Prekmurje Agricultural Terminology in the Dolinsko Region1
Mihaela Koletnik
University of Maribor, Faculty of Arts, Koroška 160, SI - 2000 Maribor, mkoletnik@uni-mb. si
_ SCN III/1 [2010], 18-34 _
V prispevku predstavljamo narečno kmetijsko izrazje za poimenovanje kmečkega orodja, pridelkov, dela na polju in v hlevu v govoru Črenšovcev na Dolinskem v Prekmurju. Gre za raziskavo tematsko zamejenega besedišča, zbranega s terenskimi raziskavami s pomočjo tematskih vprašalnic, slikovnega gradiva in pripovedi informatorjev. Zajeto je staro besedje, ki izginja in ki ga pozna le še najstarejša generacija govorcev, pa tudi sodobno besedje, ki ga je na to področje prinesla sodobna tehnika in ki se ga oprijema mlajša generacija govorcev.
The paper presents the dialectal vocabulary of agricultural items in Črenšovci in the Dolinsko region of Prekmurje, with a focus on agricultural tools, crops, as well as field and stable work. The study is based on a thematically defined vocabulary gathered through field-work and with the help of questionnaires, pictures and informants' narratives. It includes archaic vocabulary that is gradually disappearing and is known only to the oldest generation of speakers, as well as the contemporary vocabulary that has been introduced along with the modern technology and is used by the younger generation of speakers.
Ključne besede: dialektologija, panonska narečna skupina, prekmursko narečje, poljedelska terminologija
Key words: dialectology, Pannonian dialect group, Prekmurje dialect, agricultural terminology
1 This article was written as part of the research project J6-2238 Slovenski jezik v stiku evropskega podonavskega in alpskega prostora (The Slovene Language in Contact within the European Danube and Alpine Regions), funded by the Slovenian Research Agency. The project leader is Prof. Marko Jesenšek, Ph.D.
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	 Prekmurje Agricultural Terminology in the Dolinsko Region 	
Introduction
New developments and changes in all areas of social life are reflected as a matter of course in the rural environment. Lifestyles are changing rapidly, with repercussions for the vocabulary of each dialect - the form and meaning of words have changed, and certain vocabulary strata are increasingly disappearing. It would be a pity to see them disappear completely. This paper presents the vocabulary of agricultural tools, crops, field labour and stable work, which has been gathered through field work and with the help of questionnaires,2 pictures and informants' narratives in the Prekmurje village of Crensovci
The dialect of Crensovci, a village first documented in 1322 as Chremsouc (Zelko 1982: 26), is classified according to Slovene dialectology as belonging to the Prekmurje Dolinsko region subdialect. This subdialect is spoken in the south of Prekmurje along the Mura River; up the Ledava River and in Porabje, the Goricko subdialect prevails, and from Cankova across Murska Sobota all the way to Filovci and Kobilje, the Prekmurje Ravensko region subdialect is spoken. Zinka Zorko (1998: 42) differentiates these according to elements of recent Prekmurje dialect development: (1) various acoustic realizations for the long and short a; in the Goricko and Ravensko subdialect, both short and unstressed a are rounded, whereas in the Dolinsko subdialect, the influence of the Prlesko dialect results in the rounding of the long a into o: / a; both short stressed and unstressed a remain open vowels; (2) development of the final -l into -o in the Goricko and Ravensko subdialect and into -u in the Dolinsko subdialect; and (3) pronunciation of the sonorant j in the Dolinsko and in the east part of the Ravensko subdialect as j, in other parts of the region pronounced as dj, g, k, or dz? Older phonetic and morphological developments remain rather uniform.
Dialectal Agricultural Terminology
Analogous to other fields, dialectal agricultural terminology is dual in nature: on the one hand, it entails specific monosemantic words referring exclusively to objects or activities in the field of agriculture; on the other hand, it is part of general vocabulary, manifesting characteristics of general use and can be semantically or morphologically modified (Cf. Jež 1997: 212).
The dialectal terminology extracted from transcribed texts and complemented by informant interviews is presented in the form of vocabulary entries.4 The
2	A Questionnaire for Garden and Orchard by Francka Benedik, A Questionnaire for SLA, a questionnaire developed by Dr. Rada Cossutta on the basis of Q. ALI and ASLEF; the questionnaires were adapted to the Prekmurje economic and cultural profile.
3	For more information on similarities and differences between the Prekmurje subdialects, see Greenberg (1993: 465-487) and Koletnik (2008: 13-16).
