HACQUETIA 6/1 • 2007, 5-59 A NEW FOREST ASSOCIATION IN HUNGARY: THERMOPHILOUS DRY OAKWOOD ON RUBBLE (PAEONIO BANATICAE-QUERCETUM ŒRRIDIS KEVEY ASS. NOVA) Balâzs KEVEY* Abstract: In this paper a relic and edaphic (azonal) forest association new to science (Paeonio banaticae-Quer-cetum cerridis) is described and characterized. This association is compared by traditional phytosociological methods to associations with which it is in physical contact in the Eastern Mecsek Hills (Southwest Hungary). Stands of Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis occur on steep slopes with southern exposition between 280-640 m. The forest soil contains a large amount of rocks and rubble, and is slowly drifting. The microclimate of the forest is conducive to the survival of many species with submediterranean distribution. One of them is the endemic Paeonia banatica whose largest populations occur in this forest type. The new association is placed in the alliance Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1954 and suballiance Quercenion farnetto Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005. Key words: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerris, phytosociology, thermophilous dry oak woods on rubble, Mecsek Hills, Hungary. Izvleček: V članku je opisana nova reliktna edafska (azonalna) gozdna asociacija (Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerris). S tradicionalnimi fitocenološkimi metodami so novo asociacijo primerjali z asociacijami, ki jih najdemo v vzhodnem delu hribovja Mecsek (jugozahodna Madžarska). Sestoji asociacije Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerris se pojavljajo na strmih južnih pobočjih na nadmorski višini od 280 do 640 metrov. Gozdna tla vsebujejo mnogo kamenja in grušča in se počasi debelijo. Gozdna mikroklima je ugodna za uspevanje številnih vrst s submediteransko razširjenostjo. Najpomembnejša je endemična vrsta Paeonia banatica, saj največje populacije te vrste najdemo v tem gozdnem tipu. Nova asociacija je uvrščena v zvezo Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1954 in podzvezo Quercenion farnetto Kevey in Kevey et Borhidi 2005. Ključne besede: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerris, fitosociologija, suhi termofilni hrastovi gozdovi na grušču, hribovje Mecsek, Madžarska. 1. INTRODUCTION Xerothermophilous oak forests are among the rarest plant associations in Hungary. Their stands are always small and local. Until today, they are known to occur only in the Bükk Mts. (Seslerio hungaricae-Quercetum virgilianae Suba, Kârâsz & Takâcs 1982; Cirsio pannonici-Quercetum pubescentis Less 1998), in the Börzsöny and the Visegrâd Hills (Poo pannoni-cae-Quercetumpetraeae [Horânszky 1964] Soo 1971). From the early 1980s I have surveyed the forests of the Eastern Mecsek Hills, and noticed a particular forest type growing on steep southerly stony slopes in a relatively small area at the follow- ing localities: Hosszûhetény „Kisûjbânya alatti 501 m-es névtelen hegy", „Paraszik-tetö", „Roka-hegy", „Zengö", „Takanyo-hegy"; Mecseknâdasd „Réka-vâr"; Pécsvârad „Somos", „Zengö". The stands of this association harbor several rare species including the endemic Paeonia banatica Rochel. This forest type had been treated as identical to the zonal Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii Horvât (1972). Because the species composition of this association seemed to be too heterogenous, I carried out a detailed comparative analysis to determine whether the classification of this particular forest type is correct, or else represents a new association. The results of this analysis are presented in this paper. * University of Pécs, Department of Botany, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjûsâg u. 6. e-mail: keveyb@ttk.pte.hu 5 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 93 12.6.2007 8:47:11 Hacquetia 6/1 • 2006, 5-59 2. METHODS Data on the vegetation of the thermophilous dry forests occurring on rubble in the Eastern Mec-sek have been collected from 25 plots (Table 1). For data collection I followed the methodology of the traditional Zürich-Montpellier school (Becking 1957). Preparation of the composite table and calculations on the proportion of social behavior types was carried out with the aid of the „NS" (Kevey & Hirmann 2002) software. Detailed descriptions of the methods and analyses used have been presented in earlier publications (Kevey 1993, 1997). Figure 1: Vegetation profiles in the Eastern Mecsek. A: Hosszuhetény „Roka-hegy"; B: Hosszuhetény „Zengo". Slika 1 : Vegetacijski profil v vzhodnem delu hribovja Mecsek. A: Hosszuhetény „Roka-hegy"; B: Hosszuhetény „Zengo". 1: Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii; 2: Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae; 3: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis; 4: Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni; 5: Asperulo taurinae-Carpinetum; 6: Helleboro odoro-Fagetum (original). In ordr to analyse the similarity relations of the four forest associations studied, I performed binary cluster analyses using the SYN-TAX 2000 (Podani 2001) software package with similarity index of Baroni-Urbani-Buser, and fusion algorithm of complete linkage. I also considered the number of differential species with constancy values (K) differing at least by two between the compared associations. Stands of the thermophilous dry oakwoods on rubble of the Eastern Mecsek are in direct contact with stands of three other associations (Fig. 1). These are the extrazonal hairy (pubescent) oak forests ( Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae) on the southern slopes with no rocks in the soil, the zonal turkey oak forests (Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii) at lower elevations, and the mesophilous linden-ash forests (Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni) on steep, rocky slopes of the northern hillsides. The detailed description of these three associations is presented elsewhere (Kevey & Borhidi 1998). Thus, only relevés of these associations recorded in the Eastern Mecsek are presented here (20 relevés each, Tables 2-4). For the names of species and associations I followed the nomenclature of Horvath et al. (1995), and Borhidi & Kevey (1996) and Borhidi (2003), respectively. In the tables, species are arranged in the order following the syntaxonomic system of Soo (1980) modified according to later results (Oberdorfer 1992; Mucina & al. 1993; Borhidi 2003; Borhidi & Kevey 1996; Kevey ined.). The syntaxonomic classification of species is based primarily on Soo (1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1973, 1980) supplemented by the latest results (see Borhidi 1993, 1995; Horvath & al. 1995) and my own field experience. 3. RESULTS 3.1 Habitat characteristics of the thermophilous dry oakwood on rubble The localities of this forest type are characterized by steep slopes with southern exposition between 280-640 m above sea level. As a consequence, their local climate is dry and warm, which is further enhanced by the low latitude of the Mecsek Hills. The bedrock is most often yellow sandstone, or more rarely different types of limestones. The shallow soil layer typically contains a large amount of rubble, and is almost continuously drifting downwards - particularly on sandstone. HQ_6-1_2007.indd 6 12.6.2007 8:41:18 6 Baläzs Kevey: A new Forest Association in Hungary: Thermophilous Dry Oakwood on Rubble 3.2 Physiognomy The thermophilous dry oakwoods on rubble are composed mainly of low growing (15-23 m) Quer-cus cerris and Q. petraea trees. The canopy cover is typically low and varies between 50 and 70 %. The trunk diameter ranges between 30 and 60 cm indicating the age of the stands. Because the roots of the trees are severed by the slowly drifting rubble, there are many fallen trees and rotten trunks on the ground (Fig. 2). There is a second canopy layer (10-16 m) with a cover of 20-50 % composed primarily of Fraxinus ornus. These trees mostly grow in the gaps of the upper canopy created by the fallen oak trees. Other tree species (Acer campestre, Pyrus pyraster, Sorbus torminalis) are infrequent. The species composition of the shrub layer is variable depending on the structure of the canopy, and consists mainly of two species, Cornus mas and Crataegus monogyna, but other common species may also occur. Among the saplings, Rosa arvensis and Rubus hirtus may become locally abundant. Figure 2: Typical physiognomy of Paeonio banaticae-Quer-cetum cerridis in the Mecsek Hills at Hosszuhetény: „Har-mas Hill" (Photo: B. Kevey). Slika 2: Značilna fizionomija sestojev asociacije Paeo-nio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis v hribovju Mecsek pri Hosszuhetény: „vrh Harmas" (Foto: B. Kevey). 7 The cover of the herb layer also is variable (4090 %) depending on the amount of available light and the amount of rubble in the soil. The grass Melica uniflora and the herb Scutellaria altissima may be dominant at places. Other typical species are: Brachypodium pinnatum, Campanula rapunculoides, Fallopia dumetorum, Helleborus odorus, Lamium macu-latum, Laser trilobum, Lithospermum purpureo-coerule-um, Paeonia banatica, Poa nemoralis, Vincetoxicum hi-rundinaria, Viola odorata. Herbs flowering en masse in early spring (geophytes) are missing. 