Problem-Based Learning in Online Settings  
during COVID-19 
Anna Caroni 
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland 
anna.caroni@fhnw.ch 
Anna Nikoulina 
University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland 
anya.nikoulina@fhnw.ch 
Purpose: Problem-based learning (PBL) provides an appropriate instructional 
strategy to engage a student in active learning, enhance student interest, improve 
retention, and promote problem-solving and critical thinking skills. This study aims 
to report on student and faculty experiences in a problem-based learning course 
consisting of a preparation phase and a reporting phase during the COVID-19 
lockdown and present potential implications for online PBL course design. 
Study design/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted to compare the two 
instructional PBL settings, i.e. face-to-face and online. Descriptive statistics as well 
as a general inductive approach for analysing the qualitative data are used to evaluate 
the results of the survey.  
Findings: The results show that students appreciated the new small group discussion 
format in the online PBL course over the whole class discussion in the face-to-face 
setting and that an online PBL course can help students integrate knowledge and 
promote the deep learning approach. 
Originality/value: The study contributes to PBL research by examining student and 
faculty experiences in a case-based PBL course. A new instructional online PBL 
course design is presented, with the main change in the reporting phase. The study 
shows that the shift from a physical to an online setting has no detectable negative 
impact on the ability of students to achieve set learning goals if the PBL approach is 
slightly modified. 
Keywords: Problem-based learning, online settings, COVID-19 
Introduction 
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a well-established approach to teaching and learning in 
business education, but also other fields such as engineering, medicine, and psychology 
(Hmelo, 1998; De Graaf & Kolmos, 2003; Reynolds, 1997; Smith, 2005). This instructional 
strategy, which includes case-based learning, aims to engage students in active learning, 
enhance interest, improve retention, and promote problem-solving and critical thinking skills 
(Prince, 2004; Savin-Baden, 2007). The focus of PBL is on the integration of knowledge and 
the facilitation of deep learning. By working with case studies, students rely on their 
behavioural, emotional, and cognitive skills to understand literature, draw on previous 
knowledge structures, and find solutions to real problems. As a result, students acquire a more 
in-depth understanding of the material and can reflect on the solutions while gaining cognitive 
and independent-learning skills (McLellan, 2004; Dolmans, Loyens, Marcq, and Gijbels, 2016; 
Beattie, Collins, and Mcinnes, 1997; Furlong et al., 2003; Kahu, 2013).  
In designing the undergraduate business management course, we applied the classic PBL 
approach consisting of a preparation phase with self-study and preparatory assignment and a 
reporting phase in a face-to-face group setting where a lecturer facilitated the discussion. In the 
preparation phase, knowledge was discussed, while in the reporting phase knowledge was 
integrated into a face-to-face group setting (Kirschner & Van Merriënboer, 2008). The course 
also included scaffolds in the form of carefully designed problems and questions, which helped 
International Journal of Management, Knowledge and Learning | ISSN 2232-5697
                    Volume 10 (2021) 21–30 | https://www.doi.org/10.53615/2232-5697.10.21-30
to guide students during the preparation phase and the reporting phase (Ertmer & Glazewski, 
2019). 
Before COVID-19 the course was taught physically in class settings of 15-25 students. 
However, due to government-imposed restrictions and university closure over a considerable 
amount of time, the course had to be converted to an online setting. This required faculty to 
adjust the course design. While the preparation phase of the course remained mostly unchanged, 
major changes were needed to the reporting phase.  
In converting the course from a physical to an online setting, lecturers had concerns as to what 
impact this shift would have on students’ ability to achieve the learning objectives of the course.  
For example, earlier studies point out that online settings are less appropriate for flexible 
“adjusting as you go” approaches (Savin-Baden, 2007). In addition, to develop critical thinking 
and problem-solving skills, PBL requires a high degree of collaboration and interactivity for 
knowledge acquisition, which is more difficult to achieve in the online setting. Faculty's role 
also becomes more visible as online settings require clear communication of expectations and 
deliverables, as otherwise students may get confused and lose motivation with online and 
distance learning (Bocchi, Eastman, and Swift, 2004; Dykman & Davis, 2008). Furthermore, 
lecturers and students had little experience with online teaching and learning before the 
lockdown. 
At the end of the semester, we asked students to complete a survey, where we asked them about 
their overall experience with the PBL course, and also asked for specific feedback on the online 
instruction PBL design. Similarly, faculty feedback was also collected and evaluated. This 
study aims to report on student and faculty experiences concerning a problem-based learning 
course during the COVID-19 lockdown and to present potential implications for online PBL 
course design.  