4	Sample taken from Skofic (2007: 224). For the purpose of this paper, a selection of vocabulary is presented.
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Mihaela Koletnik
structure of a vocabulary entry is as follows: headword in bold font, followed by two vertical separator lines (||) and the phonetic transcription of the dialect expression in the first (basic) and second dictionary form, i.e., nouns and noun phrases in the nominative and genitive singular (plural for plural nouns); verbs in the infinitive followed by the first-person singular present form; adjectives in the corresponding male, female and neutral forms. The lexical category markers m, f, and n denote the grammatical gender of the noun and are also applicable to the subentry headwords with nominal head and adjectival qualifier; perf. and imperf. mark the grammatical aspect of the headword; adj. marks the (relational) adjective that can also occur in pair with a noun head as a subentry of the corresponding lexeme. This is followed by semantic data in italics; if a lexeme is polysemantic, different meanings are categorized by numbers. Illustrative examples follow the colon - a segment from the recorded and transcribed dialectal material that refers to the actual use of a term. The rightwards arrow ^ in adjectival headwords points to the noun headword; in this case, the adjective is the left-hand qualifier in the subentry headphrase. Some entries also contain a left right arrow ^ indicating synonyms or lexemes with similar meaning. If the term is borrowed from a foreign language system, the direction of borrowing is traced according to the dictionaries (Bezlaj I-V /1976-2007/, Skok I—III /1971-1973/, Snoj /2003/, Striedter-Temps /1963/) and other reference books marked in square brackets using the leftwards arrow —.
bel || 'be:ili -a -o adj. white ^ repa
bilje || lbilja -a n outer layers of the corncob husk leaves: 'Bilja ja uklro:iik vla^id. - A corncob is wrapped in bilje.
bint || lbint -la m a winnowing machine: 'Negda sa mlla:tilu z lbintun, glnas pa mlla:timu s ^ombajun. - In the past, one used to thresh with a bint; today, we thresh with a combine. [ — g. Wind-]5
Bint
5 Drawings: Nika Lopert.
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	 Prekmurje Agricultural Terminology in the Dolinsko Region 	
brana || blra:na -a f a tool with iron teeth for loosening the soil, harrow: Z blra:nuf vlaximu pu 'jivaj. - The brana is pulled around the field.
Brana
cepe || cilpi:e teipi f pi. a flail: Cilpi:e su is tfei falačkuf: kočnik, lcepič pa lgo:iižaf. Ročnik, ltu calpi:e dr^i:imu. S lcepičun mlla:timu pu glalva:j slno:upia. lGo:užaf ia 'bi:ila z lledra. Coi ia lbu:u zVi:ezani ledrni lramlak.
A1	«J	r\	•	••f«/	r\	•	O	• O O
- A cepe consists of three parts: ročnik, cepič and gožev. The ročnik is used for holding the cepe. With cepič, we thresh the sheaves. A gožev is made of leather and bound with a leather strap.
(1)	ročnik || lročnik -a m the handle of a flail
(2)	gožev || lgo:iižaf -žvi f the leather binding between two parts of a flail, taplings
(3)	cepič || lcepič -a m the part of the flail used for threshing
Cepe
Cmer
cmer || clme:jir -a m male inflorescence on the top of the corn (Zea Mays) stalk: 'Kukrca lma: lmaklicu ali clme:jir. - Corn has metlica or cmer. [ — Hun. cimer (Novak 1996: 27)] ^ metlica
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Mihaela Koletnik
cukrnjača || cukrjača -a f white beet: 'Cukar d^bidmu s cukrjača. - Sugar is produced from white beet (cukrnjača).
čeliti || kaliti -in imperf. a light threshing of sheaves: 'Da slnop mlla:timu, ltak ka ž Jin vlda:rjamu pu ladnun slto:iic^, plra:vimu, lka lčalimu. - When we thresh a sheaf by hitting it against a chair, we say that we čelimo.
gnojiti || gnu'jiti gnuji:in imperf. fertilizing: Šlča glnas sa gnuji:i z glnujun. - Even today, manure is used for fertilizing.
grablje || glrabla glra:baii f pi. rake: Z g'ra:blami sa grmadi 'De:ili glra:baii su grablišča, čaludst pa ^opq. - A grablje is used for raking. It consists of
grabljišče, čeljust and zobci.
