nOCMpTHO OpO BO TpH^HUHHTC Ha ÔH^KftHCKHTC
C^OBeHH
rtymo C. PucmecKU
The author researches the act of ritual dancing - oro - and singing in the posthumous ritual complex, which presents one of the most important ritual and magic activities in order to destroy or neutralize the effects of death, and at the same time, to protect the living members of the social community, as a whole.
CnoxeHOCTa h KOMnneKCHOCTa Ha nocMpTHaTa oôpenHa aKTHBHOCT Ha nyfeTo He e yC^OBeHa CaMO OA npHpOnHHTe, ÔHOnOmKH HHHHTenH, TyKy H OA HHBHHTe OHTOnOmKH npeTCTaBH 3a HCnpakaaeTo Ha "ohoJ' CBeT", COrnaCHO Ha CBeTOraenOT h npaBHnaTa Ha OÔpenHHOT KOMnneKC. Bo OCHOBa, noKpaj npyrHTe yCnoBH, yCnemHOTO oôpenro nenyBaae 6h 3Haneno yCnemHO ananrapaae h BKnonyBaae Ha noKOjHHOT bo aMÔHemw
Ha "TOj CBeT".
ToKMy 3apanH Toa, CnoxeHOCTa Ha OÔpenHHOT KOMneKC He hh no3BonyBa bo paMKHBe Ha TpynoB na rH pa3rnenyBaMe onnenHO CHTe HeroBH CerMeHTH, ho HeroBaTa, naK, KOMnneKCHOCT hh HanoxyBa, OÔpenHHOT CerMeHT "nOCMpTHO opo" na He ro
H3ABojyBaMe on KOHTeKCTOT Ha KOMnneMeHTapHOTo aHanH3Hpaae.
CTaHyBa 3Ôop 3a t.h. "nOCMpTHO opo" - pHTyanHO Hrpaae Ha opo OKony noKOj'HHKOT, HeroBHOT onap HnH naK, Hrpaae bo nepHonoT Ha 3anymHHnH noCBeTeHH Ha yMpeHHTe.
1. OaKTOrpa^CKH MaTepajaj
npH H3HeCyBaaeTo Ha MaTepHjanHTe mTo Ce onHeCyBaaT Ha HCTpaxyBaHHOT npoôneM, noTnonHO ke rH neCKpHÔHpaMe nonaTonHTe mTO noCera He Ce oôjaBeHH, a Ce onHeCyBaaT Ha HaponHaTa TpanHnHja Ha MaKenoHnHTe, noneKa naK oôjaBeHHTe ke rH CnoMeHyBaMe bo rpaneaeTO Ha neCKpHnnHHTe.
a) MaKe^OHHja
Bo TeKOT Ha TepeHCKHTe HCTpaxyBaaa bo flonHa npeCna, bo 1992 ronHHa, npH oÔHnHTe 3a peKOHCTpyKnHja Ha OÔpenHHOT KOMnneKC noBp3aH co oôpenHTe OKony yMpeHHOT ja oTKpHBMe ^opMaTa Ha Hrpaae Ha pHTyanHO opo.1
1 TepeHCKH HCTpaxyBa^a, 1992 ronHHa, flonHa npeCna. HCTpaxyBane ^ynno C. PHCTeCKH, HenenKOB. nonaTonHTe rH oTKpHBMe bo C. flonHo flyneHH, C. ApBaTH, C. ^yôojHo. HH^opMaTopn: BaCH^Ka MaKapoCKa, 1906, C. fl. flyneHH, h MeHKa AneôaKOCKa, 1933, C. ^yôojHo. MaTepHjanH fl-4/1992, K-1/1992.
OTKaKo noKOjHHOT ke ÖHAei noAHraaT 3a 3aKon, ce pacTypai OAapoT h Ha hctoto MecTo TpH BAoBHnH oa ceiOTO 3aHrpyBaie opo. Opoto ro Hrpaie bo oöparaa HacoKa oa BOOÖHnaeHOTO, "HaonaKy", neejkH (raroBapajkH) rH 3ÖopoBHTe, TpH naTH:
"... ke 3aHrpaM, ke 3aneaM, opo Ha cpaMoTa , AO Tya fla e iomoTO.."
HIH
"... HrpaMe neeMe, opo Ha cpaMoTa,
2
fla He ce chih iomoTO.
npH TepeHcKHTe HCTpaxyBaaa Ha Hhcthtytot 3a cTapocioBeHcKa KyiTypa oa npHien bo perHoHHTe MapHoBo, fleMHpxHcapcKO h KpymeBcKo OTKpHBMe MaTepHjaiH mTo ce oAHecyBaaT Ha oboj' npoöieM. Bo MapHoBo 3a6eiexaBMe KaxyBaae Ha oneBHAen Ha oöpeAHoTo Hrpaae bo c. flyae.
"... TpH 6a6H, Ha n. T., Kora h yMpe AeTeTo, 3aHrpaa OKOiy yMpeHoTo AeTe. BaKa, Ha AecHo. Ke oAajaT TaKa, h eAHa necHa ke BeiaT:
AoTeKia BoAa cTyAeHa oa BHcoKaTa niaHHHa...
ABa TpH naTH a peKoa, a He H3riac Aa a neaT. Toa ro BHfly, 3aHrpaa OKOiy Hero, h ro KpeHaa AeTeTo. Taa ABe MamKH HMame, h ABeTe h yMpea.3
Bo MapHoBo, hcto TaKa, Ao3HaBMe AeKa cTapHTe ro npHKaxyBaie cieAHHoT npHMep:
"...CTaHaia, ch Bp3aia 6eia Kpna, ce noAÔpaAHia h 3aHrpaia. 3aHrpaia, h peKia: "Ce ke npexaia, eBe 6eia Kpna cy ch Bp3aia, ce ke npexaia, h chhobh h kepKH. AMa MHory h H3yMpeie, h npeBpiHio Beke. 3aBpTeia ABa TpH naTa, ko mo HrpaaT Ha opoTo. 3ap Hrpaia oa ySaBO? Ta oa mo h 6hio xai 3a AenaTa.4
Bo fleMHXHcapcKO ro 3a6eiexaBMe cieAHHoT noAaToK:
"... TpH xeHH Tpeôaio ko ke ro KpeHa noeKO (yMpeHHo), TaMaH ke 3aMHHa, xeHHTe ke 3aHrpaaT h ke 3anaiaT TeMjaH. Opo MamKo - 3a paMo, ke 3aBpTeie TpH naTH, Ha AecHo.5
2	noTBpaa Ha AoöneHHTe noflaTonH bo TeKoT Ha TepeHcKHTe HcTpaxyBaaa bo 1992 roÄ., za hcthot TepeH, npoHajfloB bo 3anHcoT oä 1953 roÄ. Ha B. TpaMaTHHKOBcKH "O6HnaH 3a paraae, cMpT, fyproBfleH h HBaHfleH bo ^y6ojHO - floiHa npecna", Koj KaKo crynem rH 3anHmai bo cBojaTa ceMHHapcKa pa6oTa. PaKonHcoT ce nyBa bo Apxhbot Ha MAHY, bo Oohäot Ha npo^. EpaHHciaB PycHk, K-XVHH, AE- 205/1-16, cTp.9.
3	TepeHcKH HcTpaxyBaaa Ha Hhcthtytot za cTapocioBeHcKa KyiTypa - npHien, H3BeAeHH bo 1994 roAHHa. HcTpaxyBaie Ä-p T. BpaxHHOBcKH,. B. KapaxoyKH H C. PHcrecKH. HH^opMaTop: TpajaHKa PHcTecKa, poÄeHa c. nemraHH, 1922 roÄ. xHBee bo c. flyae - MapHOBO. KaceTa IV, CTpaHa E.
4	Hcto, HH^opMaTop: TiaMHocKa flocTa, poÄeHa 1917, ceio noinHmTa, MapHOBO. KaceTa IV, crpaHa A.
Bo ceioTo ^BaH 3a6eiexaBMe KaxyBaae:
"...Cire flena h yMpeie, h nocieflHoTo yMpeio. Ko yMpejio, MajKa My cTaHaia nopa^aia cbhpkh, fleTeTo ymTe He 3aKonaHo, n ce BaTnia Hanpefl Ha opoTo. TanaHHTe Tponaj, Ta nrpaj, cnTe nyfln ce. Ko cn oimia floMa fleTeTo ceTo Sinio KpBojinmTe. 3Hain nyccHai íaoioT. Hrpaia opo 3a paMo."6
Bo KpymeBcKiTe ceia, Ha MajKaTa Kora n yMnpaie noBeke flena Beieia: "Ke My
7
emana na ¿aono na ¿na" n ke nrpa Ha rpoSoT, Beiejkn "eonxom da me jadu". Bo ceioTo nycTa PeKa, npn ennfleMnjaTa Ha nyMa rayMpeie MHory iyíe na 3aToa:
"... Pecie, raoioT ke ro SpcaMe co nrpaae. H 3anrpaie. Majcn My, cecTpa My, 6a6n My. Hrpaie opo Ha ieBo. 3a fla HeMa nojke fla yMnpaT. Peeie - Taxeie. H Taxeie n nrpaie fla ro nyKHaT raoioT.