Literature Review 
Problem-based approaches to learning have a long history. They are one of many instructional 
approaches that situate learning in a meaningful task, such as case-based instruction and project-
based learning (Hmelo-Silver, 2004). PBL can be defined as a student-centred approach to 
learning, which is organised around problems, and which takes place in small groups where the 
lecturer acts as a facilitator (Chung & Chow, 2004). 
PBL is focused, experiential learning organized around the investigation, explanation, and 
resolution of meaningful problems (Barrows, 2000). The problem is the starting point of the 
learning process. The type of problem is dependent on the specific organisation, curriculum, 
and setting. Usually, problems are based on real-life examples or challenges, which have been 
selected and edited to meet educational objectives and criteria (De Graaf & Kolmos, 2003). 
Business and management problems tend to cover strategy, finance, innovation, marketing, and 
current topics such as digitalization and sustainability. The problems have to be carefully 
selected to fit the students' background, expectations, and interests. If these are fulfilled, 
students are more motivated and work much harder with the PBL models rather than with 
traditional teaching methods (Wijnia, Loyens & Derous, 2011). There is a relationship between 
the teaching method and the depth and complexity of the learning, as the student may be 
expected to reach a level of analytically complex comprehension through problem-based work 
that would not be possible in any other setting (Hung, Jonassen, and Liu 2008; Savin-Baden, 
2007). 
In PBL, students work in small collaborative groups and learn what they need to know to solve 
a problem. Notably, the teacher acts as a facilitator to guide student learning through the 
learning cycle in conventional classes. All the approaches emphasize that learners are actively 
Caroni & Nikoulina | Problem-Based Learning in online Settings during COVID-19 22
constructing knowledge in collaborative groups. Furthermore, the roles of the student and 
lecturer are transformed. Students need to take a more active approach to learn, while the 
lecturer is no longer considered to be the main repository of knowledge and instead becomes 
the facilitator of collaborative learning (Kolmos et al., 2008). The lecturer helps to guide the 
learning process through open-ended questioning designed to get students to make their 
thinking visible and to keep all the students involved in the group process (Hmelo-Silver 2004; 
Koschmann, Myers, Feltovich, and Barrows, 1994). The PBL facilitator (a) guides the 
development of higher-order thinking skills by encouraging students to justify their thinking 
and (b) externalizes self-reflection by directing appropriate questions to individuals (Kolmos et 
al., 2008).  
The PBL approach to teaching and learning has a significant number of positive impacts on 
students. For example, Hung et al. (2008) find that PBL learning has a positive impact on the 
abilities of students to apply knowledge and transfer problem-solving skills to real-world 
professional and personal situations. Other researchers find a difference in students' abilities to 
recall knowledge. For example, while studies report no difference in short-term recall and 
retention between PBL and traditional students, long-term recall and retention are better in PBL 
students (Norman & Schmidt, 1992; Dochy, Segers, van den Bossche, and Gijbels, 2003). In 
addition, Hmelo (1998) and Hmelo, Holton, and Kolodner (2000) observe that students' 
problem-solving skills and critical thinking processes changed qualitatively over time. Since 
the ultimate goal of PBL is to educate students to be independent, self-directed and life-long 
learners, it is important not to neglect reasoning and metacognitive processes. For example, 
students learn how to think and learn independently by completing a self-study, and by 
observing the lecturer's problem-solving and critical thinking processes (Hung et al., 2008). 
Graduates of PBL courses rated themselves better prepared professionally than their 
counterparts in terms of interpersonal skills, cooperation skills, problem-solving skills, self-
directed learning, information gathering and professional skills such as running meetings and 
the ability to plan the workload efficiently (Schmidt & van der Molen, 2001; Schmidt, 
Vermeulen, and van der Molen, 2006).  
Online problem-based learning captures the vast array of ways in which PBL can be taught 
synchronously and asynchronously, on campus or at a distance. For example, students can learn 
through web-based materials, including text, simulations, videos, demonstrations and 
resources, chat, whiteboards and environments that have been purpose-built for PBL (Savin-
Baden, 2007). In general, moving courses online requires more than the digitalisation of face-
to-face classes; teaching and learning online require a different approach. The online PBL must 
maintain student focus, which fosters their interest, curiosity, and deep learning (Hill et al. 2004; 
Keeton, 2004). 