(1)	grabljišče || grablišča -a m handle of the rake
(2)	čeljust 11 čaludst - i f the part of the rake where the teeth/tines are attached
(3)	zobec || lzobac -pca m a tooth/tine of the rake
Grablje
grmaditi || grmaditi -in imperf. using the rake to heap up material: Z glra:blamii se gr'madi. - A rake is used to heap up material (grmadi).
grmalija || gr'malija -a f a woman using the hay-rake: Gr'malija gr'madi.
grnjac || grhac -a m a man using the hay-rake: Moski, lda grmadi, ja g^nac. - A man who rakes is called a grnjac.
gumno || lgumla -a f threshing floor: Zalto:ii smu slno:iipja skla:dali na lgumlu, ka je bilo:u klri:ed^ za ma^idn. - Sheaves were gathered on gumno until they were ready for threshing.
hajdina || (x)ajldi:iina -a f buckwheat: (X)ajldi:iina pa zmlleta lda: lcornu lmalu za zlga:nika. -The buckwheat flour is used for preparing zganci (boiled corn mush, grits). [ — og. Heiden]
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- Prekmurje Agricultural Terminology in the Dolinsko Region -
ječmen || jačman jačlmena m barley: Jačman ja lna:jpjrlli:e z^eli - Barley is the first to ripen.
kamen || lkaman -mna m a stone
kamen za brusiti koso || lkaman za b'ru:isiti ku^o:u a long oval stone for sharpening the scythe, a whetstone
klepač || klalpa:č -a m a peening hammer: Kosa sa klapla s klalpa:čun. - A scythe is hammered with a peening hammer.
ključ || Mu:ič -a m a tool for pulling straw from the stack: Slamu su 'mi:kali s klu:ičun. - Straw was pulled from the stack with a ključ.
kola || lko:iila lko:iil n pl. a wooden (farm) cart: S 'ko:ulami sa vulzilu na ^iva. lDe:iil^ lko:iil su lna:rat, ltan lbu:ii polta:č lgor, loplin, lpuza, rulčica, lru:t, sfo:ura pa vrti^u. Na lko:iilaj su šlča tralbi:e, p^eddja pa 'za:dja tralbi:e. lLestvica na lko:iilaj pa su rab^nidca. -The kola (the wooden cart) was used as a means of transport to the fields. The parts of the cart are the narad, onto which a wheel (potač) is attached, and the oplen, polza, ročice, rud, svora and vrtel. There are also trebe on the cart, the front and the rear trebe. The small ladders on the cart are called rebrnice.
(1)	svora || sTo:ura -a f a .strong pole connecting the front and back parts of the cart, a perch
(2)	narad || lna:rat -di f a wooden axle of the cart
(3)	trebe || tralbi:e -i:i f pl. a triangular part of the cart, inserted between the undercarriage and oplen and to which the front and rear wheels are attached, frame
prednje trebe || pteidja tralbi:e a triangular part of the cart inserted between the undercarriage and oplen and to which the front wheels are attached, front frame
zadnje trebe || 'za:dja tralbi:e a triangular part of the cart inserted between the undercarriage and oplen and to which the rear wheels are attached, rear frame
(4)	rud || lru:t lru:da m a pole on the front part of a cart, by which an animal is harnessed to a vehicle; shaft, a thill [ — Hun. rud]
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Mihaela Koletnik
Kola
(5)	polza || lpuza -a f part of the front trabje (axle) of the cart (where svora is placed)
(6)	oplen || loplin -a m a diagonal pole on the front and rear part of the cart, to which the ročice are affixed ^ vrtel
(7)	ročica || rulčica -a f, pl. rulčica ru^i:ic a wooden handle attached to the cart
vrtel || vr'ti:eu -la m the front oplen ^ oplen
rebrnica || rabr'ni:ica -a f, pl. rab^nidca -0 a ladder-like frame attached to the side of the cart
kombajn || 'kombaj -a m a combine: 'Kombaj pa ldela fsa z ladnin na 'jm, ku^id pa mla:ti. - A combine on the field can mow and thresh simultaneously. [ —
Stand. — Eng. combine]
kosa || lkosa kulsi:e f 1. scythe: 'Negda sa fsa ku^idlu s kulso:ii. De:ili kulsi:e su l(x)^bat, lkosa, kulsišča, muntau, lostrac, lpi:eta pa lri:nčak. Livarn lta:ii ja lkulsišča, na ku'sišči pa ja lmuntaii. - The kosa used to be the only tool for cutting grass. The parts of a scythe are the hrbet, kosa, kosišče, muntelj, ostrec, peta and rinček. The wooden part is called the kosišče; attached to the kosišče, there is the muntelj. 2. blade of a scythe: Ža'li:ezni lta:ii kulsi:e ja ltuii lkosa. - The iron part of the scythe is also called a kosa.