Bo eTHorpa^cKHTe MaTepnjain npn Apxhbot Ha HHcTmyroT 3a íoiciop "MapKo CeneHKoB" - CKonje, npoHajfloBMe noflaToK ofl npniencKo - Bhtoickoto noie, bo koj' e 3a6eiexaH o6nnajoT, aKo npBoTo fleTe Ha MajKaTa yMpe, Taa fla He npncycTByBa Ha 3aKonoT, a aKo n yMpeie HeKoiKy no pefl, npn raieryBaaeTo bo flBopoT MajKaTa TpeSaio
9
fla 3anrpa opo HaonaKy, 3a fla He n yMnpaaT n flpyrnTe.
npn "pefloBHa" cmpt Ha cTap noBec, no SnoiomcHTe 3aKoHn Ha npnpoflaTa, 3a yMpeHnoT He ce xain", dypu eo Kpaummama na Ezejcm MaKedonuja ce eecenene Ko¿a kee yMpen noeeK eo ceojama dnañom cmapocm. "10
Bo KHnraTa Ha MacefloHcKnoT nncaTei neTpe M. AHflpeeBccn, "nnpej", cpekaBaMe eflHa MomHe noTpecHa cneHa. 3apafln ennfleMnjaTa Ha nyMa, oTKaKo Ha BeinKa (npoTaroHncToT bo flpaMaTa) 6 yMnpaaT HeKoiKy flena, noyneHa ofl cHaa 6 Yaa, bo coriacHocT co TpaflnnnjaTa, ranrpyBa oSpeflHo opo oKoiy rpo6nnaaTa Ha cBonTe noniHaTn flena co nei fla rn 3amTiTn xnBHTe.11
6) CjOBeHHja
Bo ncTopncKHTe n3Bopn mTo ce oflHecyBaaT Ha CioBeHnja, bo 1338 n 1339 rofliHa
ce cnoMeHyBaaT 3a6paHiTe Ha CBeTnoT CnHofl n naTpnjapxoT BepTpaHfl, bo Koj hcthot
12
ce 3a3eMa 3a ofliynHo 3a6paHyBaae Ha nrpaaeTo Ha xaiHn opa oKoiy MpTBiTe.
5	Hcto, HH^opMaTop: Koie Mip^ecci, pofleH 1915 rofl. c. CanorHina, xiBee bo c. npiSiini -fleMHpxHcapcKo. Kacera VI, CrpaHa B.
6	Hcto, HH^opMaTop: Ahohhmch, c. XBaH, fleMipxicapcKo, KaceTa V, crpaHa B.
7	Hcto, HH^opMaTop: CTojHa KoiecKa, pofleHa 1905, c. nycTa PeKa. KaceTa II , crpaHa B.
8	Hcto, HH^opMarapi: JopflaHKa neTpecKa, pofleHa 1920, c. TopHo fliBjani, h BemaHKa fiHocca, pofleHa 1921 rofl. bo hctoto ceio. KaceTa VII, crpaHa A.
9	ApxiB Ha HO "MapKo CeneHKoB"-CKonje, K-1, cb.2 - O6mai oKoiy yMipaiKa bo npiiencco - Bhtoicko noie. 3animaia Mapija Xayi-nenoBa.
10	ApxiB Ha HO "MapKo ^nerncoB" - CKonje, - "Xhbothh o6mai, cBaflSeHi o6mai h o6mai oKoiy yMipaiKa - c. nieMH.a - flpaMcco, Erejcca MaKefloHnja," 1953 rofliHa. Chhmhi Jochí Jochíobckh, K-1, cb.16, cTp.1.
11	n. M. AHflpeeBcKi, - "nipej", Hama KHira, Cconje 1986, crp.82. no imHHTe KoHTacri co aBTopoT, floSiB noTBpfla fleca ri hckophcthi KaxyBaüaTa Ha HeroBaTa 6a6a h TeTKi ofl npefleiiTe Ha fleMip Xncap, 3a irpa^eTo Ha BaKBo oSpeflHo opo cora HacraHyBaio MacoBHo yMipa^e Ha iyíeTo.
P. XopBaTHH HaBenyBa enHa npHKa3Ha 3a KHe30T ApTyaH, bo Koja ce cnoMeHyBaaT xanHHTe HrpH h "MpTOBenKHOT TaHen" - "ovrtenico".
"... V starih časih ... je ob gomilah, ki leže take in so sedaj prerasle s hrasti, imela gospoda vrtnice; napravljala jih je pa zato tako okrogle, da je plesala po travniku okoli njih starinski ples, ovrtenico"13
Bo MeranKa Ha "velikonočni" noHenenHHK MemTaHHTe nena hok, non 0TB0peH0 He6o Krpane "MeTnHmKo opo", Koe 3aenHo co npyrHTe HrpH "TypH", "KypjH 6oj", "po6neBnn", npeTCTaByBaaT ocTaToK on CTapHTe "xanHH" o6penHH HrpH. HrpaaeTo Ha oBa opo e MHory cthhho co aeaeHoBoTo bo BhX h Cp6nja.14
3a cthhhh HrpH nnmyBa h 3. KyMep.15 npH naBaaeTo Ha 3anymHHnH 3a yMpeHHTe, neene BecenH necHH, Hrpane h ce meryBane. 3a CTap noBeK noce6ro ro 3anpxyBane no6poTo pacnonoxeHHe.16
b) XpBaTCKa
nocTojaT eTHorpa^CKH nonaTonH bo koh ce cnoMeHyBaaT oGmaHTe npH nyBaae Ha yMpeHHTe. NokTa HajnecTo ja noMHHyBane bo pa3roBop, meryBaae, "na nypH h
17
Hrpaae' - bo oKonHHaTa Ha CaMo6op.
Bo o6nacTa KacTaBmTHHa, npH norpe6 Ha HexeHeT Mnan noBeK, opraHH3Hpane
18
"nHp", Kane nHene h Hrpane (tancaju).
3a HrpaaeTo Ha xanHo opo, opo HaonaKy, "HaonocyH", nHmyBa h M. CtoJkobhk • 19
bo cBojaTa cTynHja. r) CpSaja
no3HaTHoT eTHonor, npoynyBaH Ha cpncKaTa HaponHa penHrHja h MHTonorHja,
Cno6onaH 3eneBHk, 3a6enexan neKa o6penHoTo Hrpaae nocBeTeHo Ha MpTBHTe 6ffno
no3HaTo bo cHTe KpaHmTa Ha Cp6Hja, ho no mhhhot h HaMeHaTa ce pa3nHKyBano bo
HCTonHHTe on oHa bo 3ananHHTe KpaeBH Ha Cp6Hja. Bo HCTonHHTe KpaHmTa He nocToene
HeKoH noce6HH HrpH, noneKa, naK, bo 3ananHHTe, nocToene HrpH co noce6Ha o6penHa
20
npHpona 3a TaKBa npHrona.
12Radoslav Hrvatin, - O slovenskem ljudskem plesu, vo Slovenski etnograf, Letnik III-IV, Ljubljana 1951, str. 277.
13Hcto, crp.283.
14Hcto, crp.284.
15 Zmaga Kumer, Fekonja, . - Primer prevrstitve mrliške pesmi v pripovedko, vo SE, Letnik XVI-XVII/1963-1964,
Ljubljana 1964, str. 116-117.
16B. Orel, - Slovenski ljudski običaji. Narodopisje Slovencev I, Ljubljana, 1944, str. 308.
17	Milan Lang, - Samobor: Smrt, ZbNŽOJS, JAZU, knj. XVIII, sv. 1, Zagreb 1913, str. 129,130.
18	Ivo Jadras, Kastavština. Grada o narodnom životu i običaji u Kastavškom govoru, vo ZbNŽOJS, JAZU, knj. 39, Zagreb 1954, str. 101.
19M. Stojkovič, - "Oposun", "naoposun" i trokratno "naoposuno okretanje", vo Zbornik za narodni život i
običaje Južnih Slavena, JAZU, knj. XXVII, sv. 1, Zagreb, 1929, str. 36,38.
20C. 3eqeBHh, - CpncKe HaponHe Hrpe. nopeKno h pa3Boj, ByK Kapaynh, Eraorpa^CKH My3ej, Beorpan 1983, cTp. 95
Cnopes XpoHHKaTa Ha rpo^oT fopre BpaHKoBHk, JoBaH PajHk bo cBojaTa HcTopHja21 cihkobhto 3anHmai KaKo bo 1485 rosHHa ce ciaBeia noÖesaTa Has TypiHTe bo Epsea. CesejkH Has TeiaTa Ha MpTBHTe HenpHjaTeiH, nHeie h ce Beceieie, HrpajkH opo "BoHHcTeBeHo", neejkH pa3HH jyHaHKH necHH.
Bo nospanjero Ha Jasap , bo c. PyaaHH, npH HcnHBaaeTO Ha HamaTa co bhho bo secHaTa paKa, ynecHHiiHTe Ha norpeÖoT co leBaTa ce sp^aT eseH so spyr, HHHejkH HenpeKHHaTo opo (koio).22
MomHe ce HHTepecHH nocMpTHHTe opa mTo ce HrpaaT bo HcroHHa CpÖHja bo ^eHoBHTe nocBeTeHH Ha MpTBHTe. Kaj BiacHTe h CpÖHTe bo ceBepo - hctohhhot sei Ha CpÖHja 3a BeiH noKiasH ce opraHH3Hpa oÖHHajoT "npHÖer" 3a ynoKojyBaae Ha symHTe Ha yMpeHHTe. Bo BaiaKoa bo TeKoT Ha npBHTe mecT toshhh 3a yMpeHHTe ce saBaaT
"noMaHH" (3a^ymHHiH) npH mTo cBHpaHHTe cBHpaT, a oKoiy 3anaieHHTe orHoBH ce
23
HrpaaT opa.