3.3 Characteristic species combinations The species combination of the studied forest type (Table 1) is the most similar to that of pubescent oak woods (Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae) (Table 2) and turkey oak woods (Potentillo micranthae-Querce-tum dalechampii) (Table 3) and least to the linden-ash forests (Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni) (Table 4). The frequent species of the stands are as follows. Constant species (K V) : Galio-Alliarion: Alliaria petiolata. - Calystegion sepium: Lamium maculatum. - Querco-Fagetea: Acer campestre, Brachypodium sylvati-cum, Campanula rapunculoides, Carex pairae, Clematis vitalba, Clinopodium vulgare, Crataegus monogyna, Dactylis polygama, Fallopia dumetorum, Geranium rob-ertianum, Geum urbanum, Lapsana communis, Melica uniflora, Poa nemoralis, Stellaria holostea, Quercus petraea, Veronica hederifolia. -Fagetalia sylvaticae: Arum maculatum. - Aremonio-Fagion: Helleborus odorus, Rosa arvensis, Tamus communis. - Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae: Cornus mas, Fraxinus ornus, Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum, Pyrus pyraster, Quercus cerris, Vin-cetoxicum hirundinaria. - Quercion farnetto: Paeonia banatica, Tilia tomentosa. - Quercetalia cerris: Chrysanthemum corymbosum. - Indifferent: Galium aparine. Subconstant species (K IV): Galio-Alliarion: Chaerophyllum temulum. - Querco-Fagetea: Bromus ra-mosus, Campanula persicifolia, Ficaria verna, Fragaria vesca, Ligustrum vulgare, Sedum maximum, Symphytum tuberosum, Veronica chmaedrys, Viola alba. - Fagetalia sylvaticae: Carpinus betulus, Glechoma hirsuta. - Quer-cetea pubescentis-petraeae: Astragalus glycyphyllos, Cala-mintha menthifolia, Prunus spinosa, Rosa canina, Silene viridiflora, Verbascum austriacum. - Quercion farnetto: Potentilla micrantha. - Indifferent: Euphorbia cyparis-sias, Galium mollugo, Torilis japonica. Intermediate species (K III): Festuco-Brometea: Brachypodium pinnatum. - Querco-Fagetea: Euonymus europaea, Galeopsis speciosa, Galium schultesii, Melittis HQ_6-1_2007.indd 11 12.6.2007 8:41:22 Hacquetia 6/1 • 2006, 5-59 carpatica, Polygonatum multiflorum. — Fagetalia sylvati-cae: Anemone ranunculoides, Corydalis cava, Mercuria-lis perennis. — Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae: Festuca heterophylla, Inula conyza, Laser trilobum, Laserpitium latifolium, Lathyrus niger, Sorbus torminalis, Teucrium chamaedrys. — Quercetalia cerris: Muscari botryoides. — Indifferent: Coronilla varia, Rubus fruticosus agg., Silene vulgaris, Urtica dioica, Vicia hirsuta. Stands of the studied forest type are considerably different from those of the three compared associations as is shown by the results of cluster analyses show (Fig. 3). There are four distinct clusters of the total of 85 relevés in the dendrogram. Relevés of the studied forest type are more similar to those of Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae and Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii characterized by habitats of southern exposition. The difference between them and the relevés of the linden-ash forests (Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni) of northern slopes on rubble is greater. 3.4 Differential species Differentia! species between the studied forest type and the other three related associations are identified from the synthetic table (Table 5) based on all 85 relevés. The studied forest type differs from the pubescent oak woods (Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae) in 48 differential species: Acer platanoides, Alliaria petiolata, Anemone ranunculoides, Arabis turrita, Arum maculatum, Asperula taurina, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Calamintha menthifolia, Cardamine impatiens, Carex pairae, Chaerophyllum temulum, Coronilla varia, Co-rydalis cava, Fagus sylvatica, Fallopia dumetorum, Fi-caria verna, Galeopsis pubescens, Galium aparine, Geranium robertianum, Geum urbanum, Hesperis sylvestris, Hypericum hirsutum, Lactuca quercina ssp. sagittata, Lamium maculatum, Lapsana communis, Laserpitium latifolium, Lysimachia punctata, Melica uniflora, Mer-curialis perennis, Moehringia trinervia, Poa nemoralis, Figure 3: Dendrogram of the studied four associations occurring in the Eastern Mecsek. Similarity index: Baroni-Urbani-Buser, fusion algorithm: complete linkage. Slika 3: Dendrogram proučevanih štirih asociacij, ki se pojavljajo v vzhodnem delu hribovja Mecsek. Indeks podobnosti: Baroni-Urbani-Buser, kopičenje na osnovi popolnega povezovanja. 1/1-25.: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis; 2/1-20.: Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae; 3/1-20.: Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii; 4/1-20.: Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni. HQ_6-1_2007.indd 8 12.6.2007 8:41:20 8 Baläzs Kevey: A new Forest Association in Hungary: Thermophilous Dry Oakwood on Rubble Potentilla micrantha, Quercuspetraea agg., Rubus fruti-cosus agg., Rumex sanguineus, Scutellaria altissima, Se-dum maximum, Silene viridiflora, Stellaria holostea, Stellaria media, Torilis japonica, Urtica dioica, Verbascum austriacum, Veronica chamaedrys, Veronica hederifolia, Vicia hirsuta, Viola arvensis, Viola odorata, etc. The pubescent oak woods ( Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae) contain 38 differential species: Acer tataricum, Adonis vernalis, Betonica officinalis, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromus pannonicus, Carex michelii, Carex montana, Chamaecytisus supinus, Cornus sanguinea, Dictamnus albus, Euonymus verrucosa, Euphorbia epithymoides, Filipendula vulgaris, Geranium sangui-neum, Hepatica nobilis, Inula ensifolia, Iris graminea, Iris variegata, Lathyrus niger, Lembotropis nigricans, Lonicera caprifolium, Melampyrum nemorosum, Melittis carpatica, Mercurialis ovata, Muscari botryoides, Neottia nidus-avis, Orchis purpurea, Peucedanum cervaria, Poa pratensis, Pulmonaria mollis, Quercus pubescens, Rham-nus catharticus, Serratula tinctoria, Silene nutans, Sor-bus domestica, Sorbus torminalis, Teucrium chamaedrys, Viburnum lantana, etc. (Table 6). From the turkey oak forests (Potentillo micran-thae-Quercetum dalechampii) it is separated by a large number (33) of differential species: Alliaria petiola-ta, Anemone ranunculoides, Anthriscus cerefolium, Arabis turrita, Arum maculatum, Brachypodium pinnatum, Carex pairae, Cornus mas, Coronilla varia, Corydalis cava, Epipactis helleborine agg., Euonymus europaea, Euphorbia cyparissias, Galeopsis pubescens, Galium aparine, Geranium robertianum, Hesperis sylvestris, Inula conyza, Lamium maculatum, Lapsana communis, Laser trilobum, Laserpitium latifolium, Muscari botryoides, Paeonia banatica, Sedum maximum, Silene vulgaris, Stellaria media, Teucrium chamaedrys, Ur-tica dioica, Verbascum austriacum, Vicia hirsuta, Viola arvensis, Viola odorata, etc. The turkey oak forests also harbor 25 differential species: Carex divulsa, Carex pilosa, Carex sylvatica, Cerasus avium, Dentaria bulbifera, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Festuca drymeia, Festuca heterophylla, Galium odoratum, Galium schul-tesii, Genista ovata, Hedera helix, Hepatica nobilis, Hieracium sabaudum, Lathyrus niger, Lathyrus vene-tus, Lathyrus vernus, Luzula forsteri, Mycelis muralis, Rubus hirtus, Ruscus aculeatus, Ruscus hypoglossum, Sanicula europaea, Sorbus torminalis, Viola sylvestris, etc. (Table 6). The studied forest type has 48 differential species as compared to the mesophilous linden-ash forests on rubble (Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni): Anthericum ramosum, Anthriscus cerefolium, Astragalus glycyphyllos, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromus ramosus, Campanula persicifolia, Carex pairae, Chrysanthemum 9 corymbosum, Clematis vitalba, Clinopodium vulgare, Co-lutea arborescens, Convallaria majalis, Coronilla varia, Epipactis helleborine agg., Erysimum odoratum, Euphorbia cyparissias, Festuca heterophylla, Fragaria vesca, Galeopsis pubescens, Galium aparine, Galium mollugo, Hesperis sylvestris, Inula conyza, Laser trilobum, Laserpitium latifolium, Lathyrus niger, Ligustrum vulgare, Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum, Lysimachia punc-tata, Melittis carpatica, Muscari botryoides, Paeonia banatica, Polygonatum odoratum, Prunus spinosa, Quer-cus cerris, Rosa canina, Rubus fruticosus agg., Sedum maximum, Silene viridiflora, Silene vulgaris, Tamus communis, Teucrium chamaedrys, Verbascum austria-cum, Veronica chamaedrys, Vincetoxicum hirundinar-ia, Vicia hirsuta, Vicia pisiformis, Viola arvensis, etc. Conversely, the latter forest type differs from the former in 47 differential species: Acer platanoides, Acer pseudo-platanus, Aconitum vulparia, Anemone ranunculoides, Arabis turrita, Asarum europaeum, As-perula taurina, Cardamine impatiens, Carex divulsa, Carex pilosa, Cerasus avium, Chelidonium majus, Corydalis cava, Corydalis pumila, Corylus avellana, Cystop-teris fragilis, Dentaria bulbifera, Dentaria enneaphyllos, Dryopteris filix-mas, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Gagea lutea, Galanthus nivalis, Galeobdolon luteum, Galium odoratum, Hedera helix, Helleborus dumetorum, Hepatica nobilis, Isopyrum thalictroides, Lathraea squamaria, Lathyrus vernus, Mercurialis perennis, Moehringia trinervia, Mycelis muralis, Omphalodes scorpioides, Ruscus aculeatus, Ruscus hypoglossum, Sambucus nigra, Sanicula europaea, Scro-phularia vernalis, Smyrnium perfoliatum, Staphylea pin-nata, Tilia platyphyllos, Ulmus glabra, Viola odorata, Viola sylvestris, etc. (Table 6). 