ANNALES 11/"97 originai scientific paper UDC 56!i61/62,l(450.361 Slivje) 55.763.32(450.361 Slivje) 551.763.32(450.361 Kras) PALAEONTOLOGICA L AN D STRATiGRAPHiC DESCRIPTION O F A RUDIST DEPOSIT O F THE UPPER TURONiA N IN SLIVIA, TRIESTE KARST, ITALY Mauro CAFFAU c/o Dipartimento di Science Geologiche, Ambientaii e Marine delt'Universita ell Trieste, IT-34127 Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2 e-mail: caffaii@iits.univ.trieste.it ABSTRACT The study of the stratigraphic sequence located in the occidental area of the Trieste Karst, in the surroundings of Slivia, characterized by limestones with a highly rich rudist fauna brought to light an oncoidal limestone level for the first time in the Trieste Karst. This level is comparable with the GračiSCc Oncoiite of the Gornji Humac Formation (GuSiC & jelaska, 1990, 1993} on the island of Brač, Croatia, and with the Oncoidal limestone of the Sežana Formation, Slovenia (jurkovšek et al„ 1996). Both levels are attributed to the Upper Turonian and testify a rapid and global marine regression (Hancock & Kauffman, 1979 and Sc.hlanger, 1986). Rudist association in the stratigraphic sequence of Slivia consists of species from the Upper Turonian: Hippuritella resecta (DEFRANCE), Hippurites requieni (MATHERON), Hippurites requieni v nr. subpolygonia DOUVILLČ, Vaccinites cf. inferus (DOUVILLE), Neoradioiites turoniensis PAŠIČ, Distefanelia ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR Distefanefla kochanskae SLIŠKOVIČ and Durania a maud i (CHOFFAT). Some of these species are described for the first time in the Trieste Karst. This association also includes gastropods, corals and incrusting algae. Key words: Rudists, Oncoids, Upper Turonian, Trieste Karst INTRODUCTION buted to the Upper Turonian and 3. the systematic study of the rudist association that consists of Hippuritella In the occidental area of the Trieste Karst (Fig. 1) resecta (DEFRANCE), Hippurites requieni (MATHERON), near the small village of Slivia, a stratigraphic sequence Hippurites requieni var. subpolygonia DOUVILLE, Vac­of light gray to gray, very fossiiiferous limestones was cinites cf. inferus (DOUVILLE), Neoradioiites turoniensis studied. These limestones belong to the lower part of the PASlC, Distefanelia ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENlCAR, Sorgo Grotta Gigante Member of the still informal Distefanelia cf. kochanskae SLI$KOVlC and Durania Limestone Formation of the Trieste Karst (Cucchi et al., arnaudi (CHOFFAT). 1987). Caffau and Pleničar (1992) reported the associati­on of Hippuritella resecta (DEFRANCE), Distefanelia STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR, Neoradioiites turoniensis PAŠIČ and Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT) from the Upper The studied deposit (fig. 2) belongs to the lower part Turonian in the area of Slivia. of the Borgo Grotta Gigante Member. This member is The aims of this work are: 1. the description and located above the Zolla Member, which is characterized chronological attribution of the fossiiiferous limestones by limestones rich in radiolitids in the lower part and sequence, 14 meters thick, in which 7 intervals that Pithonetla (Cucchi et al., 1987 and Caffau et al., 1994) testify a carbonate platform environment are reco-in the upper part. The lithoiogy of the sequence of Slivia gnized; 2. the description of an oncoidal limestone level (Fig. 3) consists of ligth gray to gray, very fossiiiferous and its comparison with the Cračišce Oncoiite level of limestones and sterile gray limestones. the Gornji Humac Formation (Gušič & jelaska, 1990, The study of the rudist associations and the micro­1993) in the island of Brač, Croatia, and with the Sežana fades allowed to subdivide the sequence into 7 inter-Formation, Slovenia (Jurkovšek et al., 1996), both attri-vals: 141 ANNALES 11 /'97 Mail rt> CAFF AU: PALAEONTOIOGICAL AND STRAT1GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF A RUD1ST DEPOSIT ..., 14M60 Fig. 1: Studied area and location of the stratigraphie sequence ofSlivia, indicated by a star. SI. 1: Obravnavano območje z lokacijo stratigrafskega stolpca v Slivju, kije označena z zvezdico. Interval 1: this interval, 5 metres thick, consists of light gray, compact, bioclastic limestones. Fossils consist mainly of wavy lamellar fragments of upper valves of radiolitids, probably Distefanella t robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR (tab. 6, fig. 1). The limestone microfacies is bioclastic grainstone, with rare Miliolids. This interval testifies a palaeoenvironment of inner carbonate plat­form with moderated bottom-energy that led to a selective transport mainly of fragments of radioiitid upper valves. Interval 2: this 2.5 metres thick interval consists mainly of compact bioclastic limestones which are light gray towards the bottom and dark gray at the top. Bafflestone clusters of Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENlCAR with Neoradiolites turoniensis PASIC, Hip­puritella resecta (DEFRANCE), Hippurites requieni (MA­THERON) and Vaccinites cf. interns (DOUVILIE), occur in the middle-high part of this interval. Isolated indi­viduals of Hippurites requieni var. subpolygonia DOU­V1LLE and Distefanella cf. kochanskae SLISKOViC are found in the lower part. This association also includes calcareous algae. The microfacies consists of bioclastic­intraclastic