HACQUETIA 9/1 • 2010, 91-150
DOI: 10.2478/v10028-010-0002-2
THE FOREST VEGETATION OF THE TOLFA-CERITI MOUNTAINS (NORTHERN LATIUM - CENTRAL ITALY)
Romeo DI PIETRQi, Mattia M. AZZELLA^ & Laura FACIONI^
Abstract
The forests of the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains (Latium, central Italy) were investigated through a phytosociologi-cal approach. 249 releves were performed and treated with multivariate analysis. 13 woodland communities were identified, of which 7 belong to Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae, 1 to Fagetalia sylvaticae, 1 to Populetalia and 4 to Quercetalia ilicis. The thermophilous Turkey oak-forests occurring on the trachytic hills of the Ceriti Mountains and on the flysch substrates of the Tolfa Mountains were included in Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis ass. nova. Quercus cerris and Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa woodland communities of the foot-slopes have been ascribed to Fraxino oxycarpae-Quercetum cerridis, while the widespread mesophilus Turkey oak forests have been ascribed to Melico-Quercetum cerridis. Cephalantero longifoliae-Quercetum cerridis has been restricted to acid and oligotrophic soils. Quercuspetraea woodlands, occurring on trachytic substrates have been described as a new association named Carici olbiensis-Quercetum petraeae ass. nova. All these mixed oak woods have been included in the alliance Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis Arrigoni 1997. The nomen-clatural problems concerning the prior name Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 1988 are also discussed. The beech forests of the higher altitudes have been included in Fraxino orni-Fagetum sylvaticae, while the Alnus glutinosa ravine woodlands have been described as belonging to the new association Polysticho setiferi-Alnetum glutinosae. Secondary communities of Acer monspessulanum and Acer campestre developed on flysch substrates, and of Erica arborea and Arbutus unedo (Erico-Arbutetum unedonis) developed on trachytic substrates, have also been identified. Finally two types of Quercus ilex wood have been identified: Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis, on sandstones, and the new association Arbuto unedonis-Quercetum ilicis ass. nova on volcanic soils. This latter community can be considered as a coenological and geographical vicariant in central Italy of the sicilian Erico-Quercetum ilicis.
Key words: forest vegetation, ICPN, peninsular Italy, phytosociology, syntaxonomy. Izvleček
Fitocenološko so bili raziskani gozdovih na pogorju Tolfa-Ceriti (Lacij, osrednja Italija). Izdelano je bilo 249 fitocenoloških popisov, ki so bili obdelani z multivariantimi metodami. Ugotovljenih je bilo 13 gozdnih združb, od katerih jih 7 uvrščamo v red Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae, 1 v red Fagetalia sylvaticae, 1 v red Populetalia in 4 v red Quercetalia ilicis. Termofilni cerovi gozdovi, ki jih najdemo v gričevnatem svetu pogorja Ceriti in se razvijejo na flišu v pogorju Tolfa, so vključeni v asociacijo Rubiopereginae-Quercetum cerridis ass. nova. Gozdovi cera (Quercus cerris) in ozkolistnega jesena (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa) na vznožjih so uvrščeni v združbo Fraxino oxycarpae-Quercetum cerridis, medtem ko so široko razširjeni mezofilni cerovi gozdovi uvrščeni v združbo Melico-Quercetum cerridis. Združba Cephalanthero longifoliae-Quercetum cerridis je razširjena le na grušču na kislih in oligotrofnih tleh. Gradnovi gozdovi, ki se pojavljajo na trahičnem substratu, so uvrščeni v novo asociacijo Carici olbiensis-Quercetum petraeae. Vsi obravnavani mešani hrastovi gozdovi so vključeni v zvezo Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis Arrigoni 1997; poleg tega pa obravnavamo tudi starejše ime Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 1988. Bukove gozdove, ki se pojavljajo na večjih nadmorskih višinah, uvrščamo v združbo Fraxino orni-Fagetum sylvaticae, medtem ko jelševe gozdove, ki jih najdemo po grapah, uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Polysticho setiferi-Alnetum glutinosae. Ugotovili smo tudi
1	Department I.T.A.C.A., sect. TECA - Sapienza University of Rome, Via Flaminia 70, 00196 Roma, Romeo.Dipietro@ uniroma1.it
2	Department of Plant biology - Sapienza University of Rome, P.zzle Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma
sekundarni združbi, in sicer na flišu združbo trokrpega javorja (Acer monspessulanum) in maklena (Acer campestre) ter na trahičnem substratu združbo drevesaste rese (Erica arborea) in jagodičnice (Arbutus unedo) - Erico-Arbutetum unedonis. Ugotovili smo tudi dva tipa gozdov črničevja (Quercus ilex): Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis na peščenjakih in novo asociacijo Arbuto unedeonis-Quercetum ilicis ass. nova na vulkanskih tleh, ki jo lahko obravnavamo kot cenološko in geografsko vikariantno združbo združbe Erico-Quercetum ilicis, ki jo najdemo na Siciliji.
Ključne besede: gozdna vegetacija, ICPN, Apeninski polotok, fitocenologija, sintaksonomija.
1. INTRODUCTION
The hilly-montainous range known as "Compren-sorio Tolfetano-Cerite" is the southernmost limit of an ecological and biogeographical area which finds its centre in south-western Umbria and southern-Tuscany. Being an isolated sub-coastal low-mountainous massif this area exhibits some particular litho-stratigraphical and bioclimatical features that give rise to a quite unique potential vegetation pattern. Although the highest peaks of the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains do not exceed 600 m, the entire altitudinal woodland zonation occurring in the central Apennines (from thermophi-lous holm-oakwoodlands to beech woodlands) can be found as one moves inland from the Thyr-rhenian coastline. Since ancient times, however, man has significantly influenced the woodland potential vegetational landscape as a result of a variety of activities, from forestry-grazing to mineral mining. The previous vegetational studies concerning the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains (Anzal-one 1961a, 1961b; Montelucci 1962; Spada 1975; Scoppola & al. 1990; Scoppola & Caporali 1996, 1998; Pignatti 1998), were restricted to very specific issues and suffered from the lack of a phy-tosociological overview and of a releves database regarding the woodland pattern. In the present paper a complete coenological and syntaxonomi-cal analysis of both the evergreen and deciduous woodland communities was carried out and updated to take account of the main recently-published syntaxonomical European revisions on forest vegetation.
2. STUDY AREA
The Tolfa-Ceriti Mountains are a volcanic group in the Latium Anti-Apennines, central Italy (Fig. 1). They are bounded by the Tyrrhenian Sea coast on the West, by the Monti Sabatini on the East, and the Monti Cimini and the Mignone river on
the North (Fig. 1). The Tolfa-Ceriti mountains are formed mostly of trachyte stones from the Eocene and the early Pleistocene, which markedly characterise the landscape of the study area in the form of a complex of acid domes. These volcanic edifices give rise to the rugged morphology which characterises the higher altitude zones of the study area (the highest peak of Tolfa mountains is the Monte della Grazie, 616 m) and which makes them easily distinguishable from the surrounding hilly zones which are formed by older sedimentary deposits of flyschoid origin (Devoto & Lombardi 1977; Contoli & al. 1980; Angelelli
I Ionian Sea
Figure 1: Study area. Slika 1: Preučevano območje.
RoMEO Dl PlETRO, MATTIA M. AZZELLA & LAURA FACIONI: THE FOREST VEGETATION Of THE TOLFA-CERITI MOUNTAINS ^
& Faramondi 1995; Lombardi 2000). Particularly important are the reservoirs of alunite, a mineral discovered here in the 15 th century, and which has been extensively mined since then. According to Blasi (1994), the study area is included in two bioclimatic units: a narrow territorial fringe which runs parallel to the coastal line which belongs to the Mediterranean Region, and a higher altitude zone which belongs to the Transition Mediterranean Region (upper meso-Mediterra-nean thermotype, upper subhumid- lower humid umbrotype).
2000 program, Podani 2001). The following scale was adopted to transform the Braun-Blanquet values of the matrix into numerical values (van der Maarel 1979): r = 1; + = 2; 1 = 3; 2 = 5; 3 = 7; 4 = 8; 5 = 9. Species nomenclature is according to Conti & al. (2005). The new syntaxa were named according to the International Code of Phytoso-ciological Nomenclature (ICPN, Weber et al. 2000). Species which occur only once were excluded from the phytosociological table and were reported in Appendix 1. Place and date of releves were listed in Appendix 2.
3. DATA AND METHODS
Field research was carried out in the period from 2004 to 2005. Altogether 249 phytosociological releves were made following the standard methods of the Zurich-Montpellier approach (Braun-Blanquet 1964). The row matrix (249 rel. x 330 species) was subjected to multivariate analysis procedures (cluster analysis), using the chord distance algorithm to produce the dissimilarity matrix and the minimum variance in new clusters as agglomeration criterion (package Syntax
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Multivariate analysis
The cluster analysis dendrogram based on quantitative data, transformed through the van der Maarel conversion scale, is shown in Fig. 2. Three main clusters were identified; cluster A, which included the thermophilous communities only, was composed of three sub-clusters: secondary Erica arborea and Arbutus unedo high shrublands (1), mixed woods of Quercus ilex and thermophilous
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
Figure 2: Cluster analysis dendrogram based on quantitative data, transformed through the van der Maarel conversion scale, and computed using the chord distance algorithm to produce the dissimilarity matrix and the minimum variance in new clusters as an agglomeration criterion.
Slika 2: Dendrogram klastrske analize: kvantitativni podatki, pretvorjeni z van der Maarlovo skalo in izračunani z uporabo algoritma tetivne razdalje za izdelavo matrike različnosti in kopičenja na osnovi minimalne variance.
deciduous tree species developed on the flysch substrates of Tolfa mountains (2), and those developed on the volcanic trachytic substrates of the Ceriti hills (3). In the latter sub-cluster the evergreen Quercus suber woodlands and the ther-mophilous Quercus cerris woodlands were also classified. Cluster B included all the mesophil-ous Quercus cerris woodlands developed both on volcanic and flysch substrates, as well as the Acer monspessulanum secondary woodlands. Cluster C includes the ravine Alnus glutinosa woodlands and the woodlands communities developed at higher altitudes; Quercus cerris acidic oligotroph-ic woods, Quercus petraea woods, Castanea sativa woods and Fagus sylvatica woods. In most of the cases all these woodlands types are relic and are restricted to small areas.
4.2 Vegetation
Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis ass. nova hoc loco (Table 1, 2)
(Holotypus rel. 3 in Table 1 hoc loco)
Distribution and structure: Thermophilous Quercus cerris woodlands are developed on the marly-calcareous hills, especially on south-western slopes, and are interposed between the sclero-phyllic vegetation of the coastal side and the mes-ophilous Quercus cerris woodlands of the inner areas. These woodlands are usually coppiced and are mostly dominated by Quercus cerris and in some cases co-dominated by Quercus pubescens s.l. In the lower tree-layer the constant presence of Acer monspessulanum and Fraxinus ornus is found, while the undergrowth is very rich in Mediterranean species (Osyris alba, Pistacia lentiscus, Rham-nus alaternus, Rosa sempervirens, Viburnum tinus, Smilax aspera, Asparagus acutifolius, Rubia per-egrina, Lonicera implexa and Clematis flammula), which enable these turkey oak woodlands to be distinguished from those occurring in the inner areas and/or at higher altitudes.
Syntaxonomy: These thermophilous Quercus cer-ris woodlands sampled in the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains exhibit strong similarities to those included in the subassociation Roso-Quercetum pubescentis quercetosum cerridis proposed by Arrigoni & al. (1997) for some thermophilous oak-woods of central and southern Tuscany (Table 17). However, it is evident that both communities are Quercus cer-
ris communities and not Quercus pubescens communities mixed with Quercus cerris. Moreover, Roso-Quercetum pubescentis quercetosum cerridis Arrigoni & al. 1997 is different (physiognomically and coenologically) from the original diagnosis of Roso-Quercetum pubescentis provided by Biondi in 1986 and subsequently in Biondi & al. (2002) and Allegrezza & al. (2002). As a consequence the inclusion of our releves within Roso-Querce-tum pubescentis was not considered in the present study. Allegrezza & al. (2002) came to the same conclusion and included the subassociation Roso-Quercetum pubescentis quercetosum cerridis (sensu Arrigoni & al. 1997) in a Quercus cerris forest association, Lonicero xylostei-Quercetum cerridis as a new subassociation (Lonicero-Quercetum cerridis loniceretosum etruscae). In our opinion the use of the name Lonicero xilostei-Quercetum cerridis raises some coenological and nomenclatural problems. From a coenological point of view the association Lonicero xilostei-Quercetum cerridis (formerly Lonicero xylostei-Carpinetum orientalis Taffetani & Biondi 1995) exhibits a highly unusual floristic combination which is very different from those of the other types of thermophilous Quercus cer-ris woodlands of central Italy. In addition to the abundance of Carpinus orientalis there is the simultaneous presence of a species, Lonicera xylosteum, which is typical of mesophilous oak-hornbeam woodlands (Erythronio-Carpinion) or thermophilous beech woodlands (Ubaldi 1988; Oberdorfer 1994; Di Pietro & Tondi 2005), along with several Quercetea ilicis species, such as: Smilax aspera, Rosa sempervirens, Viburnum tinus, Quercus ilex. Therefore Lonicero xilostei-Quercetum cerridis cannot be considered a widely-distributed community, and must necessarily be restricted to the few zones of the hilly (Adriatic) sector of Marches region where these unusual coenological features were identified (Taffetani & Biondi 1995). Certainly it is not appropriate to include a community such as Roso-Quercetum quercetosum cerris, which was described for the Tyrrhenian side of central Italy and in a geographical context which is external to the distributional range of Carpinus orientalis, and what is more in a coenological context in which the character species Lonicera xylosteum is absent. From a nomenclatural viewpoint the name Lon-icero xylostei-Quercetum cerridis is to be considered invalid (Art. 39 ICPN, Weber & al. 2000), in spite of the arguments provided in Biondi & al. (2002). In addition, the new combination of the subass. Roso-Quercetum pubescentis quercetosum cerridis Ar-
rigoni 1997 (Arrigoni & al. 1997) in the form of the new subass. Lonicero xylostei-Quercetum cerridis loniceretosum etruscae is to be considered nom. il-leg. (Art. 26 ICPN).
Over the last thirty years many other Quercus cerris woodland associations have been proposed for the Tyrrhenian district of central Italy (As-parago-Quercetum cerridis Scoppola & Filesi 1995, Carpino orientalis-Quercetum cerris Blasi ex Taffe-tani & Biondi 1995; Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerris (Pignatti & Pignatti 1968) Bas Pedroli in Pignatti 1998) and some of them show similarities with Quercus cerris thermophilous woodlands of the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains (Table 17). Unfortunately we cannot classify these communities into any of the exsisting described syntaxa. As-parago tenuifolii-Quercetum cerridis (Scoppola & Filesi 1995) is not suitable owing to the complete absence of Asparagus tenuifolius (guide species of the association) and the scarcity of Echinops ritro subsp. siculus, Bromus ramosus and Malus florentina (character species in the original diagnosis). Carpino orientalis-Quercetum cerris is to be excluded owing to the absence of Quercus frainetto (co-dominant with Quercus cerris in the lectotypus of the association provided in Taffetani & Biondi 1995) and the negligible presence of Carpinus orientalis in the entire Tolfa-Ceriti mountains area1.
The association Rubio-Quercetum cerris deserves a separate treatment. The name Rubio per-egrinae-Quercetum cerris was proposed (invalidly, Art. 2, Art. 5) in Pignatti & Pignatti (1968) for describing sub-acidophilous woodlands in southern Tuscany. This association was further recognized by other authors (Stortelder & al. 1986; Bas Pedroli & al. 1988) for some types of Quercus cerris woodlands of southern Tuscany, despite the lack of a phytosociological table in the original publication from which to extrapolate a type-releve. The name Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis was proposed again in Pignatti (1998) together with an appropriate synecological and synchorologi-cal diagnosis, a list of the character species and a synoptic table listing the high-frequency species only. On the basis of Pignatti's new coenological
1 The name Carpinus orientalis-Quercetum cerris was described invalidly in Blasi (1984) (Art. 3). The further validation of the name made in Taffetani & Biondi (1995) as Carpino orientalis-Quercetum cerris Blasi ex Taffetani & Biondi 1995 is a nom. illeg., owing to the presence of a prior validly described nomenclatural synonym in the Balkan phytosociological literature (Carpino orientalis-Quercetum cerris Oberd. 1934) (Horvat & al. 1974).
description of Rubio-Quercetum together with the wide distribution of the characteristic species it can be deduced that this association has a very extensive distribution area. According to Pignatti (1998) Rubio-Quercetum includes the majority of the thermophilous Quercus cerris woodlands currently described for the Tyrrhenian district of central Italy (e.g. the associations Asparago tenu-ifolii-Quercetum cerris, Coronillo emeri-Quercetum cerris, Carpino orientalis-Quercetum cerris, Erico-Quercetum cerridis were considered in the form of syntaxonomical synonyms).
Nevertheless, this new version of the association is also to be considered invalid (Art. 5), since in Pignatti (1998) it was reported as Rubio-Quercetum cerris Bas Pedroli 1989, although in the publication of Bas Pedroli & al. (1988) there was neither an indication of the nomenclatural-type of the association nor a phytosociological table from which to extrapolate a type-releve. These nomenclatural gaps, however, do not nullify the statement that Pignatti's Rubio-Quercetum cerridis covers a coenological space for which no other exsisting validly described syntaxa currently correspond. For this reason, and in order to avoid the proliferation of new names, we think it appropriate to keep the reference to the name Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis, however in the form of a new association (Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis ass. nova hoc loco). The proposal of this new association is necessary not only for purely nomenclatural reasons, but also because, even if it corresponds almost entirely to the ecological diagnosis provided by Pignatti (1998), it is in disagreement with most of the syntaxonomical syn-onimies he proposed. As a consequence, the typereleve of the new association is defined ex-novo and hoc loco (rel. 3 Table 1 of the present paper) and is no way related to any of the associations published to date which are considered by other authors as syntaxonomical synonyms of Rubio-Quercetum cerridis. In this new form Rubio-Querce-tum cerridis becomes a sort of "base-association" ("Torso-gesellschaft" sensu Poldini 1988) which includes all those Quercus cerris thermophilous woodlands of central and western Italy which are developed on sub-acid and/or flyschoid substrates, and which are markedly influenced by the Mediterranean bioclimate. The following species are included in the characteristic component of this new association: Rubiaperegrina, Smi-lax aspera, Asparagus acutifolius, Stachys officinalis, Melittis melissophyllum and Hedera helix.
In addition to the typical aspect of the Ru-bio-Quercetum cerridis, a thermophilous subasso-ciation named Rubio-Quercetum cerridis ericetosum arboreae subass. nova hoc loco (holotypus Table 2 rel. 4), has been identified in the study area. It consists of relatively open woods which occur mostly on the SW facing slopes of the Ceriti hills where trachitic substrates are to be found, and also less frequently on the driest areas of the Tolfa mountains flysch substrates. The upper tree layer is dominated by Quercus cerris with Quercus ilex and Quercus suber also very frequent. The shrub layer is characterised by the presence of many evergreen sclerophyllic species, mainly Phillyrea latifolia and Quercus ilex and less frequently Erica arborea, Arbutus unedo, Myrtus communis Clematis flammula, Asparagus acutifolius, Rubia peregrina, Smilax aspera. The thermophilous deciduous tree component is composed of Fraxinus ornus, Quercus pubescens s.l., Acer monspessulanum, and Sorbus domestica, while Ostrya carpinifolia is more sporadic, being restricted to the bottom of small gorges where moister conditions occur. Luzula forsteri, Melica uniflora, Ruscus aculeatus, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Carex distachya are the most common species in the herb-layer. The presence of this termophilous subassociation Rubio-Querce-tum can be explained by the drying out of soils, in its turn the result of coppicing and extensive grazing, which led to increased competitiveness of the evergreen steno-Mediterranean species. The differential species of Rubio-Quercetum cer-ridis ericetosum arboreae are Erica arborea, Myrtus communis, Arbutus unedo, Quercus suber and Quer-cus ilex.
Melico uniflorae-Quercetum cerridis Arrigoni, in Ar-rigoni, Mazzanti & Ricceri 1990 (Tables 3, 4, 5)
Distribution and structure: The mesophilous Quer-cus cerris woodlands are the most widespread woodland type in the study area, where it occurs on both Flysch and volcanic substrates. These woodlands usually exhibit long-turn coppicing and have a diverse vertical structure. The upper tree-layer is dominated by Quercus cerris, and Acer monspessulanum and Fraxinus ornus are also present. Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica and Malus sylvestris occur in secondary tree layer. The most common shrub species are Cornus mas, Crataegus monogyna, C. laevigata, Euonymus euro-paeus, Hedera helix, Lonicera etrusca and Ruscus
aculeatus. In the herb layer the presence of mesophilous species such as Melica uniflora, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Oenanthe pimpinelloides, Brachypodium sylvaticum and Lathyrus venetus differentiates these forests from thermophilous forests of Rubio-Quercetum cerridis.
Syntaxonomy: In the phytosociological literature of central Italy there are several studies concerning turkey oak woods developed in the ecological conditions described in the previous paragraph (Ubaldi e Speranza 1982; Blasi 1984; Blasi & al. 1993; Arrigoni & al. 1990; Arrigoni 1998; Foggi & al. 2000; Scoppola 1998, Scoppola & Filesi, 1998). Here, the mesophilous Quercus cerris woodlands of the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains have been included in the association Melico uniflorae-Quercetum cer-ridis which was first described for southern Tuscany by Arrigoni & al. (1990) and was also recognised in other areas such as the Mount Rufeno Reserve (Scoppola & Filesi 1998) and the Cecina River Basin (Foggi & al. 2000). In addition to the typical aspect of the Melico-Quercetum two further types were identified in the study area. On the moister soils of the N-facing footslopes Melico-Quercetum woods are characterised by the co-dominance of Carpinus betulus in the dominated tree layer and by the abundance of Fagetalia species in the undergrowth (Melico-Quercetum carpinetosum betuli) (Table 5). On steeper slopes with stony substrates Ostrya carpinifolia becomes co-dominant with Quercus cerris (Melico-Querce-tum ostryetosum carpinifoliae) (Table 4).