3.5 Results of statistical analyses The percentage of species (Table 7) characteristic of the Festuco-Brometea s.l. is the highest (9.4 %) in Tamo-Quercetum, and next highest (5.6 %) in the studied forest type (Fig.4). A similar rank order was found with respect to species characteristic of Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae: Tamo-Quercetum: 48.5 %, the studied forest type: 36.3 %. In contrast, Fag-etalia species are most abundant in Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum (30.9 %). In the studied forest type this value is 10.7 %, which is intermediate between the two other associations, Potentillo-Quercetum (15.0 %) and Tamo-Quercetum (6.0 %) (Fig. 5). In terms of the ecological indicator values, the studied forest type is characterized with usually intermediate values (Table 8). Although the values HQ_6-1_2007.indd 11 12.6.2007 8:41:22 Hacquetia 6/1 • 2006, 5-59 Çhiercetum, the generalists (G) in Tamo-Quercetum, whereas the disturbance tolerant species (DT) are most frequent in the studied forest type (Table 9). 4. DISCUSSION Figure 4: Percentage of characteristic species based on K % I. Slika 4: Odstotek značilnih vrst na osnovi K % I. Tamo-Q.: Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae Paeon.-Q.: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis Potent.-Q.: Potentillo micrantae-Quercetum dalechampii Tilio-Fr.: Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni Figure 5: Percentage of characteristic species based on K % II. Slika 5: Odstotek značilnih vrst na osnovi K % II. Tamo-Q.: Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae Paeon.-Q.: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis Potent.-Q.: Potentillo micrantae-Quercetum dalechampii Tilio-Fr.: Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni are the highest and the lowest in the N5 and L6 categories, respectively, for this forest type, the differences are not substantial. In terms of social behavior types, the specialist species (S) are the most abundant in Tilio tomen-tosae-Fraxinetum, the competitors (C) in Potentillo- The great number of differential species and the results of the traditional comparative and multivariate statistical analyses indicate that the studied forest type is substantially different from all other associations studied. Its unique species combination and peculiar habitat requirements also support the view that the thermophilous dry oakwood on rubble in the Eastern Mecsek represents a new, yet undescribed association. Due to the occurrence of several species with submediterranean distribution and the presence of the Tertiary relic Paeonia banatica Rochel, it is likely to be a relic association. As a consequence of the unique habitat characteristics, stands of this association do not occur elsewhere in Hungary, not even in the neighbouring Western Mecsek Hills nor in the Villâny Hills with otherwise similar vegetation. Description of this forest type as a new association is given by following the phytosociological code of nomenclature (see Weber & al. 2000). The proposed name of the association is Paeonio banati-cae-Quercetum cerridis Kevey ass. nova. The holotypus - nomenclatural type - of this association is relevé No. 12 in Table 1. Because of its apparent relat-edness to turkey oak forests (Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii) it is placed into the Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1954 alliance, and the Quercenion farnetto Kevey into the Kevey & Borhidi 2005 suballiance. To my knowledge, associations with identical characteristics and species composition have not been mentioned in the literature. It is possible that similar forests occur in the Fruška Gora in Serbia, and in Mun ii Codru-Moma, Romania, where Paeonia banatica also occurs. In the latter, wild paeony occurs in the zonal turkey oak forest (Cytiso nigri-cantis-Quercetum cerridis Bo caiu & al. 1966) with many southerly distributed species that do not occur in Hungary: Aristolochia pallida, Carex bullocki-ana, Lathyrus hallersteinii, Potentilla thuringiaca, and Sihm italien (see Marossy 1977). The scree forest named Paeonio officinalis-Tilietum. platyphylli Košir & Surina 2005 described from the Ćićarija Mts. in Slovenia also is somewhat similar to Paeonio ba-naticae-Quercetuni cerridis by its submediterranean character and stony soil characteristics. However, 10 HQÖ-1 200 7.indd 10 12.6.2007 8:41:21 Baläzs Kevey: A new Forest Association in Hungary: Thermophilous Dry Oakwood on Rubble this association is classified into the order Fagetalia and alliance Fraxino-Acerion Fukarek 1969 because of the mesophilic habitat and distinct species combination (for example, Acer monspessulanum, Anthr-iscus fumarioides, Aristolochia lutea, Corydalis ochro-leuca, Crocus neapolitanus, Cyclamen purpurascens, Delphinium fissum, Digitalis laevigata, Helleborus mul-tifidus, Lamium orvala, Lilium carniolicum, Melittis melissophyllum, Ostrya carpinifolia, Paeonia officinalis, Sesleria autumnalis) (Košir & Surina 2005). The syntaxonomic position of this and the other three associations discussed in this paper is as follows: Divisio: QUERCO-FAGEA Jakucs 1967 Classis: QUERCO-FAGETEA Br.-Bl. & Vlieger in Vlieger 1937 em. Borhidi in Borhidi & Kevey 1996 Ordo: FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE Pawlowski in Pawlowski & al. 1928 Alliance: Aremonio-Fagion (I. Horvat 1938) Borhidi in Török & al. 1989 Suballiance: Polysticho setiferi-Acerenion pseudoplatani Borhidi & Kevey 1996 Associatio: Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni (A. O. Horvat 1958) Soo & Borhidi in Soo 1962 Classis: QUERCETEA PUBESCENTIS-PETRAE-AE (Oberd. 1948) Jakucs 1960 Ordo: ORNO-COTINETALIA Jakucs 1960 Alliance: Orno-Cotinion Soo 1960 Associatio: Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae Borhidi & Morschhauser in Borhidi & Kevey 1996 Alliance: Quercion farnetto I. Horvat 1954 Suballiance: Quercenion farnetto Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005 Associatio: Potentillo micranthae-Querce-tum dalechampii Horvat A. O. 1981 Associatio: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis Kevey ass. nova Suballiance: Luzulo forsteri-Quercenion polycarpae Kevey in Kevey & Borhidi 2005. The thermophilous dry oak wood on rubble (Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis) - as a local association with relic character - represents one of the most significant natural treasures of the Mec-sek Hills. It is the primary habitat of the strictly protected Paeonia banatica, an endemic species of the Carpathian Basin. In addition to wild paeony, many other rare and threatened plant species oc- 11 cur in this association: Aconitum vulparia, Asperula taurina, Cephalanthera damasonium, Cephalanthera rubra, Doronicum hungaricum, Epipactis helleborine agg., Erysimum odoratum, Hepatica nobilis, Hesperis matronalis subsp. candida, Iris graminea, Lathyrus venetus, Lilium martagon, Lunaria annua, Muscari botryoides, Orchis simia, Platanthera bifolia, Primula vulgaris, Ruscus aculeatus, Scrophularia vernalis, Sor-bus domestica, Stachys alpina, Tamus communis. Most of these species are relics of the warmer periods of the postglacial, while others, such as Orchis simia and Paeonia banatica are likely to be tertiary relics (see Soo 1964). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Robert Pal for his help in preparing the electronic version of the vegetation profile figures, Istvan Zsolt Toth for sharing his field experience with me, Gabor Lendvai for translating the original text into English, and the two reviewers for improving the earlier version of the paper. REFERENCES Becking, R. W. (1957): The Zürich-Montpellier School of phytosociology. - Botanical Review 23: 411-488. Borhidi A. (1993): A magyar flora szocialis maga-tartas tipusai, természetességi és relativ ökolo-giai értékszamai. - Janus Pannonius Tudomany-egyetem, Pécs, 95 pp. Borhidi A. (1995): Social behaviour types, the naturalness and relative ecological indicator values of the higher plants in the Hungarian flora. -Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungar-icae 39: 97-181. Borhidi A. (2003): Magyarorszag nôvénytarsulasai. - Akadémiai Kiado, Budapest, 610 pp. Borhidi A. & Kevey B. (1996): An annotated checklist of the Hungarian plant communities II. - In: Critical revision of the Hungarian plant communities (ed. Borhidi A.). Janus Pannonius University, Pécs, pp. 95-138. Ellenberg, H., Weber, H. E., Düll, R., Wirth, V., Werner, W. &t Paulißen, D. (1991): Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Scripta Geobo-tanica, Göttingen 18: 3-249. Horvat A. O. (1972): Die Vegetation des Mecsekge-birges und seiner Umgebung. - Akadémiai Ki-ado, Budapest, 376 pp. HQ_6-1_2007.indd 11 12.6.2007 8:41:22 Hacquetia 6/1 • 2006, 5-59 Horvath F. - Dobolyi Z. K. - Morschhauser T. -Lökös L. - Karas L. - Szerdahelyi T. (1995): Flora adatbazis 1.2. - Vacratot, 267 pp. Kevey B. (1993): A Szigetköz ligeterdeinek összeha-sonKto-cönologiai vizsgalata. - Kandidatusi értekezés tézisei. Janus Pannonius Tudomanye-gyetem, Nôvénytani Tanszék, Pécs, 9. pp. Kevey B. (1997): A Nyugati-Mecsek szurdokerdei [Scutellario altissimae-Aceretum (Horvat A. O. 1958) Soo & Borhidi in Soo 1962]. Schluchtwälder des Westlichen Mecsek-Gebirges [Scutellario altissimae-Aceretum (Horvat A. O. 1958) Soo & Borhidi in Soo 1962]. - In: Studia Phytologi-ca Jubilaria. Dissertationes in honorem jubilan-tis Adolf Olivér Horvat Doctor Academiae in annoversario nonagesimo nativitatis 1907-1997 (szerk.: Borhidi A. & Szabo L. Gy.). Pécs, pp. 75-99. Kevey B. & Borhidi A. (1998): Top-forest (Aconito anthorae-Fraxinetum orni) a special ecotonal case in the phytosociological system (Mecsek Mts., South Hungary). - Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 41: 27-121. Kevey B. & Hirmann A. (2002): „NS" szamftogépes