije ICOMOS. ICOMOS member. It is generally required that (4) Listina Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, 1999. external aspects of information sources. The individual applicants have attained appropri- (5) Avstralski zakonik organizacije ICOMOS o etičnem kodeksu sobivanja pri use of these sources permits elaboration of the Slovar ate professional qualifications and a minimum ohranjanju pomembnih krajev, 1998. specific artistic, historic, social and scientific di- of three years appropriate experience in prac- mensions of the cultural heritage being exam- »Avtentičnost / pristnost« odvisno od zvrsti kulturne tical work and policy development. Sustaining Smernice ined (2). dediščine in njenega kulturnega okvira je presojanje Members of ICOMOS are interested supporters za operativno izvajanje izjave “Conservation” means all the processes of of ICOMOS, who may not meet criteria for in- looking after a place so as to retain its cultural avtentičnosti lahko povezano z vrednotenjem zelo dividual membership. significance. It may, according to circumstance, raznolikih virov informacij. Vrednotenja lahko vključujejo Nacionalni odbori lahko oblikujejo svoja merila It is proposed that agreement to the ICO- include the processes of retention or reintro- obliko in zasnovo, materiale, uporabo in delovanje, MOS Ethical Commitment Statement will be usposobljenosti in izkušenj, potrebnih za članstvo v duction of use, retention of associations and tradicije in tehnike, lokacijo in okolico, duha in občutke incorporated into the annual membership re- organizaciji ICOMOS. Na splošno morajo biti posamezni meanings, maintenance, preservation, restora- ter druge opazne vsebine virov informacij. Uporaba newal forms of National Committees in ad- prosilci ustrezno strokovno usposobljeni in imeti tion, reconstruction, adaptation and interpreta- dition to such qualifications and experience tion and will commonly include a combination teh virov omogoča obravnavo posebnih umetniških, najmanj tri leta ustreznih izkušenj pri praktičnem requirements as are already indicated. Post- of more than one of these(3). zgodovinskih, družbenih in znanstvenih razsežnosti nominals to indicate ICOMOS national mem- delu in oblikovanju varstvene politike. Podporni člani “Cultural significance” means: aesthetic, his- obravnavane kulturne dediščine (2). bership by individual members may THEN be organizacije ICOMOS so zainteresirani podporniki toric, scientific or social value for past, present »Ohranjanje / konservatorstvo« pomeni skupek dejanj used. It is suggested that M. ICOMOS be used organizacije ICOMOS, ki mogoče ne izpolnjujejo pogojev or future generations(4). Cultural significance as post nominals to denote individual members is embodied in the place, site or monument it- namenjenih skrbi, da nek kraj ohrani svoj kulturni za redno članstvo. of ICOMOS. self, its fabric, setting, use associations, mean- pomen. Odvisno od okoliščin lahko vključuje postopke za Predlaga se, naj se poleg navedenih zahtev o The implementation of the Ethical Commit- ings, records, related places and related objects. ohranjanje namembnosti ali uvedbo nove namembnosti, ment Statement is dependent upon the will- usposobljenosti in izkušenjah v obrazce nacionalnih “Values” means those beliefs, which have sig- ohranjanje povezav in pomenov, vzdrževanje, varovanje, ingness of national and scientific committees. odborov za vsakoletno obnovo članstva vključi tudi nificance for a cultural group or an individual, Implementation will primarily include educa- often including, but not being limited to spir- obnovo, rekonstrukcijo, adaptacije in interpretacije. strinjanje z Izjavo organizacije ICOMOS o etični zavezi. tional activity and professional guidance, but itual, political, religious and moral beliefs(5). Običajno vključuje kombinacijo več kot enega od Šele POTEM se lahko uporablja oznaka članstva na may occasionally encompass confidential in- Monuments, sites and places may have a range navedenih procesov (3). vestigation of inappropriate conduct. National koncu imena posameznih članov v nacionalnem odboru 90 91 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 ICOMOS Executive Committees may manage organizacije ICOMOS. Predlaga se, da se kot oznaka any breach of the Ethical Commitment State- članstva na koncu imena posameznih članov v organizaciji ment by investigating claims of misconduct. ICOMOS uporablja oznaka M. ICOMOS. The National Committee will first discuss the matter with the member in a mediation context. Izvajanje Izjave o etični zavezi je odvisno od pripravljenosti nacionalnih in mednarodnih znanstvenih Some National and International Scientific Committees already use