Fraxino oxycarpae-Quercetum cerridis (Scoppola & Filesi 1995) Foggi, Selvi & Viciani in Foggi, Selvi, Viciani, Bettini & Gabellini 2000 (Table 6)
Distribution and structure: This woodland type is developed on the marly-calcareous substrates of the plain whose ground water table occurs very close to the surface. These woodlands are in spatial contact with Melico-Quercetum cerridis and serial contacts with the secondary thick woods of Acer monspessulanum and Acer campestre. The dominant layer is composed of Quercus cerris and Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, whereas the dominated tree-layer mainly of Fraxinus ornus and Acer monspessulanum together with Acer campestre, Ulmus minor and Malus sylvestris. The herb layer is not substantially different from that of Melico-Quercetum cerridis.
RoMEO Di PlETRO, MatTIA M. AZZELLA & LaURA FaCIONI: The forest vegetation OF THE XoLFA-CERITI mountains ^
Syntaxonomy: In the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains area Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa does not occur in riparian environments, as instead is the case for the rest of the Latium region and indeed most of the peninsular Italy (Pedrotti & Gafta 1996; Blasi & al. 2002). Scoppola & Filesi (1995) described the subassociation Asparago tenuifolii-Quercetum cerridis fraxinetosum oxycarpae for the Mount Rufeno Natural Reserve. This subassocia-tion was subsequently identified in south-western Tuscany (Foggi & al. 2000) and raised to the rank of association with the name Fraxino oxycarpae-Quercetum cerridis. The rank of association has been adopted in the present paper too.
Acer monspessulanum and Acer campestre community (Table 7)
Distribution and structure: These are secondary woods which mainly occur on flysch substrates on gentle slopes. Acer monspessulanum, and to lesser extent Acer campestre, are the dominant species of tree layer and are accompanied by Fraxinus an-gustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, F. ornus, Quercus cerris, Q. pubescens s.l. and Malus sylvestris. These woodlands are subjected to extensive wild grazing and this is testified by the high cover of edge species such as Stellaria media and Geranium purpureum. These Acer-dominant woods are developed in ecological conditions which are similar to those of Fraxino oxycarpae-Quercetum cerridis, so it can be assumed that these woodlands are the succession-al stage which precedes Fraxino-Quercetum in the dynamical series. According to Portoghesi & al. (2008) the prevalence of Acer monspessulanum in these areas must be viewed as the consequence of two factors: on the one hand, frequent coppicing and wild grazing, causing intensive soil erosion and accentuating the effects of summer drought; on the other hand a high content of calcium carbonate in the soil, derived from the sedimentary lithotypes (Tolfa flysch) occurring in the southern part of the Tolfa Mountains. So it seems plausible that the progressive drying out of the soil has disadvantaged Quercus cerris and especially Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oycarpa which is more sensitive to ground water level fluctuations.
This study is probably the first carried out in peninsular Italy in which Acer monspessulanum is not only a forest species involved in reforestation processes of Quercus cerris potential forests, but is also the dominant species in various secondary
forest types. The dynamical role of Acer monspessulanum on the flyschoid substrates of the Tolfa mountain (coastal northern Latium) is very similar to that of Carpinus orientalis on the limestone substrates of the Ausoni-Aurunci mountains (coastal southern Latium) where this species is dynamically linked to Quercus pubescens ther-mophilous woodlands (Blasi & Di Pietro 1998; Blasi & al. 2001).
Syntaxonomy: As Acer monspessulanum has a wide ecological niche, it is hard to classify its wood stands within known syntaxa. The nearest example occurring in the national phytosociological literature is probably that of Cercidi-Aceretum mon-spessulani described in Pignatti (1998). This reference, however, is not proposable for Tolfa communities since it is a sort of tall-shrub community which is characterised by the co-dominance of Carpinus orientalis in the upper tree layer and by the abundance of Cercis siliquastrum. Therefore, for the moment, we would provisionally classify the Acer-dominant communities from the study area as "Acer monspessulanum and Acer campestre community", stressing however that further phy-tosociological research is needed.
Cephalantero longifoliae-Quercetum cerridis Scoppola & Filesi 1998 (Table 8)
Distribution and structure: This woodland type occurs exclusively on trachyic substrates on the western slopes of M. Urbano and M. Madonna, at altitudes around 600 m. These are typical impoverished acidic woodlands developed on relatively shallow soils which are dominated by Quer-cus cerris, with minor occurrence of Fagus sylvat-ica, Quercus petraea, Castanea sativa and Fraxinus ornus. In the lower tree-layer Ilex aquifolium and Sorbus torminalis were found, while in the herb-layer Cephalanthera longifolia, Hieracium racemo-sum, Solidago virgaurea and Cruciata glabra were the most common species.
Syntaxonomy: Three releves are certainly too few to provide a definite syntaxonomical classification. Nevertheless, classification into the association Caphalantero longifoliae-Quercetum cerris (Scoppola & Filesi 1998), which was described for the acidic sandstones of Mount Rufeno, appears the most suitable.
Carici olbiensis-Quercetum petraeae ass. nova hoc loco (Table 9)
(Holotypus releve 7 in Table 9 hoc loco)
Distribution and structure: A discontinuous belt of Quercus petraea woodlands was recognizable within the north-western sector of the Tolfa mountains at altitudes between 450 and 600 m. The Sessile oak woodlands were normally developed on relatively deep soils on gentle slopes (10-15°), where they came into spatial contact with beech woodlands at higher altitudes and mesophilous turkey oak woodlands at lower altitudes. Quercus petraea woodlands are normally characterised by a very dense canopy which prevents development of the shrub-layer, while the herb-layer is always well developed. In addition to Quercus petraea (dominant) the upper tree-layer was composed of Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus and Ostrya carpi-nifolia. The lower tree-layer was mainly characterised by Ilex aquifolium, Mespilus germanica and Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum. Hedera helix and Ruscus aculeatus were the most frequent species of the herb layer where Carex olbiensis, Daphne lau-reola, Cruciata glabra, Solidago virgaurea, Festuca heterophylla and Melica uniflora also occur.
Syntaxonomy: According to Pignatti (1998) Quer-cus petraea woodlands of the Tolfa mountains are included in two associations: Hieracium racemosi-Quercetum petraeae Pedrotti & al. 1982 and Ilici-Quercetum petraeae Brullo 1983 which were both classified into the alliance Quercion robori-pe-traeae and in the order Quercetalia robori-petraeae. This syntaxonomical interpretation, however, gives rise to several doubts. In fact, it is highly unlikely that two different Quercus petraea associations could find adequate ecological space in a relatively small area, where the climate is mainly meso-Mediterranean and the typically scattered potential areas for Quercus petraea are restricted to a narrow belt between Quercus cerris and Fagus sylavtica forests. Furthermore, it was found (Table 19) that the majority of the characteristic species of both Hieracio racemosi-Quercetum petraeae and its higher syntaxonomical ranks are absent in the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains. This absence is due to lithological and ecological dissimilarities which become strikingly evident when the alluvial Umbrian plain of Gubbio (locus classicus of Hiera-cio-Quercetum petraeae) is compared to the Tolfa mountain slopes.
In contrast, the ecological and biogeographi-cal context which characterises Ilici-Quercetum petraeae is completely different. This association was described for the montane belt of the Madonie mountains in Sicily and consequently the majority of its diagnostic species (Geranium versicolor, Doronicum orientale etc.) are restricted to southern Italy (Table 19). In a recent syntaxo-nomical revision (Ubaldi 2003) Ilici-Quercetum petraeae was lowered to the rank of a subassocia-tion of Anemono-Fagetum of which it was considered as a previous secondary syndynamical stage. In our opinion this hypothesis is not correct for the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains area where the sessile-oak woodlands are a potential vegetation type and are physiognomically and coenologically distinguishable from the surrounding woodlands. As a consequence they can not be defined using the rank of "variant" or "subassociation". Instead they have to be considered as a sort of residual potential woodland which at present are "trapped" (due to both natural and anthropic causes) between Quercus cerris and Fagus sylvatica potential areas. Nevertheless Quercus petraea woodlands maintain a typical core area which is floristically and coenologically autonomous and, as a consequence, perfectly distinguishable in terms of association. As far as syntaxonomy is concerned, the high number of Mediterranean species occurring alongside several Fagetalia species is unusual for the woodland syntaxonomical context of central Italy. Hence a new association named Carici olbiensis-Quercetum petraeae ass. nova is here proposed. The character species of this association are Carex olbiensis, Ilex aquifolium, Hedera helix, Mespilus germanica and Rubia peregrina. This new syntaxonomical reference could be further extended to the adjacent Quercus petraea woodlands of the Cimini volcanic mountains (Blasi & al. 1990) and to the hilly area of south-western Umbria. In central and southern Tuscany this association is vicaried by Frangulo alni-Querce-tum petraeae, which shows similar structural and physiognomical features. This association, however, has a floristic component which includes diagnostic species that find their southernmost limit in southern Tuscany (Physospermum cornu-biense, Teucrium scorodonia, Cytisus nigricans), or which simply do not occur in Tolfa-Ceriti sessile-oak forests (Frangula alnus, Anemone nemorosa, Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea, Erica scopar-ia, Genistapilosa, G. germanica etc.).
RoMEO Di PlETRO, MatTIA M. AZZELLA & LaURA FaCIONI: The forest vegetation OF THE XoLFA-CERITI MOUNTAINS ^
Castanea sativa woodlands (Table 10)
Distribution and Structure: The Tolfa mountains chestnut forests are floristically poor as is typical of such plantations. The upper tree-layer is often monospecific while the shrub and herb layers show very low cover values. The co-exsistence of companion species such as Fagussylvatica, Quercus petraea, Fraxinus ornus, Ilex aquifolium, Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo, however, reflects the peculiar coenological features of Tolfa-Ceriti mountains.
Syntaxonomy: The chestnut woods of central Italy can be considered the result of human exploitation and substitution of mixed mesophilous and acidophilous Quercus cerris and Quercus petraea woodlands, in which it is likely that Castanea sativa originally played the role of companion species. Arrigoni & Viciani (2001) identify five Castanea sativa forest types occurring in Tuscany including mixed deciduous woodlands, coppiced and monodominant chestnut woods exploited for timber and/or for fruit. In our opinion it is not methodologically correct to assign a syntaxonomical rank to a silvicultural plantation. However, given the wide diffusion of chestnuts woods on the Tolfa mountains and adjacent areas it seems interesting to speculate what the natural forest types which were replaced by chestnut groves were most likely to have been. In fact some authors (Spada 1975; Contoli & al. 1980) hypothesised a previous Fagus sylvatica stage. The abundance of Fagus sylvatica in the shrub-layer of the chestnut woods would suggest a possible natural dominat role of this species. The presence of Castanea sativa in the releves of Quercus cerris and Quercus petraeae woods (Table 3, 4, 9), however, suggests that these forest types, too, provided portions of their potential area for chestnut plantations.
Remarks on Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis Arrigoni 1997
According to the most recent revision of Querceta-lia pubescenti-petraeae (Blasi & al. 2004) all the associations described in this paper are included in the alliance Teucrio-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 1988 and in the suballiance Teucrio-Quercenion cerridis Blasi, Di Pietro & Filesi 2004. According to the ICPN, this name is no longer valid.
The name Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis was proposed invalidly by Ubaldi (1988) as a new
alliance of the order Lathyro nigri-Quercetalia cerridis. Some years later (1995) the same author did not recognize this alliance and included Teucrio-Quercion in the alliance Lonicero etruscae-Quercion pubescentis Arrigoni & Foggi in Arrigoni, Maz-zanti & Ricceri 1990, as a syntaxonomical synonym. However, according to Blasi & al. (2004), the name Lonicero-Quercion pubescentis is to be considered invalid (Art. 5) because this alliance overlaps with Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1958. In 2003, Ubaldi proposed the alliance Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis once again in the form '"Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 1998 em. Scoppola & Filesi 1995" all. nov. From a strictly nomen-clatural viewpoint the new name Teucrio-Quer-cion had several problems. First, the reference to the year of the publication of Teucrio-Quercion (1998 vs. 1988) was wrong. Second, the new alliance Teucrio-Quercion Ubaldi included the alliance Lathyro montani-Quercion cerridis Scoppola & Filesi 1995. Although the latter was described invalidly in 1995, it was validated later in Scop-pola & Filesi (1998). As a consequence the name Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 2003 is to be considered a superfluous name (art. 29c). In addition, the alliance did not coincide syntaxo-nomically with the Teucrio-Quercion Ubaldi 1988 nom. inval. because a significant part of the coe-nological and geographical range of the Teucrio-Quercion Ubaldi 1988 is included in other alliances, namely Quercionfrainetto Horvat 1954 and Mespilo-Carpinion betuli Ubaldi 2003.
Thanks to the appropriate choice of the no-menclatural binomial and to the shared floristic, coenological and synchorological diagnosis of the first version of the alliance Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 1988, the name has been widely used by the majority of Italian phytosociologists over the last twenty years. As a consequence Blasi & al. (2004) proposed this name to be maintained as nomen conservandum. This proposal was not allowed by ICPN as Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 1988 is an invalid name.
Given the nomenclatural vicissitudes mentioned above, it is understandable that a certain degree of confusion has arisen around the name Teucrio-Quercion cerridis in coenological, cho-rological and nomenclatural terms. As a consequence a new proposal of a nomenclaturally valid version of Teucrio-Quercion as "nomen conservan-dum" does not seem to make sense at present.
For this reason in the place of Teucrio-Quercion it is necessary to apply the prior published valid
name. This name is Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis Arrigoni 1997. According to its original diagnosis, however, this alliance only partially coincides with Teucrio-Quercion cerridis as it is presently used. In fact Crataego laevigatae-Quer-cion cerridis includes only the mesophilous mixed Quercus cerris woodlands. The nomenclatural type (Melico-Quercetum cerridis Arrigoni in Arrigoni, Mazzanti & Ricceri 1990) and the year of effective publication (1997) confirm that Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis has all the necessary nomenclatural qualifications to be considered the valid prior name to be used in place of Teucrio-Quercion. Nevertheless both its synchorological range and its character specific component proposed in the original publication of Crataego lae-vigatae-Quercion cerridis are significantly reduced when compared to those of Teucrio-Quercion cer-ridis (e.g. the oak woodlands of southern Italy are completely excluded). For this reason, we have decided to maintain the name Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis as the name of the alliance, and to re-propose the division into two "geographical" suballiances as originally made in Blasi & al. (2004): a "northern" Teucrio-Quercenion cerridis Blasi, Di Pietro & Filesi 2004 and a "southern" Ptilostemo-Quercenion cerridis Bonin & Gamisans 1977. Since the name Teucrio siculi-Quercenion cer-ridis Blasi, Di Pietro & Filesi 2004, is to be considered invalid due to the invalidity status of the alliance Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis, it is substituted here with the new suballiance Crataego lae-vigatae-Quercenion cerridis Blasi, Di Pietro & Filesi suball. nov. hoc loco. The nomenclatural type of this new suballiance is the same as that of the alliance (Melico uniflorae-Quercetum cerridis Arrigoni in Arrigoni, Mazzanti & Ricceri 1990), while its specific character, transgressive and differential species are those already proposed in Blasi, Di Pietro & Filesi (2004) for the invalid version of the suballiance Teucrio siculi-Quercenion cerridis. The diagnosis, coenological and synchorological features, as well as character species of the subal-liance Ptilostemo stricti-Quercenion cerridis remain those which were proposed in Blasi & al. (2004).
Fraxino orni-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi 1995 (Table 11)
tudes ranging between 500 and 600 m. These are old coppices which started to be converted into high-forest stands 50 years ago. Fagus sylvatica is the dominant species of a high-cover woodland type having an upper tree-layer co-dominated by Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Castanea sativa and more sporadically by Ostrya carpinifolia and Quercus cerris. The lower tree-layer is almost completely absent while the shrub-layer is composed of saplings of Fagus sylvatica, Ilex aquifolium, and scattered individuals of Mespilus germanica, Frax-inus ornus, Quercus ilex and Acer pseudoplatanus. The herb layer exhibits a relatively high specific diversity and cover degree (generally exceeding 60 %). Species with high cover values are Hedera helix and Ruscus aculeatus while Melica uniflora, Festuca heterophylla, Pteridium aquilinum, Daphne laureola, Tamus communis are very frequent. The occurrence of Galium rotundifolium subsp. rotun-difolium is very interesting because in the central and southern Apennines it is usually restricted to the microthermic beech woodlands of the upper montane belt.
Syntaxonomy: According to several authors (Fe-oli & Lagonegro 1982; Blasi 1992; Pignatti 1994; Scoppola & Caporali 1996; Fascetti & al. 1996; Scoppola & al. 1993; Scoppola & Caporali 1998) the Tolfa beechwoods are to be included in the association Anemono-Fagetum (Gentile 1969) Brullo 1983 which corresponds to the well-known Aqui-folio-Fagetum sensu Gentile 1969 (nom. illeg?). This syntaxonomical diagnosis was mainly due to the frequency of Ilex aquifolium in the shrub layer and to the presence of many thermophilous species in the undergrowth. Ubaldi (1995) disagreed with this interpretation and defined a new association, Fraxino orni-Fagetum sylvaticae, on the basis of a phytosociological table published by Anzalone (1961a) and composed exclusively of releves performed in Tolfa beechwoods. Anemono-Fagetum is strictly linked to the southern Apennine area due to the presence of species which do not occur in central Italy such as Geranium versicolor, Dor-onicum orientale, Luzula sicula, Festuca exaltata etc. (Gentile 1970; Di Pietro & al. 2004). As a consequence in the present paper too, the Tolfa beech woodlands were included in Fraxino orni-Fagetum sylvaticae'2. As far as the higher syntaxonomical
Distribution and Structure: The beech woods of the Tolfa mountains are restricted to the N-fac-ing slopes of the upper part of the massif at alti-
2 In Ubaldi 2003 the association Fraxino orni-Fagetum Ubaldi 2005 was considered a syntaxonomical synonym of Aristolochio-Fagetum Ubaldi 1987. The name Aristolochio-
ranks are concerned this association was (provisionally) included in the Geranio versicoloris-Fa-gion even if this alliance has a southern Apennines centre of distribution which makes its presence in central Italy doubtful. The occurrence in the Tolfa beechwoods of Anemone apennina, Lathyrus venetus, Allium pendulinum and Cyclamen hederi-folium (which were considered as character species in the original proposal of Geranio-Fagion) partially justifies this choice (some authors, e.g. Biondi & al. 2002, however, have recently made reference to it regarding the beechwoods of other central Apennine zones). However there are no doubts about the ranks of order and class which are Fagetalia and Querco-Fagetea, respectively.
Polysticho setiferi-Alnetum glutinosae ass. nova hoc loco
(Holotypus releve 1 in Table 12 hoc loco)
Distribution and Structure: These are typical ravine woodlands which are developed on the slopes and at the bottom of the small gorges which characterise the inner zones of the study area. The upper tree-layer is dominated by Alnus glutinosa while in the lower tree-layer Ilex aquifo-lium, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus cerris occur. The herb layer is composed of two components which are easily distinguishable on a physiognomical-spatial scale: a dense carpet of ferns (Osmunda regalis, Athyrium filix-foemina and Blechnum spicant) which occur along the banks of the stream at the bottom of the gorge, and a Hedera helix- Ruscus aculeatus carpet which provides more or less con-
Fagetum was proposed invalidly in Ubaldi et al. (1990) (art. 3, 5) and subsequently validated in Ubaldi (1995) choosing a type-relevee in the table of beech woodlands releves published in Anzalone (1961). Amongst the species belonging to the genus Aristolochia only the species Aristolochia longa var. pallida was reported in Table 1 published in Anzalone, 1961. According to Fiori (1923) and Nardi (1984) this variety is to be ascribed to the bi-nomy Aristolochia pallida. As a consequence, on the basis of ICPN (Weber & al. 2000) the complete name of the association in Ubaldi, 1995 should be: Aristolochio palli-dae-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi et al., 1990 ex Ubaldi 1995. According to Conti & al. (2005) the taxon Aristolochia pallida is absent from Latium region where it is vicariated by Aristolochia lutea. For this reason the name Aristolochio pallidae-Fagetum sylvaticae has to be considered as not validly published at the moment, at least until it is proposed in its correct form, Aristolochio luteae-Fagetum sylvaticae (art. 43).
tinuous cover of the gorge's steep slopes (30°-45° in the header data of Table 12).
Syntaxonomy: The Alnus glutinosa ravine communities of the Tolfa mountains exhibit a slight similarity with the association Circaeo lutetianae-Alnetum glutinosae which was described for an adjacent area in Blasi & Frondoni (1996). This association, however, mainly described flooded riparian woodlands developed on the plain, where the substrates were normally not volcanic. Furthermore the name Circaeo lutetianae-Alnetum glutinosae is illegitimate (art 31 ICPN) since it had already been used in Fukarek (1979) for the riparian vegetation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. For this reason we propose the new association Polysticho setiferi-Alnetum glutinosae ass. nova hoc loco for the ravine woodlands of the Tolfa mountains. This association is typically developed on volcanic substrates. The following characteristic species were selected: Polystichum setiferum, Blech-num spicant, Hypericum androsaemum and Ilex aquifolium. Table 12 also includes two releves (7 and 8) in which the undergrowth is comparable to that of a typical Alnus ravine woodland but from which Alnus glutinosa is completely missing. Polysticho-Alnetum glutinosae could be considered the southern and thermophilous vicariant of the association Carici pallescenti-Alnetum glutinosae described by Landi & Angiolini (2008) for various areas of Tuscany. However no sharp geographical or ecological boundaries occur between these two associations. In fact it is not uncommon to find intermediate coenological situations, as we found performing releves in the thermophilous Alnus glutinosa communities of the torrential riverbeds surrounding the area of S. Lorenzo a Merse in central Tuscany (Table 12, releves 9-10-11). As far as the higher syntaxonomical ranks are concerned the situation is rather complex. It is known that Alnus glutinosa ravine woodlands with Athyrium filix-foemina, Blechnum spicant, Polysti-cum setiferum, Carex remota (etc.) occur both in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fukarek 1979; Barudanovic 2003; Barudanovic & Redzic 2006). At the same time typical thermophilous Mediterranean Alnus glutinosa-Osmunda regalis communities are also very frequent in Spain (Ri-vas-Mart^nez & al. 2002) and Algeria (Meddour & Laribi 1999).
