A. A. ANBAN et al.: MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF INFLORESCENCE/GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED HYBRID ...
637–643
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF
INFLORESCENCE/GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED HYBRID EPOXY
COMPOSITES
MEHANSKO OBNA[ANJE HIBRIDNEGA EPOKSI KOMPOZITA
OJA^ANEGA S KOMBINACIJO NARAVNIH IN STEKLENIH
VLAKEN
Athithanambi Anna Anban
1*
, Manomani Krishnaswamy
2
, Rajesh Appasamy
3
1
Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
2
Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
3
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2022-08-03; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2022-10-07
doi:10.17222/mit.2022.588
The biodegradability and environmental friendliness of natural fibres makes them suitable for implementation in a circular econ-
omy. As a result, several natural fibres and processing methods have evolved. The hydrophilic nature of ligno cellulose fibrils
restricts the effective adhesion at the interface of fibre and matrix. The hybridization of natural fibres with synthetic fibres leads
to promising characteristics of the resulting composite materials. This paper deals with the hybridization of conventional glass
fibre and natural fibre extracted from coconut inflorescence. The effect of hybridization on the tensile and flexural strengths of
surface-modified inflorescence fibre with glass fibres was investigated. The composites were fabricated using a hand-layup tech-
nique by varying the inflorescence fibre and glass-fibre reinforcement composition by (5, 10, 15 and 20) %. A notable improve-
ment in the tensile and flexural strengths of 193.65 MPa and 240.69 MPa was observed for 85 % of glass and 15 % of
benzoyl-chloride-modified inflorescence-fibre-reinforced hybrid composites. The elimination of amorphous constituents in the
inflorescence fibres was checked by XRD and FTIR analyses. A surface-morphology analysis of unmodified and benzoyl-chlo-
ride-modified inflorescence fibres revealed pores and cavity formation on the fibril walls. These composites with superior me-
chanical properties can be an alternative to synthetic fibre composites and ensure the implementation of a circular economy and
sustainable manufacturing.
Keywords: inflorescence fibres, hybridization, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, scanning electron microscope
V novej{em ~asu je bilo razvitih in izdelanih ve~ vrst procesnih metod za izdelavo kompozitov z oja~itvijo iz naravnih vlaken z
namenom ekonomi~nega in kro`nega gospodarjenja za ohranjanje okolja in zmanj{evanje njegove degradacije. Hidrofilna
narava ligno-celuloznih vlaken omejuje u~inkovito adhezijo amidov na mejah med vlakni in matrico. Hibridizacija naravnih
vlaken s sinteti~nimi vlakni vodi do obetavnih lastnosti izdelanih kompozitnih materialov. V tem ~lanku avtorji opisujejo
hibridizacijo konvencionalnih steklenih vlaken z naravnimi vlakni, pridobljenimi iz kokosovih cvetov. Analizirali so u~inek
hibridizacije na natezno in upogibno trdnost naravnih vlaken, ki so jih povr{insko modificirali s steklenimi vlakni. Kompozite so
izdelali s preprosto ro~no tehniko ter pri tem spreminjali vsebnost naravnih in steklenih vlaken (5, 10, 15 in 20) %. Ugotovili so
znatno izbolj{anje natezne in upogibne trdnosti epoksi kompozita (193,65 MPa in 240,69 MPa), ki je vseboval kombinacijo
85 % steklenih in 15 % z benzoil-kloridom modificiranih naravnih vlaken iz kokosovih cvetov. Odstranitev amorfnih sestavin v
naravnih vlaknih so potrdili z XRD in FTIR analizami. Analize povr{inske morfologije nemodificiranih in z benzoil-kloridom
modificiranih naravnih vlaken so odkrile porozno in jami~asto tvorbo na stenah vlakenc. Opisani kompoziti z odli~nimi
mehanskimi lastnostmi so lahko alternativa kompozitom, ki vsebujejo samo sinteti~na vlakna pri zagotavljanju implementacije
kro`nega gospodarjenja in trajnostno naravnane proizvodnje.
Klju~ne besede: naravna vlakna, hibridizacija, rentgenska difrakcija, spektroskopija na osnovi fourierjeve transformacije
infrarde~e svetlobe (FTIR), vrsti~ni elektronski mikroskop (SEM)
1 INTRODUCTION
Composite materials are replacing conventional ma-
terials owing to their higher specific strength, improved
stiffness, decreased weight and better thermal properties.