cönologiai programcsomag. - In: Aktualis flora-és vegetaciokutatasok a Karpat-medencében V. Pécs, 2002. marcius 8-10. (Összefoglalok), pp. 74. Košir, P. & Surina, B. (2005): Paeonio officinalis-Tili-etum platyphylli nova združba gozdov plemenitih listavcev v Čičariji (Jugozahodna Slovenija). In: Meje in konfini (ed.: V. R. Darovec). Založba Annales, Koper, pp. 345-366. Marossy, A. (1977): Pädurea cu bujori (Paeonia of-ficinalis L. ssp. banatica [Roch.] Soo) de pe Dealul Pacäu (Jud. Bihor). - Ocrotirea Naturii si a Me-diului Înconjurator, Bucuresti 21 (2): 127-129. Mucina, L. - Grabherr, G. - Wallnöfer, S. (1993): Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs III. Wälder und Gebüsche. - Gustav Fischer, Jena -Stuttgart - New York, 353 pp. Oberdorfer, E. (1992): Süddeutsche Pflanzengesellschaften IV. A. Textband. - Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena - Stuttgart - New York, 282 pp. Podani J. (2001): SYN-TAX 2000 Computer Programs for Data Analysis in Ecology and System-atics. - Scientia, Budapest, 53 pp. Soo R. (1960): Magyarorszag erdötarsulasainak és erdötipusainak attekintése. - Az Erdö 9: 321340. Soo R. (1962): Systematische Übersicht der panno-nischen Pflanzengesellschaften V. Die Gebirg-swälder I. - Acta Botanica Academiae Scien-tiarum Hungaricae 8: 335-366. Soo R. (1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1973, 1980): A magyar flora és vegetacio rendszertani-nôvény-földrajzi kézikônyve I-VI. - Akadémiai Kiado, Budapest. Weber, H. E. - Moravec,J. - Theurillat,J. P. (2000): International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 3rd edition. - Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 739-768. Recieved 22. 3. 2006 Revision recieved 11. 9. 2006 Accepted 16. 9. 2006 12 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 12 12.6.2007 8:41:22 Table 1 (Tabela 1): Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 co co r-— O T_ lo O cm co co cd lo co r-— cd O T_ cm cd O cm co Number of sample plot cd cd o cm cm cd cd cm cm cd cd cd cd cd cd cd cm cm co ^t" ^t" ^t" Year of first sampling O O o O O o O cm cd O o o O cm cd cm cd o o O o O O O o O cm cd cm cd CNJ cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm CO CO co o o co co cd o lo lo lo lo co cm co cm cm o cm o cm o cm o cm o cm o co co co r-— r-— Month and day of first sampling co o co O cd o O O cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o co O co O co O co O O O O O O O co O co O co O cd o cd o Year of second sampling 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2003 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2004 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 co c co c cm co co cm c cm cm o r-— O O cd o cd o lo cm lo cm co co co co cm cm cm r-— o o Month and day of second sampling co o co o co O co o coi o co o CD O cd o CD O coi o co o CD O cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o cd o Altitude above sea level (m) o o o o o o o o O o o O o o o o o o o o o o o o o co co co ^ lo lo lo lo lo ^ lo lo lo lo lo co lo lo lo co CM Exposition SE s s s s s s E s SE SE SE s s s s s s s sw s s s SE SE Slope inclination in degrees 40 40 40 30 35 40 40 45 30 30 35 35 35 35 40 35 30 35 40 40 40 40 40 35 40 Cover of upper canopy layer (%) 50 50 60 50 60 50 70 55 70 65 60 75 60 60 70 70 60 65 70 65 65 60 60 65 60 Cover of lower canopy layer (%) 40 40 40 40 40 40 25 20 30 25 25 20 35 35 25 20 35 30 25 25 25 30 30 40 50 Cover of shrub layer (%) 30 40 40 60 50 60 40 50 25 30 40 25 50 40 35 40 40 40 60 20 50 50 30 40 60 Cover of saplings (%) 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 2 5 10 10 25 1 1 1 1 3 Cover of understorey (%) 50 50 70 60 50 40 50 50 85 80 60 90 60 50 50 50 80 80 75 75 60 60 65 50 60 Height of upper canopy layer (m) 18 18 20 15 15 15 15 20 16 23 20 17 23 23 18 17 22 23 23 23 23 23 20 23 18 Height of lower canopy layer (m) 12 12 15 10 10 10 10 15 12 14 14 12 15 15 12 12 15 15 16 16 16 15 15 16 12 Height of shrub layer (m) 3 3 3,5 3 3,5 3 2,5 2,5 2 3 3,5 3 3 2,5 3 3,5 2,5 2 2,5 2,5 3 2,5 2,5 2 2,5 Mean trunk diameter (cm) 35 35 40 35 35 35 30 55 40 60 50 45 55 60 35 35 60 60 60 60 55 55 50 40 35 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Area of sample plot (nr) co co co co co co co co CO co co CO co co co co co co co co co co co co co Querco-Fagetea Campanula rapunculoides (Opp, Epa) Dactylispolygama (Opp.Cp) Geum urbanimi (Epa, C p, Opp) Alelica uniflora (Cp.Opp) Acer campestre (Opp) 11112 2 + + + + 11 C 1 + + 1 2 1 + 2 C +111122 + + + + + C + + + + + + + + + + + + C 11111 + 113332 A1 1........ A2 +.+++. .+.11+ B1 ....+....++ . 11111111 + 1 + + + + + + 2 1 4 3 3 3 1 + 2 2 2 1 1 + + 2 2 2 2. A-D K % + 2 1 +-2 V 100 1 + + +-2 V 100 + + + + V 100 1 2 1 +-4 V 100 1 I 4 + + + +-2 IV 72 + + +-2 III 48 1 2 3 4 5 B2 + + + + S + + + 1 1 FaHopia dumetonmi (Opp,GA) C 1 + 1 1 1 Quercuspetraea agg. (Cp.PO.Opp) A1 A2 B1 1 1 1 1 1 B2 + + + S 2 1 + 1 1 Crataegus monogyna (Opp) B1 1 1 1 3 2 B2 + + + + + S 1 1 1 3 2 Lapsana communis (GA,Epa) C + + + + Poa nemoralis (Opp) C + + 2 + Stellaria holostea (F,C p) C + + + + + Veronica hederifolia (Sea) C + + + + 1 Bracliypodium sylvaticum (Opp) C + 1 + 1 + Carex pairae (Opp,Epa) C + + + + + Clinopodium wtlgare (Opp) C + + + + + Clematis vitalba (Opp) A2 B1 1 B2 + + + + + S + + + 1 + Geranium robertianum (EpaF) C + + Campanula persicifolia (Opp) C + + + + Ligustrum vulgare (Cp.Opp) B1 1 + + + + B2 1 + + + + S 2 + + + + Ficaria verna (Ai) C + + + + + Viola alba (Opp) C + + + + + Symphytum tuberosum ssp. angustifolium (F.Cp.Opp) C + + + + + Promus ramosus agg. (Opp) C + + + Fragaria vesca (Opp,Epa) C + + + + + Sedum maximum (FB.TA.Opp) C + + + + + Veronica chamaediys (Opp,Ara) C + + + + + Galeopsis pubescens (Opp,Epa) C + + O o <1 00 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A-D K % + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 1 1 + + + + +-1 V 88 + + + 1 1 + + + 1 + 3 3 3 2 1 + + 1 1 +-3 V 96 2 2 + 1 2 + + + 1 2 2 + + + + 1 1 1 + +-2 V 96 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 +-4 v 92 + + + + +-1 16 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 68 + 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 +-4 v 96 2 1 1 1 + 2 2 + + 2 2 1 1 1 1 + 1 +-3 v 88 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 80 2 1 1 1 + 2 2 + + 2 2 1 1 1 1 + 1 +-3 v 92 + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 v 92 + 1 1 + + + + + + + 1 1 2 2 + + + + + +-2 v 92 + + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + +-1 v 92 + + + + 1 + + + + 1 1 + 1 + + + + + +-1 v 92 1 + + + + + 1 1 + + + + + + + 1 + +-1 v 88 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + v 88 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 v 88 12 + + +-1 12 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + v 84 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 v 84 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 v 84 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 80 + + + + + 1 1 + + 1 + + 2 +-2 IV 72 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 +-1 IV 72 + + + + + 1 2 + + + 1 + + + 2 +-2 IV 80 + 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + +-1 IV 76 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 76 + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 68 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 64 + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 64 + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 64 + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 64 + + + + + + + + + + + + + III 56 o o Euonymus eumpaea (Opp) B1 B2 + + S + + Polygonatum nrultiflorum (F) C Galium sclmltesii (Cp.Opp) C + Melittis carpatica (Cp.0pp.0c) C + + Viola odorata C + Ajuga reptans (Opp.MoA) C + + Lactuca quercina ssp. sagittata (Opp) C + Epipactis helleborine agg. (F) C Hieracium sabaudum agg. (Or.Opp.AbP) C + Convallaria majalis (Opp) C + Crataegus oxyacantha B1 B2 S Hypericum hirsutum (Opp) C + Stapliylea pinnata (Cp.TA) B1 B2 + + S + + Campanula trachelium (Epa, C p) C Digitalis grandiflora (Opp,Epa) C + + Ulrnus minor (Ai. Ulm,Opp) A2 B2 S Carex divulsa C + Fraxinus excelsior (Opp,TA,Ai) A1 B2 S Heracleum sphondylium (OppMoA) C Cephalanthera damasonium (Opp) C Corylus a\>ellana (Opp) B1 B2 S Mycelis muralis C Rhannrus catharticus (Opp.Pru) B2 Tilia cordata (Cp.Opp) A1 o o <1 00 B2 S Cornus sanguined (Opp) B1 B2 S Hypericum montanum C Platanthera bifolia (Opp,PO,NC,Moa) C Polygonatum latifolium (Opp) C Scrophularia nodosa (GA,Epa) C Vicia dumetorum (Opp) C Vicia sepiurn (Ara, Opp) C Viola cyanea (Opp) C Fagetalia sylvaticae Arum maculatum C Carpinus betulus (Cp) A2 B1 B2 S Glechoma hirsuta (Cp) C Anemone ranunculoides C Corydalis cava C Acerplatanoides (TA) A2 B1 B2 S Mercurialis perennis C Dentaria bulbifera (EuF) C Euphorbia amygdaloides C Cardamine impatiens C Hedera helix A2 B1 B2 S Lathyrus vermis C 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 A-D K % o o Ulntus glabra (TA) A2 B1 B2 S Moehringia trinervia C Cerasus avium (Cp) A1 B2 S Fagus sylvatica (EuF) A1 B2 S Liliurn martagon (OF, Opp) C Pulmonaria officinalis C Galium odoratum C Hepatica nobilis C Acerpseudo-platanus (TA) A2 B2 S Corydalis pumila (Cp, Opp) C Gagea lutea (Ai.Cp) C Rubus hirtus (Epa, US) B2 Primula vulgaris (AF) C Viola sylvestris C Allium ursinum C Circaea lutetiana (Ai) C Festuca diymeia (P0) C Knautia diymeia (Cp) C Aconitum vulparia C Carex digitata (Cp) C Carex pilosa (Cp) C Myosotis sylvatica C Salvia glutinosa C Scrophularia vemalis (GA) C Stacliys alpina (Epa) C Alnion incanae Rum ex sanguineus (Epa, Sal) C o o <1 00 Festuca gigantea (Cal,Epa) C..... Ulmenion Physalis alkekengi (Opp) C . . . + . Tilio platyphyllae-Acerenion pseuđoplatani Hesperis matronalis ssp. Candida (Ai) C..... Aremonio-Fagion Helleborus odorus (OFOfa) C 2 112 2 Tamils communis (Ofa) B1 + C + + + + + S + + + + + Rosa arvensis (Cp,Of a) B1..... B2 1 + + + + S 1 + + + + Scutellaria altissima (AO) C..... Asperula taurina (Cp) C..... Ruscus aculeatus (Ofa) C..... Lathyrus venetus (Cp) C 1 + 1 + Luzula forsten (Ofa,,EC p) C..... Lunari a annua (TA) C..... Quercetalia roboris Veronica officinalis (PO,NC,PP.Epa) C..... Luzula luzuloides (VP.CU) C..... Quercion robori-petraeae Lysimachia punctata (Op,Epa,Epa) C + Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae Fraxinus ornus (OCa) A1 1 1 12 2 A2 3 3 3 2 3 B1 .