C. MHiocaBaeBHk 3a6eiexai seKa bo XoMoae Ha norpeö ÖiHcKHTe Ha yMpeHHoT
ce KHTaT, a aKo norpeÖoT e bo Heseia huh npa3HHK, Kora Ha HrpHmTeTo ce Hrpa, oÖHHaj
e, TaKa HaKHTeHH, sa H3HrpaaT opo. npH Bpakaaero os opoTo, BieryBajkH bo sbopot Ha
24
noKojHHoT HcneBaaT HeKoja necHa.
Bo PecaBa HaBenep naieie roieMH orHoBH, HapeneHH "npHÖer", oKoiy koh
' •	25
Hrpaaie no leia Hok, jaseie h nHeie bo HecT Ha yMpeHHTe.
ETHorpa^HTe h eTHoio3HTe bo CpÖHja 3a6eiexaie seKa ospeseH bhs Ha
nocMpTHo opo ce Hrpa h bo TeKoT Ha npa3HHiHTe nocBeTeHH Ha npesiHTe h symHTe Ha
yMpeHHTe. Ha CnacoBseH, Kora MemTaHHTe bo KnyKoneBai ciaBaT ciaBa, HrpaaT "koio
3a symy". Bo 1967 rosHHa Ha CnacoBseH ce Hrpaio opo HaMeHeTo Ha MoMHe mTo
3arHHaio bo cooöpakajHa Hecpeka. Bo TeKoT Ha ceicKaTa ciaBa, ceMejcTBoro Ha
noKojHHoT hm niaka Ha cBHpanm-e sa cBHpaT opo. OpoTo ce Hrpa oKoiy Tpne3aTa co
3anaieHH cBekH h jaseaa, a opoTo ro bosh HeKoj öih3ok posHHHa Ha yMpeHHoT. Bo
TeKoT Ha HrpaaeTo Ha Konje ce hoch Bp3aH öei öapjaK, ciHKa Ha yMpeHHoT, oriesaio;
HrpanKaTa so oHoj mTo ro bosh opoTo ja hoch ciHKaTa Ha noKojHHoT, npH mTo BepyBaaT
seKa h Toj hm ce npHspyxnu bo HrpaaeTO. BaKBoTo "kojio 3a syma" He cMee sa ce
npeKHHyBa, a ce H3BesyBa caMo noniasHe. 26
CTeBaH Manaj bo cpesHHaTa Ha MHHaTHoT BeK, bo D,pHopenKHoT oKpyr, bo ceBepo
- HcTOHHa CpÖHja, Mery CpÖHTe h PoMaHiHTe, npHcycrayBan Ha norpeöyBaae Ha Mias
HoBeK. "OTKaKo rpoÖoT ce 3acHna, TaTKoTo Ha noKojHHKoT ja oÖsapH seBojKaTa co napH,
koh 3aesHo co MoMHH&aTa ce baraja bo opo h so HeKase Hrpaa TaKa".27
"XaiHo koio" Hrpaie h CpÖHTe bo TopHa PecaBa h Toa Ha seHoT Ha
norpeÖyBaaeTo Ha MoMHe huh seBojKa. HrpaHHTe ÖHie roioriaBH, bo paieTe co cBekH.
21J. PaHHt - Hcropna pa3Hbix ciaBeHcKHXt Hapo^oBt 10, ri. 3,BHeHa 1794, cTp. 265
22MHiaH Je^THh, Ja^ap. Cmpt h caxpaHa, TEM : Ja^ap - ByKoB 3aBHHaj, Öp. 27, Beorpaß 1964, cTp. 438.
23Mhi. Jai. MHiomeBHh. - HeKH oÖHHajH h npasHoBepHie y ceiy BauaKo^y, bo TEM XXXII, Beorpaß 1937, cTp. 204
24C. MHiocaBmeBHh, - CpncKH Hapo^HH oÖHHajH H3 cpe3a OMojtcKor, CE3Ö, T. 19, Beorpaß 1913, crp. 251.
25CTaHoje MHjaToBHh, - OÖHHajH y PecaBH, TEM III, Beorpas 30-31.
26CioÖoÄaH, 3jqjBHh, - Hrpe Hamer nocMpTHor pirryaia, bo Pafl KoHrpeca CYOJ y Hobom Bhhoäojjckom, 3arpeÖ 1964, crp. 378.
27CreBaH Maqaj, - ^pHopjT^KH OKpyr, - TiacHHK CpncKor yqeHor flpyinrBa, Kh.73, Beorpaji 1892, cTp.151, 158.
BorAaBHO Hrpaje xeHH, a BojanoT Ha opoto ceKoram 6hj Max. BaKBO opo Hrpaje h Ha
20
cejCKaTa cjaBa bo necT Ha 6jhckhot yMpeH.
Bo CyMpaKoBen, C. npBaHoBHk 3a6ejexaj jeKa o6pejHoTo y6HBaae Ha cTapnHTe
ce Bpmejo co CTaBaae Ha rpoMaja oj jecKoBH rpaHKH Bp3 hhb, npH mTo ce Hrpajo opo
29
Bp3 hhb ce jojeKa jaBaje 3HanH Ha xhbot.
O6pe#HoTo nrpaae Ha tocmpthoto opo, 3a6ejexaHo e h bo HapojHHTe necHH bo Cp6nja, Hajnecro KaKo "kojo HaonaKo" hjh "kojo xajoBHTo".30
a) BocHa h XepueroBHHa
H 3a Teprnopnjara Ha BocHa h XepneroBHHa nocTojaT nojaronH 3a nocroe^eTo Ha o6pejHo Hrpaae oKojy yMpeH. OBaa nojaBa ja 3a6ejexaje eTHojo3HTe bo BhX a JejeHa ,D,onyfa 3anHmaja ejeH npHMep oj KpemeBo, KaKo bo KarojHnKa cpejHHa, bo tokoh yraejHH KykH, jeBojKHTe 6h 3ampaje opo npej KykaTa Ha yMpeHHoT bo MoMeHToT Kora jyfeTo ^oafaje Ha norpe6. Hrpaje ^areHH 3a pane bo 3aTBopeHo opo, caMo jeBojKH, TynKajkn cKopo bo Mecro, nojeKa, TpHnaTH, jBHxejkH ce bo jecHo. O6jeneHH 6nne bo jojrH 6ejH KomyjjH 6e3 Be3, onacaHH co npBeH KoHen. flojeKa Hipajie, neejje necHa. fleBojKHTe noBTopHo Hrpaje, joneKyBajkH rH jyfeTo oj norpe6, neejkn: "Ebo Hamnx yKonHHKa..."31
Bo noneTOKoT Ha BTopaTa nojoBHHa Ha XVII BeK MHory ce Taxejo no yMpeHHTe bo CapaeBo. OnHcoT Ha ^paHnycKnoT jeTonHcen Poullet, yKaxyBa jeKa Kaj EBpeHTe 3a6ejje;;Kajj KaKo noKpaj My3HKaTa Ha yMpeH, THe HrpaaT. "Co jepeite h Hrpaae ce BpakaaT joMa" - nHmyBa Poullet.32
J.O. HBaHHmeBHk, BaKa onHmaj ejeH norpe6 bo XepneroBHHa, Ha noneToKoT Ha oBa cTojeTHe:
"3a ceKoj neKop (npBaTa xeHa mTo Taxn) ce HaBeflHyBame h
HcnpaBame... apyraTa neKopeme Ha hcthot HanHH, caMo Kora
npBaTa npn TaxeaeTo ce HcnpaBame, apyraTa ce »33
HaBeflHyBame...
"Xmochh Koja" ce Hrpaje Ha co6HpHTe bo TopHa XepneroBHHa Kora pojHHHHTe Ha nonHHaTHoT noBeK, ojhocho xeHHTe h jeBojKHTe 6h 3aHrpaje opo Ta^ejkH 3a y6HeHHoT, ocyflyBajkH ro y6HenoT.34
Bo noBeke KpaHmTa Ha BhX 6hjo no3HaTo HrpaaeTo Ha "jejeHoBo kojo" "... oj MynHy Hrpy, kojjo jejeHoBo... ... MynHy Hrpy, kojo jejeHoBo..."
28CraHoje MHjaToBHh, - O6HnajH y PecaBH, TEM III, Beorpaj 1929,cTp. 30
29C. npBaHoBHh, - HanoT. O6Hnaj y6ajan.a cTapana - bo THMonKH 3anHcH, 3ajenap 1964, cTp, 19
30BoxHjap neTpaHoBHh, - CpncKe HapojHe necMe III, Beorpaj 1969, crp. 403
31 JejeHa flonyda. - HapojHe Hrpe y Be3H ca cmpth . - npiiMjepii H3 BocHe h XepneroBHHe, bo Paj XXI
KoHrpeca CYOJ y Hobom Bhhojojickom, 3arpe6 1964, cTp. 363.
32BjeKocjiaB JejiaBiih, - floxiiBJtajii OpaHny3a Poullet-a Ha nyry Kpo3 fly6poBHHK h BocHy (rojHHe 1658),
T3M y BhX y CapajeBo, Kft. XXX, cb, 1, CapajeBo 1908, cTp. 57
33Drago Vidovic, - Pretstave kola na steccima i njihovo značenje, vo GZM BiH u Sarajevu, Arheologija, NS, sv.