(1)	kosišče || kulsišča -a m snath
(2)	hrbet || '(x)rbat -pta m chine
(3)	ostrec || lostrac -a m blade
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	 Prekmurje Agricultural Terminology in the Dolinsko Region 	
(4)	peta || lpi:eta -a f heel
(5)	rincek || lri:ncak -a m ring
(6)	muntelj || muntau -tla m snaith [ — ohg. muntil, south Bav. Mu(n)tel]
kosilnica || kulsilnica -a f mowing machine: Ku^idmu s kulsilnicuf. lNegda pa su lmosk^ fsa 'peski ku^idli -We mow with a mowing machine. Men used to cut grass manually before.
kositi || ku'siti ku^idn imperf. to cut grass or reap grain: S kulso:iif ku^idmu. lTo:ii ldelu ja kusa^re. - We cut grass with a scythe. This activity is kosenje.
kramp || klramp -a m a tool with three or four tines for unloading and spreading manure: Klramp ja za ldol ku'pa:ti glnuj s lko:iil na 'jm. - A kramp is used for unloading manure on the field. [ — mhg. krampe]
krampek || klrampak -a m hoe with a narrow sharpened blade and two tines: Klrampak ja za dlro:iignu u^a^aja. - A krampek is used for hoeing.
krcenica || ^rcanca -a f a tool with a flat blade set at right angles to the handle and used for digging: 'Krcanca, 'nucali su ju za lvo 'kopati panuvji:e. - Krcenica; it was used for pulling out tree stumps.
krumpel || klrumpaii -pla m, pl. ^rumpH -of potato: K'rumpH zraslti:eju pud zamlo:uf. Su glla:vna lra:na za lildi:ii. - The potato grows underground. It is the main food for people. [ — Car. g. gruntpirn, grumper, krumpir, Styr. G. grundbir]
krumplovica || klrumpluvica -a f the potato plant: Klrumpluvica glli:eda lvo z zamlli:e. - The krumplovica grows above ground.
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Mihaela Koletnik
kukorica || kukrca -a f corn (Zea mays): 'Kukrco šplrickamu, lka li:epše raslti:e. - Corn is sprayed for better growth. [ — Cro. kukuruz — Turk. kokoroz]
kukorišče || ^ukršča -a n dry corn husk: Slama 'kukrca pa ja ^ukršča. - The dry corn husk is called the kukorišče.
lanec || lanc -a m a chain for binding the cart wheels: Z lancun lvi:ežamu pulta:ča. - A lanec is used for binding the cart wheels. [ — mhg. lanne]
lesen || li'sani -a -u adj. the attribute of wood, wooden ^ razsohe
lucerna || lulcarna -a f lucerne/alfalfa (Medicago sativa): Lulcarna ja 3r'di:eca pa 'ma: ldu:iiga cVe:ita. - Lucerne is red and has long flowers. [ — G. Luzerne — Fr. luzerne — Lat. lucerna ]
lupati || lu:ipati -lan imperf. to remove husks from the corncob: Vlalti:ii 'lu:iplamu, ldol trgamo lbilje. - Husks are peeled; they are pulled off. ^ dol trgati
mašin || ma^i:in -a m a threshing machine: Slno:iipja mla:timu z ma^i:inun. -Sheaves are threshed by a threshing machine. [ — g. Maschine, Fr. machine — Lat. machina — OGr.]
metlica || lmaklica -a f male inflorescence on the top of the corn (Zea Mays) stalk: 'Kukrca 'ma: lmaklicu ali c'me:ir. - Corn has metlica or cmer. ^ cmer
mikati || mikati močan imperf. 1. to pull straw from the stack: Slamu su 'mi:ikali s klu:ičun. - Straw was pulled from the stack with a ključ. 2. to pull: Zlrelu lrepu midčamu. - Ripe turnips have to be pulled.
mlatec || mlatac mlla(t)ca m a person threshing: S'tari mla:ti, ja mlatac, či jij ja lvač, pa su mlaq. -A person threshing is a mlatec; if there are several, they are called mlatci.
mlatev || mla:čaf -čvi also -čve f the process of separating grain from the husk or panicle with a flail, a threshing machine, or a combine: 'To:u ldelu, lka s ci'pa:mi mla:timu pu glalva:j slno:iipja, sa zulvi:e mla:čaf. - This activity, threshing the sheaves with flails, is called mlačev.
mlatiti || mla:titi -in imperf. to separate grain from the husk or panicle with a flail, a threshing machine, or a combine: Glnas pa lsa mla:ti 'kombaj, ž'ja pa mla:ti. - Today, both are done by combine, reaping and threshing (mlatiti).
mrva || 'mrva -a f hay of low quality: 'Mrva ja slaba 'krma. - Mrva is bad krma (mown grass).
nakladalka || naklalda:lka -a f forage wagon, a hay wain: Naklalda:lka ja ma^i:in, šlari si lsa:n naklla:da 'krmu. - A forage wagon is a machine for loading cut grass.