A composite material can be described as a material con-
sisting of two or multiple distinct phases in which one is
the reinforcement material (known as the load-carrying
element) and other is a matrix material. For the past two
decades composite materials have been emerging as
dominant materials. The application of composite
materials is increasing steadily in terms of volume and
numbers, finding a prominent place in newer markets.
Contemporary composite materials aggregate a momen-
tous rate of the engineered materials starting from
day-to-day products to highly complicated applications.
Over the years, composite materials have been proven to
be lower-weight materials, but the present goal is to
make them economically viable. The possibility of man-
ufacturing composite materials with low cost resulted in
innovative fabrication techniques that are currently em-
ployed in composite industries. To overcome the cost
factors in the development of composite materials there
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 56 (2022) 6, 637–643 637
UDK 620.168.3 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 56(6)637(2022)
*Corresponding author's e-mail:
aathithanambi@live.com (Athithanambi Anna Anban)

must be a unified effort on the design, processing, tool-
ing and manufacturing for the composite material to be
competitive enough with metals. The business scale of
composite materials is found to be promising in all fields
compared to aerospace applications. Polymer matrix ma-
terials and reinforcement, such as synthetic/natural
fibres, have shown a significant result in terms of use and
quantity (volume). The behaviour of composite materials
can be modified based on the control of design parame-
ters. Proper selection of the reinforcement materials re-
sults in developed composite materials’ properties that
can be customized enough to fit any application. The ma-
terials’selection relies on important factors such as prod-
uct complexity, operating conditions of the product, and
the fabrication skills of the person to achieve the optimal
characteristics of the composites. For a better under-
standing on the behaviour of the developed composites,
it can be used in association with traditional materials.
A recent literature survey showed that several works
reported by researchers on different natural fibre-rein-
forced polymer composites for wide assortment of uses.
The survey also covers how natural fibres can be ex-
tracted, different surface treatments made on the natural
fibres, thereby the resulting natural-fibre-reinforced
polymer composite exhibits better mechanical, tribolo-
gical and other related properties in comparison to artifi-
cial-fibre-fortified polymer composites. The outcome of
soluble base execution on the mechanical and other re-
lated characteristics of ensete stem fibre fortified with
unsaturated polyester matrix showed improvement in the
fibre properties.
1
They found that alkali-treated fibres
contribute to an improvement in the composite properties
in contrast to untreated fibre-reinforced composites. In
addition, they found5%ofNaOH treatment resulted in
better mechanical characteristics of the ensete stem
fibres. The possibility of using Acacia planifrons fibres
2
as a possible reinforcement material with polymer matri-
ces was tested. The fibres were extracted by the process
of retting. The extracted fibres were subjected to alkali-
zation with different percentages of sodium hydroxide. It
was found that the alkalization leads to an improvement
of the crystallinity index, thermal stability and removal
of amorphous substances present in the fibres. The opti-
mal alkali treatment was found to be 5 %. The outcome
of fibre content over flexural behaviour of malva fibre
3
reinforced with an epoxy matrix was investigated. The
composites are manufactured via the compression-
moulding technique by assorting the fibre’s volume frac-
tion. The flexural behaviour of the composites was found
to be good for a 30 % volume fraction of continuous and
well aligned malva fibres. The feasibility of using coffee
hull
4
as a reinforcement member with high density poly-
ethylene matrix revealed it could improve the impact
strength of the composites. The mechanical, moisture
characteristics of hydrophilic treated jute fibre fortified
unsaturated polyester composites
5
revealed composites
have a better role to play in different sectors. The silane
coupling agent’s influence on the tribological behaviour
of corn-stalk-fibre-fortified polymer composites
6
re-
vealed an improvement in the hydrophilic tendency of fi-
brils.
Hybridization in which two or more fibres either syn-
thetic/natural fibre or both combined together to improve
the mechanical properties of the resulting composites.
7,8
Hybridization of natural fibres with glass fibres offers
numerous advantages, like reduced moisture-absorption
characteristics
9
of the resulting composites with im-
proved tribological characteristics.
10
From the existing
literature it is concluded that the hybridization of glass
fibre with coconut inflorescence fibres is not yet ex-
plored. This has been the motivation for this research
work.