+11 B2 + + + + + S 3 3 3 3 4 Lithospemium piirpureo-coenileum (OCn,AO) C 112 1 + Ouercus cen-is (Or,PO) A1 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 A-D K % + + I 4 + + + + 16 - - 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 2 + 1 2 2 2 + + +-2 V 100 + + + 12 1 1 + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + 1 2 +-2 V 100 1 1 + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + 1 2 +-2 V 100 + + + + 12 + + + + + + 1 + 1 1 1 1 2 + + + + + +-2 V 92 + + + + + + 1 + 1 1 1 1 2 + + + + + +-2 V 92 1 2 2 1 4 + 1 1 + +-4 II 36 + + + + + + + + + II 32 + + + + + + + II 28 +-1 16 + + + 8 1 1 4 + + + + 12 + + 4 - - - - - - - II 28 4 2 2 1 2 + + 3 2 2 3 +-4 IV 68 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 + + + 2 2 2 3 3 +-3 v 100 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 1 1 +-2 v 84 + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 v 88 5 3 4 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 5 1-5 v 100 1 2 + 2 + + 2 2 1 2 + 2 1 + + + + 1 1 +-2 v 100 1 1 3 4 2 3 4 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 1-4 v 100 + + + + +-1 II 36 + + 8 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 76 o S 3 3 4 3 3 Cornus mas (TA,OCn,Oc) B1 2 3 3 2 2 B2 + + + + S 2 3 3 2 2 Pyrus pyraster (Cp) A1 A2 1 + 2 + B1 1 + + 1 + B2 + + + + + S 2 1 + 21 Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Fvl) C 1 + + + + Verbascum austriacum (Fvl) C + + + + + Calamintha menthifolia ssp. sylvatica C + + + + + Silene viridiflora C + + + + Astragalus glycyphyllos C + + + + Prunus spinosa (Pru.Pru) B1 + + B2 + + + + + S + + + + + Rosa canina agg. (Pru,Pru) B1 + + + + B2 S + + + Inula conyza C + + + + + Sorbits torminalis (OF) A2 + 1 1 B1 + + + B2 + S 111.. Laser trilobum C + + + . Laserpitium latifolium (Fvl) C + + + . Lathyrus niger (Oc) C + + + . + Festuca heteropliylla (Qrp,Qp) C 1 + + Teucrium chamaedrys (FBt.EP) C + + + + + Polygonatum odoratum (Fvl) C + . I rab is turrita (TA) C . . + . . Euonymus verrucosa (Pru) B1..... B2..... S..... Colutea arborescens (Oc) B1..... 1-4 V 100 +-3 V 96 + IV 72 +-3 v 96 + 4 +-2 III 52 +-1 v 88 + IV 80 +-2 v 96 +-3 v 84 + IV 80 + IV 72 + IV 68 + IV 64 + 20 + IV 64 + IV 64 +-1 III 52 + 16 +-1 IV 64 + III 60 +-2 III 52 + II 32 + 16 +-2 III 60 +-2 III 56 + III 56 + III 52 +-1 III 48 + III 44 + II 36 + II 32 + 8 + II 28 + II 28 + 12 B2 S . . + Hesperis sylvestris C Quercus pubescens A1 A2 B2 S Trifolium alpestre (Fvl) C + Sorbus domestica A2 + B2 S . . + Campanula bononiensis (Fvl) C Carex michelii C Malus sylvestris (Ai, C p) B2 Origanum vulgare (Pm) C Piptatherum virescens (OCn,AO) C fo Posa gallica (Prit) B2 . . + Viola hirta C Betonica officinalis (MoA) C Cephalanthera rubra (F) C Doronicum hungaricum (AO) C Iris graminea (Bra) C Solidago virga-aurea (NC,Epa, Orp,PO) C Trifolium rubens (Fvl) C Turritis glabra (Fvl) C Vicia cassubica (Orp) C + Orno-Cotinion Orchis simia C++ . Quercion fametto Paeonia banatica C 1 1 1 Tilia tomentosa (AF) A1 + + A2 + + . B1 B2 + + + S 1 1 + 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 16 20 21 22 23 24 25 A-D K % + + + I 16 + + + + + II 24 + 1 1 + + + +-1 II 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 1 2 1 1-2 12 + + 4 1 2 2 2 1 1-2 20 + + + + 20 + 4 + + 12 + + 12 + + + 8 + + + 8 + + + 8 + + + 8 + + + 8 + + 8 + + + 8 + 4 + + 4 + + 4 + + 4 + + 4 + + 4 + + 4 + 4 - 8 + + 1 1 2 + 1 2 2 1 1 + 2 + + 1 1 1 +-2 V 92 + + 1 1 + 1 + 2 1 3 2 +-3 III 56 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 2 1 1 +-2 III 60 + + + 2 + 1 + 1 + +-2 II 36 + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 64 + + 1 1 2 2 + 2 1 2 1 + 3 2 3 2 +-3 v 84 Potentilla micrantha (Op) C Genista ovata ssp. nervata (AF.Orp.PO) C Quercetalia cerris Chrysanthemum coiymbosum (Fvl) C Muscari botiyoides (Cp) C Vicia pisiformis C Chamaecytisus supinus (Orp.PO) C Gagea pratensis (Sea) C Molinio-Arrhenatherea Poa pratensis (Opp) C Colchicum autumnale (Moa) C Molinietalia coeruleae Valeriana officinalis (MagFiC) C Festuco-Brometea Brachypodium pinnatum (Bra, Opp) C Anthericum ramosum (Opp) C Thlaspi peifoliatum (Sea, Opp) C Geranium sanguineum (Opp) C Festucetalia valesiacae Erysimum odoratum (Opp) C Geranium columbinum (Fru, Opp) C Muscari tenuiflomm (Opp) C Veronica teucrium (Opp) C Asplenio-Festucion pallentus Asplenium trichomanes (BrF.TA) C Festucion rupicohie Allium oleraceum (Opp) C Chenopodio-Scleranthea Lactuca serriola C Bronius sterilis (Che) C Fumaria schleichen (ChePla) C Secalietea Viola an'ensis (Fvl, Opp) C Lamium purpureum (Che) C Muscari comosum (FBt) C Melandriitm album (Cau, GA) C Vicia grandiflora ssp. sordida (Alo) C Aperetalia (inch Aphanion) Myosotis arvensis (Arn.CyF) C Ch enopodietea Arctium minus (Ar.Bia.Pla) C Arctium lappa (Ar.Pla.Spu) C Ballota nigra (Ar) C Artemisietea (incL Artemisietalia et Arction lappae) Sambucus ebulus (Epa) C Gallo-Alliarion Alliaria petiolata (Epa) C Chaerophyllum temulum C Calystegion sepium Lamiurn maculatum (Pa.Agi.F.TA.Opp) C Sisymbrium strictissimum (Ar,Sal) C Atropion bella-donnae Atropa bella-donna C Indifferens Galium aparine (SeaFpa, OF) C Euphorbia cyparissias (FB. ChSFpa, Opp) C Galium mollugo (MoAFBt, Orp, Opp) C Torilis japonica (Ar,GA,Epa,OF) C Urtica dioica (Ar.GA.Epa.Spu) C Coronilla varia (Ara.FBt.Opp) C Vicia hirsuta (MoA.FB.Sea.Opp) C Rubus fruticosus agg. (OFEpa.US) B1 B2 S Silene vulgaris (Ara.Fvl.Opp) C Anthriscus cerefolium ssp. trichosperma (Ar.GA) C Stellaria media (ChS.OFSpu) C Chelidonium majus (Che,Ar, GA,Epa) C Ajugagenevensis (Ara.FBt.Opp) C Hypericum perforatum (NC.FB, Opp.PP) C 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A-D K % + + 4 + + 4 - + 4 + + + 8 + + 4 + + 4 - + 4 + + + + 1 + + + + 1 + + + 1 1 + + + + 1 + + + +-1 V 96 + + + + 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 IV 76 + + + + + 1 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + 2 1 1 + +-2 V 84 + + 4 - + 4 + + + + + + 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -1 V 92 + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + -2 IV 76 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 68 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 64 + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 1 -1 I I 60 + + + + + + + + + + + + + I I 52 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I I 52 + + 4 + + + + + + + + + + + + I I 44 + + + + + + + + + + + + I I 44 + + + + + + + + + + + I I 44 + + + + + + + + + + + 40 + + + + + + + + 28 + + + + + + 20 + + + + + 16 + + + + + 16 Oniithogalum umbellatum (AraFBt.Sea) Sambtictis nigra (Epa, US, OF) Cruciata laevipes (Arn,Fru,Ar,GU,Opp) Agrimonia eupatoria (FBt.Opp) Carexflacca (Mag,MoJ.ArnFBt.Opp) Lotus corniculatus (MoAFB.ChS.Opp) Prunella vulgaris (Pte.MoA.ChS.OF) Serratula tinctoria (MoA.MoJ,0rp,0pp,PQ) Adventiva (incl. Culta, Subspontanea et Indigena) Stenactis annua C B1 B2 S C C C C C C 12 4 12 12 8 4 4 4 4 4 fO os Location: 1-3: Hosszuhetény „Takanyö Hill"; 4-5; Hosszuhetény „Unnamed hill next to Röka Hill"; 6-7: Hosszuhetény „Unnamed hill (501 m) below Kisüjbänya"; 8-12: Hosszuhetény „Harmas Hill"; 13-14: Hosszuhetény „Paraszik Hill"; 15-16: Hosszuhetény „Zengö"; 17-20: Pécsvârad„Zengô"; 21-23: Pécsvârad „Somos"; 24-25: Mecseknâdasd „Réka Castle". Type of baseroc: 1-5,21-23: limestone; 6-7: limestone rich in silica; 8-20,24-25: sandstone. Soil type: 1-7,21-23: rendzina; 8-20,24-25: forest soil with rubble. Author: 1-25: Kevey (ined.). Abbreviations: Al: upper canopy, A2: lower canopy, AbP: Abieti-Piceea, AF: Aremonio-Fagion, AFe: Asplenio-Festucion pallentis, Agi: Alnenion glutinosae-incanae, Ai: Alnion incanae, Alo: Alopecurion pratensis, AQ: Aceri tatarico-Quercion, Ar: Artemisietea, Ara:, Arrhenatheretea, Arn: Arrhenatherion elatioris, Ate: Alnetea glutinosae, Bl: shrub layer B2: saplings, Bia: Bidentetea, Bra: Brometalia erecti, BrF: Bromo-Festucion pallentis, C: herb layer, Cal: Calystegion sepium, Cau: Caucalidion platycarpos, Che: Chenopodietea, ChS: Chenopodio-Scleranthea, Cp: Carpinenion betuli, CU: Calluno-Ulicetea, CyF: Cynodonto-Festucenion, ECp: Erythronio-Carpinenion betuli, EP: Erico-Pinetea, Epa: Epilobietea angustifolii, Epn: Epilobion angustifolii, EuF: Eu-Fagenion, F: Fagetalia sylvaticae, FB: Festuco-Bromea, FBt: Festuco-Brometea, FiC: Filipendulo-Cirsion oleracei, FPe: Festuco-Puccinellietea, Fru: Festucion rupicolae, Fvg: Festucetea vaginatae, Fvl: Festucetalia valesiacae, CA: Galio-Alliarion, GU: Galio-Urticetea, ined.: ineditum (unpublished communication), Mag: Magnocaricetalia, Moa: Molinietalia coeruleae, MoA: Molinio-Arrhenatherea, MoJ: Molinio-Juncetea, NC: Nardo-Callunetea, OCa: Orno-Cotinetalia, OCn: Orno-Cotinion, Pa: Populion albae, Pia: Plantaginetea, PP: Pulsatillo-Pinetea, PQ: Pino-Quercetalia, Pru: Prunetalia spinosae, Pte: Phragmitetea, Qc: Quercetalia cerris, QF: Querco-Fagetea, Qfa: Quercion farnetto, Qp: Quercion petraeae, Qpp: Querceteapubescentis-petraeae, Qr: Quercetalia roboris, Qrp: Quercion robori-petraeae, S: summa (sum), Sal: Salicion albae, Sea: Secalietea, Spu: Salicetea purpureae, TA: Tilio platyphyllae-Acerenion pseudoplatani, Ulm: Ulmenion, US: Urtico-Sambucetea, VP: Vaccinio-Piceetea. Table 2 (Tabela 2): Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Number of sample plot 3487 3488 3489 4490 4491 4492 4488 4489 4493 4494 4496 4499 4500 6601 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 Year of first sampling 2003 2003 2003 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Month and day of first sampling 03.21 03.21 03.21 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 03.12 Year of second sampling 2003 2003 2003 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Month and day of second sampling 06.13 06.13 06.13 06.13 06.13 06.13 06.13 06.13 06.14 06.14 06.17 06.14 06.14 06.14 06.11 06.11 06.11 06.11 06.15 06.15 Altitude above sea level (m) 320 330 325 315 320 325 310 315 355 350 380 375 380 350 330 325 350 340 355 335 Exposition SW S SE SW SW S SW W SE SW W S S SE W W W W W W Slope inclination in degrees 5 3 3 5 5 3 15 5 3 15 5 5 3 10 15 15 15 15 15 15 Cover of upper canopy layer (%) 80 80 75 75 80 70 70 75 50 60 60 50 60 60 65 50 70 70 70 65 Cover of lower canopy layer (%) 25 20 20 20 15 20 40 35 60 30 35 60 50 50 30 40 30 25 40 40 Cover of shrub layer (%) 70 70 60 40 60 30 60 60 40 80 70 50 70 50 60 60 50 60 40 65 Cover of saplings (%) 10 10 40 30 35 20 15 40 5 25 10 15 15 20 20 15 15 20 10 25 Cover of understorey (%) 60 50 40 70 40 70 65 40 40 30 30 30 70 40 60 60 50 60 60 60 Height of upper canopy layer (m) 18 18 17 13 17 16 16 17 15 15 14 16 16 17 13 13 15 15 17 14 Height of lower canopy layer (m) 12 13 12 8 12 12 10 10 12 10 10 12 10 12 8 8 10 10 12 10 Height of shrub layer (m) 2,5 2,5 3 2 2 1,5 2,5 2,5 2,5 3 3 2,5 3 3 3,5 3 2,5 3 2,5 2,5 Mean trunk diameter (cm) 35 35 30 30 35 30 35 40 45 35 45 40 45 40 35 35 35 35 35 30 Area of sample plot (nr) 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 fO Salicion albae Agropyron caninum (Ulm, Opp) Alnetea glutinosae (incL Alnetalia glutinosae) Diyopteris cartlmsiana (F, Agi, Or, VP) Querco-Fagetea A-D K % + I 5 Acer campestre (Opp) A2 1 + + + 1 + + +-1 II 35 B1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 V 90 B2 + + 1 + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 V 100 S 2 + 1 1 1 + 2 + + + + + + 1 + 1 + + + + +-2 V 100 Bracliypodium sylvaticum (Opp) C + + + 1 + 2 + + 1 1 1 1 + 1 + + + 1 + 1 +-2 V 100 Crataegus monogyna (Opp) B1 2 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 + 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 + 1 1 2 +-2 V 100 B2 + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 V 100 S 2 1 1 1 + 2 1 1 + 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 + 1 1 2 +-2 V 100 Dactylis polygama (Opp, Cp) C + + + + + 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + +-1 V 100 Ligustrum vulgare (Cp, Opp) B1 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 + 1 + + 1 + + + + 2 1 1 +-3 V 95 B2 1 1 2 2 S 3 2 3 3 Symphytum tuberosum ssp. angiistifolium (F, Cp, Opp) C + + + + Viola alba (Opp) C 1 1 + + Rhanmus catharticus (Opp, Pru) B1 + + B2 + S + + + Melittis carpatica (Cp, Opp, Qc) C + + + Campanula rapunculoides (Opp, Epa) C 2 2 Clematis vi ta Iba (Opp) A2 + B1 B2 + + S Campanula persicifolia (Opp) C + + Clinopodium vulgare (Opp) C + Fragaria vesca (Opp, Epa) C + + + + Bromus ramosus agg. (Opp) C + + Convallaria majalis (Qpp) C+ + . Melampyrum nemorosum (Cp, Opp) C ... . Melica uniflora (Cp, Opp) C+ + . Cornus sanguinea (Opp) B1 2 1 2 B2 + + 2 + S 2 1 3 Geum urbanimi (Epa. C p. Opp) C + + + + Poa nemoralis (Opp) C + Stellaria holostea (F, C p) C 1 + Carex pairae (Opp. Epa) C + + + Hieracium sabaudum agg. (Or, Opp, AbP) C ... . Cephakmthera damasonium (Opp) C ... + Euonymus europaea (Opp) B1 + B2 + + + + S Veronica chamaedrys (Opp. Ara) C + Veronica hederifolia (Sea) C + + + + Epipactis helleborine agg. (F) C ... . Galium schultesii (Cp. Opp) C ... . Polygonatum multiflorum (F) C ... . 2 2 1 2 + 2 1 1 2 2 + 1 1 2 + 2 +-2 V 100 4 3 2 2 + 2 1 1 2 2 + 1 1 3 1 2 +-4 V 100 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + +-1 V 100 + 1 + 1 + + 1 1 2 1 + + 1 1 + 1 +-2 v 100 + + + + + + + II 40 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 80 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + v 90 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + v 85 1 + 1 + + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 1 +-2 IV 80 + + 10 + + + + 15 + + + + + + + + + + + IV 65 + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 80 + + + + + + + + + + 1 + +-1 IV 70 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + IV 70 + + + + + + + + + + IV 65 + + + + + + + + + + + III 60 + 1 1 + + 1 + 1 + + +-1 III 60 1 1 1 + + 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 +-2 III 60 2 2 + + 1 + 1 1 + 2 +-2 III 60 + + + + 1 +-2 40 + + + + + + + +-2 III 55 + + + + + + 1 +-3 III 55 + + + + + + + + III 55 + + + + + + + + + + + III 55 + + 1 1 + + + + + +-1 III 55 + + + + + + + + III 50 + + + + + + + + + + III 45 + + + + + + + + II 40 + 5 + + + + + II 40 + + + + + II 40 + + + + + + + + II 40 + + + + + II 40 + + + + + + + + II 35 + + + + + + + + II 35 + + + + + + + + II 35 Quercus petraea agg. (Cp, PO, Opp) A1 B1 B2 S Ajuga reptans (Opp, MoA) C Neottia nidus-avis (F, Opp) C Ulmus minor (Ai, Ulm, Opp) A1 1 A2 1 B1 + B2 + S 2 Viola cyanea (Opp) C 2 Corylus a\>ellana (Opp) B1 + Crataegus oxyacantha B1 + B2 + + S + + Stapliylea pinnata (Cp, TA) B2 Campanula trachelium (Epa, Cp) C Lorantlms europaeus (Cp, Opp) A1 Polygonatum latifolium (Opp) C + Sedum maximum (FB. TA, Opp) C Tilia cordata (Cp, Opp) A1 A2 + B1 B2 + S + Cruciata glabra C + Geranium robertianum (Epa, F) C + Fallopia dumetomm (Opp, GA) C + Mycelis muralis C + Carex divulsa C + Ficaria verna (Ai) C Fraxinus excelsior (Opp, TA, Ai) B1 Lactuca quercina ssp. quercina (Opp) C + Piatanthera bifolia (Opp, PO, NC, Moa) C Fagetalia sylvaticae 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 A-D K % 1 1 1 +-1 20 + + 10 + + + + 20 1 1 + + 1 + +-1 I 35 + + I 30 + I 30 1 5 1 5 + + + + I 25 + + 15 + + + +-2 I 30 + +-2 I 30 + + I 25 + 10 + 15 + I 25 + I 25 + 20 + + 20 + + 20 + + + 20 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 20 + 15 + 15 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 Hepatica nobilis C Carpinus betulus (Cp) A2 B1 B2 Glechoma hirsute! (Cp) C Hedera helix A1 B2 Carex digitata (Cp) C Cerasus avium (Cp) B2 Primula vulgaris (AF) C Acerplatanoides (TA) B1 B2 Lathyrus vermis C Knautia diymeia (Cp) C Lilium martagon (OF, Opp) C Vit/ca minor (Cp) C Viola sylvestris C Mercurialis perennis C Pulmonaria officinalis C Arum maculatum C Carex sylvatica C Coiydalis cava C Deti tari a bulbifera (EuF) C Euphorbia amygdaloides C Festuca diymeia (PO) C Galium odoraturu C Ulmus glabra (TA) B2 Aremonio-Fagion Helleboms odoms (OF, Ofa) C Tamus communis (Ofa) B1 Rosa an'ensis (Cp, Ofa) B1 B2 + IV 65 + 15 + 30 + I I 50 1 I I 60 1 I I 50 + 5 + I I 45 + I I 45 + 40 + 35 + 25 + 5 + 15 + 20 + 20 + 15 + 15 1 15 + 15 + 10 1 10 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 11111111 1 2 1 2 V 100 II 40 V 100 V 100 I 5 V 95 Hacquetia 6/1 • 2006, 5-59 + CN CN + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CNCN + + + + + CNCN + + CN + + + CN + CN ^ + + CO CN + + LO CO + + ^tCNT— + LO T—T—CN + CN+ + CN + + + CNCNCN CN+CNT—CNCNCNT—C0CNCNCN+ + CO+ + + CN + CN + CNCNCOT—^CNCO CN + CN + CNCNCOT—^CNCO CO+CO+ CNCNT—CO CO + CO + CNCOCNCNLO CN + CN + CNCOCN + CO + +CO T + T^T + + + + + +T- + + +CO + +CN + + +CNT- + +CN + + +CN + CO + COT—CO CN+CN + CO CN COCNT—^t + CO CN ^ + + CNCOT— + + CO + +CO+ + + + CO+ + + CO+CNCNCO ^t+COCN++^t+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +CN CN+CN + ^tCNT—LO + CO + + + CO COCOT—LOT—CO CO + CO + T—C0CNT—^tCN^t + CO+ + + + + + + + +CN + + + + CN + + + + +^CN++LO+ + + + + + CNt—CN CO+CO CO^tCN CN +CNT—^tCN + LO+ + + + LO+ + + + CN +CN + + + CN^tCN + CNCO^tCN + LO + + LO+ + + + LO+ + + + + + + + + + T—CN T—CN T—CNT—CN COCÛCÛCOOO CÛCÛCOO< ^ 3 ^ S a s S u s H J! •ž '3 * I ^ CO + + ■S s S ^ ■iS 'S S £ ■e a a « s K & § a S CM + + CN + LO + CO + + CN + + + + + CO+CN CN • CN CN+CN CN+CN+CN CO+CO+CO + CN • CN CO+CO+CO + LO+CO LO CO+CO + + + + + + + -T-+-T- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <II are shown. Tabela 5: Sintetska fitocenološka tabela obravnavanih gozdnih asociacij, prikazane so vrste z K>II. Paeon.