grainstones where the bioconstructions occur and bioclastic-intraclastic wackestone-packesto­nes in the lower part of this interval. Microfossils are represented by rare Cuneolina sp. and Miliolids. This is the only interval which presents aggregations of rudists, in addition to a large amount of chaotically disposed individuals around the bioconstructions. Interval 3: this 20 centimetres thick interval consists of compact, dark gray limestones. The microfacies is mudstone-wackestone with fenestrae and includes rare microfossils such us Cuneolina sp. and Miliolids, This interval testifies a palaeoenvironment of inner carbonate platform which became adverse for the benthic life. Interval 4: this interval, 1.2 metres thick, consists of gray, bioclastic, very fossiliferous limestones. Fossils are represented by chaotic accumulations of many frag­ments and complete individuals of Hippuritella resecta (DEFRANCE), Hippurites requieni (MATHERON), Hip­purites requieni var. subpolygonia DOUVULE, Vacci­nites cf. inferus (DOUViLLE), Neoradiolites turoniensis PASlC, Distefanella? robusta CAFFAU & PLENICAR and Distefanella cf. kochanskae SLISKOViC. Gastropods and calcareous algae are also found. The microfacies is bioclastic-intraclastic grainstone with rare microfossils as Cuneolina sp. and Miliolids in the lower part and bioclastic wackestone-packestone with Cuneolina sp., Moncharrnontia apenninica (DE CASTRO), Miliolids and the algae Thaumatoporella parvovesiculifera (RAINES!) in the upper part of this interval. Interval 5: This interval is 1 metre thick and is characterized by the presence of different levels of light gray or gray bioclastic limestones. The dimension and selection of biociasts varies from one level to the other, which testify different phases of transport of the biociasts in this interval. In detail, the lower level of this interval, 30 cm thick, is characterized by chaotic accumulations (Fig. 4) of fragments and complete shells of Hippuritella resecta (DEFRANCE), Hippurites requieni (MATHERON), Hippurites requieni var. subpolygonia DOUVILLE, Vac­cinites cf. inferus (DOUViLLE), Neoradiolites turoniensis PASiC, Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENICAR and Distefanella cf. kochanskae SLISKOVIC, frequently encrusted by blue-green algae. Gastropods encrusted by blue-green algae and calcareous algae are also found. The microphacies is bioclastic-intraclastic grainstone. The subsequent level, 25 cm thick, presents bioclastic beds with fragments of rudist shells that vary from few milimitres to one centimetre (Fig. 5). The ANNALE S tt/'9 7 Mauro CAFfAU: PAIAEONTOIOGICAI AND STRATICRAPH1C DESCRIPTION OF A RUOIST DEPOSIT ..., 14 V ! GO AG E LITHOLOGY M W P G .„L.-L L i 14 MafôtonSAvackestonu wilh rare Acolisaccua kolori. I z. < S O 12 10 © > !<8> les s : <22 | (fgj p 1 S ^I N ) ) © ORCOKÍS I iimeslcaw wtlh gastropo*fe and rudÍR F",ipr.ir, \ BlocbstkMnoaciaslie grairertorw. Icwcr pan, and > btocíistK-B«rací«stíc pícJwswie^ramsforaí wish íbraarae \ and cryptmfcfobisl sirucairea, uppar part. Rudisís; Hita. \retecla. H. requiem. H. reiptleni var. tubpofygonM. V. cf \ inséra/. D. ii kochan tira«, 0.1 ra bu na. D. ornaud! and N. turvftíemií Bi.xiií,t!c;nr:'.c!:i«:c graiagtoí« with tncrusfmg atgaa, Iwt t pan, and bfcílaslic wackcstoiK-packcstonc, upper l Lpart, Rtldists: {Jila, reseda. H,requiem. Hippwiteí reqttt&ii var. sttbpotygvnia V. cf inferus. D. ct kocheHskae, D. 7 robusla, D. amaitdt and .V, turoniensii. 5 4 g Z< u © WudstoRiMvttkratorie with fawsirei. O f ™ L* . © r {j g Biociailic.inlrjclastic woskislono-pjc/esíotK. Ba3temjne with nidias, fhppurtelia reteclaffippurltesreqiaani.!•acamtes cL inferus, Díslefamito cf. kochamkoe.Disteftmellu ? robusta, Durartta arnaudi and S'eoraJioliles tarommsis Cluaera of L>, ? robinia. o «! H < I a s o o 9 < Bioclasic grainsume wilh lamilla» fragmenta of upper valve shells aCDUIefanelh ? robusta. g r Om fâ J L LEGEN D Rudíst s Gastropod s Aeolisaccus kotori Rudis t fragments Hippuritid s ^ Calcareou s alga e Cluster s S 3 Corái s Oncoids Fig. 2: Stratigraphie sequence ofSlivia. SI. 2: Stratigrafski stolpec Slivja. ANNALES 11/'97 Mai.ro CAFFAU : PAlAEONTOLOGICA l AN D STRAT I GRAPH ) C DESCRIPTIO N O F A RUD1ST DEPOSI T ..., 141-1« ! Fig. 3: View of the oncoidal level, indicated by an ar­row. SI. 3: Posnetek onkoidnega nivoja, označenega s pušči­co. microphacies is bioclastic.-intraciastic grainstone. In the middle-high part of this interval, isolated individuals of Hippuritella resecta (DEFRANCE), Hippurites requieni (MATHERON), gastropods and large nodules of calca­reous algae are present (Fig. 5). The thickness of this level is 30 cm. The uppermost level of this interval is characterized by fragments of hippuritids and radioiitids and a iarge amount of benthic foraminifers. The rnicro­fac.ies is bioclastic-intraclastic packestone-grainstone, very fossiliferous, including Moncbarmonfia apenninica {DE CASTRO) and the algae Aeolisaccus kotori RA-DOlCi C (pi. 7, fig. 3). In addition, cryptmicrobial struc­tures (pi. 7, fig. 2) and fenestrae are found. This interval evidenciates a change from chaotic accumulations of rudists encrusted by blue-green algae at the tower part, to bioclastic leveis of rudist fragments that are smaller than the previous ones at the upper part. Interval 6: this interval, 1.8 metres thick, consists of Fig. 4: Bioclastic grainstones with