IX, Sarajevo 1954, str. 277,278.
34Toma Bratic, St. Delic - Narodne igre sjela i zbora u Gornjoj Hercegovini, GZM XXVII BiH u Sarajevu, Sarajevo 1905, str. 56
Koe H3rnena CKopo KaKO nonyKpyxHa noBopKa. OTKaKO opoBonenoT ke ro cocraBH opoto, co HrpanoT no ce6e rH KpeBaaT paneTe rope, BonejkH ro opoTo non naKoT mTo ro conHHyBaaT co paneTe, ce noneKa He ce 3anneTe. OpoBonenoT noBTopHo ja nee necHaTa:
"... Oj ! Jobo, Jobo, 3anneTH Kono 3anneTH Jobo, Kono aeaeHoBo.."
noBTopHo opoBonenoT ro 3anneTyBa opoto KaKo 3MHja. TaKa co pen, ce noneKa He ce 3anneTe h nocnenHHoT nrpan. PoToa cnenH Hrpa 3a pacnneTyBaae Ha opoTo.
Bo cthcokot mTo aBTopHTe T. EpaTHk h C. flennk ro naBaaT bo crynHjaTa "HaponHH HrpH on noceno h 36op", HarnacyBaaT neKa Ha3HBoT "aeaeHoBo" nnpeKTHo ce
36
onHecyBa Ha eneHoT bo TpanHnHoHanHaTa TepMHHonorHja Ha hhbhhot Kpaj.
Mothb Ha Hrpa co npoBneKyBaae hh3 naKoT on paneTe Ha opoBonenoT h btophot
Hrpan, HMa h HrpaTa "nneTH Kono" (3anneT Kono, 3anneT, cHTaH TaHan) Kane Hrpanm-e ce
37
npoBneKyBaT no noTnonHoTo 3anneTyBaae Ha opoTo.
Bo TopHa XepneroBHHa Han KanaTa Ha 3arHHaTHoT BojHHK, oxanocreHHTe xeHH
38
Hrpane opo, penejkn h Taxejkn.
Bo flpe^HHna, 3ananHa XepneroBHHa, Mery MycnHMaHcKoTo HaceneHHe npH
naBaaeTo Ha "MeBnyn", npH mTo ce co6Hpane no cto h noBeke nyre, ce Hrpano opo.39
Na TepHTopnjaTa Ha EhX MomHe ce HHTepecHH 6pojHHTe npeTcTaBH Ha
Hanrpo6HHTe cnoMeHHnH on cpenHHoT BeK - cTekam-e.40 Bo HajroneM 6poj on hhb,
npHKaxaHH ce npeTcTaBH Ha xeHcKH, MemaHH h MamKH opa, npH mTo, bo tokoh cnynaH
opoBonenoT ce Haora Ha necHaTa cTpaHa. 3a KynTHoTo 3Haneae Ha opoto noce6Ho
roBopH npeTcTaBaTa Ha crekuHTe on TonnHna, Kaj XpacHo bo XepneroBHHa. Bo opoto
paMHoMepHo ce nopeneHH Marn h xeHH, a opoBonenoT ce Haora Ha necHaTa cTpaHa h 41
jaBa Ha eneH.
Na eneH cTekaK on HeKyK npeTcTaBeHH ce tph xeHH KaKo HrpaaT opo.42 Bo EocHa 3a6enexeHH ce Hrpaaa bo xanocT "HaonaKo", "HaonanKe", "HaonocyH", cnpoTHBHo on Boo6maeHaTa HacoKa npH Hrpaaem43 HrpaaeTo Ha BaKBo opo HaonaKy, ocTaBHnH TparH bo HaponHHTe yMoTBop6H bo BocHa.44
35 Sl. Zečevic, - Ljeljenovo kolo, - HaponHo cTBapanamTBo - Folklor, sv. 9-10, Januar-april, Beograd 1964, str. 702 - 710.
36Hcto, crp. 149, 150.
37J. Dopuda - pregled glavnih tripova narodnih igara u BiH, vo GZM, Etnologija, N.S., Sv. XXXIV/1979, Sarajevo 1980, str. 47, 48.
38R. Kajmakovic, - Običaji prilikom smrti kod Srba i Hrvata u Istočnoj Hercegovini, vo GZM BiH u Sarajevu, Etnologija, N.S., Sv. XXIII, Sarajevo 1968, str. 12.
39R. Kajmakovic, - Narodni običaji stanovništva Drežnice, vo GZM BiH u Sarajevu, Etnologija, NS, Sv. 37, Sarajevo 1982, str. 26
40Šefik, Bešlagic, - Stecci - kultura i umetnost, Sarajevo 1982,str.324 J. Chalet, - Bogumili i simbolika stecaka, Naše Starine, br. X, Sarajevo 1965, 87.
41 Drago Vidovic, - Predstave kola na steccima i njihovo značenje, vo GZM BiH u Sarajevu, Arheologija, NS, Sv. IX, Sarajevo 1954, str. 278
42Hcto, crp.278.
43J. Dopupa - Pregled glavnih tipova narodnih igara u BiH, vo GZM, Etnologija, N.S., Sv. XXXIV/1979, Sarajevo 1980, str. 47.
r) U,pHa Topa
ByK Kapaynk 3a6eaexaa, bo TaxaHKHTe mTO My th ncnpaTHa ByK BpneBHk, KaKO
TaxanKHTe CTojaT bo Kpyr oKoay yMpeHH0T, a npBaTa TaxaHKa ja HapeKyBaaT
45
opoBoaen , a TaxeaeT0 ro cnopeayBa co neeae bo opo.
BaKBOTO, naK, Taxeae Haa yMpeHHoT Kaj npHoropcKoTo naeMe KyHH h Kaj ceBepHHTe Aa6aHnn - MapKo Mhmhob ro HapeKyBa "npHo Koao".46
3a BeceaoTo oaHecyBaae h nrpaae Ha opo Kaj DpHoropnm-e- nnmyBa h neTap X. neTpoBHk.47
Bo ro^HHHTe Ha BTopaTa CBeTCKa BojHa, HanHoHaancTHHKaTa rapaa h HeTHHnHTe oa TpaxoBo y6nae neT htohobh Ha MecHHoT KoMmer Ha Kn Ha Xepner-HoBH. OTKaKo th y6nae, Ha na3apoT npea caaT KyaaTa, noBeae nperpHaTH opo, co paneTe
48
ncnpenaeTeHH, oKoay o6aeKaTa Ha y6HeHHTe.
BaaroaapeHHe Ha oTCTaneHHTe noaaTonn Ha npo^. a-p f. neTpoBHk, ao3HaBaMe aeKa bo noapanjero Ha flHHapa, cnpeMa EoKa KoTopcKa, HenocpeaHo no II CBeTCKa BojHa ce nrpaao noce6Ho, t.h. "MpTBaHKo Koao" bo caynaj Kora yMpea nocaeaHHoT MamKH HaeH Ha ^aMHanjaTa, na orHHmTeTo/KykaTa "ce racHe". OpoTo ce nrpaao oKoay orHHmTeTo, 3anoHHyBaae Ha aecHo na ce cBpTyBaae bo o6paTHa HacoKa - Ha aeBo. Po H3HrpyBaaeTo Ha opoto KykaTa ce 3aTBopaaa, a Ha Hea ocTaHyBaa aa bhch caMo npH 6apjaK. KykaTa 6naa yracHaTa...49
e) ByrapHja
H bo ByrapHja norpe6yBaaeTo Ha MpTBHTe, onnraeaHo 6nao noBp3aHo co nrpaae Ha opo, mTo aHpeKTHo Banjaeao Bp3 MeaoaHKaTa, TeMnoTo h mhhhot Ha ncnoaHy-BaaeTo Ha TaxaHKHTe necHH.
npH norpe6yBaaeTo Ha npBoTo, (bo tokoh BapHjaHTH h Ha npeTnocaeaHoTo) aeTe, MajKaTa BeaHam no norpe6oT, nan naK npH npBaTa moxhoct, 3aHrpyBaaa opo.50
HcTpaxyBaaaTa Ha noBeke 6yrapcKH eTHoao3H noKaxyBaaT aeKa npoaeTHHTe o6peaH bo roaeMa Mepa HocaT norpe6eH h nocMpTeH 6eaer. CenaK HajBHcoKa ToHKa, TaKBaTa o6peaHocT nocTHrHyBa bo BeaHraeHCKHTe o6HHan.
Bo EyrapHja 6Ha MHory HecT npHMepoT, no norpe6yBaaeTo Ha Maaa HoBeK, 6aHCKHTe aa nopanaaT necHa 3a Hero, mTo ke ce HcnoaHH Ha BeaHraeHCKoTo opo. Na HrpaaHmTeTo ce 36HpaT CHTe, noce6Ho aoafa MajKaTa Ha noHHHaTHoT, MoMHTe neaHKH
44J. Dopupa, - Narodne igre u vezi sa smrti.- Primjeri iz Bosne i Hercegovine, Rad XI Kongresa SUFJ u Novom
Vinodolskom, Zagreb 1964, str. 361.
45ByK Ct. Kapaynh, - Xhbot h odHHajn Hapoaa cpncKora, M.C., Beorpaa, 1957, crp. 146.
