CHARACTERISTICS OF EXONYM USE IN SELECTED EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ZNAČILNOSTI RABE EKSONIMOV V NEKATERIH EVROPSKIH JEZIKIH Drago Kladnik Izsek zemljevida v madžarskem atlasu Cartographia Vilägatlasz, s katerega je razvidno, da je tudi madžarskimi jezik bogat zeksonimi. Part of the map from the Hungarian Cartographia Vilägatlasz atlas showing that Hungarian language is also rich with exonyms. Characteristics of exonym use in selected European languages UDC: 91:81'373.2(4) COBISS: 1.01 ABSTRACT: This article discusses linguistic and geographical aspects of the frequency of exonym use in selected European languages. In addition to true exonyms, exographs and exophones are presented. Frequency is discussed by individual languages and, within these, by appertaining countries and the semantic types of adapted foreign geographical names. In addition, certain typical concepts of exonym use are presented with an emphasis on how they are written. KEYWORDS: geography, geographical name, exonymization, exonym, exograph, exophone, atlas, geography, linguistics The article was submitted for publication on February 27, 2007. ADDRESS: Drago Kladnik, Ph.D. Anton Melik Geographical Institute Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts Gosposka 13, SI - 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: drago.kladnik@zrc-sazu.si Contents 1 Introduction 201 2 Methodology 201 3 Basic terms connected with foreign geographical names 202 4 Main linguistic aspects of foreign geographical names in European languages 202 5 Exonym use in some foreign world atlases 204 6 Comparative analysis of selected maps from De Agostini atlases in various languages 205 7 Conclusion 211 8 References 211 1 Introduction Exonyms are a constituent part of the majority of languages. The main reason for the multitude of various exonyms in European languages lies in the fact that European nations have had diverse and predominantly active contact with one another over a long period of time. Various close cultural connections were formed between them that dictated adaptation of original linguistic features to the features of the user or target languages. This was first reflected in adaptation of pronunciation and, later on, in adaptation of the way certain (usually more widely known) foreign geographical names were written. Although multiple names for a specific phenomenon or object can cause problems in communication, these gradually became part of the target language vocabulary. Their potential removal and replacement with original names would therefore be unnatural. 2 Methodology The use of exonyms in selected foreign languages was studied by comparing word atlases published by the Italian cartographic publishing house De Agostini, whose products have become well established in many countries. Because of close historical connections between the Central European countries and the consequently larger number of exonyms in this area, plate 10 from the Slovenian version of the De Agostini atlas, Veliki družinski atlas sveta (The Great Family Atlas of the World, 1992), and its equivalents in various languages were selected for detailed study. Cartographic material from four different editions was analyzed. Different editions entail different scales and thus different divisions on the maps of a given territory, and in part also different concepts of writing exonyms. In addition to comparing various languages, they also enable the comparison of various practices within a specific language. These reflect various editorial approaches in the use of exonyms, which at least in part reveal different views and experience of individual editorial boards. The following atlases were taken into account: • Grande atlante geografico enciclopedico. Istituto Geografico De Agostini. Novara, 1986; • Illustrated atlas of the world. Istituto geografico De Agostini, Rand McNally & Company. Chicago, New York, San Francisco, 1986; • Maailman ja suomen suuratlas. 2nd edition. Translated and adapted by Grande Atlante Geografico. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Werner Söderstöm Osakeyhtiö. Helsinki, 1988; • Illustrated atlas of the world. Translated and adapted by Grande Atlante Geografico. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Chin Show Publishing Company, Chin Show Cultural Enterprise, 1991. (In the Chinese editions only the map titles are given in Chinese; all other names are written in the Latin alphabet and all the exonyms are English); • Great atlas of the world. Translated and adapted by Grande Atlante Geografico. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Shogakukan. Tokyo, 1991. (In the Japanese edition the titles of maps of the world and continents, as well as the titles of regional maps are given in Japanese, although they are written in the Latin alphabet and all the exonyms are English); • Grande atlas geografico da editorial enciclopedia, LDA. Translated and adapted by Grande Atlante Geografico. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Editorial Enciclopedia, Lda. Lisbon, 1991; • Gran atlas salvat. Translated and adapted by Grande Atlante Geografico. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Salvat Editores, S.A. Barcelona, 1993; • Le grand atlas geographique et encyclopedique du monde. Translated and adapted by Grande Atlante Geografico. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Editions Atlas. Paris, 2002; • Store verdensatlas. Translated and adapted by Atlante Geografico De Agostini. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Kunnskapsforlaget, H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard) A/S and Gyldendal Norsk Forlag ASA. Oslo, 2000; • Atlante geografico de Agostini. Istituto Geografico De Agostini. Novara, 2004; • Atlas national geographic: La tierra - el universo. Istituto Geografico de Agostini, The National Geographic Society, RBA Coleccionables. Madrid, 2004; • De wereld bosatlas. Translated and adapted by Atlante Geografico De Agostini. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Wolters-Noordhoff Atlasproducties. Groningen, 2005; • Atlas do mundo. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Texto Editora. Novara, 2002; • Atlas mira. Istituto Geografico de Agostini, OOO »Mir knigi«. Novara, 2002; • Grande atlante d'Europa de Agostini. 4th edition. Istituto Geografico De Agostini. Novara, 1997; • Europa: Der grosse Bildatlas. Translated and adapted by Grande Atlante d'Europa De Agostini. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Verlagshaus Stuttgart, Adac Verlag. Stuttgart, Munich, 1992. Altogether, 2,142 foreign exonyms were recorded in all the atlas versions discussed, including 125 Slovenian adapted foreign geographical names from the map. Taking into account duplications of name forms (because certain phenomena extended across several countries or because of their polysemy), the figures increase to over 160 Slovenian adapted foreign geographical names and around 2,550 foreign exonyms. 3 Basic terms connected with foreign geographical names Some basic terms used in this article are explained below (Kladnik 2006, 11-19): A foreign geographical name is an original or adapted geographical name outside the territory of a specific country; for example, in Slovenian: Afrika 'Africa', Mjanmar 'Burma', New York, Lop Nur, Montaž 'Jof di Montasio', Železna Kapla 'Eisenkappel'; An exonym is a name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language has official status and differs in form from the name used in the official language or languages of the area where the geographical feature is situated, for example: Warsawis an English exonym for Polish capital Warszawa; Londres is French for British capital London; Mailand is German for Italian city Milano, Dunaj is Slovenian for Austrian capital Wien, Burgundija is Slovenian for French landscape Bourgogne, Skalno gorovje is Slovenian for North American mountain range Rocky Mountains, Kitajska is Slovenian for Chinese Zhongguo; An endonym is the name of a geographical feature in one of the languages occurring in the area where the feature is situated, for example Väränasi (not Benares), Aachen (not Aix-la-Chapelle), Krung Thep (not Bangkok), Yerushalayim (not Jerusalem), Ljubljana (not Laibach); Exonymization is the replacement or substitution of endonyms with exonyms; for example, in Slovenian, using the name Pulj instead of Croatian Pula, Peking instead of Chinese Beijing, Kanarski otoki instead of Spanish Islas Canarias, or Misisipi instead of Mississippi; An exophone is a spoken adaptation of a foreign geographical name written as an endonym, but with a pronunciation that is notably different - that is, as though it were part of the target language vocabulary; for example, Slovenian Argentina (pronounced with /g/), London (with double /o/), Madrid (final /t/), or Moskva 'Moscow' (no vowel reduction); An exograph is a written adaptation of a foreign geographical name such that the target language orthography predicts the source language pronunciation to the largest extent possible; for example, in Slovenian, Varšava for Polish Warszawa, Satledžfor Punjabi Sutlej, or Dekan for Marathi Deccan. A source language is a language from which a name is transformed to, or adopted by, another language, the target language. A target language is a language in terms of which a toponym may be adopted or transformed from its source language. 4 Main linguistic aspects of foreign geographical names in European languages The Finnish linguist Jarno Raukko analyzed the names of one hundred European cities in eight languages (Italian, Spanish, French, English, German, Dutch, Finnish, and Swedish) to study the frequency of exonym occurrence in various European linguistic environments (Raukko 2005). The list includes 800 name forms (8 languages x 100 city names), among which there are only 68 endonyms in the original languages. Among the remaining 732 target language forms there are 240 (32.8%) exonyms, 74 (10.1%) exographs, and 418 (57.1%) exophones and unchanged forms. This means that the majority of target language names are written completely the same as in the original written form. Exophones predominate because of different target language pronunciations. Because of considerable differences between the written form and pronunciation, English proves to be most inclined to