fragments of rudist shells encrusted by blue-green algae. Interval 5, lower part. Scale bar: 1cm. SI. 4: Bioklastični "grainstones" s fragmenti lupin ru­distov, ki so preraščene z modrozelenimi algami. Inter­val 5, spodnji del. Merilo: 1 cm. very compact, gray limestones with oncoides of 10 to 45 mm in diameter (Fig. 6). The oncoid nucleus usualiy consists of gastropods of the Nerineidae family, either complete or in fragments, and rarely of fragments of shell rudists. Interval 7: this 1.5 metres thick interval consists of very compact gray limestones, without fossils. The microfades is mudstone-wackestone with rare Aeoli­saccus kotori RADOIOC . Considerations: from the bottom up to interval 5, the iithology of the sequence of Siivia is characterized by bioclastic limestones. Rudist deposits are chaotic and traces of endoiithization are usually found in rudist shells, in interval 2, rudists also form bafflestone clus­ters. The middle-upper part of interval 5 exhibits bio­clastic leveis that testify a selection of rudist fragments, ANNALES 11 /'97 Maura CAFfAli : PAlAIONTOLOGlCA t ANDSTRAT1GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF A RUDIST DEPOSIT 141-160 fig, 5: Bioclastic grainstones with selected fragments of rudist shells. Scale bar; 1 cm. St. 5: Bioklastični "grainstones" z izbranimi odlomki lu­pin rudistov. Merilo: 7 cm. with shells that are frequently endolithized and encrusted by blue-green algae. A 10 cm thick level very rich in benthic foraminifers, mainly Moncharmontia apenninica (DE C ASTRO), is evident at the top of interval 5. Subsequently, in interval 6, a level of oncoidal limestones associated to gray limestones with dissication pores evidenciates a clear lithologicai change. This level is similar to the Gračišče oncolite located in the lower part of the Gornji Humac Formation on the Srač island from the Upper Turonian (Gušie & Jelaska, 1990, 1993) where Hippurites requieni and the foraminifer Moncharmontia apenninica (DE CASTRO) make their first appearance. In addition, Aeolisaccus kotori RADOIČIČ, gastropods of the Neri­neidae family and cryptmicrobial structures are found. The oncolite horizon of the Sežana Formation, Slovenia, from the Upper Turonian (jurkovšek el ah, 1996) is characterized by the presence of Hippuritella sp. and Hippurites requieni (jurkovšek and Pleničar, pers. comm.) along with Aeolisaccus kotori RADOIČIČ, Taumatoporella parvovesiculifera (RAINERi), gastropods of the Nerineidae family, while benthic foraminifers are extremely rare (jurkovšek etal., 1996). GušiC & jelaska (1990), jurkovšek et al. (1996), Hancock & Kauffman (1979), Schlanger (1986), Flexer et al. 0986) and Haq et al. (1987, 1938) confirmed the occurrence of a rapid marine regression in the area of the Dinaric carbonate platform during the Late Turonian as testified by the Gračišče oncolite. This rapid eustatic drop of the sea level in the Late Turonian is also confirmed by the oncolite horizon of the Sežana For­mation described by jurkovšek et al. (1996). Therefore, the oncolite level of the stratigraphic sequence of Slivia provides additional evidence of the occurrence of this phenomenon in the studied area. Fig. 6: Detail of the oncoidal limestone. Scale bar: one square= 0.5 cm. SI. 6: Detajl onkoidnega apnenca. Merilo: kvadrat = 0,5 cm. 145 ANNALES 11/"9 7 Mauro CAFFAU : P AL AFONTOLO G EC A L AN D STRAT1GRAPHI C DE5CRÎPT10 N O F ARUDI5 T DEPOR T ..., 141-16 0 SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY Famiiia Hippuritidae GRAY, 1848 Genus Hippuriteiia DOUVILLÉ 1908 Hippuriteiia resecta {DEFRANCE) 1821 Pi. 1 ; fig. 1, 2, 3. 1892 Hippurites resectus (Defrance) - DOUVILLÉ, 54, pi. fig. 9-12. 1904 Orbignya requieni var. resecta (Defrance) ­TOUCAS, 20, pl. 1, fig. 4. 1961 Hippurites (Hippuriteiia) (Defrance) - PLE­NIÎAR , 68, textfig. 22. 1970 Hippurites (Hippuriteiia) resectus (Defrance) -PEJOVld, p|. 3, fig 1. 1993 Hippuriteiia resecta (Defrance) - STEUBER, 39, textfig. 3c-d. Material: one lower valve and ten lower valves in the deposit. Description: lower valves conical-elongated in sha­pe, 50 to 65 mm long and 24 to 32 mm wide at the commisure. Shell traversed by wide rounded ribs sepa­rated by deep furrows, in transverse section, the arete cardinale is wide, triangular in shape, truncated and slightly concave at the end. The values of the angles a (L-P2) and p (L-B1,B) are 90° and 79°, respectively. The first pillar (PI) is rounded while the second pillar (P2) is protruding and slightly pinched at the base. It is noticeable that individuals of this species usually grew attached to shells of large individuals of Diste­fanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENlCAR and, less fre­quently, they lived as isolated individuals. Geographic and stratigraphie distribution: Turanian in France and Spain. Middle-Upper Turonian in the Periadriatic area. Genus Hippurites LAMARCK, 1801 Hippurites requieni (MATHERON), 1842 PI. 2, fig. 1, 2, 3, 6 1890 Hippurites requieni Matheron - DOUVILLÉ, 58, pl. 8, fig. 1-5. 1903 Orbignya requieni Matheron - TOUCAS, 18, texfigs. 23-26, pl. 1, fig. 1-3. 1907 Hippurites (Orbignya) requieni Matheron - PA­RONA, 143, textfig. 1. 1932 Hippurites (Orbignya) requieni Matheron ­KUHN, 63 1984 Hippurites (Hippurites) requieni Matheron ­BILOTTE, 342, pi. 38, fig. 3. 1992 Hippurites requieni Matheron - PONS & SIR­NA, 344. 