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	 Prekmurje Agricultural Terminology in the Dolinsko Region 	
okopati || Skopati Skopan perf. hoeing, hilling: ^a ži ^rumpli lma:lu zraslti:eju, lta ja tfbe:i Skopati. - When the potatoes are big enough, you have to hoe them.
orač || ulra:č -a m ploughman: Ulra:č urji:e. - A ploughman ploughs.
otava || lo:iitava -a f (dry) second mowing of grass, aftermath hay: Dr'go:uč ku^omu 'o:utavu. - Otava is the second-cut hay.
otika || lotika -a f a tool for removing soil, weeds, and manure from the plough: 'To:u ja 'otika pr p'lugi. - This is the otika in a plough.
oves || Was lofsa m oats: 'Ovas pulla:gaju ^ujun. - Horses are fed oats.
plug || pluk -ga m a tool or device for tilling the soil, a plough: S plugun sa urji:e. ^edli pluga su 'črtalu, ldaska, plu:ižnu žallezu, plri:jLlič, lru:d pa lpi:eta. Črtalu ja bilo:u za bezati blra:zde. - A plough is used for ploughing. The parts of the plough are the črtalo, deska, plužno železo, prilič, rud and the peta. A črtalo is used for drawing the furrows vertically.
(1)	prilič || p^idlič -a m handle [ — frompriroč]
(2)	rud || lru:t lru:da m a pole on the front part of a plough, by which an animal is harnessed to a vehicle; shaft [ — Hun. rud]
(3)	črtalo || 'črtalu -a n knife/coulter
(4)	železo || žallezu -a n iron
plužno železo || pludžnu žallezu ploughshare
(5)	deska || ldaska -a f mouldboard [ps. — Rom.]
(6)	peta || lpi:eta -a f chisel
Plug
Otika
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Mihaela Koletnik
plužen || plu:ižan -žna -u adj. referring to the plough ^ železo
potač || pulta:č -a m wheel (of a cart): Na 'ko:ulaj pa su lta bili:i šlča pu^axi, šltirja. De:ili pulta:ča su platišča, šja, šlpica, lpe:iistu, šfeislin pa llu:nak. -There were also wheels on the cart, four of them. Their parts are called the
platišče, šinja, špice, pesto, šteslin and lunek.
(1)	platišče || plaltišča -a n felloe
(2)	šinja || 'šija -a f the steel rim on a felloe [— G. Schiene]
(3)	špica || šlpica -a f spoke
(4)	pesto || ^edstu -a n hub
(5)	šteslin || šlte:jslin -a m the end part of the cart axle (cap) with two inserted nails preventing the wheel from slipping or falling off the axle [— G. Stossel]
(6)	lunek || lu:nak -a m a nail in the axle preventing the wheel from slipping or falling off the axle [ — mhg. lun, lune]
povreslo || puvlre:iislu -a n also lpo:iivrisla -a f a furled wisp of straw for making sheaves: Shop sa zlvi:eža s lpo:iivrisluf. - Sheaves are bound with povreslo.
praskač || plraskač -a m plough for hoeing: 'Kukrcu tr'be:i mad Pandami pup^skati s plraskačun. - Rows in the cornfield have to be hoed with a
praskač.
prednji || p're:idji -a -u adj. the forward part of something ^ trebe
proso || prulso:ii -a n millet: Is prulsa: du^idmu prulsanu lkašu. - We make porridge from boiled millet.
pšenica || pšalnica -a f wheat: Pšalnicu salmalamu, lka du^omu lbe:iilu lmalu. - Wheat can be ground into wheat flour.