Based on the extensive literature survey it was found
that several natural fibres have been explored and used as
an alternate to synthetic fibre that has a prominent role to
play in fibre-reinforced polymer composites for a wide
variety of application components, ranging from automo-
biles to aerospace applications. The application of natu-
ral fibrils as reinforcement materials results in compos-
ites that are partially or fully degradable in nature.
However, the natural fibre extracted from a coconut tree
is limited by the application. Thus, there arises a situa-
tion in which natural fibre with superior properties is to
be identified and extracted from a coconut tree.
Therefore, the present research work focusses on the
hybridization of inflorescence fibre with glass fibre and
epoxy resin as the matrix. Before the hybridization, the
inflorescence fibre is to be surface treated with5%of
NaOH, KOH, benzoyl chloride solution to remove the
amorphous constituents present in the fibres. The un-
treated and surface-modified fibres are taken for the
manufacturing of hybrid composites. The hybrid com-
posites are to be fabricated using the hand layup tech-
nique and curing by compression moulding.
2 EXPERIMENTAL PART
The coconut tree is a prominent source of natural fi-
bre, from which the fibrils are weeded out from the vari-
ous elements of the tree. In this investigation, one such
part of the coconut tree is identified, which is named in-
florescence,
11
shown in Figure 1, and the extracted fibre,
as shown in Figure 2, and efforts were made to extract
fibre from the inflorescence There are different methods
to extract natural fibres from which a process called ret-
ting a simple biodegradable treatment of subjecting the
fibres by placing it in water for a specific time interval is
adopted in this research work. As a result of retting, the
outer layers of the coconut inflorescence are softened,
and then the fibres can be extracted from coconut inflo-
rescence by malleting.
The presence of an amorphous substance in the coco-
nut inflorescence fibre hinders effective adhesion be-
tween the interface of the fibre and the matrix. There-
A. A. ANBAN et al.: MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF INFLORESCENCE/GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED HYBRID ...
638 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 56 (2022) 6, 637–643

fore, the inflorescence fibre after extraction is exposed to
a surface treatment with 5 % w/v of NaOH, KOH and
benzoyl chloride for one hour. Then the fibrils are
washed completely with distilled water to separate the
chemical contents from the coconut inflorescence fibre.
The effect of surface treatment on the fibre’s properties
improvement can be inferred from XRD and FTIR analy-
ses.
Commercially available glass fibre mats, epoxy resin
LY556 and hardener HY951 were used for the hybridiza-
tion of the glass fibre with coconut inflorescence fibre.
Sixteen different composite samples were prepared by
varying the coconut inflorescence fibre content of (5, 10,
15 and 20) % for untreated, NaOH-treated, KOH-treated
and benzoyl-chloride-treated coconut inflorescence
fibres. The fabricated samples were sized as per the
ASTM D638 and ASTM D790 standards for tensile and
flexural tests. Figure 3 shows the fabricated composite
sample.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
For the present research work, glass and inflores-
cence fibres were reinforced with epoxy matrix for the
development of composites. An increasing volume frac-
tion of inflorescence fibres was used to analyse the influ-
ence on the tensile and flexural strengths. The tensile and
flexural strengths recorded for the composite samples are
listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Tensile and flexural strengths of glass/inflorescence fibre
composites
Sample
No.
Fibre type
Glass fi-
bre (%)
Coconut
inflores-
cence fi-
bre (%)
Tensile
strength
(MPa)
Flexural
strength
(MPa)
1
Untreated
fibre
95 5 178.84 214.48
2 90 10 174.49 215.14
3 85 15 171.63 218.63
4 80 20 161.21 207.93
5
NaOH treated
fibre
95 5 181.32 219.39
6 90 10 179.68 221.65
7 85 15 176.03 224.87
8 80 20 163.74 210.11
9
KOH treated
fibre
95 5 183.65 225.97
10 90 10 182.96 228.32
11 85 15 179.68 233.06
12 80 20 169.82 212.86
13
Benzoyl
treated fibre
95 5 189.35 231.67
14 90 10 191.64 233.00
15 85 15 193.65 240.69
16 80 20 176.21 219.38
A. A. ANBAN et al.: MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF INFLORESCENCE/GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED HYBRID ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 56 (2022) 6, 637–643 639
Figure 3: Fabricated glass/inflorescence hybrid composite sample
Figure 1: Coconut inflorescence
Figure 2: Extracted inflorescence fibre

3.1 FTIR characterization
A KBr pellet technique was adopted to characterize
the coconut inflorescence fibres subjected to different
surface treatments. The wave numbers were varied from
500 cm
–1
to 4000 cm
–1
. The corresponding functional
groups and their elimination can be seen in Figure 4.