1996 Hippurites (Hippurites) requieni Matheron ­ BILOTTE & PLATEL., 23, pi. 3, fig. 3. Material: forty lower valves in the deposit. Description: cylindrical lower valve with a length that varies from 40 to 170 mm and a diameter of 10 to 30 mm at the coiYimisure, Shell traversed by thin ribs. In transverse section, myocardinal elements are well pre­served. The arete cardinale (L) is protruding, triangular in shape and truncated at the end (PI. 2, fig. 6). The first pillar (PI) is short with a wide base. The second pillar (P2) is slightly longer than the previous one and somewhat pinched at the base. The values of the angles a (L-P2) and j} (L-B1, B) are 97° and 66°, respectively. The dorsal cavity (DC) lies between the anterior tooth socket (B1) and the shell inner layer. The posterior tooth socket (B) is smaller than B1. The posterior myophore (mp) located between B and PI , is oval in shape. The body cavity (BC) extends to about half of the lower valve cavity. Remarks: Toucas (1903) described an evolution of the myocardinal elements of this species from the Lower to the Upper Turonian. The author indicated that most evident variations include the dimension and shape of the arete cardinale, which is larger and protruding in more recent individuals, while its truncated end is a constant characteristic of this species. In addition, the dimension of the body cavity (BC) is also subjected to evolution, being smaller in more recent individuals than in ancient ones. The inner elements of the individuals studied in this work are similar to those of the individuals in figs. 25 and 26, p. 19, Toucas (1903). Geographic and slratigraphic distribution: Upper Turonian in France, Spain and Periadriatic area. Hippurites requieni var. subpolygonia DOUVILLÉ, 1892 PI, 2, fig. 4, 5 1892 Hippurites requieni var. subpolygonia - DOU­VILLÉ, 54, pi. 5, figs. 10-11 1903 Orbignya requieni var. subpolygonia Douvillé - TOUCAS, 22, figtext. 32, pi. 1, fig. 5 1932 Hippurites (Orbignya) requieni var. subpoly­ gonia Douvillé - KÜHN,64 Material: twenty lower valves in the deposit. Description: cylindrical lower valve, 35 to 160 mm long and 10 to 30 mm wide at the commisure.The shell is traversed by protruding ribs, 0.6 to 2 mm wide, with irregular and slightly rounded edges. The ribs are separated by well marked furrows. In transverse section, myocardinal elements are well preserved. The arete cardinale (L) is protruding, triangular in shape and truncated at the end.The first pillar (PI) is short with a wide base while the second pillar (P2) is slightly longer than the previous one and somewhat pinched at the base. The values of the angles a (L.-P2) and (L-B1,B) are 91° and 89°, respectively. The anterior tooth socket (B1) is larger than the posterior tooth socket (B). Remarks: morphological characters of rudist shells, such as ornamentation, shape and dimension should be taken into account as taxonomical characters only if they are unique for the species under consideration (Cestari, 1992). This is the case for the shell orna­mentation taken as a taxonomical character to di­ ANNALES 11 /'97 Mauro CAF F Ali : PAIAEONTOIOGICA L AN D STRAT I GRAPHI C DESCRIPTIO N O F A RUDIS T DEPOSI T 141-160 1 cm. Figs. 7a-i.: Vaccinites cf. inferus DOUVILLE. Successive transverse sections of the same lower valve. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 7ft; P1=first pillar; P2-second pillar; B1=anterior tooth socket; B-posterhr tooth socket; mp=posterior myophore; N=lower valve tooth. Scale bar: 1cm. Si. 7a-i: Vaccinites cf, inferus DOUVILLE. Zaporedni prečni prerezi spodnje lupine. Merilo: 1 cm. Slika 7h: P J-prvi stebriček; P2=drugi stebriček; B1=anteriorna zobna jamica; B~posteriorna zohna jamica; mp-posteriorni mišični odtisek; N=zob v spodnji lupini. Merilo: 1 cm. stinguish between Hippu rites requieni ('MAT HE RON) and Uippurites requieni var. subpolygonia DOUVILLE. The upper valve of the species Hippurites requieni var. subpolygonia DOUVILL E is characterized by polygonal pores regularly distributed, as described by Toucas (1903), and differs from the upper valve of Hippurites requieni (MATHERON) which presents pores that are slightly elongated and distributed in a linear manner. These morphological differences that also imply functional differences allow to distinguish individuals that belong to two groups genetically different and therefore they assume taxonomical value. Geographic and stratigraphic distribution: Upper Turonian in France. Genus Vaccinites FISCHER 1887 Vaccinites cf. inferus (DOUVILLE) 1891 PI. 1, fig. 4-8 1891 Hippurites inferus - (DOUVILLE), 23, pi. 2 fig. 6 1894 Hippurites inferus (Qouv\\\e) - DOUVILLE, 115. 1904 Vaccinites inferus (Douviile) - TOUCAS, 90, textfigs. 139-140; pi. 13, fig. 1. 1993 Vaccinites inferus (Douviile) - STEUBER, 41, textfigs. 2a-i, 3a-f, 8; pi. 8, figs. 1-3. Material: two lower vaives and twenty valves In the deposit. Description: cylindrical lower valve, 135 mm long and 45 mm wide at the commisure. The shell is tra­versed by protruding and rounded ribs, 1 mm wide. In transverse section, the first pillar (PI) is less developed than the second one (P2) and both are pinched at the base. Nine transverse sections (Textfig. 7), 15 mm equi­distant one from the other, were obtained from the lower valve of a well conserved individual. The analysis of these transverse sections allowed to evidenciate morphological differences in the arete cardinale (L) during the ontogenical development of the individual: from a truncated form in the lower part of the individual (Textfigs. 