Potač
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	 Prekmurje Agricultural Terminology in the Dolinsko Region 	
razsohe || lrasuja -0 f pi. fork
lesene razsohe || lilsana lrasuja a long-handled, wooden, three-tine hay fork for lifting or moving hay
železne razsohe || žalezna lrasuja a long-handled, iron, four-tine fork for moving manure
nil
Lesene	Železne
razsohe	razsohe
razstava || lra:stava -a f a cluster of (usually ten) freshly stacked sheaves in a field: Prulsanu slno:iipja smu puslta:vilii v lra:stavu. - The sheaves of millet were set into razstava.
renda || lranda -a f a row/line: Kukrco t^be:i mad ^andami pup'ra:skati s
II	O	O	r\	O 1 I	O
p^askacun. - Rows in the cornfield have to be hoed with praskac. [— Hun. rend — S. red]
repa || lrepa -a f turnip
bela repa || lbe:iila lrepa white turnip (Brassica rapa): Be:ilu lrepu pa pulla:gamu 'ma:rxL -White turnip is fed to the cattle.
rezac || rilza:c -a m strawcutter - a device for manual cutting of grass or straw: lRocnu su sllamu 'rezali z rilza:cun. - Straw was manually cut with rezac.
rips || lrips -a m rapeseed: lRips pa 'zu:utu cvalti:e. lRa:da ga je:i lma:rxa. -Rapeseed blossoms are yellow. Cattle like to eat it. [ — g. Raps]
seckar || lseckar -a m a larger device with a wheel for cutting (maize) straw: Sllamu, 'kukrsca pa su 'rezali s lseckarun. lTo:ii ja ma^idn z Valkin pulta:cun. - Straw and maize straw were cut with a seckar. This is an implement with a large wheel.
sejac || sija:c -a m sower: S^ari lmaca 'zrje v zamlo:u, ja sija:c. - A person scattering the seeds over the soil is sejac.
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Mihaela Koletnik
sejalnica || lsejanca -a f a round or oval basket for seeds used for sowing: Is lsejanca lsejamu. - We sow from a sejalnica.
sejati || Sejati -an imperf. to sow: 'Da lmačamu ^ja v zamlo:u, lta plra:vimu, lka lsejamu. - When we scatter seeds over the soil, we say that we are sowing.
silje || lsilja -a n rye: 'Ži:etva ja, lda sa ku^id 'silja. - At the time of harvest, silje is cut. ^ žito
snop || slnop -a m a larger wisp of reaped grain or straw, a sheaf: 'Moški su ku'si:ili, lžanska pa su ldelala slnopa. -The men used to cut grass and the women made sheaves.
srp || 'srp -a also sr'pa: m a tool with a wooden handle and curved blade for cutting crops, a sickle: S 'snpun tlra:vu balri:emu, lkaj ^edkamu, hegda pa sa ltuii lžalu ^npun. - A sickle is used for clearing grass or cutting; in the past, it was used for harvesting.
stolec || sltolac stouca m seat, chair
stolec za klepati || sltolac za kla^ati a sharpening-anvil: 'Gor na stouci za kla^ati pa ja lbapka. -The babka is part of the sharpening-anvil.
(1) babka || lbapka -a f the upper part of the sharpening-anvil: 'Bapka ja žalezni fallačak na s^ouci za kla^ati. - A babka is the small iron part of the sharpening-anvil.
strnišče || str'nišča -a n a stubble of short stalks in the field after harvesting: Tan, lge ja bilo:u pulžatu lžitu, ja st^nišča. - Where žito has been cut, stubble remains in the field.
šker || šlki:er -i f tool or implement: Lulpa:ta pa klramp pa klrampak fkupar, ^omi mid plra:vimu šlki:er. - The shovel and mattock and krampek altogether are called šker. [ — ohg. giskirri, mhg. geschirre]
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	 Prekmurje Agricultural Terminology in the Dolinsko Region 	
tikev || ltikaf -kvi f pumpkin: lNa:jpjrlli:e su ^ikvi zalli:ena, lta sa pa puhali toriju pa gra^uvlaju lžu:iita. Tikvi zraslti:eju lja:ku ldabala. - Pumpkins are green at first; when they ripen, they get yellow. They can become very big.
traktor || tlraktur -a m a motor vehicle used to pull heavy loads, especially farm implements, a tractor: Glnasldi:en fsa urji:emu s tlrakturun. - Today, a tractor is used for soil cultivation. [ — g. Traktor — Lat. tractor]
trgati || 'trgati -an imperf. to pull/tear something off
trgati dol || ldol 'trgati to remove husks from the corncob ^ lupati
vlačiti || v'la:čiti -in loosening the soil with a harrow (brana): Z blra:nuf vlaximu pu ^ivaj. - The brana is pulled (vlačiti) around the field.
vlat || vlla:t vla^id f 1. corncob with husk leaves: 'Bilja je uklro:iik vla^id. -A corncob is wrapped in bilje. 2. the upper part of a plant with grain, for example in oats or millet: Udzlgora 'ma: shop vlatuvji:e. - Sheaves have vlati on the top.
vratnica || vrathidca -a f a patch of grass at the edge of a field, where the plough is turned during ploughing: Na 'kunci 'jiva pa su vrathidca. - At the edge of a field, there are vratnice.
zadnji || ^dji -a -u adj. the rear part of something ^ trebe
žanjec || ži'jac -a m harvester: lŽitu je pulko:iisu ži'jac s kulso:iif. - A žanjec cuts žito with a scythe.