operational guidelines odborov. Izvajanje bo obsegalo predvsem izobraževalno to manage breaches of ethical professional be- dejavnost in strokovno vodenje, občasno pa lahko tudi haviour by their members. It is noted that these zaupno preiskavo neustreznega ravnanja. Nacionalni should be matters of professional conscience, izvršni odbori organizacije ICOMOS lahko vsako kršitev not for civil legal action. However, given the li- tigious societies in which we live, legal advice is Izjave o etični zavezi obravnavajo tako, da raziščejo strongly recommended. trditve o napačnem ravnanju. Nacionalni odbori se s članom o zadevi najprej pogovorijo v obliki mediacije. Nekateri nacionalni in mednarodni znanstveni odbori za obravnavanje kršitev etičnega strokovnega ravnanja svojih članov že uporabljajo operativne smernice. Treba je poudariti, da je to zadeva poklicne vesti in ne civilnih tožb. Ker pa živimo v pravdarski družbi, je močno priporočljivo poiskati pravni nasvet. 92 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 XI’AN DECLARATION ŠJANSKA DEKLARACIJA ON THE CONSERVATION O OHRANJANJU OF THE SETTING OBMOČIJ OF HERITAGE STRUCTURES, SPOMENIKOV, SKUPIN STAVB SITES AND AREAS IN SPOMENIŠKIH OBMOČIJ Adopted Sprejeta by the 15th General Assembly of ICOMOS na 15. generalni skupščini ICOMOS, in Xi’an, China on 21st October 2005 v Šjanu, Kitajska, 21. oktobra 2005 Final version - 22nd October 2005 Končna verzija – 22. 10. 2005 Preamble Preambula Meeting in the ancient city of Xi’an (China) Udeleženci 15. generalne skupščine ICOMOS so se on 17 - 21st October 2005, at the invitation na vabilo ICOMOS Kitajska med 17. in 21. oktobrom 2005 of ICOMOS China on the occasion of 15th zbrali v starodavnem mestu Šjan (Kitajska) na General Assembly of ICOMOS and the 15. generalni skupščini ICOMOS in praznovanju celebrations marking the 40th anniversary of its longstanding endeavour to ensure the 40. obletnice neprekinjenih prizadevanj za zaščito safeguard and conservation of the World’s in ohranjanje svetovne kulturne dediščine kot dela cultural heritage as part of its sustainable and trajnostnega razvoja človeštva; human development; proučili so širok razpon primerov in odzivov nanje na Benefiting from the broad range of cases mednarodnem simpoziju generalne skupščine z and reflections shared during the General Assembly’s International Symposium on naslovom Spomeniki in spomeniška območja z njihovo Monuments and Sites in their Settings – okolico – ohranjanje kulturne dediščine v spreminjajočem Conserving Cultural Heritage in Changing se mestnem okolju in na podeželju in spoznali širok Townscapes and Landscapes and learning razpon izkušenj kitajskih in drugih oblasti, ustanov from a broad range of experiences from China in specialistov na področju primerne skrbi za and world-wide authorities, institutions and specialists in providing adequate care and dediščinske objekte, skupine stavb in spomeniška management of heritage structures, sites območja kot so zgodovinska mesta, pokrajine, and areas such as historic cities, landscapes, morske obale, kulturne poti in arheološka najdišča seascapes, cultural routes and archaeological vstrija.A ter upravljanja z njimi v kontekstu vse hitrejših sites in the context of accelerated change and eiz, development; sprememb in razvoja; asi, W Taking note of the international and upoštevali so mednarodno in strokovno zanimanje za professional interest for the conservation ohranjanje okolice spomenikov in območij, kot je of the settings of monuments and sites as določeno v Mednarodni listini za ohranjanje in obnovo expressed in the International Charter for the spomenikov in spomeniških območij – Beneški listini Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites – the Venice Charter (1964) – and in (1964) – in v številnih dokumentih, ki jih je le - ta the many texts it has inspired, particularly navdihnila, še zlasti v sklopu dela nacionalnih in through ICOMOS National and International mednarodnih znanstvenih odborov ICOMOS, in Committees, as well as the Nara Document v skladu z Narsko listino o avtentičnosti (1994) ter on Authenticity (1994) and conclusions and sklepi in priporočili mednarodnih srečanj, kot so recommendations of international meetings like the Hoi An Declaration on the Conservation of Hoi - Anska Deklaracija o ohranjanju zgodovinskih Novi trakt na vrtu gostilne Ederer v središču v 94 95 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Historic Districts in Asia (2003), the Declaration območij v Aziji (2003), Deklaracija o obnovi Bamske Acknowledge the contribution Priznanje prispevka okolice k pomenu on the Recovery of Bam’s Cultural Heritage kulturne dediščine (2004) in Seulski deklaracija o of