Pojav Italijanskega Iredentizma In vprašanje asimilacije Dr. Ivo Juvančič, znanstveni sodelavec Pojav iredentizma pomeni za slovensko-hrvatske odnose na eni in italijanske na drugi strani prelom linije, ki ni bila uresničena, marveč samo nakazana, izražena kot pobuda v letih pred 1848 zlasti v tedniku »Favilla« (1835—1846). List so v Trstu izdajali Pacifico Valussi po rodu Videmčan, njegov svak Francesco Dell Ongaro in tržaški knjigar Giovanni Orlandini. »Favilla« je s simpatijo spremljala razvoj jugoslovanskih na ­ rodov, razpravljala o njih zgodovini, literaturi, sledila njih kulturnim naporom, ki jih je imenovala naravnost »naši napori« 1. Sodelavec »Faville« je bil Dalmatinec Nicolo Tommaseo (ki je v svojih mladih letih izdal še v hrvaščini svoje pesmi »Iskrice« kot Tomaževič), 1847 je v Trstu izdal svojo knjigo »Intomo a cose dalmatiche e triestine« v kateri je skušal dokazati narodno enotnost južnih Slovanov sicer v duhu ilirskih načel, a Trst sam mu je bil »dragoceni prstan zaupanja med narodi«. V liniji »Faville« se je gibal tudi italijanski zgodovinar Cesare Cantü, ki je v Trstu videl »pristanišče bodoče Slavi je« v duhu »bratstva ljudstev«. Cantü je imel pogum te svoje ideje v Trstu iznesti celo pred guberna ­ torjem Trsta grofom Stadionom leta 1846 na banketu, ki ga je ta priredil. Okrog »Faville« so se zbirali Italijani, od teh je bil le Orlandini Tržačan. Hoteli so v duhu bratstva ljudstev reševati obmejno problematiko ob Jadranskem morju. Zal slovensko ljudstvo — »narod zamudnik« — ni našel stika z njimi po svojih zastopnikih. Posledica tega položaja je, da krog »Faville« le nima jasne perspektive, konkretnega načrta za rešitev obmejne problematike. Med tem ko Orlandini marca 1848 skuša v Trstu dvigniti republikansko gibanje, podobno onemu v Benetkah, ki naj bi oklicalo Trst kot italijansko republiko, in že ko se ta poizkus izjalovi mu sledi tudi DalTOngaro, ki je Trst zapustil in iz Vidma nato pozival Tržačane, da preženo Avstrijce in ustanove samostojno, od Avstrije neod ­ visno italijansko republiko, je bolj jasnovidni Valussi le še poudarjal zvezo z Jugoslovani, tudi potem, ko je Trst zapustil (aprila 1848). Tržačani, Istrani in Dalmatinci bi morali posredovati ..., Trst bi moral tvoriti z vzhodno Jadransko obalo nevtralen teritorij, nekako Švico med neodvisno Italijo in Hrvatsko. Zanimivo dejstvo je, da je Carlo Cattaneo, ki je bil 1848 med vodilnimi uporniki Milana proti Avstriji, se je pa pozneje kot federalist posvetil le študiju, še leta 1859 sanjal o neki vmesni državici pod protektoratom Francije od Tirolske do Albanije 2. 135 likov imajo njeni člani skupnega, je na vsak način Linija »Faville«. demok ratska in republikanska v duhu Mazzinija. napredna: antiavsfnjsk: Angelo Vivante, Irredentismo Adriatico, Voce — Firenze 1912, s 46—47. " A. Vivante 1. c., s 39—40. Porta Orientale 1857—1859 ponatis s predgovorom P. Tedeschi, Capo- distria 1890. 13 Porta Orientale, s 8. " Porta Orientale, s 3. 15 Porta Orientale, s 8—13. 10 Porta Orientale, s 19 17 Porta Orientale, s 99 nasled. 18 Porta Orientale, s 99—100. 19 Edvard Kardelj, Razvoj slovenskega narodnega vprašanja, Ljubljana 1957, s 47. 20 Vivante 1. c., s 60. 21 P. Kosler, Historische-etnographisch-statistische Erläuterungen zur neue ­ sten National- und Sprachenkarte des österreichischen Kaiserstaates und der angrenzenden Teile... v publikaciji »Das Programm der Linken des öster ­ reichischen Reichstages« Herausgeben von R. A. Fröhlich, Wien 1849, s 39—49. 22 Porta Orientale 1. c., s 148. 23 Opomba: Primerjava obeh statistik za Istro je brezpredmetna in težka. ker Kosler razširi Istro tudi na Coizovo Libumijo (Reko in Kvamer) in je zato razlika skupnega prebivalstva: 331 280 proti 290 000 po Coizu. Od teh je po Koslerju 211 280 Slovencev in Hrvatov; po Coizu le 112 000, ob katerih šteje še 15 000 Slovanov, ki govore že italijanski. Razlika v Italijanih pa je občutna, ker jih našteje Coiz 160 000 na manjšem, Kosler pa 120 000 na večjem obsegu Istre. Daje pa Koslerjeva statistika večji videz objektivnosti, ker je podrobno sestav ­ ljena na podlagi cerkvenih statistik za posamezne dekanate, medtem ko daje Coiz sumarično število za vso Istro, ne pove pa, kako je prišel do njega. Peter Kosler je na podlagi teh svojih statistik in študij izdal svoj »Zemlje ­ vid slovenske dežele«, Dunaj 1851, ki pa je bil zaplenjen. 24 Porta Orientale 1. c., s 12. 25 Porta Orientale 1. c., s 102—105. 26 Anali Jadranskog instituta, Zagreb 2 zv. 1958, s 254 naslednje. 27 Tamborra 1. c., s 228—229. 28 Tamborra 1. c., s 229. 29 Vivante 1. c., s 50. 30 Trieste et ITstrie. Leurs droits dans la question italienne. Ponatis v Rimu — Roma 1954. 31 Vivante 137. 32 Trieste et ITstrie 1. c., s 29. 33 Trieste et ITstrie 1. c., s 33. 34 Trieste et ITstrie 1. c., s 36. 35 Trieste et ITstrie 1. c., s 31. 30 Trieste et ITstrie 1. c., s 40. 