7 a-e) turns to be rounded in shape in the upper part (Textfigs. 7 f-i). Although the lower valve is slightly flattened at the dorsal side, the values of the angle a (L-P2) measured in the different transverse sections range from 56° to 71°, consistent with the range given by Steuber 1993 for Vaccinites inferus (DOU­VILLE). Geographic and stratigraphie distribution: Turonian in France. Middle-Upper Turonian In Greece. Family Radioiilidae GRA Y 1848 Genus Distefanella PARONA 1901 Oistefanella cf. kochanskae POLSAK 1968 PI. 4, fig. 5, 6 147 ANNALES 11/'97 Mauro CAFFAU : PA [.AEO N T O LOGICA L AN D 5T R ATIGRAP H IC DESCRIPTIO N O F A R U D I S T DEPOSI T ..., i 41-16 0 1968 Distefane!la kochanskae - POLbAK, 183, text-figs. 8, 9. Material! two transverse sections of a lower valve. Description: small individuals, rarely larger than 10 mm with a thin shell, about 0.5 mm thick, traversed by triangular and very robust ribs. Four to six ribs are evident in the dorsal area. Radial bands fie between two very well developed ribs. The E radial band is twice as wide as the S band, flattened and traversed by 3 to 4 pronounced ribs. The S band is flattened and traversed by 3 ribs, less developed than those of the E band. The cardinal laminae or traverse saeptum is not visible. Similarities and differences: as it was previously demonstrated for other rudist genera (Cestari, 1992; Caf­fau & PleniCar, 1996; Caffau ef a/., 1997), the examined individuals of this species from Slivia are also charac­terized by a large morphological variability. For this reason, the number of ribs of the dorsal area and the radial bands are not significant for diagnosis. Further analysis may elucidate the range of variation of the morphological characters of these individuals. The examined individuals from Slivia differ from those of Distefaneila kochanskae POLSAK by the lower number of ribs in the dorsal area and in the interband. Individuals of Distefaneila raricostat.a SLlSKOViC differ from those of Slivia by the larger amount of ribs in the dorsal area and the smooth S radial band. Geographic and stratigraphic distribution: Turonian in Istria. Distefaneila ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENlCAR 1992 PI. 3, fig. 1-4; Tab. 4, fig. 1-4 1992 Distefaneila robusta - CAFFAU & PLENlCAR, 191, pi. 1-3; textfigs. 2, 3. Material: ten lower valves and four complete indi­viduals. Description: lower valve cylindro-conical in shape, with a length that varies from 40 to 210 mm and a diameter of 15 to 80 mm at the commisure. The shell is traversed by protruding and robust ribs interrupted by widely spaced megacycles. The siphonal area is repre­sented by two wide, flattened and/or slightly concave bands, longitudinally traversed by thin ribs. The E radial band is crossed by 16 ribs while the S band exhibits 10 ribs. Both radial bands are separated by a very pro­nounced ridge that in some individuals devides into 3 ribs near the commisure (tab. 3, fig. 2). The upper valve is flat or slightly convex, in the inner part, the myo­cardinal apparatus consists of two teeth that form an angle of 50° between them and two large myophores. The dorsal cavity, ova! in shape, is evident between both teeth. The shell structure is characterized by large polygonal cells. No ligamentai ridge is present. Discussion: Caffau & PleniCar (1992) described the species Distefaneila robusta, identified as a new species of Distefaneila because of the presence of a dorsal cavity delimited by a transverse saeptum or dorsal laminae (sensu Polsak, 1968), which is one of the most evident diagnostic characteristics of the genus Diste­faneila (Parana, 1901; 1912; 1926; PolSak, 1968 and SliSkovii, 1971). In this work, the analysis of several other individuals of this species allowed to verify that the dorsal cavity (DC), oval in shape and belonging to the lower valve, is not delimited by a dorsal laminae but by a wail formed by the inner layer of the lower valve shell. In addition, in some individuals this cavity is detached from the inner layer of the shell (tab. 4, figs. 1­4). Therefore, the morphology of the DC of Distefaneila ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENlCAR differs from that of the DC of the genus Distefaneila (sensu PolSak 1968) delimited by the dorsal laminae that separates the DC from the ventral cavity. Another observed difference is the angle formed by the teeth, which is 50° to 60° in Distefaneila? robusta CAFFAU & PLENiCAR and about 180° in the genus Distefaneila described by Polsak (1968). On the basis of these new observations, detailed analyses are in progress to confirm the validity of the systematic attribution of Distefaneila 1 robusta CAFFAU & PLENICAR. Geographic and stratigraphic distribution; Upper Turanian in the Trieste Karst. Genus Neoradiolites MILOVANOViC 1935 Neoradiolites turoniensis PASiC 1957 PI. 5, fig. 2-5. 1957 Neoradiolites turoniensis PASiC! - pi. 2, fig. 4; pi. 4, fig. 1, pi. 6, fig. 1, 2. 