setting to the significance spomenikov, spomeniških celot in spomeniških (2004), and the Seoul Declaration on Tourism in of heritage monuments, sites and areas turizmu v azijskih zgodovinskih mestih in območjih območij Asia’s Historic Towns and Areas (2005); (2005); 1. The setting of a heritage structure, site Noting the references to the concept or area is defined as the immediate and 1. Okolica spomenika, spomeniške celote ali of setting in UNESCO conventions and upoštevali so omembe pojma območje v Unescovih extended environment that is part of, recommendations like the Recommendation spomeniško območje sta bližnja in širša okolica, konvencijah in priporočilih, kot so Priporočilo o or contributes to, its significance and concerning the Safeguarding of Beauty and ki sta del njihovega pomena in razpoznavnosti distinctive character. varovanju lepote in značaja krajine in spomeniškega Character of Landscapes and Sites (1962), the Beyond the physical and visual aspects, ali, ki prispevata k njima. Recommendation concerning the Preservation območja (1962), Priporočilo o ohranjanju kulturnih the setting includes interaction with the Razen fizičnih in vizualnih značilnosti, okolica of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or objektov, ki jih ogrožajo javna ali zasebna dela (1968), natural environment; past or present vključuje interakcijo z naravnim okoljem; pretekle Private Works (1968), the Recommendation social or spiritual practices, customs, Priporočilo o varovanju in sodobni vlogi zgodovinskih concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary traditional knowledge, use or activities ali sedanje družbene in duhovne prakse, navade, območij (1976), Konvencija o varovanju nesnovne Role of Historic Areas (1976), the Convention and other forms of intangible cultural tradicionalno znanje, namembnost ali dejavnosti for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural kulturne dediščine (2003) in predvsem Konvencija o heritage aspects that created and form in druge oblike nesnovne kulturne dediščine, ki so Heritage (2003), and more specifically the the space as well as the current and svetovni dediščini (1972) in njene Operativne smernice, ustvarile in izoblikovale prostor, kot tudi sedanji World Heritage Convention (1972) and its dynamic cultural, social and economic kjer je okolica navedena kot vidik avtentičnosti, context. Operational Guidelines, where setting is listed in dinamični kulturni, družbeni in gospodarski ki jo je treba zavarovati z vplivnimi območji, ter 2. Heritage structures, sites or areas of as an attribute of authenticity and as needing kontekst. various scales, including individual protection through the establishment of buffer s tem povezane priložnosti za mednarodno in 2. Pomen in posebni značaj spomenikov, spomeniških buildings or designed spaces, zones, and the ongoing opportunity this interdisciplinarno sodelovanje med Icomosom, historic cities or urban landscapes, celot in spomeniških območij različnega brings for international and interdisciplinary Unescom in drugim partnerji in za poglabljanje tem, landscapes, seascapes, cultural routes obsega, vključno s posameznimi stavbami ali co-operation between ICOMOS, UNESCO kot so avtentičnosti in ohranjanje zgodovinskega and archaeological sites, derive their and other partners and for developments on oblikovanimi prostori, zgodovinskimi mesti significance and distinctive character topics like authenticity or the conservation of mestnega okolja, kot je opredeljena z Dunajskim from their perceived social and ali mestnim okoljem, pokrajinami, morskimi historic urban landscapes expressed in the memorandumom (2005); spiritual, historic, artistic, aesthetic, obalami, kulturnimi potmi in arheološkimi Vienna Memorandum (2005). natural, scientific, or other cultural poudarili so potrebo po ustreznem pristopu k hitremu najdišči, izvirata iz zaznanih družbenih in Stressing the need to address adequately values. They also derive their duhovnih, zgodovinskih, umetnostnih, estetskih, the rapid or incremental transformation of in vse večjemu spreminjanju mest, pokrajin in significance and distinctive character cities, landscapes and heritage routes which dediščinskih poti zaradi spreminjanja načina from their meaningful relationships naravnih, znanstvenih in drugih kulturnih result from changes in lifestyles, agriculture, with their physical, visual, spiritual življenja, kmetijstva, razvoja, turizma ali obsežnih vrednot, pa tudi iz njihovih smiselnih odnosov and other cultural context and settings. development, tourism or large-scale z njihovim fizičnim, vizualnim, duhovnim in naravnih ali človeških katastrof ter po ustreznem These relationships can