147 ” Tamborra 1. c., s 197. ” Lettere gluliane, Capodistria 1903, s 42. ” Lettere giuliane, Capodistria 1903, ves spis služi temu dokazu. 40 glej citat v Tamborra 1. c., s 208. 41 Trieste et ITstrie 1. c., s 55. 4S Glej članek M. Pahor, Koprska nota in miljski protokol iz leta 1849 — Kronika 1959, 2 zv. 41 Prospero Antonini, II Friuli Orientale, Milano 1865, s 36. 44 Idem 1. c., s 7. 45 Idem 1. c., s 9—10. ** Idem 1. c., s 9—10. « Idem 1. c., s 518—520. Summary: Italian Irredentlsm and tke Problem of Assimilation The appearance of Italian irredentism represents a break in the line of thought, faken between 1835 and 1846 by the Italian newspaper in Trst (Trieste) »Favilla«, which looked with sympathies on the development of Yugoslav nations. Even the Italian historian Cesare Cantu saw in Trst (Trieste) »the port of future Slavia«. As late as in 1859 Carlo Cataneo, the Milano, revel of 1848, dreamed about a state from Tyrol to Albania. This line of thought developed under the influence of democratic ideas, especially Mazzini ’s, who, however, played a se ­ condary role in comparison with the unifier of Italy Cavour in the Italian Ri­ sorgimento; Mazzini had been a great philosopher, not a politician. The break of the »Favilla« line of thought came about even before 1859. though Angelo Vivante, author of »Irredentismo AdriaticO", Firenze, 1912, was not too aware of this. The break did not come about in the cosmopolitan Trst (Trieste) itself, but in the Italian cities along the coast of Istra, especially in Köper, which lived through centuries under the Republic of Venice. A decisive role in this had been played by an almanach — »Porta Orientale«, published by a native of Koper, Carlo Combi (1857—1859). This almanach had been sup- posed to answer to the Torino almanach »II Vesta Verde«, which wrote in 1856 that Istrians are »neither meat nor fish«. Combi wanted to prove the Italian character of the whole of Istra. In the first year of »Porta Orientale« A. Coiz stated, that the eastem border of Italy is in Istra and Liburnia, According to him this was the geo- graphical border of Italy; however, his border ran along the identical lines drawn by the Sardinian General Staff in 1845: this strategical border of Italy ran from Triglav over Snežnik to Butoraj to the south-east of Rijeka, which was the border obtained by Italy after World War I. The problem of Slavs was solved by Coiz in the simplest of ways: he sentenced them to Italian assimilation, to national death. The problem of assi ­ 148 milation was in more detail discussed in the same year of »Porta Orientale« by Pacifico Valussi, one of the major journalists of »Favilla«: his tum-about had been complete. The major mistake, made by both, was that they proclaimed assimilation, which had been in feudal times a natural process, a principle in the democratic era of awakening nations. The Yugoslav side — the article mentions the Slovene Peter Kozler and the Croat Evgen Kvaternik — did not defend even in that time »natural-. »geographica!", »historical" or »political« borders but an ethnical Slovene- Italian border along the solid Slovene territory, which had been and still is on the other side of the Soča river, admitting, at the same time, that in the Coastal towns of Istra and in Trst (Trieste) the Italian population is in majority. Depreciation, Subordination and negation of ethnical principles, together with the demands of natura] Strategie borđers necessarily demanded also the assimilation of Slovene population, which was here in majority. The first open appearance of irredentism is marked by a booklet, called by Vivante the maniphesto, with the title »Trieste and Istria-, written anony- mously in 1861 by Pacifico Valussi. There is nothing essentially new in this booklet, nothing which had not been told previously by articles in »Porta Orientale«. It is noted only by the new tone, when dealing with Slavs, who are described as savages or hordes, and denied their common language, history, literature, etc. Valussi ’s booklet »Trieste and Istria« was somewhat complemented by the work of Prospero Antonini »II Friuli Orientale« (Milano 1865), which deals with a description and history of Goriška and Gradiščanska provinces. Though finding between the Alps and Tagliamenti around 280.000 SJovenes, or by anothcr statistics even 350.000, the Slovenes are for him only »colonists«, »guests« on Italian territory, with centers at Videm (Udine), Trst (Trieste), Gorica (Go ­ rina); because of this it is out of question that they should start leaming the Slovene language but they must be forced to learn Italian. The ethnical prin­ ciples are, for Antonini, something ficticious, unrealistic, worth nothing com- pared to the geographica! principle, which is natural. The line of thought, drawn in major lines by Valussi and Antonini became the line of thought of Italian irredentism, which led Italy into World War I. 14»