In our opinion, on the basis of its floristic and bioclimatic features, the new association Polysti-cho-Alnetum glutinose should be included in the
suballiance Hyperico hircini-Alnenion glutinosae, and in the submediterranean-atlantic alliance Os-mundo-Alnion. The inclusion in Osmundo-Alnion, however, is to be considered as provisional, since at present this alliance is characterised almost entirely by species having a western-Iberian distribution and, as a consequence, only marginally eligible as a reference for the submediterranean communities of peninsular Italy (Rivas-Mart^nez & al., 2002; Bardat & al. 2004,). For this reason a new syntaxonomical and synchorological revision of Osmundo-Alnion that also includes Peninsular Italy and western Balkans communities is needed.
Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis Riv.-Mart., Canto, Fernandez-Gonzalez, Sanchez-Mata 1995 (Table 13)
Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis quercetosum cer-
ridis subass. nova hoc loco
(Holotypus releve 14 in Table 13 hoc loco)
Distribution and Structure: This woodland type is found in the coastal area extending from Civitavecchia to Santa Severa and it is restricted to the flyschoid or marly-calcareous substrates occurring on gentle slopes. It is characterised by a single tree-layer where Quercus ilex is a dominant tree species and several deciduous species such as Quercus pubescens s.l., Quercus cerris, Fraxinus or-nus and Acer monspessulanum may also occur. Phil-lyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus Smilax aspera, Ru-bia peregrina, Asparagus acutifolius and Osyris alba are the most frequent species in the shrub layer, while the poor-in-species herb layer is composed of Tamus communis, Cyclamen repandum, C. hederi-folium, Carex hallerana and Arisarum vulgare.
Syntaxonomy: Beacause of the presence of a strong deciduous woody component the syn-taxonomical diagnosis of the holm oak woods on flyschoid substrates of the Tolfa area is rather complex. On the basis of Biondi & al. (2003), the abundance of species such as Quercus pubescens s.l., Fraxinus ornus, Acer monspessulanum and an undergrowth characterised by many ingressive elements from Rhamno-Prunetea and Querco-Fagetea would suggest the inclusion of the releves in the association Cyclamino hederifolii-Quercetum ilicis (of which more or less the entire characteristic component was found). The scarce presence of Illyrian-Balkan species, however, makes this
reference unsuitable (especially because in its original diagnosis Cyclamino hederifolii-Quercetum ilicis was considered a geographical vicariant of Fraxino orni-Quercetum ilicis). On the other hand, the wide occurrence of Cyclamen repandum and the location in the north-western coastal sector of the Latium region made us lean towards Cy-clamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis. According to Ri-vas-Mart^nez & al. (1995) and Biondi & al. (2003) this association would take the place of Viburno-Quercetum ilicis pistacetosum which was proposed by De Dominicis & al. (1988) for the compact limestone substrates of the Punta Ala promontory in southern Tuscany. For this association the new subassociation Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis quercetosum cerridis was recognised for some Quercus ilex stands characterised by the constant presence of Quercus cerris in the upper tree-layer, and of slightly mesophilous species such as Brach-ypodium sylvaticum, Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii, and Anemone apennina in the herb layer.
Arbuto unedonis-Quercetum ilicis ass. nova hoc loco
(Holotypus releve 7 in Table 14 hoc loco)
Distribution and Structure: These holm-oak woodlands occur exclusively on the trachytic volcanic substrate of the Ceriti mountains where they occupy both steep and gentle slopes. The upper tree-layer is dominated by Quercus ilex, and Quer-cus cerris is also well represented, whereas the lower tree-layer is composed completely of Quer-cus ilex. The shrub-layer is mainly composed of Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea and other species of the evergreen sclerophyllic shrublands.
Syntaxonomy: The abundance of Erica arborea and Arbutus unedo in the shrub-layer, together with the presence of the Erico-Arbutetum as the main woodland regressive successional stage, suggests a possible classification within the association Erico-Quercetum ilicis which was described for the island of Pantelleria to the south of Sicily. In fact many other holm oak woodlands of Sicily and southern Italy have already been classified in this association (Brullo & Marceno 1984; Brullo & al. 2001; Biondi & al. 2003) on the basis of the simultaneous presence of Erica and Arbutus in their undergrowth. Simply by observing the locus classicus of Erico-Quercetum ilicis and its original phytosociological table, it is imme-
diately evident that this community is a sort of thermo-Mediterranean tall-maquis, dominated by Quercus ilex and by other Pistacio-Rhamnetalia species to which extremely xerothermic species (Chamerops humilis, Euphorbia dendroides etc.) are commonly associated (Table 18). In our opinion these peculiar coenological features restrict the distribution of Erico-Quercetum ilicis to Sicily and immediately surrounding areas. Certainly these thermo-xeric bioclimatic conditions are not to be found along most of the Tyrrhenian side of the Italian Peninsula where thermo-Mediterranean thermotypes are completely absent or restricted to coastal cliffs (Blasi & Michetti 2003). Still in Sicily, on acid substrates at higher altitudes Erico-Quercetum ilicis becomes substituted by Teucrio siculi-Quercetum ilicis, which is a sub-montane and lower-montane evergreen wood rich in Querco-Fagetea species. Despite its mesophilous characteristics Teucrio siculi-Quercetum ilicis is to be considered as restricted to Sicily and southern Italy due to the presence of species, Quercus congesta, Silene sicula, Doronicum orientale (etc), whose distributional ranges do not extend beyond this area.
After close examination of the wide phytoso-ciological literature on the syntaxonomy of holm oak forests it is our opinion that there is still no acidophilous Quercus ilex association which appropriately describes those woods which behave as bioclimatic and/or biogeographic vicariants of the Sicilian Erico-Quercetum ilicis and Teucrio-Quercetum ilicis. For this reason we here propose a new association, named Arbuto unedonis-Querce-tum ilicis, which can be used to classify all those acidophilous holm-oak woodlands of the Tyrrhenian sector of peninsular Italy which thrive in sub-mediterranean bioclimatic conditions and which are characterised by a significant deciduous component. This new association is characterised by an abundance of Erica arborea and Arbutus unedo, while its differential floristic component is made up of Quercus cerris, Acer monspes-sulanum, Fraxinus ornus.
We here propose classifying both Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis and Arbuto unedonis-Quer-cetum ilicis into the alliance Quercion ilicis. In fact, other options would have been to include both associations in the recently described alliance Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis (sensu Biondi & al. 2003) or to include in this latter alliance only the association Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum, leaving the association Arbuto-Quercetum ilicis in Erico-
Quercion ilicis (sensu Brullo & al. 1977). However, in our opinion neither of the alliances Fraxino or-ni-Quercion ilicis and Erico-Quercion ilicis displays a sufficient floristic autonomy to be substantially distinguished from the older alliance Quercion ili-cis. According to Biondi & al. (2003) the distribution area of Quercion ilicis (sensu Braun-Blanquet) was restricted to the Iberian Peninsula whereas the Quercus ilex forests of the entire Italian peninsula (Sicily and Sardinia included) and of the Dinarids have to be ascribed to the amphiadriat-ic alliance Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis. Obviously this paper is not the suitable place for a revision of the syntaxonomy of Quercus ilex woodlands in southern Europe. Nevertheless there are various factors that suggest to us that Tolfa-Ceriti Quer-cus ilex woodlands should be included in Quercion ilicis rather than in Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis. First, the locus classicus of Quercion ilicis is in the Catalunian-Provencial district, and here Quercus ilex woodlands exhibit a clear "eastern" biogeo-graphical character making them very different from those of the rest of the Iberian peninsula, where Quercus ilex is almost completely substituted by Quercus rotundifolia (Rivas-Mart^nez 1975; Rivas-Mart^nez & al. 2002). Second, Provencial Quercus ilex woodlands (which are often in spatial contact with Ostrya carpinifolia and Fraxinus ornus woodlands) share several floristic, coeno-logical and biogeographical similarities with the holm-oak woods of the Tyrrhenian district of the Italian Peninsula, especially with those of Ligu-ria, Tuscany and northern Latium. Third, due to the fact that they mostly occur on volcanic or flyschoid substrates, Tolfa-Ceriti Quercus ilex woodlands are extremely impoverished in those SE-European species which should play the role of "differential" species in the Fraxino orni-Quer-cion ilicis alliance and which are usually linked to limestone substrates.
Quercus suber community (Table 15)
Distribution and Structure: Very limited stands of Quercus suber forests were identified between 450 and 500 m on volcanic substrates on gentle south-facing slopes. These are mixed evergreen/deciduous communities where Quercus suber (slightly dominant) is accompanied by Quercus cerris, Quercus ilex and Castanea sativa. The herb-layer in which thermophilous species such as Smilax aspera, Asparagus acutifolius, Arbutus unedo, Erica
arborea, Lonicera implexa are mixed together with mesophilous ones such as Melica uniflora, Viola reichenbachiana, Brachypodium sylvaticum (etc.) is highly unusual.
There is no general agreement on whether Quercus suber woodlands are native to the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains. Some authors consider these woods to be ancient plantations whereas others think that they are merely the remains of widely distributed Quercus suber forests which underwent a regression due to climatic and anthropogenic pressure.
Syntaxonomy: The few available releves do not allow a classification into the rank of the association, although a slight similarity with the association Cytiso-Quercetum suberis sensu Testi & Lucat-tini (1994) was recognised.
the phytosociological literature, we have decided to express the floristic-coenological pattern occurring in the Erico-Arbutetum stands of the study area at the level of "dynamical variants". In particular two different variants were identified: a termo-xerophilous Quercus ilex variant, restricted to the Ceriti mountains and which is dynamically linked to Arbuto-Quercetum ilicis or to Rubio-Quercetum ericetosum arboreae, and a mesophilous Quercus petraea variant, which is restricted to the Tolfa mountains and is dynamically linked to the Quercus cerris and/or Quercuspetraea mesophilous woodlands (and sporadically even to Fagus or Al-nus woodlands). At alliance level Erico-Arbutetum is included in the Ericion arboreae alliance and in the Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni order.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Erico arboreae-Arbutetum unedonis Allier & Lacoste ex Foggi in Foggi & Grigioni 1999. (Table 16)
Distribution and Structure: Erica-Arbutus stands are secondary successional stages which are developed exclusively on the acid volcanic soils of the Tolfa-Ceriti mountains. Erica arborea and Arbutus unedo, form a very intricate structure together with other shrub species such as Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia and Crataegus monogyna. The herb-layer is poor-in-species and mainly composed of Rubiaperegrina and Cyclamen repandum. Erica-Arbutus stands are dynamically related to various types of pre-exsisting woodlands which were over-exploited for timber or which were subjected to frequent fire. Here and there isolated old individuals of Quercus cerris, Q. petraea and Q. ilex break through the compact Erica-Arbutus canopy, indicating the potential vegetation type which would be capable of replacing the tall-maquis phase. In spite of their typically Mediterranean character, the majority of Erica-Arbutus stands are dynamically linked to mesophilous deciduous forests, in particular Carici-Quercetum petraeae or Melico-Quercetum cerridis.
Syntaxonomy: These pre-forestal communities are included in the association Erico arboraeae-Arbutetum unedonis, which is widely known as a secondary maquis type developed on siliceous substrates (Molinier 1937, Allier & La Coste 1980, Foggi & Grigioni 1999). Although many Erico-Ar-butetum subassociations have been described in
In this paper several syntaxa of particular interest for forest vegetation of the Italian peninsula have been discussed. In particular the proposition here of the new association Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis represents an important contribution to fill in the gaps in the coenological pattern of Quercus cerris thermophilous woodlands in central Italy. The new evergreen sclerophillic association Arbuto-Quercetum ilicis is described as geosynvicariant of the association Erico-Quercetum ilicis of southern Italy, while Carici olbiensis-Quer-cetum petraeae is the southernmost Quercus petraea association so far described for continental Italy. Besides providing further confirmation of the high forest heterogeneity of the studied area, the presence of the new ravine woodland association Polysticho-Alnetum glutinosae also represents an additional contribution towards achieving a wider biogeographical and coenological definition of the alliance Osmundo-Alnion. Finally, the syntaxo-nomical-nomenclatural question of the alliance of thermophilous oak woodlands of peninsular Italy was resolved by substituting the invalid name Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 1988 with Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis Arrigoni 1997.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their thanks to Carlo Blasi for logistic support and to Goffredo Filibeck for his help during field-work. We are also grateful to Jean-Paul Theurillat, Laco Mucina for
their help on some critical nomenclatural issues. Thanks also to Daniele Viciani, to the anonymous reviewer and to the Editor-in-chief for their important advice. Jim McManus kindly revised the English language.
7. SYNTAXONOMICAL SCHEME
Quercetea iLicis Br.-Bl. ex A. & O. Bolos 1950 Quercetalia iLicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934 Quercion ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934 [Incl. Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis Biondi, Casavecchia & Gigante 2003]
•	Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis Riv.-Mart., Canto, Fernandez-Gonzalez & Sanchez-Mata 1995
Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis quer-cetosum cerridis subass. nova hoc loco
•	Arbuto unedonis-Quercetum ilicis ass. nova hoc loco
•	Quercus suber comm. PistACio-RHAMNETALiA ALATERNi Rivas-Mar-
t^nez 1975
Ericion arboreae (Rivas-Mart^nez ex Rivas-Mart^nez, Costa & Izco 1986) Rivas-Mar-
t^nez 1987
Ericenion arboreae Rivas-Mart^nez, Costa & Izco 1986
•	Erico arboreae- Arbutetum unedonis Allier & Lacoste ex Foggi & Grigioni 1999
Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger in Vlieger 1937
Fagetalia sYLVATiCAE Pawlowski. in Pawlow-ski, Sokolowski et Wallisch 1928 Geranio verisicoloris-Fagion sylvaticae Gentile 1970
•	Fraxino orni-Fagetum sylvaticae Ubaldi 1995
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae Klika 1933 corr.
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis Arri-goni1997
[=Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis nom. Con-serv. Propos in Blasi, Di Pietro & Filesi 2004. Incl.: Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 1988 nom. inval. Art. 3; Teucrio siculi-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 2003 synt. syn.; Lonicero etrus-cae-Quercion pubescentis p.p; Lathyro montani-Quercion cerridis Scoppola & Filesi 1998 synt. syn.; Mespilo-Quercion cerridis Ubaldi 2003 synt. syn.]
Crataego laevigatae-Quercenion cerridis Blasi, Di Pietro & Filesi suball. nova [=Teucrio siculi-Quercenion cerridis Blasi, Di Pietro & Filesi 2004. nom. inval.]
•	Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis ass. nova hoc loco
[Incl.: Roso sempervirentis-Quercetum pu-bescentis quercetosum cerridis Arrigoni in Arrigoni et al., 1997; Lonicero xylostei-Quercetum cerridis loniceretosum etruscae Allegrezza, Baldoni, Biondi, Taffetani & Zuccarello 2002 p.p.; Carpino orienta-lis-Quercetum cerridis Blasi ex Taffetani & Biondi 1995 p.p. ] Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis eric-etosum arboreae subass. nova hoc loco
•	Melico uniflorae-Quercetum cerridis Ar-rigoni 1990
Melico uniflorae-Quercetum cerridis carpi-netosum betuli Arrigoni 1990 Melico uniflorae-Quercetum cerridis os-tryetosum carpinifoliae Arrigoni, Foggi & Selvi 1998
•	Fraxino oxycarpae-Quercetum cerridis (Scoppola & Filesi 1995) Foggi, Selvi & Viciani in Foggi, Selvi, Viciani, Bettini & Gabellini 2000
•	Cephalanthero longifoliae-Quercetum cerridis Scoppola et Filesi 1998
•	Carici olbiensis-Quercetumpetraeae ass. nova hoc loco
•	Acer monspessulanum & Acer campestre comm.
•	Castanea sativa comm.
SALiCi PURPUREAE-PoPULETEA NiGRAE (Rivas-Mart^nez & Canto) ex Rivas- Mart^nez, Bascones, T.E. D^az, Fernandez-Gonzalez & Loidi 1991 Populetalia albae Br.-Bl. & Tchou 1948
Osmundo-Alnion (Br.-Bl., P. Silva & Rozeira 1956) Dierschke & Rivas-Mart^nez in Rivas-MarHnez 1975
Hyperico hircini-Alnenion glutinosae Dierschke
•	Polysticho setiferi-Alnetum glutinosae ass. nova hoc loco
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Recieved 22. 10. 2009 Revision recieved 16. 12. 2009 Accepted 20. 12. 2009
APPENDIX 1:
list of the sporadic species
Table 1
Alliaria petiolata (rel. 2; +); Achnatherum bromoides (rel. 11; +); Anacamptispyramidalis (rel. 13; +); Arbutus unedo (rel. 20; 1); Arisarum vulgare (rel. 3; +); Avena sterilis s.l. (rel. 22; +); Biarum tenuifolium (rel. 22; +); Blackstonia perfoliata s.l. (rel. 23; +); Brachypodium rupestre (rel. 17; +); Clematis vitalba (rel. 22; +); Clinopodium vulgare s.l. (rel. 5; +); Dac-tylorhiza maculata (rel. 6; +); Dorycnium hirsutum (rel. 19; +); Eryngium campestre (rel. 19; +); Geum urbanum (rel. 2; +); Hedypnois rhagadioloides (rel. 5; +); Hypericum perforatum (rel. 22; +); Lamium purpureum (rel. 2; +); Lathyrus annuus (rel. 2; +); Lathyrus clymenum (rel. 23; +); Lathyrus hirsutus (rel. 16; +); Lathyrus sylvestris (rel. 19; +); Leonto-don tuberosus (rel. 18; +); Lotus corniculatus s.l. (rel. 19; +); Malusflorentina (rel. 14; +); Medicago ara-bica (rel. 2; +); Orchis coriophora (rel. 5; +); Piptath-erum miliaceum s.l. (rel. 7; +); Phleumpratense (rel. 16; +); Plantago lanceolata (rel. 18; +); Poa pratensis (rel. 2; +); Rubus hirtus (rel. 14; +); Salvia pratensis s.l. (rel. 19; +); Scorzonera humilis (rel. 18; +); Ser-ratula tinctoria subsp. tinctoria (rel. 5; +); Sonchus oleraceus (rel. 11; +); Trifolium angustifolium (rel. 4; +); Trifolium ochroleucum (rel. 2; +); Vicia dis-perma (rel. 2; +); Vicia grandiflora (rel. 2; 3); Vicia pubescens (rel. 2; +).
Table 2
Aremonia agrimonoides (rel. 11; +); Achnatherum bromoides (rel. 13; +); Asperula laevigata (rel. 6; +); Celtis australis (rel. 6; +); Clematis vitalba (rel. 7; +); Cynosurus echinatus (rel. 6; +); Euphorbia amy-gdaloides (rel. 9; +); Lathyrus clymenum (rel. 11; +); Melica arrecta (rel. 4; +); Poa sylvicola (rel. 1; +); Prunella vulgaris (rel. 11; +); Ranunculus lanugi-nosus (rel. 1; +); Ranunculus velutinus (rel. 11; +); Rumex sanguineus (rel. 6; +); Sedum cepaea (rel. 1; +); Stellaria media subsp. media (rel. 16; +); Uros-permum dalechampii (rel. 6; +).
Table 3
Acer pseudoplatanus (rel. 3; +); Achnatherum bromoides (rel. 22; +); Agrimonia eupatoria. s.l. (rel. 23; +); Anacamptis pyramidalis (rel. 25; +); Arabis turrita (rel.21; +); Bromus erectus s.l. (rel. 23; +); Chaerophyllum temulum (rel. 16; +); Chelidonium majus (rel. 8; +); Clematis flammula (rel. 23; +); Coleostephus myconis (rel. 21; +); Cytisophyllum ses-
silifolium (rel. 16; +); Cytisus scoparius (rel. 7; +); Fagus sylvatica (rel.7; +); Fragaria vesca (rel.5; +); Holcus lanatus (rel. 2; +); Hypericum perfoliatum (rel. 16; +); Inula conyzae (rel. 17; +); Lamium bi-fidum (rel. 10; +); Lamium purpureum (rel. 24; +); Lathyrus aphaca (rel. 18; +); Lathyrus clymenum (rel. 17; +); Lathyrus sphaericus (rel. 57; +); Lathyrus sylvestris (rel. 10; +); Legousiafalcata (rel. 14; +); Leontodon hispidus (rel. 10; +); Lolium rigidum s.l. (rel. 16; +); Lunaria annua (rel. 3; +); Medicago lu-pulina (rel. 15; +); Moehringia trinervia (rel. 10; 2); Myosotis sylvatica s.l. (rel. 10; +); Muscari comosum (rel. 15; +); Picris hieracioides (rel. 17; +); Pyrus communis (rel. 22; +); Rhagadiolus stellatus (rel. 16; +); Sambucus nigra (rel. 8; +); Sileneflos-cuculi (rel. 8; +) Sisymbrium officinale (rel. 18; +); Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea (rel. 3; +); Sonchus oleraceus (rel. 16; +); Torilis arvensis (rel. 8; +); Trifolium ochroleucum (rel. 10; +); Umbilicus rupestris (rel. 10; +); Urtica dioica (rel. 8; +); Veronica hederi-folia s.l. (rel. 8; +); Vicia bithynica (rel. 17; +); Vicia disperma (rel. 24; +); Vicia narbonensis (rel. 10; 1); Vicia villosa (rel. 10; +).