be the result of disasters of natural or human origin, and to a conscious and planned creative act, drugim kulturnim kontekstom in okolicami. recognise, protect and sustain adequately the prepoznavanju, zaščiti in vzdrževanju pomenljive spiritual belief, historical events, use or Ti odnosi so lahko rezultat zavestnih in načrtovanih meaningful presence of heritage structures, navzočnosti dediščinskih objektov, skupin stavb a cumulative and organic process over sites and areas in their settings as a way ustvarjalnih dejanj, duhovnih prepričanj, in spomeniških območij v njihovi okolici kot način time through cultural traditions. to reduce the threat these transformation zgodovinskih dogodkov, načinov rabe ali za zmanjšanje grožnje, ki jo ti transformacijski processes constitute against the cultural Understand, document kumulativnega in organskega procesa skozi čas v procesi predstavljajo za kulturno dediščino v vsem heritage in the full richness of its authenticity, and interpret the settings okviru kulturnih tradicij. meaning, values, integrity and diversity, bogastvu njene avtentičnosti, pomena, vrednot, in diverse contexts integritete in raznolikosti, ter 3. Understanding, documenting and Razumevanje, dokumentiranje in Participants of the 15th General Assembly interpreting the setting is essential to of ICOMOS adopt the following Declaration of sprejeli naslednjo Deklaracijo o načelih in priporočilih, jo interpretacija okolice v različnih kontekstih defining and appreciating the heritage principles and recommendations, addressing it posredovali vladnim in nevladnim organizacijam, significance of any structure, site or to intergovernmental and non - governmental area. 3. Razumevanje, dokumentacija in interpretacija nacionalnim in lokalnim oblastem in vsem organisations, national and local authorities The definition of setting requires an okolice je ključnega pomena za opredelitev in ustanovam in strokovnjakom, ki lahko na področju and all institutions and specialists able to understanding of the history, evolution upoštevanje dediščinskega pomena vsakega zakonodaje, politike in procesov načrtovanja in contribute through legislation, policies, and character of the surrounds of the objekta, spomeniške celote ali spomeniškega planning processes and management to upravljanja pripomorejo k boljši zaščiti in ohranitvi heritage resource. Defining the setting is a process of considering multiple factors območja. better protect and conserve the world’s objektov, spomeniških celot in spomeniških območij to include the character of the arrival heritage structures, sites and areas in their Definicija okolice zahteva razumevanje zgodovine, dediščine skupaj z njihovo okolico. experience and the heritage resource settings. evolucije in značaja okolja, ki obdaja dediščinski itself. 96 97 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents 1993 - 2005 4. Understanding the setting in an vir. Opredelitev okolice je proces upoštevanja encroachments or land use in significant 8. Ocena vpliva na dediščino je nujna v primerih inclusive way requires a multi- različnih dejavnikov, ki vključujejo značaj izkušnje settings. vseh novogradenj, ki lahko zmanjšajo pomen disciplinary approach and the use of 8. Heritage impact assessments should ob prihodu in sam dediščinski vir. diverse information sources. dediščinskih objektov, spomeniških celot in be required for all new development Sources include formal records 4. Za vsestransko razumevanje okolice je potreben impacting on the significance of spomeniških območij ali njihove okolice. and archives, artistic and scientific multidisciplinarni pristop in uporaba različnih heritage structures, sites and areas and Gradnja v okolici objektov, spomeniških celot in descriptions, oral history and traditional informacijskih virov. on their settings. knowledge, the perspectives of local and spomeniških območij mora pozitivno interpretirati Development within the setting of associated communities as well as the Viri obsegajo uradne zapise in arhive, umetniške in heritage structures, sites and areas should njihov pomen in posebni značaj in prispevati k analysis of views and vistas. znanstvene opise, ustno zgodovino in tradicionalna positively interpret and contribute to its njima. Cultural traditions, rituals, spiritual znanja, stališča lokalnih in bližnjih skupnosti, pa significance and distinctive character. practices and concepts as well as history, Nadzor nad spremembami, tudi analizo pogledov in razgledov. topography, natural environment values, Monitor and manage ki vplivajo na območja in upravljanje z njimi use and other factors contribute to create Kulturne tradicije, obredi, duhovne prakse in change affecting