The wave number 3300 cm
–1
corresponds to O–H
stretching vibration of hemicellulose,
12
whereas the peak
narrow down at 5 % benzoyl chloride which clarifies the
elimination of hemicellulose, the peak at 2850 cm
–1
cor-
responds to C–H symmetrical stretching,
13
the peak dis-
appeared in 5 % benzoyl-chloride-treated fibre, which
concludes the elimination of lignin and wax constituents.
The amorphous peak at 1750 cm
–1
relates to carboxyl
group stretching vibration
14
, the corresponding peak
evaded at 5 % benzoyl-chloride-modified fibre, which
concludes the elimination of hemicellulose and lignin.
The peak at 1070 cm
–1
belongs to the CO–O–CO
stretching
15
whereas the disappearance of the peak at 5 %
benzoyl chloride fibre confronts the elimination of wax
and other oil-covering constituents. The peak at 750 cm
–1
corresponds to the C=C bending of alkene,
16
which con-
firms the elimination of hemicellulose in coconut inflo-
rescence fibres. Finally, from the FTIR characterization
studies it is concluded thata5%benzoyl chloride modi-
fication has a major influence on the elimination of
amorphous substances in the coconut inflorescence
fibres.
3.2 XRD characterization
X-ray characterization studies were performed on un-
treated and alkali-treated inflorescence fibres and re-
vealed an increase in the crystallinity size and the index
of the fibres. Figure 5 shows the XRD peaks of the un-
treated and surface-treated inflorescence fibres. The
value of the 2 angle of amorphous and crystallin peaks
are mentioned below. The crystalline and amorphous
peaks of the untreated fibres were observed at 29.63° and
21.85°, whereas for 5 % benzoyl-chloride-treated fibres
the crystalline and amorphous peaks observed at 27.32°
and 19.81°. The percentage of crystallin index for the
untreated and 5 % benzoyl chloride were found to be
35.6 % and 37.92 %. The cementing materials of inflo-
rescence fibres had a greater interaction with the 5 %
benzoyl chloride solution, which means the 5 % benzoyl
chloride had a prominent effect on the elimination of
amorphous constituents. This is the reason behind the in-
crease in crystallinity and the swelling of fibres is visible
from SEM morphology studies.
The benzoylation of coconut inflorescence fibre re-
sults in fibre cells rearrangement ahead the direction of
A. A. ANBAN et al.: MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF INFLORESCENCE/GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED HYBRID ...
640 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 56 (2022) 6, 637–643
Figure 5: XRD peaks of untreated and surface-treated inflorescence
fibres
Figure 4: FTIR spectra of untreated and surface-treated inflorescence fibre

tensile deformation, which enhances better dispense of
the load in the fibre as a result the stress concentration of
the fibre reduces. Therefore, the tensile strength of the
coconut inflorescence fibre increases. In addition, the di-
ameter of the fibre is found to reduce because of the ax-
ial splitting of the fibrils. The diameter of the fibre is de-
termined using an image analysis technique. As a result
of the benzoylation of the coconut inflorescence fibre,
the hydroxyl groups present in the fibres are broken
down, which further reacts with water molecules and be-
comes eroded from the fibre surface. The elimination of
hemicellulose, lignin and other functional groups’ exis-
tence in the fibrils were tested by the FTIR analysis. The
XRD analysis tested that the crystallinity size increases
as a result of the orientation change of tightly packed
crystalline cellulose structure. Finally, the surface of the
fibres becomes cleaner as a result of micro voids’ elimi-
nation and also the resistance to moisture and stress
transfer among the coconut inflorescence fibre becomes
improvised.
3.3 Tensile strength
From the tensile-test experiment, it is evident that hy-
bridization of inflorescence fibre with glass fibre attrib-
uted to an increase in the tensile strength of the compos-
ites. A gradual increase in the tensile strength was
observed, as shown in Figure 6. The maximum tensile
strength of 193.65 MPa was observed for 15 %
benzoyl-chloride-treated inflorescence fibre hybridized
with glass fibre. A sudden drop in the tensile strength
was observed for a 20 % volume fraction of inflores-
cence/glass fibre composites. This can be the result of a
higher weight percentage of inflorescence fibre in the
composites. From the tensile test results it can be con-
cluded that 15 % of benzoyl chloride treated inflores-
cence fibre contributed to the maximum tensile strength.