Table 4
Anacamptis pyramidalis (rel. 9; +); Arabis turrita (rel.7; +); Anthoxanthum odoratum (rel. 18; +); Cala-mintha nepeta subsp. sylvatica (rel. 13; +); Cardam-ine hirsuta (rel. 3; +); Carex divulsa (rel. 6; +); Carex halleriana (rel. 11; +); Carex depauperata (rel. 20; +); Corylus avellana (rel. 8; 1); Crepis vesicaria s.l. (rel. 10; +); Cynosurus echinatus (rel. 6; +); Emerus majus subsp. emeroides (rel. 10; 1); Euphorbia characias (rel. 9; +); Fallopia convolvulus (rel. 13; +); Fallopia dumetorum (rel. 14; +); Ficus carica (rel. 7; +); Fumariaflabellata (rel. 18; +); Fumaria officinalis s.l. (rel. 7; +); Hyoseris radiata (rel. 6; +); Lactuca muralis (rel. 20; +); Lamium purpureum (rel. 14; +); Lathyrus aphaca (rel.14; +); Lathyrus clymenum (rel. 7; +); Lathyrus niger (rel. 18; +); Laurus nobilis (rel. 3; 1); Legousia falcata (rel. 9; +); Limodorum abortivum (rel. 20; +); Loncomelos pyrenai-cus (rel. 10; +); Lonicera implexa (rel. 10; +); Myrtus communis s.l. (rel. 11; +); Picris hieracioides (rel. 5; +); Piptatherum miliaceum s.l. (rel. 13; +); Muscari neglectum (rel. 9; +); Parietaria officinalis (rel. 6; +); Pulicaria odora (rel. 10; +); Pyrus communis (rel. 18; +); Ranunculus bulbosus (rel. 10; +); Rosa balsamica (rel. 21; +); Rubus hirtus (rel. 2; +); San-icula europaea (rel. 20; +); Scrophularia peregrine (rel. 3; +); Silene italica subsp. italica (rel. 13; +); Spartium junceum (rel. 10; +); Sonchus arvensis s.l. (rel. 3; +) Symphytum tuberosum subsp. angustifo-
lium (rel. 17; +); Teucrium chamaedrys (rel. 9; +); Trifolium pratense (rel. 6; +).
Table 5
Anthriscus nemorosa (rel. 19; +); Arabis turrita (rel. 1; +); Arisarum vulgare (rel. 12; +); Asperula laevigata (rel. 11; +); Cardamine impatiens (rel. 17; +); Carduus pycnocephalus (rel. 11; +); Carpinus orientalis (rel. 16; 1); Calamintha nepeta subsp. sylvatica (rel. 13; +); Castanea sativa (rel. 17; 1); Catapodium rigidum (rel. 11; +); Cephalanthera damasonium (rel. 18; +); Cynosurus cristatus (rel. 11; +); Cynosu-rus echinatus (rel. 11; +); Cytisus scoparius (rel. 5; +); Erigeron sumatrensis (rel. 1; +); Fallopia dumetorum (rel. 3; +); Galium mollugo subsp. erectum (rel. 4; +); Galium rotundifolium (rel. 17; +); Geranium co-lumbinum (rel. 11; +); Hieracium racemosum (rel. 11; +); Hypericum perforatum (rel. 8; +); Juniperus communis (rel. 4; +); Klasea flavescens subsp. cicho-racea (rel. 13; +); Lamium bifidum (rel. 5; +); Lam-ium purpureum (rel. 6; +); Lathyrus clymenum (rel. 7; +); Myosotis arvensis (rel. 11; +); Myosotis ramosis-sima (rel. 5; +); Orchis purpurea (rel. 14; +); Platan-thera bifolia (rel. 9; +); Ranunculus ficaria (rel. 7; +); Ranunculus velutinus (rel. 12; +); Rhamnus alater-nus (rel. 14; +); Rosa arvensis (rel. 8; +); Sambucus nigra (rel. 3; +); Selaginella denticulata (rel. 5; +); Silene latifolia subsp. alba (rel. 11; +); Torilis arvensis (rel. 11; +); Trifolium repens s.l. (rel. 11; +); Trifolium medium (rel. 11; +); Trifolium pratense (rel. 11; +); Viburnum tinus (rel. 1; 2); Vicia bithynica (rel. 7; +); Vicia villosa (rel. 11; +).
Table 6
Allium subhirsutum (rel. 9; +); Anthriscus sylvestris (rel. 2; +); Arctium minus (rel. 4; +); Asphodelus ra-mosus (rel. 7; +); Blackstoniaperfoliata s.l. (rel. 7; +); Campanula rapunculus (rel. 8; +); Carexflacca s.l. (rel. 7; +); Cercis siliquastrum (rel. 4; 2); Chaerophyl-lum temulum (rel. 3; 1); Clematisflammula (rel. 7; 1); Cruciata glabra s.l. (rel. 1; +); Dactylisglomerata s.l. (rel. 1; +); Dactylorhiza maculata s.l. (rel. 2; +); Emerus majus subsp. emeroides (rel. 4; +); Hyoseris radiata (rel. 2; +); Hypochaeris achyrophorus (rel. 6; +); Inula conyzae (rel. 4; +); Lamium maculatum (rel. 4; +); Lamium purpureum (rel. 8; +); Lathyrus aphaca (rel. 8; 1); Lathyrus niger (rel. 1; +); Laurus nobilis (rel. 7; 2); Leontodon tuberosus (rel. 6; +); Lonicera caprifolium (rel. 1; +); Luzula forsteri (rel. 8; +); Lythrum junceum (rel. 6; +); Osyris alba (rel. 7; +); Paliurus spina-christi (rel. 4; 1); Ranunculus ficaria s.l. (rel. 1; 1); Ranunculus sardous s.l. (rel.
2; +); Ranunculus velutinus (rel. 2; 1); Rhagadiolus stellatus (rel. 8; +); Rhamnus alaternus (rel. 7; 1); Rubus hirtus (rel. 8; 1); Salvia pratensis s.l. (rel. 7; +); Saponaria officinalis (rel. 6; +); Senecio aquat-icus (rel. 6; +); Serratula tinctoria subsp. tinctoria (rel. 1; +); Sonchus bulbosus (rel. 6; +); Sonchus ol-eraceus (rel. 4; +); Sorbus domestica (rel. 3; 1); Stach-ys sylvatica (rel. 5; +); Teucrium siculum s.l. (rel. 2; +); Theligonum cynocrambe (rel. 4; +); Torilis arvensis s.l. (rel. 4; +); Torilis nodosa (rel. 2; +); Trifolium medium (rel. 8; +); Trifolium pallidum (rel. 4; +); Veronica arvensis (rel. 6; +); Vicia cracca (rel. 8; +); Vicia hirsuta (rel. 2; +); Vicia grandiflora (rel. 8; +); Vitis vinifera s.l. (rel. 7; +).
Table 7
Allium pendulinum (rel. 5; +); Alopecurus myo-suroides (rel. 6; +); Asplenium trichomanes s.l. (rel. 1; +); Asphodelus macrocarpus (rel.5; +); Bromus sterilis (rel. 6; +); Carex depauperata (rel. 3; +); Carex flacca s.l. (rel. 4; +); Carex sylvatica (rel. 8; +); Teucrium chamaedrys s.l. (rel. 4; +); Chaerophyllum temulum (rel. 3; 1); Cruciata glabra s.l. (rel. 4; +); Echinops ritro subsp. siculus (rel. 5; +); Euphorbia amygdaloides s.l. (rel. 4; +); Festuca heterophylla (rel. 1; +); Fumaria capreolata (rel. 1; 2); Hyoseris radiata (rel. 6; +); Klasea flavescens subsp. cichoracea (rel. 5; +); Laurus nobilis (rel.8; +); Nigella damascena (rel.4; +); Ostrya carpinifolia (ril 2; 1); Osyris alba (rel.8; +); Rubus hirtus (rel. 1; 2); Selaginella denticulata (rel. 1; +); Serratula tinctoria subsp. tinctoria (ril 4; +); Silene latifolia subsp. alba (rel. 6; +); Sonchus asper s.l. (rel.3; +); Torilis arvensis s.l. (rel. 1; +); Trifolium pratense s.l. (rel. 4; +); Umbilicus rupestris (rel.1; +); Urospermum dalechampii (rel. 7; +); Vicia bithynica (rel. 6; +); Vicia tenuifolia s.l. (rel. 1; +).
Table 9
Acer monspessulanum (rel. 7; +); Allium pendulinum (rel. 6; +); Allium triquetrum (rel. 3; +); Anthoxan-thum odoratum (rel. 7; +); Calamintha nepeta (rel. 6; +); Campanula rapunculus (rel. 8; +); Campanula trachelium (rel. 9; +); Cyclamen repandum (rel. 10; +); Cytisophyllum sessilifolium (rel. 7; +); Cytisus scoparius (rel. 3; +); Euphorbia amygdaloides (rel. 9; +); Lapsana communis (rel. 5; +); Lathyrus niger (rel. 4; +); Laurus nobilis (rel. 4; +); Melittis melissophyl-lum (rel. 5; +); Osyris alba (rel. 10; +); Prunus spino-sa (rel. 4; +); Quercuspubescens (rel. 5; 1); Rubus gr. silvatici (rel. 4; +); Silene italica (rel. 5; +); Viola riv-iniana (rel. 3; +).
Table 10
Acer opalus (rel. 4; +); Asplenium onopteris (rel. 7; +); Brachypodium sylvaticum (rel. 7; +); Carex distachya (rel. 7; +); Carex flacca (rel. 7;+); Carex sylvatica (rel. 4; +); Clinopodium vulgare (rel. 7; +); Crataegus monogyna (rel. 7; +); Cyclamen repandum (rel. 4; +); Dactylis glomerata (rel. 7; +); Daphne laureola (rel. 6; +); Digitalisferruginea (rel. 7;+); Hieracium sabau-dum (rel. 3; +); Holcus lanatus (rel. 5; +); Juniperus communis (rel. 1; +); Lactuca muralis (rel. 6; +); Lathyrus venetus (rel. 4; +); Limodorum abortivum (rel. 6; +); Lonicera caprifolium (rel. 4; +); Lonicera etrusca (rel. 1; +); Mespilus germanica (rel. 2; +); Quercus cerris (rel. 1; +); Smilax aspera (rel. 6; +).
Table 11
Acer campestre (rel. 1; +); Ajuga reptans (rel. 5; +); Alliaria petiolata (rel. 7; 1); Allium triquetrum (rel. 1; +); Arbutus unedo (rel. 11; +); Asperula laevigata (rel. 9; +); Calamintha nepeta (rel. 5; +); Carex distachya (rel. 1; +); Cyclamen hederifolium (rel. 9; 1); Cyclamen repandum (rel. 9; +); Cytisus villosus (rel. 1; +); Dactylorhiza romana (rel. 8; 1); Deschampsia flexuosa (rel. 6; +); Euphorbia amygdaloides (rel. 8; +); Galium aparine (rel. 1; +); Lathyrus venetus (rel. 1; +); Malus sylvestris (rel. 2; +); Polypodium cambricum (rel. 9; +); Populus tremula (rel. 11; 3); Rubus gr. Silvatici (rel. 1; +); Stachys officinalis (rel. 8; +); Stellaria media (rel. 7; +); Vinca minor (rel. 10; 2).
Table 12
Alliaria petiolata (rel. 10; +); Allium pendulinum (rel. 3; +); Allium triquetrum (rel. 11; 2); Cephalan-thera rubra (rel. 8; +); Crataegus laevigata (rel. 5; +); Dactylis glomerata (rel. 3; +); Daphne laureola (rel. 11; +); Dryopteris affinis (rel. 9; 1); Emerus majus subsp. emeroides (rel. 9; +); Equisetum palustre (rel. 5; +); Erica arborea (rel. 3; +); Eupatorium cannabi-num (rel. 6; +); Euphorbia dulcis (rel. 6; +); Ficus carica (rel. 8; 1); Galium aparine (rel. 6; +); Geranium purpureum (rel.6; +); Hieracium murorum (rel. 4; +); Ligustrum vulgare (rel. 9; +); Luzula pi-losa (rel. 9; +); Melica arrecta (rel. 4; +); Mespilus germanica (rel.4; +); Oenanthe pimpinelloides (rel. 3; +); Poa sylvicola (rel. 5; +); Populus tremula (rel. 2; 2); Ranunculus ficaria (rel. 9; 2); Ranunculus ve-lutinus (rel.6; 1); Robinia pseudacacia (rel. 10; +); Smilax aspera (rel.2; +); Stachys sylvatica (rel. 6; 1); Stellaria media (rel. 11; 1); Symphytum tuberosum (rel. 6; 1); Ulmus minor (rel. 8; +); Verbena officinalis (rel. 1; +); Veronica montana (rel. 1; 1); Viola riv-iniana (rel.4; +); Vitis vinifera (rel.6; +).
Table 13
Arum italicum (rel. 1; +); Asphodelus ramosus (rel. 12; +);A^plenium onopteris (rel. 12; +); Brachypodium rupestre (rel. 10; +); Bromus sterilis (rel. 10; +); Bu-glossoidespurpurocaerulea (rel. 10; +); Carlina corym-bosa (rel. 10; +); Carpinus orientalis (rel. 10; +); Cen-taurium erythraea s.l. (rel. 3; +); Clinopodium vulgare s.l. (rel. 15; +); Cytisophyllum sessilifolium (rel. 10; +); Cytisus villosus (rel.1; +); Dactylis glomerata s.l. (rel. 15; +); Dorycnium hirsutum (rel. 10; +); Euonymus europaeus (rel. 8; +); Euphorbia characias (rel. 10; +); Ficus carica (rel. 10; +); Galium aparine (rel. 14; +); Geranium purpureum (rel. 6; +); Lathyrus clymenum (rel.16; +); Melica uniflora (rel. 12; +); Ostrya carpini-folia (rel. 10; +); Paliurusspina-christi (rel. 7; 1); Poa compressa (rel. 2; +); Ranunculus lanuginosus (rel. 15; +); Reichardiapicroides (rel. 10; +); Sorbus torminalis (rel. 10; +); Spartiumjunceum (rel. 6; +); Ulmus minor s.l. (rel. 13; +).
Table 14
Alliaria petiolata (rel. 7; +); Arisarum vulgare (rel. 3; +); Brachypodium sylvaticum (rel. 11; +); Carex depauperata (rel. 1; +); Carex divulsa (rel. 10; +); Clematisflammula (rel. 2; +); Clematis vitalba (rel. 10; +); Cornus mas (rel. 3; 1); Crataegus monogyna (rel. 5; +); Cruciata glabra (rel. 7; +); Cynosurus ech-inatus (rel. 7; +); Emerus majus subsp. emeroides (rel. 9; +); Erigeron sumatrensis (rel. 10; +); Euonymus europaeus (rel. 11; +); Euphorbia amygdaloides (rel. 15; +); Fallopia convolvulus (rel. 12; +); Inula conyzae (rel. 14; +); Juniperus communis (rel. 1; +); Lactuca muralis (rel. 11; +); Lamium bifidum (rel. 9; +); Lamium maculatum (rel. 11; +); Lamium purpureum (rel. 7; +); Lathyrus aphaca (rel. 11; +); Lonicera caprifolium (rel. 1; +); Melica arrecta (rel. 8; +); Pistacia lentiscus (rel. 2; 1); Pulicaria odora (rel. 1; +); Ranunculus bulbosus (rel. 10; +); Ranunculus lanuginosus (rel. 11; +); Rumex sanguineus (rel. 11; +); Stachys sylvatica (rel. 12;+); Ulmus minor (rel. 3; +); Urtica dioica (rel. 11; +).
Table 15
Acer campestre (rel. 4; +); Acer monspessulanum (rel. 3; +); Anemone apennina (rel. 3; +); Carex flacca (rel. 3;+); Clematis vitalba (rel. 4; +); Cornus mas (rel. 3; +); Crataegus monogyna (rel. 4; +); Echinops siculus (rel. 3; +); Euonymus europaeus (rel. 4; +); Geranium purpureum (rel. 3; +); Geum urbanum (rel. 4; +); Lonicera etrusca (rel. 4; +); Luzulaforsteri (rel. 4; +); Melica arrecta (rel. 3; +); Ranunculus lanuginosus (rel. 3;+); Stachys officinalis (rel. 3;+); Ulmus minor (rel. 1; +).
Table 16
Acer campestre (rel. 13; 2); Carexflacca (rel. 24; +); Clematisflammula (rel. 24; +); Clinopodium vulgare (rel. 24;+); Crataegus laevigata (rel. 20; 1); Cyclamen hederifolium (rel.9; +); Cynosurus echinatus (rel. 23; +); Cytisophyllum sessilifolium (rel.18; +); Festuca heterophylla (rel. 7; +); Galactites elegans (rel. 23; +); Juniperus communis (rel. 7;+); Lonicera implexa (rel. 24;+); Mespilus germanica (rel. 7; +); Osyris alba (rel. 24;+); Poa sylvicola (rel. 23;+); Polypodium vulgare (rel. 24;+); Pteridium aquilinum (rel. 7;+); Pyrus communis (rel.7; +); Rosa sempervirens (rel. 5; +); Sherardia arvensis (rel. 23; +); Stach-ys officinalis (rel. 7; +).
APPENDIX 2
Locations and dates of the releves
Table 1: rel. 1: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 26. 05. 2005; rel. 2: Buche della Madonnina, 02. 06. 2004; rel. 3, 4: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 17.06.2004; rel. 5, 14: Monte il Cavone, 03. 06. 2005; rel. 6: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 31. 05. 2005; rel. 7: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 22. 06.2005; rel. 8, 9: Macchia del Quartaccio, 17. 06. 2005; rel. 10, 11: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 26. 05. 2005; rel. 12: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 16. 06. 2004; rel. 13, 17, 23: Monte Ianni, 03. 06.2005; rel. 15, 18, 19: Monte Ianni, 06. 06. 2005; rel. 16: Monte Ianni 07. 06. 2005; rel. 20: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 21. 05. 2005; rel. 21: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 26. 05. 2005; rel. 22: Monte Fagiolano, 24. 05. 2005.
Table 2: rel. 1: Monte Santo, 24. 05. 2005; rel. 2, 7, 8, 9, 10: Monte Sughereto, 25. 05. 2005; rel. 3, 4, 5, 6: Monte del Cerqueto, 14. 06. 2005; rel. 11, 12, 13, 14: Macchia del Fagiolano, 18. 05. 2005; rel. 15, 16: Monte Fagiolano, 24. 05. 2005.
Table 3: rel. 1, 2: Monte Sassicari 23. 06. 2005; rel. 3: Monte Urbano, 30. 06. 2005; rel. 4, 5: Monte Sassicari, 01. 07. 2005; rel. 6, 7: Sbroccati, 29. 06. 2005; rel. 8: Monte Ercole, 19. 05. 2005; rel. 9: Monte Marino, 21. 05. 2005; rel. 10: Monte Zan-fone, 22. 05. 2004; rel. 11: Monte AcquaTosta, 11. 05. 2005; rel. 12, 15: Monte Ianni, 08. 06. 2005; rel. 13, 14, 23, 25: Monte Ianni, 07. 06. 2005; rel. 16: Monte AcquaTosta, 09. 06. 2005; rel. 17: Poggio Malinverno, 11. 05. 2005; rel. 18, 19: Miniera di piombo abbandonata, 20. 06. 2005; rel. 20: Pog-gio Ombricolo, 20. 06. 2005; rel. 21: Pozzi, 13. 06.
2005; rel. 22: Macchia del Quartaccio, 17. 06. 2005; rel. 24: Monte S. Ansino, 31. 05. 2004.
Table 4: rel. 1: Monte S. Ansino, 31. 05. 2004; rel. 2: Monte Ianni, 03. 06. 2005; rel. 3: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 17. 06. 2004; rel. 4, 9: Monte Ianni, 07. 06. 2005; rel. 5: Miniera di piombo abbandonata, 20. 06. 2005; rel. 6, 7, 8: Pozzi, 13. 06. 2005; rel. 10: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 26. 05. 2005; rel. 11: Macchia del Fagiolano, 18. 05. 2005; rel. 12: Monte Papar-ano, 12. 05. 2004; rel. 13: Monte del Cerqueto, 16. 06. 2005; rel. 14, 15: Monte Lungo, 18. 06. 2004; rel. 16, 17: Monte Lungo, 19. 05. 2005; rel. 18, 19: Monte Sassicari, 19. 05. 2004; rel. 20, 21: Monte Sassicari, 30. 06. 2005.
Table 5: rel. 1: Monte Lungo, 17. 05. 2005; rel. 2: Monte Lungo, 02. 06. 2004; rel. 3: Fosso della Caldara, 17. 06. 2004; rel. 4, 5, 6: Fosso del Man-drione, 17. 06. 2004; rel. 7, 8, 19, 20: Poggio Malinverno, 11. 05. 2005; rel. 9: Miniera di piombo abbandonata, 19. 05. 2004; rel. 10, 17: Miniera di piombo abbandonata, 20. 06. 2005; rel. 11: Pog-gio Felcioso, 18. 06. 2004; rel. 12, 14: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 22. 06. 2004; rel. 13, 16: Pozzi, 13. 06. 2005; rel. 15: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 08. 06. 2005; rel. 18: Monte la Roccaccia, 19. 05. 2004.
Table 6: rel. 1: Monte Acquatosta, 09. 05. 2004; rel. 2: Monte Acquatosta, 08. 06. 2004; rel. 3: Monte Acquatosta, 09. 06. 2005; rel. 4, 5: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 26. 05. 2005; rel. 6, 7, 9: Monte Ianni, 06. 06. 2005; rel. 8: Monte Zanfone, 22. 05. 2004.
Table 7: rel. 1: Monte Zanfone, 02. 06. 2004; rel. 2, 4: Monte Acquatosta, 09. 06. 2005; rel. 3: Monte Pozzo Ferro, 08. 06. 2005; rel. 5: Monte Ianni, 03. 06. 2005; rel. 6: Monte Ianni, 06. 06. 2005; rel. 7: La Roccaccia, 13. 06. 2005; rel. 8: Fosso del Ma-rangone, 30. 05. 2005.
Table 8: rel. 1, 2: Monte Urbano, 30. 06. 2005; rel. 3: Madonna delle Grazie, 01. 07. 2005.