the use of exophones. Among 74 exographs, only 19 are not rewritten. Six are Dutch and five are French, which means that among eight target languages only Dutch and French are inclined to form exographs. Among other European target languages, this also applies to Hungarian and Estonian. There are 240 exonyms distributed among the target languages discussed in the following way: 44 Italian, 40 Spanish, 38 French, 32 English, 28 German, 25 Dutch, 21 Finnish, and 13 Swedish. The message is clear: Romance languages use considerably more exonyms than Germanic languages. When Raukko added exographs, the situation changed only slightly. Thus 46% of names in Italian are written differently compared to the original name forms, 43% in French, 41% in Spanish, 31% in English, 31% in Dutch, 30% in German, 23% in Finnish, and 14% in Swedish. These percentages indicate that Nordic languages are more inclined to use endonyms. This is because central and southern European languages were more closely interconnected and consequently had more reasons to adapt foreign geographical names. Another factor in these differences lies in the fact that the languages studied on the list have different numbers of endonyms, and therefore the ones with a larger number of endonyms have fewer opportunities to form exonyms. Not taking into account these names, 68% of names in Italian are written differently compared to the original forms of the remaining names, 65% in French, 57% in Spanish, 48% in German, 42% in English, 42% in Dutch, 31% in Finnish, and 19% in Swedish. Because of alarger number of German cities on the list, on the one hand, and stronger influence and better knowledge of German in Central Europe on the other, German clearly surpassed English and Dutch. Name forms that are unusual and difficult to pronounce in the target language are generally more often subject to exonymization than name forms that are closer to target language features. It seems that the phonotactics of Romance languages are less rich and more limited than the phonotactics of Germanic languages. Because Italian pronunciation differs significantly from the pronunciation of other western European languages, the names of many Italian cities were adapted in foreign languages; on the other hand, the number of exonyms in Italian is larger than in the other languages studied. Germanic languages are less inclined to adaptations than Romance languages, in which a tendency for mutual adaptation of geographical names is evident; it seems this occurs according to specific systematic patterns of pronunciation adaptation. Among the Germanic languages, German has the most exonyms. In contrast, according to Raukko, English lags behind because of its isolation; for the same reason other languages are said to use relatively few exonyms for English names. Swedish occupies the lowest position on the scale; it has the most marginal role among all the Germanic languages. It is also possible that the small number of Swedish exonyms is a result of the relatively large phonetic adaptability of Swedish; its words end equally with vocals and consonants, and it also has a large phonemic inventory, which enables the use of a larger number of foreign sounds than in the other languages compared here. A comparison between native and borrowed exonyms by individual language is also interesting: Italian has 32 native and 7 borrowed exonyms (mainly from Latin), Spanish has 24 native and 10 borrowed ones (from French, Italian, and Latin), French has 33 native and only one borrowed exonym (German Stettin for what is now Polish Szczecin), German has 22 native and three borrowed exonyms, English has 16 native and 11 borrowed ones (mainly from French), Dutch has 13 native and eight borrowed ones (from German and French), Finnish has 11 native and five borrowed exonyms (from German and Swedish), and Swedish has only two native and nine borrowed exonyms (mainly from German). French and German exonyms were also borrowed by other languages and, in some places, they were borrowed blindly regardless of the relation between the original name and target language features. Examples of this are the Finnish exonyms Lissabon 'Lisbon' and Bukarest 'Bucharest' borrowed via German. Among Slovenian exonyms, an example is Kopenhagen 'Copenhagen', also borrowed via German. This type of name shows the largest number of linguistic versions for an individual name. In some languages, especially Lithuanian and Latvian, morphological features of the language contribute to a greater level of adapting city names. Raukko's findings are also confirmed by the analysis of exonym use in the De Agostini atlases (Kladnik 2006). All of the linguistic versions of the older analogue De Agostini atlas of the world, known in Slovenia as Veliki družinski atlas sveta (The Great Family Atlas of the World, DZS 1992), are comparable. Thanks to a great number of adapted names from across the Slovenian border, this atlas has the largest number of exonyms (i. e., 160) among the atlases compared. Close behind is the Italian version (1986) with 154 exonyms, followed by the Portuguese (1991) with 142 exonyms, the French (2002) and Spanish (1993) with 140 exonyms each, the English (1991; this is actually a Japanese and Chinese edition) with 119, and the Finnish version (1988) with 110 exonyms. A completely comparable area is also included in the Italian and Norwegian versions of the new digital world atlas (2004 and 2000). The Italian atlas includes 206 exonyms, whereas the Norwegian one only includes 101. Furthermore, the Spanish and Dutch versions of the same atlas (2004 and 2005) are also comparable; the first with 110, and the second with 93 exonyms. In the Italian and German versions of the atlas of Europe (1997 and 1992), the number of Italian exonyms only slightly exceeds the number of German exonyms (258 to 240), which confirms that, among the Germanic languages, German has the largest number of exonyms. 