1976 Neoradiolites turoniensis CMARVET-DECRO­UEZ-POLSAK - 248, pi. 2, fig. 2, 3; pi. 5, fig. 1,2 . Material: two lower valves embedded in the lime­stone and one free lower valve. Description: conical lower valve, 60 mm long and 40 mm wide at the commisure. The shell, 5 mm thick at the siphonal area and 10 mm at the dorsal area, is traversed by rounded and slightly concave ribs, about 1 mm wide. The inner structure is characterized by a dense mesh of small polygonal cells (tab. 5, fig. 5). The ligamentai ridge of the myocardinal apparatus, hammer-shaped, is well developed. The angle formed between teeth is 60°. The anterior myophore (ma) is about twice as large as the posterior myophore (mp). Geographic and stratigraphic distribution: Middle Turanian in Serbia and Greece. Genus Durania DOUVtLLE 1908 Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT) 1891 PI. 4, fig. 5, 6; tab. 5, fig. 1 1909 Sauvagesia arnaudi- TOUCAS, 93, pi. 18, figs. 3-7. 1910 Durania arnaudi- DOUV1LLE, 50, pi. 3, fig 1. 1911 Durania arnaudi - PARONA, 290. 1926 Durania arnaudi - PARONA, 37, pi. 3, fig. 11. ANNALES 11 /'97 Mauro CAFFAU : PAUEONTOLOGICA L AN D STRATIGRAPHI C DESCRIPTIO N O f A RUD1S T DEPOSI T ..., 141-16 0 1967 Durania arnaudi - POL$AK, 90, pi. 7, fig. 3; pi. 55, figs. 1-7. 1968 Durania arnaudi - POLSAK, 187, textfig. 11. 1973 Durania arnaudi - PLENlCAR, 221, pi. 4, fig. 1; pi. 12, fig. 3; pi. 1 3, fig. 1. 1982 Durania arnaudi - ACCORD! et ai, 772, pi. 4, fig. 9; pi. 5, fig. 4. Material: two iower valves. Description: cylindrical lower valve up to 120 mm long, with a shell thickness of 13 mm at the commisure. At the dorsal area, the shell is traversed by wide and robust ribs with a triangular profile, which turn to be thinner near the radial bands. The E radial band is concave and traversed by thin ribs. The S band is slightly smaller and less concave than the previous one and is also traversed by thin ribs. The shell is thin at the radial bands and wider at the interband. The latter is wide, very protruding and traversed by 2 to 3 ribs. The interband of the individual in table 5, fig. 1 seems greatly pronounced due to the slightly oblique trans­verse section. The inner structure of the shell is a mesh of large polygonal ceils. The myocardinal apparatus consists of two myophores, being better developed the anterior than the posterior one. The teeth are equal in dimension and the angle formed between them is 62°. Remarks: the individuals of Durania arnaudi (CHOF­FAT) are externally similar to those of Distefanelia ? robusta CAFFA U & PLENIC a K but differ from this species by the lack of the dorsal cavity. Comparative analysis of Distefanelia ? robusta and Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT) are in progress to verify if the presence of the dorsal cavity could be considered as a mor­phofunctional characteristic typical of one of these species. Geographic and stratigraphic distribution: Turanian in France, Spain and Periadriatic area. CONCLUSIONS The study of the stratigraphic sequence of Slivia allowed to describe a rich rudist fauna of the Upper Turanian. The rudist association includes some species described for the first time in the Trieste Karst: Hip­pur iles requieni (MATHERON), Hippuntes requieni var. subpolygonia DOUVILLE, Vaccinites cf. inferus (DOU­V1LLÉ), Neoradiolites turoniensis PAŠIČ and Distefanelia kochanskae SLIŠKOV1Č, along with Hippuritella resecta (DEFRANCE), Distefanelia? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR and Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT). Rudists are found in situ only in interval 2, as testified by the presence of bouquets and clusters in physiological position in this interval. The poor development of the rudist fauna may have been due to the large production of bioclasts and their transport that prevented the formation of a rigid an stable substrate, required for rudist growth. Bioclastic accumulations consist mainly of fragments of rudist shells. Moreover, an oncolite level is described for the first time in the Trieste Karst. This level is comparable with two oncolite horizons of the Upper Turanian: the Gra­čišče oncolite of the Gornji Humac Formation on the island of Brae in Croatia (Gušič & Jelaska, 1990; 1993) and the oncolite horizon of the Sežana Formation in Slovenia (Jurkovšek et al., 1996). The oncolite horizons of both formations record the most evident phase of an important environmental change, with a rapid eustatic change of the marine level that characterized the Late Turanian (Haq eta/., 1987; Gušič & jelaska, 1990). The oncoidal level of Slivia also testifies a regression of the marine level, although this change seems to have been more slow compared with that recorded in other areas of the Dinaric carbonate platform, e.g. on the Brač island and in Slovenia. In fact, in the Trieste Karst, the lithological transition from the limestones rich in Phi­tonella, in the upper part of the Zoila Member (Cucchi etal., 1987; Caffau et ai, 1994) to the limestones rich in rudists and to the oncolite level of Slivia is gradual. The presence of an oncoidal level in the sequence of Slivia extends the area of the Dinaric carbonatic platform which has been described to be subjected to a global marine regression. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Prof. Mario Pleničar for his generous help and the critical revision of the work, Dr. Bogdan jurkovšek for his helpful advices on the stra­tigraphy and Dr. M. Inés Gutiérrez for her long work of translation into English. I'm very grateful to Mr. Alceo Tarlao for the continuous discussions on rudists. 