Table 9: rel. 1: Sbroccati, 24. 05. 2005; rel. 2, 8, 10: Sbroccati, 22. 06. 2005; rel. 3: La Bianca, 23. 06. 2005; rel. 4: Monte Urbano, 21. 06. 2005; rel. 5: Monte Urbano, 24. 05. 2005; rel. 6: Monte Urbano, 30. 06. 2005; rel. 7, 9: Sbroccati, 28. 06. 2005;
Table 10: rel. 1: Monte Sassicari, 01. 07. 2005; rel. 2, 3, 4: Sbroccati, 21. 06. 2005; rel. 5, 6, 7: Cinque Bottini, 23. 06. 2005.
Table 11: rel. 1: quota 633 (La Bianca), 21. 06. 2005; rel. 2: Faggeto, 29. 06. 2005; rel. 3, 5, 6: Monte Urbano, 30. 06. 2005; rel. 4: Sbroccati, 22. 06. 2005; rel. 7: quota 633 (La Bianca), 01. 07. 2005; rel. 8: Poggio Elceto, 24. 05. 2005; rel. 9: Tolfa, 21. 05. 2004; rel. 10: Tolfa, 29. 06. 2005; rel. 11: Sbroccati, 28. 06. 2005.
Table 12: rel. 1: Monte Sassicari, 23. 06. 2005; rel. 2: Monte Sassicari, 24. 05. 2005; rel. 3, 4, 5: Monte Sassicari, 27. 06. 2005; rel. 6: Fosso di Costa Grande, 29. 06. 2005; rel. 7, 8: Fosso dei Cinque Bottini, 02. 09. 2007; rel. 9, 10, 11: San Lorenzo a Merse (Si), 20. 05. 2008.
Table 13: rel. 1, 3: Macchia del Semaforo, 30. 05. 2005; rel. 2: La Castellina, 27. 05. 2005; rel. 4, 11, 12, 15, 16: Macchia del Fagiolano, 18. 05. 2005; rel. 5, 6, 7: La Fornacetta, 03. 06. 2005; rel. 8, 9: Colle Santa Maria Morgana, 10. 06. 2005; rel. 10: Monte Ianni, 03. 06. 2005; rel. 13, 14: Macchia del Fagiolano, 20. 05. 2005.
Table 14: rel. 1: Monte Paparano, 09. 05. 2004; rel. 2: quota 209, 24. 05. 2005; rel. 3, 13: Monte Lungo, 14. 05. 2004; rel. 4, 6, 7, 16: Monte Ercole, 22. 05. 2004; rel. 5: Monte Marino, 21. 05. 2005; rel. 8, 9: Monte Lungo, 12. 05. 2005; rel. 10: Bucacce, 12. 05. 2005; rel. 11, 12: Monte Lungo, 17. 05. 2005; rel. 14: Monte Lungo 04. 06. 2004; rel. 15: Monte Vittoria, 04. 06. 2004.
Table 15: rel. 1, 2: Monte Sughereto, 24. 05. 2005; rel. 3, 4: La Sughereta, 16. 06. 2008
Table 16: rel. 1, 2, 7: Monte Sassicari, 24. 05. 2005; rel. 3, 6: Monte Sassicari, 27. 06. 2005 rel. 4, 5: Cinque Bottini, 22. 06. 2005; rel. 8: Monte Sassicari, 12. 05. 2005; rel. 9, 14, 21: Monte Stradello, 13. 05. 2004; rel. 10, 12, 19: Monte Marino, 21. 05. 2005; rel. 11: Tenuta del Marchese, 03. 06. 2004; rel. 13: Monte Ercole, 18. 06. 2004; rel. 15: rel. Monte Marino, 03. 06. 2004; rel. 16: Monte Santo, 24. 05. 2005; rel. 17, 18: Monte Lungo, 11. 05. 2005; rel. 20: Monte Lungo, 14. 05. 2004; rel. 22: Monte Vittoria, 03. 06. 2004; rel. 23: Monte Mancini, 03. 06. 2004; rel. 24: Macchia del Cerqueto, 14. 06. 2005.
legend of synoptic table 17 (thermophilous Quercus cerris woodlands in central Italy).
Col. 1: from Table 1 in the present paper Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis. Col. 2: from Table 2
in the present paper Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis ericetosum arboreae. Col. 3: from Table 6 in Arrigoni et al. (1997) Roso sempervirentis-Querce-tum pubescentis quercetosum cerris - Monte Morel-lo (Tuscany). Col. 4: from Table 3 in Scoppola & Filesi (1995) Asparago tenuifolii-Quercetum cerridis
-	Monte Rufeno (Latium). Col. 5: from Table 2 in Arrigoni et al. (1990) Erico arboreae-Quercetum cerridis - Maremma grossetana (Tuscany). Col. 6: from Table 2 sub Lonicero xylostei Carpinetum orientalis in Taffetani & Biondi (1995) Lonicero xy-lostei-Quercetum cerridis Taffetani & Biondi ex Biondi & Allegrezza 1996 - Valloni di Chieuti (Apulia) and Selva dell'Abbadia di Fiastra (Marches). Col. 7: from Table 1 in Blasi (1984) Carpino orientalis-Quercetum cerridis - Northwestern Latium.
legend of synoptic table 18 (Quercus ilex woodlands developed on acid substrates in central and southern Italy).
Col 1: from Table 5 in Brullo & Marceno (1984) Erico-Quercetum ilicis - Pantelleria (Sicily). Col. 2: from Table 5 in Brullo & Marceno (1984) Erico-Quercetum ilicis - Lipari (Sicily). Col. 3: from Table 3 in Brullo et al. (2001) Erico-Quercetum ilicis
-	Aspromonte (Calabria). Col. 4: from Table 16 in De Dominicis et al. (1988) Viburno-Quercetum ilicis piatacietosum - Punta Ala (Tuscany). Col. 5: from Table 16 in De Dominicis et al. (1988) Viburno-Quercetum ilicis ericetosum - Punta Ala (Tuscany). Col 6: from Table 1 in Biondi et al. (2003) Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis - Italy. Col 7: from Table 14 in the present paper Arbuto unedo-nis-Quercetum ilicis.
legend of synoptic table 19 (Quercus petraea woodlands on central and southern Italy).
Col 1: from Table 9 in the present paper Carici olbiensis-Quercetum petraeae. Col. 2: from Table 1 in Pedrotti et al. (1982) Hieracio racemosi-Querce-tum petraeae - Gubbio basin (Umbria). Col. 3: from Table 22 in Brullo (1983) Ilici-Quercetum petraeae. Col. 4: from Table 4 in Arrigoni (1997) Frangulo alni-Quercetum petraeae (sub: Ilici aquifo-lii-Quercetum petraeae) - Cerbaie (Tuscany). Col. 5: from Table 14 in Foggi et al. (2000) Frangulo alni-Quercetum petraeae - Cecina River Basin (Tuscany). Col. 6: from Table 1 in Viciani & Moggi (1997) - Quercus petraeae woods of Sargiano and Lucignano (Tuscany).
Releve number	1	2	3*	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	110	110	260	240	135	290	350	160	170	165	190	160	110	105	155	400	330	360	230	160	220	45	115	
Aspect	NW		W	NNW	NE	NNW WNW		E	E	WSW	SW	WNW	SW	ENE	SSW	SW	S	WSW	SW	W	SW	SSE	SW	
Slope (°)	25		10	15	15	40	35	10	20	15	30	25	20	20	15	20	25	30	45	40	25	10	30	
Cover bare rock (%)	10	1	15	30	15	20	25	<5	5	<5	25	5	20	20	10	15	10	5	40	20	10	10	30	
Releve area (m2)	200	200	220	200	200	200	150	200	250	150	200	150	200	200	250	400	220	200	150	100	160	250	200	
Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis																								Frq.
Rubia peregrina	+	+	1	1	1	1	1	+	+	+	+	2	1	1	+		1	+	+	+	+	+	+	96
Smilax aspera	2	+	2	2	1	2		3	1	1	2	1	+	2	+	+	+		1	1	2	1	+	91
Asparagus acutifolius	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+		+	+		+	+	+	+		+	+	87
Stachys officinalis	+	+	+	+	+	+		+	+	+		+	+	1	+	1	+	+	+	+	+	+		87
Melittis melissophyllum	+		+	+	1	+				+	+	1	1	1	+	+	1	+	+	+	1	1	+	83
Hedera helix	1	3	2	2	+		1	1	2	+	1	1	+	+	1	1				1	+	1	+	83
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis
Oenanthe pimpinelloides + 2 + Pulicaria odora Poa sylvicola Aristolochia rotunda Echinops ritro subsp. siculus Ranunculus lanuginosus Teucrium siculum Crataegus laevigata Lathyrus niger Iris foetidissima Ligustrum vulgare Cytisus villosus Malus sylvestris
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae
+ .
+ +
+ + + + 1 + + . + . . + . 1 + + . .
+ + + + + .
2 + + + + +
. +
+ +
Euphorbia amygdaloides
+	. 74
2	+ 48
+	. 26
	. 26
	22
	+ 22
	22
	17
	. 13
	9
	.9
	. 9
Acer monspessulanum	2	3		3	3	3	3	2	2	2	3	32	3	3	2	3	3	32	3	2	2	100
Quercus pubescens s.l.	2	2		2	1	3	2	2	1	1	1	33	2	1	2	1	1	32	1	3	3	100
Fraxinus ornus	1	1		2	2	1	1	1	2	1	1	12	2	1	1	1	+	11	1		2	100
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii	+	+	2	2	1	+	+	1	+	+	+	11	1	1	1	1	+	. +	1			91
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea	+	+	+	+	1	+	+	+	+	+		+ +	+	+	+	1	+	. +	+		+	91
Cornus mas	2		3	2	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1 .	2		1	+	1	2	1			74
Carex flacca			+			+		+	+	+	+	+ +	+		+	+	+	+ +	1		+	70
Cyclamen repandum	2	+	+	+	+	+				1	+	+ .	+	+				. 1	+		+	61
Cercis siliquastrum	+		1	1	+				1			. +	1			+		2	+			48
Ostrya carpinifolia				3	3	1	2		1			1 .	1			1		.1				39
Melica arrecta				+		+			+			. +			+		+		2		+	39
Allium triquetrum	3					+		+	+	1	2			+								35
Sorbus domestica			+		+	1	+	+										+ 1	+			35
Arum italicum	1	+	+							+	+				+			. +				30
Scutellaria columnae subsp.																						
columnae	+		+	+	+	+						+ .			+							30
Carpinus orientalis					2							3	3	4							+	22
Emerus majus subsp. emeroides				+															+		+	13
Rumex sanguineus		+																				9
Asperula laevigata	+															+						9
Silene italica subsp. italica							+		+													9
Agrimonia eupatoria																				+	+	9
Fagetalia sylvaticae																						
Lathyrus venetus	+	1	+	+	+	+				+		+ .	1	1	+	+			+	+		61
Anemone apennina	3	1	1	+	1	1						. 1	2	2	+	1		. +		+		57
39
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
Releve number	1	2	3*	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13 14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	Frq.
Cyclamen hederifolium	+		+	+						+										+			22
Allium pendulinum		+											. 1										9
Querco-Fagetea																							
Quercus cerris	4	4	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	3	3	3	33	3	5	4	4	3	2	3	2	1	100
Tamus communis	+	+	1	1	1	1	1	+	+	1	+	1	11	2	+	+	+	1	2	+	+	1	100
Ruscus aculeatus	2	1	3	3	1	3	3	2	2	+	2	1	+ 2	+	+	+	+		+	3	+		91
Melica uniflora	1	2	2	2	+	2	+	+	+	1		+	12	2	1		+	+	+			+	83
Brachypodium sylvaticum	+	+	2	2	1	1	+	+	+	1	+	+	11	+	+			+			+	1	83
Acer campestre		1	2	1				1	+		1	+	. 1	1	1						+	+	52
Ajuga reptans	+	+	1		+	+						+	. +	+	+			+			2		48
Ulmus minor	+	+	+						1			1			1				+		1		35
Loncomelos pyrenaicus			+			+	+						+ +		1	+	+						35
Daphne laureola		1	+	+		+							. +			+						+	30
Sorbus torminalis			1	1	+			+											+				22
Cruciata glabra Bromus ramosus Calamintha nepeta subsp. sylv. Luzula forsteri Carex sylvatica Quercetea illcis
Other species
13
9 9 4
Clematis flammula	. 1 . 1 + +	++1+	+	+	1 + + + 2 + 2 1 1	11	91
Rosa sempervirens	+ + + + 1 +	1 + + +	1		+ + . 2 + + + 1 1	1+	91
Phillyrea latifolia	121211	. 1 . 3	2	2	1 . + ...+ 3 1	+1	74
Quercus ilex	+ . .2 + 1	. . . 1		2	.......1 +	. 1	39
Asplenium onopteris	. . + + . +	+ . + .	+		. . + . . . . + .		35
Osyris alba	. . . . + .	. . . +			. + . . + + + . .	++	35
Carex distachya	. . + . . .	+ . + .	+		. . + . . . . + .	1 .	30
Pistacia lentiscus	. . . + . .		+	2	2........	23	26
Viburnum tinus	. . . 1 . 1			3	2......1 .	2	26
Rhamnus alaternus	.....+	. . . +			. + . . + . + 1 .		26
Lonicera implexa	.....+				......+ + +	++	26
Carex halleriana	. . . + 2 .		+		+........		17
Laurus nobilis	1 . . + . .			+			13
Carex divulsa	+ +	+					13
Carex olbiensis		.+..					4
Crataegus monogyna	+2	1	+	1	+	+	+	1+	+	+	+	1	+	+	2	+		+	1	1	+	96
Lonicera etrusca	+1	+	+	2	+	+	+	++	+	+	1	1	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+		96
Dactylis glomerata	. +	+	+	+	+	+	+			+	+	+		+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	78
Euonymus europaeus	++	+	+	+	1	+	+	++		+	+	+	+	+				+		+		74
Asphodelus ramosus		+				+	+	++	2		+		+	+	+	2	2		+	2	+	65
Sonchus bulbosus	2		+	1	2	1				+	1			+	2	+	+	+	1	+		61
Prunus spinosa	.1			+	+	+					+	1	+	1	+	+	+			+		57
Geranium purpureum	.1	+	+		+	1			+		+	+	+	+	+	+				+		57
Klasea flavescens subsp.																						
cichoracea			+		+			.+		+	+	+		2	+	2	2		1	+	+	57
Ranunculus bulbosus	.+		+			+		.+			+		+	+	+	+	+		+	+		52
Rubus ulmifolius	++	+	+					+.		+	+			+		+				+		48
Teucrium chamaedrys				+	+					+	+	+		+		+	+	+	+			43
Stellaria media subsp. media	11	+			+													+		+		30
Theligonum cynocrambe			+		+	1						+		+	+	+						30
Euphorbia characias											+	+				2	+			+		26
Loncomelos brevistylus					+						+			+	+					+		26
Cytisophyllum sessilifolium				+						+					+		1				+	22
Galium aparine	.1	+			+					+										+		22
Gladiolus italicus									+		+			+			+		+			22
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Releve number
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Frq.
Allium subhirsutum Bromus erectus Stachys heraclea Rubus canescens Spartium junceum Lathyrus aphaca Geranium sanguineum Prunella vulgaris Cynoglossum creticum Crepis vesicaria Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadr.
Ranunculus velutinus Pyrus communis Urospermum dalechampii Catapodium rigidum Cynosurus echinatus Reichardia picroides Anemone hortensis Sherardia arvensis Campanula rapunculus Anthericum liliago Silene latifolia subsp. alba Carduus pycnocephalus Torilis nodosa Inula conyzae Sedum cepaea Vitis vinifera Torilis arvensis
1
17
17
17
1
1
1
1
13 13 13
13 13
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Table 2 (Tabela 2): Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis ericetosum arboreae subass. nova
Releve number	1	2	3	4*	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	290	320	116	170	275	170	270	280	335	290	50	130	145	140	110	120	
Aspect	SSW	NE	SSW	S	WSW	SSW WNW		SE	W	WSW NNW WSW NNW				NW	NW	N	
Slope (°)	10	20	5	10	<10	10	30	25	20	15	10	<5	5	10	5	<5	
Cover bare rock (%)	<5	10	<5	10	<5	<10	10	5	<5	<5	5	10	<1	5	<5	<5	
Releve area (m2)	100	80	100	150	250	120	100	100	130	100	180	110	120	140	200	200	
Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis																	Frq.
Rubia peregrina	1	+	+	+	+	+	+	1	1	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	100
Asparagus acutifolius	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	2	+	+	+		+	+	+	+	94
Smilax aspera	+	+		1	+		+	1	1	2	1	2	2	3	3	1	88
Hedera helix	+	2		1	1	1	1	2	2	3	1				+		69
Melittis melissophyllum											2		+	+	+	+	31
Stachys officinalis				+	+						1					+	25
Rubio peregrinae-Quercetum cerridis ericetosum arboreae																	
Quercus ilex	1	3	2	2	2	1	4	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	1	2	100
Erica arborea		+		+	1		1	2	1	1	+	1	2	1	1	+	81
Arbutus unedo	1			+	1		1	2	2	2							44
Myrtus communis				1		1				1		2	1		+	1	44
Quercus suber			2	1			2	2	2	2							38
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis																	
Pulicaria odora	+		+	+				+	+		+				+	+	50
Cytisus villosus					+			+	+	1	+				+		38
Echinops ritro subsp. siculus				+					+		+						19
Mespilus germanica				1	1	+											19
Malus sylvestris					+											2	13
Oenanthe pimpinelloides			+								+						13
Ligustrum vulgare											+						6
Ranunculus lanuginosus																+	6
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae																	
Fraxinus ornus	+	2	1	1	2	2	2	1	1	2	1		1	1	1	1	94
Cyclamen repandum	+	1					+	+	+	1	+	1	2	1	1	+	75
Quercus pubescens s.l.	1		1		1	1					1	3	2	1	2	2	63
Allium triquetrum	+	+						+	+	+	+			+	1	+	56
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii	+		+	+	+	+	+				+				+	+	56
Acer monspessulanum											1		1	2	1	1	38
Sorbus domestica				+	+	+			+	1	+						38
Carex flacca			+		+			+					+		+		31
Cornus mas					+	1				1	1						25
Ostrya carpinifolia		2			2				1								19
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea											+						6
Cercis siliquastrum											+						6
Fagetalia sylvaticae																	
Cyclamen hederifolium	+	+							+		+	+	+	+	+	+	56
Anemone apennina											1		+	+	+	+	31
Lathyrus venetus											+						6
Querco-Fagetea																	
Quercus cerris	3	3	3	4	4	4	2	2	3	4	4	2	3	3	4	2	100
Ruscus aculeatus	3	3	1	3	3	2	2		3	3	1	+	1	2	3	1	94
Tamus communis	+	1		+	+		1	2	1	+	+	+	2	2	1	1	88
Brachypodium sylvaticum	+	+		+	+	+		+	+		+				+	+	63
Acer campestre	2	1		1		1		1	1		+						44
Melica uniflora	+			+	+					+	+				+	+	44
Luzula forsteri	+		+	+	+											+	31
Releve number
4*
10 11
12 13 14 15
16 Frq.
Sorbus torminalis .			1	+	1	1.		. 25
Ulmus minor 1						+.	.1	+ 25
Alliaria petiolata 1	. . . +	+						. 19
Ajuga reptans .						+.		+ 13
Carex sylvatica .								+ 6
Quercetea illeis
Phillyrea latifolia	4		3	2	1	11	1	1	2	2	4	4	43	4	94
Rosa sempervirens	+		+	1		+.	+	+	+	+			.+	+	63
Asplenium onopteris	+	1	+		+	.+	+	+	+						50
Clematis flammula	+		+	+	+	+.				+	+				44
Osyris alba							1	1		+	1	+	.+	+	44
Pistacia lentiscus			2							1	2	3	31	2	44
Carex distachya		+	+	1	+	+.								+	38
Carex olbiensis				+	+	+.				+					25
Lonicera implexa							+	+			+				19
Rhamnus alaternus	1					+.									19
Carex divulsa	+			+											13
Viburnum tinus										+					6
Carex halleriana											+				6
Other species															
Asphodelus ramosus	+	+	+	+	+	++	+	+	+	+					69
Crataegus! monogyna	1		+	1		+.		1	+	1			.1	+	56
Rubus ulmifolius	+	+	+	1	+	+.	+	+		+					56
Lonicera etrusca		1			+			+		+			.+	+	38
Prunus spinosa	+			+	+					+					25
Silene latifolia subsp. alba	+			+	+	+.									25
Catapodium rigidum			+	1	+	+.									25
Dactylis glomerata				+	+					+					19
Euonymus europaeus	+							+	+						19
Piptatherum miliaceum			+	+		1.									19
Fallopia convolvulus				+	+	+.									19
Loncomelos brevistylus										+				+	13
Hypericum perforatum			+	+											13
Clinopodium vulgare				1		+.									13
Geranium purpureum				+			+								13
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
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Table 4 (Tabela 4): Melico uniflorae-Quercetum cerridis ostryetosum carpinifoliae
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	357	335	260	420	395	350	370	330	330	130	130	300	270	238	190	150	155	460	380	415	460	
Aspect	N	SSE	NW	NE	NW	SW	ENE	N	ENE	NW	N	NE	NE	NW	N	NW	N	NE	NNW	NNW	NE	
Slope (°)	20	25	10	40	30	20	25	20	45	25	35	15-20	0	40	30	40	10	25	30	25	10	
Cover bare rock (%)	15	10	55	15	<5	20	20	5	15	10	15	1	<5	<1	<1	<5	10	1	1	<5	<5	
Releve area (m2)	190	200	150	200	180	200	200	250	300	250	160	170	200	80	220	150	150	150	200	350	300	
																						Frq.
Melico uniflorae-Quercetum	cerridis ostryetosum			carpinifoliae																		
Ostrya carpinifolia	3	3	2	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	5	3	3	3	4	4	4	2	2	4	3	100
Melica uniflora	1	+	1	+	1	1	1	2	1	+	+	+	+		+		+	1	1	1	+	90
Cornus mas	2	2	2	1		2	2	1	2	2	2	2	1			1	1	2	2	2	2	86
Euphorbia amygdaloides	+	+		+	+	+	+	+	+	+			+					+	+	1	+	67
Brachypodium sylvaticum	+	+	+		1	+	+			+							+			+	+	52
Oenanthe pimpinelloides	+					+	+	+	+	+												29
Crataegus laevigata	2			1	2			1	2			1										29
Festuca heterophylla	. Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis
Malus sylvestris	.