železen || žallezan -zna -u adj. made of iron ^ razsohe
žetev || lži:etva -tva f harvest: 'Ži:etva ja, 'da sa ku^id 'silja. - At the time of the harvest, the silje is cut.
žito || lžitu -a a cultivated plant yielding starchy grain suitable for food (cereal), or its grains; rye: 'Žitu pa zraslti:e ja:ku lvisku, zmlletu pa lda: lčornu lmalu. lŽitu je larš. - Žito can grow very high; it can be ground into whole-grain flour. Žito means rye. ^ silje
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Mihaela Koletnik
Vocabulary and its Origin
The compiled material in Crensovci shows that the dialectal agricultural terminology is still well preserved. The basic (old) dialectal agricultural terminology is Slavic; loanwords are mostly of Germanic origin. The oldest German loanwords in the Prekmurje dialect, e.g., muntelj and sker, can be traced back to Old High German. Both these words are used only in the dialect. Loanwords from Middle High German and later, borrowed predominantly from Bavarian German, are marked by Standard Slovene as neutral - kramp, dialectal - lunek, rips or eastern dialectal - (x)ajdina; one word is time-bound - lanec; the words krumpel, sinja and steslin can be found only in the dialect. A large number of loanwords of Romance origin entered the Pannonian vocabulary via the German language, e.g., lucerna, traktor, masin - the first two words qualify as neutral and the third one as colloquial. From Hungarian, the words rud and cmer are borrowed. This indicates that the influence of Hungarian (being of non-Indo-European origin) was less significant for the Prekmurje dialect than the influence of German.6
One loanword entered the dialect from English via Standard Slovene - kombajn, another was borrowed from the Turkish language via Croatian - kukorica.
Conclusion
The variety of changes in Slovene society and language is reflected in the Prekmurje Dolinsko region vocabulary in the field of agriculture. For centuries, this vocabulary has been developing at the crossroads of the three largest European language areas; consequently, the range of Romance, Germanic and general Slavic elements based on the native Proto-Slavic vocabulary is clearly reflected in the Pannonian dialect. We can observe that Prekmurje dialect expressions in the field of agriculture and other areas related to rural life still constitute a rich native Slavic substratum, as loanwords entail merely 20 % of the vocabulary. Owing to the constantly changing situation (technical innovation, exchange of tools, new farming methods), however, the ancient and even general Slavic terminology related to farming is gradually disappearing from use in the middle generation of speakers and is practically unknown to the younger generation. Recent vocabulary established in accordance with Slovene word-formation rules often adopts the already existing loanwords (e.g., kombajn).
By creating an inventory of the existent and gradually disappearing terminology, we seek to prevent it from falling into oblivion and to stimulate a comparison between terminological vocabulary material of various Slovene dialects. This would allow for a demarcation of the individual lexeme areas
6 Agricultural vocabulary of Slavic origin has been borrowed by Hungarian as well, a phenomenon which can be observed in the following examples: Hun. kukorica 'koruza' (corn/maize), rend 'red, vrsta (sena)' (row, line of hay), and ugorka 'kumara' (pickle).
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	 Prekmurje Agricultural Terminology in the Dolinsko Region 	
and their semantic range, as well as contributing to the realization of the idea of creating discrete Slovene dialectal terminology dictionaries.
LANGUAGE ABBREVIATIONS
Eng. - English, Bav. - Bavarian, Fr. - French, OGr. - Old Greek, Cro. - Croatian, Stand. - Standard, Car. - Carinthian, Lat. - Latin, Hun. - Hungarian, G. - German, PS. - Proto-Slavic, S. - Slavic, Rom. - Romance, Slo. - Slovene, MHG. - Middle High German, O. - Old, OHG. - Old High German, Styr. - Styrian, Turk. - Turkish.
SOURCES
France BEZLAJ, 1976-2007: Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
Rada COSSUTTA, 2002: Poljedelsko in vinogradniško izrazje v slovenski Istri. Koper: Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko and Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče RS.
Michael CLYNE, 1972: Perspectives on language contact. Melbourne: The Hawthorn Press.