Thus, combining PBL and the online setting is complex and poses several challenges (Savin-
Baden, 2007).  First, there is a risk of interfering with some of the original aims of PBL since 
some forms of online PBL tend to focus on solving narrowly defined problems that then fail to 
encourage students to develop problem-solving, cognitive thinking and independent learning 
skills. It is important that cases present complex problems, which require intensive discussions, 
which facilitate the acquisition of higher cognitive skills (Şendağ & Odabaşı, 2009). Secondly, 
online settings may reduce the impact of learning in teams since face-to-face settings allow for 
more natural collaboration than in online environments. Typically, PBL teams comprise 8-10 
participants, while final discussions take place in groups of 25-30 students.  It is expected that 
students work collaboratively to solve problems in PBL, which can be done in real-time or 
asynchronously (Savin-Baden, 2007). PBL also requires a transition from teaching to learning 
and from teacher-centred approaches to learner-centred approaches. Online settings can support 
PBL as they can facilitate personalized learning regardless of time and space boundaries, 
Caroni & Nikoulina | Problem-Based Learning in online Settings during COVID-19 23
making learning more flexible and attractive (Şendağ & Odabaşı, 2009). It is, therefore, 
according to An and Reigeluth (2008) important that the online PBL sustains collaboration and 
interactive group discussions. If this is given, they conclude that a PBL course can have a unique 
motivating effect. The success of online PBL requires in addition that the role of the lecturer as 
a facilitator, guide and discussion moderator be clearly explained at the beginning of the process 
(Donnelly, 2006). 
Method 
A survey was conducted to compare the two instructional PBL settings, i.e. face-to-face and 
online. Both settings were used in the same case-based course allowing for comparability by 
the students and involved faculty. The course took place in the spring semester of 2020, in the 
last semester of the student's bachelor's degree program in business administration. The course 
was taught in German and English. Two classes in German each consisting of 15 students, and 
two classes in English consisting of 20 and once 21 students attended the course. Six different 
case studies were carefully selected by the lecturers and purchased through the Case Centre. 
The topics covered included marketing, finance, strategy, human resource and organizational 
behaviour, management, and sustainability. Due to the COVID-19 lockdown, the course had to 
be converted to an online setting after the first face-to-face case discussion. The survey was 
completed in full by 38 students of both degree programmes. Descriptive statistic as well as a 
general inductive approach for analysing the qualitative data are used to evaluate the results of 
the survey. In addition, the faculty involved in the course shared the experience in a post 
semester workshop and an internal experience report. 
Instructional face-to-face PBL Setting  
We applied a classic PBL approach to the course – a preparation phase with self-study and 
preparatory assignment and a reporting phase in a face-to-face group setting (Kirschner & Van 
Merriënboer, 2008). The same structure was used for all six case studies. The main learning 
objective of the course was that students actively apply, connect, and integrate the knowledge 
they have acquired during their core business administration courses, such as marketing, 
finance, and human resource management. Furthermore, additional themes were also included 
such as sustainability and digitalization. The course aimed to strengthen students' critical 
thinking, problem-solving, independent learning, and team skills. 
In the preparation phase, after examining the respective case individually to gain a deeper 
understanding of the problem, students were able to prepare for the group discussion in self-
selected teams of three to four students. They worked in the same teams throughout the entire 
course. Scaffolds, such as carefully designed problems and questions, were used to guide and 
motivate students (Ertmer & Glazewski, 2019). For example, students were asked to carry out 
a comprehensive analysis of the case by applying models and frameworks acquired in previous 
semesters and to come up with a set of recommendations for a concrete business problem. As 
a final step, teams were asked to submit a five-page written assignment outlining their 
preparatory work, analysis, and recommendations via the learning management system 
MOODLE. 
The reporting phase included face-to-face discussions facilitated by the lecturer. The 
discussions took place in the plenary group setting. Alternative decisions or recommendations 
for implementation were discussed and examined in depth allowing the students to build new 
knowledge. The advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives had to be critically weighed 
up, and all positions in the discussion had to be supported with clear argumentation and 
evidence. The face-to-face plenary discussion lasted for two hours. 
Caroni & Nikoulina | Problem-Based Learning in online Settings during COVID-19 24
The role of the lecturer was clearly defined and explained at the beginning of the course as that 
of a facilitator, guide, and discussion moderator (Donnelly, 2006). A second, supporting 
instructor was part of each plenary discussion. His or her task was to evaluate the quality of 
students' contributions to the discussions. A different lecturer and expert in his or her field 
moderated each of the six case studies. 