149 ANNALES 11/'97 Mauro CAFFAU: PAIAEONTOIOGICA L AN D STRATI GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF A RUDIST DEPOSIT 141-160 PLATES -TABLE PLATE 1/TABLA 1 Figs. 1-3: Hippuritella resecta (DEFRANCE). Transverse sections of lower valves of three different individuals, Scale bar: 1 cm. Figs. 4 and 5: Vaccinites cf. inferus (DOUVILLÉ). Lower valve and transverse section of the same individual. Scale bar: 1 cm. Figs 6-8: Vaccinites cf. inferus (DOUVILLÉ). Transverse sections of three individuals. Scale bar: 1 cm. SI. 1-3: Hippuritella resecta (DEFRANCE). Prečni prere­zi spodnjih lupin treh različnih osebkov. Merilo: 1 cm. Si 4 in 5: Vaccinites cf. inferus (DOUVILLÉ). Spodnja lupina in prečni prerez istega osebka. Merilo: 1 cm. Si 6-8: Vaccinites cf. inferus (DOUVILLÉ). Prečni pre­rezi treh osebkov. Merilo: 1 cm. PLATE2/TABLA 2 Fig. 1: Flippurites requieni (MATHERON). Transverse section of two lower valves embedded in the limestone. Interval 2. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 2: Polished transverse section with Flippurites re­quieni (MATHERON), fragments of rudist shells and incrusting blue-green algae. Interval 5. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 3: Flippurites requieni (MATHERON). Transverse section of lower valve. Scale bar: 1 cm. Figs. 4 and 5: Hippurites requieni var. subpolygonia (DOUVILLÉ). Transverse sections of two lower valves. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 6: Hippurites requieni (MATHERON). Transverse section, view of the truncated arete cardinale, x 24. SI. 1: Hippurites requieni (MATHERON). Prečni prerez dveh spodnjih lupin, vraščenih v apnenec. Interval 2. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 2: Poliran prečni prerez z vrsto Hippurites requieni (MATHERON), z odlomki rudistnih lupin in inkrustirane modrozelene alge. Interval 5. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 3: Hippurites requieni (MATHERON). Prečni prerez spodnje lupine. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 4 in 5: Flippurites requieni var. subpolygonia (DOU­VILLÉ). Prečna prereza dveh spodnjih lupin. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 6: Hippurites requieni (MA THERON). Prečni prerez, pogled na odrezani ligamentni greben. x 24. PLATE 3/TABLA 3 Figs. 1-2: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Lower valve, view of the radial bands E-S and detail of the interband with 3 thin ribs in the upper part. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 3: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Polished transverse section of a lower valve. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 4: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Transverse section of a lower valve. Scale bar: 1cm. Figs. 5 and 6: Distefanella cf. kocbanskae POLŠAK. Polished transverse section of lower valves of two individuals. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 7; Polished section with corals, rudists and cal­careous algae. Scale bar: 1cm. SI. 1-2: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Spodnja lupina, pogled na radialni progi E-S in detajl medsifonalne proge s 3 šibkimi rebri v zgornjem delu. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 3: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Po­liran prečni prerez spodnje lupine. Merilo: 1 cm, SI. 4: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Prečni prerez spodnje lupine. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 5 in 6: Distefanella cf. kocbanskae POLŠAK. Polirana prečna prereza spodnjih lupin dveh osebkov. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 7: Poliran presek s koralami, rudisli in kalcitnimi al­gami. Merilo: 1 cm. PLATE 4 / TABLA 4 Figs. 1-3: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Polished transverse sections of lower valves of three individuals. The dorsal cavity is clearly visible. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 4: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Thin transverse section of lower valve. The structure of the dorsal cavity is clearly visible, x 1,5. Fig. 5: Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT). Polished transverse section of lower valve with endolithized shell. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 6: Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT). Transverse section of lower valve with incomplete cardinal apparatus. Scale bar: 1 cm. SI. 1-3: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Zbruski prečnih prerezov spodnjih lupin treh osebkov. Dorzalna votlina je dobro vidna. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 4: Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Zbrusek prečnega prereza spodnje lupine. Dobro je vidna struktura dorzalne votline. x 1,5. SI. 5: Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT). Polirani prečni pre­rez spodnje lupine z endolitizirano lupino. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 6: Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT). Prečni prerez spod­nje lupine z nepopolnim kardinalnim aparatom. Merilo: 1 cm. 150 ANNALES 11/'97 Ma uro CAFE Ali : PAIAEONTOLOGICAL AN D STRATIGRAPH1C DESCRIPTION OE A RUDIST DEPOSIT 141-160 PLATE5/TABLA 5 Fig. 1: Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT). Transverse section of lower valve embedded in the limestone. Scale bar: 1 cm. Figs. 2 and 3: Neoradiolites turoniensis PAŠIČ. Lower valve and polished transverse section of the same individual. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 4: Neoradiolites turoniensis PAŠIČ. Polished trans­verse section of lower valve, view of the hammer-shaped ligamental ridge. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 5: Neoradiolites turoniensis PAŠIČ. Thin transverse section showing the myocardial apparatus and the inner structure characterized by small cells. Scale bar: 1 cm. SI. 1: Durania arnaudi (CHOFFAT). Prečni prerez spod­nje lupinet vra&čene v apnencu. Merilo: 1 cm. Si. 2 m 3: Neoradiolites turoniensis PAŠIČ. Spodnja lu­pina in polirani prečni prerez istega osebka. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 4: Neoradiolites turoniensis PAŠIČ. Zbrusek preč­nega prereza spodnje lupine; pogled na kladivasto oblikovan ligamentni rob. Merilo: 1 cm. Si. 5: Neoradiolites turoniensis PAŠIČ. Zbrusek preč­nega prereza, ki prikazuje miokardinalni aparat in notranjo strukturo, za katero so značilne male celice. Merilo: 1 cm. PLATE 6 /TABLA 6 Fig. 1: Bioclastic grainstones with lamellar fragments of upper valves of Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Interval 1. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 2: Oncoidal limestones with gastropods of the Nerineidae family. Interval 6. Scale bar: 1 cm. Fig. 3: Detail of the oncoidal limestone with gastropods of the Nerineidae family. Interval 6. Scale bar: 1 cm. SI. 1: Bioklastični "grainstones" z lamelarnimi odlomki zgornjih lupin vrste Distefanella ? robusta CAFFAU & PLENIČAR. Interval 1. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 2: Onkoidni apnenec s polži iz družine Nerineidae. Interval 6. Merilo: 1 cm. SI. 3: Detajl onkoidnega apnenca s polži iz družine Nerineidae. Interval 6, Merilo: 1 cm. PLATE 7/TABLA 7 Fig. I: Packestone-grainstones with Monc.harmontia apenninica (DE CASTRO), Aeolisaccus kotori RADOIČIČ and Miliolids. x 30. Interval 5, upper part. Fig. 2: Packestone-grainstones with cryptmicrobial structure, fragments of shell rudists, Aeolisaccus kotori RADOIČIČ and Miliolids. x 30. Interval 5, upper part. Fig. 3: Packestone-grainstones with Moncharmontia apenninica (DE CASTRO), Aeolisaccus kotori RA­DOIČIČ and Miliolids. x 30. Interval 5, upper part. SI. 1: "Packestone-grainstones" z Moncharmontia apen­ninica (DE CASTRO), Aeolisaccus kotori RADOIČIČ in miliolidami. x30. Interval 5, zgornji del. Si. 2: "Packestone-grainstones" z kriptomikrobnimi strukturami, odlomki lupin rudistov, Aeolisaccus kotori RADOIČIČ ter miliolida x 30. Interval 5, zgornji del. SI. 3: "Packestone-grainstones" z vrstama Monchar­montia apenninica (DE CASTRO) in Aeolisaccus kotori RADOIČIČ ter miliolida. x 30. Interval 5, zgornji del. 151 ANNALES 11/'9 7 Mauro CAFFAU: PAL AEONTO LOGICAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF A RUDIST DEP05IT ..., 141 -160 152 ANNALES 11 /'97 Mauro CAFFAU: PALAEONTOlOGICAl AND STRATI GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION O f A RUDiST DEPOSIT..., 141-ifiQ PLATE2/ TABLA 2 ANNAI.ES 11/'97 MAURO CA FF ATJ: PALAEONTOIOGICAI. AN D STRATIGKAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF A RUDI ST DEPOSIT ... 141-160 ANNALES 11/'97 Mawo CAFPAU: PAIAEONTOIOGICAI. AND STRATI GRAPH IC DESCRIPTION O F A RUOiST DEPOSIT ..., 541-160 PLATE 4 /TABLA 4 155 ANNALES 11/'97 ANNALES 11/9 7 ANNALES IV'97 Mauro CAFFAU: PALAEONTOLOCICAI. AND STRATICRAPHIC DtSCRiPTION Of A RU Di ST DEPOSIT .... 141-160 ANNALES 11 /'97 Mauro CAFFAU : PALAEONTOLOGSCAl . AN O STRATSCRAPHJ C DESCRIPTtO N O F A RUDIS T DEPOSI T 141-160 PALEONTOLOŠKI IN STRATIGRAFSKI OPIS ZGORNJETURONiJSKiH PLASTi 2 RUDiSTi V SLIVJU, TRŽAŠKI KRAS, ITALIJA Mauro CAFFAU c/o Dipartimento di Scien/e geoiogiche, Ambientaii e marine dei'Untversilä d\ Trieste IT-34127 Trtesle, Via E. Weiss 2 e-matf: caffau@uts.univ.trieste. it POVZETEK Pri preučevanju stratigrafskega zaporedja apnencev z bogato rudistno favno na vzhodnem delu Tržaškega Krasa pri Slivju je bil prvič odkrit na Tržaške, Krasu horizont onkoidnega apnenca. Ta horizont lahko primerjamo z onkolitom v formaciji Gornji Humac pri Gračiču (Gušič & jelaska, 1990, 1993) na otoku Braču (Hrvaška) ter z onkoidnim apnencem Sežanske formacije (Jurkovšek et al., 1996). Oba horizonta, ki ju prištevamo h zgornjemu turoniju, dokazujeta hitro in globalno morsko regresijo (Hancock & Kauffman, 1979 in Schlanger, 1986). Rudistno združbo v stratigrafskem zaporedju pri Slivju sestavljajo naslednje zgornjeturonijske vrste: Hippuriteila resecta (Defrance), Hippurites requieni (Matheron), H. requieni var. subpolygonia Douville, Vaccinites cf. inferus (Douville), Neoradiolites turoniensis Pašič, Distefanella? robusta Caffau & Pleničar, Distefanelfa kochanskae Sliškovič, Durania arnaudi Choffat in Biradiolites sp. Nekatere od teh vrst so opisane prvič na Tržaškem Krasu. Asociacija obsega še polže, korale in kalcitne ter inkrustirane alge. Ključne besede: Rudisti, onkoidi, zgornji turonij, Tržaški Kras REFERENCES Accordi, G., Carbone F,, Sirna C . 1982: Relationships among tectonic settings, substratum and benthonic com­munities in the Upper Cretaceous of northeastern Ma­tese {Molise, Italy). Geologica Rom., 21: 755-793, Ro­ ma. Bilotte, M. 1984: Le Crétacé supérieur des plates-forme Est-Pyrénéen nés, Atias. Laboratoire de Géologie sédimentaire et. Paléontologie Univ. Paul Sabatier, 2/1 : 1-45, Toulose. 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