5 Exonym use in some foreign world atlases Atlases of the world or the continents that use exclusively exonyms are rare; the majority of these are to be found among road atlases. The famous Times Atlas of the World (2003) is no exception. One may accuse it of transliteration adapted to the English environment, but it is among the most accurate recorders of original names taking into account all the diacritical marks. It does not include many exonyms but, if they are given for the most well-known items and objects, they are consistently written in parentheses next to the original names. The following paragraphs examine the main characteristics of spelling geographical names in some typical medium-size European atlases of the world from the 1990s that did not serve as a basis for the preparation of Slovenian atlases. The first among these is the German world atlas Der Neue Orbis Weltatlas (1992). On the introductory map of the world the names are written in only one form, mixing German exonyms and endonyms without any apparent logic. Its characteristic feature is that all the toponyms are written in the original form, but in transliteration they are partly adapted to the German user. Somewhat less consistent is the use of the original name forms because relief forms, regions, land hydronyms, islands, sea hydronyms, and submarine relief forms are named exclusively in German. On the map of Antarctica, all the land names are given in the original forms, in addition to all of the sea hydronyms, except for the names of the oceans. Only the names of the submarine relief forms are given in German. A similar concept as on the world map is used on the maps of the oceans. On the maps of the continents, exonyms are used for settlements and are given in parentheses next to the original names. The names of major mountain ranges are given exclusively in German, which is also true for the majority of seas and some major gulfs. Geographical names from languages using Cyrillic orthographies are correctly transliterated; for example, Moskva 'Moscow', Kaliningrad, Višnij Voloč'ek 'Vyshny Volochyok', Rtiščevo 'Rtishchevo', Černigov (the Russian form of Ukrainian Chernihiv), and Kardžali 'Kardzhali'. In the transliteration of Arabic names, diacritical marks are used consistently, as they are for other names where this is necessary. A similar concept is used on detailed regional maps. An entirely different concept applies to the detailed maps of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and areas in neighboring countries. As a rule, all of the names outside Germany are German if German forms of these names exist. The names of regions, mountain ranges, rivers, and lakes are written this way, and only for settlements are the original names of major towns given in parentheses next to the German name. This characterizes the presentation of a large part of western Poland and the Czech Republic, a small part of eastern France, part of northern Italy (in South Tyrol, Italian toponyms are given in parentheses), part of northern Slovenia, and part of western Hungary. In Slovenia (incidentally, the border with Croatia is drawn such that the Croatian village of [trigova lies more than 5 km inside Slovenia), the only Slovenian names used apart from Prekmurje are Ščavnica, Gabernik, and Velika kopa (misspelled Velka Kapa), and the names Kranjska Gora, Jesenice, Podljubelj, Tržič, Zgornje Jezersko, Dravograd, Slovenj Gradec, and Maribor are given in parentheses. All other geographical names that have German forms are written in German; for example, Windische Büheln for Slovenske gorice, Mur for Mura, and Wernsee for Veržej (Kladnik 1995, 61). Following the great political changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the new Swiss and Austrian atlas, Der neue grosse Weltatlas, was published in 1992. On detailed maps of the German-speaking countries and the surrounding areas it does not repeat the same orientation as the atlas mentioned above. All of the German exonyms are written in smaller letters in parentheses next to the original names. The names on the physical map of the world are exclusively German, as are the names on the political map of the world, unless there are no German exonyms available for specific settlements. On the map of Antarctica, German names are used only for the names of the main mountain ranges, peninsulas, and regions, whereas all of