Poa sylvicola	+
Echinops ritro subsp. siculus	+ Mespilus germanica Teucrium siculum
Quercus petraea Erica arborea Iri.s foetidissima Cytisus villosus Ranunculus lanuginosus Asperula laevigata Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae
1			+	33
			+	29
1				24
1	+	+	1	19
+	+	+	+	19
2	2	2	2	19
1	1	+		19
				14
				14
				10
				10
Fagetalia sylvaticae
Lathyrus venetus Anemone apennina Cyclamen hederifolium Ilex aquifolium Allium pendulinum Lapsana communis Moehringia trinervia Viola reichenbachiana Alliaria petiolata Dactylorhiza maculata Polystichum setiferum
+ .
1+ +1
++ +1
21
1+
+++ . + .
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii	+	1 + +	+1	1+	1	1+	1 + . + . + 1	+ 1 1 90
Fraxinus ornus	2	. 3 2	22	21	3	21	. 2.2112	1 + 1 86
Cyclamen repandum	1	+ + .		. +	+	+1	1 . + . + + 1	1 . . 62
Acer monspessulanum	3	3 1 .	2	11	2	2	. 1 . . . + 1	. . . 52
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea	+	+ + .	. +	+ .	+	++		. . . 38
Scutellaria columnae subsp. columnae	1	. + .		++				. + 2 33
Allium triquetrum		1 . .	. 1	++		+1		. . + 33
Quercus pubescens s.l.		1 . .	. 1	21	2		. . 1 . . . .	. . . 33
Stachys officinalis	+					++	......+	. . + 24
Arum italicum	1	+++						. . . 19
Melica arrecta			. +	+ .		+ .	......+	. . . 19
Sorbus domestica		. + .					......+	. + . 14
Cercis siliquastrum		2				+1		. . . 14
Silene italica subsp. italica			. +	+				. . . 10
Carex flacca	+						......+	. . . 10
+	67
	52
+	43
+	33
+	33
+	29
	29
+	19
	19
	14
	14
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
Releve number
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
16 17 18 19 20
21 Frq.
Viola riviniana Fagus sylvatica Querco-Fagetea
Quercetea ilicis
Rubia peregrina Smilax aspera Asplenium onopteris Rosa sempervirens Quercus ilex Asparagus acutifolius Phillyrea latifolia Carex olbiensis Viburnum tinus Clematis flammula Arbutus unedo Selaginella denticulata Carex distachya Pistacia lentiscus Other species Lonicera etrusca Crataegus monogyna Rubus ulmifolius Euonymus europaeus Dactylis glomerata Geranium purpureum Stellaria media subsp. media Galium aparine Prunus spinosa Sedum cepaea Campanula rapunculus Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum Juniperus communis Clinopodium vulgare Prunella vulgaris Asphodelus ramosus
10 10
Quercus cerris	4	31	22	32	3	22	222	23	3	3	4	3	2	5	100
Hedera helix	1	21	12	+ 1	+	12	+ 2 1	14	4	1	2	3	1	2	100
Ruscus aculeatus	+	+ 2	+ 1	33	2	+ 1	223	. +	+	2	1	1	1	1	95
Tamus communis	3	2 +	+ +	1 +	+	11	1 . .	. +	+	+		+	+		76
Sorbus torminalis	1	. 1	. 1	. +	+	+ +	2	11	1	1	1	1	+	+	76
Acer campestre	1	11	11	. +	+		.1.	1 .			+				48
Carpinus betulus			. 1		1			13	1	2		2	1	1	43
Ajuga reptans	+	. +	. 1	. +	1		+ . .				+		+	+	43
Luzula forsteri					+			. +	+	2	+	+	+	+	38
Cruciata glabra			. +			+ .					1	+	1	+	29
Melittis melissophyllum	1	1				+ 1	+								24
Carex sylvatica			. +				+ . .					+	2	1	24
Ulmus minor	+	. 1	1 .			1 .	+ . .								24
Daphne laureola	+	+ +			+										19
Clematis vitalba			. +	1 .			. 1 1								19
Castanea sativa							. 1 .					2	3	+	19
Bromus ramosus		+ .	. +	+ +											19
Potentilla micrantha											+		+	+	14
Platanthera chlorantha											+	+	+		14
Hieracium murorum											+	+			10
Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea											+			+	10
Hieracium racemosum													+	+	10
+	2	1	+	+	+	+	+ 100
1	+	1					76
+	1	+	+		+		. 52
+							. 43
2	3	3	2	+			. 43
38 33 24 24 19 14 14 10 10
2	2	3	86
+	+	1	76
1	2	1	71
1		+	62
+		+	52
+			38
29 29 24 19 19 19 14 14 14 14
3
6
4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Releve number
8 9
11 12 13 14
16 17 18 19 20
21 Frq.
Silene latifolia subsp. alba Rhamnus alaternus Pteridium aquilinum
Rubus canescens
Theligonum cynocrambe
Loncomelos brevistylus Gladiolus italicus
Klasea flavescens subsp. cichoracea Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quad-
rivalens
Inula conyzae Catapodium rigidum Sonchus bulbosus
Vitis vinifera
Sonchus oleraceus Umbilicus rupestris Torilis nodosa
Table 5 (Tabela 5): Melico uniflorae-Quercetum cerridis carpinetosum betuli
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	91	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	140	220	200	220	223	240	455	400	470 43	0 495	160	330	160	140	320	475	320	420	380	
Aspect	NNW	NE		NNW	NE	NE	NNW NNW NNW N			NE	NNW	SW	NW	NW	NE	N	N	NNW	NNW	
Slope (°)	15	<5	<5	<5	5	5	20	30	15 2	15	15	30	15	25	30	35	45	35	30	
Cover bare rock (%)	20	<5	<5	<5	<1	<1	10	<5	1<	5 <1	15	15	<5	10	15	<5	5-10	10	5	
Releve area (m2)	150	100	300	150	120	110	150	150	220 25	0 300	250	200	150	250	200	250	200	300	300	
Melico uniflorae-Quercetum	cerridis carpinetosum betuli																			Frq.
Carpinus betulus	3	5	3	4	4	4	2	2	11	1	2	1	1	3	4	4	3	4	4	100
Melica uniflora	+		+	+	+	+	2	1	11	+	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2	1	95
Cornus mas	1	1	2	1	1	1	3	2	2	+	2	2	2	2		1	1	2	1	90
Euphorbia amygdaloides	+		+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+			+		+		+	1	80
Ostrya carpinifolia	1		1				1	2	33		3	1	2	2	2	3	1	2	2	75
Brachypodium sylvaticum				2	1	+	1	+		+	+		+		+	1		1	+	60
Crataegus laevigata				1			2	2	12	2	+	1	1		1				1	60
Festuca heterophylla				+	+	+	1	1	+	+						+		+	+	55
Oenanthe pimpinelloides	+		+	+			+	+		1	+	+	+							50
Crataego laevigatae-Quereion eerridis
Poa sylvicola	+
Iris foetidissima	.
Malus sylvestris	.
Ligustrum vulgare	.
Echinops ritro subsp. siculus	.
Mespilus germanica	.
Cytisus villosus	2
Ranunculus lanuginosus	.
Rumex sanguineus	.
Quercus petraea	.
Teucrium siculum	.
Erica arborea	.
Silene flos-cuculi	+
Silene viridiflora	+
60 55 50 40 35 35 35 30 25 20 15 15 15 10
3
6
10
4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Releve number
3 4
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Frq.
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae
Fraxinus ornus Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii Cyclamen repandum Acer monspessulanum Arum italicum Stachys officinalis Buglossoides purpurocaerulea Quercus pubescens s.l. Sorbus domestica
Scutellaria columnae subsp. columnae
Symphytum tuberosum subsp. angustif.
Emerus majus subsp. emeroides
Allium triquetrum
Melica arrecta
Carex flacca
Fagetalia sylvaticae
Lathyrus venetus
Anemone apennina
Ilex aquifolium
Cyclamen hederifolium
Allium pendulinum
Viola reichenbachiana
Mercurialis perennis
Dactylorhiza maculata
Alliaria petiolata
Polystichum setiferum
Galanthus nivalis
Cardamine bulbifera
Loncomelos pyrenaicus
Viola riviniana
Moehringia trinervia
Rubus hirtus
Fagus sylvatica
Sanicula europaea
Querco-Fagetea
Cruciata glabra Ulmus minor Fragaria vesca Campanula trachelium Melittis melissophyllum Bromus ramosus Hieracium murorum Platanthera chlorantha Chaerophyllum temulum
+	1	+	2	11	1	1	90
1	+	+	+	+ .	+	+	75
	1	+			2	2	65
2	2	2	+				40
	+	+		. +	+	+	40
	+						35
+	+				+	+	35
2	2		1				35
						1	30
+			+				25
					+		25
			1		+		25
		1					10
+			+				10
							10
Quercus cerris	434	2	34	4	4	3	3	4	4	4	3	3	2	1	2	1	1
Hedera helix	1+2	1	1+	1	+	2	1	2	2	+	2	+	1	2	2	1	1
Ruscus aculeatus	1+2	2	21	2	2	2	1	2	2	2	1	+	2	2	2	1	
Tamus communis	+ . +		. +	1	+	+	+	+	2	+	2	1	+	+	2	1	1
Acer campestre	2	1	11	2	1	1		+	+	1	1	1	+	1	2	2	1
Ajuga reptans	+ . +	+		+	1	+	+	1	1		+	+				+	+
Luzula forsteri	1 . +	+	1+	+	+		1	+						+		+	+
Daphne laureola				+	+	1		+			+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Sorbus torminalis				1	1	1		+	1			1	1			1	1
Clematis vitalba			1 .			2	+						+	1	1	1	1
Corylus avellana						2	3			1			3	3	2		2
Carex sylvatica	. . +				+		+									+	+
Geum urbanum	. . +							+					+	+			+
80 60 60 40 35 35 30 25 25 20 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10
100
100 95 85 85 65 60 55 50 45 35 25 25 20 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Releve number
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Frq.
Quereetea ilieis
Asplenium onopteris	+ .		+		+	+	1 +	+	+	+			+	
Smilax aspera						2			2	+	2	+	+	+
Quercus ilex	21	. 1	2	2		+			2					+
Rosa sempervirens		. +	+		1					1	+	+	+	
Asparagus acutifolius									+	+	+	+	+	+
Phillyrea latifolia	+ .	+ +	+	1					+					
Carex distachya	+ .							+	+					
Carex olbiensis	+ .						+ .							
Clematis flammula											+	+		
Other species														
Lonicera etrusca	1 +	+ +	+		2	2	2 +	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Rubus ulmifolius	+ 2	11	3	2	1		1 +	+	+	+	+		+	1
Euonymus europaeus	. 1	1 +		+	+		1 +		+	+	+	+	1	1
Crataegus monogyna	+ 1	1 .	1	1			. 1		1	1		+		1
Dactylis glomerata	+ .	. +			+	+	. +	+		+			+	+
Prunus spinosa	. 1	+ .	+		1			1		+	+		+	+
Geranium purpureum		. +	+	+	+		+ .	1			+			
Stellaria media subsp. media		+ +	+		+	+	1 .							
Galium aparine		1 +		+	+	+		+		1				
Sedum cepaea
Cornus sanguinea
Lathyrus aphaca
Campanula rapunculus
Vicia grandiflora
Vicia narbonensis
Vicia hirsuta
Loncomelos brevistylus
Asphodelus ramosus
Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum
Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrf-v.
Inula conyzae
Juncus inflexus
Clinopodium vulgare
Lamium maculatum
Prunella vulgaris
Pteridium aquilinum
Lolium multiflorum
Vitis vinifera
+	1	1	85
1	+	+	65
1	1	2	50
		+	45
			35
	+		35
			30
			15
			10
			10
1	+	2	95
1	2	2	90
1	2	1	80
	2	1	60
+	+	+	60
			45
+	+		45
40 35 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10
3
6
7
8
9
4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	450	450	340	100	100	300	215	430	340	
Aspect	NE	NE	N	W	NW	W	SW	NNW	WNW	
Slope (°)	20-25	15	15	0	25	10	40	15	20	
Cover bare rock (%)	5	5	25	10	20	<5	30	10	15	
Releve area (m2)	250	200	400	300	200	200	200	300	150	
Fraxino oxycarpae-Quercetum cerridis										Frq.
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa	2	1	2	3	2	4	1	2	1	100
Ajuga reptans	+	+	+	1	+	1		+	+	89
Ulmus minor		+		1	+	1	+	1	2	78
Ranunculus lanuginosus	+	1	+	+		+		+		67
Melittis melissophyllum	1	+		+			1		+	56
Malus sylvestris	1		1			1				33
Ligustrum vulgare							+			11
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis										
Oenanthe pimpinelloides	+	+	+	+	+	1	+	2		89
Crataegus laevigata	1	2	1				1	+	1	67
Poa sylvicola		+	+	+		+		1		56
Asperula laevigata		+	+	+		+		+		56
Rumex sanguineus			+	+		+		+		44
Aristolochia rotunda	+			+			+			33
Iris foetidissima	+	+						+		33
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae										
Acer monspessulanum	2	1	1	1	1	3	3	3	1	100
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii	2	3	1	1	1	+	+	+	1	100
Cornus mas	2	3	2	1	2		1	2	3	89
Fraxinus ornus	2	3	2	1	1		2	1	3	89
Arum italicum	+	+	+	+	+	+		1	+	89
Cyclamen repandum	1	+	+	+	+			1	+	78
Allium triquetrum		1	+	+	1		+		+	67
Ostrya carpinifolia		2	2				1		1	44
Quercus pubescens s.l.				1	1		2	1		44
Stachys officinalis	+	+				+		+		44
Asparagus acutifolius		+					+	+	+	44
Scutellaria columnae subsp. columnae				+	+			+		33
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea					+		+		+	33
Melica arrecta		+					+			22
Fagetalia sylvaticae										
Anemone apennina	2	3	+	+	+	+		3	+	89
Lathyrus venetus	1	+	+	+	+		1	1	+	89
Euphorbia amygdaloides			+	+		+			+	44
Allium pendulinum	1	+						+		33
Cyclamen hederifolium	1	+								22
Querco-Fagetea										
Quercus cerris	3	4	1	2	3	1	3	3	3	100
Tamus communis	+	1	+	+	+	+	2	3	+	100
Melica uniflora	1	1	1	+	1	+	+	2	1	100
Ruscus aculeatus	+	+	+	2	+		+	3	+	89
Acer campestre	1	2	2	1	+	1		+	1	89
Hedera helix	2	1		1	1		1	3	1	78
Clematis vitalba	2	+	+	+				1		56
Brachypodium sylvaticum		+	+	1			1	1		56
Sorbus torminalis	1	2	1						1	44
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	Freq.
Daphne laureola	+	+	+						+	44
Loncomelos pyrenaicus			+			+		+	+	44
Festuca heterophylla	+	+				+				33
Carpinus betulus		1	2							22
Geum urbanum				+				+		22
Quercetea iHcis										
Smilax aspera		+	1	2	1	1	3	1	2	89
Rubia peregrina	+	+	+	+	+		+	1	+	89
Asplenium onopteris	+	+	+		+			+		56
Rosa sempervirens	+		+			+	+		+	56
Carex distachya		+	+		+		+			44
Arisarum vulgare			+	+	+				+	44
Phillyrea latifolia				+	2			2		33
Carex divulsa				1				+		22
Other species										
Crataegus monogyna	1	1	+	1	+	+	+	+	+	100
Geranium purpureum	2	2	1	3	2	2	+	1	+	100
Euonymus europaeus	+	+	+	+	1			+	+	78
Rubus ulmifolius	+	+	1	+	+	+			+	78
Lonicera etrusca		+	+		+	+	1	+	+	78
Stellaria media subsp. media	3	2	2	3	1			1	+	78
Catapodium rigidum		+	+	+	+	+				56
Ranunculus bulbosus		+	+	+		1		+		56
Cynoglossum creticum			+	+		+			+	44
Euphorbia characias						1	+		+	33
Cytisophyllum sessilifolium		+				+	+			33
Prunella vulgaris			1	+		2				33
Loncomelos brevistylus		+				+			+	33
Legousia falcata		+	+			+				33
Sedum cepaea			+			+			+	33
Rubus canescens			+			1				22
Prunus spinosa						+			1	22
Lolium rigidum		+				+				22
Alliaria petiolata				+				1		22
Galium aparine		+						+		22
Smyrnium perfoliatum		+	+							22
Sherardia arvensis		+		+						22
Lamium bifidum	+	+								22
Bellis perennis			+			+				22
Klasea flavescens subsp. cichoracea						+	+			22
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	420	320	130	430	100	160	350	60	
Aspect	NW	NW	NW	E	SW	W	SW	NW	
Slope (°)	10	20	5	10	20	5	10	10	
Cover bare rock (%)	5	10	10	10	5	<5	10	10	
									Frq.
Acer monspessulanum	3	3	3	3	5	4	4	3	100
Acer campestre	3	3	4	3	1	2		+	88
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis									
Oenanthe pimpinelloides	+	+		+	1	+	+	+	88
Poa sylvicola	1		1	2		+	+	+	75
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa	2	1	1	1	1				63
Malus sylvestris	1			2	1	1			50
Aristolochia rotunda					2	+	1		38
Ranunculus lanuginosus	1		+					+	38
Iris foetidissima	+	+		+					38
Rumex sanguineus			+		+	+			38
Crataegus laevigata		1		1					25
Asperula laevigata				+		+			25
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae									
Allium triquetrum		+	+	+	2	+	2	3	88
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii	1	1	1	+	+	+		+	88
Fraxinus ornus	1	1	+	1			1	1	75
Quercus pubescens s.l.	1				2	2	1	1	63
Cornus mas	1	2	2	1			1		63
Arum italicum	1	+		+		+		+	63
Stachys officinalis		+		1	1	+			50
Scutellaria columnae subsp. columnae		+	+	+	+				50
Asparagus acutifolius	+	+					+	+	50
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea					+	+		+	38
Cyclamen repandum	+				+			+	38
Carpinus orientalis					3	1			25
Silene italica subsp. italica			+		+				25
Melica arrecta					+		+		25
Fagetalia sylvaticae									
Anemone apennina	+	+	+		1	1		+	75
Lathyrus venetus	+	+		+	1	1			63
Lapsana communis						+	+		25
Querco-Fagetea									
Ruscus aculeatus	2	+	+	+	+	+	1	1	100
Tamus communis	1	+	+	+	1	+	+	2	100
Hedera helix	1	1	1	+	1	1	+	1	100
Melica uniflora	1	1	+	1	1	+	+	1	100
Quercus cerris	2	2			2	1	1		63
Ajuga reptans		+	+	+	2	+			63
Brachypodium sylvaticum	1	+	+					1	50
Ulmus minor	1		+	+		+			50
Geum urbanum			+	+	+	+			50
Melittis melissophyllum		+		+	1				38
Clematis vitalba		+	+	+					38
Loncomelos pyrenaicus				+	+	+			38
Polypodium vulgare	+							+	25
Daphne laureola		+			+				25
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	Frq.
Quereetea ilieis									
Rubia peregrina	+	+		+	+		+	+	75
Smilax aspera	+	2	+				+	1	63
Carex distachya		+	+	+		+		+	63
Asplenium onopteris	+	+			+		+	+	63
Phillyrea latifolia	1				1		2	3	50
Clematis flammula		+			+	+		+	50
Rosa sempervirens		+		+	+	+			50
Carex divulsa		+				+	+		38
Rhamnus alaternus					+		+	+	38
Quercus ilex	1							1	25
Pistacia lentiscus					+			1	25
Other speeies									
Geranium purpureum	4	2	2	1	+	2	2	+	100
Dactylis glomerata	+	+	+	+	+	+	+		88
Euonymus europaeus		+	+	+	+	+		+	75
Crataegus monogyna		+	2	1	+			+	63
Rubus ulmifolius	1	+	+	+		+			63
Stellaria media subsp. media	+	+	1			1		+	63
Loncomelos brevistylus	+	+	+	+		+			63
Catapodium rigidum		+	+			+	+		50
Theligonum cynocrambe	2	2		1		+			50
Ranunculus bulbosus		+		+	+	+			50
Torilis nodosa		+		+		+	+		50
Lonicera etrusca		+			1			+	38
Euphorbia characias					+	+	+		38
Lolium rigidum			+	1		+			38
Asphodelus ramosus		+				+	+		38
Alliaria petiolata	+	+					2		38
Galium aparine	1						+	+	38
Rhagadiolus stellatus				+		+	+		38
Sedum cepaea		+	+	+					38
Ligustrum vulgare						+		+	25
Prunus spinosa				+			+		25
Sherardia arvensis				+		+			25
Prunella vulgaris			1	+					25
Bellis perennis			+	+					25
Vitis vinifera		1	+						25
Sonchus bulbosus						+			25
Sonchus oleraceus			+			+			25
Cynoglossum creticum			+			+			25
Legousia falcata				+			+		25
Releve number	1	2	3	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	610	615	610	
Aspect	S	S	SSE	
Slope (°)	20	25	20	
Cover bare rock (%)	<5	5	20	
Releve area (m2)	250	200	150	
				Frq.