The grading policy specified that the preparatory assignment for each case accounts for 30% 
and the grade from the plenary discussion accounts for 70% of the final grade for each case. 
The grade for each case was communicated within a week after the case discussion. The five 
highest-graded cases were consolidated into an overall grade at the end of the course. 
Instructional online PBL Setting  
In the online PBL setting, the grading policy, as well as the preparation phases, remained 
unchanged. However, the reporting phase, which was planned as a face-to-face setting, had to 
be changed to an online setting. Since a plenary discussion with 15 to 21 students is more 
complex to facilitate in an online setting, the class was divided into smaller groups of five to 
six students to facilitate interactivity and to enable all students to contribute in the online setting. 
In turn, we expected to get a higher quality discussion among the participants. Groups for the 
interactive discussion consisted of only one or two members from the different preparation 
groups. Furthermore, the discussion time per discussion group was reduced to 45 minutes.  
The role of the lecturer responsible for the case expanded through the online setting. Besides 
the role of the facilitator, the lecturer also became the “master of ceremony”, communicating 
the start and end times of the discussion times, and informing students of the discussion 
procedure. This was in order to ensure that students knew exactly what was expected of them 
during the discussion, including how to interact in the online setting, which was still new to 
them. The lecturer had to moderate the discussion more actively to keep the discussion going 
(Bocchi et al., 2004; Dykman & Davis, 2008).  
Results 
Regarding learning success, 76% of the students stated that the learning success was “rather 
high” or “high” and 60.5% indicated that they would like to have more PBL in the degree 
programmes (n=23). Among these students, 70% (n=16) wished that casework would then be 
assessed. The main learning objective was that students actively apply, connect, and integrate 
the knowledge. In the inductive qualitative analysis of the open question in the survey, the 
category integration of knowledge was created (see Table 1). This makes up 14.29% of all 
answers. The students stated that they appreciated being able to apply the knowledge they had 
acquired in the previous modules (McLellan, 2004; Dolmans et al., 2016). The experience of 
the lecturers shows that PBL can promote the students' ability in Bloom's taxonomy categories 
"apply, analyse, evaluate" and can clearly foster problem-solving skills as well as critical 
thinking skills (Savin-Baden, 2007).  
89% of respondents indicated in the survey that they found the variety and selection of cases 
enriching. In the inductive qualitative analysis, the category chosen cases were created (see 
Table 1). This accounts for 16.33% of all comments in the open question. The students 
appreciated that the cases handled current topics and had a strong practical orientation. Students 
also valued the variety of topics and fields in the case selection. The faculty highlighted that 
complex and practical oriented problems are key to enable an interactive and intensive 
discussion which reveal the higher cognitive abilities of the students (Şendağ & Odabaşı, 2009). 
The grading policy provided a timely evaluation. Of the 6 cases to be completed, only the 5 
best graded counted towards the overall grade. The lecturers wanted to know whether this 
Caroni & Nikoulina | Problem-Based Learning in online Settings during COVID-19 25
would reduce motivation towards the end of the course. 97% of the students indicated in the 
closed question that they appreciated the timely assessment and 87% reported that it did not 
reduce their motivation towards the end of the semester. The grading policy did not provide 
detailed feedback on each grade. Students expressed the wish that faculty should provide more 
detailed feedback.  The category grading policy made up 22.45% in the qualitative analysis. 
72.73% of the comments in this category are assigned to the sub-category "feedback". In 
addition, regarding constructive alignment, the faculty realized that the preparatory assignment 
should account for more. This is in line with students’ statements in the sub-category 
“weighting” (27.27%).  
Table 1: Categories formed in qualitative analysis (own development, 2020) 
Category (%) Sub-category (% in category) Example 
Online PBL Setting 
(34.69%) 
Flexibility/ Efficiency (23.53%) The 45 minutes were more efficient in my 
opinion. 
Discussions on Webex are much better and more 
pleasant than on-site. 
Interactivity  
(17.65%) 
I thought the small groups were better because 
the discussions were more intensive. 
Small discussion groups 
(58.82%) 
The smaller groups have improved the quality of 
the discussions. 
Grading Policy 
(22.45%) 
Weighting  
(27.27%) 
In general, the paper should be rated more than 
30% in my opinion. 
Feedback  
(72.73%) 
More detailed feedback would have been 
important to me instead of just receiving the 
grade. 
Chosen Cases 
(16.33%) 
Practical orientation 
(37.50%) 
I really enjoyed working on all the cases 
(especially very practically related). 