This can be due to better interfacial adhesion between
the glass/inflorescence fibre. The benzoyl-treated fibres
enhance the better dispersion of load in the fibre as a re-
sult the stress concentration of the fibre reduces, thereby
hybridization with glass fibre contributed to the maxi-
mum tensile strength.
3.4 Flexural strength
Figure shows the flexural strength of glass/inflores-
cence-fibre-reinforced hybrid epoxy composites. The
flexural strength of the glass/inflorescence-fibre hybrid
composites was found to be increasing with an increase
in the volume fraction of inflorescence fibre, as shown in
Figure 7. An increase in the flexural strength was ob-
served for inflorescence fibre volume fractions of (5, 10
and 15) %. When the inflorescence fibre volume fraction
is increased to 20 % a sudden drop in the flexural
strength was observed, like with the tensile strength re-
sults. The maximum flexural strength of 240.69 MPa
was observed for 15 % reinforced inflorescence fibre hy-
bridized with 85 % of glass fibre. The phenomenon can
be governed by benzoylation of inflorescence fibre,
which makes the surface of the fibres cleaner as a result
of the micro voids’ elimination and also the resistance to
A. A. ANBAN et al.: MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF INFLORESCENCE/GLASS-FIBRE-REINFORCED HYBRID ...
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 56 (2022) 6, 637–643 641
Figure 7: Flexural strength of hybrid glass/inflorescence-fibre-rein-
forced epoxy composites
Figure 6: Tensile strength of hybrid glass/inflorescence-fibre-rein-
forced epoxy composites Figure 8: Untreated fibre

moisture and the stress transfer among the coconut inflo-
rescence fibre is improved.
3.5 SEM characterization
The surface morphology of untreated and 5 %
benzoyl-chloride-modified inflorescence fibres was ex-
amined using scanning electron microscope, which is
shown in Figures 8 and 9. The surface of the untreated
inflorescence fibres was nonporous and the absence of
any cavity were recorded. The 5 % benzoyl-chlo-
ride-modified inflorescence fibres revealed the surfaces
of the fibres were more porous and cavities were ob-
served on the surface. Thereby during reinforcement
with epoxy matrix contributed to maximum tensile
strength for 15 % benzoyl chloride modified coconut in-
florescence fibres.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Coconut inflorescence fibres and glass-fibre-rein-
forced hybrid composites were fabricated using a hand
lay-up technique and cured by compression moulding.
The inflorescence before reinforcement were surface
treated with 5 % w/v of NaOH, KOH and benzoyl chlo-
ride. The extensive experimentation draws the following
conclusions:
1) Among the surface treatments, benzoyl chloride
has a prominent effect on the removal of amorphous con-
stituents existing in the inflorescence fibres. Benzoyl
chloride modification contributes to a better load distri-
bution along the tensile deformation direction, as a result
the tensile strength of the inflorescence fibre increases.
2) X-ray diffraction of benzoyl-chloride-modified in-
florescence fibres revealed an increase in the crystallinity
size and index of the fibres.
3) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis
of the benzoyl-chloride-modified inflorescence fibres re-
vealed the elimination of amorphous constituents present
in the fibres.
4) A maximum tensile strength of 193.65 MPa was
observed for a 15 % reinforced benzoyl-chloride-modi-
fied inflorescence fibre hybridized with glass fibre.
5) A maximum flexural strength of 240.69 MPa was
observed for a 15 % reinforced benzoyl-chloride-modi-
fied inflorescence fibre hybridized with glass fibre.
6) A scanning electron microscope analysis of un-
modified and benzoyl-chloride-modified inflorescence
fibre revealed surface-modified fibres were porous, and
cavities were observed, which contributed to better inter-
facial bonding during reinforcement with glass and ep-
oxy matrix.
From the results it is concluded that the hybridization
of glass fibres with inflorescence fibres would result in
composites that exhibit better properties than pure syn-
thetic fibre-fortified composites. It is also concluded that
inflorescence fibre could be one potential alternate mate-
rial for the development of partially degradable hybrid
composites.
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Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 56 (2022) 6, 637–643 643