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis				
Cephalanthera longifolia	1	1	1	100
Quercus petraea		1		67
Mespilus germanica	1	1		67
Teucrium siculum	1	1		67
Crepis leontodontoides	1			33
Cytisus villosus	1			33
Lathyrus niger	1			33
Pulicaria odora	1			33
Malus sylvestris		1		33
Erica arborea			1	33
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae				
Fraxinus ornus	3	2	3	100
Carex flacca	1	1	2	100
Stachys officinalis	1			33
Melica arrecta			1	33
Quercus pubescens s.l.			1	33
Querco-Fagetea				
Quercus cerris	5	4	3	100
Ruscus aculeatus	3	2	2	100
Hieracium racemosum	2	2	1	100
Hedera helix	2	1	2	100
Ilex aquifolium	1	2	1	100
Castanea sativa	1	1	2	100
Festuca heterophylla		1	1	100
Sorbus torminalis	1	1	1	100
Hieracium murorum	1	1	1	100
Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea	1	1	1	100
Cruciata glabra	1	1	1	100
Rubus ulmifolius	1	1	1	100
Fagus sylvatica	1	3		67
Ostrya carpinifolia			1	67
Melica uniflora	1	1		67
Daphne laureola	1		1	67
Tamus communis	1		1	67
Campanula rapunculus	1			33
Carpinus betulus	1			33
Fragaria vesca	1			33
Lonicera etrusca	1			33
Carpinus orientalis		1		33
Platanthera chlorantha		1		33
Rubus hirtus		1		33
Luzula forsteri			1	33
Releve number
23
Frq.
Quercetea ilicis
Quercus ilex Rubia peregrina Carex olbiensis Osyris alba
Other species
Pteridium aquilinum Dactylis glomerata Deschampsia flexuosa
100 100 33 33
100 100 33
2
Table 9 (Tabela 9): Carici olbiensis-Quercetum petraeae ass. nova
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7*	8	9	10
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	540	500	593	530	600	606	540	450	510	530
Aspect	WNW	ESE	E	SE	WSW	W	W	WNW	NW	SSE
Slope (°)	10	15	15	15-20	10	10	15	10	35	15
Cover bare rock (%)	5	<5	<5	<5	<5	<5	<5	<5	5	<5
Releve area (m2)	300	300	500	300	450	350	500	250	250	200
Carex olbiensis	+	+	+
Ilex aquifolium	2	1	1
Rubia peregrina	2	1	+
Mespilus germanica	1	+	1
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis			
Quercus petraea	4	3	4
Teucrium siculum	1	+	+
Cephalanthera longifolia			+
Erica arborea		+	
Cytisus villosus			
Malus sylvestris			
Pulicaria odora			
Poa sylvicola			
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae			
Fraxinus ornus	1	2	1
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii	+	+	+
Scutellaria columnae	+	+	
Carex flacca		+	+
Stachys officinalis	+	+	+
Lonicera caprifolium		+	
Melica arrecta		+	
Sorbus domestica		+	
Cornus mas	+	+	
Fagetalia sylvaticae			
Fagus sylvatica	2	2	3
Carpinus betulus	3	1	
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii	+	+	+
Viola reichenbachiana	+	+	+
Acer pseudoplatanus	+		
Cephalanthera rubra			
Rubus hirtus	+	+	
Querco-Fagetea			
Ruscus aculeatus	3	2	4
Hedera helix	2	3	2
Castanea sativa	1	3	+
Sorbus torminalis	+	2	+
Festuca heterophylla	1	+	+
Cruciata glabra	+	+	+
Melica uniflora	1	1	+
Tamus communis	1	+	+
Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea		+	+
Daphne laureola	+	+	+
Brachypodium sylvaticum	+	+	+
Quercus cerris			1
Luzula forsteri	+		
Ostrya carpinifolia		3	1
			134
Frq. 100 90 70 70
100 80 40 30 20 20 20 20
100 90 50 40 40 30 30 30 20
90 70 60 50 30 20 20
100 100 100 100 100 100 90 90 90 90 80 70 70 60
+
+
+
+
+
2
+
+
2
+
2
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7*	8	9	10	Frq.
Hieracium murorum	+	+	+						2	+	50
Fragaria vesca	+		+		+			+			40
Hieracium racemosum	+			+	+				2		40
Platanthera chlorantha		+	+	1	+						40
Potentilla micrantha		+	+		+	+					40
Acer campestre			+				+				20
Quercetea ilicis											
Quercus ilex	1	+	+	+	+		+	1	2	+	90
Arbutus unedo		+					+	1	+	+	50
Carex distachya					+			+			20
Other species											
Lonicera etrusca	1	1	+	2	2	1	2	1	1	+	100
Dactylis glomerata	+	+	+	+	+	+	+		+	+	90
Pteridium aquilinum		+	+		+	+	+		+	+	70
Rubus ulmifolius		+			+	+	+			+	60
Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum	+	2	1		1		+				50
Carpinus orientalis			+	1	+	1	+				50
Rubus canescens	+						+		+		30
Clinopodium vulgare		+							+		20
Galium aparine			+	+							20
Silene latifolia subsp. alba			+		+						20
Euonymus europaeus					+	+					20
Juniperus communis							+	+			20
Deschampsia flexuosa						+			1		20
Table 10: Castanea sativa comm. Tabela 10: Združba z vrsto Castanea sativa
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	510	480	470	456	450	340	450
Aspect	N	NE	W	NNE	NW	NNW	W
Slope (°)	15	25	40	40	40	40	30
Cover bare rock (%)	<5	<5	10	<5	5	5-10	5
Releve area (m2)	350	600	300	300	300	300	200
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis
Quercus petraea Teucrium siculum Cephalanthera longifolia Erica arborea Malus sylvestris Cytisus villosus Mespilus germanica
Frq. 57 57 43 43 29 29 14
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae								
Fraxinus ornus	+	1	+	+	1	3	3	100
Carex depauperata					+		+	29
Sorbus domestica	+	+						29
Carex flacca							+	14
Cyclamen repandum				+				14
Limodorum abortivum						+		14
Digitalis ferruginea							+	14
Fagetalia sylvaticae								
Ilex aquifolium	2	+	1	1	+	2	1	100
Fagus sylvatica	3		1	3	+	1		71
Rubus hirtus		+			+	+	+	57
Galium rotundifolium					+	+		29
Querco-Fagetea								
Castanea sativa	4	5	5	5	5	5	4	100
Tamus communis		+	+	+	+	+	+	86
Festuca heterophylla		+	+	+		+	+	71
Hieracium murorum			+	+	+	+	+	71
Ruscus aculeatus	+	+		+		+	+	71
Luzula forsteri		+	+	+		+		57
Melica uniflora				+	+		+	43
Sorbus torminalis		+		+			1	43
Ostrya carpinifolia	+						2	29
Fragaria vesca				+	+			29
Hedera helix				+		+		29
Campanula trachelium					+		+	29
Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea						+	+	29
Hieracium sabaudum			+					14
Quercetea ilicis								
Arbutus unedo	+				1	1	1	57
Quercus ilex			1		1	1	1	57
Carex olbiensis				+	+		+	43
Rubia peregrina						+	+	29
Other species								
Pteridium aquilinum	1	+	1	+	+	+	+	100
Rubus ulmifolius		+		+	+	+	+	71
Cytisus scoparius			+		+		+	43
+
+
+
+
+
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	600	610	610	450	620	620	620	515	600	560	510	
Aspect	ESE	NE	NE	N	W	NE	SW	N	NE	N	WNW	
Slope (°)	5-10	5	15	10	10	20	10	15	15	15	30	
Cover bare rock (%)	<5	<5	<5	<5	<5	<5	<5	<5	5	<5	5	
Releve area (m2)	400	300	300	150	250	300	200	180	600	300	400	
Fraxino orni-Fagetum sylvatieae												Frq.
Festuca heterophylla	1	2	1	+	2	2	1	2	1	1	+	100
Ilex aquifolium	1	3	1		2	1	3	1	2	3	2	91
Fraxinus ornus	+	+		1	1		1	1			+	64
Geranio versieoloris-Fagion sylvatieae												
Allium pendulinum		+	+			+			+	+		45
Lathyrus venetus	+											9
Fagetalia sylvatieae												
Fagus sylvatica	4	4	4	3	3	4	3	4	4	4	5	100
Acer pseudoplatanus		+	+		1	+	+			+		55
Solidago virgaurea	+				+			1	1	+		45
Lactuca muralis		+	+		+	+	+					45
Dactylorhiza maculata		+			+			+	+			36
Viola reichenbachiana	+				+							18
Cephalanthera longifolia	+								+			18
Galium rotundifolium								+		+		18
Quereetalia pubeseenti-petraeae												
Scutellaria columnae	+	1	+		+							36
Carex depauperata	+				+		+					27
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii	+						+					18
Teucrium siculum	+							1				18
Quereo-Fagetea												
Ruscus aculeatus	3	4	4	+	2	2	3	+	1	1	+	100
Castanea sativa	1	2	2	2	+	1	+	+	4	2	1	100
Hedera helix	2	2	1	2	2	1	2	2	1	1	+	100
Melica uniflora	+	1	1	+	+	1	2	1	1	1		91
Quercus petraea	2	3	4		1	1		2	2	2	1	82
Mespilus germanica		1	1	+	+		+	1	+	+		73
Daphne laureola	+	+	+	+	+	+				+		64
Tamus communis	+	+	+	+	+		+			+		64
Carpinus betulus	3	3	1	1		1	1	1				64
Hieracium murorum	+				+	+		2	1	1		55
Luzula forsteri	+	+			1			1	+	1		55
Ostrya carpinifolia			1	3	4	3	2			1		55
Hieracium racemosum	+		+			+		1		+		45
Platanthera chlorantha	+			+	+		+	+				45
Brachypodium sylvaticum	+			+		1	+					36
Potentilla micrantha		+	+		+			+				36
Carex sylvatica				+				+	+			27
Cruciata glabra	+	+						1				27
Sorbus torminalis		+		1				1				27
Quercus cerris							3	2				18
Quereetea ilieis												
Quercus ilex	+	2	+		+		+	1	+	1	1	82
Rubia peregrina	+		+	+			+	1		+		55
Carex olbiensis	+			+				+		+		36
Asplenium onopteris		+					+	+				27
Laurus nobilis	+							+				18
			137									
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	Frq.
Other species												
Lonicera etrusca	+	2	2	1	1	+	2	+	+	1		91
Pteridium aquilinum	+	+			+	+	+		+	+		64
Dactylis glomerata	+	+			+			+		+		45
Rubus ulmifolius		+	+	3		+	+					45
Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum	+				+		1	+				36
Rubus canescens		+			+						+	27
Euonymus europaeus	+		+									18
Viola riviniana		2								1		18
Cytisus scoparius		+						+				18
Carpinus orientalis					2		1					18
Lonicera caprifolium						+				+		18
Table 12 (Tabela 12): Polysticho setiferi-Alnetum glutinosae ass. nova
Releve number	1*	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	360	360	340	300	280	176	330	325	215	190	160
Aspect	N	NE	N	E	E	NNE	W	W			
Slope (°)		5-40	5-45	5-40	5-40	5-30	5-40	5-40	0-35	0-40	0-40
Cover bare rock (%)		15				30					
Releve area (m2)		300	250	300	200	300	150	200	500	400	600
Polysticho setiferi-Alnetum glutinosae
Polystichum setiferum	2	2	1	2
Ilex aquifolium	2	2	3	2
Hypericum androsaemum	1	1	+	+
Blechnum spicant	1	1		
Osmundo-Alnion
Osmunda regalis
Populetalia
Athyrium filix-femina	3	4	2	+	2	2	3	3	2	1	1	100
Alnus glutinosa	5	4	4	4	3	5			3	4	4	82
Carex remota	2	2	2	2	2	2	+	+				73
Carex pendula		+		+		1	2	2	2	1	2	73
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae												
Fraxinus ornus	1	1	+	3	+	+	1	1	2	2	2	100
Cyclamen repandum	+		+						+	2	2	45
Scutellaria columnae	+				+		+	2				36
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii		+	1	1	+							36
Cornus mas	1			2	1							27
Rumex sanguineus						+		+		+		27
Arum italicum										+	1	18
Fagetalia sylvaticae												
Viola reichenbachiana	+	1	2	2	1	1	+	1	1	1	1	100
Carpinus betulus	2	2	3	3	4		1	2	1	2	1	91
Lactuca muralis	1	+	+	+	+	+	+	1				73
Sanicula europaea	+	+		2	1		2	2	+			64
Circaea lutetiana	2		+			1		1	+	1	1	64
Lathyrus venetus				+	1	+	1				+	45
Euphorbia amygdaloides	+				+	+		+				36
Fagus sylvatica	+	1					5	4				36
Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii	+	+		+								27
Frq. 91 64 64 64
73
3
2
2
+
3
2
3
2
+
+
Releve number	1*	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	Frq.
Cyclamen hederifolium			+				+	+				27
Mercurialis perennis						2				+	2	27
Anemone nemorosa									3	+	2	27
Rubus hirtus	+				+							18
Cardamine impatiens	+									+		18
Helleborus bocconei subsp. bocconei									+		1	18
Querco-Fagetea												
Hedera helix	3	3	4	4	4	3	3	4	3	2	2	100
Melica uniflora	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	+	1	1	2	100
Acer campestre	+	+	+	+	+	1	1		1	+	1	91
Tamus communis	1	+	+	1	+	+			1	+	1	82
Brachypodium sylvaticum	1	+	1	+	+	1	1		1			73
Clematis vitalba	+	+	+		1	+			2	1	2	73
Quercus petraea	+	1	+	+	+				1	1		64
Carex sylvatica			+	+	1		+		1	+	+	64
Ranunculus lanuginosus	+		+	1					+	1	2	55
Ruscus aculeatus			+	+	+				+	2	1	55
Castanea sativa	1	1	1				+	1				45
Sorbus torminalis	+	1		+				+	+			45
Corylus avellana					2				2	2	2	45
Festuca heterophylla		+	1	+	+							36
Cruciata glabra			+	+	+							27
Ostrya carpinifolia									2	1	1	27
Malus sylvestris		+	+									18
Ajuga reptans			+					+				18
Quercus cerris				+					1			18
Luzula forsteri					+			+				18
Dryopteris filix-mas									1	+		18
Quercetea ilicis												
Rubia peregrina	1	1	+	+	+		+		+		+	73
Quercus ilex			1	1	1		2	+	1	+	1	73
Asplenium onopteris				+	+		1	+	+	1	+	64
Carex olbiensis		+					+					18
Arbutus unedo		+							1			18
Laurus nobilis								+	1			18
Other species
Rubus ulmifolius	2	2	3	+	2
Pteridium aquilinum	1	+	+	1	1
Crataegus monogyna	+	+	1	+	1
Lonicera etrusca	2	1	2	1	1
Euonymus europaeus	+			+	
Sambucus nigra					
Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum	+	+	+		
Rubus canescens			+	+	+
Cornus sanguinea
Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens
Primula vulgaris
Rubus caesius
Symphytum bulbosum
Prunus spinosa
Lonicera caprifolium
Polypodium vulgare
73 55 55 45 36 36 27 27
+		1	27
	+	+	27
1	1	2	27
2	1	1	27
1	1	1	27
18 18 18
2
+
+
2
+
+
+
+
Table 13 (Tabela 13): Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14*	15	16	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	45	100	40	140	60	80	70	133	130	110	65	50	30	43	40	100	
Aspect	NNW WSW		NW	S	SSW	SW	SW	ESE	ESE	SW	WNW	SW	NW	W	WSW WNW		
Slope (°)	20	15	5	25	10	10	15	25	10	55	15	<5	5	<5	15	20	
Cover bare rock (%)	5	10	10	10	<5	5	5	5	5	40	<5	<5	5	10	20	5	
Releve area (m2)	280	110	150	110	180	110	110	110	100	150	150	150	120	300	180	100	
Cyclamino repandi-Quercetum ilicis																	Frq.
Pistacia lentiscus	1	1	2	3	3	3	4	2	1	3	3	3	1	1	1	3	100
Cyclamen repandum	1	+	+	+	1	+	+				2	1	1	3	2	+	81
Arisarum vulgare		+		+	1	1		+	1						+		44
Emerus majus subsp. emeroides										+		+			+		19
Myrtus communis				+								1				2	19
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus										+							6
Cyclamino-Quercetum ilicis quercetosum cerridis subass
Quercus cerris					112 3 11
Brachypodium sylvaticum	+	. + . .	. +	+ . .	. + . . + .
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii		. + . .			. + . + . .
Anemone apennina					. . + + + .
Other species
38 38 19 19
Quercion ilicis & Quercetalia ilicis																	
Phillyrea latifolia	2	1	2	3	3	3	3	3	1	1	+	3	2	2	1	4	100
Quercus ilex	5	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	5	3	5	4	5	4	5	3	100
Carex halleriana			+	1						+	1	1			+	+	44
Carex distachya			+		+								+	+			25
Viburnum tinus	+						1			2							19
Laurus nobilis	+							+									13
Quercetea ilicis																	
Rubia peregrina	+	+	1	+	+		+	+	+	1	1	1	1	+	+	+	94
Smilax aspera	2	2	1	1	2		2	1	1		2	3	2	2	2	1	88
Osyris alba	+	+	1	+	+		+		+	+	+	+	+			1	75
Clematis flammula			+	+	+	+	+		+	1	+	+	+				63
Asparagus acutifolius			+	+	+			+	+	+	+	+	+				56
Rosa sempervirens			+	+			+				+	+	+		+		44
Rhamnus alaternus	+		1		+			+	2	+							38
Lonicera implexa				+						+							13
Arbutus unedo				1						+							13
Erica arborea											+					3	13
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae & Querco-Fagetea																	
Acer monspessulanum		1	1	1	2	1	1			1	1	2	1	3	1	1	81
Quercus pubescens s.l.	2	3	3			+	+	1		2	1	3	2	1	1	2	81
Fraxinus ornus		1	+	1	1					1	+	1	1		1	1	63
Allium triquetrum			+								+	+	+	+	+		38
Cyclamen hederifolium											2	+	+		+	+	31
Lathyrus venetus			+										+				13
Stachys officinalis			+									+					13
Cercis siliquastrum							+			+							13
Tamus communis	2	1	1 +	1	2	2 +	1	1	+	+ +	+ 2		94
Ruscus aculeatus	1	+	+ .					+	1	+ +	1 +	+	63
Crataegus monogyna Rubus ulmifolius Sonchus oleraceus	+		+ . . +		+			+	+	+ .	. + + +		19 19 25
Hedera helix	+		+ .					+					19
Pulicaria odora			+ .						+	+ .			19
Klasea flavescens subsp. cichoracea Carex olbiensis	+		+ .					+		+ . . +			19 13
Melica arrecta								+			. +		13
nov.
Releve number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7*	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	275	200	150	180	240	190	170	180	115	230	140	120	180	274	280	195	
Aspect	SW	NE	SW	SSW	S	ESE	ESE	N	N	ESE	E	ENE	NNW	NE	N	WNW	
Slope (°)	25	15	40	20	<10	20	25	45	10	10	10	35	70	15	15	20	
Cover bare rock (%)	<5	<5	5		<5	5	5	<5	5-15	<5	10	15	7-8		20	5	
Releve area (m2)	160	100	200	230	140	100	250	100	150	200	200	150	230	100	150	120	
Arbuto unedonis-Quercetum ilicis																	Frq.
Fraxinus ornus	2	+	2	2	1	1	2	2	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	100
Asplenium onopteris	+	+	1	1	+	+	1	1	+	+	+	+	1	+	+	+	100
Quercus cerris	2	2	1	1	1		2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	94
Arbutus unedo	1			1	3	1	2	+			1		2	2	2	2	69
Acer monspessulanum	1	1	2	1		1	1	1	2		2	2	1				69
Erica arborea	2	1		1	1	1	1	2					1				50
Quereion ilieis																	
Quercus ilex	3	4	3	4	4	4	4	3	5	5	4	4	3	3	4	4	100
Cyclamen repandum	2	+	2	1	+	+	2	+	3	+	1	+	1	+	+	+	100
Ruscus aculeatus	1	+	+	1	+	+	1	+	2	+	1	1	+	+		+	94
Phillyrea latifolia	3	3		1	2	1	1	2	1	+	1	1	1	+		+	88
Viburnum tinus					1		2	2	1		1	1	2	2			50
Carex distachya		+		+		+		+	+		+						38
Laurus nobilis									+			3	2				19
Quereetalia ilieis & Quereetea ilieis																	
Rubia peregrina	+	+	1	1	+	2	1	+	1	+	2	+	1	+		1	94
Smilax aspera	+	+	+	+	2	+	+	1	1	+	1	+	1	2		1	94
Myrtus communis	1	1			+			+						1			38
Asparagus acutifolius	+				+		+		+								25
Quereetalia pubeseenti-petraeae & Quereo-Fagetea																	
Quercus pubescens s.l.	1	2	1	3	1	3	2	1	2	1	2	1			2	1	88
Carex olbiensis	+					+			1	+	+	+					38
Hedera helix										+	2	1	+			1	31
Anemone apennina	+						+	+	1		+						31
Sorbus torminalis								1		+	+	+		+			31
Moehringia trinervia				+			+				+		+			+	31
Arum italicum			+								+	+	+				25
Sorbus domestica										+	1	1		1			25
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii					+					+	+	+					25
Ostrya carpinifolia							1			+						2	19
Celtis australis											+	+			+		19
Luzula forsteri							+		1								13
Rubus hirtus										+	+						13
Melica uniflora								+				+					13
Silene latifolia subsp. alba									+		+						13
Acer campestre												1			2		13
Allium triquetrum			r	+													6
Other speeies																	
Tamus communis	+		1	+	+	+	+	+		+	1		1	+	+	1	81
Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadriv.			2					1	+	+		+	+				38
Selaginella denticulata			+	+		+	+	+				+					38
Geranium purpureum							+	+	+	+	+		+				38
Cyclamen hederifolium							2	+		+							25
Cytisus villosus				+			+		1						+		25
Lathyrus clymenum			2	+													13
Fumaria flabellata			1										+				13
Stellaria media subsp. media			+						+								13
Rubus ulmifolius						+			+								13
Polypodium vulgare							+		+								13
Releve number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7* 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Frq.
Piptatherum miliaceum . . .	.....1 + . . .			13
Galium aparine . . .	.....1 . + . .			13
Fumaria capreolata . . .	. . . . . + . . . .		+	13
Sambucus nigra . . .	. . . . . . . + + .			13
Sedum cepaea . . .	. . . . . . . . + .	.+		13
Table 15: Quercus suber comm. Tabela 15: Združba z vrsto Quercus suber
Releve number	1	2	3	4	
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	280	300	450	460	
Aspect	WNW	SE	SE	SW	
Slope (°)	20	30-40	15	15	
Cover bare rock (%)	10	30	<5	<5	
Releve area (m2)	120	150	120	100	
Quercion ilicis & Quercetalia ilicis					Frq.