-Q. Tamo-Q. Potent-Q. Tilio-Fr. A-D K % A-D K % A-D K % A-D K % Querco-Fagetea Acer campestre (Qpp) +-3 V 96 +-2 V 100 +-2 V 100 +-2 V 100 Ajuga reptans (Qpp, MoA) + II 32 + II 30 + III 60 + II 30 Brachypodium sylvaticum (Qpp) +-1 V 88 +-2 V 100 +-1 V 100 + IV 70 Bromus ramosus agg. (Qpp) + IV 64 + III 60 +-1 IV 80 + II 40 Campanula persicifolia (Qpp) + IV 80 +-1 IV 70 + IV 75 + I 20 Campanula rapunculoides (Qpp, Epa) +-2 V 100 +-2 IV 80 +-2 IV 80 +-1 V 95 Carex divulsa + I 12 + I 5 + III 50 + III 55 Carex pairae (Qpp, Epa) + V 88 + III 50 + II 25 + I 20 Clematis vitalba (Qpp) +-1 V 84 + IV 80 + IV 75 +-1 II 35 Clinopodium vulgare (Qpp) + V 88 + IV 70 + V 90 + II 25 Convallaria majalis (Qpp) + II 24 +-1 III 60 + I 10 Cornus sanguinea (Qpp) 3 I 4 +-3 III 55 +-2 II 30 + I 5 Corylus avellana (Qpp) + I 8 + II 25 + I 5 +-1 III 50 Crataegus monogyna (Qpp) +-3 V 92 +-2 V 100 +-2 V 100 +-2 V 90 Dactylis polygama (Qpp, Cp) +-2 V 100 +-1 V 100 +-2 V 95 + IV 65 Euonymus europaea (Qpp) + III 48 + II 40 + I 15 + III 55 Fallopia dumetorum (Qpp, GA) +-2 V 96 + I 10 + V 85 +-1 V 100 Ficaria verna (Ai) +-1 IV 76 + I 5 +-1 IV 75 +-2 V 100 Fragaria vesca (Qpp, Epa) + IV 64 + IV 65 + IV 65 + II 30 Fraxinus excelsior (Qpp, TA, Ai) + I 12 + I 5 +-5 III 55 Galeopsis pubescens (Qpp, Epa) + III 56 + I 5 + I 15 Galium schultesii (Cp, Qpp) +-1 III 44 + II 35 +-2 V 90 + II 25 Geranium robertianum (Epa, F) +-1 V 84 + I 15 + II 30 +-1 V 100 Geum urbanum (Epa, Cp, Qpp) + V 100 + III 55 + V 85 + V 85 Hieracium sabaudum agg. (Qr, Qpp, AbP) + II 28 + III 45 + IV 70 + I 10 Lapsana communis (GA, Epa) +-1 V 92 + III 45 + IV 80 Ligustrum vulgare (Cp, Qpp) +-2 IV 80 +-4 V 100 +-4 V 100 +-1 I 20 Melampyrum nemorosum (Cp, Qpp) +-2 III 60 + I 10 + I 15 Melica uniflora (Cp, Qpp) +-4 V 100 +-2 III 60 +-4 V 100 +-2 V 100 Melittis carpatica (Cp, Qpp, Qc) + III 44 + V 85 + III 55 + I 20 Mycelis muralis + I 8 + I 10 + III 55 + IV 70 Poa nemoralis (Qpp) +-2 V 92 + III 55 +-2 IV 80 + IV 65 Polygonatum multiflorum (F) + III 48 + II 35 + IV 70 + IV 75 Quercus petraea agg. (Cp, PQ, Qpp) +-4 V 96 +-1 II 35 1-5 V 100 +-2 V 85 Rhamnus catharticus (Qpp, Pru) + I 8 + V 90 + I 15 Sedum maximum (FB, TA, Qpp) + IV 64 + I 20 + II 25 + II 30 Staphylea pinnata (Cp, TA) +-1 I 20 + II 25 + I 5 +-2 IV 80 Stellaria holostea (F, Cp) +-1 V 92 +-1 III 55 +-1 IV 75 +-1 V 100 Symphytum tuberosum ssp. angustifolium (F, Cp, Qpp) + IV 68 +-1 V 100 + V 85 + III 55 Veronica chamaedrys (Qpp, Ara) + IV 64 + II 40 + III 55 + II 35 Veronica hederifolia (Sea) +-1 V 92 + II 40 +-1 IV 75 +-1 V 95 Viola alba (Qpp) + IV 76 +-2 V 100 + V 95 + III 45 51 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 51 12.6.2007 8:43:09 Viola odorata Fagetalia sylvaticae Acerplatanoides (TA) Acerpseudo-platanus (TA) Aconitum vulparia Anemone ranunculoides Arum maculatum Cardamine impatiens Carex pilosa (Cp) Carpinus betulus (Cp) Cerasus avium (Cp) Corydalis cava Corydalis pumila (Cp, Qpp) Dentaria bulbifera (EuF) Dentaria enneaphyllos (EuF) Dryopteris filix-mas Euphorbia amygdaloides Fagus sylvatica (EuF) Festuca drymeia (PQ) Gagea lutea (Ai, Cp) Galanthus nivalis Galeobdolon luteum Galium odoratum Glechoma hirsuta (Cp) Hedera helix Hepatica nobilis Isopyrum thalictroides Lathyrus vernus Lilium martagon (QF, Qpp) Mercurialis perennis Moehringia trinervia Omphalodes scorpioides (TA) Pulmonaria officinalis Rubus hirtus (Epa, US) Scrophularia vernalis (GA) Tilia platyphyllos (TA, Qpp) Ulmus glabra (TA) Viola sylvestris Tilio platyphyllae-Acerenion pseudoplatani Hesperis matronalis ssp. candida (Ai) Aremonio-Fagion Asperula taurina (Cp) Helleborus odorus (QF, Qfa) Lathyrus venetus (Cp) Lonicera caprifolium (OCa) Luzula forsteri (Qfa,, ECp) Hacquetia 6/1 • 2006, 5-59 Paeon.-Q. Tamo-Q. Potent.-Q. Tilio-Fr. A-D K % A-D K % A-D K % A-D K % +-2 II 36 +-1 IV 70 + III 44 + I 20 + II 35 +-2 V 90 + 16 + I 5 +-2 V 100 + 4 +-2 III 60 + III 56 + I 10 +-1 V 95 + V 84 + I 5 + II 25 + V 100 +-1 II 32 + I 20 +-1 V 85 + I 4 +-2 V 85 + III 45 +-1 IV 68 +-1 III 60 +-1 V 95 +-4 V 100 + II 24 + II 35 + IV 65 +-1 IV 65 +-1 III 52 + I 5 1 I 5 +-3 V 100 +-1 I 16 1 I 5 +-1 III 50 +-1 II 40 + I 5 +-1 IV 75 +-1 V 90 +-4 IV 75 + IV 70 + II 36 + I 5 +-1 IV 70 + V 85 + II 24 +-1 II 40 +-4 V 100 + I 8 + I 5 +-4 III 60 + II 30 + I 16 + I 5 +-1 V 90 + IV 70 + I 15 +-3 V 95 + I 20 + I 5 +-1 IV 80 +-1 V 100 +-2 IV 64 +-1 III 50 +-2 IV 75 +-1 III 55 + II 32 + III 45 +-1 IV 65 +-1 IV 80 + I 20 + IV 65 + III 50 + IV 75 + IV 65 + II 32 + I 20 +-1 IV 75 + V 85 + II 24 + I 15 + I 10 + III 55 + III 44 + I 10 + II 30 +-3 V 95 + II 28 + I 15 +-1 V 90 +-1 III 45 + II 24 +-1 I 10 + II 25 + III 60 +-2 I 16 +-1 III 55 + II 35 + I 4 +-2 V 85 2 I 5 +-3 IV 80 +-1 II 32 + I 5 + I 10 +-3 V 85 + I 12 + I 15 + III 55 + IV 75 + I 4 +-1 I 10 + II 32 + I 15 +-1 IV 75 +-2 V 100 +-1 V 100 +-2 V 100 +-2 V 100 +-1 I 16 +-1 III 45 + I 20 +-2 III 50 + I 8 + II 25 + III 60 56 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 56 12.6.2007 8:43:14 Baläzs Kevey: A new Forest Association in Hungary: Thermophilous Dry Oakwood on Rubble Rosa arvensis (Cp, Qfa) Ruscus aculeatus (Qfa) Ruscus hypoglossum (EuF) Tamus communis (Qfa) Quercion robori-petraeae Lysimachia punctata (Qp, Epa, Epa) Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae Acer tataricum (OCn, AQ) Arabis turrita (TA) Astragalus glycyphyllos Betonica officinalis (MoA) Calamintha menthifolia ssp. sylvatica Carex michelii Cornus mas (TA, OCn, Qc) Dictamnus albus (Fvl) Euonymus verrucosa (Pru) Euphorbia epithymoides Festuca heterophylla (Qrp, Qp) Fraxinus ornus (OCa) Inula conyza Iris graminea (Bra) Iris variegata (Fvl) Laser trilobum Laserpitium latifolium (Fvl) Lathyrus niger (Qc) Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum (OCn, AQ) Mercurialis ovata Peucedanum cervaria (Fvl) Polygonatum odoratum (Fvl) Prunus spinosa (Pru, Pru) Pulmonaria mollis Pyrus pyraster (Cp) Quercus cerris (Qr, PQ) Quercus pubescens Rosa canina agg. (Pru, Pru) Silene nutans Silene viridiflora Sorbus domestica Sorbus torminalis (QF) Teucrium chamaedrys (FBt, EP) Verbascum austriacum (Fvl) Viburnum lantana (QF) Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Fvl) Quercion farnetto Genista ovata ssp. nervata (AF, Qrp, PQ) Paeonia banatica Paeon.-Q. Tamo-Q. Potent.-Q. Tilio-Fr. A-D K % A-D K % A-D K % A-D K % +-2 V 92 +-1 V 95 +-2 V 100 + IV 80 + II 28 + I 15 +-1 IV 70 +-2 IV 65 + II 25 + III 60 +-2 V 100 +-2 V 100 + IV 75 + III 55 + II 28 + III 50 + V 90 1 I 5 + II 32 + IV 65 + IV 64 + II 35 + IV 75 + I 5 + I 4 + III 45 + I 5 + IV 72 + III 55 + III 45 + I 8 +-2 V 90 +-3 V 96 +-4 V 100 +-2 III 60 +-3 IV 75 +-1 V 100 + II 28 +-1 V 90 + I 5 +-1 II 40 + III 45 + I 10 + I 5 +-1 III 48 +-1 IV 70 +-2 V 85 + I 15 1-5 V 100 +-5 V 100 +-3 V 100 1-5 IV 80 + III 60 + II 40 + I 15 + I 10 + I 4 + IV 80 + I 5 +-1 III 45 +-2 III 56 + II 25 + I 5 + I 5 + III 56 + III 52 +-1 V 85 +-1 V 95 + I 10 +-2 V 100 +-3 V 100 +-1 IV 70 + III 55 +-1 III 50 + I 5 + III 55 + I 20 + II 36 +-2 III 50 + I 5 + IV 64 +-2 V 85 + V 90 + II 25 +-1 IV 75 +-2 V 96 +-1 V 95 +-1 V 100 +-2 IV 75 1-4 V 100 +-3 V 95 +-4 V 100 +-1 III 60 1-2 I 20 2-5 V 100 +-1 IV 64 + IV 75 + III 60 + I 5 + III 45 + I 5 + IV 68 + I 10 + IV 70 + I 12 + III 50 + I 15 +-2 III 60 +-1 V 95 +-2 V 95 +-1 II 30 + III 44 + V 85 + IV 80 + I 5 +-2 V 100 +-2 I 10 +-3 V 84 + V 95 + IV 65 + II 40 + I 16 + I 15 + III 60 +-2 V 92 +-1 V 100 + I 5 + I 10 53 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 51 12.6.2007 8:43:09 Hacquetia 6/1 • 2006, 5-59 Paeon.-Q. A-D K % Tamo-Q. A-D K % Potent.-Q. A-D K % Tilio-Fr. A-D K % Potentilla micrantha (Qp) + IV 72 + I 5 + V 100 + III 50 Tilia tomentosa (AF) +-3 V 84 +-2 V 100 +-4 V 95 +-3 V 90 Quercetalia cerris Chamaecytisus supinus (Qrp, PQ) + 8 + III 60 + II 25 Chrysanthemum corymbosum (Fvl) + V 88 + V 90 +-1 IV 70 + I 5 Muscari botryoides (Cp) + III 48 + V 85 + I 5 Molinio-Arrhenatherea Poa pratensis (Qpp) + 12 + III 45 Festuco-Brometea Anthericum ramosum (Qpp) + II 40 +-1 III 55 + I 10 Brachypodium pinnatum (Bra, Qpp) +-3 III 60 +-4 V 95 +-1 I 20 Filipendula vulgaris (Qpp) + III 55 Geranium sanguineum (Qpp) + I 4 + III 50 Festucetalia valesiacae Erysimum odoratum (Qpp) + II 32 + III 55 + I 5 Galio-Alliarion Alliaria petiolata (Epa) +-1 V 96 + II 35 + III 55 +-1 V 100 Chaerophyllum temulum +-1 IV 76 + III 45 +-1 IV 80 Calystegion sepium Lamium maculatum (Pa, Agi, F, TA, Qpp) +-2 V 84 + I 20 +-2 V 100 Indifferens Chelidonium majus (Che, Ar, GA, Epa) + I 20 +-1 IV 70 Coronilla varia (Ara, FBt, Qpp) + III 52 + I 20 + I 15 + I 5 Euphorbia cyparissias (FB, ChS, Epa, Qpp) +-2 IV 76 + IV 65 + II 30 + I 20 Galium aparine (Sea, Epa, QF) +-1 V 92 + II 30 +-1 III 60 + II 40 Galium mollugo (MoA, FBt, Qrp, Qpp) + IV 68 +-1 V 95 + IV 65 + II 25 Rubus fruticosus agg. (QF, Epa, US) + III 44 + I 10 + II 25 Sambucus nigra (Epa, US, QF) + I 12 + I 5 + I 5 +-3 V 85 Serratula tinctoria (MoA, MoJ, Qrp, Qpp, PQ) + I 4 +-1 IV 65 + I 5 Silene vulgaris (Ara, Fvl, Qpp) + III 44 + II 35 + I 5 Torilis japonica (Ar, GA, Epa, QF) + IV 64 + I 5 + III 55 + III 45 Urtica dioica (Ar, GA, Epa, Spu) +-1 III 60 + I 10 +-1 III 45 Vicia hirsuta (MoA, FB, Sea, Qpp) + III 52 + I 5 Paeon. -Q. : Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis Tamo-Q. : Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae Potent. -Q. : Potentillo micrantae-Quercetum dalechampii Tilio-Fr. : Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni For explanation of abbreviations see table 1. 56 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 56 12.6.2007 8:43:14 Baläzs Kevey: A new Forest Association in Hungary: Thermophilous Dry Oakwood on Rubble ... Table 6: Number of differential species in the studied associations. Tabela 6: Število razlikovalnih vrst v obravnavanih asociacijah. Paeon.-Q. Tamo-Q. Potent.-Q. Tilio-Fr. Paeon.-Q. - 48 33 48 Tamo-Q. 38 - 44 75 Potent.-Q. 25 35 - 30 Tilio-Fr. 47 69 40 - Paeon.-Q.: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis Tamo-Q.: Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae Potent.-Q.: Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii Tilio-Fr.: Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni Table 7: Percentage of characteristic species of different syntaxa based on K %. Tabela 7: Odstotek značilnih vrst različnih sintaksonov na osnovi K %. Paeon. -Q. Tamo-Q. Potent.