Variety 
(62.50%) 
The cases were exciting, and it was nice to be 
able to pick up things from different modules. 
Integration of 
knowledge 
(14.29%) 
Applied what learnt 
(57.14%) 
In the module, I was able for the first time to 
properly recognize the connections between the 
methods and models learned in the degree 
programme. 
Learnt a lot in general  
(42.86%) 
I have learned a lot. 
I was able to gain even more knowledge about 
the case. 
Negative experiences 
(12.24%) 
Rhetoric  
(16.67%) 
At the same time, the eloquent ones with little 
preparation got good marks. 
Time-consuming  
(83.33%) 
Working out the case studies sometimes took a 
lot of time, so 5 cases would be optimal. 
The reporting phase contained the main difference between the two instructional PBL settings. 
89% of the students indicated in the survey that they appreciated the small group discussion 
format in the online PBL setting more than the whole class discussion in the face-to-face setting. 
This result was also clearly visible through the qualitative analysis. The category online PBL 
setting, which contains statements on the preference of this setting, made up 34.69%. Most of 
the students highlighted that they preferred the small discussion groups (58.82%). The reasons 
are the improved discussion quality. Students felt that their chances of making an individual 
contribution were higher, that the motivation increased, and they gained more knowledge. The 
preference for smaller discussion groups is consistent with faculty experience. Students know 
that their contributions will be evaluated. Therefore, their focus is on their own contribution. 
The experience of the lecturers shows that the students are more likely to rely on what their 
fellow students have said in small groups which increases the discussion quality. The sub-
division of the members of the preparation groups into different discussion groups minimized 
in addition to the free-rider problem. 17.65% of the students’ statements in this category online 
PBL setting highlighted the high interactivity in the online discussions and 23.53% stressed that 
Caroni & Nikoulina | Problem-Based Learning in online Settings during COVID-19 26
they appreciated the increased flexibility and efficiency of the online setting. The online PBL 
setting had for the faculty the additional advantage that the second lecturer was able to contact 
students who have contributed little in a private chat during the plenary discussion. In this way, 
these students could be further motivated. 
The last category built during the qualitative analysis was negative experiences (12.24%). 
These students considered the course to be too time-consuming and highlighted as a problem 
difference in the ability to express themselves. 
Discussion 
The change from the face-to-face to the online setting affected mostly the reporting phase. The 
plenary discussion was planned in class and had to be switched to smaller discussion groups 
consisting of five to six students. This main change was highly appreciated by the students. 
This could indicate that the case discussions should be also in a face-to-face setting done in 
small discussion groups. 
Students and faculty reported that the discussion in small groups resulted in a higher discussion 
quality. The setting increased the students’ motivation. This is in line with An and Reigeluth 
(2008) who stated that if the online PBL sustains collaboration and interactive group discussion, 
an online PBL course can have a unique motivating effect. Hence, online settings can support 
PBL as they can facilitate personalized learning regardless of time and space boundaries, 
making learning more flexible and attractive (Şendağ & Odabaşı, 2009). The increased 
flexibility but also the increased efficiency, since the discussion time was reduced in the online 
setting, were also stressed by some students. The flexibility as well as the possibility to contact 
students directly via private chat was highly appreciated by the faculty.  
The results are indicating further that the main learning objective of a PBL course - integrating 
knowledge and promote the deep learning approach - can be achieved in an online setting. 
Students acquire a more in-depth understanding of the material and can reflect on the solution 
while gaining cognitive and independent-learning skills (McLellan, 2004; Dolmans, Loyens, 
Marcq, and Gijbels, 2016; Beattie, Collins, and Mcinnes, 1997; Furlong et al., 2003; Kahu, 
2013). In addition, faculty reported that PBL can clearly foster problem-solving skills as well 
as critical thinking skills (Savin-Baden, 2007).  
A further important point independently of the chosen instructional setting is the chosen cases. 
The practical orientation, as well as the variety, was appreciated by the students. Thus, it is not 
only important that cases present complex problems, which require intensive discussions, which 
facilitate the acquisition of higher cognitive skills (Şendağ & Odabaşı, 2009), but also that the 
problems have a strong practical orientation. 