settings the full range of a setting’s tangible and koncepti, pa tudi zgodovina, topografija, vrednote 9. Raven sprememb in posamezni ter skupni vplivi intangible values and dimensions. The naravnega okolja, načini rabe in drugi dejavniki 9. The rate of change and the individual definition of settings should carefully sprememb in preobrazb na okolico spomenikov, and cumulative impacts of change articulate the character and values of prispevajo k ustvarjanju polnega razpona snovnih skupin stavb in spomeniških območij so del and transformation on the settings of the setting and its relationship to the in nesnovnih vrednot in razsežnosti območja. heritage structures, sites and areas is trajnega procesa, ki ga je treba nadzorovati in z heritage resource. Definicija okolice mora skrbno odražati njen značaj an ongoing process which must be njim upravljati. in vrednote in njen odnos do dediščinskega vira. monitored and managed. Develop planning tools Vse večja in hitra preobrazba mestnega okolja Incremental as well as rapid and practices to conserve transformation of the urban or rural ali podeželja, načina življenja, gospodarstva ali and manage settings Razvoj načrtovalnih orodij in praks landscapes, the ways of life, the naravnega okolja lahko močno ali nepopravljivo za ohranjaje območij in upravljanje z njimi economies or the natural environment 5. The implementation of effective vpliva na avtentični prispevek okolice k pomenu can substantially or irretrievably affect planning and legislative tools, policies, 5. Izvajanje učinkovitega načrtovanja in dediščinskega objekta, spomeniške celote ali the authentic contribution that the strategies and practices to sustainably zakonodajnih orodij, politik, strategij in praks setting makes to the significance of a spomeniškega območja. manage settings requires consistency za trajnostno upravljanje z območji mora biti heritage structure, site or area. and continuity in application, whilst 10. S spremembami okolice dediščinskih objektov, dosledno in kontinuirano ter hkrati odražati 10. Change to the setting of heritage reflecting the local or cultural contexts spomeniških celot in spomeniških območij je structures, sites and areas should be in which they function. lokalne ali kulturne kontekste, v katerih delujejo. managed to retain cultural significance treba upravljati, da bi ohranili kulturni pomen in Tools to manage settings include specific Orodja za upravljanje z območji vključujejo posebne legislative measures, professional and distinctive character. zakonodajne ukrepe, strokovno usposabljanje, posebni značaj dediščine. training, development of comprehensive Managing change to the setting of razvoj vseobsegajočih načrtov ali sistemov Ni nujno, da upravljanje s spremembami okolice conservation and management plans or heritage structures, sites and areas need konservatorstva in upravljanja ter uporabo objektov, spomeniških celot in spomeniških območij systems, and use of adequate heritage not necessarily prevent or obstruct ustreznih metod za oceno vpliva na dediščino. impact assessment methods. change. preprečuje ali ovira spremembe. 6. Zakonodaja, urejanje in smernice zaščite in 6. Legislation, regulation and guidelines 11. Monitoring should define approaches 11. Nadzor mora opredeliti pristope in dejanja za for the protection, conservation and ohranjanja objektov, spomeniških celot in and actions to appreciate and measure upoštevanje, določanje, pa tudi preprečevanje management of heritage structures, spomeniških območij ter upravljanja z njimi as well as prevent or remedy decay, loss of significance or trivialisation and ali odpravljanje propadanja, izgube pomena sites and areas should provide for morajo zagotoviti vzpostavitev vplivnega ali the establishment of a protection or propose improvement in conservation, tamponskega območja okrog njih, ki odraža in ali razvrednotenja ter predlagati izboljšave na buffer zone around them that reflects management and interpretation ohranja pomen in posebni značaj okolice. področju praks konservatorstva, upravljanja in and conserves the significance and practices. 7. Načrtovalna orodja morajo obsegati določbe za Qualitative and quantifiable indicators interpretacije. distinctive character of their setting. 