46M.MH^aHoB, - Xhbot h odHHajn Ap6aHaca, - CpncKH nncnn, Beorpaa, 6.r., 122.
47n.X. neTpoBHh, - Mothbh Ha 6ocaHcKH - xepneroBaHKHM cTehnHMa. no HcnHTHBaK.HMa fl-p EeHna, bo
36opHHK MaTHne CpncKe, cb. 101, Beorpaa 1955, cTp. 5-6.
48 CnpeMa coonmreHHeTo Ha Mapnja CpHHk - apxHBHcTa bo Apxhbot Ha Xepner-HoBH, aaaeHH Ha npo^. a-p
fypfnna neTpoBHh. Ce 3a6aaroaapyBaM Ha npo^. a-p f. neTpoBHh za oTcTaneHHTe MaTepnjaan.
49noaaTonHTe MH th oTcTann npo^. a-p f. neTpoBHh. Coonmrna a-p Baaao fflok, npo^ecop Ha
YHHBep3HTeToT bo noaropnna.
50TaaHHa Ho3aHoBa, - Oco6eHocTH Ha o6peaHTe npn norpe6eHHero Ha aena y ro^KHHTe caaBaHH b Kpaa Ha XIX h HaHaaoTo Ha XX BeK, EtarapcKa eraorpa^na, EAH, Toa. XIV, Kh. 1, Co^na 1989, cTp.27.
ce ^akaaT Ha OPOTO, ja neaT necHaTa h HrpaaT bo necr Ha yMpeHHOT. BjHcKHTe cjymaaT, rne^aaT h njanaT.51
A. npHMOBcKH 3a BejHrÄeHcKHTe noMeHH oöpe^H nHmyBa ÄeKa ce HrpaaT bo necT Ha yMpeHHTe. BjHcKHTe ja njakaaT My3HKaTa Äa 3acBHpH e^HO "TaxHo" opo. floÄeKa
Tpae pa3ÄaBaaeT0, OPOTO He 3anHpa, a e öaBHO, co 2/4 TaKT. BjHcKHTe ro HrpaaT 3a Äa
52
My ce Haj^e Ha yMpeHHOT .
fl. MapHHOB nHmyBa ÄeKa rojeMHTe Mer^aHcKH opa Ha Be^Hr^eH ce HrpaaT bo
53
necT Ha yMpeHHTe, a no cbojot KapaKTep ce xajHH h mohotohh.
.Ha3apKHTe neaT h HrpaaT BjeryBajkH bo rpoÖHmTaTa, noceÖHO OHaMy Ka^e oto HMajo npecHH ropoöoBH. Po 3aBpmeHOTO neeae no rpoöoBHTe, naK ce ^akaje Ha opo, 3aBpTyBa]e tph naTH h H3jeryBaje oä rpoÖHmTaTa.54
npH HcnojHyBaaeTO Ha oöpe^HTe TepMaH h "Cyxa Pyca" ce Bpmejo norpeöyBaae Ha KyK]a hjh najaMHÄa h hcto KaKO npH norpeö, ce Hrpajo opo. necHHTe oto rH neeje ce OPOBO^HH, a HrpajkH, chmöojhhho, ja "TanKaje najaMH^aTa Äa He pacre".55
Bo jHTepaTypaTa ro cpekaBaMe n0ÄaT0K0T ÄeKa 3HMcKHTe opa ce noöp3H, a BejHr^eHcKHTe "0ÄeHH" - H3rpa^eHH no öaBHHOT oä, noBTopyBaH 6e36poj naTH.56 Bo He^ejaTa, no BejHrÄeH, HapeneHa e cBeraa, npa3Ha, ce Hrpajo ".aßHHO opo". Bo OBa opo, cjHHHO Ha aeaeHOBOTO bo BhX h CpÖHja, MOMHTe ro 3an0HHyBaje OPOTO, ÄPxejkH, npHToa, npBHTe ÄBe, Kpna bo paueTe HaÄ jaHeuoT oä AeBojKH oto ce npoBjeKyBaj n0Ä
jaKOT. HcTpaxyBanHTe npeTnocTaByBaaT ÄeKa OBaa oöpeÄHa Hrpa, opo, HMa ÄHpeKTHa
57
BpcKa co nocMpTHHTe oöpeÄH.5' Cnope^öeHa aHMH3a
HanpeÄ rH H3HecoBMe ocHOBHHTe n0ÄaT0UH 3a noTBpÄyBaae Ha nocroeaeTO Ha "nocMpTHO opo" bo oöpeÄHTe Ha öajKaHcKHTe CjOBeHH no MaTepHjajHTe oto HaM hh Öea HajÄocTanHH h n03HaTH.
3apaÄH npofljaöoHyBaae Ha n03HaBaaaTa h aHajH3Hpaae Ha n0ÄaT0UHTe, HHHHMe ÄeKa cnopeÄÖeHHOT MaTepHjaj ke e HeonxoÄeH noHaTaMy. Oä eÄHa cTpaHa, 3apaÄH corjeÄyBaae Ha eTHO - KyjrypHOTO, npocTopHOTO h xpohojookoto nocToeae Ha OBaa oöpeÄHa $opMa, a oä ÄPyra cTpaHa, 3apaÄH npeno3HaBaae Ha cneuH^HKHTe bo oöpeÄHHOT KOMnjeKc, h OTKpHBaae Ha HacoKHTe no koh ce ÄBHxeje h npeHecyBaje KyjTypHHTe KapaKTepHcTHKH bo BpeMeTO h npocTopoT.
51 Kay^MaH, H. - HaKGH g6^h qepTH MexÄy HapGÄHaTa neceH Ha 6tjirapHTe h H3T0qHHTe cjaBaHH, Coi^Ha 1982, cTp.11-14
.roÔGMHp MHKGB, - BtjjrapcKH BÖ^HKÄGHCKH o6peÄeH (^GJIKjIGP, H3Ä. BAH, Co^Ha, 1990, cTp. 76, 95.
52HHKGjjaft Kay^MaH, fl. Kay^MaH, - norpe6ajjHH h ÄPyrH oroiaKHBaHHa b Btnrapna H3ä. BAH, Co^Ha 1988, cTp. 237.
fl. Kay^MaH, - norpeôajiHH h noMeHHH ejjeMeHTH bib BejjHKÄeHcKHTe necHH, BtjirapcKH ^gjikjigp, Tgä. VIII, KH. 2, BAH, Co^Ha 1982, cTp. 11-14.
53fl. MapHHOB, - XHBa cTapHHa, Kh. 3, H. 9, Pyce 1882, cTp. 356-365.
54Hgch$ MopG3, - Kim Btnpoca Ha Ha3BaHHeTG Ha npa3HHKa .a3apyBaHe, bg BtjirapcKH ^gjikjigp, Kh. 3,
BAH, Co^Ha 1994, cTp. 64.
55H. Kay^MaH, fl. Kay^MaH, - norpeôajiHH h ÄPyrH oroiaKHBaHHa ....crp. 241
56A. HjHeBa, - HapoÄHH TaHUH GÄ CpeÄHoropHeTG, Co^Ha 1978, cTp. 14.
57ETHGrpa^Ha Ha Btjirapna, Tom III. flyxGBHa KyjTypa, BAH, Co^Ha 1985, crp. 121.
Bo HHAHja, cnopeA H3BopHTe bo BeAHTe, nocToei oÖHnaj xeHHTe HaA yMpeHHOT Aa
58
TaxaT co pacnieTeHH koch, yAHpajKH ce bo rpaAHTe h HrpajKH OKOiy yMpeHHOT. MecTOTO Ha cnaiyBaaeTO Ha noKojHHnHTe 6hio HapeneHO "HrpaiHmTe Ha fflma pa3ypHyBanoT". PocMpTHHTe HrpH bo HHAHja HajnecTO Tpaeie neia hok.
ETHorpa^CKHTe MaTepHjaiH 3a HHAHja, noKaxyBaaT AeKa bo MyciHMaHCKHOT XHHAyKym, xeHHTe HrpaaT - "neKopeHO opo" OKOiy yMpeHHOT.59 "...Ham npH3tiB öoraM 0Ka3aica yAanHbiM ceroAHa. mh ymiH HaBCTpeny niacKe h CMexy, npoHOca Aaitme (cBoro) Aoiryro xh3hl. 3Ty nperpaAy a ycTamBiHBaro Aia xhbhx. nycTt xe cpeAH hhx hhkto Apyron He AOHfleT ao stoh neiH. fla xHByT OHH coTHK oôhibhmx oceHen. fla 3aKporoT CMepTL (stoh) ropon.60
Bo ApeBHHOT xeTCKH oöpeA "ToieMO coöpaHHe" nocBeTeHO Ha "napoT-6or", KyiTHa
CBeneHOCT bo ÄHaAOiHja, cnopeA KiHHonHCHHTe TaöiHnKH oa XVII - XII BeK np.H.e.,
OKOiy napoT, napHnaTa h cecTpaTa Ha öoroT (npoponHnaTa) co xpTBeHHTe caAOBH,
iyreTO OKOiy hhb Hrpaie pHTyaieH TaHen (opo). NajnecTO OBHe TaHnH ce cnpoBeAyBaie
npH pHTyaiHHTe nponecHH bo koh ynecTByBaie napoT h napHnaTa.