The grading policy, which included a timely evaluation, did not provide detailed feedback on 
each grade. This was highlighted as a negative aspect by the students. However, a detailed 
timely assessment especially for the preparation assignment can be very challenging for the 
many lecturers involved given their time constraints. One idea could be to assess each rubric 
directly via Moodle instead of just communicating the final grade for the preparation 
assignment. For feedback on the plenary discussion grade, students should write a self-
assessment of their contributions, which increases the ability for critical self-assessment. In 
addition, the weighting of the two parts (preparatory assignment and discussion) was questioned 
by the students and the faculty. Since the discussion is the more crucial part of PBL, faculty 
sees an optimal split as 40% versus 60%. Thus, ensuring that the discussion is weighted more 
than the preparatory assignment. Otherwise, insufficient weight is given to students' 
independent learning and individual problem-solving and critical thinking skills, as well as to 
their ability to react in a discussion and to engage with others in an interactive situation. 
Caroni & Nikoulina | Problem-Based Learning in online Settings during COVID-19 27
The role of the facilitator was not evaluated with the survey. Nevertheless, it can be assumed 
that the way of moderation influences the quality of the discussion. 
Conclusion 
The study contributes to PBL research by examining student and faculty experiences in a case-
based PBL course. The results show that students enjoyed working with cases, as they covered 
a variety of topics and contained relevant and real-life problems. Students indicated that they 
would like to have more PBL courses in their degree programmes.  
The shift from physical to online setting had no detectable negative impact on the ability of 
students to achieve set learning goals. The results show that students were able to apply 
knowledge and skills acquired in earlier semesters and were able to see how different business 
disciplines are connected. Furthermore, the results of the quantitative and qualitative 
evaluations show that the PBL course design promoted the acquisition of higher-level 
competencies such as the ability to analyse and evaluate knowledge, information, and situations 
(Savin-Baden, 2007). Critical-thinking, problem-solving and independent learning stayed at the 
centre of the course (Hmelo, 1998; Hmelo et al., 2000). 
The change of the course from a physical setting required a change in course design, with most 
changes affecting the reporting phase. To maintain collaborative learning and interactivity the 
discussions no longer took place in large class settings, but rather in smaller groups of five to 
six students. This enabled a greater degree of individual contributions and enabled faculty to 
pick up on non-verbal cues from students (Yeo, 2005). Students also reported that smaller 
groups created a more collaborative and interactive environment, in which they were able to 
actively contribute to the discussions. Smaller group settings also proved to engage more 
"typically" shy students. Reporting phase in smaller settings also had a positive impact on the 
engagement of passive learners (Sugeng & Suryani, 2020). Thus, increasing the individual 
motivation of students (McLellan, 2004; Dolmans et al., 2016). By mixing the teams, free-rider 
issues were also minimised (Lee et al., 2013). Since groups were now smaller, lecturers could 
also call upon students to contribute to the discussion, thus exposing those who failed to 
contribute to preparation assignment during the preparation phase. However, this needs to be 
investigated further. 
Another important outcome is the availability and quality of feedback. Students expressed the 
need for timely and detailed feedback to be able to reflect and learn from mistakes. This poses 
a challenge, as a timely, and at the same time, a more detailed assessment can be a contradiction. 
However, faculty can explore additional mechanisms to promote self-reflection and 
independent learning, such as additional features of the LMS or by introducing peer-feedbacks 
or self-reflection reports (Liu et al., 2001). 
In general, online PBL was well received by students as the approach increased flexibility (Ng 
et al., 2014). It is crucial that the cases are well selected and present complex problems, which 
require intensive discussions, facilitating the acquisition of higher cognitive skills (Şendağ & 
Odabaşı, 2009). This study has shown that an online PBL course can sustain collaboration and 
interactive group discussions as highlighted by An and Reigeluth (2008). In addition, online 
settings can support PBL as they can facilitate personalized learning regardless of time and 
space boundaries, making learning more flexible and attractive (Şendağ & Odabaşı, 2009). In 
summary, the results show that an online PBL course can help students integrate knowledge 
and promote deep learning by strengthening students' critical thinking, problem-solving, 
independent learning, and team skills. 
The results of the study are limited to this context and larger generalisations cannot be made 
due to the limited survey results. Further studies can look at the impact of feedback in a PBL 
Caroni & Nikoulina | Problem-Based Learning in online Settings during COVID-19 28
setting consisting of an assessed preparation phase and reporting phase. Furthermore, analysing 
the differences in the two settings face-to-face and online with small discussion groups, thus 
keeping the number of students in the plenary discussion constant, could provide further 
insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the two settings. In general, the instructional 
concept of PBL should be further analysed and refined, as 6 of the top 10 skills for 2025 
according to the future jobs report of the World Economic Forum (2020, p. 36) could be 
strengthened through problem-based learning. 
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