Marc GREENBERG, 1993: Glasoslovni opis treh prekmurskih govorov. Slavistična revija 41/4, 465-487.
Marija JEŽ, 1997: Iz tkalskega izrazja na Pohorju. Slovensko naravoslovno-tehnično izrazje. Ed. Marjeta Humar. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU. 209-216.
Janko JURANČIČ: 1966: O leksiki v panonskih govorih. Panonski zbornik. Ed. Božidar Borko, Franc Zadravec. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba. 31-41.
Mihaela KOLETNIK, 2008: Panonsko lončarsko in kmetijsko izrazje ter druge dialektološke razprave. Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta. (Mednarodna knjižna zbirka Zora, 60).
Franc and Vilko NOVAK, 1996: Slovar beltinskega prekmurskega govora. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba.
Martina OROŽEN, 2003: Odvisnost narečnega besedišča in načina upovedovanja (izražanja) od spreminjajočega se načina življenja. In: Martina Orožen: Razvoj slovenske jezikoslovne misli. Maribor: Slavistično društvo Maribor. (Zora 26). 310-318.
Petar SKOK, 1971-1973: Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika 1-3. Zagreb: JAZU.
Marko SNOJ, 1997, 2003: Slovenski etimološki slovar. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
--, 2006: O tujkah in izposojenkah v slovenskem jeziku. Slavistična revija 54.
343-349.
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Hildegard STRIEDTER TEMPS, 1963: Deutsche Lehnwörter im Slowenischen. Berlin: Osteuropa-Institut Berlin, Berlin-Dahlem.
Matej ŠEKLI, 2005: Odraz medjezikovnih stikov v poimenovanjih za vaške poklice in dejavnosti v nadiškem narečju. Večkulturnost v slovenskem jeziku, literaturi in kulturi. Ed. Marko Stabej. Ljubljana: Center za slovenščino kot drugi/tuji jezik pri Oddelku za slovenistiko Filozofske fakultete. 176-181.
Jožica ŠKOFIC, 2007: Terminologija izginjajoče/izginule obrti - sekirarstvo v Kamni Gorici na Gorenjskem. Besedje slovenskega jezika. Ed. Marko Jesenšek. (Zora 50). Maribor: Slavistično društvo Maribor. 214-234.
Peter WEISS, 2006: Besedje na kolesu v (slovenskem) narečnem slovarju z etimologijami. Diahronija in sinhronija v dialektoloških raziskavah. Eds. Mihaela Koletnik, Vera Smole. (Zora 41). Maribor: Slavistično društvo Maribor. 328-335.
Ivan ZELKO, 1982: Historoična topografija Slovenije. Prekmurje do leta 1500. Murska Sobota: Pomurska založba.
Zinka ZORKO, 1998: Narečne prvine v Ivanocyjevem Kalendarju Najszvetejsega szrca Jezusovega (1904-1906). Slovensko-madžarski jezikovni in književni stiki od Košiča do danes. Ed. Istvan Nyomarkay in Stjepan Lukač. Budimpešta: Košičev sklad. 39-59.
Andreja ŽELE, 1996: Voz na Pivškem. Traditiones 25. Ljubljana: SAZU. 337-343.
PREKMURSKA DOLINSKA POLJEDELSKA TERMINOLOGIJA
Prispevek obravnava prekmursko dolinsko poimenovalno besedje s področja poljedelske dejavnosti. Gre za strokovno izrazje, ki zaradi spreminjajočega se načina življenja izginja iz aktivnega besednega zaklada govorcev. Prekmurski izrazi za poljedelstvo in vse, kar je povezano s kmečkim življenjem, sicer še tvorijo bogat izvirnoslovanski substrat, vendar pa stara slovanska terminologija pri srednji generaciji govorcev hitro tone v pozabo, mlajša generacija pa je sploh ne pozna več. Stoletja ustaljeno kmetijsko orodje so zamenjali različni stroji in pripomočki, skupaj z njimi pa se prevzemajo tudi poimenovanja zanje.
Besedje tujega izvora v narečni poljedelski terminologiji je zlasti germansko in romansko, kar kaže na to, da je bil stik z neindoevropskim madžarskim jezikom za prekmur-ščino manj usoden kot nemščina, prek katere so bili v panonsko leksiko največkrat sprejeti tudi romanizmi, čeprav je bilo Prekmurje s Porabjem od 11. stoletja sestavni del ogrskega kraljestva in odtrgano od drugih slovanskih pokrajin.
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■-S^ta-viita Cž-ntro-