HrpanHTe, HajnecTO Hrpaie npeA ÖoroT, eAeH HacnpoTH Apyr, hih ^aTeHH 3a
paneTe o6pa3yBajkH 3aTB0peH0 opo. OÖHnHO Hrpaie HaAecHO, na HaieBO h ce
HaBeAHyBaie co paneTe HanpeA. Bo OBHe pHTyaiH nocBeTeHH Ha xeTCKHTe öoxecTBa,
BOoniHBa e KOMnoHeHTaTa Ha OAHecyBaae koh xTOHCKHTe chih.61
H Kaj ErHnkaHHTe norpeÖHHTe HrpH rH H3BeAyBaie xeHH bo noBopKa Ha rpoöoT,
oöieneHH bo AOirH OAexAH h rpaHnHaa bo paneTe. HrpaaeTO 3anonHyBaio co iecHO h
öaBHO TeMno, 3a6p3yBajkH ce nocTeneHO, 3a Ha KpajoT Aa npeMHHe bo HHTeH3HBHa Hrpa
co KpeHaTH pane, noTKpeneHa co pa3HH HHCTpyMeHTH (mTO bo HajroieMa MepKa
C03AaBaaT caMO 6yKa-yAHpaiKH) 3apaAH npoTepyBaae Ha 3iHTe AyxoBH oa 62
nOKOjHHKOT.62
PocMpTHHTe HrpH Kaj XeieHHTe ÖHie BaxHa KOMnoHeHTa bo norpeÖHHOT
nepeMOHHjai. Oa pa3iHnHHTe HrpH mTO rH opraHH3Hpaie, HHe ro H3ABojyBaMe
HrpaaeTO Ha opo OKOiy yMpeHHOT, Koe Moxeio Aa ÖHAe OTBopeHO hih 3aTB0peH0, co
noAOirH neKopH bo noneTHaTa HacoKa, a nocHTHH npH BpakaaeTO Ha Ha3aA. Hrpaie
neTHpH KpynHH neKopH Ha HanpeA (HaAecHo) bo Kpyr, a ABa chthh npH BpakaaeTO Ha
Ha3aA (HaieBo). Hih naK, mecT HanpeA h tph Ha3aA. PaneTe bo norpeÖHOTO opo rH
Apxeie CKpcTeHH 3aA rpöoBHTe. HajnecTO Hrpaie AeBojKH, a opoBOAenoT öhio MOMne,
63
Koj HrpajKH ce nymTai h BpTei OKOiy ceöe. neejkH rH norpeÖHHTe necHH XeieHHTe,
OAHOCHO HHBHHTe xeHH, ce yAHpaie bo rpaAHTe h rH KHHeie KOCHTe oa ceöe, HrpajkH,
64
npHToa, eKCTaTHnKH TaHnH.
58Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda, 1923, CTp. 523
59M. Mara3HH0BHh, HcTopHja Hrpe, npocBeTa BeorpaÄ , CTp. 523
60PHrBeÄa, X,14; X,16; X,18., CTp. 198 - 204.
61B. T. ApÄ3HM6a. - PHTyaiH h mh$u ÄpeBHen AHaTOiHH, H3ä. HayKa, AH CCCP, MocKBa 1982, CTp. 75,76.
62Hcto, crp.15.
63 M. Mara3HH0BHh, - HcTopHja Hrpe... CTp. 41-42.
Ha enHa on KHococKHTe ^pecKH, bo npeneH nnaH npnKaxaHH ce 14 xeHH KaKo HrpaaT opo, HaneBo, co paneTe Hanpen.65 npeTnocTaByBaMe neKa opoto HMa xtohckh KapaKTep h e nocBeTeHo Ha MpTBHTe.
Bo ^aKoHHja h MeceHHja, ApTeMHnHHHoT KynT 6Hn cBp3an 3a opeBoT (xtohckh KapaKTep - ocHoBHa xpaHa mTo hm ce npHHecyBa Ha MpTBHTe). Bo nereHnaTa 3a ApTe-MHna, neBojKHTe "KapHjaTHnH" (rp^KH KapHoH-opeB), nrpane opo oKony ApTeMHnHHaTa cBemTeHHHKa npeTBopeHa bo opeoBo npBo. (3a ApTeMHna ce 3Hae neKa bo noneranoT nepHon 6nna 6oxnna Ha cMpTTa h non3eMHHoT cBeT.)66
Ahthhkhot HcTopHnap XeponoT, bo cBojaTa HcTopHja, nHmyBa neKa TpaKHjnnTe
67
HMaaT o6nnaj na HrpaaT oKony yMpeHHoT.6'
XeponoToBHoT onHc Ha norpe6yBaaeTo Kaj TpaKHjnnTe, Ha X. BenKoBa, nenyBa, HHcnHpaTHBHo 3a na npeTnocraBH neKa enHaTa on nBeTe xeHH co nonrH 6enH xhtohh, npHKaxaHH bo Ka3aHnamKaTa rpo6Hnna, HrpaaT nocMpTHo opo, "KonaM6pncMoc", neejkn ja necHaTa, "KonaM6poc". Taa necHa ce neena bo npnnpyx6a Ha ^nejTa, 6nnejkH 3a TpaKHjnHTe cHTe TaHun noTeKHyBaaT "on xtohckhot, non3eMeH cBeT Ha My3HKaTa".68 Bo nHeBHHKoT Ha eKcnenHnHjaTa "MecaM6pHja - XeMyc" Ha HHcTHTyToT 3a TpaKonorHja npH EAH, bo 1977 ronHHa non paKoBoncTBo Ha A. Oon, npH oTKpnBaaeTo Ha HeKponona on V BeK np.H.e. 3a6enexaHo e bo Hej3HHa 6nH3HHa enHo KynTHo MecTo, Ha Koe cnopen KaxyBaaaTa Ha MecHoTo HaceneHHe, ceKoj neToK, o6oxaBaTenHTe Ha coHneBHoT KynT onene bo "noceTa Ha coHneTo". CeKoj on hhb ja 6aKHyBan 3eMjaTa, npH mTo cHTe Hrpane opo "6e3 My3HKa" bo Kpyr oKony KynnH&aTa BapocaHH oKpyrnH KaMeaa. norpe6yBaaeTO noToa ro Bpmene mommhbo h 6e3 cBemTeHHK.69
Bo onHcoT Ha ^hohhcobhot KynT, EBpHnHn bo cBoHTe "EaKXH", caTHpHTe h MeHanHTe rH npHKaxyBa o6neneHH bo eneHcKH koxh (xtohckh KapaKTep) KaKo HrpaaT opa bo TeKoT Ha HokTa.
"flnoHnc. ... YBenox oBflje Kono, cnyx6y ce6n cByn, ... TpH npyx6e Tana cna3HM, xeHcKa Kona Tpn,
70
xohy nn Kono Hotao ja..."
Beke bo VI BeK, cpekaBaMe nonaTonn, neKa Ha CnHonoT bo AyKcep, hm 6nno
3a6paHeTo Ha xpncTHjaHHTe na ja npa3HyBaaT HoBa TonHHa h npyrHTe npa3Hnnn bo koh,
71
noce6Ho ce KpHTHKyBa pacKanameHoTo cKoKaae Ha xeHHTe no rpo6oBHTe .
64	S. Zečevic, - Homerov ep i naše narodne igre, - bo HaponHo cTBapanamrBo - Folklor, Sv. 7, jul Beograd 1963, cTp. 49.
65	fl. X. Tomiicoh, - HccnenoBaHna no Hcropnn npeBHerpenecKoro o6iiecTBa. floncropnnecKnn srencKnit MHp, H3n HHocTpaHHon nnrepaTypbi, MocKBa 1958, cTp. 483, 487.
66B. HajKaHoBnh, - Mht n pennrnja y Cp6a. H3a6paHe cTynnje, Beorpan 1973, crp. 192
67XeponoT, - Hcropnja, Kh. 2, Mara^ CpncKa, Hobh Can 1980, cTp. 8
68A. Oon, - CnoBo n nena b flpeBHa TpaKna, Yne6Hn neraBa, Yhhb. n3n "Cb. KnnMeHT OxpnncKn", Co^na, 1993, cTp. 58.
69A. Oon, - TpaKncKna flnoHnc - 3arpen, Kh. 1, Yhhb. n3n "Cb. KnnMeHT OxpnncKn", Co^na, 1991, crp. 54.
70Euripid, Drami I-II, Zagreb 1919-1920, str. 147,175
71 H. H. Bene^aa, - _33binecKaa cnMBonnKa cnaBaHcKHX apxannecKnx pnTyanoB, H3n. HayKa, MocKBa 1978, cTp, 146.
Sa CiOBeHHTe, CTapHTe xpoHmnapm h ieTonmciH, sanmmaie AeKa opraHHsHpaaT
72
öoraTH oöpe^H npH norpeöyBaaeTO I cnaiyBaaeTO Ha noKojHHiHTe.
Sa norpeÖHHTe oöpeAH Ha CiOBeHHTe, KocMa npamKH bo 1092 roAHHa noKpaj
ApyroTO nHmyBa AeKa "öesöoxHHTe HrpH" rH HcnoiHyBaaT Kpaj CBOHTe mptbh, h
73
TaHiyBaaT co MacKH, AOBHEyBajkH rH ceHKHTe- Aymmre Ha yMpeHHTe .