-Q. Tilio-Fr. QUERCO-FAGEA 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 SALICETEA PURPUREAE (incl. Salicetalia purpureae) 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,1 Salicion albae 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,1 Populion albae 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,2 SALICETEA PURPUREAE összesen 0,6 0,0 0,1 0,4 QUERCO-FAGETEA 16,7 15,3 18,6 15,4 Fagetalia sylvaticae 10,7 6,0 15,0 30,9 Alnion incanae 0,9 0,2 0,8 2,0 Alnenion glutinosae-incanae 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,4 Ulmenion 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,1 Alnion incanae összesen 1,3 0,3 0,8 2,5 Fagion sylvaticae 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Eu-Fagenion 0,4 0,0 1,0 2,1 Carpinenion betuli 5,9 6,2 7,9 7,1 Tilio platyphyllae-Acerenion pseudoplatani 1,7 0,7 0,8 4,6 Fagion sylvaticae összesen 8,0 6,9 9,7 13,8 Aremonio-Fagion 2,9 2,9 4,0 3,4 Erythronio-Carpinenion betuli 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,0 Aremonio-Fagion összesen 2,9 3,0 4,2 3,4 Fagetalia sylvaticae összesen 22,9 16,2 29,7 50,6 Quercetalia roboris 0,6 0,7 0,9 0,5 Deschampsio flexuosae-Fagion 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Gentiano asclepiadeae-Fagenion 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,0 Deschampsio flexuosae-Fagion összesen 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,0 Quercion robori-petraeae 0,6 1,2 1,3 0,1 Quercetalia roboris összesen 1,2 2,0 2,4 0,6 QUERCO-FAGETEA összesen 40,8 33,5 50,7 66,6 QUERCETEA PUBESCENTIS-PETRAEAE 25,7 35,4 23,3 13,2 Orno-Cotinetalia 0,6 1,0 0,7 0,5 Orno-Cotinion 0,9 1,7 0,6 0,5 59 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 59 12.6.2007 8:43:16 Hacquetia 6/1 • 2006, 5-59 Paeon. -Q. Tamo-Q. Potent.-Q. Tilio-I Quercion farnetto 3,9 3,7 4,1 2,6 Orno-Cotinetalia összesen 5,4 6,4 5,4 3,6 Quercetalia cerris 2,3 2,9 1,9 0,4 Quercion petraeae 0,8 0,5 1,3 0,4 Aceri tatarico-Quercion 0,7 0,9 0,4 0,3 Quercetalia cerris összesen 3,8 4,3 3,6 1,1 Prunetalia spinosae 1,4 2,4 1,7 0,5 QUERCETEA PUBESCENTIS-PETRAEAE összesen 36,3 48,5 34,0 18,4 QUERCO-FAGEA összesen 77,7 82,0 84,8 85,4 ABIETI-PICEEA 0,1 0,1 0,3 0,0 ERICO-PINETEA (incl. Erico-Pinetalia et Erico-Pinion) 0,2 0,4 0,0 0,0 PULSATILLO-PINETEA (incl. Pulsatillo-Pinetalia et Festuco vaginatae-Pinion) 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0 VACCINIO-PICEETEA 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,1 Pino-Quercetalia (incl. Pino-Quercion) 0,9 1,4 1,8 0,8 VACCINIO-PICEETEA összesen 0,9 1,4 1,9 0,9 ABIETI-PICEEA összesen 1,3 2,0 2,3 0,9 CYPERO-PHRAGMITEA 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 PHRAGMITETEA 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Magnocaricetalia (incl. Magnocaricion) 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 PHRAGMITETEA összesen 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 CYPERO-PHRAGMITEA összesen 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 MOLINIO-ARRHENATHEREA 0,7 1,3 0,6 0,3 MOLINIO-JUNCETEA 0,0 0,2 0,1 0,0 Molinietalia coeruleae 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 Filipendulo-Cirsion oleracei 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 MOLINIETALIA COERULEAE összesen 0,2 0,0 0,1 0,0 MOLINIO-JUNCETEA összesen 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,0 ARRHENATHERETEA (incl. Arrhenatheretalia) 0,7 0,4 0,4 0,2 Arrhenatherion elatioris 0,0 0,1 0,1 0,0 ARRHENATHERETEA összesen 0,7 0,5 0,5 0,2 NARDO-CALLUNETEA (incl. Nardetalia et Nardo-Agrostion tenuis) 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0 CALLUNO-ULICETEA (incl. Vaccinio-Genistetalia et Calluno-Genistion) 0,0 0,1 0,1 0,1 MOLINIO-ARRHENATHEREA összesen 1,7 2,2 1,5 0,6 FESTUCO-BROMEA 0,6 0,3 0,2 0,2 FESTUCETEA VAGINATAE (incl. Festucetalia vaginatae et Festucion vaginatae) 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 FESTUCO-BROMETEA 1,3 2,7 0,7 0,1 Festucetalia valesiacae 3,0 4,6 1,3 0,4 Bromo-Festucion pallentis 0,1 0,2 0,0 0,1 Asplenio-Festucion pallentis 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,4 Festucion rupicolae 0,2 0,5 0,2 0,0 Festucetalia valesiacae összesen 3,4 5,3 1,5 0,9 Brometalia erecti (incl. Cirsio-Brachypodion) 0,3 1,0 0,1 0,0 FESTUCO-BROMETEA összesen 5,0 9,0 2,3 1,0 FESTUCO-BROMEA összesen 5,6 9,4 2,5 1,2 CHENOPODIO-SCLERANTHEA 0,7 0,2 0,1 0,2 SECALIETEA 1,5 0,5 0,9 0,8 CHENOPODIETEA 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,3 56 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 56 12.6.2007 8:43:14 Baläzs Kevey: A new Forest Association in Hungary: Thermophilous Dry Oakwood on Rubble ... Paeon. -Q. Tamo-Q. Potent.-Q. Tilio-Fr. ARTEMISIETEA (incl. Artemisietalia et Arction lappae) 0,7 0,0 0,2 0,5 GALIO-URTICETEA (incl. Calystegietalia sepium) 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Galio-Alliarion 3,0 0,3 1,9 3,9 Calystegion sepium 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,3 GALIO-URTICETEA összesen 3,2 0,4 2,0 4,2 PLANTAGINETEA (incl. Plantaginetalia majoris) 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII (incl. Epilobietalia) 4,7 1,8 3,5 3,9 Atropion bella-donnae 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,3 EPILOBIETEA ANGUSTIFOLII összesen 4,8 1,8 3,5 4,2 URTICO-SAMBUCETEA (incl. Sambucetalia et Sambuco-Salicion capreae) 0,2 0,0 0,4 0,4 CHENOPODIO-SCLERANTHEA összesen 11,5 2,9 7,1 10,6 INDIFFERENS 2,1 1,1 1,0 1,1 ADVENTIVA (incl. Culta, Subspontanea et Indigena) 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 Paeon.-Q.: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis Tamo-Q.: Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae Potent.-Q.: Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii Tilio-Fr.: Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni Table 8: Proportion of the ecological indicator values of Ellenberg et al. (1991) modified by Borhidi (1993, 1995). Table 8: Delež ekoloških indikatorskih vrednosti po Ellenberg et al. (1991) modificirano po Borhidi (1993, 1995). ecol. indicator association category value Paeon.-Q. Tamo-Q. Potent.-Q. Tilio-Fr. T 1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 T 2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 T 3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 T 4 1,1 0,7 0,3 0,3 T 5 36,1 29,2 37,9 46,7 T 6 37,6 33,7 38,5 35,1 T 7 14,5 22,3 12,4 9,8 T 8 10,3 13,8 9,5 6,1 T 9 0,4 0,2 1,4 2,1 T ass. 6,0 6,2 6,0 5,8 W 1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 W 2 0,9 2,4 0,5 0,1 W 3 11,8 16,9 6,6 4,2 W 4 18,9 30,0 19,0 10,1 W 5 49,3 42,9 57,3 45,5 W 6 12,8 6,3 12,9 31,3 W 7 6,1 1,4 3,6 8,7 W 8 0,2 0,0 0,1 0,0 W 9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 W 10 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 W 11 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 W 12 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 W ass. 4,8 4,4 4,9 5,3 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 59 12.6.2007 8:43:16 59 Hacquetia 6/1 • 2006, 5-59 ecol. indicator association category value Paeon.-Q. Tamo-Q. Potent.-Q. Tilio-Fr. R 1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 R 2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 R 3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 R 4 0,5 0,9 2,1 0,3 R 5 4,0 3,6 5,4 3,5 R 6 32,7 27,5 38,9 35,0 R 7 42,4 35,8 39,2 44,9 R 8 19,6 30,8 14,3 16,1 R 9 0,8 1,3 0,2 0,1 R ass. 6,8 7,0 6,6 6,7 N 1 0,1 1,6 0,5 0,0 N 2 6,8 12,2 5,1 1,7 N 3 14,1 21,2 14,4 6,8 N 4 27,5 33,4 28,1 17,0 N 5 18,7 18,8 25,4 23,2 N 6 10,8 7,4 14,4 15,3 N 7 12,1 3,9 8,2 23,6 N 8 7,0 1,0 3,0 10,4 N 9 2,9 0,5 1,1 2,1 N ass. 4,9 4,0 4,7 5,7 L 1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 L 2 0,4 0,1 1,2 1,3 L 3 4,4 1,8 5,1 15,1 L 4 13,7 9,5 19,9 29,7 L 5 33,3 31,2 36,8 29,9 L 6 26,6 25,8 22,5 17,0 L 7 17,4 25,1 12,3 6,3 L 8 3,7 5,7 2,2 0,5 L 9 0,7 0,7 0,1 0,2 L ass. 5,5 5,8 5,2 4,7 C 1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 C 2 9,4 8,2 11,9 12,9 C 3 26,0 15,7 24,1 27,5 C 4 33,9 37,0 33,7 35,2 C 5 19,8 23,2 21,0 16,1 C 6 6,3 7,0 7,2 5,9 C 7 4,2 5,9 1,7 1,8 C 8 0,4 2,9 0,4 0,6 C 9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 C ass. 4,0 4,3 3,9 3,8 Paeon.-Q.: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis Tamo-Q.: Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae Potent.-Q.: Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii Tilio-Fr.: Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni ass.: mean value of the respective assotiation HQ_6-1_2007.indd 58 12.6.2007 8:43:16 Baläzs Kevey: A new Forest Association in Hungary: Thermophilous Dry Oakwood on Rubble ... Table 9: Percentages of the social behavior types of Borhidi (1993, 1995) based on K %. Table 9: Odstotek funkcionalnih tipov po Borhidi (1993, 1995) na osnovi K %. SBT association category value Paeon.-Q. Tamo-Q. Potent.-Q. Tilio-Fr. S 6 5,5 11,6 7,5 13,6 Su 10 1,2 1,3 0,1 0,1 Sr 8 0,5 0,6 0,9 1,8 C 5 15,3 13,6 19,4 18,7 Cu 9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Cr 7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 G 4 49,9 61,8 53,7 44,2 Gu 8 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 Gr 6 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,3 NP 3 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 DT 2 23,0 9,8 16,3 18,1 W 1 4,2 1,1 2,0 3,0 I -1 0,0 0,1 0,1 0,1 A -1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 RC -2 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,0 AC -3 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 association mean 3,7 4,2 4,0 4,1 Paeon.-Q.: Paeonio banaticae-Quercetum cerridis Tamo-Q.: Tamo-Quercetum virgilianae Potent.-Q.: Potentillo micranthae-Quercetum dalechampii Tilio-Fr.: Tilio tomentosae-Fraxinetum orni S: specialists Su: unique specialists Sr: rare specialists C: competitors Cu: unique competitors Cr: rare competitors G: generalists Gu: unique generalists Gr: rare generalists NP: natural pioneers DT: disturbance tolerants W: weeds I: introduced alien species A: adventives RC: ruderal competitors AC: alien competitors 59 HQ_6-1_2007.indd 59 12.6.2007 8:43:16