Quercus suber	3	4	3	2	100
Quercus ilex	1	2	1	+	100
Ruscus aculeatus	1	+	2	1	100
Asplenium onopteris	+	+		+	75
Carex distachya	+			+	50
Cyclamen repandum			+	+	50
Phillyrea latifolia	1	2			50
Quercetea ilicis					
Arbutus unedo	2	3	1	1	100
Asparagus acutifolius	+	+	+	+	100
Rubia peregrina	+	+	+	+	100
Erica arborea	3		1	+	75
Smilax aspera	+	2	+		75
Lonicera implexa	+	+			50
Osyris alba	+	1			50
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae					
Fraxinus ornus	+	1	1	1	100
Quercus cerris	2		1	2	75
Quercus pubescens s.l.	2	2			50
Sorbus domestica	+			1	50
Allium triquetrum			+	+	50
Brachypodium sylvaticum			+	+	50
Melica uniflora			+	+	50
Querco-Fagetea					
Hedera helix	+	+	2	1	100
Tamus communis		+	+	+	75
Castanea sativa			2	1	50
Viola reichenbachiana			+	+	50
Other species					
Myrtus communis	2	1			50
Cistus salviifolius	+		+		50
Cytisus villosus	+		+		50
Rubus ulmifolius			+	1	50
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Table 17: Synoptic Table of the thermophilous Quercus cerris forests in central Italy. Tabela 17: Sinoptična tabela termofilnih cerovih (Quercus cerris) gozdov srednje Italije.
Column number
Number of releves per column
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23 16 11 17 10 9 8
Column number
Number of releves per column
1234567 23 16 11 17 10 9 8
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis
Ligustrum vulgare Malus sylvestris Oenanthe pimpinelloides Pulicaria odora Aristolochia rotunda Echinops ritro subsp. siculus Ranunculus lanuginosus Lathyrus niger Crataegus laevigata Cytisus villosus Erica arborea Pyracantha coccinea Teucrium siculum Arbutus unedo Mespilus germanica Cytisus scoparius Poa sylvicola Iris foetidissima
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa
Silene viridiflora
Genista tinctoria
Erica scoparia
Carex depauperata
Vinca major
Silene coronaria
Quercus frainetto
Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae
9 9
74
48 26
17
6 13 13 50
19 6
45 100 40 78 18 65 40 11 9 . 20 .
12 59
6
47
75
13 50 50
11 25
50
38 13
6
90 . 29 30 22 6
4
Rubus hirtus
Thalictrum aquilegiifolium Geranium robertianum Moehringia trinervia Vicia sepium Anemone nemorosa Cephalanthera rubra Salvia glutinosa Mercurialis perennis
Querco-Fagetea
Quercus cerris Tamus communis Ruscus aculeatus Hedera helix Brachypodium sylvaticum Acer campestre Clematis vitalba Melica uniflora Ulmus minor Sorbus torminalis Cruciata glabra Luzula forsteri Ajuga reptans Carex sylvatica
Helleborus bocconei subsp. bocconei Melittis melissophyllum Daphne laureola
Fraxinus ornus	100	94	100	94	30	100	63	Bromus ramosus
Cornus mas	74	25	18	100	40	89	63	Festuca heterophylla
Sorbus domestica	35	38	27	88	50	44	13	Viola reichenbachiana
Quercus pubescens s.l.	100	63	100	59	70		63	Geum urbanum
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii	91	56	64	94	80	44		Epipactis helleborine s.l.
Stachys officinalis	87	25	27	59	100		13	Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca
Ostrya carpinifolia	39	19	36	29		33	50	Prunus avium
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea	91	6		71	70	22	25	Lonicera caprifolium
Carex flacca serrulata	70	31	55	71	80			Symphytum tuberosum subsp. angustifolium
Cyclamen repandum	61	75		53		33	13	Quercus petraea
Emerus majus subsp. emeroides	13		64	53		67		Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum
Brachypodium rupestre	4		91	71	100			Loncomelos pyrenaicus
Acer monspessulanum	100	38		82				Calamintha nepeta subsp. sylvatica
Scutellaria columnae	30			47			13	Leontodon tuberosus
Carpinus orientalis	22					100	100	Alliaria petiolata
Serratula tinctoria	4			12	40			Platanthera bifolia
Cercis siliquastrum	48	6				11		Rosa arvensis
Melica arrecta	39			6				Potentilla micrantha
Allium triquetrum	35	56						Carpinus betulus
Arum italicum	30						13	Lathyrus sylvestris
Silene italica	9		18					Luzula sylvatica
Agrimonia eupatoria	9			18				Campanula trachelium
Rumex sanguineus	9						25	Aremonia agrimonoides
Malus florentina	4			35				Castanea sativa
24 12 6
20
100	100	100	100	100	100	75
100	88	64	76	40	67	75
91	94	64	94	70	100	88
83	69	82	94	90	100	88
83	63		88	60	22	38
52	44	27	88	60	100	88
4		36	6	30	22	25
83	44		71		11	75
35	25		18	20	11	13
22	25		53	20	22	
22		36	59	100		13
9	31	18	59	30		
48	13		12	30	22	
4	6		12		22	38
		45	18	50	33	
83	31		71	50	22	
30		82	53			
13		9	35			
		27	65	80		
			18	30	44	
4			6			
		18	6			
		18		70		
		9			11	
			94			38
			47			25
			12	80		
35
9 4
19
47
29 24 18 6
20
4
9
13
9
Column number
Number of releves per column
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23 16 11 17 10 9 8
Column number
Number of releves per column
Vicia grandiflora Hypericum montanum Asperula laevigata Biarum tenuifolium Asparagus tenuifolius Aristolochia lutea Orchis purpurea Helleborus foetidus
Fagetalia sylvaticae
Cyclamen hederifolium Lathyrus venetus Anemone apennina Euphorbia amygdaloides Allium pendulinum Dactylorhiza maculata Osyris alba Carex distachya Rhamnus alaternus Viburnum tinus Lonicera implexa Pistacia lentiscus Carex halleriana Carex divulsa Laurus nobilis Carex olbiensis Quercus suber Myrtus communis Phillyrea angustifolia Daphne gnidium Other species
39
9	.
4	.
35	44
30	38
26	19
26	6
26	19
26	44
17	6
13	13
13	.
4	25
.	38
.	44
56	41	56
6	65	22
31	29	11
		44
6 .
6 20
47
18 18
6
18
50
44
20 30
40 50
Crataegus monogyna	96	56	100	100	100	100
Euonymus europaeus	74	19	9	88	50	44
Prunus spinosa	57	25	64	82	90	67
Rubus ulmifolius	48	56	73	76	60	
Dactylis glomerata	78		45	35	30	
Lonicera etrusca	96		91		80	
Rubus canescens	13		9		30	22
Pyrus communis	9			88	50	33
Cornus sanguinea			45	35	40	56
Ranunculus bulbosus	52		18	6		
Cytisophyllum sessilifolium	22			12		
Rosa canina			64	6	30	
Galium aparine	22			12		11
Clinopodium vulgare				6	50	
Juniperus communis			82	76	80	
Geranium sanguineum	13			6	50	
Rosa gallica			9	12		20
Prunella vulgaris	13					11
Anthericum liliago	9			6		
Campanula rapunculus	9				20	
Asphodelus ramosus	65	69				
Catapodium rigidum	9	25				
Spartium junceum	13				20	
Geranium purpureum	57	13				
Stellaria media subsp. media	30			6		
Lathyrus aphaca	13			12		
75
Corylus avellana Lonicera xylosteum Hepatica nobilis Hieracium murorum Primula vulgaris Viola odorata
Quercetea ilicis
Rubia peregrina Rosa sempervirens Smilax aspera Phillyrea latifolia Asplenium onopteris Clematis flammula Asparagus acutifolius Quercus ilex
Urospermum dalechampii Cynosurus echinatus Reichardia picroides Euphorbia characias Anemone hortensis Sherardia arvensis Lathyrus clymenum Theligonum cynocrambe Sonchus bulbosus Klasea flavescens Stachys heraclea Cynoglossum creticum Crepis vesicaria Asplenium trichomanes Ranunculus velutinus Carduus pycnocephalus Torilis nodosa Inula conyzae Vitis vinifera Torilis arvensis Fallopia convolvulus Piptatherum miliaceum Hypericum perforatum Cupressus semprervirens Tanacetum corymbosum Pinus nigra subsp. laricio Rubus glandulosus Polypodium interjectum Bellis sylvestris Festuca robustifolia Pteridium aquilinum Vicia bithynica Vicia sativa Vicia loiseleurii Astragalus glycyphyllos Filipendula vulgaris^ Ranunculus polyanthemos Lathyrus hirsutus Lotus corniculatus Paliurus spina-christi Vicia cracca
1234567
23 16 11 17 10 9	8
......38
.....78	.
.....11	.
......13
......13
......88
96 91 91 74 35 91 87 39 9 9 9 26 9 9 4
30 61 57 17 13 13 13 13 9 9 9 9 9
100 82 82 30 78 75 63 55 100 90 56 63
94	.
50	.
44	18
94	73 100 27
19 19 13
6 65 18 30 50
. 78 63 20 33
3
36 36 18 18 18 18 18 9
60 67 1 60 78
29 18 12 6
30 30 20 20 20 50
4
61
13
13
Column number
Number of releves per column
1
4
Silene latifolia subsp. alba Teucrium chamaedrys Sedum cepaea Laburnum anagyroides Loncomelos brevistylus Allium subhirsutum Gladiolus italicus Bromus erectus Achnatherum bromoides
23 16 11 17 10
9 25 43 .
26 13 17 .
17
4
18
11 13
Column number	123456	7
Number of releves per column	23 16 11 17 10 9	8
Teucrium scorodonia	. . . . 20 .	
Cytisus hirsutus	. . . . 20 .	
Sanicula europaea		
Lamium bifidum		
Cruciata laevipes		25
Poa trivialis		13
Table 18: Synoptic Table of Quercus ilex forests developed on acid substrates in central and southern Italy. Tabela 18: Sinoptična tabela gozdov črničevja (Quercus ilex) na kislih substratih v srednji in južni Italiji.
Column number
Number of releves per column
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 6 6 3 10 20 16
Column number
Number of releves per column
1 16
23 66
4567 3 10 20 16
Arbuto unedonis-Quercetum ilicis
Arbutus unedo Asplenium onopteris Fraxinus ornus Acer monspessulanum Quercus cerris Quercion ilicis Asparagus acutifolius Cyclamen repandum Lonicera etrusca Laurus nobilis Carex halleriana Pinus pinea Quercetalia ilicis
100 80	100 100	100	75 69
60	100	100 33 .	45 100
.	60	100 . .	20 100
. .	17 . .	.69
. .	. . .	. 94
60
100 100	67	70	85	41
.	.	100	60	45	100
.	100 . .	25	.
.	. . .	5	19
.	. . .	25	.
.	. . .	10	.
Geranium purpureum Polypodium cambricum Tamus communis Teucrium flavum Quercus pubescens s.l. Rubus ulmifolius Hedera helix
Cistus creticus subsp. eriocephalus Euphorbia dendroides Pteridium aquilinum Teline monspessulana Euphorbia characias Cyclamen hederifolium
40 100 40 100 100
33 100 67 33
40	40
40	20
60	20
20	40
Quercus ilex	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	Arum italicum italicum	. . 50 .		25
Erica arborea	100	100	100		100	40	50	Selaginella denticulata		. 10	38
Carex distachya	20	100		100	70	25	38	Sorbus domestica		. 10	25
Phillyrea latifolia	40		100	67	80	45	88	Sorbus torminalis		. 10	31
Daphne gnidium	60	100		33	10	5		Melica arrecta	60 . . .		
Rosa sempervirens			83	100	20	45		Asparagus officinalis	. 100 . .		
Cistus salviifolius	40	80	83					Spartium junceum	. . 100 .		
Rhamnus alaternus	40				40	35		Acanthus mollis mollis	. . 67 .		
Carex olbiensis				33		5	38	Brachypodium sylvaticum	. . 67 .		
Quercus suber				33	10	5		Polystichum setiferum	. . 50 .		
Viburnum tinus					20	40	50	Ranunculus neapolitanus	. . 50 .		
Luzula forsteri				33			13	Pimpinella peregrina	. . 33 .		
Clematis cirrhosa			33					Brachypodium rupestre		. 30	
Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii							25	Ampelodesmos mauritanicus		. 25	
Pistacio-Rhamnetalia alaterni								Brachypodium retusum		. 25	
Pistacia lentiscus	80	100	100	100	80	85		Emerus majus subsp. emeroides		. 20	
Myrtus communis	40			67	90	60	38	Crataegus monogyna		. 10	
Phillyrea angustifolia	60			100	100	20		Erica multiflora		. 10	
Prasium majus	40	40				10		Teucrium fruticans		.5	
Clematis flammula				67	20	45		Asplenium trichomanes			38
Juniperus phoenicea					20	10		Anemone apennina			31
Osyris alba					10	15		Moehringia trinervia			31
Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa					10	5		Celtis australis subsp. australis			19
100 100
.	.	24
.	.	13
.	35	81
10 10	.
.	20	88
.	30	13
.	50	52 .5.
25
9
6
5
Column number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	Column number	12	3	4	5	6	7
Number of releves per column	16	6	6	3	10	20	16	Number of releves per column	16 6	6	3	10	20	16
Calicotome infesta			100					Ostrya carpinifolia						19
Pinus halepensis						25		Fumaria capreolata						13
Pistacia terebinthus						10		Fumaria flabellata						13
Quercetea ilicis								Galium aparine						13
Smilax aspera	60	20	100	100	70	90	94	Lathyrus clymenum						13
Rubia peregrina	80		100	100	100	100	94	Melica uniflora						13
Arisarum vulgare	40	100	100	33		30		Piptatherum miliaceum						13
Lonicera implexa	40	20		100	60	30		Sambucus nigra						13
Calicotome villosa	60	60			20	5		Sedum cepaea						13
Pulicaria odora			100			20		Silene latifolia subsp. alba						13
Olea europaea			67					Stellaria media						13
Other species								Acer campestre						13
Cytisus villosus	40	100			60	10	25	Allium triquetrum						6
Ruscus aculeatus			100	100	40	70	94							
Table 19: Synoptic Table of Quercus			petraea forests in					central and southern Italy.						
Tabela 19: Sinoptična tabela hrastovih gozdov (Q;							uercus petraea) v srednji in južni Italiji.							
Column number		1	2	3	4	5	6	Column number	1	2	3	4	5	6
Number of releves per column		10	17	12	18	8	7	Number of releves per column	10	17	12	18	8	7
Character. Carici-Quercetum petraeae								Tamus communis	90	24	58	39	25	71
Rubia peregrina		70			17	88	86	Acer campestre	20	29	31	17	25	57
Mespilus germanica		70			22		43	Luzula forsteri	70	76	83		50	14
Carex olbiensis		100						Cruciata glabra	100	100		17	50	14
Character. Hieracio-Quercetum petraeae								Festuca heterophylla	100	100		39	88	71
Serratula tinctoria s.l.			71		11		14	Solidago virgaurea	90	82		22	63	43
Veronica officinalis			47			13		Quercus cerris	70	94		72	50	14
Potentilla erecta			88					Carpinus betulus	70	18		17	75	57
Succisa pratensis			71					Melica uniflora	90		100	11	13	86
Molinia caerulea s.l.			41					Brachypodium sylvaticum	80	76	25	39	63	
Character. Ilici-Quercetum petraeae								Hieracium murorum	50	71			13	57
Quercus petraea		100	100	100	100	100	100	Sorbus torminalis	100			83	88	100
Ilex aquifolium		90		100	94	100		Symphytum tuberosum			25	6	25	14
Aquilegia sicula				31				Potentilla micrantha	40	47	58			
Character. Frangulo-Quercetum														
petraeae								Daphne laureola	90		100		50	
Castanea sativa		100			72	13	14	Prunus avium		53				43
Frangula alnus			59		56			Corylus avellana		6				14
Quercus robur			65		6			Fragaria vesca	40	88				
Crataego laevigatae-Quercion cerridis								Lonicera caprifolium	30	100				
Lonicera etrusca Malus sylvestris Erica arborea Cytisus villosus Lathyrus niger Ranunculus lanuginosus Teucrium siculum Crataegus laevigata Cephalanthera longifolia Poa sylvicola ^ulicaria odora Malus florentina
100 20 30 20
41 17
80
40
20 20
29
88
17
42
13
86
57
29 14
Platanthera bifolia
Ostrya carpinifolia
Lilium bulbiferum subsp. croceum
Acer opalus subsp. obtusatum
Platanthera chlorantha
Rosa arvensis
Ajuga reptans
Bromus ramosus
Vinca minor
Pulmonaria vallarsae
Melittis melissophyllum
Laburnum anagyroides
60
50 40
100 53 18
50 .
25 29
100 57 29 14
7
Genista pilosa Erica scoparia Deschampsia flexuosa Calluna vulgaris Quercus pubescens s.l. Melampyrum italicum Poa nemoralis s.l. Lathyrus linifolius Fagetalia sylvatieae
Column number	1	2	3	4	5	6
Number of releves per column	10	17	12	18	8	7
Genista tinctoria		71				
Oenanthe pimpinelloides		71				
Silene flos-cuculi		35				
Pyracantha coccinea					38	
Quereetalia pubeseenti-petraeae						
Fraxinus ornus	100	6		83	88	100
Viola alba dehnhardtii	90	35		17	38	14
Cornus mas	20	47			75	43
Sorbus domestica	30			33	50	29
Stachys officinalis	40	94			25	
Carexflacca s.l.	40	53		6		
Cyclamen repandum		35	17		75	
Emerus majus subsp. emeroides					38	43
Carpinus orientalis	50					
Scutellaria columnae	50					
Melica arrecta	30					
Hypericum montanum		24				
Orchis purpurea		6				
Asparagus acutifolius						29
Arum italicum						14
Asperula laevigata						
Asparagus tenuifolius				11		
Acer monspessulanum					50	
Quereetalia robori petraeae						
Pteridium aquilinum	70	76	50	61		
Hieracium racemosum	40	47		6		
Physospermum cornubiense				39	75	100
Teucrium scorodonia				39	38	14
Cytisus scoparius				6		29
Genista germanica		82			13	
88
Viola reichenbachiana	50	94	31	6	25	
Anemone nemorosa		6		39	50	86
Cyclamen hederifolium			58	22	63	57
Anemone apennina			31			86
Allium pendulinum			17			43
Lathyrus venetus			67			14
Dactylorhiza maculata s.l.	60					43
Fagus sylvatica	90		50			
Acer pseudoplatanus	30			6		
Rubus hirtus	20			39		
Polygonatum multiflorum		6		11		
Cephalanthera rubra	20					
Euphorbia dulcis		6				
Scrophularia nodosa		18				
Neottia nidus-avis						57
Geranium versicolor			83			
Lamium flexuosum			92			
. 13 14 17 13
25 25 13
Clematis vitalba Ligustrum vulgare Cornus sanguinea s.l. Prunus mahaleb Rosa canina Geum urbanum Quereetea ilieis Quercus ilex Arbutus unedo Asplenium onopteris Laurus nobilis Viburnum tinus Carex distachya Phillyrea latifolia Smilax aspera Rosa sempervirens
Other speeies
Ruscus aculeatus
Dactylis glomerata s.l.
Clinopodium vulgare
Populus tremula
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Polypodium vulgare
Galium aparine
Silene latifolia subsp. alba
Agrostis stolonifera
Calamintha nepeta
Carex pallescens
Holcus lanatus
Vicia cassubica
Prunella vulgaris
Limodorum abortivum
Viburnum opulus
Stellaria media
Trifolium pratense
Geranium robertianum
Myosotis gussoni
Silene italica subsp. sicula
Bellis perennis
Pinus sylvestris
Brachypodium rupestre
Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea
Pinus pinaster s.l.
Column number	1	2	3	4	5	6
Number of releves per column	10	17	12	18	8	7
Ulmus minor						14
Primula vulgaris			50			
Chaerophyllum temulum			8			
Luzula sylvatica					13	
Carex sylvatica					13	
Rhamno-Prunetea						
Euonymus europaeus	20	6	8	11	13	14
Juniperus communis	20	94		39	38	29
Prunus spinosa		35	25	11		14
Crataegus monogyna			17	28	38	29
Rubus canescens	30		83	28		
Rubus ulmifolius	60			44	75	
Pyrus communis		6		6	38	
47
24 6
90 50
20
20 20
17
83 31
14
25 39 100	86
. 50 88	71
31 6 .	43
. 11 .	100
50	71
38 25 13
100 94 83 89 38 100 90 24 8 6 25 . 20 . 42 .
18
94 59 59 41 53 24 12 6
6 6 17
6 17 67
94
14 14
13
6
		
Column number Number of releves per column	1 2 3 4 5 6 Column number 10 17 12 18 8 7 Number of releves per column	123456 10 17 12 18 8 7
Polystichum aculeatum	. . 83 . . .	Robinia pseudacacia	. . . 17		
Galium rotundifolium	. . 50 . . .	Cytisus nigricans s.l.	. . . 6		
Aremonia agrimonoides	. . 31 . . .	Melampyrum pratense s.l.	. . . 11		
Euphorbia amygdaloides	. . 31 . . .	Loranthus europaeus		13	
Athyrium filix-femina	. . 8 . . .	Carex digitata		25	
Doronicum orientale	. . 17 . . .	Digitalis lutea subsp. australis		25	
Hypochaeris laevigata	. . 8 . . .	Sanicula europaea		25	
Lactuca muralis	. . 8 . . .	Ruscus hypoglossum		13	
Luzula sicula	. . 17 . . .	Anthericum liliago			14
Milium effusum	. . 17 . . .	Dactylorhiza romana			14
Luzula pilosa	. . . 6 . .	Osyris alba			14
Moehringia trinervia	. . . . 13 .	Ranunculus millefoliatus			14
Querco-Fagetea		Sambucus nigra			14
Hedera helix	100 35 25 72 88 100	Silene italica subsp. italica			14