the other land names are written in the original forms. The names of sea hydronyms and submarine relief forms are exclusively German. On physical maps of the continents, the names are German; only the names of certain rivers are bilingual with the German name given in parentheses. Political maps of the world use exclusively German exonyms, or otherwise the original name forms are used. Bilingual names are used again on detailed regional maps. Large relief forms that stretch across several countries are written exclusively in German, whereas smaller forms are given in the original form. German names of towns and rivers are given in parentheses next to the original names. Geographical names from languages that use a Cyrillic orthography are transliterated using a German Latinization key; for example, Moskva 'Moscow', Kaliningrad, Vyshniy Volochek 'Vyshny Volochyok', Rtishchevo 'Rtishchevo', Chernigov (the Russian form of Ukrainian Chernihiv), and Kürdzhali 'Kardzhali'. In the transliteration of Arabic names, diacritical marks are used consistently. The seas, major sea hydronyms, and major archipelagos have exclusively German names. This otherwise exemplary onomastic policy is marred by a series of errors caused by the use of out-of-date sources and an overall negligent implementation. This is illustrated by examples from the maps of Slovenia: the Julian Alps stretch to the Croatian border, and the following incorrect names are given: Nova Mesto instead of Novo mesto, Gorna Radgona instead of Gornja Radgona, Gustanj instead of Ravne na Koroškem, Marenberg instead of Radlje ob Dravi, Donya Lendaya instead of Lendava, Verzej instead of Veržej, Sostanj instead of Šoštanj, Braslovce instead of Braslovče, Rajhenburg instead of Brestanica, Črnomelj instead of Črnomelj, Visnja Gora instead of Višnja Gora, Grintavec instead of Grintovec, etc. The most recent among the atlases compared is the Hungarian world atlas (Cartographia Vilägatlasz, 1995). On the introductory physical and political map of the world, all of the names, except for the names of the towns on the political map that are written in the original form, are given exclusively in Hungarian. A similar concept is used on the maps of the continents, but here a larger number of original names are used for which there are no Hungarian exonyms. Conceptually, the detailed regional maps leave more unsaid. Names of relief forms are written in only one version, either as Hungarian exonyms or endonyms. The same is true for names of administrative units, lakes, seas, other sea hydronyms, deserts, capes, islands, and archipelagos. The level of exonym use is very extensive because there are considerably more names written in Hungarian than in similar cartographic products. The names of rivers are not uniformly written, but the basic pattern is the use of the Hungarian form followed by the original name given in parentheses - but only if the name is adapted, otherwise it is written in the original form. Names of settlements are written in reverse order: the original name is followed by the Hungarian name in parentheses. It is interesting that toponyms in neighboring countries, including areas with Hungarian populations, are written bilingually with considerably less zealousness than would be expected according to the otherwise high level of adaptation. Only the Hungarian names of major towns are given in parentheses, whereas smaller settlements are denoted only with their official original names. All the names in Antarctica are written in Hungarian, as are the names of submarine relief forms. Names from languages with Cyrillic orthographies are transliterated consistently using a Hungarian Latinization key; for example, Moszkva 'Moscow', Kalinyingräd 'Kaliningrad', Visnyij Volocsok 'Vyshny Volochyok', Rtyiscsevo 'Rtishchevo', Csernyihiv 'Chernihiv', and Kardzsali 'Kardzhali'. Arabic names are transliterated with all diacritical marks, as are names from other non-Latin alphabet languages. The names on the map of Slovenia are written quite accurately. Mistakes occur only in the incorrect use of upper-and lower-case letters. 6 Comparative analysis of selected maps from De Agostini atlases in various languages A detailed analysis of De Agostini foreign-language atlases revealed that leaning too strongly upon the Italian original (i. e., the use of exonyms following the Italian example) appears to be problematic. The editors for individual linguistic versions preferred to write down their exonyms where Italian ones had already been written. However, they much less often wrote down exonyms for geographical items and topographic objects for which they have their own exonyms, and did not rewrite them anew on the maps (also because of less conspicuous typography in the original). Caution is also necessary when evaluating the reliability of the onomastic material. Some deficiencies in the original are systematically transferred into its linguistic mutations. In more recent editions, the number of mistakes is smaller. The latest (i. e., the digital world atlas) contains four names as exonyms in parentheses that have apparently been transferred from the oldest Norwegian version (2000) into the Italian (2004), Spanish (2004), and Dutch (2005) versions. These include the following German names of Polish towns: Auschwitz for Oswiencim, Ohlau for Ohlawa, Pölitz for Police, and Swinemünde for Gtwinouj-cecie. In the Italian version, German Krainburg is added for Slovenian Kranj, and in the Spanish version the German name Gebweiler is added for the French town of Guebwiller. The Norwegian version also contains the Italian Masuria for Masury 'the Polish area of Masuria', and the Spanish version includes the German exonym Ostpreussen for East Prussia and the German allonym Saarlautern for the town of Saarlouis in Saarland (Saarlautern was the official name of Saarlouis from 1936 to 1945.) The most problematic appears to be the Finnish version of the Great Family Atlas of the World (1988). Among the total of 110 exonyms, 24 are written the same way as in the Italian original (1986) - that is, in Italian: Aquisgrana for Aachen, Augusta for Augsburg, Boemia for Chechy 'Bohemia', Brema for Bremen, Breslavia for Wroclaw, Canale di Kiel for Nord-Ostsee-Kanal 'the Kiel Canal', Cassubia for Kaszuby 'Kashubia', Coblenza for Koblenz, Colonia for Köln 'Cologne', Elba for Labe/Elbe 'the Elbe River', Francoforte sul Meno for Frankfurt am Main, Gottinga for Göttingen, Lago di Constanza for Bodensee 'Lake Constance', Meno for Main 'the Main River', Moldava for Vltava 'the Vltava River', Monte Bianco for Mont Blanc, Norimberga for Nürnberg 'Nuremberg', Passavia for Passau, Rodano for Rhone 'the Rhone River', Sassonia for Sachsen 'Saxony', Selva Baconia for Bakony Hegyseg 'the Bakony Hills', Svevia for Schwaben 'Swabia', Tirolo for Tirol 'Tyrol', and Treviri for Trier. The list of Finnish exonyms in Kerkko Hakulinen's book (Hakulinen 1996) confirms that this involved the considerable negligence of the Finnish editorial board, which is surprising considering well-known northern European accuracy. Finnish lacks exonyms for 17 names listed, but it has them for seven names, which of course differ from the Italian ones: Tseki or Tsekinmaa for Bohemia, Kielin kanava for the Kiel Canal, Kašubia for Kashubia, Bodenjärvi for Lake Constance, Moldaujoki for the Vltava River, Saksi for Saxony, and Tiroli for Tyrol. There are some individual mistakes in other linguistic versions of the Great Family Atlas of the World as well. Thus in the English version, the Italian exonyms Coblenza for Koblenz and Treviri for Trier were left, the Spanish version includes the French exonym Lac de Constance for Bodensee 'Lake Constance', and the French version contains the Italian exonyms Passavia for Passau and Svevia for Schwaben 'Swabia'. The Portuguese version uses the name Ilhas Frisias orientalis 'East Frisian Islands' for the entire group of Frisian Islands, which does not correspond to geographical reality. A comparison of the Portuguese version of the Great Family Atlas of the World (1991) with the more recent Portuguese world atlas (2002) revealed that in both atlases there are differences between five exonym forms. In the first one, Brandenburg is written as Brandeburgo, whereas in the other one it is written as Brandenburgo, (Polish-Ukrainian) Galicia is written as Galizia or Galiza, Lake Constance as Lago di Constanga or Lago di Konstanz, Mecklenburg as Meclemburgo or Mecklemburgo, and the Vltava River as Moldavia or Moldava. In addition to this there are several inappropriate Portuguese exonyms used in the newer version: French Aix-la-Chapelle for Aachen, and the Italian exonyms Brema for Bremen, Breslau for Wroclaw, Canal de Kiel for Nord-Ostsee-Kanal 'the Kiel Canal', Coblenza for Koblenz, Dresda for Dresden, Francoforte sul Meno for Frankfurt am Main, and Gotinga for Göttingen. Although these maps were produced by the same cartographic publishing house, the methods of writing exonyms are not the same everywhere. For all of the older atlases and the versions of Veliki družinski atlas sveta (DZS 1992), as a rule exonyms are written in smaller font (without parentheses) beneath the endonyms. Taking into account the semantic category, the same font is used for both names, but because of the multitude of names an experienced eye is required to understand them. The endonym and exonym versions of the names of rivers are the most difficult to discern because the letters of both versions are almost the same size. The same method of writing exonyms is used in both versions of the atlas of Europe, the German version from 1992 and the Italian version from 1997. A change was introduced by the somewhat smaller world atlas, which was published at the beginning of the 21st century. In the Portuguese version (2002), the names of countries, sea and land hydronyms, land relief forms, and natural and historical regions are written exclusively with Portuguese exonyms, whereas 45 40 35 30 25 -- 20 -- 15 ■- 10 ■- 5 J? r nČ Jr □ Austria/Avstrija □ Poland/Poljska □ Germany/Nem~ija □ Italy/Italija □ Czech Republic/Češka □ France/Francija □ Switzerland/Svica Figure 1: Frequency of exonyms in several countries appearing on maps in different language variants in the analog version of De Agostini's world atlas. 0 50 45-- 40 — 35 — 30 — 25 — 20 — 15 — 10 — 5