Bo onHCOT mTO lapoT HBaH BacmteBmn bo 1551 roAHHa ro noAHei ao ipkobhhot
coöop, nHmyBai AeKa bo "AyxoBCKHTe caöoTH no ceiaTa, h Maxmre h xeHHTe, Ha
rpoöoBHTe nianaT h HrpaaT "öecoBCKH HrpH", nonHyBaaT Aa CKOKaaT h HrpaaT h neaT
HeKaKBH "caTaHCKH necHH". H bo AeHOBHTe OKOiy BeimrAeH npaBeie pasimnHH
"öecoTHH", a "Ha bcthkh neTBpTOK naiaT ciaMa h rH ciaBaT MpTBHTe"74
75
nmpyBaae co HrpH OKOiy yMpeHHOT HMaie h yKpaHHiHTe. Bo sanaAHHTe
AeiOBH Ha yKpaHHa (ryiyimTHHa, noAOJte) ce opramompaue HrpH h saöaBH "npH
76
MepiH , cMHciyBajkH HajpasimnHH komhhhh cieHH.
nosHaTHOT nemKH eTHorpa( HeHeK Sh6pt (Čenek Zibrt), coonmTyBa MHory
HCTopHCKH cnoMeHH sa "BeceiÖHTe, HrpHTe h TaHiHTe" npH norpeöyBaaeTO Ha MpTBHTe,
KaKO h npH noMeHHTe sa hhb. CnoMHyBa, h Toj, "raBOiCKH necHH" mTO HapoAOT rH neei
77
HOke Haï yMpeHHTe, mrpajkH pasHH HrpH.
Bo CTy^HjaTa Ha A.S. PoseH(miA, sa CTapHTe norpeÖHH oöpeAH Ha BaHymre (bo Topno - BaïamxaHCKaTa aBTOHOMHa oöiacT Ha ömBmaTa TaymKHCTaHCKa CCP), bo leHemHaTa oöiacT Kyiaö h bo AOiHHaTa JasryieM CflsryneM), saöeiexai AeKa ao CKopo 6mie HsBeAyBaHH "TpaypHm" (xaiHm) TaHim OKOiy yMpeHHOT.
SapaAH roieMaTa cihhhoct Ha oöpeAHOTO mrpaae bo OBme oöiacTH, co nocMpTHOTO mrpaae bo floiHa npecna bo MaKeAOHmja, Hme ke ro msHeceMe bo leiocT: "B AoiHHe ^sryieMa, cBasaHHon caMbiMH TecHbiMH ysaMH c BaHAxeM, em;e coBceM HeaaBHo, b Hame BpeMa, cym;ecTBOBaiH TpaypHbie TaHDb baobh yMepm;ero, HcnoiHaBmmeca c neHmeM TpaypHbix pyöom nofl aKKOMnaHeMeHT MysbixaibHLix HHCTpy-MeHTOB b TeneHHe Tpex flHen. B .flsryieMe m PymaHe MaTb, oniaKHBaa peöeHKa, mcnoiHaia TpaypHbiä TaHei m pyöom toibko b nepByo Honb m conpoBoxAaia ero flo MorHibi, TaK xe KaK m BflOBa Teio cBoeBo yMepmero Myxa. ... Ecim caMbin TaHei Ha BaHAxe öoibme He HcnoiHaeTca, to oöbinaH oniaKHBaHHa b necHax (pyöom) baoboh mim MaTepbro coxpaHaeTca m cemnac. OAHaKo ToibKo Ha BepxHeM BaHAxe xeHmmHe —niaKaibmmibi, b tom nmcie m BAOBa, m MaTb noxopoHHon npoieccmm ao KiaAßm^a."78
72T. BopdeBHh. - CpncKe HapGAHe Hrpe, CES6, IX, BeorpaA 1907, cTp. 27, 31.
""AueKcaHAtp TeH^op, - MHTGiroraa Ha CiaBaHHTe, BturapcKH xyAGxHHK, Co(Ha 1986, cTp. 239.
74 B. A. Pbi6aKGB, - _fl3binecTBo ApeBHeft PycH, AH CCCP, H3a. HayKa, MocKBa 1987, cTp. 115.
75H. H. BeueiiKaa, ^binecKaa cHMBGiHKa cuaBaHOKiix apxaHnecKHX pHTyaiGB, Hsa. Hayxa, MocKBa 1978, cTp. 146.
76 B. E. TyceB, - Ot o6paAa k HapoAHOMy TeaTpy. SBGUioiiHa cBaTGnHbix Hrp b nGKGHHHKa, bg OGUbKjiGp h
3THorpa(Ha. O6paAH h GÔpaAGBHH (ouKJiop, AH CCCP, Hsa. HayKa, HeHHHrpaA 1974,. cTp. 51
77Zibrt, Čenek, - Jak se kdy v ČeMch tancovalo, - Praha 1960, str. 24, 25.
78 A. S. PoseH^HUA. - ToBopaft hos" - ApeBHHft nGrpeôaabHHft o6paA Ha BaHAxe (TaAxHKHCTaHCKaa CCP) h TpaypHHe py6oH, bg OoiibKiop h 3THGrpa(Ha. O6paAbi h G6paAGBbiH (gukigp, AH CCCP, Hsa. HayKa, HeHHHrpaA 1974, cTp. 254,255.
HrpaaeTO, co cHrypHocT Beke e noTBpseHO, e HacTapaTa ho h HajTpajHaTa Kyn-TypHa Bpe^HocT mTO jykeTO ja HMaaT. KpyxHOTO nrpaae bo opo ce H3BesyBajo Ha sBa HaHHHa: co npocTO oseae (neKopeae) h co cjoxeHH ^opMH Ha Hrpa.
Os H3HeceHHTe nosaTonn ce 3a6ejexyBa seKa bo ncTpaxyBaaaTa oönsnTe 3a THnojorraannja Ha nocMpTHHTe HrpH (TaHnn), önje HacoHeHH koh OTKpnBaae Ha oöpe^HHTe ^opMH Ha opaTa. HcTpaxyBannTe, KopncTejkn rH eTHoeKcnjHKaTHBHHTe oöjacHyBaaa Ha oöpesHOTO nrpaae, THnojorraannjaTa ja Bpmeje no HeKOJKy KpHTepHyMH. Bo Taa HacoKa yrapsnje seKa HajnecTO ce H3BesyBa bo Kpyr, 3aTBopeHO, a ro HrpaaT npeTexHO xeHH. TeKcTOT Ha necHHTe mTO ce neaT soseKa ce Hrpa e xajeH, a Mejio^HKaTa h pHTMHKaTa Ha opoTO ce TaxHH oshocho öaBHH. Oto ce osHecyBa so OTKpHBaaeTO Ha ceMamrnKaTa Ha OöpesHOTO opo, HajnecTO oöjacHyBaae e seKa KapaKTepoT hm e MaracKH h HMa 3a nes npesaxyBaae h öpKaae Ha 3joto. Bo cMncsa Ha yrapsyBaae Ha reHe3aTa Ha OBaa pmyasHa ^opMa, ncTpaxyBaHHTe 3a6esexase ospeseHH yHHBep3MHocTH bo nsejaTa Ha HrpaaeTO, a bo cTpyKTyaTa, cjhhhocth Ha yHHBep3MHOcT Ha HHBO Ha HHSOeBpOncKaTa OÖpe^HOcT h csoj.
MHTojomKo - MaracKH KapaKTep Ha opoTo
Paraae Ha öoroBHTe hh3 Hrpa
Bo oönsnTe 3a ncTpaxyBaae Ha reHe3aTa Ha OöpesHOTO Hrpaae OKOsy noKojHHKOT Be^Ham ce BOOHyBaaT ^opMHTe Ha HajcTapHTe mhtcko I MHTOsomKH, MarHcKH h pesnrncKH csoeBH mTO ocTaHase KaKO npexnBeaHnnn bo eTHorpa^cKHTe MaTepnjasn mTO rH npnKaxaBMe.
HajcTapHTe cBesomTBa 3a HrpaTa, roBopaT 3a Hea, KaKO 3a mhtckh h MarHcKH H3Bop Ha xHBOTOT. Bo ocHOBaTa Ha MHTO^omKaTa KOMnoHeHTa Ha xhbotot, cTaBeHa e HrpaTa:
"BoroBHTe cToea bo npaMopeTO (npaMaTepnjaTa). Ce ^arnja 3a pane h 3aHrpaa TOJKy öypHO opo, mTO KanKH os npaB HaceKase ce TpKajaa, na os hhb HacTaHa cBeTOT. BoameÔHOTO sejcTBO Ha HrpaTa bo opo (KpyxHOTO ssBnxeae), os npaMaTepnjaTa ro co3sase|posn n coHneTO - n3BopoT Ha xhbotot Ha 3eMjaTa".79
8A
H bo TpaKncKaTa oöpesHa skthbhoct, öoroT ce para h yMnpa hh3 nrpaaeTO Ha opo...
^KnBOTHaTa MarncKa cnjia Ha nrpaTa HHKopnopnpaHa e bo oöpesnTe Ha "öaxa-
HaTKHTe" bo ^HOHH3OBHOT KyjT npn mTO bo HOkHHTe 3aHocHH Hrpaaa, ro pacTprayBMe
hsojot Ha öoroT Ha napnnaa, 3a BesHam noToa, hh3 nrpa "sa ro co3sasaT|posaT 81
M^asHOT öor .
79M. Mara3HHOBHh, - HcTopnja nrpe... cTp. 21
80A. Ooji, - TpaKHcKnaT ^hohhc. 3arpen, Kh. 1, YHHBepcnT. H3ä. "Cb. KjiHMeHT Oxphäckh", Co^na 1991, cTp. 217.