7. Planning instruments should include učinkovit nadzor nad vplivom vse večjih ali hitrih should be developed to assess the Razviti je treba kvalitativne in kvantitativne provisions to effectively control the contribution of the setting to the sprememb na okolico. pokazatelje za oceno prispevka okolice k pomenu impact of incremental or rapid change significance of a heritage structure, site Pripadajoča silhueta stavb, zorni koti in primerna dediščinskega objekta, spomeniške celote ali on settings. or area. Significant skylines, sight lines and razdalja med vsako novo javno ali zasebno gradnjo Indicators for monitoring should cover spomeniškega območja. adequate distance between any new in dediščinskimi objekti, najdišči in spomeniškimi physical aspects such as intrusion Pokazatelji nadzora morajo vključevati fizične public or private development and on views, skylines or open spaces, območji so ključni vidiki, ki jih je treba oceniti za vidike, kot so zakrivanje razgledov, silhuet ali heritage structures, sites and areas are air pollution, sound pollution, as preprečevanje neustreznih vizualnih in prostorskih well as economic, social and cultural odprtih prostorov, onesnaženost zraka, hrup, pa key aspects to assess in the prevention of inappropriate visual and spatial posegov ali uporabo zemljišča v območju. dimensions. tudi gospodarske, družbene in kulturne razsežnosti. 98 99 Doktrina 2 / Doktrina 2 / Doctrine 2 Doctrine 2 Mednarodne listine in dokumenti in / dokumenti / ICOMOS / International Charters and Documents ICOMOS 1993 - 2005 Work with local, interdisciplinary Delo z lokalnimi skupnostmi, and international communities interdisciplinarnimi skupinami in mednarodno for co-operation and awareness in conserving and skupnostjo pri sodelovanju in ozaveščanju na managing settings področju ohranjanja spomeniških območij in upravljanja z njimi 12. Co-operation and engagement with associated and local communities 12. Sodelovanje in vključevanje povezanih in is essential as part of developing sustainable strategies for the lokalnih skupnosti je bistvenega pomena pri conservation and management of razvijanju trajnostnih strategij za ohranjanje settings. območij in upravljanje z njimi. Inter - disciplinary engagement should Kot standardno prakso ohranjanja in upravljanja be encouraged as standard practice in conserving and managing settings. z njimi je treba spodbujati interdisciplinarno Relevant cultural heritage fields include delovanje. Ustrezna področja kulturne dediščine architecture, urban and regional planning, vključujejo arhitekturo, urbanistično in prostorsko landscape planning, engineering, načrtovanje, krajinarstvo, inženirske stroke, anthropology, history, archaeology, ethnology, curation and archives. antropologijo, zgodovino, arheologijo, etnologijo, Co - operation with institutions and kuratorstvo in arhive. specialists in the field of natural Spodbujati je treba tudi sodelovanje z ustanovami heritage should also be encouraged as an integral part of good practice for the in strokovnjaki s področja naravne dediščine kot identification, protection, presentation sestavnega dela uspešnih praks za prepoznavanje, and interpretation of heritage structures, zaščito, predstavitev in interpretacijo dediščinskih sites or areas in their setting. objektov, spomeniških celot in spomeniških območij 13. Professional training, interpretation, community education and public skupaj z njihovo okolico. awareness should be encouraged 13. Spodbujati je treba poklicno usposabljanje, to support such co - operation and interpretacijo, izobraževanje in ozaveščanje sharing of knowledge as well as to javnosti, da bi podprli sodelovanje in pretok promote conservation goals, improve the efficiency of the protection znanja, pa tudi da bi širili konservatorske cilje, tools, management plans and other izboljšali učinkovitost zaščitnih orodij, načrtov instruments. upravljanja in druge instrumente. The experience, knowledge and tools developed through the conservation of Izkušnje, znanja in orodja, razvita med ohranjanjem individual heritage structures, sites and posameznih dediščinskih objektov, spomeniških areas should be extended to complement celot in spomeniških območij je treba razširiti na the management of their setting. upravljanje z njihovo okolico. Economic resources should be allocated to the research, assessment and strategic Za raziskovanje, oceno in strateško načrtovanje planning of the conservation and in upravljanje z okolico dediščinskih objektov, management of setting of heritage spomeniških celot in spomeniških območij je treba structures, sites and areas. določiti gospodarske vire. Awareness of the significance of the setting in its various dimensions is the Zavedanje pomena okolice v različnih razsežnostih shared responsibility of professionals, je skupna odgovornost strokovnjakov, ustanov institutions, associated and local in povezanih in lokalnih skupnosti, ki morajo communities, who should take into pri odločanju upoštevati snovne in nesnovne account the tangible and intangible dimensions of settings when making razsežnosti območja. decisions. 100 Zdr uženje ICOMOS/SI 2014