81B. Bypnh, - üocTaHaK n pa3Boj Haposae KanxeBHocTH, HOHHT, Beorpas 1956, cTp. 117,118.
AHTponojoraja Ha TaHeuoT/opoTo
TeHepaiHo, h HHe rH npH^akaMe npeiHMHHapHHTe THnoiorraaiHH mTo mocera ce npe^ioxeHH, co ^onoiHHTeiHa cneiHjaiHsaiHja npH KaTeropraaiHjaTa no KpHTepHyMHTe: ^opMa, CTpyKTypa, ceMHoioraja Ha oöpe^oT, ^yHKiHja.
npeTxo^Ho, Beke H3HecoBMe ^eKa bo CBojaTa ocHoBa pmyanHoTo Hrpaae Ha opo HMa oöpe^eH KapaKTep.
A)	HacoKaTa Ha HrpaaeTo:
-Ha leBo, HaonaKy, "HaonocyH", MpTOBenKa; -Ha ^ecHo, 3a ^oöpo, Ha ^o6po;
B)	H3Be^yBaHH:
-xeHH (b^obhih); -^eBojKH;
-^eBojKH h MoMHH&a (MemaHo).
B) MecTo Ha Hrpaae:
-Ha MecToTo Ka^e lexei yMpeHHoT, -Ha rpoöoT h bo rpoÖHmTaTa, -bo äbopot
T) BpeMe Ha Hrpaae:
-npe^ norpeöoT; -no norpeöoT;
-bo npa3HHiHTe h 3a^ymHHiHTe, HaMeHeTH Ha MpTBHTe.
HanHHH Ha H3Be^yBaae: -Hrpa bo Kpyr; -co TanKaae/ra3eae; -co BpTeae.
f ) KopeoiomKH KapaKTepHCTHKH Ha opoto: -öaBHo ( 2/4 TaKT) -KpyxHo
-HajnecTo 3aTBopeHo,
-opo bo bhä Ha "3MHja" h "moct" (ae^eroBo, nieTH koio, TypH). CTpyKTypa Ha cerno^omKrne KoMnoHeHTH Ha opoto
Oä npeTxo^HoTo ^eKo^Hpaae Ha oöpe^HaTa ^opMa, bo pm-yaiHoTo Hrpaae Moxe ^a ce 3aöeiexaT HeKoiKy oHToiomKH KoMnoHeHTH co o^pe^eHo ceMHoiomKo onpe^eiyBaae.
-	ynecHHiH,
-	Hrpa - bo Kpyr
-	co TanKaae / ra3eae,
-	BpTeae
TaHenoT - OPOTO npeTCTaByBa 3HaK, a uBHxeaaTa - roBop, mTO hobckot th H3HecyBa ou uuaöonHHHTe Ha HecBecHoTo hih TpauHnHoHaiHorn
Bo Taa CMHC^a Hrpaaero Ha pmyaiHo opo nocBeTeHo Ha yMpeHHTe ro CHMÖo^H3Hpa "ra3eaeTo Ha ueMoHHTe mTo iexaT nou Ho3eTe". (3aToa necTo ce npaKTHKyBauo nrpaae co TanKaae co Ho3eTe, ckopo bo MecTo).
TaHnyBaaeTo, naK, bo Kpyr ro o3HanyBa pafaaero, pacTeaero, yHHmTyBaaero h noBTopHoTo co3uaBaae, a co Toa h 3aTBopaae Ha yHHBep3aiHHoT KpyxeH nHKiyc -
go
KocMocToT.
noneTOK 6e3 Kpaj
xhbot
noneTOK h Kpaj
cMpT
EueMeHTHTe Ha HHuoeBponcKHTe eKcTaTHHKH htph bo koh KpyxHoTo Hrpaae co
03
3a6p3yBaHKo TeMno ocTaHaie 3anyBaHH bo oöpeuHoro nocMpTHo opo.
CeMHouomKaTa aHairaa Ha ynecTBoro Ha BuoBHUHTe npH Hrpaaero Ha opoto yKaxyBa Ha "npaBHoT" raöop Ha oöpeuHaTa 3aeuHHna, 3amTo BuoBHnaTa, BcymHocT, npeTcTaByBa noTnoiH oöpeueH oöpa3en 3a ycnemHo ocTBapyBaae Ha öapaaaTa Ha 3ae^HHnaTa. Ou euHa cTpaHa, BuoBHnaTa e pmyaiHo HHcTa (He th npaBH "eBHHHTe rpeBoBH") h e öiHcKa co MpTBHTe (cMprra Ha m&xot ja cTaBa bo noioxöa Ha nocpeuHHK co yMpeHHTe), a ou upyra cTpaHa, 3apauH Hanpeu H3HeceHoTo, Taa e 3amTHTeHa co
84
cMpTTa, ho HcToBpeMeHo h onacHa. CeMHoiomKH Haö^yuyBaHo, MaprHHaiHaTa nouoxöa Ha BuoBHnaTa bo TpauHnHoHauHaTa cpeuHHa, npHuoHecia Taa ua ÖHue
85
ruaBHHoT aKTep bo tocmpthoto opo.
AHauH3HpaHHoT MaTepnjau th noKaxyBa ocHoBHHTe HacoKH Ha oöpeuHoro Hrpa&e:
I.	Opo - "ua My ce Hajue Ha yMpeHHoT Ha Toj cBeT";
II.	"fla My ce nanHe Ha BpaToT Ha faoïoT";
III.	"Ou H3racHaToTo xapne HeKa niaMHe oraH - HeKa ce pouH xhbot".
pafaae > cmpt > HrPA > (eKCTaranKa) >pafaae MarHCKa = y h h b e p 3 y m =
HecTo naTH, amponoio3HTe oTKpHBaaT conHouomKa KoHoTannja Ha oöpeuHTe. nou npHTHcoK Ha npaBHuaTa, nponHcHTe Ha onmTecTBeHaTa 3aeuHHna, MaKap mTo HcTHTe ce ^opMHpaHH nou BUHjaHHe Ha MarHcKHTe npeTcTaBH 3a HemTaTa, öuHcKHTe Ha
82H. HaymHuHc, - MHTcKHTe cihkh Ha JyxHHTe Cjiobchh, MHcia, CKonje 1994, cTp. 141. 83J. Chevalier, A. Gheerbrant, - Riječnik Simbola, mitovi, sni, običaji, likove, brojevi, Nakladni Zavod, Zagreb 1983, s.v. ples, str. 513..
84BacHi, rapHH3öB, - MtpTBHaT h xHBHTe, EurapcKH ^ojikjiop, Kh. 2, EAH, Co^Ha 1994, cTp. 20 - 22. 85Meri, Daglas, - Čisto i opasno. Analiza pojmova prljavštine i tabua, PLATO, Beograd 1993, str. 137.
yMpeHHOT, HajnecTO MajKaTa hih xeHHTe - b^obhuh, ce ycioBeHH, MopaaT aa th 3amTHTaT ocTaHaTHTe 6ihckh h apyTHTe h^hobh Ha 3aeaHHuaTa, co Toa mTO ke 3aHrpaaT opo h ke to npeiaxaT 3ioto, ke h ce cnpoTHBCTaBaT Ha CMpTTa.
Bo toj' KoHTeKCT, xeHaTa / MajKa = poaHjiKa (oHaa mTo hoch xhbot) e MaracKH HajcnaHa, HajMokHa bo aeiyBaaeTo npoTHB cMpTTa.
xeHa / poflHjKa (^aTej Ha mhbot) = 3amTHTHHK Ha 3aeflHHuaTa
Bo BaKBHTe ciynaH xeHaTa / xhbot, e ochobhhot Meam'aTop Mery 3arpo3eHaTa onmTecTBeHa 3aeaHHua h ôoiecTa / cMpTTa (xeHaTa Hrpa opo 3a aa to 3amTHTH ceioTo oa nyMaTa).
BepojaTHo, MoxeMe aa KaxeMe aeKa oôpeaHoro nocMpTHo HTpaae coapxH ToieM 6poj Ha yHHBep3aiHocTH (bo amponoiomKa cMHcia) nopoaeHH bo onmTaTa ^H3Houoraja h onmTHTe noBeKoBH mhtobh. CenaK, coceMa jacHo MoxaT aa ce cieaaT onmTo HHaoeBponcKHTe oôpeaHo - mhtoiookh KapaKTephcthkh koh iexaT bo h ocHoBaTa Ha MaKeaoHcKaTa HapoaHa oôpeaHocT.
Posthumous Ritual Dance - Oro - in the Traditions of Balkan Slavs
Ljupco S. Risteski
The act of ritual dancing - oro - and singing in the posthumous ritual complex presents one of the most important ritual and magic activities in order to destroy or neutralize the effects of death, and at the same time, to protect the living members of the social community, as a whole.
This kind of ritual activity has been based on the traditional system of communication through symbols, in which the fact of life has to be set against the death. In that sense, the ritual-magic forms of posthumous dance (oro) and song present very powerful symbolical means. In these rituals, the mother of the dead child or the widow have most often been ritual actors. By including them in these rituals, the community shows very clear, selecting them as the ritual actors, makes the real choice, because they satisfy the ritual patterns for the successful realizing the magic aims. In these cases, the women as the ritual actors have been put in a function of basic mediators between the imperiled social community and the causal of the destruction of the structure.